Thanks all of you for coming It's Terry Saturday afternoons with us. We appreciate it very very much got an interesting seminar for you today a Few notes beforehand. I spent yesterday at a free market medical Association conference in Dallas Which is a fantastic group of doctors and self-insured employers everything who were trying to create a cash medical system And what was interesting about the conference is that the traditional medical system? Cost-wise is totally out of control Costs are going up 10% a year completely unsustainable and at this point for a typical family of four Their portion of their so-called health insurance their employer's portion plus the out-of-pocket deductible and co-pays is about $25,000 a year now Which is totally unsustainable. I can tell you from my own experience my family of four spends far less than 25,000 a year on health care even at these inflated prices, which we suffer under today so with the U.S. population over 65 Years of age set to double by 2060 that those are the years when people tend to consume more health care services So clearly that system is unsustainable and the fact that we have now Probably really double digit inflation is not helping matters to put it mildly So when we talk about the aging of the U.S. Population some of you may know the name of an economist named Lawrence Kotlikoff I brought him up in some shows in the past. He's at Boston University He's not an ideologue not a libertarian free market guy necessarily, but a very good guy And he has taken upon himself to do some calculation About a statistic he calls the fiscal gap the fiscal gap is basically When we think about all the outlays that Uncle Sam is likely to owe to these elderly people In next 20 40 50 years in the form of Medicare and Social Security in particular You know, what are those numbers look like versus? What is the U.S. federal government likely? Realistically to bring in and tax revenue during that same period So you take a discounted present value of those two numbers and the outlays Exceed the tax revenue coming in in his calculation by about two hundred and twenty trillion With a tee dollars Okay, I don't know where two hundred and twenty two trillion dollars comes from but it doesn't come out of thin air so When we look at the thirty trillion that's number actually sounds good now thirty trillion in U.S. debt What's enabled that debt to be serviceable by Congress because every year Congress has to have a budget and spend money and Part of that expenditure is interest on all of that Treasury debt outstanding And if you look at all that Treasury debt and some of it is short-term some of it is longer term If you take all that outstanding Treasury debt and you weight it by the amount of the underlying bond And you say what's the average interest rate that Uncle Sam's paying on all that debt it turns out It's only about one point five or one point six percent Okay, that's the interest rate that Congress has to wrestle with every day every year to service the outstanding Federal debt, okay, that's a pretty nice low number to put it mildly if that were simply to triple To four and a half percent or five percent which is far closer to historical averages of Treasury debt Treasury debt interest rates You know very quickly that five hundred something billion in Congress's budget would go to one point five trillion a year Which would be the single biggest item in The budget would be larger than so-called defense who would be larger than Social Security Medicare, etc So Congress doesn't want that to put it mildly so you know we talk about all this and it feels and seems unsustainable It feels and seems like we're coming up against some sort of inflection point but to be fair to our critics a Lot of people who think like us have been saying this sort of thing for a long time since 1971 as a matter of fact and yet it has sustained itself somehow and in large part that is because the US dollar enjoys world's reserve currency status and also because There continues to be an active market for US Treasury debt Why that is how that is is a long complicated question. You would think at some point people would say I'm not going to loan money To this insane group of people anymore Unless I get junk bond rates of 20% or something because they're insane and they'll never ever ever get their fiscal house in order But nonetheless, we have our friends at the Fed there to say hey Don't worry about it. Congress if there's not a ready market for US Treasury debt will be there to come along and Suck it up. So there's still a market for treasuries and how long that lasts. I don't know But the the impetus behind the book that dr. Murphy Authored and that is really the subject of our talk today was that you know There's so much money and debt out there floating and circulating that we were almost starting to lose sense of what money is Conceptually, it's almost getting difficult to grasp it because it's so Enormous, you know that we have all of this Sovereign debt household that business that individual debt We have so much Spending by Congress that is deficit funded. We have all this fight fiduciary media out there non-banked Excuse me non-backed money substitutes. We have all of these derivatives and exotic financial instruments Which are hard to track and understand and of course You know, we have interest rates that are it become a policy tool For the Federal Reserve in other words interest rates are something that government uses as a policy rather than something that the marketplace Determines as an exchange ratio between people's desire to borrow money and people's desire to save money so everything seems almost surreal and it you know even Our critics of course poo poo this and say it doesn't matter and that we can have deficit spending forever and Some of those critics are on the right people like Dick Cheney, for example, because the deficits don't matter And even some of our friends, let's say in the Bitcoin community I think have added to this obfuscation when they talk about well, you know Bitcoin money is an energy system or it's an information system and we've gotten away from any conception of what Certainly Mises and Manger and other great economists understood as money as arising from a commodity. So When Bob Murphy and I started discussing this book project We thought we really need a book that will get into the mechanics and the basics of all this because there's actually a Fed Publication which is now out of print called understanding money mechanics and it's pretty dry It's pretty technical, but it addresses almost the plumbing of the money system. How money is created How does the Federal Reserve interact with the Treasury has the Treasury interact with Congress? How do they all interact with the so-called primary dealer banks and then the commercial banks? So how does all this money and debt and government bonds get created? And so that's always been a criticism of more theoretical economists Particularly Austrian says that well you guys live in this nice world of theory And it would be great if money worked that way But you don't really understand how money actually works in the real world in the banking system And I said Bob we need a book To disabuse people of this and so the book that Bob created as a serialized Set of articles on Mises.org it goes at first through the actual origins and history of money itself Which is very valuable to anybody it goes through how gold And other commodities arose as money and talks about the gold standard the classical gold standard and of course what happens to it It talks a lot about the history and development of central banks The history of the US dollar particularly the development of that with the Bretton Woods Agreement in the 20th century and then of course Nixon's actions in 1971 And the shock there it talks a lot about The the various crises that the dollars had the the 2007 crisis Of course Bob has a particular section in the book about what then developed what we now call extraordinary Monetary policy of asset purchasing by the central bank It talks about all of these financial intermediaries that we call shadow banking So that sounds interesting right, but shadow banking is actually in many ways a very frightening thing because there are institutions which don't take deposits, but nonetheless create credit and The left doesn't like them so much because they're unregulated We don't like them so much because we don't know how much You know debt and money they're creating out of thin air and whether that's going to be weaponized against us So when we think about shadow banking we think of it sounds nefarious like some brilliant quant kid at golden sacks Is coming up with some scheme to enrich him and his partners and like that But it's actually it's not that shadowy at all a quick and loans rocket mortgage Quick and loans Owens rocket mortgage. That's the biggest shadow banking institution in the world They create billions and billions and billions of dollars of mortgage debt and they do it almost every day and of course Bob's book contains a section on crypto currencies and Bitcoin so it really is a fantastic up-to-date survey of Money and everything that I think a layperson would need to know about it I used to tell people if they read that little pamphlet by Murray Rothbard. What has government done to our money? I think it's about 88 pages or so depending on that size of the print and I think we have some here It's just a fantastic book especially for people who might be younger or people who are really You haven't thought or read much about this It's a it's a great gift for people and I I always used to say you know if you just read that book if you spend two hours You'll know more than you know 95% of people out there walking around about money and I think Bob's book in in the very same vein You can't read it in two hours. It's a little longer than that But nonetheless if you just consume Bob's book and that's all you consume you will know more about money Than virtually then most economists actually to be frank So I think it was a fantastic book I'm very pleased with the way it came out serially and the way it worked out that the organization of the chapters The way it works conceptually. I think it's very clear And I think it's a real feather in Bob's cap that he was able to produce this in a in a Style and a format that's very accessible for lay readers So I'm excited to hear him talk a little bit about what's going on with money and markets today But first we have a great panel for you of some of our senior fellows and some of our former summer fellows Who are all working in the money space in one way or another either in the crypto industry In the think tank industry as a professor and so I'll ask though Bishop to come up and introduce them So please a round of applause for though


