You've had a lot of controversy with big other youtubers and stuff like that to Jordan being one of them He's had run ends with Tyson fury corner McGregor just recently. How did that be start with you and him? Yeah, that's that's all old that beef And and truthfully I held nothing against the guy.   I have no I've no real genuine beef for them I can sit here and make fun of the guy, but beef over what I don't really care I mean this in in the world this people you I Do have enemies on this on in the world and I do know who they are, but then I was social media Let's put it that way.


All right, what's up everyone so we just okay, so we just got back from the vegan outreach night if you If you're in France, you've got to do baguette. Okay? We've got baguette We also got about four packets of this seitan from the vegan shop and We've got some chickpeas salad few other things some tomatoes Gonna make a sandwich and then I've got a speech Inside your heart hello, this is the best hot chocolate I've ever had apparently with this speech They will be talking into an app to translate and the app will be displayed the writing will be displayed behind me There's mostly people who aren't vegan here, which is really good like I don't even think all the activists are here yet It's a really good turnout already Oh My name is Joey Carbstrong. I'm currently traveling around Europe to promote a message of peace justice and compassion Now I have a very interesting colourful intense past Thank you But the last statement Yeah, my experiences led me to this point and I believe there was something else At play something. I don't know. It's almost like it was meant to happen this way He's saying God maybe Look, I'm not one to say I know everything but all I know is Something happened to me along the way and and something intervened But you know, I'm open and I believe that And I would never tell anyone that God doesn't exist that's not for me to say This is not what this is about these are questions as To whether a compassionate God, which I believe, you know, God would be compassionate loving Would want us to murder his creation in a slaughterhouse Destroy his environment and cause the number one killer of his beloved human beings Just doesn't make sense. We're talking about the most intelligent being the creator of everything Doesn't make sense Why would I loving God compassionate God Create animals to feel pain pain receptors suffer feel fear Desire a life of freedom desire happiness and well-being he created animals like this But also made them as food To be stabbed to death to drown in their own blood inside of a slaughterhouse Does not make any sense that sounds more like the work of the devil Genesis 1 29 Then God said I give you every seed bearing plant on the face of the whole earth They will be your food The garden of Eden was vegan Until they started sinning eating animals doesn't make sense For compassionate God to have slaughterhouses makes no sense Animals who eat meat they don't have our conscience that God's you know, and they're in survival situation We're not if one were to believe that God created all Earth human beings God would also have had to give us our conscience here in your heart Not what's written in the book. It's written in your heart right here. If you look at a slaughterhouse Watch it.  Create our children small little children to be afraid of their own food being produced It doesn't make any sense Okay, you can take a child strawberry picking. They wouldn't feel sick and be disturbed slaughterhouse workers are suffering PTSD from stabbing animals all day This is not good The earth is being destroyed. These are questions you can ask yourself Don't believe me. Just ask yourself these questions We have gifts. We have abundance. We have choice But thank you, thanks for the work you do as well spreading peace and peace and That went well, I feel really pumped after that. Thank you so much. Thank you I think what we're seeing now is big changes happening worldwide. You can't deny that I mean our efforts are working. Do I think some things could be done better than better than others? Yeah, but would I rather someone do something than nothing? Of course I mean, we're all learning no one knows what the best form is until we try it out Follow your heart anyway, right if their hearts in the right place and they're doing a vegan activism for you know animals and I'm Yeah Yeah with the butchers. Yeah, is this the form of activism that I do and think is most effective for me No, it's whether or not I think that it is justified If they were dogs hanging from hooks in that window that have been taken from people's yards and butchered And someone sprayed Stop killing dogs and smashed a window What would people be more upset about the dogs in the window butchered or the spray paint and broken window? That's not true. That's completely false. I've made videos that have converted a thousand people Now think about the blow that that that gives to their economic value of their product Supply and demand is the driving force behind these industries. They're industries. They're not just Slaving animals for no reason.  An animalist, you know, you got animal, right animalist.  So we consider humans. Oh, yeah And we consider that we have to fight for every sentient being on that planet So an animalist is mean we know about the injustice and all the injustices, all right And we decide to fight for the rights of the oppressed persons on that planet, you know Yeah, so that's why I like it. I love it. The message isn't getting through fast enough So I appreciate all forms of advocacy and whatever gets the message out there if you prefer the peaceful Conversational style route which I do and I promote great if it's more you to do something a little bit more direct action I'm not gonna stop you, you know in the face of what's happening to animals We need us all fighting in our own way. So this is like one of the first years Like we've seen where they the real message of animal rights is coming to the forefront ethical Vegan message.  I really want to make a change here And it's just like you can really feel it like feel it when they're talking to you like they they're like just keep an eye out For what's going to happen here in France and I don't know man. Like I just like you can Recognize yourself in others. You can see your passion in their eyes So when you have determination and courage like that and a belief that anything's possible It's a recipe for changing the world really is Are they always here? The police are always here for AD So the police are standing right there It's vegan it means it's healthy How many churches I'm gonna do workshops in hey When I found out what was happening to animals and I looked at some slaughterhouse footage and seen the struggle in their faces and The desperation in their eyes. I Was so angry I Thought how can we all stand by while this is happening? Why isn't anyone listening to their screams? Why isn't anyone helping and I was frustrated


