I remember when we were learning about eating disorders, when I was still really young kid in school, you know you have the classical stereotypical image of anorexia and then a very thin white female that looks like a skeleton looking in the mirror and she sees a really fat person staring back at her. This is like that belief of what anorexia is and something that is really, that I notice a lot in autism and neurodiversity is that there isn't body dysmorphia and there is not fear of waking and that was for me really personally why I never resonated with this label anorexia because I was like but I don't think I'm fat, I don't want to lose weight, I cannot have this illness right and that's why I believe the anorexia, I mean I even hesitate to call it that like the restrictive eating disorder is a term I prefer was really a manifestation of the autism because for me it was like all of my autistic traits like the difficulty with change, the need for ritual and routine, the sensory preferences like the control factor like the anxiety that I had around food and not trusting eating different foods or new foods or more foods because eating full felt really sensory and uncomfortable to me like yeah I mean that if you don't have any awareness or knowledge of autism or autistic traits like yeah I mean of course anyone would label that as an eating disorder and then when it's invalidated and you're not believed and you're accused for lying and being manipulative like it just causes you to cling to that control even more which of course worsens the disorder. So as a person when you're mentioning it like it's kind of like inherently assumed that if you have you know diagnosed anorexia that label that you also have body dysmorphia as well and you're kind of saying that you don't need to have body dysmorphia to be anorexial like you can see that you're very very you know skinny and you can be like okay right this is actually a problem I don't see myself as a really fat person in the mirror I know what I look like and I don't want to be like this and you kind of like splitting the I suppose like you know even in my mind to be honest like you know to me you know someone who hasn't really sort of delved into like the eating disorder literature and sort of the world as much as you have like it does kind of feel like body dysmorphia anorexia like one in the same but what are you saying that it's not it's like oh not at all I mean I have never had body dysmorphia I have never considered myself a fat person and even when I was very very ill and literally looked like a skeleton I knew better than anyone else that I looked like a skeleton but then of course people like but then why didn't you just eat more why didn't you change well it's because that was the autistic trait the difficulty with change that was almost overpowering this knowledge of how new I how how how sick I knew I was right like the the idea of changing my ways of changing my habits was more scary to me than than being like okay I just look this way and I could die any day right like that's how how scary the change was for me and I think this is really really common in in in eating disorders because in the end like an eating disorder is is an addiction just like smoking or sex addiction or alcoholism like the person suffering from the addiction often knows that what they're doing is not good for them like a smoker who sees their black lungs like they're not gonna they're not gonna say no like I'm not harming my body like I have no idea what you're just like I'm fine exactly like they know they know that what they're doing is not healthy but but changing is is the hardest thing humans have to do like the reason we are called creatures of habit is because we are wired to to do things over and over again because we designed our brains ability to form to form habits is the very thing that allows humans to survive like if we had to wake up every morning and think about how to turn on the shower how to use the bathroom like all of the energy that we would be using like on an evolutionary level to seek out food and survive and protect ourselves would be wasted at the beginning of the day it's kind of like bypass bypassing the need to like cognitively process everything that you're doing right like that if it's like a habit like that you just after the gym you just go in the shower you don't really think about it you just jump in the shower like this is why I do whereas like you know if you went in that sort of initial stage like you think it and go into the gym you're like okay I'm gonna go twice a week and do this or that and that those like first few weeks it's like the amount of energy and cognitive thought that goes into doing that is just so intense but if you're in a cycle just every week you go twice a week you don't think about it and you actually feel a bit weird if you don't go


Our homes have been colder than ever this winter and local businesses have been closing all around us because of the soaring price of energy, but don't worry we're not here to depress you. We're here to explain how future winters could be better. It's about stopping something called fossil flation. So what is fossil flation and why should it matter to all of us? Fossil flation is when our energy, food and other prices at home go up because our whole system relies too much on fossil fuels like oil and gas which can change in price at the drop of a hat. So what's pushing up oil and gas prices? Well the first problem is most of the energy we use comes from abroad and is bought on global fossil fuels markets.  But this isn't just a problem of geography politics or war. Right now we have a broken system that allows fossil fuel companies like Shell to continue reaping record profits even as the price of that fuel cripples everyone else. And plundering the North Sea won't bring the price down. Shell won't give you a discount just because they drilled in your back garden. This isn't going to get better on its own. So what can we do about it? Well we can all push the government and the Bank of England to do three things. First things first we need to move our whole system to renewable energy. We could power our country with the elements but that means big investment which the government and the Bank of England can both ensure. Secondly the Bank of England must stop raising interest rates. Rates don't tackle fossil inflation they actually make people poorer and they stifle investment in those renewables we so desperately need. Finally the government must stop approving new fossil fuel projects and stop money from the UK flowing to new projects overseas. So how do we create this pressure? That's where you come in. Now that you've got the fact you can be an activist too. You can start by sharing this video.


F manual ngaade laja mata kake wa z 유튜�ban kukubibanana hallp胰unita Που mechanics Ate gandava ngaina Mata ngaade Lina ngaia nga Mata ngaida nga Mata nguna In real life saawa Atawewe wana jafizuri saama Opiniu na shubu media You are watching Friends Vibes All feelings are represented SS Come to yet another episode of Friends Vibes This is SPM buzz And I'm joined by two people We're going to introduce themselves Dipigeni intro My name is Kalundu Musimi The great Eddie Boutito My name is Miski Finchi And today's topic of discussion We'll see what's going on The topic of discussion is Just a note We'll see what's going on We'll see what's going on Red and green We'll see Which people? People who are close to each other It could be two opinions come in different ways This one could be on social media And another one could be in real life The people you interact with closely So whichever opinion I think it depends We don't have X1 We don't have X1 We don't have X1 But this is the public I feel like it's a trap For example, in social media What people say about your relationship Could be in a trap So you stop thinking independently Every time you want to think What you want to say What you want to say Then you say it's a single Then you say it's a relationship So I feel like It should not matter But it is influencing a lot of relationships Currently I am saying yes and no Because for social media It does not matter What people say I am dating someone who looks like you I don't care But imagine In a relationship We portray the cute couples Maldives We take care of them We laugh We laugh It is your problem What people say We don't care We don't care But most of the time We are suffering in silence I am young I want to say That is in real life Social media In real life I don't care I don't want to say That you are okay And you are not The thing is The opinion That is given on social media Where is the rule out here So sometimes They say love is blind Yeah There are things people can see So doctor media Not necessarily kuna tu na postia On YouTube channel Especially pranks Pranks reveals the real self You know kituine You can take up one of the real How couples relate in the house Watch their pranks Don't watch what they plan to do Watch their pranks You will see the side you have never seen And people will have opinions Palechi But that's not on couples Yeah But Diana Diana, Bahati, the kid So there's a way a mogan Behaved Disrespect Diana So comments Mogan is disrespecting you Na ya li kwa na jibu watu na nambia It's never that serious But they did another video Nya wali address na wakambia mogan So ono na ili opinion watu wali peyana pale Ili affect kituawa kwa naona Ju watu wengine But most of the time People see these things I mean they do for sure But sometimes you might ignore I mean I'm speaking at a point of The fear of Closing down your YouTube channel today Because you are couples And you are doing a show That's so cool And now it's done So you'd rather continue suffering in that relationship So that you don't stand as Piki kutukana, piki seba Wali kwa gana YouTube channel Wali kwa gana nene ni Mesa fisham tu migu Mika beku intelisa fisha So kifiki ria So kifiki ria So kifiki ria Nene ni , here So, where factor Oh guys, think when you get a new address Wa ok So the fact that Do you have any ideas Mandehwa na kutasima ni ni Keshop Ioni nidizis kupuga na kai Me I guarantee They're not even happy Are you like ituawa ni kumbe izo vitu zuna happen gani ile ya ile ya nda pikni kalapu wa kari enak how couples on YouTube do things wa kwa sawa on camera iki zimo tuivi we kwa enda tisha wei fana kitu na we we mendo ni me kuwe kapa domana utu wana fujua ni mimi these things are there to me they do happen because we are now acting on a stage we are now performing in theater and the audience is watching so it's about impressing