All right, good afternoon traders and let's Jump right in here. We'll go through the volume access now. We've been doing these afternoon sessions Here easy to say You know to go over a Lot of things that you've requested So you know the heat map how to relate to candlesticks, etc and We'll continue to do these as long as they're creating some value for you guys and we have a nice recording afterwards So let's jump in and we'll go through it here The gotta go through the disclosures general disclosure all book map limited materials information and Presentations are for educational purposes only and should not be considered specific investment advice nor recommendations With a risk disclosure trading futures equities and digital currencies Involves the stanchal risk of loss and it's not suitable for all investors past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results alright So Let's jump in and see what's going on here Looking at the S&P and boy. What a day crazy price action If you saw the webinar earlier today and all over the place so Higher time frame though. We are below that 42 50 area now What does the volume tell us or what are the volume dots in the first place? Well, you know, there's only three We'll close up the indicator panel. There's only three elements on this book map chart and These three elements are volume the dots here Showing the aggressors the market buy and sell orders the heat map which we covered last time Which is the liquidity all derived from the order book the current order book and current market But then projected historically on the chart. So you can see these areas where there's buying interest buyers down here As you can see around this 1125 area and and bidding up and 11 Or I'm sorry at 1125 but 42 25 and 42 30 And then we also have best bid and offer on here. All right, so just three elements on this book map chart And we can take each one off here And and show you that the the best bid and offer here And and that's just giving you the insight to the price structure or the price action Now the second element here are the volume bars and we'll also add the volume dots the The volume dots here show the aggressor very very simply This is the market buy and market sell orders. Let's zoom in here, and I'll show you what I mean Okay, this is all based off of our education And our educational course so our best bid and offers here the best offer is the red line The best bid is the green line And that's the you know that the level one information here Now a green dot is a market buy order. They cross the spread and They're Transacting and taking liquidity off of the best the best offer here Okay, so these are the traders that can move the market In fact the best offer maybe it comes up here way up here, you know several ticks away or maybe way up here There needs to be an aggressor that takes the other side of that trade and they cross the spread The spread could be very wide with the s&p e-mini here. You can see it's one tick wide Sometimes you'll see it widen out to a few more than than that in the current market, but very rarely Here you can see the Down at microsecond level or yeah microsecond level here. There is a bit of a spread It was two ticks for a very short period very very short period. That's how quickly it's filling in All right, so anyway the point is that It is the aggressor here crossing that spread that makes the next price point Okay, so in this case the next price point was the same price point here By the aggressors. Okay, these are market buy orders The best offer went up a tick But the next transaction was a market sell order, but at the same price level Okay, so price didn't move, but the best bid and offer did and this is when you'll see like in your time in sales Floating by that the You'll see a change in the color, but not the price level All right, so let's see we have some questions immediately here From Wall Street Warlord, can we locate? Look my user group online Yeah, I mean you can reach out on our forum and You can also reach out on our discord room For for anything that that you're looking for What is the mathematical equation that creates the bubble size Well, these are simply from the the data data provider here Okay, but the size of the trade Is what gives the reference here like a bigger dot here This is a market buy order, but it's bigger than this other market buy order here So we can use this data tip tool to hover over or look in the lower left hand corner to get insight here So this was for three transactions of three. This is also three, but this one here is one Right, so that's what it's showing Okay, and the and then we have another one here and that's also for a transaction of one. That's a market sell All right, and that's it. So the let's just zoom out a little bit more And start to understand some things All right, so you can see this like I said this kind of reference to And the color here We know these are market sells because they're hitting the bid and they're taking price lower The size of the dots is what gives the volume reference here To the other dots in here. So this is a lot more selling compared to the buying in here, right? so we have a reference And in fact the buyers take it a little bit higher back up to here again, however, the sellers in this little move here Basically remain in control because the the buyers aren't able to take it back up above Okay, so this is just understanding micro structure in here, but all