What's up guys we're back with another epic video today. We're gonna be opening more legacy packs and a first-edition Rise of Destiny pack. This should be pretty fun, but first the giveaway. I'll be giving away these three cards All you have to do to enter the giveaway is like this video be subscribed and let me know how many foils We're gonna pull from these packs. I think it's like 33 ish packs something like that So give me a guess down below how many we're gonna pull alright, and let's start this thing off last time We did a part one of this video there was no rise of destiny last time But we had a ton of invasion of chaos and these other ones and we pulled a crazy amount of foils from the invasion of Chaos so if we do that again, these are just absolutely loaded. I'm figuring there is gonna be absolutely nothing in the IOC But I could be wrong Impulse and self-strapped alright next pack we have dark crisis So dark crisis last time did not do us too good So I'm hoping that this time it will have something better in it because I think Yeah, I'm pretty sure we pulled like zero. No, we pulled one foil. Maybe something like that Okay, let's go because there's a lot of invasion of chaos here So let's just see If we can pull something good here we go Another foil from invasion of chaos. That's a super rare We pulled like eight or nine last time out of sixteen or seventeen packs And we have already pulled another one out of two packs. These are absolutely loaded. This is crazy All right dark crisis. Let's see if you can at least do something. Can you pull us the exodia neck Ross? The shannado king of the higher plane. Can we play skill drain rare? Voila skill drain rare. Okay, not bad Actually really good better than a lot of the foils Probably most of the foils except like maybe exodia neck Ross and that is not bad skill drain rare. We're gonna take that Alright that is thick Invasion of chaos again. Can we pull another foil from these packs inferno and stray lambs? Okay, nothing that time That's all right. Let's let's try a different pack. Let's try a legend of blue eyes pack with three packs here No way for they're mixed up. Okay for some reason that one's over there for legend of blue eyes packs last time We pulled a monster reborn So can we pull the legendary blue eyes white dragon? Here we go. He knew Thomas soul red medicine and the pot of greed We got that last time as well, but that was with the monster reborn. So in the first pack I think so that's kind of weird Pot of greed. What does it do? Not sure I'm not sure guys. You guys gonna have to let me know alright Let's fix these alright invasion of chaos run for three so far Still pretty good ratios. I'm gonna smash and ground. We got a giga.  It feels like Big burn at super rare the weirdest super rare ever you can barely tell it's a super but it is Two for four now overall. We've pulled like 10 or 11 foils absolutely insane DCR so far no foils, but we did pull a big skill drain rare. I would take another one of those I'd be down. We got a contract with the dark master Archfiend drawer Cessus of Dagla and a great maju Garzette. There's also the final countdown common in here, which is very good Invasion of chaos Two for four so far and saying can we pull the black lesser soldier on boy at the beginning never pulled it before still J Every invasion of chaos opening we pull the dark magician of chaos These are the most insane IOC packs. That's like 12 foils now out of like 30 packs total And we haven't even opened all of them yet dark magician of chaos both videos What in the world? I I'm baffled by these packs. This is insane Okay, dark crisis. This is like completely insane Completely insane. Oh my goodness really eternal rest. We got a maju Garzette is regular a Gito the seal Anasuka Yomi. Okay. That's a pretty good one. It's like a $5 card. That is very good actually All right, so we are doing pretty good so far We've pulled a couple of great rares out of DCR We pulled a DMock and two supers out of invasion of chaos a pot of greed out of LOB I'm feeling pretty good about it. We got a spirit of the pot of greed.  Here we go Can we pull the blue eyes white dragon himself? That'd be pretty crazy. We got the two mouth dark ruler We got a drooling lizard. He know Tom's soul and a dark hole. Okay flame ghost not bad We've got a super rare dark hole. So so far. We've pulled some nice Strong spell cards out of LOB very nice very nice card dark hole I've pulled like tons of dark hole LOB and I've like never pulled a right gank it Maybe like one right ganky or something. Okay, I've definitely put more them if you include like foreign packs I think I've pulled some right gankies, but I pull a ton of dark holes I'd like original LOB and first edition and all that stuff a hero merges We've got a spear shellfish and a soul tiger So far no monju's in this video no monju the 10,000 hands Let's go with dark crisis so far. Just rare so no foils out of dark Christ I think we've only pulled one total on all these packs. We've got a killback. We want the zodian that cross We want the shinata. We want to skull our field of lighting the same as usual frozen soul. Oh Or the judgment of a new base. No one guys. I don't I don't think you about it. There's a final countdown It's a great comment. I don't know if I've okay I haven't ever pulled vampire lord and you can pull them out of these reprint packs But I've pulled tons of judgment of a new base. Look at the sintering the sintering is not normally that bad on reprints That's really horrible, but it is a secret rare. We rucks in special bit, too So that's pretty awesome and I think this final countdown is worth more than the secret rare Which is kind of sad, but that's kind of cool actually nice common. Okay. Let's go back to invasion of chaos Let's let's even it out a little bit. It means that chaos had a lot more packs and everything else So far really good polls in this video. I'm pretty happy about it blazing and pochi I didn't know how good they'd be after last time and they were really good Didn't we pull this in the last video, too What in the world is going on we pulled invader and we pulled democ in the last video I think we pulled big burn, too. This is really weird. I'm just confused Secret rare, so we pulled two secret rares both the bad secret rare of the set, but still a secret rare. We'll take it Okay DCR, so we I'm very confused right now. This is a weird opening very weird two openings here The two legacy openings non spell casting at Archvene's oath dark scorpion combination and a deal with dark ruler Okay, very very strange very strange invasion of chaos has been providing absolutely insane fire Insane fire. We got a bogeyman Vivius Berghoff. We got a cannon ball spear shellfish and a soul tiger 2100 four-star. It's not bad for back in the day at least Okay, we're down to four IOC two one one two two one. Okay. Let's go another IOC Let's make it even.  It's how's the zapper Now that okay. I'm thinking about this. I think we've pulled like I Think I've pulled like six or seven Demox and zero BLS, so Just think about that Six or seven Demox they have the same ratios too because they're both ultra rares I've also pulled several CEDs and no it's a different ratio for that, but and no BLS Very weird very very weird how much Democ and the thing rhyme saw always pulls Democ too So it's very strange. You never see BLS bull. Do you see Democ all the time? All right, Kelbec We got arsenal summoner Pendamoonium so good Thanksgiving and another sukiyomi. That's good Another good rare. This has been a very good opening for legacy packs Very good. All right, let's go into a metal Raiders pack. We've not opened one yet on this video Can we pull something big summon skull time was your gate guardian solemn judgment? Thousand dragon Solemn already said solemn judgment. Didn't I all right mirror force? Okay rock over Rado and Share the pain and hosting in all right lady lady defa thunder dragon. There's a good one Here's the comment. I think I was trying to think of in the last video thunder dragon That's a good we put a lot of good commons and rears in this video all the good ones Okay, let's go another invasion of chaos second to last pack. These packs have been absolutely crazy for IOC We have chaos sorcerer DD borderline burning algae. I'm speechless Chaos Emperor dragon Envoy of the end. That's Democ and Chaos Emperor dragon Where is the BLS? What in the world? This is crazy. Okay. This card is never ceases to be beautiful. Look at it That card looks absolutely awesome even in the reprint which people think don't look as good That looks amazing Chaos Emperor dragon. All the way the end. That's both secrets. That's Democ. We pulled everything from IOC Those packs were absolutely loaded. That is so crazy. Okay. I'm just literally shocked by those packs There was like a total of like 30 was it 30 something? No less than that. Maybe it was that I don't know 30 something of those packs that we probably pulled 50% foils. That was crazy. Okay silver bow and arrow We have legend blue eyes tear the terrible. It's high on our Celtic guardian. Okay. I said that about the sintering The sintering is getting worse.  I haven't pulled this in a while. That's pretty cool These are absolutely amazing reprint packs. Okay. We have one of each pack left Let's start off with the rise of destiny first edition packs. This is an original 2005 Five pack doesn't five. I think it sells in five. Let's see if we can pull to Koichi ultimate rare We also have a lot of other options, but those are that's the one we're always going for we got the harpy girl That's worth a little bit mine hacksurks And if you sort of dragon the dual mode beast, okay, just a rare, but that's okay We've had insane luck with these packs so far Let's leave up this harpy girl because I think it is like a $2 card something like that one of each pack Let's start with IOC at the end if this has the BLS in it These are the most insane IOC packs of all time. They already kind of are her But let's just say that's preface it with that burning algae. We got an inferno The thing in the crater. Okay, it's not getting with the foil But it didn't in second to last pack with chaos emperor dragons, so we can't really complain Dark crisis these have not been very good. I don't think we do okay. We pulled judgment of a new this We've pulled one foil today Acrobat monkey. We got the pandemonium the rares have actually been crazy out of here Dark scorpion may the thorn and fear from the dark So honestly, probably not bad overall with those rares because three really good rares are equal to you know Some good foils. Okay four packs left guys. Let's go to Pharaoh's servant. We're throwing stuff everywhere. Jinzo. Can we pull it? Come on guys Science soldier. Let's do this or buster blader. I say that that's even buster blader and blackluster soldier on for the beginning Are my two nemesis? I can never pull on DNA surgery. Here we go Fairy meteor crush another foil will take it We will take the fairy meteor a super rare. We have pulled tons of foils in this video. All right spell ruler I don't remember pulling anything out of here so far. We've only had we only like three or four packs though So not much. We've got the reliable guardian. We've got the whippetail crow gravekeeper servant psychic kappa and horn of the unicorn All right. All right, not bad not bad two packs left metal raiders Give us something crazy. Come on in Rd Come on in Rd. We've got the prevent rat is gonna prevent us from pulling bad stuff, right roaring ocean We've got the pumpkin the king of ghosts and the battle steer. Okay, mass sorcerer baby dragon Nope a canyon moth very depressing. Okay Final pack legend of blue eyes so far. We've both wait. Are we two for two today? No two for three two super ares Let's pull an ultra rare Can we pull a blue eyes white dragon? Final pack of this video like button for luck guys if you've enjoyed it make sure to subscribe Because a lot of you guys are watching or not subscribed. We're on our way to a hundred thousand It's gonna be pretty epic name of the graveyard. We've got monster egg Tie home. Here we go Misaki the legendary swordsman. Okay. All right. All right guys. We did pretty good in this video We pulled one two three pretty decent value commons. That's pretty good We got one two three four rares This one is probably a couple bucks. These I think are five and that's like a $10 rare So that's pretty strong there then we had one two three four five supers not bad with two more from IOC we got a pharaoh server and two LOB is pretty good one ultra rare But it's the big boy D mock which is pretty awesome another one you guys watched the other video make sure you check it out We already pulled this then we got two secret rare some invasion of chaos Right here, and then I that's the dark crisis. I don't know why I said that then we got the judgment newest from dark Crisis, of course the two secrets of my OC and the chaos in bird dragon Insane video. Hope you guys enjoyed it if you did make sure to like the video be subscribed If you want to support my channel check out the TCG plan eBay affiliate links below or become a YouTube member by clicking the link in the Description and that's it for this video. I'll see you guys later peace


