Hello class, last class we were talking about accounting as a subject of study, we define the system of accounting and then ended the class with an understanding that the practices that are generally followed by accounting professionals actually is based on some principles that are commonly followed. And those principles were the generally accepted accounting principles and I said that in this class we would start understanding each one of those principles. Now accounting principles are built on a foundation of a few basic concepts. Now these basic concepts are self evident for a practicing accountant that they actually do not have to worry about this concept because they actually know about them. But for non-accountance like you you need to understand what these basic concepts are and why principles of accounting actually rely on these basic concepts. And I already told you that these accounting principles are man made and anything that is man made there is not a consensus. So still you have accounting theorists arguing that some of the existing principles and concepts are actually wrong and they need to be changed. But that argument will continue, you never know principles will also change. But let us understand the currently practiced principles of accounting and why that these principles are important. And as I told you as non-accountance you should understand the underlying logic behind these accounting principles. So I am going to explain briefly on these principles and as and when applicable try to give you some examples so that you can better understand these accounting principles. Let us begin with the first principle of money measurement. All of you know that any event that is significant has to be recorded as a transaction because it needs to be reported. So a transaction that needs to be reported can be reported only if it can be expressed in monetary terms. So only if you are able to monetize this transaction which you think is significant that it has to be measured and communicated then it is possible. In the absence of a monetary equivalence not even equivalence in the absence of a monetary expression no transaction can be recorded. Because I told you in the first class that the currency of business is money and unless and otherwise you tell to the world that you have made so much money you cannot tell that you are successful. So you need to understand that the common denominator that links all these transactions is money and if and only if all the activities the events or the transactions that happen in a business organization are being able to be expressed in monetary terms then that transaction is significant or other that transaction can be captured as accounting information. So principle number one is money measurement which clearly says only if you are able to capture transactions in monetary terms it becomes relevant in the language of accounting.  So I give you the following information about a business entity. So information on a business let us say I run a business in an office which is 50,000 square feet and then to run the business I have a fleet of 5 cars and then in my savings bank I have 50 lakh rupees and then let us say I am in the business of buying and selling goods or trading. So the current inventory of the stocks that I have on hand I have around let us say the business is about selling groceries. So I have 100 kgs of rice, 20 kgs of dal and all of this is quantitative information and all of this to the business is information that needs to be measured because this is identified information this is the information that I have with me and it is also measured but in different ways but the challenges I will have to communicate it in only one particular way. So we have a heterogeneous set of information but money measurement tells me that there is only one way of expressing this information. So money measurement in essence is giving a homogeneous identity to this heterogeneous set of quantitative information. You can recall this cliche you know compare apples to apples not apples to oranges. In accounting you can have apples you can have oranges but as long as you are able to express apples and oranges in monetary terms then you can club both of them together to present an information in monetary terms. Likewise you have 50,000 square feet of building you have 5 cars you have cash of 50,000 and inventory of this all of them in different units of expression. So using money measurement how can I record and report this information I have to necessarily convert this 50,000 square feet of building into let us say I purchase this building for 2 crores and that is monetary terminology and the 5 cars that I have was purchased at a cost of 10 lakhs each. So 50 lakhs is the monetary equivalence to the 5 cars that I have 50,000 50 lakhs of rupees is in my bank account is by default per say monetary information 100 kgs of price and 20 kgs of doll multiplied by the current price levels is expressing 100 kgs of price and 20 kgs of doll in monetary terms. So you can understand that money measurement essentially means that you can have a heterogeneous set of information quantitative in nature and essential to be measured and communicated it is possible if all of these heterogeneous information is expressed in monetary terms that is money measurement. But there might be some limitations to it as well see accounting the financial statements that come out of accounting does not talk about the entire gamut of activities happening in an organization. It does not report the health of the CEO of a firm it cannot report that the sales manager and the production manager are not in talking term it cannot report that a competitor product is priced lower that there is going to be a strike in the organization. Now all these type of information cannot be reported in the financial statement because it is bound by the scope of the accounting report which necessitates that all of those transactions that can be monetized or that can be expressed in monetary term are the ones that are relevant for the purpose of accounting that is one broad limitation. The second limitation when you actually use money measurement is that when you record let us say you purchase an asset sometime back. Now that the money that you use to purchase is recorded at it is value during the time of acquisition of that particular asset and let us say 10 years have gone after you purchase the asset and still that asset is in your balance sheet and you report that as well. Money measurement does not capture the purchasing power of money itself the limitation is the first one I said was the scope the second one is fails to capture changes in purchasing power of money itself and this is interlinked with the cost concept as well we will talk about it later. Let us say you purchase a machine in let us say 1988 for 200,000 and then you purchase land in 1980 let us say for the same 200,000 and in 1988 balance sheet you report the cost of acquisition of the machine at 200,000 and also report the cost of acquisition of the land that you actually made in 1980 the same 200,000 though the value of 200,000 between these two periods have changed. So, 200,000 in 1980 does not have the same value in 1988 I hope you are able to appreciate this and we are going to talk about this also in detail a little later. I will just give you a classic example suppose you have a house in P. Nagar that you purchase it for 50,000,000 20 years back today the value of that house is let us say 5 crores see the houses remained the houses not changed it is actually the value of the money that has actually changed which means today with the same 50,000,000 you cannot buy that house. So, the 50,000,000 that you spent 20 years back to buy a house in T. Nagar cannot buy the same house in the same place today, but you are accounting your money measurement does not capture this change in purchasing power of money, but only records that 3 crores was the amount that you spend in buying the same an identical asset in T. Nagar today. So, the second limitation hence is that you fail to capture the purchasing power of money, but let us get back to the concept you should understand that the concept of money measurement is that all transactions that need to be recorded has to be expressed in monetary terms only then heterogeneous transactions. Transactions can be of different types only then you would be able to have a uniform way of expressing this heterogeneous transactions because you are capturing them in monetary terms that is concept number 1 concept number 2 or principle number 2 the underlying concept is entity concept. Now entity concept you will have to understand it from a different level people who can appreciate philosophy can also appreciate this concept better the question of I, me, individual the owner of a business versus the business itself you see there might be a lot of events that happen in a business that affects the business and there will also be a lot of events that can affect the owners of the business as well, but accounting the entity concept of accounting must ensure that there is a clear distinction between the entity which is the business and the owners of the entity. Let me just give you a very simple example for you to understand let us say you started a canteen you put your money and you started a canteen on your own and then it was good sales you get money you put it in the cash register and one fine day your son comes to the canteen and you want to give him get him an ice cream. So, you just take 20 rupees from the cash register buy an ice cream and when then your accountant comes and says sir today you took 20 rupees from the cash register how am I going to record this in the books of the business you cannot tell him that this is my business I put money in this canteen it is not necessary that you have to record it in the business because it is my money I just took it whether it is in the cash register or whether it is with me and that I spent it makes no difference it makes a difference because the entity concept very clearly says that the business is different from the owner himself or herself. So, the question is how will you record this transaction of taking 20 rupees from the cash register. So, if I take 20 rupees from the cash register either I have to say that the business has loaned 20 rupees to me though I am the owner and that I have to give back 20 rupees later or from my owners equity or from the initial money that I deposit a let us say I put in 1000 rupees in this business I will have to reduce 20 rupees because now my the capital that I have put into the business is 980 and not 1000 rupees. So, in either of these ways you can record this transaction, but you cannot dismiss this transaction saying that I am the owner I took the money from the business and hence this transaction need not be reported that is the principle that you will have to understand this is entity concept and you can complicate this further as well. Let us say you are in a business and the ground floor is your office and the first floor is where you are staying, but the property tax the electricity expense the other shared expenses you are incurring. Now, to what extent should it be to should it be charged to the business and to what extent it should be charged to the owners of the business who are living in the first floor. There must be some basis on which you have to do this because you have to necessarily separate the business from the owner and if you are doing it based on some reasonable basis then yes it is an accepted way. If you are doing it arbitrarily then it becomes questionable there are various this is just a very simple example, but at a very big level such arbitrary decision making are the ones that have resulted in big scams where you know the owner is not able to actually disassociate himself from the business individual decisions are merged with individual own decisions are merged with business decisions as a result of which you see a lot of malpractices in accounting. So, but you have to understand that an entity is an organization where a lot of activities happen and some may or may not affect the owners of the organization and if they affect the owners of the organization you have to necessarily capture that information in proper format. And by entity I mean anything I told you before that it can be a single proprietorship firm it could be an incorporated firm run you know owned by shareholders it could be not for profit also it could be universities and all of these entities will definitely have a lot of activities and when you are recording these activities that also affect the owners of these entities you will have to necessarily make a clear distinction between the owner and the entity that is the principle of entity concept that clearly says that the individual or a group of individuals who are the owners versus the business you need to have a very clear distinction between these two. The third concept is going concern concept of going concern concept is pretty simple and straight forward for you to understand the concept is unless there is evidence to the contrary accounting always assumes that an entity or a firm is a going concern what is this mean let us say for example you are recording transactions and you are recording values of some of the assets that you have let us say you are running a business. And let us say you are in the business of selling sportswear so you make t-shirts you make you know let us say soccer balls then you make cricket bats what not I mean