We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other thing. Not because they are easy, but because they are hard. As his words propelled us toward a higher frontier in 1962, President Kennedy also spoke of being in an hour of change and challenge in a decade of hope. Only a few weeks earlier, and within hearing distance of JFK's historic speech, Dr. Denton A. Cooley had already embraced this age of challenge and launched his own hope in the world. Like the space program, this launch had profound consequences for all mankind. Dr. Cooley had founded the Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital. Not to slip the surly bonds of earth, but to break the deadly grasp of premature death and untold human suffering. Not to probe deep space, but to go deep inside the human heart. And to meet this challenge, Dr. Denton Arthur Cooley was exactly the right man. Well, Dr. Cooley did the first open heart surgery here in April of 1956. Now, there were two other centers doing heart surgery at the time. The Mayo Clinic University of Minnesota, by the end of the year, 1956, he had done more surgery than the two programs combined, and he continued to do so for the next 35 years. He did more heart surgery than anyone in the world. A gifted student and outstanding athlete, young Denton entered the zoology program at the University of Texas at Austin in 1939 at age 16. He graduated in 1941 with highest honors and then began his medical training at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. Along the way, he would become fascinated by the surgical scene and the teamwork that embodied surgery. He transferred to the Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore, where he earned his medical degree again at the top of his class. He began his internship in 1944 under the tutelage of Dr. Alfred Blalock, the 24-year-old Cooley assisted Blalock in the world's first operation to correct the type of congenital heart defect that leads to low oxygen in the blood. The pioneering procedure became known as the blue baby operation. It was also seen as the dawn of the modern heart surgery era. From his participation in Denton, Dr. Cooley would go on to become one of the era's brightest lights. His skill as a surgeon and his resourcefulness as an innovator were unmatched and would have an impact on many thousands of lives. Forty-three years ago, I was seven years old. I was very sick and my parents took me to go see what was the problem. When they found out that I had a hold in my heart in the atrium, Dr. Cooley examined me and they had decided I needed to have surgery because if I didn't have the surgery, it was stated that I wouldn't live to be in my teens or my early 20s. Again, I thank Dr. Cooley and I thank God for using him and being a blessing to us in our lives. For the greatest gift, Dr. Cooley, thank you. Dr. Cooley's accomplishments would become legion and legend. Among them, he pioneered surgical techniques to correct congenital heart abnormalities in infants and children, to bypass clogged coronary arteries, to repair aortic aneurysms. He developed and perfected new methods for repairing and replacing diseased heart valves. As a young intern, he developed a defibrillator, an electrical device, to shock the heart back into a normal rhythm. So I set about on my own to develop a defibrillator at Johns Hopkins Hospital when I helped make the paddles that you put on the heart. I had a rheostat that we put on the floor that you'd manipulate with your foot to get the degree of electrical shock that was available. And that box and so on with all the medications in it remained in use there at Johns Hopkins for almost ten years. Not much of a salary at the time, my salary was $50 a month. But I did spend almost $150 on the machine. With more significant, he helped to refine, improve and expand the use of a heart-lung machine that bought surgeons precious hours, not minutes, within the human heart. But Dr. Cooley really demonstrated that safe, effective surgery could be performed to a large degree with the heart-lung machine and allowed the expansion and the utilization of this technology worldwide. The expanded use of this life-saving machine helped set in motion a surgical career in which Dr. Cooley and his team would perform more than 100,000 open heart surgeries. For all of these accomplishments, he would receive recognition from around the world. His awards included the country's highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and its highest science award, the National Medal of Technology and Innovation. But beyond the medical milestones, the incredible inventiveness, past all the adoring accolades, Dr. Cooley had an even bigger dream and the will to make it happen. So in a time of challenge and change, the Texas Heart Institute was just getting started.


Good morning everyone, thanks for your time here with us. I'm happy to see you. I'm not seeing some familiar faces here, unfortunately. Just Audra, Jennifer as well. Eruvaldo. Eruvaldo, hey, okay. Some KCD friends. Yeah. So basically when me and Bernardo were creating these slides, we were thinking about how to start this presentation because actually it's not like a normal presentation that we have here at Kubicon. We are not showing you like scripts or YAML files or a bulk of code, something like that, not today at least. But it's more like we are here sharing our experience. So the experience of our journey organized in a KCD basically. So today the journey, this presentation is more how we organize it, how we were involved with it in a community event like KCD. And it's, I think it's funny because I was talking to Jade this morning. I think I never went to an event to learn how to organize an event. So it's kind of interesting to present something like this. So I think it's gonna be a good session. I want to start this asking just one question. How many of you know what a KCD is? Kubernetes, community days? Not so many actually. I mean, half room. Half, yeah, yeah, nice. So I think it's going to be a good session for sure, yeah. So let's just start by telling who we are. You want to start? Yes, of course. So I'm Jade. I'm a support and dogs lover and it's funny because I work at Datadog. So. Maybe that's why. I'm passionate for making people bloom. I'm a technical sales engineer at Datadog and I like to share and learn new things about Kubernetes, containers, durability and open source. I'm Luis Bernardo. Some people call me Luis. Some people call me Bernardo. Usually Bernardo for friends. Luis is usually how Jade calls me when she's angry. She was very angry at me when we were organizing this event. We're a couple. Yeah, yeah. And I work at Red Hat for a couple years, five or six. And I do a lot of things regarding multi-cluster management for Kubernetes. So, you know, everything that touches regarding multi-cluster management, I do something in Red Hat about that. So that's me. But more importantly, we represent here more people, not just me and Jade. We represent some organizers. Jade, go ahead. Yeah, basically we're here representing the cloud native community and open source into the $2 dollar of the world. Also, we needed to mention our lovely KCD team made to organizers. This is us, basically when we finished the KCD in Brazil. But we'll be talking more about the specific journey later on with more details, right? Yeah, yeah. So before we actually jump, whoop. Sorry guys, because sometimes we need to go here, click in here and click here because you don't have the. Yeah, the clear. Yeah, that's fine.  I saw many people raising their hands that knowing what a KCD is, but some might not know what a KCD is. So, first of all, definition, let me use this. So, KCD definition, KCDs, Kubernetes community days are community driven events that are run by the local communities to help sustain and grow the cloud native community. I like to say this, the TLDR, it's a smaller KubeCon style events run by locals. You know that your local regions and the goal is really to help sustain the cloud native community. So it's really what it is, right? Yeah, you can go ahead. Yes, thanks Bernardo. But going back to the main point, how's the journey you've organized in a KCD? Maybe you have watched before Spiderman. Let me try to change these slides again. Sorry guys. Bernardo, can you help me here? I can, yeah. It's kind of tricky. Tricky situation here. Yeah, let's just... Okay, so probably you have watched Spiderman before. We have this quote in Spiderman, with great power comes great responsibility. And actually it's a big responsibility because these type of work, work, it's very demanding, but it's very rewarding. Bernardo, can you tell us why it's very demanding? I can, yeah. It's definitely very demanding. Can you go next? Yes, that's here for me, please. Yeah, it's very demanding. Firstly, because it's a lot of time, we know that every one of us, we have our daily jobs, daily lives. And this is more like a volunteering job, right? So first picture here, you can see our Google Drive. It's just a screenshot of our Google