For four consecutive days, beginning on Tuesday, November 2, 2021, a medical team from the Ministry of Health, Wellness and Early Affairs, comprising Dr. Glenn Phillipsian, Dr. Mark Melius, Dr. Marlon Raghana, and Dr. Joanna Jabatist, have been on the ground at the Baudelaire Correctional Facility, carrying out COVID-19 antigen tests for both employees and the inmates. Director of Corrections, Hilary Herman, says contact tracing was identified as an area which needed to be urgently strengthened as full vaccination coverage is low in both instances of staff and inmates. By Thursday, November 4, 2021, the exercise had gone into day three with over 70 staff and approximately 150 inmates tested. Results returned in the quickest turnaround time, which is at least 24 hours. So far into the testing exercise, results for officers have returned negative outcomes. However, the Ministry of Health has confirmed 10 new COVID-19 positive cases among inmates. Those inmates were already in quarantine. Minister for Home Affairs Honourable Dr. Virginia Albert Poyatt has indicated that there will be improved measures in the coming days to protect the inmates. A review of the screening process for visitors will also be introduced.


person, a particular person, and say, we know who this person is, we know their contact information, you know, we also know the things they're interested in, the way they want to consume that content, and where they are in our process. So on that bottom right, you'll see, it might be a little hard to read, recommended next engagement is educated for this user. That's really valuable. So if you can start to say we have these individuals that we really care about, but we have these populations within them that we're trying to service, and we know the kind of content they need, and the cadence they need that content to be delivered on them, now you're starting to build a content operations model that is both backed by data and formed by data, and helps explain to people what you're actually doing with the content operations and the data that you're getting back. Like, you know, in terms of affinity here, this is sort of a little stretch goal, it's harder to do affinity right at the beginning. But you can see that this person is less interested in global security, and more interested in renewable energy. And so that can even help you decide, are you going to turn somebody off with a called action, or are you going to, you know, have something be positive? And so this is really valuable for sharing between development teams and communications teams, and other groups like that, because now you kind of have a shared understanding of what you're trying to do. And, you know, this is a little simplified for a lot of organizations, these would be more specific to like your major events and things like that. But you can kind of get a sense from this, just looking at data in this way and formatting the data in this way, suddenly, something people want, and it sounds really valuable.  And if we go forward, one of the things this also does is it creates your roadmap for potential improvement. So once you're sort of saying, what do we want to know about people? How do we want to identify them? Now you start to think about each of those engagement touch points you have with somebody, and what you want to collect and what data is really important out of all that data that's available starts to really work laid off really easily. So for an event, someone who spoke at the event is something that's really valuable. Those often are your biggest like sort of brand boosters who aren't necessarily your direct constituents, but that's often not tracked as tightly as the people who attended an event. And you know, so those are the kinds of things that you can start to think about, like, maybe we need to include that in our profiles about people, maybe that data is more valuable than we thought.  Like if somebody is starting to not engage with you, that's a really good population to look at. You know, that group tells you a lot about, you know, are you collecting enough information to note that you're targeting that person right, or you're not creating the right cadence of data, or sort of your canaries and the coal mines. And so thinking about why people are becoming less engaged with you, is actually as interesting sometimes as why they're engaging with you. And that's a little, you know, counterintuitive with people. And I think that's another useful thing these profiles can help you do. You start thinking about the data of your touch points differently. It's less about volume, it's less about scale, and sometimes even less about reach, it's more about quality of interaction. And so that's like a key part of having, like, this data framework to model.


So I just want to start with a small recap from yesterday. I believe I went a bit fast. So in last lecture, I was trying to tell you some properties of, describing properties of modular objects like Jacobi forms. And I tried to explain one of the simplest objects, which is the Jacobi form, phi, which has some weight omega and some index m. And then because these objects have these elliptic translation symmetries, you can decompose into a vector rather than model of form, h mu tau, which is a lemarphic, and data function theta. And then I told you that this phi has a Fourier expansion in the following way, in terms of powers of q and y. But the crucial thing, if you want to compute the Fourier coefficient, Cnl, it only depends on the information stored in these functions, h mu tau. And roughly speaking, this exponents here, they contain information about what I call polarity of Cnl. Another key aspect is that this h mu tau can have negative powers of q. It usually starts with q to the minus mu squared over 4m, and then you sum up to reach positive powers. Yeah? Yeah? This capital A is the same as capital A is? Yeah, this A will be this minus mu squared over 4m. But not this capital A in the second. Here. Yes? Yeah, this is this A. This will be this minus mu squared for m. So I can write capital A to be equal to something minus r. But r is the summation index of x. r is some, yeah, you're summing over here. Sorry? This goes from 0 to infinity. These polar terms, which have negative powers, play a crucial role because then you can write these four coefficients of the vector valmolo form, but which have the positive powers. You can write exclusively in terms of the negative powers, the polar terms here. And this is an exact formula, but it's an infinite sum over various terms. And this term here is called Kluserman sum, and is roughly a complicated sum over phases. And this is the multiplier matrix that rotates the data functions under modular transformations. And even these multiplier matrices, you can write them in terms of similar sums as this, as 2 pi i, and ratios, rational numbers. And the final term of this expression is this special function, which contains information about the polar coefficients and this combination here that corresponds to the states you want to compute, the degeneracy. And then I explained that for a fix of m and large argument, n minus m square of 4m, the degeneracy is well approximated by these bestial functions. But the analysis I've done yesterday was pretty general. But once you specify for particular examples of black holes in n equals data computations like t2 times t4, the Jacobi form is actually pretty simple. It has weight minus 2, index 1. And then you follow all this mechanism and you find this answer with this number here, 9 over 2. 42 times K3. This object is not exactly a Jacobi form. It's called a metamorphic Jacobi form. But I'm not going to enter those details into no mock modular theory. But the crucial thing is that while here there's only one polar term in this theory, you have arbitrary polar terms depending on the index. Index is not because from 1 to infinity.  It has this number here, 25 over 2. And it has this coefficient multiplying that bestial function. You can do repeat the same thing. We're now for a general collabial. And it equals to SU3 collabial. Now the object is even more complicated because it has not only one index, but it has an array of indices. So it's a more complicated data function. And there are very chemical potentials here. But once you work out everything, you still find a bestial type behavior for the dishercy, the same form. And then you can read various things like CAPC is a triple intersection matrix of the collabial. C2 is the second churn class of the collabial. Cb2 is the dimension of the H11, the second commotion class. And Dab is just this contraction, just general properties of the collabial. But it's still a bestial function that has this factor. So the conclusion here is that I didn't even tell you what's where the dynamics of the CFTs. But they all share the same property in this limit that they are described by the dishercy described by a bestial function. And the hope will be that the black holes which are dual to these states will have entropy which grows as the subtle point of this expression, this exponential. So I think Sameer will describe this competition of this function here. So I hope you can write it on your notebook. Again, that's it. So that was what was missing in my lecture yesterday. And today, I'm going to talk about Churn-Simon's theory, roughly like with mathematics topology. Yes, sir? There's only classical intersection numbers. So everything is in this tree, actually. Yeah, it's not quantum periods or whatever, no. Just a geometry, yeah. You're smiling. OK. What's bothering you? How do you know this is true? Huh? How do you know this is true? What are you going to do? Other way, it's not just me. It's literature. There's a little literature about it. This just follows from one of the transformations and anomalies of the theory, OK? There are many currents which are anomalous. And then the levels are these numbers. And then you can deduce all these numbers from there. Which finds? Oh, explicitly, it's more complicated because of all crossing all these phenomena, yeah. There are many things which are known. You don't know, for example, the spectrum of polar states. But you know like the leading polar term has these coefficients. And it's very important. And this factor here is the polar, the degeneracy of the polar term, the first one, which is the maximal polarity. Basically, the dynamics of the theory, OK, maybe, yeah. Just one last question about this. So where do these formulas come from? You have a two-dimensional CFP on a torus. Yeah. But you don't have to know the full dynamics of the theory. That's my point. Just need some properties like anomalies of the currents that will determine the levels of the model of forms or whatever. OK, so part two, we'll try to describe some just trim silence theory, OK? So basically, one considers a path integral with some action, which is the trim silence action in three-dimensions. One has a compact three-dimensional manifold, OK? Today it'll be a bit general. But I will describe the foundations for tomorrow through some explicit computation. So then you'll learn the fundamental tools of trim silence theory.  