you have a lot of items to sell now suppose I want to record the value of the items that you have on hand let us say we are going to close this financial year now you might have in your inventory you know a bat a cricket bat where you have just worked with the wood and it is not fully complete and you know pretty sure that you cannot sell this just like that so you are not going to value this wood piece of wood at its immediate purchase value you pretty well know that this needs to undergo a lot of manufacturing processes and one fine day it will be sold in a good finished form and then the company is going to make money now when will that one fine day come that one fine day will never come if you are working under the impression that tomorrow I am going to close business I am going to liquidate but that is not the way in which we are conducting business so now you will understand that you record the value of an asset at various such intermediary stages assuming that this business is going to exist for perpetuity that is it is a going concern but if you have enough good reasons to believe yes I am going to close business then you have a case suppose you very clearly know that tomorrow the business is not going to exist then you are going to record the value of the assets where is basis the potential that it can be sold whatever for whatever value that is the basis on which you are going to add economic value to this asset now unless you do not have enough evidence unless there is a belief that you are going to close you never record the value of an assets at liquidation value it is always an accepted practice and always a practice that is followed where assets value are recorded under the assumption that the business is a going concern and will exist for a perpetual period of time going concern concept in essence means that the business will stay forever liquidation value is only if the business is going to be closed so if you feel that we are going to close then you take liquidation value otherwise you assume that the business is a going concern the fourth concept is cost concept this is an interesting concept what do you mean by asset of a firm or an entity the economic resource of an entity is its asset the economic resource of an entity is its asset it could be land building machine equipment inventories whatever they are there is some economic value to it now the cost concept is on the basis that you record let us say you purchase an asset land building or machine now the fact that you have purchased an asset is critical information and it is quantitative because you would have purchased it for a certain value and it has to be reported so an asset which is purchased has to be reported recorded at the cost of its acquisition cost of acquisition this is very important the reason that this is important is because the value of the asset may change over a period of time suppose you bought land for 10 lakh and you 10 years back today your balance sheet would say land value 10 lakhs but the market value of the land could be 1 crore or 2 crore rupees that is a different issue but when you record asset transactions it always has to be at the cost of its acquisition the market value can be different and that is why if you have the question now suppose I buy an equipment for 5 lakh rupees 2 years later you will ask me the question that equipment definitely cannot be valued more than 5 lakhs I can understand that market value for land will increase but the market value for an equipment will not increase then there is another concept called depreciation where the cost of using the equipment over its lifetime will be removed through the period of its life and every year we remove certain cost of acquisition of that particular equipment by way of depreciation that is a different concept I will be talking about that later but you should understand that the cost concept rests on the fundamental assumption that when you purchase an economic resource or an asset you have to record that purchase and report that purchase at the cost of its acquisition. Now this cost concept in my opinion is an excellent illustration to get back to our three criteria that we were talking about cost concept versus relevance versus objectivity and feasibility say I said I am not concerned about the market value because cost concept tells me that it is the cost of acquisition that is more important but relevance the principle of relevance the criteria of relevance is that you know investors or others who use this information are more interested in knowing what is the actual value that is worth today that historical cost because the accounting principle fundamental criteria is it should be relevant now as an investor or a creditor or somebody who is using this information today I would be interested in knowing what is the current worth of the asset not the historical cost so question of relevance becomes very critical here but how do I know the real current worth of the asset today can it be objectively measured suppose let us say the share price shares are being purchased and sold why is that I buy a share because I think that the value of the share will increase and hence I can sell it at that point of time and make money now why is the other person selling the share he thinks that the value of the share has hit the maximum and it is better that I sell it now same share subjective I think it will increase the other fellow thinks this is the maximum it is better I sell and hence the share is being bought and sold so whose right whose current worth is right is it objective very difficult or let us say the management or the board of a firm is the one that is going to measure the current worth can we assume is it safe to assume that the management's own estimate is objective that is free from any bias definitely not so will you accept that as the real current worth on the principles of objectivity definitely not now let us assume that you know it is possible then you an accountant will sit and all assets today's value this is this is the value of the asset today and today's later this is the value of the same asset I can understand if it is only one asset it is possible to do this activity but we are talking about a firm which has so many assets so many transactions and it is definitely not feasible to record the market value the ups and downs of the asset assuming at the first place that it is objectively measurable so in the absence of a better alternative cost concept clearly says wherever you go whether it is relevance or objectivity or feasibility there is definitely some limitation and because of that and because there is no better alternative you record the cost of acquisition and not be guided by the market value of the asset that you purchase that in essence is the cost concept the fifth concept is the dual aspect concept I told you before that assets are the economic resources of an entity assets are the economic resources of an entity and how are we getting these assets because the owner of the business put his money or the banks lent money and hence we purchase these assets so to every such economic resource that is been generated to every such asset there is a claim against these assets so the assets have a claim against them now that is your equity so every asset has a claim against it which means your assets will be equal to your equity or equities I told you that this equity could be owner's equity or somebody else's money as well so the equity could be from liabilities which is your creditors your banks or claim of the owner itself owner's equity as a result of which the equation just gets a little modified to the extent that assets is equal to liabilities plus owner's equity so what is the principle of dual concept in this I am going to rewrite this equation dual concept says when you record a transaction it necessarily has to have a dual impact and also in such a way that assets equal to liabilities plus owner's equity the fundamental accounting equation does not get unaltered we are going to talk about that later why it is not getting unaltered but the principle of duality is that definitely when you are recording an accounting transaction when you are recording a transaction in an accounting system that transaction will have a dual impact in the accounting system let us for example I will give an example so that you will understand this better you start a business let us say you put your money okay you start a business and how did you start your business you put your money Rs. 50,000 this is the transaction what is the dual impact dual impact are these one that you have invested Rs. 50,000 in the business that is the business capital and the business has received 50,000 which sits as cash for the business so you have cash 50,000 and this is for the business and this is an asset to the business and the dual impact where will this 50,000 where will this 50,000 sit as the dual entry it is my money the owner's equity I gave that 50,000 that is my capital in the business that is another 50,000 that I gave just to make the understanding simple let us say a bank approaches and says I am ready to also give you another 50,000 so what happens the cash through the company gets increased by 50,000 but it is not your money in the business you have not given that 50,000 it is a bank that has given that 50,000 so that is also an entry which has a dual impact so what is the total 100,000 100,000 cash is the asset to the business it will balance definitely balance so the principle of dual aspect the concept of dual aspect is that such transactions or any transaction for that matter that is going to be captured into the accounting system will necessarily affect the assets equal to liabilities plus owners equity will have a double impact and also the way in which you are going to record this transaction will ensure that the asset equal to liabilities plus owners equity equation is not compromised whether both the impact will be on the asset side one impact on the asset side on the other impact on the liability side or both the impact on the liability side that is a different issue which we will be talking about when we are actually spending a lot of time on this double entry bookkeeping where I will tell you how this dual impact is recorded by way of entries they weight credit and all that then you will understand actually this concept more forcefully but for the time being you should understand that this dual aspect is a concept which mandates that any transaction that you are capturing in the accounting system will necessarily will have a twin impact will have a dual impact assets liabilities plus owners equity you can impact any of these this is the fifth accounting principle now with these five accounting principles I can also make an attempt to give you a quick overview of what a balance sheet is because I feel that these principles are balance sheet related accounting principles the remaining six will be principles related to income statement and then when you look at the overall picture you will find how these eleven principles are interwoven as a result of which how your income statement and balance sheet are interwoven and you will appreciate that the balance sheet is balanced the income statement is linked with your balance sheet and why did all of this happen because all of your eleven principles tell you that this is the way in which you have to record these transactions and report them but I do not want to start with balance sheet leaving these principles five principles and then revisit them later what I will do is the next class I will talk to you about the remaining six principles then give you a brief overview on what a balance sheet and income statement is all about and if time permits we will get into another and the most important concept of the double entry book keeping that will teach you on the ways by which you record these transactions the debate and credit. But before I end the class the fundamental equation that governs all your system of accounting is this you must necessarily have this in mind this must be integrated embedded when I wake you up and ask you what is the fundamental equation you must spontaneously tell me assets is equal to liabilities plus owners equity this actually is the fundamental equation that can never be compromised and if you find that your assets is equal to liabilities plus owners equity this equation is not matching there is nothing wrong in what is happening in the business there is something wrong the way in which you have captured the transactions and recorded and reported them so that is the quick asset test for you to realize that you have made a mistake and this you can do at every stage because the dual impact is that every time you make a transaction it affects and then it affects in such a way that your assets is equal to liabilities plus owners equity so every transaction you can make this check and this necessarily will hold true this is the fundamental equation that will form the basis on which we will be recording all these transactions and then the process create a balance sheet and income statement and a cash flow statement. So have this in your mind next time when we visit the next class I will give you a quick overview of the remaining six principles and then make the class understand what a balance sheet is income statement is what are all the parts of a balance sheet what are all the parts of an income statement and then the time permits we will start the double entry bookkeeping thank you very much.