Drive, a lot of docs, a lot of spreadsheets, a lot of things. And for us, in our case in Brazil, we took like, I think eight to nine months to make sure that everything was ready for the events. So it's a lot of time, many hours during the events. So that's why it's very demanding. Also, if you look at the other picture, this is us at 11 p.m. the day before the event. So you can see that we were making sure that everything was ready for all the speaker kids, the attendees, kids. This was, again, 11 p.m. the night before the events. And guess what? It was not really totally ready. We don't need to mention that. We don't need to mention that, sorry, yeah. But so it's very demanding. That's why it's very demanding. But also, if you look at the, how people look at the CNCF, they usually have high expectations. So you need to take care of a lot of things and making sure they have good quality. Usually when people see a CNCF event, they are expecting great things. So that's why Jade said it's a great responsibility, but also very rewarding, right, Jade? Yeah. I think you need to bless these lights. I can do some. Okay, it's very, very rewarding. Mainly, if you are someone who likes to empower others, because you need to do that when you are organizing a KCD, you need to give the stage to make others shine, basically. So if you are someone who likes to help and support others, basically, this is your game. You have a chance to make people shine on this stage and give them more confidence as well. In terms of diversity, it's a really good opportunity to be there exposed to different cultures, different backgrounds, different companies, different countries. For example, in KCD Brazil, we had people from Guatemala, Argentina, England, United States. So it's a really good opportunity to be involved in another world. In terms of new skills, you know, maybe we have a lot of technical people here. We don't have a lot of soft skills, so it's a good opportunity to learn new skills like teamwork, collaboration, leadership, patience, lots of patience. Really, Bernardo, a lot of patience. Organization, decision-making, insights. It's the chance to get new insights, learning new strategies, learning how other companies are doing things, learning how your colleagues are doing things as well. But most importantly, people. Nothing matters more than people, actually. Seeing real people stunning after months of our education is really, really rewarding, actually. Yeah, I think it's... Yeah, I think we can go back to, straight to the point, we know you want more. Like maybe some of you want to get involved and get started on how to organize community events in your regions, in your cities. This is really how you get started. And the first step is really very cliche. It's get involved. If you know people in your region doing these kind of things, meetups, they should be a good people to talk to. They might be doing similar things, so try to find these people. But also, there might be other community groups that are happening in the same area. So we have, again, in the CNCF, we also have the community groups. Forgot the cloud-native community groups. So these are also event organizers. They usually do smaller events like meetups or these kind of things. So these guys are also used to organizing events at a local perspective. So these are good people to reach out to. If you don't know these guys, I don't know where to find people that organize events. The CNCF Slack is a good opportunity. You can go to the CNCF Slack. If you're not registered, you can just reduce it and search for KCD-the name of your city. That can be a good search for you to find people or really anything regarding your city, your region, your country. Go to the CNCF Slack and search for these guys. That can be a good place to find people that are doing community things in your region. Also, if you don't find anyone, talk to me, talk to Jade, talk to the other KCD organizers who can try to find you. The right people, Audra, is right here. We'll talk about her as well. It's one of the CNCF persons to help us guide us through the whole process. So those can be good resources to really get started. Jade has some tips for you guys. Basically, I think it's important to mention the three main tips here. The first one is do not get involved if you can't commit to the activities. Make everything clear to the organizers, to the rest of the team. If you don't have time, make it clear. Maybe it's interesting to be just a volunteer. You're not committing to activities, for example. Set expectations, set the right expectations of your work, okay? Another point is we had a lot of people telling us after the KCD that the energy in our event was amazing, best time. And we have here one example of this. Basically, put your heart and best energy on it because we were doing this. We were leaving the KCD when we were organizing the KCD. And the last one is figure out stuff. There is no easy way to do things. So for example, in our case, we didn't know how to start being involved in the community. So we tried the Slack channel and it worked. So we needed to find your way to do things. Yeah, so, well, let's say there's already a KCD being organized in your area or something like that. You can do many things to help. Not only being an organizer, you can do many things. So let's start with speaking. You can speak at KCD. Maybe there are many organizers already. I know the CNCF has a limit. It's not a hard limit, but maybe if you have like 20 plus organizers, it starts to get hard to keep track of everything. So maybe there are other better opportunities to get involved. Maybe speaking is a good one. Maybe not only speaking, but reviewing the sessions. We in Brazil, we had different people just for reviewing sessions, reviewing the CFP submissions. So that was really helpful because we had, I think, 300 sessions, right? I think 300 sessions, it was a lot of sessions to review. So we had like five separate reviewers just to review the sessions and making sure that we have a good agenda. So we had a lot of helping that way as well. You can volunteer. Volunteers are a great part of the show. They're really the, I call them the soul of the events because they're really talking to people. They're really at the front of the stage helping set up everything. So volunteers are really also rewarding experience. You get to go to the event usually for free. So it's a great way to start. Sponsor is also a good way. I know I'm not saying you should be giving the event money, but also trying to find the sponsors. Maybe work at a company that is interested in participating in the event. So maybe it can be a good connection. Connect your company to the organizers and maybe they can help organize the events because they'll need help. They're only helping in any way you can think of. Maybe you think of other ideas. Talk to the organizers, talk to the volunteers. Any help is really, really welcome. Yeah, go ahead. And what if there is no KCD? There's no people, there's no one organizing KCDs in my area. What happens? What happens? Yeah, basically the first stop if there's no KCD in your area and want to start doing this is go to the official GitHub, the KCD GitHub. There you'll find official information on how to start, how to get connected and evolve it. Really carefully and open an issue if you want to start hosting a KCD in your city. After you open this issue, you're gonna have a kick off call with someone responsible for the KCD organization as well. Someone at CNSEF, actually. And don't be shy and no worry because you have someone at CNSEF like Audra, for example, who supports you throughout the process. So you won't be alone during the entire process of organizing a KCD. Yeah, I just wanted to point out that that link has great information.  