the audience not one another so me and my person would rather be bad gums but the people are happy because you want to impress and it happens even on a video level kwa we na mabestizako mabestizako anapu ya na kwa ni ya vitu wana wacha na labda na mtu ako alafu na kwa kuru dia na mtu ako labda jubesti wako wata unge asema jina e imjinga kwa ni kwa biha reni ngonbe kwa wata unge asema jina e imjinga wana na reni ngonbe kwa wata unge asema jina e imjinga so these things happen the opinion on kwa inje is not influenced maybe because the society has changed relationship is no longer at two people thing and having labda labda pasia ma kancula mene ma famongeleshe mi me kwa ni ekina mtu weo kisha kwa wana kwa wata unge ase mabutsi waka ma banshu dost opinion really matter mi personali vene me sama i think the social media kwa wana biy don't matter at all but real life umu jy umu na ami e ujama ni ujama ni kwa wana umu jy umu na ami e ujama ni umu na ami e ujama ni umu na ami e umu na ami e umu ama kwa biha ibu yah ita affect Ata ni nisha 2 details to anya Kus one say, ame pa nga nga wum say Ama me tuwa na famoja In real life Ano na tu, kuna 2 details ana ona na feel Eh, uni that party ana cheki iwi Nikwa like, where red flags Sometimes jealousy Can be packaged in a creative way And appear like a constructive And sometimes you might ignore red flags Iku ange sinili kusho Sinili kusho In mafe po Awa, leta bad domain Ani one that shows it the problem And give you a solution It's very genuine that a person is telling you Toka, enda Toka Nya Tuna mademi kia jambaka onapu jahatu say Nya waza waku Kupak One week later One week later, ame hudi na jakwa niya So you as a grown up person You are taking another Your friend, like other lady Kwa ke Kumambia, wekai Pak, pak, 20 Pak, pak, pak Anapu mischana Anapu paka naishia Anapu mischana ana feeling Yata bitre yubeste ake Ano na nga tabitre yubeste ake Ano na nga tabitre yubeste ake Ano manzea ni misa ni apu Pak, to toke Akiski anima, enda manzea siyata ni darau Iko si personal Yekilam tu Na kifika kwa family Family? Kus family ni mse monyo rambia Ujama, kalondu ujama chana e Family is very Christian It happened, there are people who have been Ame pandam say la kini familia ite Namkata But me one thing I should say Famili ako na kuperezons Nena kuperezons Ame ipe ni tum tu ako Maybe I am paying your life term To move in You are the person of disaster But what do you do in such a situation Kus you see if your relatives Or your parents don't like someone Will you go ahead and settle down With them na wajaku Perezons, I am paying the two For misimawu u Atumoni the jury But they don't have a reason Perezons perezons Perezons perezons Perezons perezons Kuntresik ujama kwa senewa perezons Kansili kana e vivaya ni muli Kwa ni ni wapa perezons Kuna jo anafrika nzel Kuna na zamombiki tu kama eyo Isi, sometimes emotions will never sound something Ma dea kwa kizusha Awa mbo yako Pio zushe Mna shindi aako Akinu kiki ka fiaw Mnyaremu kwa angalia Inna Mo civilized way in Pue Na dekorab Mna zanzaku na maliliu kwa ziko Kuna tu Yes, tretresi lula kichuki Ok, inadawad Itul na ruki dauniliu Na intuzions Kwa senginu aneza kwa mbimtu ni mbae Nani impo ako ako Kwa senginu aneza kwa mbimtu ni impo ako Siwa tu traftiwa di ma waifu na maabuana Jufa mini enadani wakosao Anafu na kanae wiki moja na zakomba eyo Nani Una rudi unandu ni weni mbae Seza utansapiski eyo Na senginu na biya kuna intuzions Mada kwa na kwa mbia e Manze kuna tukitu Na usiju ni nene kuna tukitu Na usiju ni nene wacha nodyo You just leave it Amma wat you do Kwa mbata kwa na kwa mbili kuna tukitu Kuna kitu tunasiju ni nene Bata kuna tukitu abo tukitu Eyo nani kama amtaki amtaki Laki ni piyo ondo kuna amtuneza leta chalimonye labda Because finances is a big issue In every setting Kwa kwa masikini kuna tukitu Kuna kitu yo wanbili ni nene Laki ni usye pata una leta mkimoni ako na pesa Umeanza kwa abused kule nyumbani But they tell you to bumili ita isha Just because they are benefiting from your husband And that's bad And it narrows down To you Any at the end of the day it is you So are you going to massage your ego And continue hurting to the bia Or are you going to work out Because at the end of the day when you go out If you work out Kama uko jenimu Bini aizu kwa mbili I imagine if you are a people pleaser You have so much problem Because now you will feel your disappointing people You are not thinking about yourself You don't want to Disappoint that one Will you choose a spouse Because you don't want to disappoint people But may I wish The couples that you know Ok, so may kama kabiwa jiza Okina bahati Kapa loga ni ingere Oko eni I wish the lab sessions The ugly sides And how they solve Because now That creating a perfect picture Inapa nangatwe One of the people you like So many expectations So we have expectations We have expectations We have expectations We have expectations We have expectations So we need both sides To do it Iki tu na kwa gani Ni double edge this one So ingini pia na ono Ingini ono na kwa saka kukama utu kusema Oh it's crazy Juhia kenye Wase wene wa tawa ona Na piya circumstances For example Uyu Gospell Artist Wa Nigeria Una cheiki Mini Gospell Artist Wase watasema Am I leading people to divorce Kwa mbiya divorce is good I do not know the right thing for her to come out And speak about it and condemn that thing Because this is how namadi But that was entirely the fear of What will people say What will people say What will people say should not be determined Your decision making Especially when it comes to your happiness Mi pasunali I don't think I'm really controlled by people's opinion Because at the end of the day It is me, myself and I Wase watasema Wase watasema Nandana relationship Nandana relationship Nandana relationship Nandana relationship Waste generation And then when people Say for example Influential people Gospell minister Waki toka out of marriage Una nabene wana wana semwa So inki na kiyona Iwa wakon like jeez Umi siya ni semwaivi Mi na ugopa Nama I don't know why in a marriage Insema ni wakama utu kukundem Ngi na naka nda nda Ina kaka gamba ya Kuhila Kama ude nblabdange Umenza kukuna fesa nabda Umenza kukuka buna ya Kusi jwi ni ni So isi seleksamon like Dadia when He came out and you know spoke about it And he took confident Of what will people say You still continue to spread the gospel When you know your marriage is not working It sets a lot of confidence by the way And even I also remember a video By Tewa Savage When she came out and said I can't this and this This and this has been happening She's not alone right now She got back to the heart No, she's alone No, she went back She went back But now she's done But she really took a very bold step Ya, but did you see the trolls? Yes, a lot Ya, was a lot of trolls Do you know there were so many Na poeta atran na kusi apia liri Kreatio decision Now that's what's affecting people But I hope she did She was not affected Kitwatu na saya mam But what when I cut the video Ya Sometime mind about people Well before you post something Okay guys Please let us know what do you think Does people's opinion matter The decision you make The spouse you choose for yourself Let us know down on the comment section Thank you for watching Friends Vibe Until next time, keep it SPM Bad You are watching Friends Vibe All feelings are represented S S S S S S S S S S S


For those who just joined or watching us, by the stream I will just do a quick bio description for those who are visually impaired.  Today we will talk about the commonly used free software licenses. If you had the opportunity to check my previous talk, I talked about what is a license, and the takeaway from that presentation is that the license is an authorization. License is what grants other people rights to reuse or to interact with a copyrighted work. With this presentation I would like to introduce you to the commonly used free software licenses. I will name some license and perhaps it's not the most loved one by you, and perhaps please don't be offended and say, oh you didn't mention my license. There's a lot of free software license out there in the wild. That's why I just said the commonly used. But if you wanted to introduce me to your very nice license, a full of free software features there, please, we can talk about that in a coffee. I'll be around until tomorrow. Right, so we'll talk and we do a quick recap about software license models, the type of free software licenses, and I will explain what are no reciprocal licenses, also called permissive licenses and reciprocal license that also very known as copy left. So basically, we went already today on this, but I would like to repeat myself, because this is important for this talk. When we are talking about license models, we have basically two. We have the proprietary one, which is the main purpose, is limited ways to assess and control source code, and we have the free and open source, which main purpose is free software freedom, and that we can have a classification on reciprocal license, also called copy left and non-reciprocal license called permissive. And please bear in mind that when you choose the term type of license, depending for an example, if it's reciprocal or non-reciprocal, or if you decide to go full proprietary, which here we don't suggest, but anyway, it will affect directly how the development of your software will be impacted, and also some software business models. So what is a free software license, basically from the legal perspective? We can understand that from policy perspective, from moral perspective, or even some philosophical perspective, but today, since we are in a legal track, I would like to point out some conceptions that are important for legal determination, for, you know, recognize when we say, okay, this is a free software license. And basically, there are two organizations that are curators of the term free software, what we can understand about free software, and another organization that is the creator of the term open source. The one is the free software foundation, not Europe, is based on US, and we are a sister organization. And the other one is the open source initiative, okay? And basically, the definitions that each one of the organizations come up with, there is a very rich historical development. But when we talk about legal aspects, I would consider the definition, you know, proposed by the free software foundation and the definition proposed by the open source initiative as synonyms, okay? And basically, I will stick with what the free software foundation has come with. Basically, when we are talking about free