And also know that A transforms under gauge transformations, OK? So G is some element of the gauge group. Then I think many of the things you have learned from Diego's talk, but I don't know how much they tell, because I missed the first lecture. Then also know the field strength, the A, A which A. Field strength is not gauge invariant, but it transforms co-variantly. So F goes to GF, G minus 1. Another cute thing is that this K here, which you see is the coupling constant, is actually quantized. I won't explain the full details of quantization, but I just give you some clues. So if you know how it works direct quantization, you have, for example, compute some Wilson line A. So A is just some mablyon gauge field, for example. Then you can, this is like in 3D space, you can just close this line here with the surface here on this side, right? Or you could also do it, you have the same. It's not good. You have the same thing, but you could just close it on the other side, OK? It's just a choice. So the two things must be the same. So we have here some S plus, some S minus, and you know that this thing is equal to the interval of F, just a Stokes theorem. And then what you have is something like F on S plus equals to F on S minus, which is just a choice. When you put this back on the other side, you have something minus F. But the two servers have different orientation. So this thing here is F, S plus, or S minus. So it's like completing, this is like a now compact manifold. And there should be some 2 pi i here. So this means that this object here should be equal to 1, OK? And now this thing here, sorry, this F has some quantization condition. I should put, sorry, I forgot here the charge. Some charge here. So this Q times this quantization gives another quantization condition. That's the direct quantization condition. Now this set, it could do the same thing, but instead of A, you have completed this integral. Trace A wedge dA plus 2 thirds, AQ of M. Now what you have to find out is a four dimensional manifold. You find an M4, which has this M at the boundary. And repeat the same thing, OK? And instead of using this F to be quantized, you have to use the fact that D of the Churn-Simons Lagrangian. And I leave it as an exercise, because it's really nice. This thing is just trace of F wedge F. And then this thing is quantized depending on the gauge group, the gauge group in a particular way. That's how you find the quantization of K, OK? Then you can compute. So because there's no metric in this theory, there's only connections. There are only two observables you can compute. Two types of observables. One is the partition function, obviously. And the other one is the whistle loop that was already introduced. So the whistle loop I'll just review called WR. I'll just explain this. So you have to choose a particular link, or not link, like contour, a particular cycle. Then you take a trace. So you have your M, and then you're integrated along this C, OK? But while this A here is the fundamental of the representation, here A will be in the representation R. You can put a different representation. And this P denotes the path ordering of the exponential. Why is that? It's because this A is non-abillion. So if you don't do this integration correctly, this object won't be a gauge invariant. So that's a particular way you have to do this integration. Let me just tell you. So for example, if you have some contour like this, so basically, you have to divide it in small steps. And then you have to take the limit when the steps are very, very small, if it doesn't move. You have to do 0, then a T1, and so on. And you call the allotomy. So if you forget the trace for the moments, this object here is called allotomy. And it's basically some limit. So I'll put just n to infinity. So basically, you divide it in the n steps, and then take it to infinity. Basically, let's compute this 0, Tm, this. But this product is ordered. So it goes from T0. So basically, have a mu. Sorry, this is a T. This is a T0. Then you do this a mu, T1, delta x mu, and so on, from left to right to right to left, depending on the conversion. And then the point is that these a's are an abelian. So you have to be careful of these things of exponentiating the operators, which are not commuting, and so on. So I'll leave it at exercise. It's a very good exercise to understand this. So I have the solution I can show you. So you can show that under the gauge transformation, dg, g minus 1, if you keep this order, what will happen is that this allotomy thing operator will transform co-variantly. So when you close, you get g, allotomy, g minus 1. So when you take a trace, it's sketchy variant. So it's a really nice exercise because you have to do this very carefully. So here I describe the, so this is the wish loop. But you can complicate things, actually. You can, so if you can have this, but you can have things like going, you can have loops like this. So these are the links, they're at a length. You can have things like this. Then you can have knots also. So let me try to draw knots. It's like, it's called a tree foiled knot. And then it can put your integral of the gauge connections along these paths. And then you'll be computing things like expression value. So suppose you have r of these paths, all these whistle lines. So these are ci's for each ci. So take the product, and it can be the expression value of this. Take the term, time, and action. And then it just puts the usual whistle loop operators. Now if all, so you could put each whistle loop in different representations. But if you put all of them, so if r i's, all the r i's, r and dimensional presentation of SUN, then this object will be equal to what is called a Jones planomial. So this is a Whitton famous paper where he got the filter metal. And this planomial counts knots invariants. So you see some invariants here that the links cannot just cross themselves. And there are some counting things you can compute. So you get some planomial function. And the coefficients count some sort of topological invariant that distinguishes different knots. So you see the theory is heavily interacting. Because of the a cube, it's a non-nuclear engaged theory. So to compute this thing is very complicated. But there is a perturbative analysis, which I'm going to try to describe first. So what is perturbative analysis? It's basically you take k to infinity.  So this corresponds to a perturbative. So if you have k, you have this a, which dA plus these two thirds, a cube, right? So what do you do? Usually, in quantum filter theory, you rescale a by k over square root of k. Then this becomes canonically normalized. And then you get 1 over square root of k, a cube, two thirds. And this is your interaction term. But since you are computing, I will be interested in computing, for example, the partition function for the moments. So we have this, a cube. So roughly, when you take k very large, you will have a sum. First thing, you'll have a sum over the subtle points of your Lagrangian. And the subtle points, so the equation of motion, I also leave as an exercise. The equation of motion are the flat connections. So this is by definition f. And it has to be 0. So what you do in physics is that you find the subtle points. So one will have what? So one will have ik for pi. I will call this the Chern-Simons action of A. Chern-Simons of flat connection. And then you have to sum over all your saddles, flat connection. And then you have to introduce quantum corrections. OK? That will be like, so this is the coupling constant, 1 over k. So there will be a square root of k to the power of 0. It will be a constant, k to the 1, and so on. That's the perturbative computation. One important thing, before going into describing a little bit how to compute, for example, the first loop correction, a flat connection is particularly special because, suppose I'm trying to compute this path or the exponential here along a square like this. I also leave it as an exercise. And this square is pretty small, OK? It's just like infinitesimal, just an example. And this thing you can show is basically the exponential of f. What f is really the non-abillion, can show integrated over this circuit here. Now you see that if A is flat, then this is just 0. So if you have computing a whistle loop along this cycle C, if I deform it smoothly, it's called an amotopy to something like this, C prime, then if the connection is flat, then basically these intervals here, it could imagine small cells like this, like that, and so on. So those little cells will give 0, OK? So it means that the separator here, the allonomy operator, is invariant under this amotopy transformation. So this is really cool because the separator then just knows about the amotopy properties of your manifold. In particular, so this is for a flat connection, this allonomy thing, it's allonomy of A flat. The amotopy is a map from any circle that is non-contractable, which is this pi1 group of the manifold into the gauge group. So basically, if your manifold has a pi1, which is trivial, then all these allonomies of that connection must be trivial. G, sorry, up to conjugation. OK, I think I have to celebrate. Sorry? So basically what I'm saying is that if you got something like you got the matrix in G, G minus 1, this is the same as the same matrix, OK? That's identification. OK, I have to accelerate a bit because this is like basics. This will be important because sometimes you have a gauge field which is not a billion, but it's flat. And so the trick is to go to a particular in the form of a cycle such that the gauge field becomes like commuting, all the components commuting, and then it's easy to compute the whistle loop. That's why this is important. Yeah, inside the components will change, right? It's flat, so they become highly non-abillion components. But there's a point. You can deform the cycle C such that all the components commute to themselves, and then the path ordered exponential is very easy. It's just exponential of the whistle line. So I will not compute the determinants, but so you pick these flat connections and look at the fluctuations of that and compute some determinants. So you have this ik, 4 pi transimons, flat. And then you compute some determinants. One loop of that, which depends on the flat connection plus corrections, OK? Now, the crucial observation by Whitton is that insurance assignments, the theory, does not depend on any metric, obviously, classically. But quantum mechanically, you have to choose a metric to pose a gauge condition. So a gauge condition as well as a scalar. So in order to have a scalar, you really need to put a metric. There's no other option. And so you have to make a choice of metric. So how do you know this thing does not depend on the metric after all? Because the theory is topological. Otherwise, you have some sort of anomaly. And it's fun is that this determinant, one loop, depends on something which is topological. And so independent of the metric you have chosen to make the gauge fixing condition. So this thing is called the Heidmeister Ray Singer. And there's another thing which usually is forgotten, which is very important, is that in the one loop fluctuations, you can have zero modes. And if you have zero modes, it will actually depend on k. So there'll be dependence on the level, which goes like the mentioned. So I want to explain how you get this. But so exercise is that if you have this thing of a flat connection, which is always this, then there's some operator d, which is d plus af. And you can check that this square equals zero. So which flat connection defines a sort of a homology. And then it could be the dimension of this homology. For example, suppose you have just a Maxwell fields kinetic terms on a compact manifold. The zero modes are just the one forms. There's the analog of this dimension of h1. And then this h naught actually comes from because you have gauge fixing. There are some constant ghost fields that can contribute to that thing. I leave this thing because this k, you can actually show that it appears in these special functions. Just the comments I want to leave. Yeah, people have shown that. But in principle, all the loop corrections, like all the coefficients of the expansion in the level, a little bit of logical invariance by definition. OK, so I have like half an hour. These are the basics. So this is the perturbative thing. And it could continue. People have computed all these corrections, not for all many folds, but for some of them. You can actually compute this using localization, the path integral, and then check this k expansion. What I'll try to describe now is how to compute this non-perturbatively. So that's what Whitton became famous for, more or less. Sorry. So that is important. OK, you may be wondering why I'm going with all these mathematical definitions. But the thing is that many of these things, you can generalize to that black hole context. Not all of them, but many features will appear. And I'll try to explain them tomorrow. But Whitton's point is that that's a theorem of mathematics. They say that any three-manifold compact can basically be obtained by some operation on S1 times S2. There's some operation. You only get that manifold. There's some operation. And that operation is called surgery. So basically, if you pick S2, S1, it makes some cuts. You do some transformation, glue it back, and you get the M. And this is not non-trivial. It means that you can generate any arbitrary three-dimensional manifold compact. So what is surgery? You know what is surgery, but what does it mean in this context? So the idea is that you have your, so it also means that you can also start with M and do surgery. And it gets any other manifold. So you have your M. And then you pick some path, some line. There's no whistle loop. It's just a geometric construction. You just do that. And then what you do is that you thicken this line, which is one dimension. You thicken this line to give him something around.  