of this kind of stuff matters And we start to zoom out on higher time frames. It is the same stuff All right. So anyway, now we know what these dots are Market market sell orders or the red dots market buy orders are the green dots and again, they move price Okay, if they take another Enough liquidity off of the best offer for example, they will move price up now What also helps the movement here is the other side of the trade where are they providing liquidity? Right, but is is these guys actually move the price? All right, technically okay, so let's just now we know what it is and We we know what the reference is here too. Okay, so when we look at at You know volume that is Relative volume well, we can see that there's more sellers here in this move here or in this view here And they're moving price lower Okay, so pretty pretty simple the There's all sorts of settings in here though that we need to go through And start to understand it. So let's jump into that go up to studies configuration here And click on volume dots now There's another another way to get to it as well You can just right click on the volume dots and go to volume dot settings here Okay, you'll find you can use that with many other Items as well. Okay, so now in the volume dots settings. Well, first, let's go through the volume Display options here. We can look at two two dimensional dots. We can look at 3d bubbles We can look at total volume now. This is important here This is what we've had for for many many years total volume And what that is showing Is you know every single transaction and there's so many transactions in some of these markets like the S&P many That we we zoom in here and you'll see these pie displays Okay, it's a volume dot and you can see the majority of it here For example is buying three about two-thirds of it is buying and about a third of it is selling Okay, based on the color of this one dot here now watch when I zoom in And when I zoom in This is a pie display because it's all aggregated within one bigger dot and That was the way we displayed it and I zoom in I'm going to be pulling apart each individual transaction Okay, you can still see a pie display right here on this one. I zoom in a little bit more Then I see every single transaction Okay, so that's total volume and Now let's go through another option here if we go back up here and we look at volume delta Okay, this is the the default display that we're showing and volume delta it just so you know, it's not total volume It is by minus cell right, but it still gives you the the reference here and The Dot is going to be one color or another and that's it All right, so it's either going to be green or red because it's by minus cell So let's say there's five thousand or let's say there's five hundred that trade that are buys and there's 499 that ourselves well then it's going to show a Green dot of just size one right because that is the the delta All right, so just so you understand the difference between the two but the Volume reference here is still the same. Okay, there's more selling here compared to buying Right, so and that's what we're looking for is trying to understand Who's in control and who's moving these markets and the clarity with the volume delta is very nice And you can see them just hitting the bid here pretty hard a little bit of a pause or pull back And then hitting the bid hard again, right? So the total volume might be a little harder to read It's up to you. Whatever you'd like to look at it doesn't matter Okay, so that's setting on the display The size this is very easy to understand you can make the size bigger or smaller based on the slider here You can also display it up here if you like And you see if I move that slider it also moves the slider down here, right? So that's the the slider on the on the toolbar or in the settings The clustering let's go over the clustering and what exactly is this right? Well, so let's go through each one We'll go through smart the Last year we'll go with none to begin with okay, so there's no clustering. Well, that's easy So what's clustering? All right, so let's move on to the next one by time And we'll look at one minute is fine if we maybe zoom in a little bit Yeah, let's do that Okay, so now between each vertical dotted line I have one minute here And let's make the size bigger so we can see this so on the vertical dotted line Since it's one minute divided up right now by one minute. You can see there's a dot at one minute And and that's it. It's showing all the volume between this last period here and this period here And then display it here now. Why is it off of best bid and offer? Okay, because it's showing the VWAP of this last minute of volume So it's not just showing the last transaction and where it took place We can see that here. Well, what was the where was the overall volume here? Because it's gonna have to be aggregated within this one minute period and we're gonna we're gonna display it as a VWAP and here It is right here. All right, so you can hover over again using this tool and it will tell you the price as well the price level and You can see it's here at 42 32 all right All right, so that's the Clustering by by time and let's go on to the next one by volume This one is a lot of traders don't care about time. It's mark. It's all about events therefore, they're looking at volume clustered by the The amount of volume so if we put in 500 for example, okay, let's zoom out a little bit So every time 