So make sure you go to that link and read all the readme file from the GitHub repo. Yep, go ahead. Yeah, no problem. So all right, this is essentially what you need to get started to get involved. But let's talk about our real experience sharing a bit, sorry guys, sharing a bit our experience with our KCD in Brazil because there are a lot of KCDs, okay? Let me try to spread this line. Oops. So much, yeah. Yeah, so we will split the events in three stages. Pre-events during the event and post-events. It's a lot of information. I'll try to condense in some small words and sentences. So the pre-events is where you spend the most time.  Like I said, in Brazil, me and Jade and the other organizers, we spend like eight to nine months doing this kind of things. I'll just quickly go briefly through each one of them. So first of all, make sure you split the activities accordingly to all the organizers. So there are many things to do. Make sure you organize accordingly and have people committed to each of these items. You wanna say something, Jade, no? Okay, so examples, finding sponsors. Usually this has to start early because sometimes you need money to do some things. So sponsors can be a really helpful way to get money, to do some things in the events. So you start there early and also because the sponsors have legal processes that they have to go through to give you money to sponsor the events that are contracts, there are many things that take time. So that can be a good thing to start early in the process. Yeah, I want to say something about the sponsors. Sometimes you don't need to do the sponsorship of money, just money, but you can do like a sponsorship of food, for example. We had the situation in KCG or maybe a sponsorship for a travel for some speaker. So we don't need only to do a sponsorship related to money, you know? Yeah, exactly. Thanks, Jade. Website, you know, there's always a website for KCD. That's usually where people go to find the information about the events. So having a good, well-designed, welcoming website is helpful. Maybe if you don't have a full-stack web developer to build a website for you, CNCF can help you with that too or you can hire someone. Like I said, if you have money, if you have the bandwidth or whatever, you can hire someone for all of these points, right? Let's talk about tickets. So when you have a website, people know about your events. They will want to buy tickets. They will be, they will want to be part of the event. So also make sure you have a good strategy for tickets because I'll give you an example. For us in Brazil, I think we had four or five batch of tickets and they sold out all in five or 10 minutes. That was not a good strategy because people got really disappointed because they said, oh, we cannot buy. It takes like five minutes to buy a ticket. We cannot buy. So maybe it would have been better if we just had one batch and that was all. So make sure you have a good ticketing platform and a good strategy for that too. CFP, I already spoke about that. Make sure you have good reviewers to build a good agenda. Speakers, again, make sure they have a good experience. They're a great part of the show. At the events, they'll spend the most time doing sessions. So speakers also make sure you take care of them. Creating schedule. Sometimes it's good to think about the tracks. When you go to events, there are usually tracks. Career track, observability track. So think about that so you can focus on different things on your events. You can give the best agenda to the attendees. Just one thing. We didn't have these tracks in our case, so it would be really, really useful and helpful if you have tracks in your KCG as well. Just one last thing about this CFP, you can also do. We did this is stay in contact with someone expressing some area. So for example, if you have a track of observability or a track of cluster management, I can get Bernardo to do the review of cluster management presentations, for example. You don't need to use just the organizers to do the review of the sessions. Remember, this is a community thing. We know that many of us are part of a community and we do our things the way we think it's better. There's no really a rule to follow. Just make sure you have a good strategy. I was in schedule, social media marketing. We know everything is in social media today. This can be a good thing to hire someone, external vendor to help because social media gets a lot of clicks, traction. So it's good to have someone professional to help with that because Jade spent a lot of time doing some Kanva Instagram things. So that took a long time because we attack people. Sometimes we don't know how to handle Instagram. But anyways, support. I think that one is important because we realized we didn't assign any people, anyone from the organization to help with issues. So we were all of a sudden receiving a lot of messages regarding a lot of things like, can I bring my son to the event? Can I bring my photographer? You know, there are many questions that come up during the process. It's good to have someone just to answer those questions.  They will ask if they can bring TVs, LED panels, this kind of thing. So make sure you answer these guys properly. So everyone has a good experience at the events, not only at the events during the day, but also before. Logistics, we realized in Brazil that the venue is a great place to actually, is a great thing to think about it because when people arrive at the events, the first thing that they see is the building. So when they realize it's a good building, it's a good place. In our case, it was a really open space with a lot of nature. So people really enjoyed that. We had some other KCGs in cinemas, in movie theaters. So having a good place really helps. People will be happy to be in a good place. So that's something that you can think of, but also logistics. Our place was really big. So we had to make sure that everything works. There were security persons, security people at the venue. There were cleaning people working. So there were a lot of things to think about just regarding the place, the venue. So that's something to think about as well. I'll finish up with suppliers and inclusion. Just inclusion, actually, because suppliers have just talked about it. Inclusion is something that CNCF also tell us to do because that's really something that matters.  So we made sure that one sponsor was really helping people that could not afford event tickets or going to the events. Those people would be getting help from the sponsors just to make sure that they could go to the events. So that's something we made sure to do as well. Yeah. During the events. Yeah, so that was all before the events. What happens during the event day? That's the most important day. Yeah, basically, during the event, it's a day to enjoy, actually. The event day is a day to enjoy. So things like making sure the sponsors are having a really good experience is something important. Maybe they have good food or maybe the Wi-Fi is good. The temperature is good. You need to pay attention on these points as well. Photo. You need to have someone or hire someone to take photos to do small videos that you can use to do an after-movie. It's a way to, actually, it's a strategic way to empower your event, to do the marking of the event for the next year, for the next version of the KCG, for example. Speakers have a good experience, yeah. Again, temperature, good food, good audio, things like that. Rooms, I think it's similar as the speaker's experience. Good temperature in the rooms, good settings, nice place to speak. In terms of volunteers, I'm sure that you'll need someone helping you during the event. Yeah, we had, I think, 14 volunteers, but if you had chance, it would have more volunteers because sometimes you have some activities and things happening that you were not expecting, actually. And food doing good. It was another point that we had a lot of good feedback. Our food was amazing. We are Brazilians, our food is amazing, by the way. And it was really hot. So that was something that we encountered that we had to face in the event because it was Brazilian summer, so pretty hot. And we had delays during the event. So that was something that we had to worry