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overlord here So going to be talking about a few Upcoming things we can expect potentially from screen 5 and an upcoming Nef Campbell interview or something with nef Campbell regarding screen 5 is coming up But David Arquette recently sat down with yahoo the past couple of days a few days ago And he talked about screen 5 and how it felt to go back into the swing of things going back in channeling Do we how they're very? Nostalgic to be back in the swing of things and how they miss West Craven He also gave us some tidbits of what we could expect regarding ghostface and he teased that we could be seeing some Technological advances from ghostface Not sure what that means. I know what specific ghostface I'm thinking of when I hear about technological advances, but he gave like a brief description He didn't really go into too much detail, but we can just speculate from what he said he said that There's some great things about ghostface and his costume There's more technological advances you can use now and the fabric we have in this one is probably a little more advanced than the fabric They had when we first did it I'm really excited for it and for the fans Now I'm not really too sure what this could mean Technological advances To the best of my knowledge, I know that we have apparently technology that allows You to have like sensors in your clothing you can communicate to your cell phone Through the fabric. I've I have no such thing in my closet never seen anyone with it I've seen a lot of articles about how they're Making they're doing there are implementing things that allow you to be able to control smart devices through Sensors and other things that are being put into certain fabrics. Maybe that's what we'll see from ghostface Another thing you could be talking about is just how we could be seen a lot of just Updated things from ghostface giving that we're in 2020 probably in this movie. It's probably gonna be said in 2020 2019 Somewhere around that and you know, we have iPads Macbooks we have smart TVs smart security alarm systems all of these things that Could potentially be utilized by ghostface now. It's not just gonna be a simple phone call anymore We're gonna see so many different things and then the fabric part of it when I heard him talking about The fabric we have in this one is probably a little bit more advanced I'm thinking about Roman. Roman didn't necessarily have updated fabric. He had a bulletproof vest under his fabric Could this ghostface costume this robe this time around be entirely bulletproof. I wouldn't say I'm opposed to it Depending on how it's utilized on screen. I think it could come it could come off a little cartoonish But a lot of people already think screen 3 is cartoonish as it as it is But I don't I don't really know what he's talking about when he says that we're gonna We're gonna have all these new updates with ghostface in terms of his costume and he has new tricks up his sleeve I'm not expecting him to have like anything shooting out from under his under his wrist or shooting things from his mask or anything Like that or shooting things from the bottom of his feet. I'm not expecting anything over at the top like that And again depending on how they do it if they do those things it all depends on how it comes off on screen How is it executed? How is it portrayed? I just feel like going too far and beyond what we've seen before Could lead to a lot of backlash While it is yes Possible now it might feel a little out of place Given that we haven't seen this from ghostface in the past. I don't know I just that's just me how I think that could come across depending on how it's done If they decide to implement like a little too much from ghostface, so for instance Jeepers creepers 3 the whole thing with the creepers truck. I don't not want to see anything like that from screen 5 I don't think we will But I also has me a little bit worried. I don't know what they're gonna do I we have to wait and see what they mean or what he's actually referring to when he's talking about all these advances and These new tricks ghostface has the only thing I could think of is the utilization of social media text messaging Video chatting going beyond phone calls now potential hacking maybe more bulletproof Maybe maybe more bulletproof things that he has up up in his repertoire so many different things that are running through my mind I just hope it's not something that's very cartoonish and comical, but or nothing too over the top I don't want to see anything like that, but let me know what you guys think about that in the conversation What advances do you think we're gonna see from ghostface? What do you think David Arquette really is talking about? Let me know all that down in the comment section below and then jumping into something else Neff Campbell has a interview coming up She will be doing something to promote scream 2022 as it's pointed out in the magazine cover We're all probably gonna just call it screen 5. I'm not gonna call this movie scream 2022 I'm not gonna call scream scream 1996 However many movies they make there they're not retconning anything yet So I'm gonna keep calling these subsequent sequels five six seven eight nine ten. This is not like Halloween I don't have to call screen five screen 222. I don't think anyone else should call that either Yeah, that's what the movie is officially titled. It's just titled scream, but it's the fifth film But here's the magazine cover that was referencing. We seem to be getting something regarding Neff Campbell look in the bottom left corner I apologize if this is too small. It's in the bottom left corner. You see Neff Campbell on scream 2022 So something from total film a potentially new interview is coming out from them regarding Neff Campbell and her Discussing something about screen 5. That's what I'm speculating or it could just be Neff Campbell sitting down Reminiscing on that letter that she loves to talk about so much or it could be Neff Campbell or It could be like a first look at Neff Campbell in screen 5 Back in the role of Sydney Prescott. This could be our first look at how Sydney looks in the film We've already seen that really from Kevin Williamson when he shared that image when Production had officially wrapped and he announced the official title on his Twitter page I don't think it's gonna be a new image of Sydney Prescott in screen 5 if it is it is I don't have a problem with that I just think that given we've already had that I think it's just gonna be an interview where she probably goes in a little bit more detail about what Sydney's life could be like in screen 5 What we could expect from the character and how probably how much the character means to her and what is done for her career And how that's basically what she's most known for outside of of course her work with The craft and her other projects. She's most noted known for her role as Sydney Prescott in the screen franchise I just think she'll probably sit down to tell us a little bit about what we can expect from Sydney in screen 5 should probably Hopefully her wording I hope she can confirm that we're gonna be transitioning away from her in a bit And it's gonna be more on the carpenters and I hope she is able to disclose that but we'll know concrete what is happening once this magazine is released and There's no date on when it is getting released So if anyone knows when that magazine is coming out everyone who knows about this if you saw a date on when this is coming Out definitely let me know down in the comment section below I did not see anything telling us when it was gonna come out But I just think that Campbell's probably just gonna do a sit-down talk about what we can expect from Sydney Prescott where she's Added in her life in the upcoming film and how she probably ends up coming back to Woodsboro Then that'll lead to a speculating even more of as we always do But let me know what you guys think about this down in the comment section below if you haven't already make She subscribed turn on post notification number this video in the description I've linked to my social media accounts on Facebook Twitter and Instagram you can message me there Of course limiters any movies news or reviews you'd like me to cover in the future with all that in my guys I will see you in the next video


All right, so let's talk about ethics. It's Veronica Howard. We're gonna talk about ethics and when we're talking about differential reinforcement, typically, when we mean ethical considerations, we wanna talk about, first of all, understanding, differential reinforcement and the procedures that go into it, and we wanna think about if we're using deceleration techniques like extinction and we're trying to replace a behavior with something else, how do we go about doing that? What are our ethical obligations? I'm gonna do just a quick callback to our conversation about extinction. Remember on screen, I'm showing you this meme. It says, one does not simply use extinction without teaching a replacement behavior. What they're saying there is, you gotta use differential reinforcement. You have to not just deprive a person of something that they want, something that they need. You don't wanna deprive people of reinforcement for the sake of decreasing behavior. You need to be teaching people how to get that reinforcer in a more appropriate way. You need to make sure that that person can still contact the reinforcer that they need, but in a way that's maybe going to be less harmful. It's gonna hurt them less or it's gonna harm other people in a much smaller way than the target behavior. Let's put it in a different way. The most ethical way of decreasing an undesirable behavior, the most ethical behavior deceleration technique is differential reinforcement. And I say that because we wanna make sure the client can still contact the reinforcer, but that they can get it for something else. What I mean by that is, think about smoking, right? Typically we understand that the reinforcer for smoking for many people, not for all people, but for many people, the reinforcer that comes from smoking can be the nicotine itself or the physiological effects that come from nicotine. It can be that it's been a classically conditioned association, nicotine results in stress relief and blah, blah, blah, blah. But let's just imagine for a second that the reinforcer is nicotine. There's one way in which we do not want the learner to contact that reinforcer. We do not want them to smoke because the side effects of actually lighting up a cigarette or a cigar and inhaling and putting that in their lungs is that they're gonna probably develop lung cancer. So are there alternative ways in which the learner can contact that same reinforcer, nicotine? Without having the undesirable side effects of smoking their lungs? Well, yeah, of course. A person could use a nicotine patch. They could use nicotine gum. They could potentially vape, but the FDA is out on that. I think the current research is suggesting that maybe don't do it because if you've got unregulated vape cartridges and it could lead to really bad, the point I'm getting at here is that, yes, you can get the same reinforcer in a different alternative method. And that's the heart of differential reinforcement. How can we find the same reinforcer for a different behavior that's less harmful? So the name of the game here really is about reducing harm. How do we change the behavior in a way that's socially valid, socially acceptable? So differential reinforcement research shows us has been rated by clients, by parents, teachers, caregivers and by mental health professionals as more socially acceptable, more socially valid than other behavior deceleration techniques. And I mean extinction, punishment and even medication used to decrease problem behavior. So differential reinforcement is an incredibly powerful procedure, it's the most ethical way of decreasing undesirable behavior. And I strongly, strongly encourage you if you ever need to decrease a problem behavior, don't just try to use extinction, don't just try to use punishment. Don't teach the client what not to do. Teach the client what to do instead. Use differential reinforcement. Come on back, we'll continue the conversation with some variants on differential reinforcement. I'll see you guys next time.