500 transact Start a new period and when that trans acts in that period and start a new period Okay, this is a really good way of starting to understand where heavy volume is happening And let's make the dot size a little bit a little bit lower and let's zoom out a little bit more All right, so yeah, here we have it, you know, all of the dots are gonna be the basically the same size they have to be I'm sorry, they They don't have to be and here's why They can aggregate together right so here's to that traded very very quickly But they can aggregate together if we hover over this now you can see it's for a volume of a thousand All right, so it's still gonna be a 500 period followed by another 500 period But they will aggregate together. Okay, so here this should be 1500 now and it is if I hover over it you can see it down here All right, so the volume dots are all the same size But you'll just see some sort of aggregation when you start to zoom in and and contract that timeline All right So and this gives you a good feel here. We can lower the size a little bit of what's going on with the These periods here of 500 right so a lot of traders like this kind of view So let's move on to the next one is the smart clustering Okay, so we can now cover this one because basically the smart clustering is a combination of time and volume Okay, and there's a slider here. I use the smart clustering. It is the default In fact, if we go to the default right here, you you'll see it the smart clustering is right in the middle The size is this size. It's a 3d bubbles and volume Delta Transparency is about 50% right, so that's the But the clustering a default is right in the middle here for smart Okay, now the smart clustering it it's just that combination. It has like a sphere of influence around it Based on time and volume. It's kind of like water droplets when a water droplet gets rather close to another one It kind of sucks it in and makes it into a bigger Water droplet right so the same thing will kind of happen here when we zoom out We start to pull those away, but we zoom back in you'll see how see how these kind of act like It starts to come around this by time and volume It's kind of like gravity of a planet or something and then it starts to aggregate them together All right, that's what the clustering does okay So that should simplify it to cut take away some of those smaller transactions because those can be rather meaningless We're looking for the overall right where who's really in control and moving this market And the clustering can do a nice job there. All right, so Now I actually like to bring down the clustering I like it on just a little bit But I like to look at all the transactions The reason that that I prefer that kind of setting Is because I want to see this steady strong movement away from an area It's something that I studied or you know, I look at that's the way that I trade Okay, a lot of traders. They're not they don't worry about that whatsoever. So they like lots of clustering so if we go up to Studies configuration and bring that clustering up even higher So they just want to see like those those big transactions and that's it Right that strong consistent move Although it's not bad in here on this one, you know, they're just more worried about the the larger transactions Okay, now look what happens if I go all the way to the right-hand side. I only get one dot And again, it is off of best bid and offer and it's on the VWAP here Okay, so it's clustered everything one big sphere of influence into this one big dot here All right. So anyway, that's the way the clustering works Let me know if you have any questions on on the clustering here. So I Will move on to the next one Okay In fact, I may if I move this all the way back even on smart here all the way back to zero Basically, it means clustering is off. Okay, that that's the way that the slider will work here for smart It's the same as none basically okay Inherit bars and apply to bars. All right, so we can go over that in a minute But I want to move on to the next one. This is minimum displayed volume and what this is showing in here Is a little bit complex. We'll go over the next one and then it will come back to it Minimum trade size. This is very simple to understand. All right, so this is your block trades So let's look at a hundred in here for the S&P. Okay, and let's see how many we get now We might have to zoom out to find some here. Okay, but we're talking about one transaction That's for a hundred. Okay a hundred lots and you can see there's not so many And and in fact most of them happened here or all of now even there's some there's some pre-market or London exchange here. I Mean these are clearly larger players. They have to be Who who in here trades a hundred lots up at a clip? All right, so Now that's great, it gives us insight to the larger players however in this trading Environment that is just dominated by algorithms for the last 20 or 30 years It's just a you know, this Marcus are dominated by the by the bots so instead of a cluster or a large I'm sorry a large trade going through a block trade of a hundred and It really kind of shows your hand What a lot of traders will do instead now is they'll break up that 100 lot trade into a hundred different orders for one lot each Okay, and it will trade rather quickly in succession so That's the way that they can kind of hide a bit more of their their hand So that's why we came up with this setting