because the food was exposed to the weather and it was getting worse with time. So these things happening, you need to be really careful with these details. Yeah, don't forget the coffee and water. Devs are made of coffee, so please, coffee in place. Bernardo, we don't have a lot of time. Try to be a bit faster. Yeah, post-event is really, really quick. Everyone is happy, the event is finished. Everyone go home. The organizers still remain here. We need to finish some things. Just make sure you finish paying your suppliers. Sometimes you hire people for security and these kind of things. Make sure you pay them. Make sure you receive all your money from your sponsors because sometimes they take time to give you the money that they need to give you. Again, social media is one. Make sure you keep the engagements. It's important to keep the community alive. So there are some things that you need to take care of when the event finishes, not only going home and maybe the happy hour. And also some metrics. Jade is gonna talk about the metrics. Yeah, let me go back again here and talk about some metrics. We can say that our event was a huge success because we had more than 600 real people directly impacted virtually or in person. For example, we had like 58 talks with different topics, observability, career, cluster management, everything surrounding Kubernetes, for example. We had 14 volunteers helping us. We had more, we had six actually, foreign speakers, people from Guatemala, Argentina, like I mentioned before. We had 11 sponsors, it was amazing really. They helped us a lot. And we have more than 100 companies, different companies present and being participating in the event. So basically, if you're thinking that a community event is just a community event, sometimes it's not. There is some business involved on these type of events as well. So these numbers, these metrics actually are really good motivators or reasons to make you think about being involved as a sponsor or maybe as an organizer, volunteer. There are really good reasons to be aware of this type of community event. How impactful it is actually. So we don't have a lot of time. We would love to share a bit how was the energy of our event. I think you can run our after-movie quickly here. Yeah, there's a video, I think, we spoke a lot about it, just... Let's try to do it quickly. So this is gonna be a short video for you guys to see. I was expecting it to be really well organized and I was blown away. This is an event that comes from the CNCF community. One of the most technologies we use in the day-to-day life. There are all the differences in the community. It's really amazing, it's a fantastic space. It's really cool to have a space of this size with the event Open Source. We've done a lot of events in the middle of a classroom, in bars. We've done events in the beginning of the year and it's been around for a long time. There's a structure with this nature, with the event Open Source, CNF, for real. It's really big for the community, it's a lot of people involved. Our, as a nature, is a unique day. It's hard to have an event of technology in here. So it's being a milestone, the KCD event is a milestone here today. So in addition to being the sponsor that gave us the space, we also have a lot of people presenting, talking, to be able to help the team and a lot of people helping us. So this is really interesting. For us it's really valuable, especially because of this first edition, being this different moment, it's something that we see a lot of gringos doing, but we didn't have an example here that we could use to be together, to be close to each other. For us, as a nature, it's not just because we're involved in technology, but it goes beyond that. We can't wait to be present within the community because at the end of the day, the community is the CERN, it's the most important thing for us. Guatemala, first time visiting Brazil, so São Paulo is like a really nice city. It feels like that kind of touch of a real community. So I love that kind of event, so it's pretty nice. It's a very talented team. It's very learned, there are a lot of speakers, there are a lot of presenters here that came from the market, so I really recommend it even for those of you who want to stay tuned in what you have in mind, the tools, and for you to be able to bring your company to your everyday life, and you can create an innovation there. The importance of the community is mainly the question of knowledge. Everyone here is passionate about technology, so we can interact, exchange ideas, I think that's the importance of participating in an event like this. This event was sensational. In addition to the people participating together, fraternizing, changing ideas, making a network with high-weight lectures, with market practices, things that we will really use in everyday life. Guys, come to the event, it's a sensational exchange of experiences, not only with AWS, but all the sponsors too, the people who are organizing it. I highly recommend participating in this event, as a visitor, as a sponsor, as a palestrante too. It's worth listening to these people who are people like us, who are also talking about technical things, but also know how to bring us closer. It was me who already committed to coming next year. Cool, right? I managed to extract as much experience as possible, both from the lectures and from this exchange that has in the body to body of the people who are here. But if you lost this year, you can only see it online, come to the present edition next year, because really, the network, the energy you get here in an event is fantastic. Change will learn a lot, it has a lot of classes. That is a nice place that you can visit, learn new things about kubernetes and the science you have coming. Now I'm hoping the next time that I come here, because I definitely want to come back, I hope it's as good as this one. So, I guess we don't have a lot of time remaining. I hope this video shows you a little bit of what it really is. And I hope we kind of like also mention how impactful it is for anyone that is participating, but also how demanding it is. But it's also very rewarding, like we said. Jay, do you want some closing words? Just thank you for your time here. Hope to see you all in other KCGs around the world actually. I think we have two minutes. Two questions. Yeah, if you have questions, maybe. Yeah, anyone? We can connect with us by linking Jim or any other. Yeah, one question here. Yeah, so first off, excellent. Well done. Brilliant that you do the event and put it on and put the time on it. As an organizer of a similar event in another country, how did you get going and deal with the challenges of things like having deposits for venues, setting up like a legal entity, like a company in a bank account and that kind of stuff. Were they big challenges and how did you get around that? Or is it the support from the CNCF? I think it's very transfer. So yeah, I'll just speak here. So the challenges can be different depending on the region, the events, the type of events, the type of events, how many attendees you have. And like we said, there's no a rule, a golden rule to address challenges. And a lot of them, CNCF will be there to help you. There will be people giving ideas, giving you the resources you need to have for solving these issues. And the challenges are usually, I would say, closer to the event. So when you get closer, people start to complain about some things. Maybe you're missing something that you don't know. So when you get closer to the event date, that's where you need to be really careful because things just show up at you suddenly. So yeah, I think that's what you have to keep in mind of. But again, make sure you have good people around you, CNCF. So I think that's the best way to solve the issues. We are a community. So it's just usually how it is. Yeah. Does that answer your question? More or less? Yeah, thanks. Oops. I think you don't have more time, actually. Okay. So thank you guys for your time. See you.