Welcome to Castile, Holiday. Caden takes his time, knocks you close to him. There you go, see ya. Look at that face, welcome to Celtics Post Game Live. Eddie Alzhamina, Smith here with you in a hard fought, gritty win by the Celtics team against the Timberwolves. 127 to 120, the Celtics now 18 and 0 at home. That's a franchise record, best starting record at home in franchise history. Eddie, back to tonight's matchup though. What was the big storyline for you? Who was Jason Tatum? It was the Jays actually. It was those two guys and Jason Tatum brought us home. Who started the game? It was Jalen Brown and we talked about him in the first half. Who brought us home was our closer. One of our closers and that was Jason Tatum. And I mean, you talk about getting money every which way and I thought what they did was a good job of they were finding and sometimes that bogs you down when you start trying to find and hunt matchups. But we hunted the matchup, got the matchup. We wondered whether it was Nasred on Jason Tatum, whether it was Carlton Downs on Jason Tatum when he went to the basket and finished with the left hand. And I thought they just did a really good job with their spacing offensively. But more importantly, I thought they really buckled down defensively, made it tough, especially in the overtime, rebounded the basketball and they didn't give too many clean looks for those guys. And speaking of overtime, it was all about Jason Tatum in OT. Let's take a look at how it went down for Jason Tatum in overtime. It started with that dunk to tie it at 114 apiece. Take a look at this right here. Jason Tatum just going to work, going up, throws it down at the basket. A little frustrated right there with some of the calls. Next one drives, breaks the tie on this play right here. And this is Jason Tatum just taking over in overtime for this Celtic team. And then of course drew holiday with the defense turning it into offense against the ball over to Jason Tatum. Yet again, the superstar makes a three and you saw it at the beginning of the show. Kids, good night, the mean mug face right there. That's how you know Eddie. He was engaged in this matter, especially in overtime, 26 of his 45 points came in the fourth quarter and overtime play. What was the best thing that Jason Tatum was able to do to push this Celtics team to a win? To score and be an aggressive. And it was a couple of plays where he was aggressive, where he did make the right play. I think we ended up, who was that? Was it Drew Holiday with a shot in the corner off of a pass that he made? And then it was a hockey pass actually that he made. But the fact of the matter is understanding the assignment. The assignment was, hey man, this is the best team. You're the best team in the league. It's the second best team in the league. Y'all the best defensive team. Anthony Edwards, emerging superstar. Not on my watch, not here at home. We're gonna take care of this. And we're gonna make it, they made history on your birthday. They made history on my birthday. See now it just all comes together. I asked for a win and then they deliver even more. Speaking of Jason Tatum, he's with Abby Chen after this win. Jason, you led a 9-0 run to tie the game in regulation and then scored 12 points in overtime to seal the win. What comes over you in winning time? What are you seeing? What are you feeling? What are you thinking? Man, just, when you're just getting that moment, you live for those moments. You wanna do whatever you can to help your team win. And in the back of my mind, I ain't wanna lose at home yet, right? We're still undefeated. The crowd got behind us. The energy, you know, got going. So that was a fun ball game towards them. This is now the longest winning streak at home to open a season in Celtics franchise history. To what level, yes. Did you guys go too defensively in that OT? I think we were just playing sluggish in the first half. Even though we was winning by one or it was tight, we didn't like the way we were playing. We had to pick up the intensity. We just started getting stopped and being locked in. And our offense started to pick up. This was a hard fought physical game against the number two team in the NBA. Joe talks about lessons all the time. What did you learn about your team here tonight? I learned a lot. I mean, I know that we're a really good team and it's a lot that we can work on. But, you know, we play the right way on both ends of the floor. Pretty tough to beat. No question about it. Jason, thank you. Congrats. Thank you. A scowl joining us live from the inside of TD Gunny. Heard Jason Tatum right there with Abby. He said he did not want to lose at home inside a TD garden. 18 win straight scowl. How did Jason Tatum take over at this game for the Celtics? It was amazing what that it's like the shot was big, the mean mug and the kiss and everything like that. But if you watch that bucket on Carl Anthony Towns where he gets fouled, he goes right, he crossed over, crossed over, ends up going up and strong with the left hand. That's when you can tell like, there's a lot of good players out here tonight. But this one particular player was on a different level and he took over, he took over Lane, he made big shots and he still shared the ball and got his teammates involved.  I want to give a shout out to the fans, right? We know what Jason Tatum did. We know how Jalen Brown play and what they did to come back and win this game in overtime. But let's give a shout out to the fans because they understood what was on the line. They were about to be a part of history and the way that that fan base got behind them as they were making that run. When Jason Tatum hit that shot and I was telling you a minute this off camera, when he hit that shot and I watched the replay, I got goosebumps because I understand, I know what it sounds like. I know that feeling that you get and you only could get it when you're doing that type of stuff right there. But for them to rally behind this team and not get down and it just shows that we do have the best fans. I want to shout out to them because they get some credit for this win as well. And let's just go back to that home streak as well. 18 straight at home scout. What does it say about how dominant this selfish team is inside of TD guards? To me, this whole thing is about addressing your faults, your flaws. Last year in the playoffs, this team had a lot of flaws at home. You're supposed to win your home game. You're supposed to try to get on the road and steal one. They struggled at home. So whatever Joe Missoula, the staff, the players say, hey man, we're going to be a different team in this building. We're not going to just show up and expect the crowd to get us through it. We got to make things happen. We got to establish a home dominance. These people here that come to watch, you never know if a kid's here for only one time all year, they deserve to see their favorite team win. So I like the fact that last year with a problem in this building, we lost game seven to the Miami Heat. We lost a lot of games in this building. I like that they addressed that and they're taking it upon themselves to, I'm sure they're thinking 41-0 in this building and it's one game at a time, but I like that they're taking this streak and they're addressing it.