software, and when we are talking about licenses that can be considered a free software license, that license that, you know, provides basically to downstream users for types of freedoms, all right, the freedom to run the software for any purpose, to study the source code, and for that, it's really important to have access to source code. We have the freedom of distribution, redistribution of copies, and the less freedom is improvement of the software and redistribution of derivative works, okay? Yeah, the definition proposed by the OSI, although it's more verbose, basically, it conveys the same idea. Okay? And I, and which kind of classifications when we talk about when we now we are not talking more in the division about free software license and preparatory license. Now we are talking just about free software license. What kind of free software license can exist? And basically, we have two types. We have reciprocal and non reciprocal. And what are the principles that guide this main differentiation? When we are talking about reciprocal licenses, the main principle is if you distribute the software that you received, so someone is the copyright holder is has published her software under a reciprocal license, a couple of license, and now you are interacting with the software, you received the software. So yes, you can run the software for any purpose, you can use it. But now let's think that you wanted to redistribute the software, right? So if you distribute it, you must use the same license terms, right? And if you distribute the software, you must provide source code. So this is the principles of copy left is principle of reciprocal licenses. And when we are talking about no reciprocal license, usually also people call it permissive license, but I like the term non reciprocal. The main principle is if you read your distributor, the software code. So basically you're receiving software that is under no reciprocal license. If you redistribute it, you must provide license notice. And I will show you on a meter what a license note is. Well, examples of reciprocal license, we have several of them. And the most loved one, the GPL, the GNU public license. And we also have, for an example, the Mozilla public license. And since we are here in Europe, we have a license for public sector called European Union public license. But when we are talking about non reciprocal licenses, we have, for an example, the MIT license, BST, and the Apache 2 license. Okay. So let's start learning a little bit about the non reciprocal license, because the type of obligations that they convey there is a little bit more simple. So okay, so this is the MIT license. So nice to meet you. If you don't know MIT license, yeah. Okay. So yeah, and basically, this is a very simple license. This is the entire text of license. So and well, when we take the GNU public license, it's a little bit different, you know, and, and when we go to proper tire license, sometimes our contracts with, you know, yeah, full of paper there. But the MIT license is very simple. And basically, here we have the copyright grants. So permission is here by granted, free of charge to any person, you know, and all these legalese. But what I would like to point out is the license notice. So the notice obligation. Remember, when I was telling that, if you distribute, you must provide a license notice. So here is the notice obligation. They are both copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies of substantial portion of the software. Okay, so this is the type of obligation that you have under no reciprocal license. But when we are talking about copy left license, and that's the this board is too small for me to put in the entire code, the entire text of the license that I just wanted to put to point out to the rules and obligations of copy left license. So in here, what are the first rule? Remember, what when I mean by distribution or distribution. So imagine that you are a user of your company and or you are another developer, and you are you take receiving your downloading copy left code, no, and then you start using just for your personal use. So you don't need to do anything you can just use. All right. But the license obligations, the license terms will start to apply when you did redistribute this code. So on commercial or non commercial objectives doesn't matter. So once you upload your your work part with this copy left to work, you need to abide the license obligations. And the obligation is, if you distribute your code only in binary form, you know, and we are not talking about source code, for example, you compile your code, and now you're distributing it, you must make the corresponding source code source code available. So there is no way out. No pain or gain. So if you wanted to convey that, you needed to provide access to source code. Okay. But if you are distributing your code already in the source code form, well, congratulations, your job is done. Okay. And but there is another type of obligations when you consider about a copy left license. And basically is the principle called inbound equals outbound. So when you receive a copy left, a software that is protected by a copy left license, you need to keep the same license terms. You must re-license the software you received on the same copy left terms. So if GPL is entering, GPL is going out. If Mozilla public license is going, you need to keep the same license terms. Okay. Right. And perhaps you want to say, okay, but this is a little bit complex. How I choose a license for my software project? Well, there are some, you know, ways in order for you to choose your license. And we have even a portal called choose a license. We always recommend the GPL, the GNU public license, because well, it's a consolidated license. It's a license that has a story, has a reputation. And you know, it's copy left license. So it, the main objective to license is to safeguard software freedom. Right. But usually you need, there is some, yeah, you know, depending on objectives, there are other types of license that perhaps it's useful for you. Okay. So I just wanted to show again, don't be offended if your license is not there. But basically these are the most common, you know, free software license. So we have the GPL that also is considered one license that are considered strong copy left license. We have the A GPL for network copy left. We have the LGPL for libraries called also weak copy left and Mozilla public license. And also when we are talking about no reciprocal, we have the MIT, the Apache, and other types of licenses. All information about licenses easily findable, you know, in the internet, you can read more about this type of license. And if you are searching for a license, yeah, you can, you can certainly find information on how license can suit for your project. In this note, I finished my presentation. Once again, I thank you very much for your attention.


Hey everyone, it's that time of the year again. It is, well, E3, wait. There is no damn E3. It's summer game. Nintendo's never actually done anything at Summer Game Fest. I don't know, it's video game rumor season and you know, setting aside the E3, the Summer Game Fest, the Prime Gaming Fest, setting all that aside. Just looking historically at Nintendo. No rumors, no leaks, no nothing. Just looking at them historically, it's something like 26 of the last 27 years Nintendo has had a direct style or in person as they used to do at press conferences, presentation in June. In fact, it's always happened the second week in June, usually between the 12th and the 16th, right? Whatever Tuesday happened to be the second Tuesday of the month or the second week in the month. However, it lined up. This year, it happens to be June 14th and I'm not telling you a Nintendo Direct will be happening on June 14th, but there is a reason that our Prime Gaming Fest runs through June 14th. Just throwing that out there. Now, setting that aside, we obviously know Nintendo is probably doing something in June. So we already know Nintendo has a number of games they need to advertise. You know, like Splatoon 3, Xenobite Chronicles 3, Bayonetta 3, I don't know, 3, Prime Gaming Fest 3. Look, the 3 is just a kind of recurring theme for Nintendo right now, but there is so much more going on than just that. Obviously, we have the, well, I mean, they won't need to advertise this at the show, but there are, is Mario Strikers' Battle League coming out on June 10th. But then obviously later in June, we have Fire Emblem Warriors, Three Hopes, and so much more games we don't have dates for. How about Mario Plus Rabbits Sparks of Hope? Technically, Ubisoft makes it, but Mario is in the game. So yeah, that could obviously be something that's at a Nintendo Direct. So there is so much that they have to advertise just for this year alone, let alone talking about what the hell's going on next year. See, at June last year, we learned about things coming this year. Next year right now, the only confirmed game is Breath of the Wild 2. So this is also usually around the time of the year. We hear about one or two games that are gonna end up coming next year. So what we're doing with this video, this video's really important because it does contain rumors, does contain potential leaks, that's all fine. But if these rumors and leaks are true, then this could end up being one of the best Nintendo Directs of all time. So let's dive into this a bit. First I wanna go over the known quantities. These are the games officially announced by Nintendo that we are probably due to hear something about very soon. Breath of the Wild 2, they don't have to talk about it at this upcoming, June Direct, but it is something to keep in the back of our minds. It's obviously one of Nintendo's most hyped games. The first one's probably gonna cross 30 million units on Nintendo Switch, insane to think a Zelda game could sell 30 million units on any platform, let alone a single one, whatever. Cool, so 30 mil, Splatoon 3. Yeah, that's kind of a big deal. That's coming up here in September. That's a big deal, Xenoblade Chronicles 3. That's another big deal, right? We talked about those, Bayonetta 3. Supposedly still coming this year? No release date. We're due to get a release date. Mario plus rabbit sparks a hope. Oh, and don't forget, Nintendo also technically has Metroid Prime 4 confirmed as a thing. Haven't heard anything about it, but hey, Metroid Dread did really well last year, so maybe this is where we can hear something about Metroid Prime 4. So we can't rule it out. Those are known quantities from Nintendo. I didn't go over literally