So there's some, is this understandable? OK. You thicken that. It's like a tube. So you can write M as M star. I'll just describe what is M star. And this is like a glue, means glue, it's a tube of C. Sorry, this is a contour C here. And I call this tube, tube of C. And this M star is obviously M without the tube. OK. You have this thing. You remove the tube, get M star and the tube. That's obviously. So this M star is now a three-dimensional manifold, but with a boundary. And the boundary of that is a torus of this tube, obviously. So delta is just the boundary of this tube. See, just like T2, obviously. So what is this surgery? Is that this tube, which is a solid torus, now we can do, pick the tube, you cut it, make a cylinder, you twist it with some angle, and glue it back. The other tube.  And you put that tube back. That's the surgery. So the new manifold, so the new manifold you call M tilde, is what? It's M star again. And you glue back some twisted version of this tube. Tube tilde. So what is this twisted version? What does it mean? Let's take, for example, let's take, for example, this tube. So how does it work in more detail? If you pick this tube, this tube can also be composed as a disc, D times S1. So it's a circle. It's a disc, obviously. Can always compose that. Now the boundary of this tube is what? Is the boundary still the 1 times S1? And this is just the boundary of this disc, obviously. So S tilde 1, the circle, because it bounds a disc, it becomes contractible in the full geometry. So this parameterizes the contractible cycle. And the S1, the non-contractible. OK, somehow I defined different notation. So now just define C1 to be S1, C2 to be S tilde 1. So how does this twist?  So does it work? This twist, this cutting and twist is basically a different change of basis for the cycles. So you have this tube, which had cycles of the boundary. And then it shows a different linear combination of C2 to 1 and C2 to 2. It's a different linear combination. And what you do is that you attach a disc to C2 to 2 and keep S tilde 1 non-contractible. That's how it works. Different basis, you attach a disc to that cycle. Now the combination, for example, the combination A C1 plus B C2 is the non-contractible cycle. And the combination C1 plus D C2 is the contractible. Pictorially, how does this work? For example, now I need colors. So I have my tube, I cut it. So I can say this is like cycle C2, for example. And C1 goes like this. So if I identify this side of the cylinder with itself, what do I get? I get the solute torus, this, where you have here a disc. But now, as you can see, this is contractible, right? So this thing here is cycle C2. And the cycle that goes around the hole is a C1. As you can see. But I could do it in a different way. So instead of putting, identifying this way, I have the C2 like this. So basically, you still have the same cycles, OK? C2, C1, OK? But first, I put the disc here and identify this side with that side. So what do I get? So again, it's a little torus. But now, the contractible cycle is C1, right? And the other one, which is around the hole, is a C2. With an important thing, there's a choice of orientation you have to do here. And how does this work? So basically, so there's some orientation thing. That means what? The thing is that you have to rotate this in a different way. So you want this picture is not very well because I want to keep the disc like this and this line like this, OK? So basically, I will rotate this, just rotate. And then you have the same picture, C1. But now the C2 will run this way. That side. And then identify this part with this part. And so what happens from this picture to this one? You can see very easily that the C1, so I'll put A and B. So the C1 in A will go to minus C2 because it goes in the other way, S2 and B. And the C1 will go to the C2, OK? The C2 here will go to the C1 here. Now this, you can easily see that the C1 and C2 went to minus 1, 1, 0, C1, C2. And it is S element of S2Z, S element of SL. So it's important orientation so you get S2Z. So this idea of filling the torus with choosing a different cycle in the boundary is called a then-filling procedure. So put here. So procedure of filling the solid torus. So then I think I can erase this. OK, I should speed up. I'll leave it a nice exercise. For example, a surgery, for example, take S1 times S2. What is this geometrically? You have a sphere times S1. Now you cut the sphere in half. This one's like this. And then you have a circle here and a circle here. Of course, an hemisphere is the same as a disk, homomorphically, because another is the disk. So you have, again, you have a solid torus here, another solid torus here. The fact of glowing this way corresponds just to the identity, this SL2Z map. So you do a surgery with identity and becomes S1 times S2. Now, suppose you do surgery with this element here, the S element of SL2Z. What do you think is going to happen? So basically, I identify this circle here with this one. And this cycle here with S1. So the full geometry doesn't have any more, any noncontractable cycle. So if you do surgery with S, then you obtain a three-sphere, topologically. And in general, for arbitrary A, B, C, D, starting from S1 times S2, you got what is called a land space. So this m tilde is just to be the land space, which you usually denote as L of C and D. It just depends on these two vectors. How much time do I have? 15 minutes? It started much. It's OK. Let's make it 15. OK, so then, this is a very simple surgery on this manifold. But you just consider a particular cycle there. But it could have put the joint cycles. You could have considered starting from S3. Starting from S3, then you can just pick the usual, this cycle C. And you can do surgery on here. And then you get the land space. But I could put a surgery on disconnected cycles. Or I could do surgery on more complicated stuff, on length. And then you can generate any manifold you have. That's how it works. Or I could do the knots. OK? If it is a knot, you can do the surgery on the knot. And then you generate all the manifolds. Any. So what is the idea of Wheaton? So how did Wheaton compute the partition function non-perturbatively? So he wants to compute Z. What he did is that, well, if I can do this arbitrary on m tilde, what I will do is that I'll just take the case of 1. Suppose I'm going to compute the function on m. So I'm starting my manifold. I want to compute this. And I know that m is equal to some surgery on S3. So what it does is that it starts from S3, then you put your path, and then you put a Wheaton loop here on the path. It's on representation Ri. And what he's saying is that Z on S3 with this Wheaton loop Ri, after surgery, sorry, the Z of m is equal to Z on S3 with W Ri, C. And then there is a matrix here, N0, which depends on this SL2Z.  And then you end up with m without any Wheaton loop with no Wheaton loop. Then he claims that the partition of fungus are related in the following way, where Ki is like a representation of SL2Z on some Hilbert space, which I'm not going to describe. But the important thing is K. So there's some matrix K there, ij, which basically takes some element of gamma, SL2Z, and maps it to this some Hilbert space, which is finite dimensional space. It's like a representation. And this K is very nice. So it's very smart, which means that if you know K, this matrix K for S and T, which is the two generators, if you know this matrix because that is a representation, like a homomorphism, then K of S, T, some N, S, T, M, and so on is just a product. So this K then becomes just a product of S, K, TN, KS, KTM, and so on. So we just need to know the images of the generators, and then it can build the full partition function. And this is really reminiscent of what I talked yesterday about this multiplier matrices, because there's some group action. So these m's, very briefly, but roughly these m's are sort of these K's. So once you know the generators, they can build matrices for the full, for the general SL2Z. OK, so I have five minutes, and I'll finish with a very important step, actually. So the last thing I wanted to talk about is how to compute the term Simon's action for a flat connection. So I want to compute this integral, Q, when dA plus A, which A equals 0. And I want to compute it on the solid torus, because that will be the building block of all this business of surgery. And I'll just consider SU2, but you can generalize. So if A is flat, that means you can always write it this way, dG, G minus 1, OK, the gauge group. You can check it's obviously this equation. You can always write this way. Then there's a nice thing is that you can always choose a particular coordinates and element of the gauge group, such that you can always write G. So OK, before that, sorry. So the disk times S1, so you have a disk here. It's the radial direction. And this is like the angular coordinate X. And you have S1, which is parametrized by the coordinate Y, OK? So I'll say that you can always write this gauge transformation, which depends on X, R, and Y in the following way. You can always separate it into an F, X of R, minus Y. So it's very cool. So this function, it's not a billion. It lives in the gauge group, but only lives on the disk. So you can do separation of variables. And this Y is on the circle. And you also have the condition that, so this F goes from d to the gauge group. You also have the condition that limits when R goes to 1. So this is outputting here the boundary at R equals 1. Limit of this F, X, R. It goes like minus I alpha over 2, 3, X. So which means that the gauge transformation, the boundary, it's just on the carton, on the sigma 3. So this G limits R goes to 1. Something like minus I L to Y. And that means that the flat connection as R approaches the boundary becomes what I call this a billion connection. It becomes a billion. All the components are commuting. And remember where I said, now, because the flat connection, I can compute the allotomy wherever I want. So it's from 0 to 1. I can choose this from 0 to 1. I can go to infinity. Yeah, I can go to infinity. It's at the boundary. Doesn't matter. It can go to 1, or it can go to a billion if you want. The important is the boundary condition. This is the boundary condition. So because I said, you can compute the allotomy at R equals 1, and now it's easy. The components are all commuting. And this is just exponential of the whistle line. So the path order then becomes just exponential of A on that path. So if you do it along this S1, then this becomes I pi beta minus I pi beta. OK, I'll just check the final computation. Then I think you have to do it by yourself. So basically, you compute this minus dgg minus 1.  And then you have to plug it. So this trace of A wedge dA plus 2-thirds A cubed becomes minus 1-third trace A wedge A wedge A, using the condition that dA equals minus A wedge A here. And then you plug this A inside this thing. And what you'll find is that this is, I'll leave it as an exercise, 2 pi beta d omega integral on the disk, where omega is trace of df2. And then stokes theorem, you can put this on the circle. And what you'll find, this is the most important result here. So what you'll find is that Stern-Samen's action with a slight connection on this times S1 equals 2 pi beta integral of omega on the circle, which is the boundary of the disk, 2 pi square beta times alpha. So you can try to do it. It's not so difficult. OK, I'll finish here. Thank you.