The U.S. Summit, we're here in Moscone, myself with Jeff Frick, my co-host today, John Furrier is down at Palo Alto, at Stanford, at the Excel big data event with Jeff Kelly. We've been here all day just checking out the innovations of Amazon, talking to executives, partners, customers. We're here with Noam Shendar, who's with Zidara Storage, the vice president at Zidara. Noam, welcome to the queue. Thanks. Thanks a lot. It's good to see you again. I've got our sort of old friends, Nelson Nahum, who's one of your chief technical guys, and good to see you guys off and running. I talked to you, it was a while ago now, when you were just getting started, Zidara Storage was sort of a seed, and you couldn't tell me too much about it. Right.  So tell our audience, a lot of people don't know who Zidara is. Tell us about Zidara and what you guys have been up to. Thanks, Dave. Yeah, Zidara Storage is enterprise storage as a service, and we make our service available at major public clouds, including, of course, Amazon Web Services. And the way to think about it is as a storage array as a service for mission critical or enterprise-grade applications. And at Amazon, we're positioned as the premium alternative to Amazon's native storage services. When you need something that's bigger, faster, better, that's when you turn to us to run your really important stuff at Amazon. So break it down for us. So my choice is with Amazon, I can get S3, I can get EBS. That's right. And that's it. Yeah, so let's walk across the menu of options. There's S3, that's object storage, S3 is probably the most popular storage service out there. They, Amazon announced a trillion objects, it's an amazing figure. Two trillion. Two trillion. Yes, they did it. They did it. They were at a trillion in 11, and they doubled in 2012. Two doubled. I mean, it's astounding. Two per six. Seven years to get to one trillion and one to get to the second. Unbelievable. Yeah, that is unbelievable. Absolutely. Many, many, many petabytes. Exactly. So that's object, and object is great for some things, but absolutely inapplicable to enterprise applications. It's truly archived in a low-performance storage, right? So it's not good for databases, and it's not good even for file shares where you're modifying files, because in object storage you can only upload or download files, but if you want to change a file, even just one bit of a big file, you have to delete the file and re-upload it. So then comes... It's good for pictures. It's very good for static pictures, movies also. Netflix runs S3. So then comes EBS. So Amazon recognized the need for block storage, because you need that for things like databases and analytics and so forth. So EBS provides block storage, it's quite limited in terms of performance, and it's also highly inconsistent in terms of performance, which then drove Amazon to launch EBS Provision Diops. So Provision Diops EBS provides more consistent performance, you pay for that, and it's a quality of service play. It's a quality of service play. It's still quite limited. It'll top out at 2,000 IOPS per volume, and it'll top out at 2 terabytes per volume. And just like standard EBS, it won't attach to more than one server at a time. And when you look at clustered applications in the enterprise, those require multiple server attach. So that's where we come in. We break the 2,000 IOPS barrier. In fact, our smallest, we call Zodara Engine as a 5,000 IOPS engine, and we go up from there to tens and tens of thousands of IOPS. There's no volume size limit, and we do clustered, so we do allow volume sharing. And then we also do NAS as a service, we do file, and that's not available elsewhere. So there is no Amazon service or other service for NAS as a service. Okay, so you guys saw the need for mission critical apps in the cloud. Talk about the tech behind there, the team behind there. How did you guys get started, and where did this all come from? Yeah, we're a team that's been together for 13 years since 1999. Live storage gurus have been building really complicated, highly reliable things like fiber channel storage virtualization appliances that would be in mission critical situations standing in front of very expensive sand devices. And very successful in that field, acquired by LSI in 2006, stayed as a team together at LSI, and then founded Zodara in 2011 with the same team, so we've been working together forever, we really know how to work with each other, and set our sights on how do we reinvent storage for the cloud? How do we maintain all the things that are good about those expensive bits of storage, but eliminate the negative, not make them as expensive, make them way more flexible, and multi-tenant? So one of the challenges obviously in cloud is getting the data into the cloud or moving it off the cloud. So what are you seeing customers do to sort of alleviate that challenge? Are they putting all their data and all their apps in the cloud and sort of leaving it there, or are they trying to get approximate to the cloud? They tend to put new projects in the cloud, so it is hard to migrate existing applications into the cloud, but large customers, and we have quite a few very, very large customers, Fortune 50 customers, they're using us for new projects, because then there's no data movement. So they start a new thing in Amazon or another cloud, they use us as the back-end storage for that, and then the storage grows in place. In some places we've seen migrations, multi-terabyte migrations, we allow those customers in a public port, and they can use that in order to copy the data, and then they close the public port, and now they're inside the Amazon cloud again. Can you talk about the customers, at least the type of customers, specifically what they're doing, kind of applications they're running, and how it's affecting their business? Yeah, our customers tend to be either running databases for submission-critical apps, it could be business intelligence, it could be actually running whatever their service is, like software as a service companies, and they can be running file servers, or file shares for things like CAD, or media, or for sharing, either internal within the company or outside the company, and the type of customer ranges from the very large to the very small. I mentioned we have several, we have three Fortune 50 companies, we have a few Fortune 500 companies beyond those, and then they get as small as software as a service startups that are looking for us as the way to scale. They are small today, but one day they'll be very big, and they need to get from 1,000 subscribers to a million subscribers without breaking them. And we're talking about Amazon's ability to pin quality of service. Talk about your management stack and your ability to do similar pinning, if you will, to guarantee quality of service. Yeah, absolutely.  So unlike all other cloud-based services, the drives are not shared, the customer gets actual physical drives that already helps with quality of service. And then on top of that, we have the other resources, the compute and the cache memory resources that go along with that. Those also are not shared. So a customer gets a dedicated experience, even though they're in a shared environment. So that allows them to already have a predictable deterministic experience. And then we also have QoS controls inside the virtual private storage array, again, to pin the performance within that. And where do those non-shared disks live? They live at a co-location facility that is adjacent to Amazon. Amazon has a very amazing service called Amazon Direct Connect. And Direct Connect allows us to put our equipment at a very, very short physical distance away from the physical location of Amazon Clouds. And it provides us a lot of bandwidth into the Amazon Cloud. And it's been incredibly reliable and consistent. And it's a public service. Anybody can use Amazon Direct Connect. And we're one of the larger users of that service. So you work with Equinex, for example. That's right. And so they have data centers everywhere, facilities that are local to Amazon facilities, and you take advantage of that. So you've got a synchronous connection to the Amazon data center. Exactly. And actually, last week, we announced that because we're already at Equinex anyway, we have made our service available to Equinex customers, who are not necessarily Amazon customers, who wish to use our storage as a service rather than traditional storage. Now, where does Flash fit into this whole equation of missing critical apps in the cloud? Great question. We do provide Flash as one of the options. We provide both rotating drives and SSDs. And the reason this is important is there are some who are advocating pure Flash architectures, and that forces one into a specific cost performance point on the graph, which could be quite expensive on a per dollar per gigabyte basis. By mixing and matching drives, our customers can pick where they want to be. They want all SSD. Great. We provide that. But if they want to mix and match with rotating drives, or even have a pure rotating setup, that's available as well. Cache is absolutely necessary. It's really good for random workloads. Databases love Cache in particular. Sorry, love SSD and Flash in particular. So that's why we have it, but we don't force that into customers. And real quick, you had an announcement this week, right? Talk about that a little bit. Yes, we're now available at Amazon West and additional to East. And because we're now available on a biocostal basis, we have replication turned on at the same time to provide disaster recovery features between East and West or vice versa. And last question is, as we get in the hook here, talk about your relationship with Amazon and, you know, how that came about and where it's going. Oh, it's been great working with Amazon. They have no defensiveness about what we do versus what they do. When it makes sense, they send customers to us. And because it's better, it's good for both of us. They get to preserve those customers, the customers don't leave. And then we get business out of that because customers use us. And we though we had concerns before we worked with Amazon, maybe they'll see us as some sort of threat. Not at all. It's been, it's been really a joy to work with an open minded company that is business oriented. Big market. And I guess the name says it all, doesn't it? All right, listen, thanks very much. Appreciate you letting squeeze you in here. It was really a pleasure. I enjoyed it too. Thank you. All right, good. Thanks, everybody. We'll keep it right there. We're right back with our next guest. We know that analytics are important for your business. But building a data warehouse has always been way too complicated and expensive. Most data warehouses are complex, can often take months to set up and can cost you millions of dollars in software and hardware expenses. And that's before you even start using it.