everything, live alive in the Fire Emblem Warriors. Yeah, don't really know. But if we look into everything over the last, I don't know, nine months that has been rumored as coming to Nintendo Switch, some from some very reliable people, that lines up for a very interesting direct. So let's first off start with Twilight Princess and the Wind Waker HD. These games have been rumored by a number of people. We're just gonna kind of pin the rumors on Jeff Grubb right now as the primary source for this. He is a video game journalist and that's one reason why I'm gonna sort of pin it on him. Tom Henderson and others out there, other video game journalists as well have said these games are done and ready to go on Switch. And we all know Nintendo likes to have something, you know, something Zelda come out every single year and they typically don't count DLC as a fill-in or a Nintendo Switch online release. We haven't seen DLC or an online release be the Zelda release for the year. Don't believe me. Let's actually just look at the history on Nintendo Switch. In 2017, we obviously had, you know, Breath of the Wild, right? Like that's a given. In 2018, we ended up having, what was it again? All right, Hyrule Warriors definitive edition. So a Wii U game coming over in a definitive edition form because there was extra content on Hyrule Warriors Legends on 3DS that they wanted to throw into one package and give it to you guys. Okay, cool. And then we got to 2019. What was that? Oh wait, Link's Awakening. Oh, then we got to 2020. What was that again? Oh wait, Hyrule Warriors Age of Calamity. Oh, then what happened in 2021? Skyward Sword HD. Now along the way they added Zelda games to the eShop, along the way we had DLC, but again, none of that was actually a fill in for releasing an actual game, whether it was a remake, a port or whatever, the Nintendo Switch Online and DLC has never actually been that fill in at least here on Nintendo Switch. So, so considering that, this does bring the Twilight Princess and Windbreaker HD rumors to the forefront as something that would be announced here and released sometime between June and November. Probably before Pokemon. Probably before Bayonetta. Maybe it's a summer release. Maybe it comes out in August. Right now August does not have any major game at this point. And Nintendo was like with Skyward Sword HD, they only gave us like a two to three month warning on Skyward Sword HD. They could do that again. So yeah, let's just keep that in the back of our minds that the rumors already exist. These games are supposedly done and it makes a lot of sense to have them at the direct. But more than that, we got more going on. So let's go back to late last year when Donkey Kong rumors were coming out. A new Donkey Kong in the works by part of the team that made Mario Odyssey not the same. Basically, there is a separate team in the Mario team but some of the people on the team were made Mario Odyssey working on Donkey Kong. And this made people think, oh man, we're getting a 3D Donkey Kong. Lots of debate over if it's a 3D or a side scroller. I don't know. But the rumors really come from like Andy Robertson at Video Game Chronicles who also did a report on the Donkey Kong movies supposedly being made. Nate, the hate was obviously at the center of some of this. You know, Nate, the hate, Nate, direct feed games. He's got a whole bunch of user names, but all the same person. And then Zippo as well. I know I won't really rely on Zippo for much of anything. But hey, it's somebody just piling on the rumor train. We have multiple sources on the Donkey Kong thing. I think Emily Rogers might have even said something at some point. So yeah, Donkey Kong, some sort of Donkey Kong game coming was in the works, would make a lot of sense to announce it and maybe be a 2023 game to possibly coincide with a Donkey Kong movie in 2023. Just throwing that out there. All right. Next up, Metroid Prime, HD, Remaster, Remake. What do you want to call it? Emily Rogers has been talking about this since 2018. And now she's basically saying the game is done. It's done. It's floating around Nintendo of America, Nintendo of Europe. It's literally sitting in their office, done. So when's it coming out? And this is just the first one. Now, Nate, the hate has said two and three are rumored to be working on as well, but work might not be done on those. But Metroid Prime, one, the Remake, Remaster, whatever they're doing with the HD-ifying of that game is complete. Makes a lot of sense to keep the Metroid momentum going after Dread. If Metroid Prime 4 is not gonna come this year, then we get a Metroid Prime HD potentially announced at that direct. Like, you see how the rumors are lining up for a really jam-packed direct? Oh, there's more. What if I told you there's a new rumored game that just came out today? Astral Chain 2. You guys remember Astral Chain? That amazing game that came out, what was that? 2019, I think is when the original came out. You guys can fact-check me on that one. I don't remember the exact day. I'm pretty sure it was 2019. I think it came out the same year as Damon X Machina and Luigi's Mansion 3, but I could be wrong. But yeah, that was maybe platinum games. And it was a surprising hit. It was sort of a mid-budget game that came out and sold over a million copies and did really, really well. It would make a lot of sense if Nintendo and Platinum were working on an Astral Chain 2. And the rumor actually states that it'll be announced not only next month, it'll come out next year. So, cool. Who does this rumor come from? Another person that I don't think is super reliable and Marco Mauro on Twitter. However, just looking at it logically, the first one did well. It's been about four years since the first one was made. Or it will have been four years anyways by 2023. That's about all you need to make a game like this. Astral Chain 2 makes a lot of sense to follow up the original Astral Chain. Platinum and Nintendo do work really well together. I could see this being a game that does come out in 2023. Kavi out there, who knows about 2023 games because hey, there could be a new Switch platform at some point at 2023 or 2024 as well that Nintendo has to worry about. Now, the last one that I wanna bring up, and you can argue this is a bit more speculative than anything, but I don't know, is we've had a lot of rumors that were fired on them games. I can't even find the original source on the Fire Emblem rumors because there have been so many media and other people talking about it. Everyone co-linking, crossing around each other. I don't even know where these rumors started and we covered them out at this channel and even when I looked at the sources on that, it still was kind of co-linking all over the place. So Fire Emblem, something, a remake, a new Fire Emblem, something. Remember, the last one was in 2019 and we usually were getting them on 3DS anyways every two to three years. Sort of would make sense if they have something in the works that isn't just the Warriors game made by Koei Tecmo, so just throwing that out there as well, that's another potential massive announcement at their June Direct. Now, all that said aside, I obviously have no idea what if anything Nintendo's gonna reveal at that June Direct. Well, we do know there's been so many rumors percolating over the last nine months that could be culminating in this Direct. Filling out the rest of the slated games this year, not just with the known games, but with unknown and obviously getting us hyped up for stuff coming in 2023. All I know is, hey, if it does happen in the timeframe that we think it will, we will be covering it at Prime Gaming Fest where we have so much going on, including a giveaway of this, but you see this? This is about, what is this? How tall is this, compared to a Switch? I mean, this is with a grip on, but yeah, this is a really cool, Hylian Shield PVC from First Four Figures. We're giving away one of these bad boys during Prime Gaming Fest, along with thousands of dollars of other giveaways, including one we have going on right now for Mario plus, what's that? I'm Mauritius Rabbins. Mario Strikers Battle League. We got two copies of that being given away. You can go on to the link in the pinned comment or the description for that. But yeah, Prime Gaming Fest is coming up fast from June 9th to June 14th. It starts, June 9th is at 9 a.m. June 10th starts at 9 a.m. June 11th starts at 8 a.m. June 12th starts at 9 a.m. June 13th at 9 a.m. and June 14th at 9 a.m. as well. So we had 9 a.m. on every day except Saturday. We have video game tournaments going on. We have, what is it? Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, Splatoon 2 as well and a Mario Kart 8 Deluxe Tournament. We have a whole bunch of competitions going on as well between Eric and I. With punishments, we have competitions with the chat that are gonna be happening that's either gonna punish or reward Eric and I depending on how the competition goes. Does the chat win or do we win? How does that work? I guess you'll have to wait and find out. We are currently building out our schedules. We do have our schedules complete for day one and day two of the show. We're working on day three right now. And day four is big because we have the Xbox stuff. We're gonna be live reacting to all of the various news out there from the Xbox showcase to Summer Game Fest, Tribeca Festival, Future Game Show, PC Gaming Show, Nintendo Direct, et cetera, et cetera, all the stuff that happens in that time period we are gonna be live reacting to. But also provided a lot of entertainment to you guys as well, entertaining segments of Nate versus Eric. The chat gets involved. We have all the giveaways. As I said, thousands of dollars. Many partner companies from Ubisoft to Sculling Company. The first four figures to, gosh, it just keeps expanding, right? And we're investing our own money into some of these giveaways as well. They're not all sponsored giveaways. We actually are spending over a thousand dollars for our own money and giveaways between consoles and collectibles and just really cool merchandise. We're really excited to really dive all in to Prime Gaming Fest. So hopefully we see you guys there and hopefully we get a nice jam-packed Nintendo Direct because I am really, really excited for what's in store. I wanna thank you guys so much for tuning in. I am Nathan Der Ovaldance from Nintendo Prime. I gotta go and edit this video and eat some lunch. My fiance, bless her soul, for the first time in like a year made me lunch. Cool. I'm gonna go have some eggs and some toast. Catch you guys in the next video.