here minimum displayed volume So let's bring this all the way back down to one the trade size and Let me show you how this works here with minimum displayed volume. Okay, so the minimum displayed volume is able to show Those transactions that happen very very quickly So that 100 lot that traded 100 times for one lot Right now. How do we do that? Okay, so we Basically and we zoom in here and We'll put in a hundred All right, so let me We might have to put in more actually Okay All right so if we we can see a couple transactions in here now This means that in this dot here. There was a hundred at minimum. Okay, could be more That traded here very very quickly That's what it means Right, and we've captured it here with this setting if you hover over it you can see that This is for a hundred this one here is more though Okay, because there's more actually in this little area here. It was a hundred seventy nine So the minimum cut off is a hundred. Okay, so display a hundred or greater And now this is based on your zoom level. Okay, it sounds kind of funny but Here's what's going on Within a very small time frame a hundred traded now. What's the smallest that we can display on the screen? It would be one pixel So within this one pixel here We have a hundred that traded or more now this it doesn't matter. What kind of screen you have We're still basing it off of one pixel size All right, so if I zoom in though Okay, now my screen is going to Expand or my view is going to expand and it won't be one pixel any longer Once it's not one pixel any longer That will not display Okay, now if I come back in here now watch I'll come back in here And let's bring this down a little bit. Okay, let's do a certain size Maybe it was a block trade. Who knows But it should display in here and there it is. Okay, so we had to go down to like 55 Okay, and was there a red dot? Yeah, it was a red dot to begin with So we got to go down even more to get a feel for exactly what kind of happened in here, right? As you can see Uh, we're getting there. So let's go back to 100 just to make the point though All right, so right now I zoomed in and now it's this that event that took place is over more than one pixel So it doesn't display I've got to zoom out and uh Contract the screen in order for that to display now All right, so and once it does display is going to give me the overall You know By minus cell all right for the delta here you can go to total volume as well And in fact total volume You can see there's a difference here between total volume and volume delta Okay, so total volume because there's a lot more transactions. It's not not just by minus cell So it's still working here with the total with the the volume delta All right, so just keep that in mind as you're going through this that it's still by minus cell But it's still 100 uh in a very very quick succession here All right, so that's the way this works now a lot of professional traders really like this filter Uh, and they're looking at higher time frames and they just don't want to be bothered by all of this volume So what they'll do is maybe they'll look at a certain kind of zoom level And then they'll look at their Um display here and find something that kind of works for the day All right, so let's put in 5000 Okay, and nothing's being displayed. Okay, so let's try 2500 Okay, nothing being displayed All right Let's go down to well actually let's just go down to 500 and see what happens here Okay, now we have a lot Okay, maybe that's too much in this area in here So let's go down. Let's go up a bit more. We'll go to uh 75 or 750 Okay, that's not bad All right, I filtered out a lot of the volume And now is it is it helping me though Is it giving me shape of under an understanding of what's going on within this time frame here now? We've got a lot of a lot of data in here Uh, and you can see there's not a whole lot of transactions We have our 930 cash open uh right around here And you can see that seller heavy selling coming in some buying coming and this was actually during the uh during the webinar and We were kind of looking to see if we get a deeper pullback here Didn't happen We went lower and then finally it came back up and and we got it our deeper Uh, not really deeper pullback. Uh, just kind of back to the same area basically and sellers coming in again all right, so For example, um, you know if you if you're not seeing With a setting like this, maybe you're just sitting back looking at the bigger picture and then Waiting for more buyers to start to come in at these higher levels If you're going to get that retracement now you got some But you didn't get any follow through right so and and you got some here But no follow through again. In fact, look at this kind of exhaustion area in here There's no more buying in this filter And we see more sellers here. Okay, so uh, yeah Sellers basically are in control In this well in this entire day here, but they're also in control in this period Okay, we don't see any buying coming back up into here. So this filter might be something that you like Play around with it. Now if you zoom in, okay, this is going to become Less useful you're going to have to reset it. So you have to come back up here And then put in maybe 250. Okay and see what that looks like And um, yeah, so that helps right not bad for this view Here's a little bit of buying in here, but sellers still remain in control All right, so now we'd be looking for that big sell dot down