Good morning and aloha everyone. Welcome to Law Across the Sea. My name is Mark Shklav. I am the host of Law Across the Sea and today our program is titled China Briefing. My guests are Brenda Foster and Larry Foster. I've known the Foster's for quite a few years. They have a depth of experience and great expertise concerning the events that have shaped present-day China. We're privileged to have them. Brenda, among her many past and current titles, is the former president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai, which is one of the largest chambers of commerce in the world. And she's presently the head of an international consulting firm that assists Asia-Pacific companies invest in the United States. Larry is the former dean of the UH Law School and continues to teach law in Hawaii and China. And he's recently published a book on the language of Chinese law. I've asked them to brief us on China's current status and outlook in the world. And I want to welcome them. Thank you very much, both of you, for being here. Aloha. Good to see you, Mark. Aloha. I know that you went to China, both of you, many years ago. When was that and what was China like in those days? And then I'd like to move up a little bit and talk about the current events in China and where we are today and what's going on, because we don't hear a lot about China due to a lot of domestic press in the United States now. So what was China like when you first went? I first went to China in 1978. I led a delegation of Pacific and Nation Affairs Council high school students together with a delegation from the University of Hawaii. And we were invited to China in June and we were six months ahead of when the U.S. normalized relations with China. So we visited Guangzhou, Shanghai, Beijing, and it was just fascinating to actually be there and be in China before it actually opened up to the West. And did you have expectations of what it was going to be like and what was it like? The expectations would have been from having studied Chinese language and literature for eight years at the University of Washington and also having studied for a year in Taiwan. So I had images of classical poetry and scenery and a lot of the history of China. When I went there, it was absolutely fascinating because so much of the people there had not seen foreigners in since 1949. They were very curious. They engaged just wonderfully with our high school students who would sing songs from Hawaii and talk with everybody. We hiked up into the mountains to tea villages, sat and talked with people. So for me, it brought everything I had studied in college and for my degrees to life. And it was just wonderful to see it that way. Larry, how about you? When was your first time in China and what was it like? Yeah, let me back up a few years before that, ten years before that. We in 1978, 1968, there's a decade earlier, we went to Taiwan for the summer. You and Brenda? Yeah, to do language study. That's actually where we really first got to know each other. So when we left Taiwan to come back to Hawaii, we stopped in Hong Kong. And when we were in Hong Kong, we went up to the border and looked across the border to the People's Republic of China. And that's all you could do at that time. Couldn't get across. Americans were Did you try? No, I tried, fortunately. But our government was not keen on Americans going and their government was not keen on foreigners coming into China. So you could go to the sort of lookout place and look across and see all these patty fields and occasionally see someone working in the patty field. Not a developed country? Not a developed at all, no. I first made it to the People's Republic of China. Then I think I went with Brenda on a trip in their early 80s. It was 81, 82, something like that. China was still very undeveloped at that time. Economically, commercially? I mean, everything. So let's talk about commercially, for example. So let me go back to 1978. There was the head of China then, Deng Xiaoping, was the one who opened China. So there was a grand opening of China at that time. And that was sort of the beginnings of the opportunity for the people in China to develop a private economy. Because under communist rule, there was no private economy. So when I first got to China in 1980 or 81, there was little, if any, private economy. We stayed at joint venture hotels. There were no shops, certain shops that foreigners could go to, and there were very little shops, if any, that the locals could go to. We were not allowed to use Chinese currency. We had to use a special kind of currency that was developed just for foreigners to use. And we could go to the Friendship Store and use this currency at the Friendship Store. That currency was very valuable in some ways in that the local people only had local currency. So they were very eager to get this special currency so they could go to the Friendship Store. And use it to buy goods that they couldn't normally get. Right. Right. So as you go, occasionally, I can remember going into some of the department stores in Beijing and Shanghai, and just empty shelf after empty shelf of stuff. Very, very few things. Simple things, you know, cooking utensils, bedding, something like that, but very, very little on the shelves. And if you went to the Friendship Store, you could get fancy foods and all these kinds of things. So part of the story of the changing China is this development of the private economy. And one way to see that is the symbol of that is neon lights. Shanghai was the first to get neon lights. And I forget when we first noticed that. But maybe in the mid-80s to maybe around the mid-80s, that the private economy was coming. There were restaurants that you could go to, shops, advertising, advertising. So Beijing was still a dark city. But Shanghai was starting to get lit up. So as you flew into Shanghai or drove from the airport into downtown Shanghai, you would see these lights and stuff of the private economy kind of coming forward. Because as Larry said, too, I mean, the fruits, there wasn't a lot of fruit or vegetables. Everything was seasonal. So depending on the time of the year, you were in China in those days that you'd only see cabbage or watermelon. Most of the Chinese had to use ration coupons to stand in line for meat, for rice, this sort of thing. So on my very first trip in 78, we stayed in an army barracks off the Bund. There was only one other hotel, and I think it was the Peace Hotel at that time, on a friendship hotel, I believe. But we were in the army barracks. This was in Shanghai? In Shanghai. We were in an army barracks off the Bund. And you folks were way ahead of the curve on this, it seems to me. I mean, because you were there before Kissinger went, isn't that right? After Kissinger? No, I was there before Kissinger went. Kissinger had been doing some of the initial shuttle diplomacy. But I was there in June, and they didn't normalize relations until December of 1978. I mean, that actually sounds like a story in itself, how you got there.  We had high school, we took high school students, actually the trip was arranged by the US China People's Friendship Association. And the fact that Hawaii had had a long standing relationship with China enabled Hawaii to be given an invitation by the Chinese to bring a delegation in as part of the initial people to people diplomacy that was being initiated between the United States and China, leading up to normalization. You know, and when you talk about that, it sounds to me like Hawaii had a big advantage. I mean, that's the first I've heard about that trip. And it sounds like that connection between China and Hawaii is something that we could use or we could take advantage of, if you will. It was a long standing relationship going back to the fact that Dr. Sun Yat-sin had lived here, twice had gone to school here, had raised funds for the revolution prior to, you know, the establishment of the People's Republic of China. This was back in the early 1920s. But also over the years, there were several families here in Hawaii that had relatives still in China, and they were able, through various means, to be able to stay in contact with them. And also through a travel agency here, I believe it was Koji Arioshi, they were starting to work on developing relations and getting on the ground floor. So Hawaii had a distinct advantage over many of the other states to be able to establish this relationship. There was a lot of aloha, and there still is, in China for Hawaiian people from Hawaii. I've noticed that, too, in my travels in China. So the time you went there, the first time things were not developed. There were, it was more of a working class, if you will, type of society. Is that right in my perception? Yes, everybody wore a while suits. It was what I called blue, black, or gray. That was what everybody wore, all, you know, very much mouse type suits, very industrious, except Shanghai. Shanghai, underneath at that time, had a little bit of vibrancy. There was some color in Shanghai, and there was just a whole different feel about Shanghai, actually, than there was with Guangzhou or Beijing. Okay, well, let's move to Shanghai. You actually went there. You both lived there for seven years? Eight. Eight years. When did that start, and how did that get going? How was that, and what was China like then? I mean, what year was that? 2005. We lived there from 2005 to 2013. And had there been much of a change in that period of time, since your first encounter with China, being on the ground in China? Oh, there'd been a dramatic change.  You had high rise buildings. You had bridges. You had freeways. It was just very much a modern city. You could still walk around Shanghai and see traces of the old Shanghai in the alleys in the back or various homes, but there was a thriving economy, and there was a big private economy that was run by what I would call the mom and pop stores or SMEs. It was very vibrant, and Shanghai always had this can-do attitude. They were always a little bit different than Beijing. Beijing was far more conservative because the national government was there, but Shanghai was always about commerce and always about business. And you were the head of the American Chamber of Commerce. Yes, I was the president of the American Chamber of Commerce there. Larry, you were dean of the law school at that time, but you were the professor at that time. I stepped down as dean. So Brenda moved out there in 2005, and we set up an arrangement, and the university was very generous to me, where I would teach at UH in the fall. And then from January to August, I would be in Shanghai with Brenda. So when I first went out there, I was looking for employment, and I started working at a Chinese international law firm in Shanghai.  