What's up guys? I'm excited to announce our new series on the channel Shreds Life. I don't know the name yet something like that but the point is I'm gonna take the next six to eight weeks while I'm kind of rehabbing my back to go on an aggressive cut trying to get some shreds. Did some traveling as you guys saw hopefully if you haven't checked back in the vlogs went to New York, Boston, etc.  I one when I'm traveling two when I'm sick I don't really watch what I eat too much considering all that. I came back to Sacramento and I weighed 212 pounds so not bad kind of where I've been sitting for the last couple months. I've been busy with launching the podcast Kaizen stuff the Boris Shaco program. We had a lot of work going on so my lifting kind of took backseat to my business and my travel but now I'm home for a little while and even when I'm on the road I think it's going to be a little bit more relaxed and I'm getting down a little bit more of a system now when I travel that I can work out and eat how I'd like so next six to eight weeks my goal is to get as lean as I can. We'll go into details throughout the series of what I'm doing how I'm doing it but a lot more upper body focused obviously as I'm rehabbing the back there'll be some lower body workouts but not too crazy there'll be some conditioning etc but what I need from you comment below which you guys think I can lose in the next six to eight weeks what goal weight what goal weight do you have for me comment below give the video a thumbs up hopefully you enjoy this workout this is episode one shreds life cutting cutting winter cutting holiday cuts uh swole for the holiday hoe uh Santa's Clauses Cut all those names Xnano you can leave a comment below whatever comment you guys think we should name the series but uh more of an aggressive cut I talked about my history of my weight and gain and loss but I was 234 about 18 months ago took a year dropped about 20 pounds obviously was up and down up and down because I was traveling etc but I've been stable around 212 215 pounds and now we've got to kick off those last couple pounds so comment below what you think I will weigh at the end of these six or eight weeks give it a thumbs up be sure to subscribe turn on notifications to continue turn on notifications so you guys get all releases of all the videos and enjoy the video this is for you punch nuggies you'll always be punching i'll get in my heart this question if we did a go fund me to get max i ate us some new kicks would you donate one dollar that's that's our boy pom pom i got a dollar on some kicks buddy i got a dollar on some kicks for max getting crushed on the internet how important is it to train the opposite stance and deadlifts everyone's got their own opinion on conventional sumo to carry over even close group to carry over high bar to carry over to low low bar i think there are certain relationships that are more common and help more often it will depend on lifter most of the time i'd say a sumo puller needs to be doing some type of conventional pulling and they're off season helps build the glutes hands low back well even if it's a lighter with with higher reps a block pull something like that not always do i believe that a sumo helps the conventional as much i think there's better options for a conventional puller accessory wise deficit bands block pull pause something like that for a conventional guy but for sumo i do think one to give the hippies a little break and two to build up the low back that some kind of conventional pulling will help this girl said she got is a hot dog a sandwich i'm gonna guess it's wrapped in bread right should we interrupt that one he's coaching someone we'll get we'll get them this is the internet wants to know yeah is a hot dog a sandwich no you heard it here first that's it i guess that's it you're welcome okay there's a sandwich a hot dog look look look i'm gonna kill myself close the light it's a little baby fat it's something i can't yeah there we go bunch and all can't still function on if it's wrapped in bread and you have more than one condiment potential condiment not that you have to put on then it becomes a sandwich uh steak you typically just put like the butter on top or maybe like some chimichurri so that's not a sandwich this is like one topping but potentially a hot dog you go like mustard ketchup relish nacho cheese all these things plus being wrapped in bread i think those are the two definitions of a sandwich being wrapped in bread and potentially high amounts of condiments making it better because you're great footwork bye bye people one two three i'm using a lot of arms and like swinging them all out of range from yeah that one okay four rounds 20 seconds all out minute and a half breather in between results made very uh i'm doing this about three or four times a week starting my cardio on that shreds life calculating uh calories and such i'm gonna track my food probably every two or three days to make sure i'm on pace um but i do better mentally when i don't track and i'm just aware so uh i'll make sure i'm in kind of the calorie range i want but i track for three years straight two years straight so i have a good good idea of what i need and where i've been high intensity cardio because i'm not doing lower body don't want to get the lower low intensity high intensity argument or debate but low intensity if i have to really focus on squats and deads i like high intensity for the time convenience uh and the effect when i'm not trading as much lower body as it right now so we'll get after it shreds life episode one welcome


Let me introduce myself briefly. I am Hiroaki Yastake, so please call me Hiro. I am the director of the Japan CTO Association and I used to be the CTO of Rakuten until 2016 January. And now I am running a small startup called Junify in the United States. And also an advisor of several Japanese companies from small to enterprise. And I am watching many challenges and how to utilize and manage technologies in the organization. So I'd like to discuss with you about this topic and about you. Yes, I introduce myself or should you? Yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah, I don't think I need to ask you to introduce your room in detail because they found many, many information about you because thanks to your radical transparency policy. So many, many information is on the internet. But I think it would be very helpful for audience to ask you to introduce yourself briefly and also topics which you are paying attention recently. Certainly. I'm Audrey Tang, Taiwan's digital minister in charge of social innovation, open governments and youth engagement. I will read you my job description, which I wrote in 2016 as a prayer to highlight the topics that I care deeply about is very short goes like this. When we see the internet of things, let's make it an internet of beings. When we see virtual reality, let's make it a shared reality. When we see machine learning, let's make it collaborative learning. When we see user experience, let's make it about human experience. And whenever we hear that the singularity is Nia, let's always remember the plurality is here. I checked your GitHub account today, and I saw that you are still writing a code and uploading it to the GitHub. It's very, very interesting. I've never seen or heard that the Japanese, the politicians is actually writing a code now. So what kind of project are you working on? What kind of the projects do you have interested in right now? I believe in automating away the chores. This is the virtue of laziness that I learned from Larry Wa when I was a very young Pearl hacker. And so I tend to just look at my workflow, identify the part of workflow that could be automated. And I talk to myself saying, you know, even if it's just five minutes, well, I write code pretty quickly. So it takes me maybe 10 minutes to automate away a five minute task. So by the second time I do this, I already save time. So if you see my commits recently, it will be about maintaining my radical transparency records. I'm currently integrating many different input forms, including this conversation in a semi automated way, so that everything can be captured in a way that could be my map and shared later. Wow, which computing language you are using? And what is most favorite one? The thing is a dream in Pearl. So I can write Pearl without thinking. So for very quick scripting tasks, of course, I still write Pearl. But of course, to share code with other people, nowadays the lingua franca JavaScript, of course, is what I go to nowadays. I'm a avid reader of code. So although I'm not a professional, for example, rust programmer, or Python programmer, Ruby programmer, I can read such a code without much difficulty. Yeah, I also a big fan of the power and the when I used to work for the Latin, I wrote a lot of the power code for the back end kind of the batch systems. But it was really a problem for the other people because my power code was not good. Well, it creates an incentive for our staff to replace the code that we wrote. So in a sense, its specification delivered as prototypical code. I want to start the first topic about the big changes we are watching right now. The core theme of this event is change. So I'd like to open the conversation from this keyword as a phrase change, bring people kind of mixed feelings. It sounds positive if people believe the bright future after the change, but the people get very nervous if they want to stay as they are. So whether people like it or not, technologies has been evolving and will be everything from now on and it has created a lot of changes over society. So I see many hope and fear at the same time among the people, especially about technology. So I'd like to start from asking you changes and key technologies behind the change that you've seen and you have interested in this kind of past 5 or 10 years. Definitely. So I believe technology and technologists like us should change to adapt to an evolving societal demand. So it's about appropriate technology, meaning that technology that could be appropriated by people on the ground, that is in contrast to disruptive technology, which means the technologies don't change and we expect people to adapt themselves to the disruptive technology because they got disrupted. So it's two very different views on change making and I'm firmly on the camp of pluralist, meaning that whatever change the technology makes is to adapt to the societal needs without harming existing societal norms. Now to further this kind of co-creation in the past decade, one of the most important technologies that we have seen is real-time collaborative tools. Indeed, we are using one right now, right? Otherwise we will have to physically travel. Yes, so what I'm trying to get at is that previously people have to be in the same room, sharing a whiteboard, maybe listening to each other, but as each individual person comes to the room it gets progressively harder and harder for them to catch up on the context and build meaningful relationships. Once it hits Dunba's number, 150 people, then the organization become hierarchical. It became impossible to be flat or to peer to peer. But in the past 10 years, time and again we have seen community innovations in distributed ledger communities, in the open-source, open innovation communities. We've seen crowdsourcing and crowdfunding building upon the asynchronous Wikipedia model into the more synchronous model. Indeed, we have seen that people can co-create with not just 150 people but tens of thousands of people at the same time through collaborative tools. So I believe modern-day co-creation collaborative tools is the most important societal innovation in the past decade and indeed that's how Taiwan countered the pandemic without a single day of lockdown and countered that this information crisis was no take-downs from the