Welcome to what the F is going on in Latin America, CodePink's weekly YouTube program of hot news out of Latin America and the Caribbean. We broadcast every Wednesday 730pm Eastern 430pm Pacific on CodePink YouTube. Sunday, April 11, we'll see Peruvians and Ecuadorians go to the polls to elect respective presidents for their countries. Peruv's first round elections are Sunday, Ecuador's second round elections are on Sunday and more to talk about that in another broadcast as CodePink will have an election observation mission in Ecuador starting tonight actually. So regarding Peru, and their first round presidential elections which also will include congressional elections. We are joined today by Francesca Emmanuel to discuss the elections this Sunday in Peru and let me tell you a little bit about her before we start our conversation. Francesca is a Peruvian sociologist, born and raised in the province of Ica four hours from Lima. She is currently a research assistant at American University in Washington DC, where she is pursuing doctoral studies in anthropology. As 15 years, her op-eds and articles have been published in numerous Peruvian newspapers. She is currently a regular columnist for the Progressive Peruvian Publication, La Ica. Prior to academia, Francesca was the correspondent for Telesur in Washington DC, and a communications director for the Peru based nonprofit Promsex, which advocates for LGTBI rights and women's reproductive rights. Her most recent piece in English is on the coup in Bolivia and was published by the magazine Red Pepper.  Thank you, Terry. So I'm talking with you from Nicaragua, which this is not a virtual background this is literally what Nicaragua looks like this time of day and this time of year and you are joining us from Washington DC and I'm, I'm so pleased you have time for a conversation. I think for our audience why, why don't you start us off with the current political context in Peru. We in the United States are not hearing a whole lot about the upcoming presidential elections. I think most of us understand there's been corruption charges and an impeachment against the prior president there's an interim president. So thank you all of you watching 18 presidential candidates for Sunday. So let's talk a little bit about how this mix of candidates and the political context that has created this slate for Sunday. Yeah, first, this is a very important electoral battle. And it's very important for Peruvians, at least for the next five years but it's really important for the whole region. And on April 11, as you said, in Peru, we're going to have presidential elections and elections for Congress too. And there are 18 candidates that are running for presidential for the, for the presidency. Among those 18 candidates, there's an statistical tie between six candidates according to the polls. That's a lot. That means that most of this, I mean, all of these six candidates have, they have chances to reach the runoff. And five of these six candidates are right wing or extremely right wing. There is only one of six of these six candidates that is a progressive leftist candidate, and her name is Veronica Mendoza, and she runs with the party together for Peru. You were asking about the context. So last November, we had what we call parliamentary coup. Our president, Martin Vizcarra, was kicked out from a decision in Congress. And then there was the facto president for a few days. And after several demonstrations against this move and against this illegal move, people will say in Peru, this president resigned, this, the facto president resigned. But in this process, there were massive demonstrations and these people were brutally repressed by these, the facto president and the military forces. Two people died from this repression to young men, and thousands of people were injured. Along with, with, with these demonstrations against the school, there were other demonstrations in different parts of the country against the, the, the, the liberal policies have been taking place. So this is pretty much the context that is leading us to these new elections.  And, and most of the candidates that are running this time have accusations, many of them already in the courts against them for corruption for irregularities in, in, in financing their campaigns and so on. And one of the, well, two things that I'm thinking of now with your comments. The legislative coup against President Vizcarra was basically, he was impeached on corruption charges, correct? That, that's correct. Nevertheless, sorry, go ahead. No, no, I said, hey, no, I mean, we're, I think we're all familiar with what we call today soft coups legislative judicial economic various forms of coups short of flat out military change in power. And go ahead, I'm sorry. I have a slight delay with my wife, I am sorry. And you also mentioned that a number of the candidates if not all of them have some form of corruption hanging over them. For instance, Kiko Fujimori, she's under house arrest. She's the former president's daughter and is currently running as a presidential candidate under house arrest. It's crazy. If you want, I can go over the those like five right wing candidates so we can like, that'd be great. That'd be terrific. Yeah, so, so there are three candidates of those five that are directly connected with Alberto Fujimori as you said, he is our former dictator in Peru.  Among the crimes he committed. He sent power paramilitary groups to kill thousands of indigenous. Also, there were like 270,000 women, indigenous women who were forcedly sterilized sterilized during his presidency. So, as you said, his daughter, a cake of Fujimori is running in this in these elections is her third time running. She reached the runoff in the past elections in 2016. As you said, also she is serving provisional imprisonment I don't know if you call it that way because her party was financed illegally by real estate Brazilian construction company called other branch. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, so she's offering a tough hand. She's also one of her policies is to pardon her, her father. And, and yeah, she's running even though she's under investigation. Then you have another candidate. His name is Rafael Lopez Aliaga. He represents the, the, the stream right wing akin to a Bolsonaro in Brazil, Trump in the US that this is a very dangerous candidate. He's part of the Opus Dei, and he's a multimillionaire, Alberto Fujimori that I dictate a recent dictator gave him the, the, the concession and if you call it that way but he permit this Rafael Lopez Aliaga this candidate to have the monopoly of trains that take tourists from Cusco to Machu Picchu for almost 10 years. And, and this Rafael Lopez Aliaga has many members of the Fujimori party in his new party. So he's extremely connected to Alberto Fujimori to to his whole legacy and ideology. As I said, he's part of the Opus Dei. He's against any rights that protects LGBTQ rights. He has said that if, of course, he's against abortion and he has said that if a girl and sorry for your audience, if a girl gets pregnant, because she was raped, he would put those girls in one of his five stars hotels because he's also the owner of a chain of hotels and, and these girls would stay there until they give birth and then they would decide if they will give the baby to the state for adoption or if they will keep the baby. So those are the type of statements that this candidate says. And, and, and then, well, he has, he, he has an investigation because he hasn't paid in $28 million in taxes, despite he's a multimillionaire. That's why he's a multimillionaire. Yeah. And this was discovered recently because of this campaign. And there we have we have another candidate that is also very connect presidential candidate that is also very connected to the Fujimori group. His name is Fernando de Soto and in the past few days he has become the candidate of the economic groups in Peru. So, so now they the major media in Peru are interviewing him are putting him on display in order to like gain his support or help him to reach the second round. He is a neoliberal economist who was an advisor of Alberto Fujimori during his presidency and he was also an advisor of Keiko Fujimori when she was running in the previous election. He supports the neoliberal policies. He thinks, for example, he said yesterday that if he if he wins, he will make the public the private sector, the main responsible or the only responsible to import COVID-19 vaccines. Because the private sector according to him is much more efficient than than the state. So those are, if you want to make it. Wow. Okay, so, yeah, my first comment is it seems like the Fujimori political sector has in one way or another numerous several candidates. Basically, they're kind of covering their butts to see, you know, they could win from several different positions or from several different candidates. Wow. You know, as I've been following and researching what's coming on in Peru on Sunday, you know, it doesn't sound good but listening to you it's like really almost impossible to believe. So I guess my first, there's two things I'd like you to elaborate on one, the leftist candidate because you mentioned before we went live that you've worked on a letter for her with her that our audience should hear about. Also, with 18 candidates with the public perceiving all of them pretty much or at least 17 of the 18 of them corrupt from various degrees of corruption. So the 18 candidate I think what I read yesterday. Lasano has just over 12% of support in the polls. So how does any and then. So I guess pretty much for the Peruvian people are guaranteed on Sunday, there will be no first round winner because you have to win 50% or more. So the 18 candidates that's not possible for anyone to do. So after Sunday you take the top two, and that goes to a head to head election, our second round election on June 6, I believe. So how do you see this playing out, because as I'm looking at this and listening to you as well, it doesn't sound like any one candidate has plurality that whatever happens on Sunday. So I'm kind of just going to have political capital. How do you see the country being led and managed come June 6. Well, of course will depends on who wins. If I follow your, your questions and I understand the confusion because it's even for us. I mean there are other two candidates among those sex and one of them. As you mentioned the leading candidate, let's say that 1212% of support is is really nothing there are, there's around like 28% of the population of the electoral population in Peru is undecided still. So that's probably the biggest, the biggest demographic that can influence the outcome on Sunday. Yeah, definitely so these next days are crucial for the decision that this 2428% of the population will make so this candidate you that you were talking about he is a member of action popular action. And that was the leading party in the parliamentary cool, the legislative cool that we were talking about. So the president that the fact of president that we had in November, it's part of this party that that is leading the presidential polls, let's say. And it's kind of like a schizophrenic because there were massive demonstrations against this party, and this party acted in a horrible way. I'm repressing people and I told you to be too young men died as a result. But these candidate they found a candidate that has been a member of Congress for 20 years and he was one of the leading voices against monopolies in Peru, nevertheless he didn't have anything to stop monopolies in Peru there are several several monopolies as a result of then decades of neoliberal policies starting basically with Alberto Fujimori, for example, 78% of the printed media belongs to one company. 