here Uh and understand what what uh, uh, if the sellers can move this lower Okay All right, so lots of questions in here That is correct Edison. Um, they uh, the volume dots are Represent the executed market orders. That is correct All right, that's important to understand Uh, no no over the counter um A connection here, uh to the penny stocks or anything anything over the counter over the counter There's really no order book right? We're looking for an exchange. We're looking for An order book, uh And also the volume that is accurate Um, yeah, there's um There's lots of uh information on api if you go to bookmap.com And uh, you'll click on the the more button and you'll find information there about api. All right Okay, um All right any questions so far on the volume dots Let me go to special events and discord. No looks like we're good. Okay Now those are the main filters uh for the volume. So now let's start to apply that Uh, and we're gonna first going to apply it to the volume bars down below. So let's go over those settings here Uh, you you see them here, right now. This is for the clustering That you're going to be applying it. All right. So uh inherit from bars. All right. Well, uh, or apply to bars So this smart clustering let let's just uh, let's go with time Our one minute here Let's actually make it 15 minutes Okay And uh, now let's apply it to our bars There we go Okay, it's been applied to our bars down below. So now this should align with this here And it does Okay, so that's a quick way to have the same, uh, clustering here on your bars or you can inherit from bars So let's let's just go to our bar settings here and let's do uh Well, we'll do two minutes instead, right? Okay, so by time And let's uh, then let's go back to our volume dots and you can see the inherit from dots or apply to dots here So you have the same the same two, uh, uh choices, but now we're going to inherit From the from the bars and now we should look at two minutes of A clustering here. All right, and we do okay, so Let's go back to the smart clustering apply to the bars and That's that Okay Now the volume the volume bars we got to go over that these this is really simple and straightforward It's the same settings in here. You can look at total volume. I do need to cover this on total volume. There is some Uh confusion with this From uh from some traders Look at the um, the red is always on the bottom here Okay, it's not that there's always more more buying in here. That's not the case at all It's just showing you the it's always red on the bottom and then And in addition to that on top is the buying. So that's the way we're displaying it here Right for the bars All right, so that's that uh, and let's go back to the bar settings here Uh, that's for the total volume. You can look at a solid here like this or you can look at a gradation Okay, uh, or you can Let's go back to solid you can look at your total volume or you can move it to delta now I like to personally I like to match it to exactly what I see in the bars Uh, and I do apply uh the same setting. Okay from my uh volume bars to my volume dots for vice versa All right, so that's that um, okay, so let's uh Let's start to um Go through some, uh, practical uses here. Uh, how to how to read the aggressors in here Uh, and what this means and we can start to get also into volume profiles, etc but The um a practical uses. Okay, so we know that the aggressor is the one that moves the the price so, uh the um Starting to read the volume in here In in context and the first Level to look at in terms of context is the price structure So when you start to look at your candlesticks or you start to look at let's just take the volume dots off for a moment here Okay, when you start to look at just this is your price structure Okay, and this is where you can start to mark up areas Okay, so consolidation breakdown consolidation Breakdown consolidation Break out Back to uh the range and and a breakdown All right, so this mark has been kind of all over the place today Uh with a strong move and in the in the opening uh to the downside and that still remains in effect All right now what we want to understand though in context of these areas here by the price structure Is where the transaction is taking place that's going to give us a lot of insight. Okay, so um it whatever Whatever it is that you're looking at uh for your trading Uh, maybe you're looking at some sort of filter like this. Maybe you're not All right, so that's um Just uh, let's use the filter here and and at this zoom rate here and see what we can read It's maybe a little much uh still right, so uh, it's just um Filtered again I think we had 750 right and that that gave us pretty good view Yeah, that's a little a little scant here Let's try 500 Yeah, it's not bad Maybe a little bit lower We can try 400 All right It's not bad Um, all right, so let's read this here Uh, and let's put this context together with the structures that we just kind of outlined Well up here This is the open some back and forth and then the the sellers come in and move it away They move it away on on pretty powerful volume and here. This was during the webinar. It was a mess Uh, it was just a mess and look at the read here in terms of the volume Now the funny thing is is like on these kind of higher uh or these highs here Uh, there's nothing trading up there Okay, so We were looking for that in fact in this little area here and then up here We were looking for that