Hi everyone. Welcome back. So let me start the next session, which is on program indicators and how to use program indicators for data analysis. But before that, let me share the word of the day, which is spike wax, again, another vaccine name. I'm also copying this text to the chat. So today we are going to discuss under the program indicators on how to use program indicators for analysis of tracker data. So mind you, this is not a session which will focus on how to configure a program indicator, because that will be taking place separately in our tracker configuration academy. But here we will discuss how to use the existing program indicators that have been configured into your system or tracker data analysis. So the objectives of the session, we will describe what a program indicator is, and we will also describe how program indicators are derived. We will also understand the difference between the event and enrollment program indicators. Then we will try to understand how program indicators can fill tracker data analysis gaps which are present in other visualization tools. For example, if you can remember, in the event report I mentioned yesterday, there are some gaps. And we will discuss how program indicators can fill these gaps. Then create visualizations using program indicators derived from tracker data. This is what we will be doing during the demonstration. So program indicators are computed variables based on data elements attributes or constants used to aggregate individual level data. So as I briefly mentioned yesterday, we are using program indicators whenever we want to calculate or compute something which might be a combination or which can be a standalone of a variable based on data elements attributes or constants. And these are mainly coming from tracker data. So probably like to give you an example, like if you have a, if you want to kind of count a number of track entities who are having a disease, right? We can do that using a program indicator. For example, let's look at this example. We can create a summary count of the number of AstraZeneca first doses administered by going through this program and counting the events which meet this criteria. So for example, when we look at this table below, we will see like here we can see we have a column for dose number, right, which mentions the dates of first dose and second dose. And then we also have the last column as vaccine name. So because we have this as a line list, even using the line list, we can count, right? So for example, if we use the filter for that data element, we can count. But like if we want to get this as one single value, we can use a program indicator to get a calculation of say the people who have received AstraZeneca vaccine for the first dose as a single value. So this calculation happens automatically without we have to do anything like what we did yesterday using the event report. So we don't have to use the analytic tools in DHIS to the analytic tools apps in DHIS to make this calculation. So that's what the program indicators does. It does the calculation automatically and then give us the exact value. And in some ways it is similar to using the pivot table output style in event reports for some of the functionalities or displaying options within the chart in event visualizer. So for example, yesterday when I was doing the event reports and today morning when you did the event visualizer, there were like some of the tools which are available in those apps, which can substitute that previous example I showed you, right? So there is a bit of an overlap, but this program indicators are more powerful and we will discuss like what are the gaps program indicators can feel, which cannot be met by the existing tracker and its analytic tools. And this program indicators are more flexible because they allow us to fill several limitations. We have covered when we were trying to analyze tracker data directly using event report, event visualizers and maps. So let's see some of the limitations that we faced while we were using this analytic tools such as event report, visualizer and maps. So for example, when creating summary data, we had difficulty in combining or displaying data from multiple stages together. So for example, we were not able to create enrollment type pivot tables in event reports. So in event reports, we could create enrollment type line this, but we were not able to create enrollment type pivot reports, which are pulling data from multiple program stages, right? And then also, we could not create enrollment type visualizers visualizations in event visualizer and maps. So this is one gap, which we had in the existing analytic tools, which the program indicators can fill. But having said that, there are like, I mean, you have to also understand there are advantages as well as few disadvantages of using program indicators. So the advantages are they offer more flexibility in creating summaries of events and enrollments in tracker data. They can be used in tools, users are more familiar with, say for example, most of you must have used the data visualizer and maps applications in DHS2 because you already use DHS2 for aggregate, right? So most of the users are familiar with those tools. And this program indicators is a concept that you can use in aggregate tools as well, right? Not only in tracker tools. So for example, you can browse through program indicators and do some analysis using the data visualizer. There we have the pivot and also the maps. They offer a number of advanced functionality, including Boolean logics, like if statements, relationship counts, differences in dates, etc. So there are like a lot of other functionalities, which the program indicators can do. But there are some disadvantages as well. One thing is each program indicator needs to be configured and this can be potentially time consuming because like for each, say, combination now, you know, like for example, you might think like we are in aggregate, we have this for data collection, we are having, we are using the category compost so that we can, you know, like if you want to combine two variables and get an output and we want the variables for each of the combination, it is automatically done. But for program indicators, it is not like that. You have to configure program indicators for each combination. So it can be kind of time consuming and initial configuration can be a bit complicated. And users can define a requirement for a program indicator. But once it is defined, you can't modify these filters in real time that you did yesterday with event reports. So if you can remember, in the event reports, we could decide, right, say for example, if we wanted to filter the data pertaining to a particular case ID, we just had to insert that case ID into the filter. But this kind of flexibility is not there with program indicators because these are preconfigured. And if you want to add or change a filter, you will have to inform a person who has maintenance application rights in DHS to instance. So it's not too flexible when it comes to end users. So there are two types of program indicators when we are working with tracker data. So we have event program indicators, and we have enrollment program indicators. So what do we mean by event program indicators? So these indicators are evaluated per event within a particular program stage. So events kind of like calculate each of the events within that program stage, just similar to what we explained yesterday. Whereas enrollments evaluate across an entire enrollment within a particular program. And this is kind of a repetition of what I mentioned yesterday. When we are using enrollment program indicators, it uses the most recent event within a program stage in its calculations. It's just as same as I explained yesterday when we were doing the visualizations with event reports. So let us also compare the event versus enrollment program indicators. What are the differences? So here what we are trying to do is like we are trying to count the number of PCR tests requested. And if you can look at these two examples that are shown in the screenshot, in the first one we have for the stage two, which is an app request, we have one event. So which is highlighted in gray color, we have one event. But in this second example, for the same program stage, we have two events. So when we request for an event enrollment program indicator, the output is going to be different. That is what we want to hire. So for example, if we ask, if we configure an event program indicator, which wants to count the number of, which will count the number of events. So here, irrespective of these two events being for the same person, because there are two events, when we use event program indicators, the output will come as number two. And when we use enrollment program indicator, the output will come as number one. Is that clear? This is kind of recapping what we explained yesterday. Okay. So let us look at the enrollment indicator example. So what we are trying to do is we will try to see number of hospitalized cases with the positive COVID-19 test result. So here, this entire sentence we can break down into several components. First thing is number of hospitalized cases. That's one thing we want to analyze. And it also has a filter. They should be positive, they should be having a positive COVID-19 test result. So if we are going to develop this using an enrollment type program indicator, what it will do is it will combine data from multiple program stages. So it will check here from the stage one, which is clinical examination and diagnosis, which is a non-repeatable stage in our demo instance. It will check whether the person is having yes for the hospitalized data element. We have a data element called hospitalized. They have all the patients who are fulfilling who will be counted will need to have yes value for this variable. And then for the lab result, which is coming from the third stage, there it has to be positive. You can see here it has to be positive. So patients who fulfill both these criteria are the ones which are calculated, which are counted. And here, the difference, because like yesterday, we could not get an output like this. We were able to get an output, which is a line list kind of output. It was a list of patients we were getting, not like if we wanted for this, I mean like here in this table that you are seeing as the example output, the first column is the areas, say like if it is a province. So for the province, how many people were there who work COVID-19 confirmed and hospitalized? This kind of output we could not generate