78% I think percent of the beer of beer that is is consuming produce in Peru belongs to one company. And I can give you a whole list. There's a, there's like monopolies in in in pharmacies in in drug stores and so on. The guy was one of the leading voices against these monopolies and because he was part of a committee in Congress for 20 years that was supposed to protect consumers, and he was talking against this, this, this corporations and so on but he didn't have anything so they became to lead the to lead the their party to to run for presidential election because you know he's well known. But he also belongs to a party that supports neoliberal policies to and there's another candidate who was a former soccer player who has almost no experience in in politics who is running and and he was a supporter supported by the economic groups but since since he hasn't been a very good speaker in debates that support has been like channeling to all to the other candidates that told you about it also these candidate the soccer former soccer player have members of the Fujimori party in his party. So it's like they have all their bases covered. Yeah. Yeah. And as they said, Veronica Mendoza is the leftist progressive candidate. She's running with a very austere campaign. She, she is not supported by the corporation. Tell me. I was going to say us just for our audience austere meaning she is not. She doesn't have a lot of funding versus an austerity vision for the country and the economy. Just austere meaning her campaign is very. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Okay. Yeah. No, no, no, that's okay. I don't know. It's great that you mentioned because in fact her. She's not an austerity supporter. The opposite. She is proposing a contraceptive call policies. That means like investing, increasing the investment in in the public sector from the public sector, right. It's something that she has been attacked for because according to these other candidates, the state or the public sector shouldn't spend more is the private sector that will save the Peru Peruvians from the huge economic prices that we are in. In the past year, there has been an increase by 27% in poverty are our unemployment has more than doubled in the past year. We have it sad because Peru has been portrayed as like a paradigm for Latin America as this country that has been growing particularly by the IMF by the World Bank. We were like this wonderful example, very, a very close ally to the US in the region, but since the pandemic has started, we've been seeing that that growth, never spread out never reached the working class population. We are, we are the worst country in terms of deaths from COVID in the world. The Financial Times published some data yesterday for excess deaths from COVID and we are on top per capita. Wow. It's, it's really bad.  Our people have been in their houses forced to be in their houses for over a year with the military on the streets, forcing people to, to not leave their house not even for emergencies with curfews that were enforced. And this has been happening for the past year. Nevertheless, we have all these deaths. And it's extremely sad. The private sector has been controlling oxygen, medicinal oxygen, and working class people weren't able to buy this oxygen that now went up and it costs like $3,000 per like gallon or something. And, and for example, one of the proposals of this progressive candidate, Veronica Mendoza is that the state has to control for, for a little while, the production and distribution of oxygen so it's not a business anymore. And all these candidates, even the media is like attacking her for this measure that is like a measure with a public health perspective. So, so yeah, this is, this is the sad situation. It's just to digress a bit. It's been really fascinating and devastating and sad at the same time to watch the past year. It's been a little over a year now, March 2020 with the pandemic and watching those nations with pretty much privatized economies specifically with health care versus those nations with at least a combination of nationalized health care in private or fully nationalized. The responses have been so completely different and the success stories have been, it's just been so obvious when there is national health care, state health care, and everyone has access at least to fundamental care. The survival rate is completely different versus in privatized systems and I, and the lockdown, keeping people physically and emotionally imprisoned in their homes has not been healthy either. And so I'm happy that you're sharing or I shouldn't say it's not happy, but I think it's really important to hear of these problems in Peru with privatized health care. So let's talk a little bit more about Veronica, the Mendoza, the leftist candidate because you were explaining to me before we went live, you've been involved in a letter. And let's talk about that a bit. Yeah, so as I told you before, the main attack against Veronica Mendoza, who actually is a former congresswoman. She was a congresswoman for five years, five years ago, and she ran with Ollantomala, who was her president. And after one year, this Ollantomala presidents run with a platform, a leftist platform, and as soon as he won the presidency, his leftist platform was gone, and he started supporting extractivism and mining projects and so on. So Veronica Mendoza resigned from the party after one year as a congresswoman, precisely because there were several demonstrations and protests in indigenous communities against a mining project. So since then, she has been well known in the country. And now it's her second time running as a president. In 2016, she ran and she almost reached the runoff. But Keiko Fujimori got some, like, percent more. And so Keiko Fujimori went to the runoff instead of her. So now her platform is still a leftist platform that wants to diversify the economy, that wants to go over the contracts, the bilateral also agreements that Peru had with the U.S., for example, or with a contract with mining that are actually damaging not only communities but also our environment in Peru. And of course, like a big proposal of increasing public investment, but her main attack or the main attack that the mayor media is using against her is that first, her proposal is not viable. Her proposal is like a leftist that will bring Peru to poverty. Actually they are saying that will make Peru another Venezuela.  In fact, a few days ago, one of the major newspapers had in their front page the picture of President Nicolás Maduro and saying, we were with Chavistas, Veronica Mendoza, or we were with Chavismo, Veronica Mendoza, just because she said that she doesn't recognize, recognize Guaidó, and that she will try to find other ways and not the Grupo de Lima to have negotiations and conversations with between the government of President Nicolás Maduro and the opposition. But just because she said that, which is something that everybody knows that Guaidó is not the president of Venezuela, she has been like an attack again saying that she will make Peru another Venezuela. So coming back to the letter, this letter was written by economists and academics here in the US explaining that her economic program is solid, that it's not a crazy economic program, and actually is aligned with other countries like the US, countries in Europe are doing to revitalize to make the economy recovered. And yeah, in Peru, I don't know why the major media is not taking that as their regular way to go in an economic crisis, contraceptive measures. And this letter was published today in two major media outlets in Peru, and let's see how the trolls are going to react because of the attack. It's fascinating to hear, oh, she's going to make Peru another Venezuela. When you hear that in the media, that rhetoric, you know, for me, I don't know about you, but for me, it's like, well, does that mean they intend to support sanctions on the country? As a, you know, as a form of warfare to squeeze the public into, or at this point it would be a threat, you know, as to how to vote on Sunday.   In Peru, I mean, most of the people probably now think that we don't have enough vaccines because the public sector has been incompetent in having contracts to import those vaccines. I mean, they are not talking about the scarcity and the inequalities, global inequalities that exist, and we are part of those developing countries that are not receiving vaccines because we're not the US, because we are not Europe. But that debate doesn't exist. According to all candidates and media, everything would be solved if we let the private sector to have negotiations with the pharmaceuticals and import those vaccines. Well, we know that doesn't work. And we can just look at the example in the United States to show how lack of access to affordable healthcare, much less state healthcare allowed so many people to die. So I wonder if we could take the last few minutes, Francesca, I'm so pleased that you have had time today for this conversation, really important conversation that hasn't been a lot of focus on the Peruvian elections in the United States. Let's talk about the different possible scenarios with the elections and I guess we should probably look at Sunday and then beyond to June 6. What are the regional ramifications of the Peruvian elections if they, if they go right, if they go left, or how do you see the results of the election affecting the region. Well, I mean, if Peru goes left, it will be a huge shake of the geopolitical landscape in our region. Peru, as I said before, has been for decades, one of the strongest allies to the US. So this is major and this is very crucial and I'm really shocked of why it hasn't international media has been paying enough attention in this elections probably because they are super confusing as we Yes, they really are. Yeah, they are. And if it goes, if it goes right, it's, it's horrible for people in Peru already. The right wing candidates that I mentioned have said that they would go over of those mining projects that were not approved because they had serial serious flaws, because they, they, they were going to contaminate indigenous populations and so on. And they said that under this economic crisis they have to check those projects and probably approve them right away, because it's more money is needed more foreign investment is needed while the economic as proposal is completely different. And it would make a huge, huge change, not only in the in the geopolitical situation in our region, because we will have another president from the left. And this is, this is something that hasn't happened in my lifetime. I'm very excited if that happens. If it doesn't happens, at least it would happen like in in the US right it's like she has been putting on the agenda, very important policies. Exactly. And like, like Bernie Sanders did running and afterwards so so this is getting a narrative out there. Exactly. Exactly. But I really, really hope that that she reaches the runoff. She has been voted as the best debater in all the presidential debates. She is really the most prepared candidate. And she has, and she has a strong team of academic economy, all people from the last and very, and very well educated people who, who are from like indigenous communities to people from LGBT by IQ groups. And, and, and it's a solid solid program that will help to, to take away the neoliberal decades that have been putting us like in this whole that we are right now and we can see now with the, with the deaths and the crisis from this pandemic. So, Francesca, I hope that you will come back and talk with us next week and maybe deconstruct the results from Sunday and we can talk about what the possibilities are for June 6. It would be a wonderful post first round election conversation. I would like to give you more certainty. But as I said before, there, there is a still 28% of the population who is still undecided and there are so many candidates. And I'm hopeful that, that, that, that, that she will reach the, the runoff for our people. She is proposing also a new constitution. She wants to protect rights of Afro Peruvian people indigenous people she's proposing a whole perspective of when something that, that hasn't happened before. And will, it will like help not only Peru, as I said, the whole region. Yeah, it's a, the possibilities are pretty exciting. So let's have you come back and we'll deconstruct Sunday, the 11. And I just want to remind our audience that you've been watching what the F is going on in Latin America. This is code pinks weekly YouTube program of hot news out of Latin America and the Caribbean. We broadcast every Wednesday, 730pm Eastern for 30pm Pacific, and also be sure to listen to code pink radio every Thursday, 11am Eastern on WBAI out of Washington, New York City, excuse me and WTFW out of Washington DC the program simulcast on both, both stations on Thursday mornings. And again, thank you so much Francesca. And I wonder if you could send me the link for the, for this letter for Veronica Mendoza and I will post it for our viewers I'll post it in the program notes so that they can take a look at that. Sure. Thank you so much. Okay, thank you. We'll talk to you soon. Thank you. Bye bye.