What did you see that was different or new or had changed since your first encounter? Yeah. Well, I think Brenda's touched on this already, but really just the development of the private economy, the development of infrastructure. When we arrived in Shanghai in 2005, there were two subway lines, number one and the brand-new number two. When we left in 2013, they were finishing line number 18. So just amazing infrastructure in the freeways and high speed trains and all of this. Okay, and let's take the subway through our break, and then when we come back, we'll talk about what's happening now and tell me a little bit about the current prospects for China. Okay, thank you. Hello, I'm Richard Emory. I'm with co-host Jane Sugimura of Kondo Insider, Hawaii's weekly show about association living. The purpose of these videos is to educate board members and Kondo residents about issues relating to association living. We hope they're helpful and that they assist in resolving problems that affect the relationship between boards and their residents. Each week, Thursday at three p.m., we bring you exciting guests, industry experts, who for free will share their advice about how to make your association a better place to live and answer a lot of very interesting questions. Aloha, we hope you'll tune in. We are back with the fosters, Brenda and Larry Foster, who have spent a good deal of their professional life in China, and we've talked a little bit about how they got there on this journey, and now we're going to talk about what's happened in China.  What are things, what's going on in China? We were last in China in November. We were actually there for Thanksgiving. We had meetings in Shanghai and actually Hong Kong also, so it was fun for us to be able to go back, see everybody, talk with people, assess the business environment, and actually a lot of the political environment and how the current political environment, Beijing, might be impacting the business environment there. We had heard a lot of stories about U.S. multinationals or U.S. entrepreneurs going there and that business was getting more difficult to do in China. Difficult in what sense? Difficult in the sense that there were more rules and regulations, less transparency, much slower internet speed, and it was becoming more difficult to establish not only joint ventures and contracts, but just to be able to work in general. And that's on the Chinese side? Yes. The government side, I should say, because I make a distinction between Chinese populace and the Chinese government, but so I'm hearing that the government is being more restrictive from the government, or that's the impression you have. The impression I had, and especially in all of our meetings, that in talking with people and in talking to various companies representatives, was that it was becoming more difficult to do business there. So much a lot of it to dealt with the access of information, access of data. Let me ask you the dumb question, why? Why? What's going on here? Because my experience with China has been that it's moving forward at a rapid pace, and that's what you told me before our break, and then now something's happened. Economically, China has been working very hard to reach out globally. I mean their establishment of their Asian Infrastructure Development Bank trying to bring various countries around the region for their own version of TPP called RCEP. But what is happening domestically is a lot different. They're clamping down on the internet. They're making it harder for exporting and importing of goods and services in terms of working with companies. They're demanding much more access to proprietary information of foreign companies coming to work in China. And they're just trying to control their own domestic environment much closer. In spite of the fact that every holiday their populace travels all over the world and they have access either through VPNs to bypass what we used to call the great China firewall and the rest. But I definitely noticed two things when we were there different from when we lived there and were working there. One, one of my Chinese friends told me that when we lived there for those eight years those are now considered the golden years and that they're gone and that they're not coming back. That's number one. Number two, there wasn't as much vibrancy. I noticed it with Larry. Things Western. They are wanting to have more things domestically grown so to speak. Not importing so many Western ideas and values but having it more how would I say this come organically in China. So I saw very very very much a pullback on things Western. Now are there restaurants and five star hotels and things people could go do and do? Yes, all of that is there. The people are just as friendly but I sense a slowdown. I sense the slowdown in the economy. I sense a slowdown in terms of with the people. How far they were willing to venture out what they were able to go. But I have great faith in the Chinese people in terms of what they're going to want a structure also for their country not just the policies that are impacting them coming down from Beijing. Larry is that your your impressions also? Is it your feelings and it sounds to me I mean is this a party a communist party movement or is this a I mean is there a distinction between the party and the government? Yeah, I'm not a political scientist so I won't get there but I agree 100% with what Brenda is talking about but there's really just sort of a different different sense and feel in China now. The government really is trying to reassert the role of the party reassert the role of the central government and be more controlled. One very small example of this is this concept translated into English as and social credit. Everybody every citizen in China has a file and you have so many credits social credits in that file and you can add to them by being a good citizen or you can lose credits by being a poor citizen. Who keeps the file? The the government. I see. It's the government. I'm camera which agency maybe public security but it's very much a clamp down. You talk about the internet. One of the big stories of China while we were there was the rise of social media. Right. We were there just before the Olympics and there was a big earthquake out in western China. The government tried to hide all the damage but there were bloggers who were out there with their cameras and posting stuff on their blogs and the government was trying to control that information. Unsuccessfully as it turned out. And now the internet really has really exploded in China. There are more internet users in China than population in the United States. 400, 500, 600 million people on the internet in China. They have their own social media stuff and the government is very concerned about controlling social media. So each social media account has to be tied to your citizen identity card so that they know who is saying what about whom. So they can shut down various sites or social media accounts should that be necessary. It's a real clamp down. Politically, culturally, economically. What have you. Well based upon what you told me the golden period I was there and I saw that and now what you're telling me is very surprising to me. What I would add is up until recently actually Xi Jinping taking over one saw a really vibrant economy but along with that vibrant economy in China was a lot of corruption in the Chinese economy. And one could call it corruption. One could call it the cultural aspects of doing business in China on paying favors or taking care of your friends this sort of thing. And there were several very well publicized international cases on the corruption that was taking place in China. And one of the things when Xi Jinping came to power he said corruption can ruin the party. So I'm going to underscore what Larry said for Xi Jinping and the current party leadership the party is all powerful and saving the party keeping the party in power it is what is paramount to them. In doing so, there's been several purges and they've been going after the corruption but instead of doing it more according to a rule of law though they like to see that they're using the law and developing more court systems and maybe something that we would see in a more different type of democratic process of a rule of law they really are just throwing people in jail and clamping down. Now in doing so China's always had this phenomenal entrepreneurial spirit as I call it and in doing business but people are hesitant to do business because they don't know now who's looking over their shoulder or watching and I have heard stories of people I know who were at very high levels in the Chinese government who were not involved in any of the corruption scandals but yet they have this self-criticism is back like Larry was talking about social credit they've now instituted in the various ministries government the rest social criticism or self-criticism again actually that is doing your own performance review so as you do your own performance review your colleagues might be looking over their shoulder and say well that's not true they took a trip and I don't know how they paid for that trip so you see it pulling back so for government officials to travel they have to go through several hurdles to get those trips approved they still are very much interested at the provincial level in terms of working with western companies whether it be from the United States or Europe or wherever because they want to develop it a lot of the provincial areas still need that development but in your larger cities Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou you'll see it pull back a lot but you can do a lot more business in the provincial areas but again you need to know who you're working with and what what the rules of the game are going to be so what I hear is that these changes are unintended consequences if to use a phrase of trying to maintain the party control or maintain government control and avoid some bad aspects and by doing that you go one way and sometimes the results are not what you anticipated so it doesn't doesn't sound like this was intended pullback it's just an unintended consequence no I think it was intended pullback because at the universities professors can no longer access the internet to talk with their colleagues around the world for research and the things that they're doing people who had been fostering relationships with universities around the world are no longer able to do that they want to organically grow everything at home there's in the universities there's curriculum reform to re-insert party values and downplay western concepts of things like democracy what have you so so you each have friends that you've you've left in china I know you've made friends there and you've probably talked with them and just generally what are they thinking where are what are they thinking about china where do they want it to go what do they what are their hopes for their children their hopes for their children are what any parent would have are their hopes for their children they have an excellent education and a good job and a good life they're the people who can afford it very much want their children to go to school abroad starting even at the elementary school level or secondary school level not just university level so they very much want that but one other friend of mine said when the cold wind from the north blows from Beijing everybody bundles up in a blanket Larry you have a minute to tell me what you think about so the cold wind so on on the law reform side the term has come up now sort of hi hibernation the law the law reformers have gone into hibernation it is physically dangerous to be advocating certain parts of democracy and things like that in China okay well look I want to thank you both for giving us this update and hopefully we can do it again sometime thank you very much thank you our pleasure