yesterday using an event report because the event report enrollment analytics did not allow pivoting. But here now we can. Okay. Right. So with that, I mean, we come to the end of the presentation and we are going to move to the demonstration. Any questions up to this point? Right. If there are no questions, let's start the demonstration. So what I will do is I will quickly share my screen. So it's okay. So I have logged into our demo instance and what I'm going to do is like for this initial demonstration, I will use the aggregate analytic tools which are, which is basically the data visualizer and the maps application. So let me open the data visualizer application here. And then let us open an existing favorite item called underlined conditions last six months. This one. So when I click and open this, this is what I'm seeing. So what do we see here? In this visualization, we are seeing right people who have received the vaccines and who are also having underlying conditions. Right. So underlying conditions is one. So let us see like what were the data items which are collected underlying conditions. Right. And it is looking at the entire country for the last six months. Okay. So here we are getting aggregate output. Okay. These accounts based on event data or rather tracker data. Okay. So this is something that we were still able to do yesterday using event reports. And you remember like event reports application allowed us do pivoting. Right. Based on a particular program stage. It did not let us do pivoting when we want to combine multiple program states. But this was again something possible yesterday using event reports. But here the difference is we are trying to design this table using a pivot in the aggregate data visualizer application. Okay. So that's what we are trying to do. Okay. So let me demonstrate you how we are going to do this.  So everything refresh. And now I have to select the parameters. So first, what type of visualization? So I want to create a pivot table. I assume I did not explain too much about the data visualizer application because this is something you already know from our aggregate training programs on aggregate analytics and the DHS to fundamentals. Right. So we have selected pivot from here and next we have to select the data dimension. So for data dimension, we are selecting the data type as program indicators. We usually we are familiar with selecting indicators and data elements, but we are going to do something different here. We will select program indicators. Right. And then after doing that, we have to select the program. So the program is going to be COVID-19 vaccination registry is one. Right. And we are searching for the program indicator all underlying conditions. This is one. So here once I selected this, I have to select the period. So let me select last six months from here. Done. And organization unit. What I'm going to do is I will select the country, but I want the country to be selected at level two. Right. So that I'm not looking at the entire, not only looking at the entire country, but I want the country data, which are disaggregated at level two, which is a provision. Okay. So after doing, so I will just click on hide. Then let me see whether I have all the layout set properly. So if you can remember the previous layout, so like, is this the same thing that I'm going to get? Because there I can remember the periods or the months were appearing as columns and the organization units were appearing as rows. So here it is not properly configured. So what I will try to do is I will try to move organization units to the rows and periods to the columns. After doing that, let me click on update. And here we are getting the same table that we, that I showed you before. Okay. So we didn't try anything too new. Only difference that we did compared to our usual aggregate analytics is to select the program indicator, which has already been configured, as opposed to selecting a data element or program or indicator that we usually do when we are using this aggregate data. But one thing I have to mention is like when we are trying to do this, okay, they have selected enroll type of a program indicate it's not an event type of a program indicator. Let us see whether, I mean, what will actually happen if it is, if you get as an event type program indicator. Okay. So to do that, let me duplicate this tab. And let me quickly create, let me see what is there. It's not been selected. So let me quickly select the program indicator. I will select COVID-19 vaccine registry. And let me search for the underlying conditions. We have two programming. The one at the bottom is the underlying conditions for events. So I'm going to select that because previous I selected the other one. And the periods, let me select last six months. The organization units now at level two. Okay. Done. Let me rearrange. So with your units here, period here, and I click on up here because it has to be preventable. I click on update. And this is what I'm getting. Okay. So if you can compare these two, this is the enrollment type. And here we have the event type. You can see, let us focus on the April column. So here for the VNT, we are having for the April, in this first visualization that we initially developed, it has 23 as the value. Whereas for the second one, which is based on event analytics, the value is 33. So it is always the values that we are getting in the sales in the event table is always more than what we are getting in the enrollment table. Why does that happen? What is the reason? Is my question clear? So I'm comparing these two tabs. Here we have the enrollment. Here we have visual events. So the values that we are getting in events is always more than the values that we are getting in this table for the enrollment. What's the reason? Anybody? Yes, Amit, you have unmuted. It's a very simple question anyone wants to answer. So in enrollment, one person count only once as it is repeatable stage. So when that person get multiple service or repeatable stages, then it's called multiple times in events reports. Right, exactly. So it's like this, because here the enrollment, like only it only takes into consideration one event from a program stage. Whereas in the event type of a program analytics, it will count all the events which are present for a given program stage. So that's why the final calculated value is going to be more than what you always get for enrollments. So hope that is clear. But one thing we have to keep in mind is what I have showed you now is something that was even possible using event reports yesterday. So let's see certain things that we were not able to do yesterday. So now one, yeah, so let me like keep the same example and let's try creating a chart because we have seen how the tables work. Let's design a chart using a programming so that I can take this forward and explain you a few more concepts. So what I'm going to do is click here, file, new it. And then I will select a chart and let's try to open a chart whole symptoms and health out. This is the one person with CBS symptoms and health outcome this year. Okay. Right. So let's see what is getting displayed. What can you see here? So here in this chart, it's a line chart. That's the first thing. And on the x-axis we have what we have the individual. And then we have on the y-axis the numbers. So here we are looking at COVID-19, the patients who had COVID-19 symptoms present. And then on the blue line, it is about COVID-19 symptoms present and resulted in death. Red is COVID-19 symptoms present and recovered. So to produce this, we are using program indicators. And what can you think of the architecture for what constitute this program indicators? So are these program indicators? So let's take each one of them. What can you say about these three program indicators? Are they taking data from only one stage or more than one stage? These three program indicators. All the stages, all three of them? I mean, what do you think? So here I'm not sure whether the answer is for this one. Like all three program indicators are varying from all the program stages. Is that so? Anybody else? Right. So it's like this. Yeah, Arif, you want to answer? Sorry, my internet was not set. Yeah. You can also type in the chat. It's no problem. Okay. So what I wanted to highlight is like here, especially these two, the symptoms present and dead, as well as symptoms present and recovered, the symptoms present is coming from one stage, right? Okay. Which is the stage one, which has clinical exam and diagnosis. And then this health outcome, it though recovered is coming from stage four. So they are for these two data, for these two program indicators, these kind of combining outputs from two program stages and try to plot this. Okay. And we are actually getting here an aggregate output. So this was not something which was possible using event reports because we are looking at aggregate outputs across multiple program stages. So this can only be done through a program indicator. Is that clear? Right. If so, let's try to quickly design this visualization. So I'm going to click on new. Okay. And from because I want to draw a chart, right? I will select a chart and the chart type is line. And then under data, I'm going to select the program indicators program is going to be case based surveillance. And I'm going to search for the, for the three program indicators. So I will just type symptoms. Okay. Here we have the three. I will select symptoms present. I will click symptoms, present and death and symptoms present and recover. And then the period currently is last 12 months. I want to have years this year. And the org unit, what I want to do is I will select the country, but then I scroll all the way down and filter the entire country and get the data disaggregated by level two, which is provincial. Then of course, I'm going to change the layout a bit because I wanted all the org units in X axis. I'm going to move it to categories. The period, of course, I don't really mind where I don't want it in the visualization. So I move it to filter the data I want to see. That's it. And I click on update. And this is the visualization that we saw before. Okay. Is that clear? Let me also do something else from here. What we can do is we can like, because now we have a chart, let's try to see from the same data visualizer. What happens if we made this pivoting? So I'm going to select the pivot here and click on update. Let's see what we can. There we go. So we can, from using the data visualizer, we can easily change the line chart to a pivot table just like this. So now that we have the