The hardware of a computer system can usefully be described as composed of basically three parts. First, you have the CPU, the central processing unit, second, the system memory, and third, what's called IO, short for input-output, which comprises everything else, your hard drive, your display monitor, your keyboard, your mouse, everything else other than the CPU and the memory. All of these components, of course, need to get hooked together, so we plug them into what's called a main board, or sometimes called a motherboard. The main board provides power to the components and communication pathways between them. This reductive description, CPU, memory, and IO really does apply to any computer, though we sometimes make distinctions between different classes of systems. For example, what's called a client or sometimes a workstation is a single user system, like a desktop or laptop. What's called a server often has no direct human interface devices, like a keyboard or monitor, because instead servers mainly communicate with other systems over the network. There is truthfully no hard and fast distinction between client and server systems. You can stick your laptop in the back room and use it as your server. However, clients and servers typically have different performance needs, whereas a desktop might have a fancy graphics processor to play games, a server might have a large amount of memory to better store a large database. Hand-held systems like smartphones and embedded systems like your car's computer are also comprised of the CPU, memory, and IO devices. Again, the distinction is mainly in the form factor, the size and shape of the encasing, and also in the performance needs. For example, your toaster doesn't need much processing power, and your smartphone needs power efficiency much more than your desktop PC. The term mainframe today is at best nebulous and at worst totally obsolete. The large majority of mainframes still sold today are sold by IBM, and typically these systems are about the size of a large cabinet. Unlike most servers in use today, which have a standard PC architecture, mainframes have custom architectures optimized to handle a lot of network traffic and data processing. Mainframes have always been used only by larger organizations, but even large organizations have increasingly moved away from mainframes in the last two decades because they can get the same needs met using an array of cheap commodity server PCs. The term supercomputer is also not as meaningful as it once was. The term supercomputer simply refers to a computer capable of doing a whole lot of computation, most commonly for the purpose of scientific simulations like say modeling weather patterns. A few decades ago, supercomputers were always very specialized hardware, but in the last two decades, the trend has been to build supercomputers out of many off the shelf processors thrown together into one system. Now, getting a bunch of processors to work together in one system efficiently is not a trivial matter, but it's considerably easier than it once was.  Of all the components in the system, the RAM, the system memory is the simplest. RAM is really just a big bucket for storing bits, and as far as the CPU can see, these bits are organized into bytes, each with its own address, a numeric value that uniquely identifies that byte. The first byte has the address zero, the second byte has the address one, the third has address two, and so on, all the way up to the last byte. So if the CPU wants to read or write a byte in RAM, it specifies the byte by its numeric address. A notable characteristic of RAM is that it's volatile, meaning that as soon as a RAM chip loses its steady stream of power, the content of the RAM gets scrambled. None of the bits can be relied upon anymore because, without power, they get flipped unpredictably. What this means in practice is that when you turn off your computer, the contents of RAM are lost nearly instantly.  So this explains why the operating system must be loaded from disk every time you power on the system. Despite this annoying characteristic of volatility, we use RAM chips for system memory instead of, say, a hard drive because RAM chips are much, much faster to read and write. As code runs, we want the CPU to access the instructions as fast as possible, so usually we copy all of a program's code into memory off of slower storage mediums like hard drives before running the program. As a code runs, we want the CPU to access the instructions as fast as possible, so usually we copy all of a program's code into memory off of slower storage mediums like hard drives before running the program. RAM can also be used to store any data created by a program as it runs, but of course, anything which the program wants to store permanently must be copied to a non-volatile storage device like a hard drive. If we wanted to fully understand how CPUs work, we would have to get into a lot about circuitry and electricity, as well as material science to understand how CPUs are manufactured. As programmers, though, we don't really need to know how CPUs work as long as we understand what they do. What programmers care about in regards to CPU is its so-called programming model, the abstraction presented to programmers that allied over the messy details of circuitry and voltages and so forth. So first of all, what a CPU does from the programmer's perspective is execute binary instructions, which are sequences of bits, typically around 8 bits in size on the low end and around 256 bytes in size on the high end, with most somewhere in between. The way to think of these instructions is that the CPU is hardwired to read one instruction after another and hardwired to act upon each instruction differently. For example, if the binary sequence 10110011 denotes the start of an addition instruction, the CPU is hardwired to perform an addition operation when it reads an instruction starting with that sequence. Again, how exactly this works in circuitry is not something we'll concern ourselves with here. The binary sequence which denotes any particular instruction is largely arbitrary, and so different CPUs understand different sets of instructions. For example, the binary sequence denoting an addition instruction on one CPU may not be a valid instruction on another CPU. In fact, one CPU may have instructions which another CPU does not have at all. For instance, some simpler CPUs have no instruction for performing multiplication, so code on those processors must perform multiple additions to get the same effect as a multiplication operation. Still, every CPU needs instructions for a few essential tasks. First, every CPU needs one or more instructions for copying bytes from one location to another, mainly from one part of memory to some other. Second, every CPU needs instructions for doing basic arithmetic, at the very least addition and negation. Third, every CPU needs instructions for performing logical operations, namely the operations not, and, or, and exclusive or, which we'll explain in a later unit. The gist of it is that with these instructions, we can arbitrarily manipulate the individual bits of bytes, such as setting a specific bit to zero or one. Fourth, every CPU needs instructions for performing jumps. As we described, the CPU is hardwired to execute instructions, and it does so one after another, starting from some place in memory and reading the instructions there sequentially. A jump instruction orders the CPU to execute instructions at an address specified in the instruction, to effectively jump from one placing code to another. Crucially, CPUs need jump instructions which are conditional, meaning that they perform the jump only if a certain condition is true. For example, a conditional jump instruction might perform its jump only if all the bits in a byte of memory are zero. What conditional jumps effectively enable programs to do is make decisions to branch down one path of code or another based upon the state of data. A register is a small, volatile data storage area inside the CPU. The CPU's registers can be categorized into two kinds, status registers and general purpose registers. A status register stores data that affects the operation of the CPU. For example, some CPUs operate in different modes, and so such a CPU will typically have a status register in which the bits designate the current mode. For another example, every CPU needs to keep track of the memory address for the next instruction to read, and they do so in a status register called the program counter. In fact, what a jump instruction really does is modify the program counter, thereby causing execution to jump to the new address found there. In contrast to a status register, a general purpose register is for storing any data. Again though, these registers are typically very small, around 16 to 128 bits in size, and even high-end CPUs contain only up to a few hundred general purpose registers, while low-end CPUs may contain only three or four. Today's x86 processors contain a few dozen registers, which is on the low end for high-performance processors. So if these CPU registers can't store much data, why do we have registers? Well, most CPUs can only perform operations on data in the registers, not in memory. Addition instructions, for instance, generally can only add numbers in the registers, not numbers out in the system memory. So to add two numbers in memory, we must first copy them to separate registers, and the result of the addition operation gets written to a third register, from which we may then copy the result out to memory if we wish. This then is the general pattern of code. To do work, we need to bring data from memory into the registers before performing an operation, then copy the result of the operation out to memory as needed. In fact, most CPUs don't even allow us to directly copy bytes from one part of memory to another. Instead, we must copy the bytes from memory to registers, then copy those registers to the desired destination and memory. So a CPU's programming model primarily consists of its instruction set, the precise set of instructions which the CPUs hardwired to understand, and its set of registers, their number, their sizes, and their purposes. Together, these two facets of a CPU are often called its ISA, its instruction set architecture. If you have two processors which both support the same ISA, then they both can run the same code, even if the processors were made by different manufacturers. For example, the PC platform is built around Intel's x86 instruction set architecture, and for a long time, up until about the mid 1990s, the only x86 processors you could buy were made by Intel itself, but then AMD came along and started producing x86 processors as well. So x86 is one very dominant ISA today, but there's also ARM, which is very popular today in mobile devices. Some other successful ISAs include MIPS and Motorola 68K. An instruction set architecture tends to develop and grow over time. The x86 ISA for instance started in the 1970s, but has evolved since as Intel and AMD have released new processors. Their newer processors support the instructions of their older ones, and they have all the same registers, but they also support additional instructions and include additional registers. So x86 is more accurately an umbrella term that covers a family of continuously compatible ISAs. To illustrate, when Intel released the 386 processor, they designated that upgrade of the x86 ISA as IA32 as an Intel architecture 32. And when Intel released a 64-bit processor in the mid 2000s, the new upgraded ISA became commonly known as x8664. But again, these upgrades preserve the old instructions and registers, so say if you get a new Intel 64-bit processor today, it'll still run code written for IA32. You're probably familiar with the Jonathan Swift book Gulliver's Travels, or at least you've probably seen the Disney cartoon. A part in the book not depicted in the cartoon is that in the land of Williput, the big Indians are at war with the little Indians over whether to crack eggs from the big end or from the little end, the joke being that the choice is totally arbitrary. CPU designers have a similarly arbitrary choice to make concerning how the bytes in a register get copied to and from memory. Say we have a 32-bit register with the bytes in hex 0A, 0B, 0C, 0D. As a binary number, 0A is the most significant byte, the byte representing the most significant digits. The question is, when we copy the register contents to some address N in memory, do we copy the most significant byte 0A to N, 0B to N plus 1, 0C to N plus 2, and 0D to N plus 3, or do we copy in the opposite order, copying the least significant byte 0D to N, 0C to N plus 1, 0B to N plus 2, 0A to N plus 3? A CPU that starts with the most significant byte uses the big Indian scheme, and a CPU that starts with the least significant byte uses the little Indian scheme. In both cases, the order is maintained when copying from memory to a register, so for example in the big Indian scheme, copying the 4 bytes at address N to a 32-bit register copies the byte at N to the most significant register. So if we copy a register's contents to address N, and then copy from address N back to the register, the register contents remain unchanged. Now many sources you might read insist that the choice between big Indian and little Indian is completely arbitrary, that they make equal sense. But don't listen to those sources. The arbitrariness holds if we imagine memory as a vertical array of bytes, because who's to say whether the digits of a number written vertically should go up or down, and who's to say whether the addresses should increase numerically up or down. But if we imagine memory as a horizontal array of