administration. I read a lot of the news about your amazing achievement. It was actually amazing and thank you for sharing your views. It's the keyword co-creation and collaboration. I think it's very, very important. And so this the conversation won't be happened if we don't have any technologies. And thank you for the online collaboration tools now so we can talk and we can share the information simultaneously to the many, many people. But at the same time, I'm wondering this might have a kind of both of the positive and negative side, especially the social media has a huge, kind of impact, making an impact on the society. So how do you see the big impact of the social media right now? When it becomes easy to connect with many, many people at the same time, what we have discovered is that the societal norms around gatherings differ from one social media place to the other. I've often liked Facebook as a nightclub in the digital realm, in the entertainment sector. People go there to be entertained. But because its business model is selling you well, not addictive drinks, but addictive advertisement, but something is very similar, right? So they want, at least initially, to get people into a mood of impulse, impulsive buying, impulsive sharing and things like that. And the emotion outrage is very viral, meaning that it motivates more clicking of the button share without thinking twice about it. So it's like saying, you know, when we try to hold a civilized conversation, maybe with our mayor, maybe a town hall, but when we hold it in the nightlife district in a nightclub, we found it's very difficult because smoke fill the room. You can't see each other very well. You have to shout to get heard. There's private bouncers. There's addictive drinks, as I mentioned. All in all, maybe some gambling going on. So all in all, very difficult to sustain a civilized conversation. But social media is not just that sort of nightlife district. There's also the digital equivalent of university campuses. Taiwan's equivalent of Reddit, the PTT, is a student pet project from a university subsidized entirely by the academic network for the past 25 years. So people concentrated on the common good on getting the message out that pertains to the common good without wasting their time because there's no advertisers at all or any profit seeking motifs. So that's civic infrastructure. In Taiwan, we also have the digital public infrastructure like the join platform where people can participate in budget making and reviewing in starting petitions and meeting in a local town hall literally about their allocation of budget or regulatory pre-announcements and so on. And again, the 3 million different visitors in more than 30 million visits in a year, they enjoy themselves because they know that there will be no room for trolls and the join platform is not trying to push any advertisement or any commercial addiction to them. So while the underlying technology may be similar, recommendation engines and so on, it's designed around different societal norms. And just for the record, I'm not against the entertainment sector. I just want to say that the city should be, there's some public parks, some campuses, some town halls, which is also important. We can't only have societal gatherings in the nightlife district. Yeah, thank you for pointing in both of the positive and negative sides. And we're going to talk about the positive side right now. But so they I want to ask you a little bit more about the negative side. So the U sector kind of the key words and nightcraft and addiction, those kinds of things as a kind of government or the kind of the position of the kind of should kind of the platformers or the tech giants, I'm not sure what is the right word, should they control the information or the do you believe the kind of the perfect freedom will be the future among the kind of on the social media network. So I see this as a mental health issue. And of course, just like we protect against the negative externalities on say smoking or drinking of heart liquor in nightlife district. So too, should we emphasize on the digital competence education, not just in basic education as Taiwan does, but also in lifelong education, because if a child is exposed to addictive drinks and smoking as the socially cool thing to do before they can form their own opinions about such substances, then of course, the society pays a very large externality negatively about this situation. And so if we phrase it as a mental health thing, one of the most important thing is to understand, I think is a red part experiment that showed us that addiction is a symptom, but it's not a cause. It's not a root cause. It is mostly societal disconnection, loneliness, the feeling of disempowerment and many other things that cause the addictive behavior. So if today it's not social media, if you banned social media, something else that maybe was will get people addicted if they feel disempowered and disconnected to their communities. So I believe two things. First, that we should foster the civil society organizations such as PTT to build compelling alternatives of social gathering places for people to build meaningful connections that can actually affect in policy change. That's the first thing. And the second thing is that we should be as transparent as possible in our own behaviors on the digital realm from the governments and ask the private sector to do the same. When we do campaign donation and financing, for example, we publish as open data in Taiwan so that journalists can analyze all the different connections of election campaigns and the lobbyists, for example. But if the lobbyists turn around and buy some sponsored advertisements on Facebook and bypass the entire societal norm around transparency, then of course it creates a very bad rippling effect, which is why the Taiwanese people in 2019 threatened social sectioning Facebook if they do not conform to the radical transparency standards that the government is already doing around campaign donation. And so Facebook basically said, okay, we will do that in your jurisdiction. And for all the social and political advertisements, they also disclose as open data so that such influences do not bypass the societal and journalistic oversight. So just like public health experts is the most important profession encountering the pandemic, I firmly believe journalism and civic journalists is the most important profession when fighting against this mental health hazard. Thank you. So now I got your point. So now people tend to see a kind of new social network as kind of the evil technology. So tend to focus on the technology because it's new. But as you mentioned, the social media, even though if it's very, very addictive, it might be similar with the smoking or the alcohol, just alcohol. So we have to take some control on kind of the human behavior side. But the technology helps. But people tend to see the technology is itself as a kind of the evil or the bad things. But that is different. That is just the activity of the people. That's your point, right? And to extend the metaphor a little bit, of course, we have seen jurisdictions such as the US at one point did prohibition, which means outlawing alcohol drinking like completely, right? But prohibition is now generally seen as kind of a very drastic last resort. It is a little bit like locking down everyone when the pandemic gets really bad. It may be necessary or perceived as necessary, but prevention and public health education is the most important because lockdowns have its consequences and people suffer fatigue. And maybe people make a habit of breaking the law if you lock them down too long, right? And so while, of course, some conversations around the kind of sanctions that we impose on the more anti social corner of social media, maybe like heart drugs, that's worth having a conversation. However, if we classify all social media as bad and ban them all, that will has its own negative externalities because the civil society groups will not then have the time and expertise to build what I call vaccines of the mind, the kind of good habits like washing your hands and wearing a mask that can actually help defend against further mutations of the virus of the mind. Thank you so much. I want to move on the second topic. Second topic is about how to manage the technologies in the organization. As we discussed, that technology makes a huge impact on a society like social media. So the technology is a very important tool for everyone right now, but I see some difficulties to manage technologies, especially in a traditional organization like a government. The agility is the another key important keyword to provide the good services for students or the customers. And it is a very, very famous story that Taiwan made a great success to kind of distribute masks to the people by making the clear stock of the mask in each pharmacy when the COVID-19 started. It was amazing, amazing, kind of the quick and strong actions. And I heard that your story, so when you visit the pharmacy and the pharmacy owner was struggled because the oil must all sold out, but it's available sign on the web. And you ordered or asked someone to change it and it was fixed very quickly. That's great agility and it is totally different from kind of the stereotype of the government services and public sector services. So I want to ask you, did you achieve that and what is the key items to make any of the public services or everything's better with agility? Thank you. I think there are two keys, swift and safe. So when I was a child, I visited Germany's data for a year. And I remember that my mother drove on Autobahn, the German highway. And it's very famous because it has no speed limits. And that was news to me because in Taiwan, we always have speed limits in our highways.  And this is a very counter intuitive thing for me. So I remember it very clearly. But agility is about actually reducing risk as you move quicker because we can actually pay off technical debts much more easy if we see the discrepancies, the diet biases and so on earlier in the game. If we have an onsite customer pointing out the difficulty that our design will cause, then we can actually adjust it very quickly as opposed to like waiting to read the newspapers, which may be a week later into the game, right? So faster is actually also safer. And the key to co-creation within a bureaucracy is to make sure that we publish as soon as we collect data. Of course, privacy and trade secret and many other things need to be respected. But for example, the Musk inventory has no privacy impact. It's zero privacy impact. And so because of that, if we publish every 30 seconds, it enable everyone to see the data bias. And when they point out the issues as you mentioned, we can then say, yeah, no, there's bias in the data. Please help us correct it because you have the same broad data as we do. But in the higher latency way, if we publish it every week, then nobody can help. Everybody can just criticize or protest or whatever, because they do not have the operational data, the minute to minute data that can lead to new ways of distribution, pre-registration and things like that. And counter-intuitively, if you hold data on your hands for a week before publishing it and the data was wrong, nevertheless, everybody blames you. But if you do not hold the data and publish soon as it's collected every 30 seconds, well, everybody knows you have no time to review the data anyway. So you do not get a blame. You get poor requests. You get things that are very constructive and co-creative simply because people see that the government is really trusting the citizens. That's amazing story. Yeah, I totally agree with you that all data should be disclosed if there is a data. But at the same time, so I want to go into a little bit deeper, but the data requires the system. And