um, and then the possible pull back into some of these areas Just a pull back on on these time frames Uh, now this view is actually giving us a little more insight Uh, because now it's easy. It's always easy in hindsight, of course But, you know, we don't see much trading up here basically in this view and in this Setting that's basically exhaustion. So here we have transactions down below that Looking for our sellers should try to drive this away and they do And we come back up here. We don't see sellers here Overall, we see I'm sorry. We don't see buyers up here on the overall delta. We see sellers Okay, now this one's kind of crazy to to read in here Why did it pop up like this? We see sellers here a few buyers in here We'd have to maybe zoom in a little closer and maybe redo the setting to get more insight from that Okay, but this is not bad right now What we see here right now sellers move it away from this on heavy sell volume very little bind again heavy sell volume I'm looking for another red dot here To give us insight to the breakdown to the lows and maybe even lower All right, because we're down here price is trading down here And now we're just looking for some insight from the from the volume All right, so we might have to play around with the setting Maybe this isn't really helping us much. So let's let's go back and let's start to read the context here Okay, maybe 400 isn't so good. Let's try 300 Still nothing 200 Okay Not bad. Let's try 250 though. Try to filter out a little bit more All right, not bad Yeah, we just we need to see these sellers come here right now And then we can get the the move to the lows here. Okay, and then maybe break the lows So let's see it We're down here now. See how this can also help with exhaustion. There's our dot Hey, just it just presented All right, and now it just went away That's because of the delta in here Uh, it now there is since it's by minus sell Now there's some buyers in here Okay, so it's it's not displaying Okay, so as we're going lower we found some big sellers, but we're finding a few buyers in here now too Let's zoom out a little bit more or zoom in Now Still not really helpful Okay, but beautiful exhaustion here back to this area You know, that's great Now again, like if we don't see that those sellers show in show up in here And we start to come back in and we see a green dot up here or up here That's telling us something back to the swing back to the top of the range Maybe back to this range top of this range here Okay, so that would be like a a false breakdown. So reading and starting to understand the Exhaustion in here or the lack of dots trying to get some understanding from that So what I'm I'm My goal here was to go through to show you all these different settings And then the practical applications of them right now We took the heat map off just so we can understand a bit better Just the volume And then we have this context in here using these different settings. So like I said, it's up to you but the We have lots of flexibility and we're very feature rich In here with book map now. We've had these settings for a long long time so Whatever it is you prefer Play around with it until you find something that you like All right Let's see here All right, so actually look at that buyers Okay, interesting. Let's see them get back to the top of this range here Okay, let's see if they can do it looks pretty good. I mean we're getting buyers here Hey, this is this a broke down, but we're getting buyers here at this area here great Then they should be able to come back into top of this little range here Okay, and that would be as like a three or four point move And we're probably just have to wait forever for this to unfold But anyway like different markets, obviously you're going to have to have different settings You're going to have to play around with it to find what works for you. All right Let's see if I can think of can I think of anything else or if you guys have any questions happy to go through it here Wall Street warlord Here, let me show you where to go You're talking more about the api and and and all of that so go to bookmap.com Okay, click on the more button here And then you could either go to api here or you can go to our knowledge base Let's go to api. It takes you to the same place Okay, you're in there our eight or our Our book map knowledge base here And there's a user guide. There's the add-ons and now we're in the java api section There's also a javascript api So, you know, we're in this section here You can see the breakdown of the on the right hand side The api modules. Okay, it just scrolls you down the page basically So this is the place to go Okay, all the links that you may uh require For more information will be on this page And that'll that'll initiate the thread for you. All right Okay now Let's take a look here between The we're just reading the volume here. We don't have the heat map on And we just wanted to go through the different settings for for the for the volume dots But let's add a little bit more in here now Let's add the heat map Okay And let's actually dim that a little bit Uh and start to understand context of volume also within within the uh the auction Okay, the the the supply and the demand the buyers and sellers in here And what is going on? Okay, so we are looking for this scenario false breakdown buyers here And then a move back up to this top of the range here As a potential scenario Okay now So we know