before we kick off though I want to thank my employer binder for making it able for me to be here and talk about this to you guys Yeah, so shared nothing Those are two words. What is it in essence? She had nothing means nothing more than sharing no resources So all you do is make sure that everything that you run once on its own CPU memory or disks You know any program that you have does that and that alone It became a very large thing back in the day. I think the first written thing about is 1983, which is older than I am But the good thing about it is that you can make separate units of programs so You can separate your concerns in a way that anything you write does its own thing on its own hardware and doesn't do anything else which is super useful Also, it makes you able to Scale things independently. So for example, if you run a website, you can deploy your own code in some way If you get a lot of requests on for example, just your HTML pages You can scale those servers up and leave the rest as it is Or if you do a lot of processing on the back end You can scale that up and leave the front-end surface at where they are Also, it's very resilient against outages Good example for this is for example Netflix who made their own Chaos monkey thing who has ever used chaos monkey? Okay, so if you've seen it you are probably well aware of how it can kill your entire network and your entire application But not if you set it up correctly And last but not least is loosely coupled So every little thing can die on its own and then it can be restarted and something will take the features over as it is More interesting though shared nothing doesn't mean you share nothing Lots of things still especially in the web sphere If you have a web application, you will be sharing state people will be locked in will be authenticated You'll be in the student state of a process workflows in your application will be Shared all over the entire thing and people don't generally do that in one request. So Every step you take you got to go on further and further And additionally to that because you have all these separate units of things everything depends on each other in some way So why would you do? shared nothing Easiest reason is as I said full tolerance anytime your application Has a problem it can deal with it itself your entire architecture is built to make sure that that thing can Get back to where it was or get back to a state where it will actually work It's scalable as I said you can scale independently and it leads to much more smaller and simpler applications Very good example for this is that you You can build an application that just does what it does welcome But the best thing about smaller applications as you're probably well aware well aware of is You can test them better. You can manage them better. You can review the code better You can do anything you want with the code that you have and you can explain it better to other people So also if you transfer the project or hire new people to work on it It's just much easier to to get to a certain point where it's useful to use It does have some considerations for You're going to be simplifying your code base.  Also, you need to know when you need to start if you're just making a web log like Any WordPress website or anything like that If you're gonna separate those things you're wasting a lot of time and you're not making Anything more useful than it really is Other than that you also require a lot of infrastructure Instead of just having one server that does what it is that you do you're gonna need a whole bunch of servers You need something to manage your traffic. You're gonna need something to relay messages You're gonna need something to do all the functions that you have and as I said before Because there are simple units simple smaller units you're gonna have Yeah, just a whole bunch of things that do their own thing you cannot share the server of any other feature that you are building So your login page server for example cannot certainly also do the Authentication if you do it in the wrong way And apart from that you're still sharing states, so you know still require a source of truth It's I know that databases are one of the origins of shared nothing, but it's also it's a kills you you'll be Storing stuff in there, and you'll not be able to scale that in the same way as you can do with your application That this goes for your database as well as for your caching layers for example, so where would you be using share nothing? I know two very good examples of a share nothing website one is Google I'm pretty sure you all know what Google is if you don't please raise your hand Or binder which is very work obviously Yeah, it means that skill it just means that we do a lot of things. It's everywhere. It's all over the world It's all working in Incorporation with each other and as I said, it's very scalable Obviously data warehousing is also an option by virtue of share sharding your data I'm gonna skip that one, but I wanted to list it because this is where it all came from So what are you gonna need to build it? It's an empty slide because I'm sharing nothing Anyway first you're gonna ingest the traffic you're gonna get traffic from your clients your users they need to get to your application So it's basically your low banter or any web server that you have I Want to make it more tangible so we got an example for this we use engine x When this gets the message it just passes it on to the application server Which we call the front-end application This does nothing more than get sure request Hacks it into pieces and the terms for itself what it wants to do and how it needs to do that so Because I'm branding things anyway, we use pyramid for this Pyramid is pretty awesome, but you could also use PHP or Node.js if you're so inclined or anything in go if you're Into those kind of talks today What it does though it it makes new tasks and those tasks need to be executed And the only way to get that done is to insert a message queue into the stack so There's a message queue it does nothing more than get the message and give it to somebody else. So For example, we use salary for this It's not necessarily just salary rerun it on Redis for example, but you could also be Deploying it on rabbit MQ or any other things I heard somebody talk about open RQ recently Maybe that's one to have injected out yet And then in the end you you end up with a whole bunch of serves on the in the rear of your application stack And it's the back-end processing this can be literally anything that can read messages from your message queue We use Python things we use go we use Java Anything that you cannot So this is a bit abstract, so I want to give you some examples and how we do things Here is a login page. This is our application. It's fantastically beautiful And you can log in so You don't need a lot to generate this so this is a very simple thing and the stack will basically look a bit like this You only go to ingest traffic we go to the front-end application that decides Okay, I'm gonna render this template to give it back done nothing else is needed Obviously, there is some back-end stuff going on like storing your session key in the database or in the readest thing and Making sure all those things are right, but You know, I'm just trying to keep it simple. I Also have a less simple example literally, I Uploaded a picture of my daughter and in binder And this is a slightly more complex operation I mean we've all probably made some web application where you upload a picture, but In our case we we store it directly on Amazon S3. So what we do is We have the web server for a token so that we can upload it to S3 then when we done we tell the web server that we're done and That moment it decides that it needs to check if the file is actually correct Or if the file is actually an image and not a video or I would like to know all the information That's in the accept data. That's in the picture That's all back-end processing So there we use the entire stack So in this case the front-end application would tell the back-end stuff Please give me everything back from this image identify it make sure it's really an image not a vulnerability or whatever When that's done it asked the server to generate a thumbnail then it generates a web version It generates any other type of image that we've requested that it should do and Of course our application is fantastic so you can figure all those things But it is it is asynchronous it goes back from back-end processing to the message queue then go back to back-end processing And it goes back to the front-end application In the end though you get a fantastic picture of my daughter in the application, which is what everybody wants So what you end up with in the end and this is the official picture that we share with people is this crazy architecture You could tell we're kind of deep into Amazon And I don't mind really But you can see that the entire stack is divided into a lot of things there's a lot of things going on and everything is separated For example, we use just the normal load balancers Amazon to relay the traffic that's our ingestion then we do some web application firewalling which is Also one unit doing the circuit things That relates traffic to the web instances that does some things and then there's a little error going up to a message broker and All the way the back are all our processing things We've only drawn six boxes with us a lot more And obviously because we're Pretty cool guys. We do this all with automated deployment for our DevOps to the people That's actually a thing I forgot to mention One other pro of doing this kind of system is that your devils people get a lot more Jenkins jobs to do