the person it does, your teacher fall, first of all, I welcome you all to EVIDIA, the Learning Management System of the University. In this session, I shall try to provide you with a very brief overview of the MA English program. As you know, advancing your knowledge education is one of the most important investments that you can make. Hence, it is crucial that you choose the right university to fulfill your educational needs. I thank you all for choosing KKHS for you and we promise to extend all possible support during your course of study. We should note that this alimony will allow you to study when and where it suits you and will also enable you to continue learning anytime and from anywhere. The MA English program of this university has been designed in such a way that it meets the standard in other national and international universities. This program aims to generate an interest in literature, inculcate a spirit of critical inquiry, and develop analytical interpretative and creative faculties in our learners. The program begins with a very basic introduction to English literature, its various sources and forms. However, as the semesters progress, new areas of literary studies including criticism and literary theory are also introduced. The objectives of the program are to generate an interest on English language and literature, acquire the appropriate methods and approaches to study English literature, develop your analytical and creative faculties, inculcate in you a spirit of interpretative and critical inquiry, and finally develop yourself as a human resource who might join the teaching fraternity in our society. Now let me quickly mention the different courses that you will be required to study as part of the MA English program. The program is divided into four semesters and each semesters we are going to have four courses. In semester one we shall be studying four courses namely English social and cultural history, English poetry from Sorcer to the Neoclassical, English drama from Elizabethan to Restoration and non-fictional prose. In semester two we shall be studying four other papers and they are 18th and 19th century novels, language, linguistics and grammar, poetry from Romantic to the Victorian and literary criticism. In semester three we have again we have four different papers, 20th century novels, modern drama, modern poetry and Indian English literature. In semester four which is also the last semester of the MA English program we shall be studying with an optional paper in the fifth. The papers are Literary and Critical Theory 1, Literary and Critical Theory 2, American Literature and the fourth one I think as I have told you there are two papers which are optional. The first one is Literature from North India and the second one is Modern European Literature. So after successful completion of the MA English program you will be able to enter into positions as teachers in the educational institutions, enter the research field by applying for an MPIL or a PhD program in English in any university including KKHSU, pursue a career in maths communication and journalism, find a job in the publishing industry and translation agency as a copywriter, editor and proofreader, find a job as a campaign manager and speechwriter in different government departments and also find a job as a language interpreter among others. However studying in an online environment for an award of the certificate or a qualification demands great commitment on the part of the learners like you. Therefore your successful completion of the MA English program will depend on your performance in both the continuous comprehensive assessments based on your participation in the discussion forums and quizzes, timely submission of the assignments as well as your performance in the final term and examination. The learning management system of the university will further enable you to directly get in touch with your university teachers by participating in the live sessions besides getting yourself involved in peer learning opportunities with your fellow learners through the discussion forums. Apart from the e-contents provided to the learners like you, you will also find a way to explore many open educational resources for which the links will be provided under its unit from which you will be able to gain significantly. So let's enjoy our learning through these elements as you will get the opportunity to read, review, respond, explore and assess your own ways of learning that makes you a self learner in the true sense where a teacher like me will always act as the facilitator of your learning. So please cooperate with us and enjoy your learning. Thank you.