system, sometimes it's very old-fashioned like a hostile system, it's the dinosaur and it is very hard to maintain, hard to retrieve the data from the database. And there are a bunch of the reasons we cannot do that. And I guess, even in Taiwan, the situation might be something like that. There are many similar situations. I saw the many similar situations all over the world, especially in a traditional organization. The system is very old-fashioned and it's not capable for keeping the agility good. So I'll ask you, what is the situation in Taiwan and how you manage it? Yeah, I will use one example. In 2020, when we did our payment stipend, really, to people who are of middle or low income, who are adversely affected by the pandemic, many of them do not have a smartphone or even if they do, they do not want and have no experience of installing additional apps or navigating a progressive web app. So because of that, many people took to the counters to write their bank account or if they don't have a bank account, they want to receive a check, then they write their physical address. And they, of course, have their personal details, some proofs, how they were adversely affected in their incomes by the pandemic and so on. And it created such a huge backlog that the local municipalities simply could not review those applications in time. The new type of city even put boxes and boxes of such forms and shipped it, carried it to the central government, saying, you have designed this system, now you help us to digitize it. And it took a very long time before we can actually process all those forms. And I see you nodding. And so maybe Japan is no stranger to that sort of situation. But in 2021, we are prepared. So in 2021, when we run exactly the same project again, we simply said, there is no counter. We're not setting up any counter to receive applications. There will be no way to submit things through those counter. Now, of course, maybe you're thinking, are we forcing people to use smartphones? We're not. What we're doing is that we're printing out those forms in a simplified way, kind of like a postcard, a large A4 paper, that you can fold twice into an envelope with the postage already paid. And people can print it themselves. The PDF is available online. The local community offices and so on, can just photocopy as many forms as possible. So we switched from a centralized kind of hub and spoke model into a plural model where everyone can serve as distributor of those forms. And once they fill in the forms, which is simplified and have a photocopy of the envelope of their bank account, for example, they just push it into a local postbox. And then the postpeople will deliver it into the social entrepreneurs that specialize in working with people who may be handicapped. They can't move very easily, but they still type very well, professionals. So to find them the job of digitizing very quickly all the incoming postcards. So the people who can use the website, of course, use the website, but even for people who prefer to send a postcard, their request become a website request very quickly, thanks to the very efficient mail delivery and the typing people. And so by introducing assistive intelligence, meaning instead of asking people to change their habits, we assist all the public servants along the way to reduce their burden and risk. We very quickly reimbursed pay the stipend to everyone who are eligible to such payments. So the point I'm making is that, of course, it is very difficult to change a technological stack, but it is very easy actually to introduce some plug-ins to introduce some assistive tools that do not replace anyone on the processing line, but rather reconfigure the processing line so it becomes massively parallel. And that is mostly the work we're doing in digital transformation here. That is a great idea. So replacing the kind of center database or the system architecture is always hard. So you don't focus on the scrap and build from everything. So you focus on plug-in. And assistive technology and attaching to the many plug-ins to the kind of the old-fashioned technologies. Yes, that's how the internet was built. The DNS, the email and so on were all built on such principles of polycentralism. Wow, that's a great idea. Yeah, I have the same idea, but sometimes there's no API of the center system and it's very hard to connect with the old-fashioned system sometimes. So do you see some difficulties in Taiwan too? In 2016, we changed our procurement contract template. Previously, if you build a people-facing system or website and you say it's only for people who can see, but for people who cannot see very well, well, they're doomed. If you say that as an IT vendor, you may be disqualified from government purchases. Accessibility is very important and everything needs to adapt to screen readers and many assistive tools that people with different abilities use. So we piggybacked on that existing flaws in the template and say machines are a kind of people needing accessibility help. So Json OpenAPI is a kind of screen reader and if any IT vendor built a system and say, oh, this is good only for human beings, but if you start to speak OpenAPI standard then we cannot provide service, they can also be disqualified or discriminating against robots. We don't quite say that but that's the effect. So basically by putting an API first way of designing things, this solves the dilemma of wanting the stability of the bedrock of the systems, which may be running, I don't know, DB2, hopefully not DBase 3, but very old technology, but they need to speak, Json, they need to speak OpenAPI standard. We made the OAS 3 a national standard even before OAS 3 gets released. So even when it's released candidate, we already made it a national standard. So when we fight the pandemic, we're then blessed with a lot of Lego blocks that may be repurposed very quickly. The Lego blocks of authentication of mobile IT pay us very well with the Lego block of printing the QR code for contact tracing, the SMS-based contact tracing. The system that we use to file our personal tax can be repurposed in just three days into rationing out the mask pre-registration and that system, after changing for another couple months, become a vaccine reservation system, plugging into many other APIs as well. So when you have an API first procurement contract, the IT vendors learn that they can work with startups and keep their job security because the startups specialize on the front and innovation and they can still maintain their bedrock code bases. Wow, it's beautiful story. That's great. And I totally agree with the direction, but in most of the organization, especially in the public sector, for me, it looks very, very difficult or the most it's almost impossible because the vendor controls everything. And the organization side, there is no person who are familiar with the tech to change the programming process or sends a clear requirement to the vendors. I see some kind of the structure problem in a kind of traditional organization. Taiwan is totally different. It's amazing. Yeah. And so what about outsourcing and in-house development team in the government sector? So do you have in-house tech team inside of the organization or the outsourcing everything to the IT vendors? The designers are in-house. The coders are often contracted, but there is, of course, a tendency of designers who can also code. Well, I'm a designer who code as a way to express my design. So it creates a pressure on the IT vendor because if they do not meet the deadline, for example, personally, I go in and write some code to fill in that particular part that didn't fill the deadline. And of course, this code is not meant to be maintained. So the code quality is not properly reviewed and so on. But at least it conveys the design concept across. So designers who can code not especially well and not in a maintainable way, but they can code to express their ideas. That is very, very important. And then the IT vendors are then left with no choice because the minister's code must be scrapped in order to be maintained. So they have to rewrite that part of code. But the API is already there. So they have to conform to my design. So a designer who cannot code, of course, face pushback from the IT, from the ops, and so on. But a digital designer who can code always have the upper hand. I learned that from my time in Apple, by the way. I've never heard the minister step in the project and writing a code. To push them forward. That's amazing story. Thank you. Now technology can make a big change of the traditional, indirect democracy system. I totally agree with that. But at the same time, everyone knows that technology can make a big change. But it is also not easy to change the traditional system at the same time because the people don't believe the power of the technology or the people are not familiar with the technology enough. So there is a huge gap between the technology can do and the people exactly do that or not. So what's your idea to fill the gap of the technology can do and people want to do? I think democracy itself is a social technology. When we say democracy, we actually refer to many specific forms of social collaboration. Maybe you're thinking about voting for mayors and voting for presidents. Maybe I'm thinking about participatory budgeting. Some other people may think about referendums, yet others may think of petitions and so on. And all these are democracy. They are forms of democracy. There's people working on new technologies in the democratic space, for example, citizens assembling, which like a jury, but not for court cases, but for administrative cases. There are people who experiment with sortition, random generated panels of people who deliberate and bring things back to their communities and many, many others. So when we say democracy, I think it's important to understand that it means a tendency of technologists to work on things that enable people to make decisions together. And as long as a technology can enable, make decisions together in a way that is more accepted than the technologies before, then they're contributing to democracy. I would say also that it has no direct link to digital. Digital is assistive, meaning we can help speed up or reach more people in those democratic innovations. But some of the most innovative democratic innovations, such as open space technology, although it says technology, it's really just about a full camp or bar camp or a conference where people walk from one room or another corner of the room and set agenda together and maybe use some thoughts for voting and so on. And none of this is digital.  