which they apparently like So in the future Because scaling is still a thing that you need to do Shit nothing remains extremely effective, especially with all the tools that you have from Amazon for example or Google or Open stack delivers. It's super easy to deploy an entire shared nothing architecture anywhere in the world However, there's a new thing coming up called serverless architecture where you can essentially do a lot of things about Anything really just instead of deploying your servers and you're managing your own hardware or You're worried about CPU and memory. You can just deploy some code and that also works I'm not a fan though because I like getting my fingers dirty with system operation things So I stick with share nothing However, a serverless architecture if you can get into it is a fun thing to check out Now this guy just pointed the five term in a plate at me, but I'm actually at the last slide right now, so Thanks Short to the point and very efficient. I love it first question here You mentioned that you use a salary to distribute the tasks that have to be done How do you integrate and to have a synchronous execution with Serving requests which need to maintain connections, it's easier You mean that When you do a salary request you got to wait for the results to come back to you. Yeah We try to avoid that kind of system Purely because when you are doing that you You got to make something block in your entire stack and that's not the most efficient way to get there So what we try to do is we tell the user okay It's coming and then the front end application starts pulling or it gets a notification from okay. This is done Please pick it up. So you use no web circuits. Sorry. Do you use no web circuits or stuff like that? We could to give the message back at some point But I don't I don't really like having an open connection to a server that can die at any second so I'd rather go for long pulling or Server push More questions. Yes Thanks for the talk Maybe an answer for the previous question will be a push a room A room in pusher to communicate back with the with your clients or something as an idea And I have a question about the broker you are using for Saturday Can you give me a little bit of details about about the different brokers or what have you found about it? So you're asking if What kind of different brokers there are right? What are you using or why are you using the broker you are using and? Because if I have very similar architecture in my in my project now in dealing with that right now Okay Not really sure we use Redis because we like Redis a lot And we already have it available anyway But there are other brokers that then make a lot of sense when you're starting to scale up I Try to remove layers as much as I can but for example the thing like rabbit MQ is Very good to use if you want something With more control or if you want to say more things to the applications using it more questions How about up at the back?  There's prizes either way What about up the front? Okay question number two there's definitely a price for that And So you have mentioned that you use Amazon as a backend. Have you actually tried any other? Cloud provider like go cloud or Azure? Yes, we tried and internally we're looking at getting into open stack just for internal environments But for our production stuff AWS is very Useful to us. We are in a deep strategic relationship with them. So we're not going away from there But obviously we we look around we we see what's going on and we use some other providers that I'm no liberty to say To use certain certain things from for example your backups you wouldn't keep those at the same location production clusters So that's where we go elsewhere Just out of academic interest though We we try to play around to see if we can deploy and other things whenever we can all right any more questions Fine, all right. Well, then that likes us and nice and early so you've got to wait wait wait. There is brilliant. Here we go. Thank you, sir Just again about salary does What kind of guarantees does does it provide? I mean is it Exactly what every message is delivered and so executed exactly once or at least once what I? Don't know the gritty details but I As far as I understand when you just like get a message out of there at some point you have to sign it off as well That could mark us complete I think that's a thing that salary manages for you, but I Would assume that that works. We don't see drop messages at least Any more questions So I have one I guess Surprise so, you know You could go for an option like like you've done you can have a three layer architecture where you go Oh, I don't want to spend too much time doing loads of work in my application server I'm just gonna farm off that job to a to a celery queue and then I can update the user when the bits are ready You know like And one why why bother like why not so you know that means that you can scale your application server and your Celery servers separately, but at the end of the day you've still got to do that computation So what are the real advantages of saying okay? You know rather than having you know free application servers and 20 celery servers Why don't I just have through it 23 application servers? I can still do all the client side kind of polling by using individual due I mean I can upload my image in one view I can resize it in a different Ajax request I can request a thumbnail in a third Ajax request. I can request the metadata in a fourth one and so on The main answer that one lies in the simpler applications kind of thing So when you build a smaller simpler application, there's a lot less to check It's easier to verify. It's easier to test. It's easier to deploy and The function that you did just has one exact Responsibility and that is doing that what it is to do If you say I'm gonna put everything in the application server you suddenly have a whole large code base with Separate tracks to getting there making sure that the code operates well with each other You cannot build changes in one system that will have no effect on the other I Think it makes life simpler if you if you just pull them apart and When you when you ask a thing say can you say a and it says a it will never say be Okay, does it help? Actually on more you can it was to continue his answer you can optimize services So for example, if you have a shipping service if you had everything in the same application You would have to for example, if you are using Python for everything You either have to go with see binaries But if you you could actually change the back end and say this the other service is a specialised Written in assembly, and I don't have to maintain it, but it's super effective Any questions rather than answer to questions from the floor Anything else rack your brains everyone. Here's our speaker. He spent loads of time preparing his slides


The risks of heart disease and stroke in meat eaters versus vegetarians over 18 years of follow-up. Not surprisingly, vegetarian diets were associated with less heart disease, 10 fewer cases per 1,000 people per decade compared to meat eaters, but vegetarian diets were associated with three more cases of stroke. So eating vegetarian appears to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease by 7 overall, but why the extra stroke risk? Did it just be reverse causation? For example, when studies have shown higher mortality among those who quit smoking compared to continuing smokers, we suspect reverse causality. When we see a link between quitting smoking and dying, instead of quitting smoking leading to people dying, more likely dying led people to quit smoking. It's the same reason why non-drinkers can appear to have even more liver cirrhosis because it was their failing liver that led them to stop drinking. This is the so-called sick-quitter effect, and you can see it when people quit meat, too. See how new vegetarians can appear to have more heart disease than non-vegetarians? Why would some older person all of a sudden start eating vegetarian? Maybe it's because they've just been diagnosed with heart disease. So that may be why there appears to be higher rates at first the sick-quitter effect. It's in control for that. You can throw out the first five years of data to make sure the diet has a chance to start working, and indeed, when you do that, the true effect comes clear, significant drop in heart disease risk. So does that likely explain the apparent increased stroke risk? No, because they still found higher stroke risk even after the first five years. Huh. OK, then what's going on? Let's dive deeper into the data to look for clues. This is what you get when you break down the results by type of stroke and type of vegetarian, vegetarian versus vegan. There are two main types of strokes, ischemic strokes and hemorrhagic strokes.  In the United States, it's about 90-10, 9 out of 10 strokes, or clotting 1 out of 10, the bleeding type. And that's what the vegetarians appeared to have significantly more of. Now, the vegans didn't, in fact, statistically have significantly higher risk of any kind of stroke, but that's terrible news for vegans. Vegans have the same stroke risk as meat eaters? What's going on? What's so increasing their stroke risk that it's offsetting all their natural advantages? And the same could be asked of vegetarians. Even though this was the first study of vegetarian stroke incidents, there have been about a half-dozen studies on stroke mortality. And the various meta-analyses have consistently found significant lower heart disease risk, but the lower stroke mortality was not statistically significant. Now with this new study, vegetarians can take comfort in the fact that at least they don't have a higher risk of dying from stroke, but that's terrible news for vegetarians. What, statistically, vegetarians have the same stroke death rate as meat eaters? What's going on, right? What's so increasing their stroke rate that it's offsetting all their natural advantages? Okay, let's run through a couple possibilities. If you look at the vitamin D levels of vegetarians and vegans, they do tend to run consistently lower than meat eaters. And lower vitamin D status is associated with increased risk of stroke. But who has higher levels of the sunshine vitamin? Those who are outside running around and exercising. Maybe that's why their stroke risk is better. What we need are randomized studies. And when you look at people who've been effectively randomized at birth to have lifelong lower vitamin D levels just genetically, you do not see a clear indicator of increased stroke risk. So the link between vitamin D and stroke is probably not cause and effect. And so in terms of an answer to our question, vitamin D doesn't seem to fit, right? We'll explore some other possibilities next.