Hello, okay, so I'd like to talk about the single owner memory. So This is like a very specific use case for Google, but And we want to have some optimizations around this Use case But I'd like to get some opinion about the proposal of how we can address it and also To see if there are others who are Having like a similar similar problem. So basically a Single owner memory is a type of anonymous memory that is never shared so Examples would be to see Malik Malik and no forks after that a map Followed by something like I'm advised to not fork and In Google over 90% of our memory in the fleet is never shared so the reason is that we Don't use processes we use threats and If we use forks they are followed by execs at the single owner memory also works for In virtualized environment where we have Okay It will probably come back. So it also works in virtualized environment because VMM can have Basically something like a single owner memory for a virtual machine and inside the virtual machine There can be all like all kind of locations. It doesn't really matter after that So what are the problems the the main problem for us there are actually two problems Well, the main problem is the overhead so Today we use truck pages and Some other metadata and overall the overhead is about 1.6 percent To manage pages and this overhead results in petabytes and petabytes of DRAM in Google and DRAM is the most expensive part of the servers so it's a very expensive overhead and So we know that we use the memory In this single owner memory mode But this 1.6 percent overhead is To manage all kind of memory. So it it can be shared named and and so on So can we reduce this overhead that's basically the first question the second question is the security We've had in several problems where accidentally and by inspection and And also Because of crashes we detected falsely shared Pages so some of the some of those problems were detected accidentally where someone would look at the crash of an application and find Code that belong to another application other times it would be like the full system crash Others we detected using actually a page table check Which I added in 517. It's a mitigation technique to check that the anonymous pages are Not inserted in any other page tables In another application. So the problems Were caused by the box in ref count Other problems were caused but because drivers would Allocate some memory are mapped into the user space and then Later the driver would free that memory when it's unloaded, but it wouldn't remove the entry from the user space app and that page can be Allocated again. So basically The rock cases where the memory can get falsely shared so and In other problem is the performance is that So today we use most of the memory that we use is single owner memory, but We do not have optimizations for to use it with one gigabyte Pages because we don't have support for the transparent huge pages and With a single owner memory I was thinking to Guarantee the that pages are migratable and Like ability to assemble to be always assemble into one gigabyte chunks Okay, so and and the last point with the performance is that Hot plug is an expensive operation. It's kind of slow because during the hot block you have to allocate a lot of metadata and initialize it which takes a lot of time such as initialization of stock pages and The some can be implemented such that the hot plug is not required so The some driver would consist of two parts. So memory pool which Which is always managed in one gigabyte chunks or basically one gigabyte pages and the source for that pool can be huge tilby pages because they have the huge the VMA map optimization where we don't have struct pages for the for the tail pages Also like DAX which has a similar optimization or even kernel external memory such that Kernel does not even manage that memory It's just some physical addresses that were inserted into machine such as using the CXL map so We could also have separate pools for the movable and unmovable memory because we want to to be able to support long pins and The second part is the some driver. So some driver would take the one gigabyte pages from the pool the pages the one gigabyte pages are managed by bitmaps, so it's very memory efficient know not much overhead and then and because of the large chunks the it's also Like for the concurrency and for other problems The performance should be reasonable The second one is the some driver which manages in two megabyte granules. Again two megabyte doesn't have to be two megabyte It could be four megabytes eight megabytes, but Two megabyte sounds like a good enough size and it's also equals to To the huge page on x86 and on arm with the 4k base pages so the List can be something like per MM struct or per process. That is basically some driver man Like keeps a data structure of the granule lists attached to the process the also some driver provides New VMA that New VMA type that is that also has this pfn map flex set So we never actually tried to look up start pages for for its mappings Some handles false. It can be 4k the minimum and also It could be a fuller sized as discussed in previous talks. So like Order one two three depends Some will also handle some to some migration and some to outside migration So a page can be migrated from single owner memory into just the regular memory management managed page And It should add Support for not for everything that is listed, but at least for some that is needed And and it can be expanded later For some advice calls my great pages move pages and lock and protect We control PR control which PR control there is only one Memory related the setting which is to name the VMA Ambient set policy and and so on so There are of course some problems and So like overall like this sounds so cool except that When when you go into details, you need some more metadata to manage some features and So The main problem that I see is actually handling page aging because without LRU Without LRU pointers, that's kind of hard and so We've had some discussion internally and one proposal was to basically Still have something like struct pages, but like like sort of like have a new flag for the start pages that these are actually tiny start pages which have the LRU pointers to handle the aging but So far I've been resisting and but they don't have a better solution for that yet So that's something that need to be thought through then the the support for the Basically gap support For the PFN map type VMAs so not to look up into start pages when when we do the Long-term pints and short-term pints So swapping is Like it can be implemented independently so we could add some handlers to support just like some very specific swaps like this swap So NUMA support that would that's another thing. That's that's optional for now, but for example for CXL where For if if the single owner memory is handled by CXL and we assume there is like the same Latency for the newly attached memory like NUMA wouldn't be an issue, but But we will probably want to have like at least a pulper note or something like that so we would also need to do the hardware poisoning and finally Somehow to add the support for the fallen mem descriptor so basically in the future When mem descriptors are around they solves one of the main problems that we have which is the memory overhead They but they don't solve some other problems that I listed but So the And we have this problem now and we want to solve it quicker But the mem descriptors are not going to be available for several years So we need to have something some some solution in between Sooner if you help And seriously this This feels like okay, what if I get rid of the VM? What do I still need to re-implement and it feels like you're re-implementing almost everything's in the VM Right, well, you know, I wouldn't go so far as say you're writing a whole new kernel But it really feels so similar to huge tlbfs where it's like, okay We're gonna do something really special and the really special thing ends up being a completely parallel shadow VM And I'm not I don't understand what you end up winning when by the time You've added back in LRU pointers and swap and numer and it's like Where's the where's the win here? Yes, so if we and and that's why I've been resisting to like having this reduced Struct pages and tell you pointers because then I agree with you. There is I don't see a big win here So if you reduce the support for swapping and aging and Just assume like huge tlb, which basically support none of that then then there is win that we can Very quickly and dynamically add memory into the system like using cxl for example and Without the hot block Use the kernel external memory like using this driver So and also with a very small overhead But I agree it's it's a Concerned that if we need to have a support and today we do have Today in Google we do swapping we do reclaims we do the aging and that that is important part of the infrastructure So we cannot just get rid of that And Unless we just supported on a very limited types of machines, which do not