So I think we need to make the distinction that IT's potential is large. It connects machine to machines. But when we say digital, it means connecting people with people. And that's a different class of technology, social, plural technologies. And that technology is still yet to be invested fully by people, because previously investments into the space suffer from the tragedy of the commons. Almost by nature, it has to be open source free software. So you cannot directly derive monopolistic profit from investment into such spaces. But nowadays, of course, we're seeing governments as well as venture capitalists are saying, oh, this is actually something like the early ARPA net. It's not just for military or the academia. It's also useful for ordinary people to run their communities together. And so something like a prototypical internet is now forming around such social technologies to make decisions together. So Taiwan is one of the early labs, I think, in this collaboration. But it's not about particular IT technologies. It's about particular forms of democracy that we can improve together. I see. So you intentionally use the kind of digital as a phrase to connect people, human beings. And technology is a connect machines. It is different. Wow. That's very new concept for me. In English, digitization connects machines. But digitalization connects people with an awe in it. So that's a difference from the internet of things and internet of beings. Thank you so much. That's very inspiring. And so in your kind of team is that executive team in a Taiwanese government. So how much people understand that kind of latest technology trends and the essential of the technologies? Well, as we know, the best way to predict the trend of technology is to create it yourselves. So we believe in lowering the cost of experimenting with new forms of technologies. For example, when people care about the air pollution PM 2.5, instead of waiting for the government to expand on the network of PM 2.5 sensing stations, which in 2014, there were less than 100 people just built their own based on Arduino on Raspberry Pi on many other open hardware designs and very simple sensors that individually may be inaccurate. But when tens of thousands of people participate together, it paints a very accurate picture of PM 2.5 and other air pollution metrics. And so this is what I call a people-public-private partnership, meaning that it starts with the social sector, with people experimenting, the maker community experimenting with new ways of sensing the weather and pollution together. And once they gather the data, they gain legitimacy vis-a-vis the government, because when students, parents want to decide whether they want to run jog in the morning, they of course trust their own balcony or their child's school instead of many kilometers away at the government's weather station on the air pollution metrics. And once they gain legitimacy, they then gain political capital. And the government, because we're a liberal democracy after all, we say, yeah, we can't beat them. We must join them. So then we take the specification as created by the society and ask the hard to reach places such as industrial parks because we own the lamps there to adopt exactly the same PM 2.5 air boxes as the design of the community. And of course, we also help on lowering the cost, calibrating the precision, hardening against cybersecurity attacks, and so on. That's what the government can contribute. And then the private sector, far from capturing the regulation or far from monopolizing the manufacturing, they can then build a impact economy based on the amelioration of those pollutions based on measuring accurately the polluters and then sell green and upcycling and circular economy industry instead of selling turkeys to evade the governmental inspection. So in a more pro-social way, we build the economy for the better, starting from the social sector norms.  In the next topic, I'm going to focus on the people mindset, especially about the new technologies. Let me give you the one example. In Japan, we still see kind of many digitized information posted on the government website with PDA format. And it's really hard for the machines to read. And it is not familiar with the human beings because it says very complicated Japanese phrases, old-fashioned Japanese phrases. For the most of people, it is really hard to understand. It's just long PDA format. In 2020, now 2022, in the internet era, I don't think it makes sense for the most of people. And I think the root cause of the issue comes from the people mindset in the organization. The announcement from the government have done on the paper for a long time. And it is what people are familiar with. And there are some rules and regulations. So it is really hard to break and change the rules or the mindset. And we are behind against the speed of the evolving technologies. We can provide better services with latest technologies, but mindset is still far behind. And I see the gap yet. So do you see similar gap in Taiwan too? Well, I'm not against PDF. When you get a vaccine shot in Taiwan, of course, the entire record is kept in the NIIS, the NIS system, which is entirely structured. You can very easily download it with the personal app of the National Health Insurance Administration's NHI Express app and so on. But at the end of the day, if you want to travel abroad and you go to DVC for digital vaccination certificate, dvc.mohw.gov.tw, authenticate using FIDO or using your national health card number, and then click make a certificate. That's still a PDF. So we're not against PDF because it looks very pretty. It looks official. It has this mark, this seal, this air of official NIS legitimacy on it. But of course, equally important is that prominent in that PDF is a QR code corresponding to the EU DCC, so that you can actually cut down everything else and just keep that QR code. It carries the same legitimacy anyway. We make sure that our verifier is a progressive web application, so you don't have to download it. It's agnostic on your web browser and so on. It's open source, MIT licensed. So you can actually fork our vaccine credential checker and to integrate it with your own workflow and so on. And of course, there's already integrations of the Google Pay and Apple Pay wallets and many more. So while the form looks like the PDF, just to make people feel safer so that they can print it as a fallback. If they don't have a phone, if their phone runs out of battery, at least they can take out that printed PDF and show the same QR code and they feel much safer for it. But it does not exclude newer applications based on those QR codes. So I say why not have both, right? Let's have the PDF, but have the PDF carrying structural data with electronic signature verified on open source technologies and so people can bring whatever workflow they want into it. Thank you. The PDF carrying the structure of data and this will signify totally different than what I told you. And so last week, I had to go to the San Francisco to get the resident certification and I downloaded the PDF, but I can write down my personal information on the digitalized PDF, but it's just for printing out. So it's a PDF, but just digitalized copy of the old fashioned paper format. Yeah, maybe we call it PDF 1.0 and the PDF I'm talking about PDF 3.0 or something. Yep. So the latest technology will help to reduce the cost of the operation and provide a better service, a user experience to the customers. But people's mindset still stays on all the fashions. I'm not sure, but I still don't find a good way to break this loop of the chain. It's not easy to change. Yeah, I never break people's mindset. I always do incremental contributions. So it's about harmless coexistence. The people who are used to paper would not mind if the paper suddenly have some QR code on it. I mean, they just skip that, right? But for us, of course, the QR code is the only important thing in that paper. So by piggybacking on existing vehicles, we make sure that people feel comfortable, and that's the most important thing. When we rationing out the mask on convenience stores, my grandma said that my plan, initial plan of using ATM and debit card is a bad plan. She's almost 90 years old now, and her young friends, 77 years old, feel that the ATM is a dangerous place. They only use ATM to withdraw cash, but they never use ATM to wire money. They always go to the post office or the bank and write on a piece of paper because they were afraid if they type just one digit wrong, their entire saving will be gone. So when we initially designed the mask rationing, preregistration, and ordering to be on the ATM machine and just wiring a few dollars to get a receipt, and you can redeem that for a mask the next week, they said they will never use it. They will rather go back to pharmacy to queue in line. And that's when we change the kiosks, the workload, so that they can use exactly the same national health card. No pass were required, and no money wired in the kiosk. So they just insert their national health card and get a receipt, and they can pay in cash, counting the coins on the counter in the convenience store. And then they're happy to go to the convenience store for mask preregistration in 2020. That was April. So the point is that it may seem less effective. It's probably less efficient, but it's actually better because then the people who have co-created together the 77-year-old grandma Yang, she's a community key opinion leader. So she will then teach the 66-year-olds and 55-year-olds and so on and rally everyone into this new way because she participated in the co-creation and she is happy and she doesn't feel that her expectation of the ATM is broken and so on. So I think social innovation begins by empowering people closest to the pain, regardless of what we think as effective or efficient. Thank you. So my mistake was I was trying to make a kind of big jump. Instead of that, the incremental approach, incremental improvement step by step, it's a good way to navigate the people for the new technologies. Thank you so much for your advice. That's a great, great story. You established a research company as an entrepreneur and now you are leading the country. That's amazing career for us. Could you share your view about the career and advice for the audiences? I think I'm just a person who can code. As I mentioned, I code as a way to express my design ideas and brief and sketches and so on. And I think identifying with particular experiences is fine. I said I started programming when I was eight. That was fine. But I would not say when I was eight, I become a programmer. I would not say that because defining oneself in one's profession may be great career-wise, but when new situation comes and your basically forced to adapt your line of work because you want to adapt to the actual societal needs, then you will then have to take different sides. You will have to take the sides that you were less familiar with. You may actually have to understand the MBA's language or the designer's language or the quality assurance, customer success, many other languages. But it's important to see them as what they are like languages. It's just running like the laws and regulations, running on a different virtual machine. So keep your computational thinking mindset, keep your design thinking mindset, but do not define yourself into being too tightly coupled to particular instruction sets. And once you become portable, I think that's the word. You become portable in your experiences. You will find that far more than we imagined, whatever we learned in the software engineering profession, the key about refactoring, about forking, about merging and things like that, about collaboration, it can actually port very well into politics, into commerce, into many other areas. So keep agile and keep portable. Thank you so much. Yeah, we are using the CTO as a kind of the key phrase of our community. But as the advice, so we can put our technology knowledge at the center of our skill, but we have to open up our eyes to the outside of the technologies and to connect the people and the world. Yeah, thank you for a great advice. Finally, could you give us some key message about the how to adapt the changes or the how to make impact on the team's organizational society? I would like to invite you to think of ourselves as good enough ancestors. Most of the work that are going to be done are going to be done by next generations. If we are humble enough, we must be good enough instead of perfect, because we can actually not be perfect. And even if we are, it leaves less room for the next generation to innovate. So to quote my favorite poet, Lena Cohen, ring the bells that still can ring. Forget your perfect offering. For there is a crack, a crack in everything. And that is how the light gets in. Thank you for listening. Live long and prosper. Thank you so much. Yeah, we really appreciate you to take your precious time for us. And thank you so much for today. Thank you. Arigato gozaimashita. Arigato gozaimashita. Thank you so much.