bytes, the addresses must increase left to right unless we wish to go against all western convention. Likewise, all western convention tells us to write numbers with the most significant bytes on the left, so if we think of memory horizontally, it makes no sense whatsoever to use little Indian. Unfortunately, for historical reasons relating to performance, Intel and some other CPU makers chose to use the little Indian scheme. Those reasons no longer make sense with modern hardware, but the x86 architecture is still stuck with little Indian byte ordering. The various storage locations on a computer can be pictured as forming a hierarchy. As we go up the hierarchy, the speed goes up, but so does the cost per byte, and so we need slower storage too for larger storage. For example, if an entire program could fit in the processor registers, we wouldn't need system memory, but even the smallest programs won't fit in just the registers. And of course, both CPU registers and system memory are volatile, so we need hard drives for non-volatile storage. Even though RAM is much faster than hard drives and other non-volatile storage, RAM is still relatively slow compared to the operations of the CPU. Therefore, another level of storage is used in between the processor registers and RAM, called the CPU cache. This cache uses a form of memory called SRAM, short for static RAM, as opposed to the DRAM, Dynamic RAM, used for system memory. Unlike DRAM, SRAM doesn't require a refresh cycle to keep its content, allowing SRAM to be read and written significantly faster. Moreover, the processor cache is often placed on the CPU die itself, allowing for faster access by the CPU. On the other hand, SRAM is significantly more expensive per byte, and so the typical x86 CPUs of 2013 have around 8 to 16 megabytes of cache, much smaller than the 4 or 8 gigabytes of RAM typically found in the same systems. The unique thing about processor caches is that programmers typically have little to no direct control over them. Instead, the content of the cache is managed by the hardware transparently to the programmer. When your code reads an address of system memory, the CPU first checks if an up-to-date copy of that byte currently sits in the cache. If so, the CPU can read the byte directly from the cache without reading from slower system memory. If an up-to-date copy of the byte does not already sit in the cache, the byte is copied from memory to the cache before it is read, such that it might still be there the next time the CPU wants to read that address. Because the cache is much smaller than system memory, only copies of small parts of system memory can fit in the cache at any moment. Consequently, when data from a memory address is copied to the cache, a copy of some other memory address must get overwritten. It's up to the hardware to automatically decide what to overwrite. Now, the usual pattern with code is that when we read data at an address of memory, we're very likely to read nearby addresses as well. For example, when reading 100 bytes at address n, you start with byte n, but then read byte n plus 1, then n plus 2, then n plus 3, and so on. Because this pattern of locality is so common, most caches are designed to over-eagerly copy bytes from memory, meaning that when the CPU reads an address from memory, the cache systems will copy not just the data at that address to the cache, but also the data of the surrounding bytes, say 1000 of them, or 2000, or maybe more. This way, memory access is optimized, because it's generally faster to get a chunk of bytes from memory in one read, rather than to get each byte one at a time. Of course, if the running code doesn't need the other bytes any time soon, the extra work is a waste. But the strategy does usually pay off. On systems with this cache behavior, a very effective optimization strategy is to maximize locality, to keep the bytes of your code and data as next to each other as much as possible. If the bytes of memory needed by a processing heavy part of your code are scattered far away from each other, they're less likely to all be in the cache at once, meaning that the CPU is more likely to have to wait for reads of memory as it does the work. For two electronic devices to communicate, there must be some common storage area which they can both read and write. When the CPU and an input-output device communicate, they do so by both reading and writing registers in the device. The relationship, though, is one way. The CPU is in control reading and writing registers of the device as it pleases, but the device cannot read and write the registers of the CPU. So when a device wishes to send a message to the CPU, it writes to its own registers with the expectation that the CPU will read the data at some point. In many cases, input-output devices communicate indirectly with the CPU through a controller device. USB devices, for example, talk directly to a chip called the USB controller on your mainboard, which in turn talks directly to the CPU. So what are the CPU instructions for reading and writing device registers? Well, in CPUs which use what's called memory mapped IO, some memory addresses specify device registers instead of bytes of system memory. Here, for example, the diagram depicts a system in which the memory addresses from 0 to FFF are mapped to device registers instead of bytes of RAM, such that the first byte of RAM actually starts at address 10000. Also notice that a system very well may have more memory address space than it has bytes of RAM, and so some memory addresses may not map to anything. Anyway, with memory mapped IO, we can read and write the device registers using the very same copy instructions used to read and write bytes of system memory. In this example, any copy instruction reading or writing an address in the range 0 to FFF reads or writes some device register rather than some byte of RAM. Other systems however, use port mapped IO, in which a separate address space, so-called ports, are used for device registers. In this arrangement, reading and writing the device registers requires distinct input and output instructions. For example, an instruction for writing to a device register might look something like output register 2 to port 4498. Whether a system uses port mapped or memory mapped IO, or even a combination of the two as x86 systems do, the next question is how programmers know which addresses and ports are mapped to what. On some systems, these mappings are all hardwired and thus documented by the hardware makers, but on other systems, including PCs, many mappings are dynamically configured at system startup, such that certain devices that fix ports and addresses are used at system startup to discover the ports and addresses of the remaining devices. Either way, most programmers don't really have to worry about device ports and addresses because, as we'll discuss later, direct communication with devices is handled by the operating system. As an IO device operates, it may periodically want attention from code running on the CPU. The simplest strategy to provide this attention is called polling, in which the code on the CPU periodically checks the device registers to see if the device wants attention. The obvious problem with polling is that these periodic checks waste the CPU's time when the device needs no attention, so far better if the device could directly notify the CPU when it needs attention, which is the idea behind interrupts. An interrupt line is a circuit path running from the device to the CPU over which the device can signal to the CPU that it wants attention. When receiving this signal, the CPU temporarily sets aside what it's doing to run the interrupt handler, a piece of operating system code associated with that interrupt line. The operating system stores a list of addresses for these handlers in the interrupt table and the CPU keeps the location of this table in its status register. When an interrupt signal is received, the CPU is hardwired to copy the current program counter to memory so that it can later pick up where it left off. The CPU then looks in the interrupt table for the handler address associated with the interrupt line, e.g. line 0 corresponds to the first handler address. The CPU then jumps execution to this address and the handler does its business to service the device. When finished, the handler is supposed to restore the CPU to its state before the interrupt. For example, if a handler uses a general purpose register, it first copies the content to memory, then copies that content back when finished so that the CPU can pick up where it left off. In the course of execution, the CPU may sometimes detect an aberrant condition that needs attention from the operating system. These aberrant conditions are called hardware exceptions and they are handled much like interrupts. When the CPU detects an exception, it jumps execution to a piece of operating system code called an exception handler by finding the address for the handler in the hardware exception table. For example, division by zero is an illegal operation and so when a program performs a division instruction with zero as the denominator, the CPU may trigger a hardware exception, jumping execution to the handler for that type of exception. By this mechanism, the exception handler of the operating system can then decide what to do about the situation. When a system powers up, the first code that runs is the boot firmware. The firmware code usually resides in a small I.O. device, a memory chip which retains its content thanks to a small battery on the main board. This device resides at a fixed address or port and when the CPU powers on, it is hardware to start executing code at that address. Older PCs had a boot firmware device called the BIOS, short for Basic Input Output System, but more recent PCs have replaced the BIOS with the newer standard UEFI, the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. In either case, the main task of the BIOS or UEFI is to jump execution to an operating system loader on one of the system drives, most commonly a hard drive. From there, the operating system code is responsible for managing the system and providing an environment in which to run other programs. We'll end our discussion of hardware by summarizing the key qualities of a CPU which concern programmers. First off, to program a CPU, the coder must know the ISA, the set of instructions and registers. The byte size in a system refers to how many bits make up each byte of addressable memory. In practice, this is not a real concern because all modern systems use 8-bit bytes, but back in the 1970s and earlier, some machines used sizes other than 8, such as 6 or 7. The industry settled upon 8 bits per byte, most likely because 8 is a convenient power of 2 and not too large. The term word is used to denote the number of bits which a CPU can handle most naturally and efficiently. The word size generally corresponds to the size of the general purpose registers, e.g. a processor with 32-bit registers generally works most efficiently when copying data in 32-bit chunks. Some processors though actually have registers of varied size and so may have no single proper word size. The address size refers to the number of bits used for each address, effectively determining the size of the memory address space. A processor that uses 32-bit addresses, for example, can address 2 to the 32nd, which is over 4 billion unique addresses. Newer x86 processors typically use 48-bit addresses, which allows for over 65,000 times as many addresses, orders of magnitude more than the actual number of bytes of memory in today's systems. In fact, we may never need the full 48-bit address space. Even if we can produce memory chips with much larger capacities, it's not clear we would ever have the need for that much memory. Also, a possible concern with the CPU are the speeds and sizes of its caches, which a programmer may wish to keep in mind when attempting to heavily optimize code. Programmers also need to be mindful of how a system treats byte order when copying data between memory and the CPU registers. Getting this wrong can produce junk data and serious bugs. When doing low-level coding that interfaces directly with hardware, such as when writing device drivers or an operating system, a programmer would need to know how the devices are mapped, whether to memory addresses or ports. For most programming, though, such as when writing applications, programmers can let the operating system and its drivers handle this concern. Lastly, a CPU core is the part of the CPU which performs the core work of executing instructions. Each core executes instructions one by one, but if our system has more than one core, it can then execute multiple instructions simultaneously, meaning that two programs can run simultaneously on two separate cores. Most PCs before 2005 had only one core, but some PCs, particularly those aimed at the server market, had two or more processors, each with its own core. In 2005, Intel introduced the first multi-core X86 processor, a processor with multiple cores contained in the same ceramic package. The advantage of stuffing multiple cores into one single package, rather than having multiple packages, is that it's relatively cheaper and better for power management and system cooling. Most new consumer PCs today can use most new consumer PCs today contain one processor with two or more cores. While some expensive systems, namely servers, still use multiple separate processors, those processors now typically have eight or more cores each. While it is possible for a single program to accelerate its performance by utilizing more than one core, doing so effectively can be very tricky, as we'll discuss later when we talk about concurrency.