Hi everyone, happy Thursday. I'm Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com. Coming at you with four boxes of Bowman Chrome Baseball, 2020 Bowman Chrome Baseball, HTA Choice Edition, random division break number five from jaspyscasebreaks.com. Three autos a box, pretty nice stuff. Everyone gets a random division in baseball. Big thanks to these folks who bought their spots straight up, no fillers for this. We appreciate that. There are the divisions right there. Let's roll it, let's randomize each, names and divisions seven times, four and a three. Names first, one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven, then final time. After seven we got Sam down to Matthew. Four and a three, seven times for the divisions, one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven, then final time. After seven times we got the Al East to the Al West. All right, so Sam Morton of the American League East, Matthew with the NL East, Michael O with the NL West, Will with the NL Central, Greg with the AL Central, and Matthew with the AL West. Let's sort by division alphabetically, by division. And we're gonna pause the video, give it a little moment to see if there's any trades and they'll have the break, stick around. All right, welcome back folks. No trades, list remains the same. Four box, random division break number five on a Thursday, the 22nd. Thanks everyone for getting into the action. I'm gonna remark those at the X's so we know they're from the same case. I think we have four boxes remaining from this case that we're gonna use for fillers, or for mixers. I think mixers. First out of the gate is Yoan Martinez for the Red Sox, AL East Sam. There you go, there he is. Sign at the age of 19, you know, might see him in action with the Red Sox. At some point, we've got for the Yankees, OCL Rodriguez, Yankees Indians on the background, tied at three, top of the third, Aaron Judge up to bat, he's over two today. Yankees might need some pitching like OCL Rodriguez to come up. And we've got, we've got Luis Matos. 208 out of 499, Refractor Autograph. So the Yankees and it's another AL East for Sam Morton and this one is coming all the way across the country to the West, NL West. That will be for Michael Odom getting my rivals. There you go, that's what he's all about. I guess he's got a cousin in the Giants organization or in the White Sox organization. Luis Alexander Bassaabe, signed with the Giants at 16. Can you say walk, Aaron Judge? All right, next box. We have Justin Dunn, Rookie Otto. I think Justin Dunn, is he throwing tonight? Justin Dunn is throwing the ball tonight. He's in Boston in his current line right now on the 22nd, April 22nd. He's through 3.2, he's still pitching 3.2 innings as a scattered five hits, got two earned runs, a walk and five strikeouts. Not bad for the AL West, Matthew Shearer. They're their old first round pick. Nice paramojo parallel on the bottom. There's Oswald Paraza. Nice one for the AL East, Sam Morton. And the blue mojo, let's see who it is. It's for the White Sox, AL Central. Greg with the AL Central. 28 out of 150, Jonathan Stewart. Two more boxes to go, six autos to go. All right, good luck. We got Junior Santos for the New York Mets, NL East, Matthew Shearer. I like that, that's a nice bold autograph there. He was six foot six, signing at 16 and then grew two more inches. Big dude. We got more Mets, we got Francisco Alvarez. For the AL East, Matthew Shearer. Rated number nine in the 2018 international signing class by Baseball America. NL East, Matthew Shearer. One more here is a refractor autograph that's Tucco Pita Marcano, long-sized pain sleeve. For the NL West, Michael Odom. Dodgers, my Dodgers in the Padres playing tonight. First of a four game series I think we should be. Should be a lot of fun. I think when's that game starting? I think some of you may get that on the MLB network. I'm gonna watch it on, I think they black it out here on the MLB network. I'll have to watch it on our Dodgers channel. All right, last box should be a good series. Walker Bueller on the mound tonight. I think Ryan Weathers for the Padres. Some of you who've done group breaks with us in the past may have some Ryan Weathers. May have some Ryan Weathers autographs. We got Vaughn Grissom, NL East, Matthew Shearer. High school teammate of Riley Green who's on the Tigers. And then in the middle here we've got Jordan Brewer who's an Astro, A.L. West, Matthew Shearer. Third round pick. And the last one here is Jake Fraley. 200 out of 499. Jake Fraley's been getting some starts, right? Maybe not, I thought he was. Anyway, Jake Fraley for the Mariners, NL, or A.L. West, that is. There you go, second round pick. It's supposed to be pretty solid. And there you have it, boys and girls. Random division break number five in the books. Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us. Really appreciate it. We'll see you next time for the next baseball break. That tribute break on Jaspy's casebreaks.com is awfully close if you're watching live. Let's get that done. I'll see you next time for the next break. Bye.


Hey folks, Rod here, and today we're going to show another use of the concatenate function. Here we have a worksheet with some names that we just made up. In this format we have last name, first name, middle initial, and space for full names. Now let's fill in the fake last names, first names, and middle initials if they have one, and now we want to concatenate, meaning joining all these together into a list of full names that can be used for other purposes. Here's how you do that. Type in an equal sign and then type in the word concatenate with an open parentheses. Now click cell B2 for the first name then comma. Click cell C2 for the middle initial then comma, and then click cell A2, closed parentheses, for the last name and pressed enter. As you can see, there's a problem with the first name, middle initial, and last name being all linked together into one word. Let's delete this and fix the problem. To fix this all we have to do is change our formula with spacing. Return to our formula and add quotation mark space quotation mark comma after B2 comma. Now type quotation mark period then a space quotation mark comma after C2 comma. Now hit enter and what you get is correct spacing with a period after the middle initial. But since Laura and Luke don't have middle initials, their names are a little messed up with just a period in the middle of their names. So how do you fix this? The answer is you combine the concatenate function with count A and if functions. This may sound hard, but Excel makes it easy. You already know that the concatenation function joins several text streams into one cell. So let's check out the count A function. The count A function figures out if a cell is blank or not. In this situation that means count A will determine if an individual has a middle initial or not. If you type an equal sign followed by the word count A and then parentheses, then C2 closed parentheses, and then press enter you get a one if the name has a middle initial. Now flash fill the column and you get a one if there is a middle initial or a zero if no middle initial exists. Count A is ready. So now let's check out the if function. The if function is a logical test determining if a value is true or false. What you're testing for in this case is does the person have a middle initial or not? If they do, then you want to concatenate the whole name with the initial. If they don't, you want to concatenate just the first and last names.  So type in an equal sign followed by the word if with an open parentheses. Then type the word count A with an open parentheses. Now click cell C2 for the middle initial with a closed parentheses. Next type in an equal sign and the number one. So far your formula says if the number and cell C2 equals one there's something else that you want Excel to do. So now let's tell Excel what we wanted to do by typing a comma after the number one. Then type the word concatenate with an open parentheses. Then click cell B2 for the first name comma. Then create a space by typing in quotation mark space quotation mark comma. Next click the cell C2 for the middle initial and then type in quotation mark period space quotation mark comma for the period after the middle initial. Now click cell A2 for the last name and type in a closed parentheses comma. At this point you have told Excel if cell C2 equals one then concatenate the first name which is B2. Then space the middle initial C2 with a period and the last name which is A2. But we know some names don't have middle initials so now you need to tell Excel what to do if the cell C2 equals zero. So type the word concatenate right after the last comma with an open parentheses. Then click cell B2 for the first name comma. Create a space by typing quotation mark space quotation mark comma. Then click cell A2 for the last name and type a closed parentheses. Add another closed parentheses to close the if statement. Press enter and you get the full name Frank J. Michaels concatenated with correct spacing and even the period correctly placed after the middle initial. Now flash fill down the column and you get the list of names correctly filled in. There you have it. People with a middle initial have it in the right place and people who don't have just their first and last names. All names have the right spacing and your data is ready to be used for any purpose you want. So that's how you combine concatenate count A and if functions to manage complex lists of names using Excel 2016. We hope you had fun with this and if you still have questions click our coaching link and we will work with you personally. Also we want to know if you liked the video so kindly send us some love in the comments. Be sure to subscribe and receive future videos automatically. Thanks so much for watching.


He is actually injured and not going to be available to play tonight. Coach Nash said that he is day-to-day. The hope is that he will be able to play on Tuesday when the Nets take on the Pistons. Nas for Kevin Durand as you pointed out there, Chris, again, not available for tonight's game. We do have some clarity as to when he's going to be available. Coach Nash told me earlier that Friday he can return to the team to join the team as they get ready to board a plane to take on the Golden State Warriors on Saturday, February 13th. So that means that he's going to miss tonight's game Tuesday against the Pistons and Wednesday against the Indiana Pacers. Just a frustrating stretch for Kevin Durand who's already missed time due to health and safety protocols and contact tracing. Coach Nash was asked a little bit earlier just who Kevin may have been in contact with. I'm not going to say who it is, but it's not the same individual. You know, it's... I think the guys have been pretty responsible.   I could get it tonight. You think you're being diligent and doing everything right, but there's no complete protection from it unless we were in a bubble and it was, you know, like running back what we did. So this is a pseudo bubble and there's going to be problems. Every team pretty much has faced some sort of issue and that's the way it's going to be to try to get through this season. So I trust in the players. I think they're trying to do the right things all the time. We're human and maybe there is the odd mistake, but I think even without mistakes, it's just possible. You know, it's just possible to, you know, unless you're living in a bubble for people to contract it and to be fair, Kevin doesn't have it.