support all of that because of the like special configurations So and regarding implementing huge tlb. Yes, it's very similar to that except it's it will live in its own driver It's not going to touch the core mm and it's I think It's similar to what Michelle proposed into someone in the earlier talk is just to truly write huge tlb in a driver to support some kind of use case, but So here we have a very specific use case and that's what I'm thinking to do actually So I'm curious I mean like most of what you want to achieve is actually like you you don't want the VM to manage your memory You just want to do it your own But why do you didn't need like huge tlb as well? Like why don't you set aside some memory to include and let your Current external memory can be supported it doesn't have to be huge to be on what I'm saying is that the pool can be anything like Yeah, right and like the natural way would be like if you if you want to do it your own way You set aside memory and you manage that but for me it gets confusing as soon as you try to then reuse some of the Some of the infrastructure like make migrating back and forth stuff like that Maybe like this migrating from some to outside is just like hot-plugging memory then and like fake removing it from Linux and so page migration an example of for like of a reason to do a page migration support is To support a feature MM feature that is not supported by some so for example if you want to swap a page You can migrate it to be a normal page and then swap it. It's just an example Okay, so like you would actually want some kind of transition like I'm I as a driver I am managed that memory, but now I'm gonna hand it back to To core amendment You're not handling the memory back. You're handling the page back So you actually copy the content of a page to a new place that is managed by the OS If you if you have a page Yes, if you have a page, that's right. Yes Okay, thanks. I mean and this is just an example of why migration might might be needed. It's it's not like This is an example is going to be used like because I don't think it's an efficient way to do the swapping But it's just so another example would be like a long pink or something like if user wants to To do a long pin today, we migrate a page to zone normal So here we would migrate for example some page which is always movable to a zone normal and then pin it So that those are examples of why do we want to migrate from some to outside? And then we also want to do some to some which is just to do the diffracts and to Be always able to allocate gigabyte pages and I mean Did this somehow like reminds me of that are we're approaches to do a swapping in user space? I think like like using some fancy user fold of tea Don't don't ask me about the details But essentially you would like you as your driver manager memory So you would like also try to find a different way to handle this swapping then like like Letting core MM like do that for you But like it's hard to imagine how they could look like and how it could not look hacky Like to me it sounds like it's a very hacky thing to do like I'm gonna manage to a memory But every now and then I'm gonna do some weird calls into the kernel and like tell it. Oh, yeah, like I'm This is not all of you. I'm managing myself But now would like please swap it and stuff like so it sounds very hacky to me and hard to imagine how you can get it Clean that that's all I'm saying. That's the problem. I'm having. Yeah, that's that's a reasonable concern. I agree So unless we limit the number of features again if if the number of features is limited and The driver so yesterday I talked about Migrating jobs from containers to the VM and which we have another project and I mean this some driver would Would be perfect as like a way to provide memory to the to those kind of VMs, but with a limited Subset of functionality. Yeah, but the features won't never be limited like Once you have the basic driver You'll get requests for more and more and more and more features and it will never stop your your eyes, right? Okay. Yes, that's fair. Yes Why am I called like to turn my device Something doesn't work. Yeah The agreement with Dave Hansen when device tax went in and it was like do not add more features This is all you get like don't add more and so this then because it's like don't don't become a huge tbl Fast and this this seems like we want to start a ramp towards huge tbl fast, but not get there all the way What it described sound to me like a GPU driver So basically GPU has GPU memory, right? And it manages it on memory. It's single. It's a single owner right and Also, it registers I'm the I'm a notifier so that it can Interoperate with the host I'm a mule Right. That's something you won't definitely want to do because you want to swap you want to Migrate pages, right? So you might have you got here, you know Achieve some of your goals by writing your driver your driver and then I look it From you know reserve part of the RAM memory as your private memory and You don't really need to change the I'm a party. Oh, no, I don't plan to change the MM code except for just some hooks that I needed to handle some some of the same advice and migrate pages and so on calls so majority of code will live in its own driver, which is like We'll show up to the user space as deaf soul and to get the pages from the driver. The user would need to a map deaf song with this like specified length and that's how the pages are going to be Allocated Okay, and and the song driver will have its own VMA So yes, we have a number of drivers that implement their own VMA So like a right it's why like VMA specific operations are going to be handled by this driver false are going to be handled So mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. So then my question will be on what? Prevents you from on doing that from you know achieving your goals by just adding new driver Very similar to a GPU driver Yes, right now probably I wouldn't call DRAM driver, you know, but you know you deserve part DRAM as a private memory and then you Export it to user space your space can map it can use whatever way It wants Yeah, what DRM. Okay, they aren't driver. Yes. They aren't driver. They are right. That's the term. Yeah I This isn't this this is a sub allocator. It wants to be a sub allocator, but you mentioned GPU driver And and I'm tech lead for you know part of a GPU driver And so we we have found that we want everything and so we We don't just have a cord-on off area of oh here's GPU memory we integrate completely with the memory management system and That makes us happy we get all the features and then if they don't run properly we try to submit patches and I Imagine trying to do this Well, actually, I can't imagine because there's this portions of the old driver that have of course any huge company wanted off an attempt You know variations on this and it just doesn't go well You want to integrate with mm and then fix core mm So I just don't want to be held up as an example of this is how it's done in GPU because it's it's not Where is the biggest overhead you said it's all like a one point six struck pages. So maybe Okay, can we reduce the size of strikes pages like Like What like for example Can we remove something like So can we make start pages less than 64 bytes can we remove six the the plan is to get them to eight bytes How many eight no that is I understand that Memdesk and like I'm talking about in a Short-term not no there was absolutely no way to get them smaller in the short term Well, I mean, no, what about Not that either Yeah, I looked yes, I looked at the fields. It's not like I'm just making stuff up. Yeah, I went like a field after field but but just the one that I've been thinking about is Is there a reasonable way to to remove The signal pointer from them like a message you You have to maintain that somewhere we used to be outside it was worse and Also, you have to have page a strict page aligned. So pretty much Yeah, the page alignment the start page alignment. That's like what actually Yeah, so you want to make the Start page smaller, but today I got email from Kent that the code taking guys decided to Put a new pointer into struct page. So it will be larger But actually as the struct page align alignment, I don't think there's actually a requirement for for it to be 64 by the line What is that? 16 by it. Okay The reason why I'm saying is that it doesn't have to be 64 by the line because I mean we can have bigger struct pages based on Very various compilation configs But it has to be 16 by the line. I said, yeah, so can we remove two things like So like my map count is not needed for single-owner memory So Being now array, I think this rock pages also Their advantages, right and the symbol is so efficient Right and I understand, you know, nobody likes the overhead part But we I don't think we should overlook the The you know the good bits, you know From this array large chunk of array, right? Yeah, so So, yeah, we're out of time. It's actually lunch time. So thank you everyone and We can discuss offline