individual figures in a very descriptive way, and we can even download this. So we don't actually stop there. We can also do something else, which is we can convert this visualization, which is now a table to a map. So to do that, what we try to do is we can click on this icon here and click go all the way down and click open as map. So when we do that, it'll try to open this as a map, but one issue we are having is it will ask like, there are three data items in this visualization. Do we want all of them or only one of them to be displayed as the map player? The issue is because all these are coming from same org units, even though we select all three of them, it'll overlap on one another. So we won't actually see it properly. So let us only select one of them. So I will select dates, and I will click proceed. There we go. By default, what it will do is it will convert those data and put it as a thematic layer on DHS to maps application. So using the same application, we can actually shift between the chart and the pivot table, and we can transform that data to a map as well. I hope it is clear. Any questions? If there are no questions, we'll quickly try to do the exercise one, which is in the learner's guide. Let's try to take five minutes to do that. If you are not able to finish it, it doesn't, I mean, like it's okay. We will try to go to the move forward in the demonstration, and you can practice it later. So let's take five minutes and try to do it. There's a question. We have subunits and levels, but is the difference? So it's like this. I mean, it's more or less the same, but subunits we are defining based on the logged in user. So for example, it's very relative thing. So if you configure the user to be at district level, and we have saved the visualization to use one subunit, so whoever who logs in, he will see one level below. But whereas if we set something as level two, only the people who have access to level two will be able to see, because others, if they don't have access to level two, it will not really work. So if you want things to be very relative, and be flexible based on the logged in user, using subunits is much better, because it'll always work on a level one or two levels below the logged in user. That's the difference. So let's take five minutes and try to finish the exercise one. How many levels you can have? You can have any number of levels. It's not a problem. It's about DHS to configuration. But having too many levels is can affect the performance of your DHS to instance when it is growing large. So you have to be careful about how many levels you want to have in your configuration. Any more questions? So let's meet in around four minutes. Welcome back. I assume some of you may not have been able to finish the activity yet, but what we can do is we will try to finish the demonstration because some of these activities are kind of going back and forth between the different analytic tools available. So probably like if you go through the entire demonstration and then try to attempt it, you might find it more easy or more clear. So let's start the next activity. So let me share my screen. So we are already in the maps application. So let's try to open a already saved visualization which uses program indicators. So before opening the visualization, I must mention now you learned about how to use the maps application for visualizing track entity and events data in the morning. So one limitation was that it was focusing on the individual events and the track entities and the clusters, but it was not actually taking into consideration how certain track entity instances or events can be aggregated and displayed on the map. So that's the kind of gap that we are trying to address by using the program indicators. So let me open one program indicator. So there should be one called the COVID case based surveillance suspected cases last 12 months. So let me click and open that one. It's a bit of a heavy visualization. So it might take a couple of seconds to go. So here we have a maps visualization and this map is of bubble type. So in this legend you are seeing here, right? So if the kind of the size of the bubble indicates how significant the value reported was and also you will be able to see a timeline here at the bottom. So what we can actually do now what you are seeing here is a timeline maps visualization and let me click on this play button and see what happens. So right now in the timeline by default it is showing October to November and when I click on the play button you will see it will start moving and then you will be able to see how the visualization changes by each month. You can see now the the suspected cases are becoming higher compared to what it was in the October. So this is in fact a nice visualization that can come in really handy when you are doing a live demonstration and probably like if you can put it in a dashboard and you can present it to a larger audience. So let's see how to produce this visualization using the maps application. So let me click file and then new and then I need to add because I already have the base map. The base map is coming from this OSM light. So I will add a thematic layer. So I'm clicking on the add layer button and select thematic and next under the data tab I have to select which item type. So the item type is going to be a program indicator which is coming from case-based surveillance program and the name of the program indicator is COVID-19 suspected cases should be some COVID-19 suspected cases this one. And the period I will select as relative last 12 months and then make it timeline. Then the org unit I will select low at level 2. So that's done and then let's move to the style of the map. So I will select bubble map and single color legend so that it will be only one. After doing all that what I have to do is click on update layer click on add layer and then it will design the visualization and here we go we have that visualization. So basically what this map is showing it will be showing the COVID-19 suspected cases as an aggregate value in a dot. So one dot per province that's how it goes for each of the months. In a snapshot we we are only seeing the first month but when we click on the play button it will start kind of first wall clip where it will go on showing the bubbles for each of the months. The size of the bubble indicates the value of the aggregate number. So this all happens based on the program indicator we have defined we have configured the configuration of the program indicator of course is out of the scope of this academy but when it is configured you can nicely use it for your analysis. Right so are there any questions about how to use this program indicator for maps? Again like before you ask this question currently we don't have a mechanism in DHS to analysis like from this aggregate visualization figures so let it be I mean whether it is a map or a chart or a table right for to directly jump into a individual cases record that is not possible say for example if you want to like once you click on this dot to have a link where you can open individual records no that is not currently possible. So that's one limitation we still have in DHS too which is of course a nice to have a feature but of course it's kind of a very complicated design process. Any questions? If not we can do the exercise number two in the learner's guide right and we can take around five minutes to do that and we will meet in five minutes. Right welcome back so we are moving on to the later part of my presentation so in the in the in the last section what I want to highlight was a concept that I emphasized in my previous presentation that is about the program indicators can work at individual level to show a calculated value. Say for example if you are obtaining a list of people in a table we can use program indicators for one column to get a particular figure for individual person that is one. The next concept what I mentioned was if you try to get use the same program indicator which has a aggregate type say as a sum or average something at probably a district or provincial level then that same program indicator will show aggregated value based on all the people or all the persons all the track entity instances which are coming under that organization unit. Is that clear? So what I mentioned was the same program indicator if you mention if you use it at individual level to obtain a line list and if you use it at a higher level district or provincial or at a higher level in your organization hierarchy will produce two outputs because at higher levels it will kind of aggregate values of all the track entity instances whereas if we try to obtain a line list it will mention the values for the individual person or individual track entity instance. Is that clear? All right. Any questions? If not let me try to demonstrate something. So let me share my screen. I'm again back in this familiar application which we did yesterday which is event reports application. This is not a data visualizer. This is event report application. So let's try to open a saved favorite item which is the item is contacts by person. So what do we have here? In this table we can see right we have a list of people right again showing whether that person had the signs and symptoms and it shows how many COVID-19 contacts this person had. So let's see how it has been configured. It has been configured as a line list with output type enrollment. So what happens in that case is like it will be showing list of people which takes into account values obtaining across multiple stages. So under the data section we are seeing two program attributes one data element which is signs and symptoms present or not and here PI stands for program indicator. So it is having this program indicator which is called COVID-19 contacts. So how is this program indicator derived? So even though this is out of the scope of this lecture let me quickly share my other screen to show you how this has been constituted. Okay now what you are seeing here is how a program indicator has been configured in the maintenance. So this particular program indicator which is the name of is COVID-19 contacts is with the aggregate type average and the analytic type enrollment. So it will be taking into consideration the enrollment type of analysis and it will create an average when things are aggregated and what is the expression or what is the criteria this program indicator is using to derive its output. This is the relationship count. So how many relationships which has been attached to the track entity instance. So that is what this program indicator