there's buyers here There's liquidity here look at high liquidity in here on the bid starting to come in Okay, not a whole lot of buyers though Now again, we're gonna have to wait for quite quite a bit of buying here to get that insight And giving us giving us actually some good information. No buyers lack of buyers again on a retest So now we're back down here. In fact At this point here since it tried twice Now we can get a maybe a red dot down here And if we do Then I'd be looking for the retest down to lows uh here Okay around 27 and a half or so And you see you see what's happening. We're just going back and forth in here right now Okay, but uh confirmation with a bigger dot in here look at the offer now Okay, let's see if we get do we get our red dot here Not yet. Okay any more questions in here Let's see No, no more questions um Just back and forth in here Still just trying to gain some insight in here and nothing to do nothing to do until we get that insight Okay, we get our green dot up here It's looking really good for for coming back up to to the top of the range here If we come back down here and we get our red dot looks really good for going back down to low and then also trend continuation Uh, how do you compare uh retest versus the same price? um Uh retest of the area here. So like selling down here Uh lack of selling down here on the retest Now this is maybe a too a little too extreme of a setting here right because um We're you know heavy selling nothing Okay, but really nothing until we got a buy buy dot here Okay, so it again, it's just um It's Understanding and and by what I meant by retest in here was this little area here We we uh came here and retested here And we didn't find any buyers. So we're open to sellers here If we get enough we should drop Okay, now we're open to buyers here as well if we get enough then we're looking for the move Uh to the top of the range here and maybe maybe even higher Okay, uh our sellers down here Bottom of the bottom of this swing here bottom of the day Down here around 26 Okay, or lower the day Yes, so this will be recorded in up on youtube all right, so I think that's about it. Um There's Not too much else to go through Uh, I mean there's all sorts of contextual things to go through I would recommend uh that Uh, you definitely play around with these different settings. I see what works for you and You know stick with that Okay, that's going to be the most helpful. So I'll take all of these off now now. I'm back to all the volume Uh, and let's make the dot size a little bit lower Okay, so now we're looking at quite a bit of volume Okay, we can zoom in and we can look at that same context now. Um, since it's the aggressor that moves price Uh, you know, there can be some odd situations where you you can we can actually go higher On lower volume But in general, uh, it is the buy volume that is moving price higher Uh, the how to go higher on on less volume less buy volume, uh, is very simply just liquidity is moved. Um You know pulled and moved higher And a little bit of buying can easily move price higher. It's like a low volume pullback All right, and um We talked a lot today about trap volume. So I'm going to avoid talking about trap volume In this webinar, but this the would be kind of an example of it down in here Uh, we're uh Not a bad example at all in fact Because we have you know lower move here sellers here. Look where the trap is set Okay, we covered this at length today Uh, because we had a lot of them Uh, and uh now buyers are a backup above it Okay, now we have another one right here. Okay, see see the buying coming in Okay, and now the sellers are down below it. Okay, so now are they going to let these guys out? Or did they get stopped out? Okay, well, let's see sellers here then if we get enough here Then i'm looking for the move back down to here Or here just by the context of understanding where those sellers might be trapped where these buyers might be trapped Okay, and where they're going to have to puke where they're going to be stopped out All right, and the stop run and we're looking for it So let's see if we get it here and this would be with the trend So looking for sellers looking for the move lower into these areas here All right, and now we're going through this exercising here Uh with um Just volume and price action And that's it And we don't see the other side of the trade. We don't know if there's a lot of liquidity down here absorbing A lot of that selling Okay, so that's where that third context with the heat map and that's what we covered in the previous video Uh was to go through the heat map in uh in detail all right now The the volume since we know that is the aggressors that move price Okay for the most part, uh, you know that those special circumstances where you know, you can go higher on less volume Um, we're not going to dive into that Instead we're going to dive into what we typically see is volume uh and heavy volume moving it away from an area Uh quickly okay trapping people up in here and moving it away quickly here and getting them to Force them to uh to sell Because everyone's everyone that bought in here is going to be forced to sell okay, and then You know god, we see this in the in the crypto markets all the time with the um liquidation indicator You'll see it come down here, and then you'll see even a retest in here, and there's no more liquidations It goes the other side and liquidates there Okay, so uh, here we go. This