is concerned about. Okay so going back to my other screen. So we are back at this visualization. So I hope it is clear this is showing a line list of all the persons and also showing at individual person level how many COVID-19 contacts that person is having. Is that clear? So if so let's try to quickly design this table by ourselves. So I'm going to click on new. And then from the table style I will move a bit fast because we have already done this yesterday. I will click on line list and the output type is going to be enrollment. And the program is COVID-19 case based surveillance and the program stage I will select the first stage which is the clinical examination and diagnosis. So from that let me initially select the two attributes which are first name, surname and then of course the data element which is whether science and symptoms present. And then let me select the program indicator which is COVID-19 contacts. This is the one. So I double click and put them here. The period is this year and the organization unit is CHW, this is the one. And I click on update and I'm getting the same tip. Is that clear? This is what we did yesterday. Now a few other things we can do of course we can like sort this table based on I mean we just have to click on the column header so it will be sorted based on the value of that column. And let me also add another program indicator to this visualization. So what I will try to add here is we have another program indicator which is called case between onset and consultation. So I just double click that and I add it to this selected box. Then I have to click on update. Now we are seeing in addition to the previous columns we have an additional column which is the onset between the consultation and the days between the onset and the consultation. It is also in this table. Now what do we see in this table? Here the outputs are concerned about each of the track entity instance. So each of the person. So it is showing say for example this Ryan Robinson. He had one COVID-19 contacts and the days between onset and consultation is zero meaning he has got admitted on the same day. But whereas this Timothy he has one contact and the days between is six days. So likewise here in this table it is showing outputs at individual level. So now that we are kind of clear about how a program indicator works at individual level we can see how it works when tracker data is aggregated and we are trying to visualize at a higher level in our own time. But before that any questions? If there are no questions let me move let me open the data visualize application. We will try to get the aggregate values of the same program indicators by using the data visualize application. So click here and open data visualizer and let's try to open the favorite item which is average you have something like that. For some reason the saved item is not showing but let me design a chart for you. So what I'm going to do is like I want to visualize a bar chart which shows the COVID-19 days between onset and consultation the last program indicator we used and see how it is aggregated at the level we are trying to see. So let me design that particular chart. So I will select the bar chart as a chart type and then for the data what I will try to do is I will select program indicators and the program is going to be case-based surveillance. From here I will check this one COVID-19 days between onset and consolidation and then the period I will select years is here then the filter will be low ptr we will visualize it at a lower level. So we will select this oak unit number 13 province 13 and in that one let's try to take all the oak units at the level 3. So basically one level down below this that's it and then let me see whether the categories are in particular order so probably because I'm looking at the oak units I want to have it in the category dimension and period I'm not too much worried because it's just one me I'm looking at and data is what I want in the series. So I'm happy with the layout and I click on update and this is our chart. Now what do we see in this chart? It's the same program indicator COVID-19 days between onset and consolidation but here we are looking at individual organizations health the health institutes or health areas which are at level 3 under that province. So definitely these values we are seeing are not related to one burst so what may have happened? Anybody how are we getting this 2.7 1.9 2.1 how do I mean what are these values? Anyone wants to make any guesses? So average value? Yes that's correct so average value because like if you can remember when I showed you how the program indicator has been configured it has been configured to take average as the concept when it is aggregated up in the oak unit high enough. So what it is trying to do is for each of this oak unit it'll take the values of values which are coming for each track entity instance. So each of the track entity instance if you can remember like as in the table before there was like for each TEI each person we had a value for days between onset and consolidation. So they will you know take consideration of all these value and create an average and display it for each of the oak unit right. So that's what has happened. So this becomes really useful because by using the program indicator if you are at the facility level if you are a facility health facility manager we can get a line list and we can see like for each of the patient what actually happened. But if you are district manager or health manager at provincial or national level you are not worried about individual patients but rather you want to you want to see in my district or in my province or in my country what is the usual days between onset and consolidation for patients right. So for this average becomes a very good concept and that's exactly what it does. So if you just capture data at individual level we are able to create these kind of visualizations at national level. So this is what is capable of okay this is what is THS 2 is capable of doing using programming. Is that clear any questions? What is the number before the oak unit? Yeah this should be probably the code oak unit code because this is just coming from these these are not variable values right. So these are the values that are that are already configured when you are configuring the metadata of the THS 2 instance. Any more questions? Right. If not there are no questions at all I mean like they have a very few but I hope you understood because program indicators is a new concept it might be a bit tricky understanding but I went as slow as possible with the given time but if you have any queries please feel free to ask now or probably in the slack. And if you try to so there's another exercise in the learner's guide that you have to do exercise three. So once you do that you will again get a clear idea of how to do it by yourself. Are there any questions? Yeah Arif you are muted. You can also type it in the chat if your network is bad. Right. So let me quickly do a recap of what we learned under this session. So a quick recap of program indicators. A program indicator is derived from individual level event or tracker data. That's how the program indicator is derived. It could be from event data or tracker data. Then we can use program indicators in data visualizer maps as well as event reports. So you can use program indicators in the event analytics applications as well as aggregate analytics applications as opposed to the data elements and attributes which we are only able to use in the individual or event related analytics. There are two types of program indicators. We have one program indicator which is of event type. This will perform an operation based on all of the events within a single program stage. So that's what the event type program indicators do. And then we also have the enrollment type program indicators which will use data from most recent event and this can be combined with the data from multiple program stages and it will produce an output. And then finally what I tried to show you was that program indicators can function at two levels. So it can show data for one event or track entity instance. That's what I did in the last demonstration by showing you a table. And then it also can show a summary of data for all the events or all the track entity instances within the specified org units and a period. So because you did not ask, I will also mention this aggregation happens based on the org unit and the period. Of course, we can set again when we are configuring the program indicator. So usually it is the enrollment date but you can even change that. So how to do that? You can learn when you join the tracker configuration again. So that's it I have to present for this session. Any final questions? If there are no questions, the graded assignments are available for all the sessions that we did today. Please do this. The assignment should be now visible in your model. And also mark your attendance which is compulsory. And please give us feedback. Yesterday we did not get much feedback. So just a kind reminder if you forgot to give feedback for yesterday's session, please do so. And today's feedback will also be available shortly. Please enable the feedback. Feedback for day 4 is available now and the attendance as well as the graded assignments for the day are also visible. So with that I think we can conclude today's session. It took long because we had to deal with a lot of new concepts and show you a couple of new applications. But I hope you can go through the learner's guide and practice all the steps that we demonstrated today and do the graded exercise. And Saurabh, anything that you want to add before we conclude? So are there any questions? If not tomorrow, again now we have one session that will be about custom applications. And then we will have the final examination. So this is again going to be a multiple choice type of exam just like what you have been doing for the graded assignments. So this test and these marks together with the graded assignments are calculated and will contribute to your final grade. Saurabh, are you there? So we are starting again tomorrow at the same time. Please go ahead. I think he's having some technical issues. Are there any questions? I think Arif, you try to unmute. So if there are no questions, again tomorrow we are at the same time at 12 noon Indian standard time. And we will do two sessions tomorrow. First we'll have a custom web application that's again a question that we usually have.  So that's it. Thank you for joining. Have a great day and see you tomorrow.


Wel, gynnyddwch, yw'r through TV. Yn ymgyrch wedi gwneud ar gyfer Wafford Nill, Yn ymgyrch yn Ysbyt Nill, a'r Fychyrrys Rhywb. Mae gweithio'r ffwrdd i'n gweithio'r ffwrdd. Mae'r ymgyrch yn ein tynnu. Mae'n gwneud ei fod yn dda'r Ffwrdd. Mae'r ffwrdd wedi ei bod yn ei ddim yn gweithio'r ffwrdd. Mae'n ddod y gwasanaeth ffwrdd i'r ffwrdd. Mae'n gweithio'n ffwrdd i'r ffwrdd. Ac eich gwneud yna hwn o'r gwaith o'r ffordd. Rwy'n enw i chi'n gwybod, y bydd y gweithredu yma. Rwy'n dweud 11 oes gennym 18, 7 oes gennym 9. Ac rwy'n dweud o'r gweithredu eich gweithredu, ac eich dweud 4 oes gennym 6 oes gennym 2 oes. Felly mae'n gweithio'n gweithredu. Dwi'r gwaith o'r Lester yn gwein, mae eich tro'n gweithio'r twf, mae'n gwneud hynny'n ddod yn ysgolion. Ac mae'n gwybod o'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio ac rwy'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio, mae erbyn wedi cael eich gweld, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Felly, nid yn ffordd, dyma, lle allan genna fydd cofyddwyr ac yn gwybod yn bwysig, yw'r iawn i difnod ymddangos. Mae'n gwneud hynny o'r gennych o'r Gwyrddon, Foldorwyll, yw'r gwladol yw'r ardal, mae'n gwneud, mae'n gweld y gweithio nad oed cofyddwyr hwn. Mae'r tawdd pwysgach, mae yna hunain o'r rhai rai o'r gweithio, dwi'n gweithio. We could have had that situation, kind of so much healthier. We could be sat here on 38 points now going, win Sunday it's all over. Now, listen, the way it's worked out. Leeds have been battered around by Chelsea. They've lost Dan James for the next game as well. And therefore, they've got Brighton at home now, if Leeds were to lose to Brighton, Evan and I'd only need a point because of the goal difference to stay up on Sunday. ac mae'r ffôl wedi'i gweithio amdano i gweithio, mae'n nhw'n dda'r gweithio, ond rydyn ni'n i'ch gwybod i'n ddysgu, a rydyn ni'n mynd yn yn ôl i'r cyffredin, rydyn ni'n gweithio a'r gweithio o'r manneddau o'r cyffredin. Ond mae'n rhan o'r cyffredin, rydyn ni'n gweithio ar y lleydd, rydyn ni'n gweithio ar y lleyddio ac mae'n ddyn ni'n gweithio ar y lleyddio, rydyn ni'n gweithio ar gyfer rwyf a'i ddwy. A just over a week later were two points clear of the relegating zone with a game in hand on leads. Ok, Burnley, our game in hand's gone but the two points ahead of them. So that's what we have to look at. They go to spares on Sunday if we were to be Brentford and they lost the Tottenham. We'd be five points ahead of Burnley as well, it's six to play for. Yn ymwneud y gwirionedd ar gyfer ar gyfer y tro, rydyn ni'n ystod ymlaen i'ch ymwneud yma. Mae'n ddweud yn ddechrau yw hefyd yn y Prif Weinidog. Ond mae'n golygu'n ffordd, mae'n mynd i'ch eisiau. Y fan yw'r gweithio yma, mae'n gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio, mae'n gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio, ac mae'n fy mod o oswodnod ar ôl a'r gweithio yn ddod. Rydyn ni'n rhan o'n cael i bwysig eu bod ystod yn ddiogelarell ar Frenfordd. Yn gyffredin, mae'n bwysig a chyrediadau i Frenfordd. Pwysig a chyrediadau, efallai mae'n bwysig ac mae'n bwysig ar Frenfordd. Rydyn ni'n rhan o'n cyffredin, mae'n bwysig i'r craff, ymlaenwch i'r craff ar y gyfer. A hefyd, mae'n fwy o'r cyffredin, mae'n hyn ychydig bob yn ymddangol. again, but we'll have to be right on it. We'll have to be right at it. Loads of energy on all of that and we can get ourselves out of the mesh that we're in. Second thing I want to talk about is Alex Oboby, who I gave my man a dam astudio tonight. I thought he had a decent game. Again, couple of wrong choices in the final third. Let him down, but he wasn't the only one. I thought the front three were really poor tonight, really poor. Rydw i'n mynd i'n mynd i'n the best of the three. Anthony Gordon got in and wrong choices, set plays were poor, kept slowing it down and Damari Gray wasn't very good at it tonight so hopefully they'll be refreshed for Sunday because we need them three at the best. But I thought that Wobe was the one who was trying to make things happen. Okay, some makes, like you said, makes a couple of mad choices at times but he was the one who was trying to make things happen. I just wish he had a little bit more confidence. He got played in by the Tarleton in the first half and he should have shot and he hesitated and waited and tried to pull it back and just get it out your feet and whack it across the keeper, make the keeper after make a save but it's just that he's just got to get that little switch turned to just do it himself but overall I thought he put in another decent display, worked hard, was up and down and he's had a real positive turn around under Frank LLampard as near where he's become a player who you know going from a player who a lot of people were seeing on the team sheet and being scratching their head to now you're going well yeah he's you know he's been good. He's a useful squad member and a good squad member so you know fair play to him. He was our best player I thought tonight and that's where we go from there and then the third point really is really about Sunday you know we've we're in a we're in a position where none of us wanted to be but even like I've just said from 10 days 11 days ago the position's way better than what it was we were you know we were five points adrift when we kicked off against Chelsea which was a long way back and now it's in our hands isn't it so it hasn't had to match the results and bear and these results we stay up were safe. I want more than that I want two wins in the next two home games and finish above Sheltampton that's what I want and that is easily in my opinion it's achievable by putting everything into those two home games. The ideal would be win on Sunday and obviously Leeds not winning over safe and then the manager can then play Delhi and people like that against Palace of Home and give them a run-out and get minutes in legs but you know we've got to make sure that easy in a position to do that by winning but this position we're in can't happen again you know we'll say it before we'll talk about it a great detail fans will talk about it in great detail but it can't happen again because we we've made so many bad choices this season beginning with the manager back in the summer it's gone on throughout the season you know selling players getting rid of all our creativity and then wondering why we don't score or create chances you know to infighting and we know we're all this and I know I'm just raking old old stuff but I'm just talking about moving forward and that's what we have to think about can we get over the line I think the fans will help absolutely I think the fans will be there on Sunday before to greet the coaching and the fans will create that atmosphere I think Godduson will be noisy and bamson because the opportunity for us to get onto 39 points with a win is is one that I think the fans will want to drag this team through with and then it means we go into the last home game you know with the opportunity to make it 42 points and finish the season strongly at Godduson so that whole form is being decent under Frank Llanpad and that's mainly that of the fans now okay the team has gone away and got four points out of six in the last couple of away games so fair enough and so let's keep that going the fans will make it like I've just said the fans will get the atmosphere bouncing on Sunday and we need the players to respond and then once we know where we are we can then make sure that this doesn't happen again because it's embarrassing for the club of our size with the money we've spent to be where we are and we're seeing it with the share sponsors and stuff like that the club can't announce anything because they've had to hold fire because they don't know what the vision we were going to be in and obviously that that affects the monetary value of it it is higher than the kazoo on we've got but they're not going to pay it higher if we're in the championship so it's that kind of stuff pre-season that's being held back because they didn't know where they were so the club and the team need to go out Sunday and get those three points and if we do that we'll be in a decent position going into that crystal palace game and who knows you know if the football gods shine on us which they don't always do by the time we kick off on Sunday if Brighton have been able to go and win at Leeds then evidently they don't need a point against Brentford give with the goal this and they've got to stay up so we will know what we have to do at 430 on Sunday when we kick off but the fans will let the players know exactly what they need to be doing and play with a bit more energy than we did tonight and then the inquest can start can't they but hopefully the inquest starts as a Premier League team right that is it for me thanks for watching make it a video or thumbs up subscribe if you haven't enjoy the rest of the night see you later