is our this was what we just talked about Uh and the move down here now. We're here And let's see if we can now go to lower lows Okay, so The question is what are we looking for then down here? Okay, if we're looking for lower lows and we're in the trend and we want to see the trend continuation What are we looking for many stops? That's true Uh, but we're basically looking in a flush. Yeah But we're basically looking for something more I mean something simpler. We're just looking for sellers red red dots Okay, they could be stops. They might not be um, they will likely be but Yeah, we're just looking for these sellers Captain price. Yeah. Yeah, exactly. So here they are see Okay, and let's see them continue Okay, now that's going to be our stop run now. We can open up our stops and icebergs here. There's our stop run Okay now And this is where we get into a lot of nuances in the order flow here Because we have a stop run here But you know a stop run. What does that really mean? Like it typically means these are people exiting a position Not not uh, not buying Hey, that's the case then a rotation back up and again this volume in here and defining this volume in here All right, especially this little area in here is it's it's really not real. Okay, this is real buying Okay, so they're gonna they're moving it right back into the range here Hey, maybe back up to here Hey, they've already moved it to the the bottom here already All right, so you know different many different things to start to understand in here also with stops and uh, and also icebergs, but understanding like the the condition uh of the Of the orders or the traders involved here now. We're back down here Okay, so do we get many stops here? No, so these sellers are still in it Okay, well, we know that a lot of these are stops, but these are new sellers now coming in All right, so sellers should be able to drop it lower then there's enough of them Okay, and we go down to lows of the day here All right. All right guys. Well, um, we talked a lot about the different settings and the different ways of looking at volume Uh, and uh, applying to bars, etc Uh, and then we started to get into practical applications of it. Uh, there are many practical applications Uh of understanding volume. It's one of the most, uh, studied or analyzed, uh elements Um in the markets, okay now it is very very important Uh, but there also is the other side of the trade and that is very important to understand too. It's all context Really understanding the condition of the participants or their their positions or their actions and learning from it Uh from their actions, uh, that's where we can get some insight and that's what reading order flow is all about So we'll do another one. Uh, if you like this video, let me know hit the like button there. Uh, we'll get into, uh, um, some more of these videos in the afternoon and You know, these have been based on your suggestions. So if you have, uh, just keep keep the chat coming Let us know What what you're interested in the heat mask been really popular. We can do more on the heat map if you want Now we're covering volume dots in here. Uh, and I've looked very little to the heat map. Uh, just understanding the, um, The transactions and the the participants that are committed in here with their market buy and sell orders Uh within the price structure So, uh, yep, we'll um Add in the comments there what you what you want, uh, I we are reading the comments And this is based off of someone's comment in discord Okay, thanks for coming everybody and we will uh, have a good weekend and we'll catch up with you, uh on monday Okay, yeah Take care. Bye. Bye


Welcome to the fourth lecture of module 2. Earlier we have done in module 2 two lectures on the sol-gel method of synthesis and the last lecture which was the lecture 3 of synthetic methodologies was the beginning of the topic of micro emulsions and micro emulsions based synthesis of nano structured materials. Today is the second lecture which is a continuation of the synthesis using micro emulsions of nano structures and basically today we will be studying about how we use micro emulsion technique for the synthesis of different sizes and shapes of various variety of nano structured materials. In a typical synthesis of nano structures first you have the nucleation stage. So, small embryonic nuclei form and then these nuclei grow to form the nano crystals. So, there are two major steps in any crystallization. You have first nucleation and then these nuclei grow to form the nano crystals or nano particles and the important thing is how to control the size of the nano particles depends how you control the growth of these nano particles. So, to understand the methodology of controlling the size of nano particles we have to understand the thermodynamics and kinetics of these two processes which is nucleation and growth of these nano crystalline materials. So, one of the mechanisms by which these nano crystallines form and grow is by what is called the Oswald ripening method. In the Oswald ripening method it is basically considered to be a thermodynamically driven spontaneous process. In this process large particles grow at the expense of small particles. These large particles are energetically more favored and hence the small particles in the vast number of nuclei which form change into or grow into this large size particles. So, they attach themselves to the larger size particles making them even larger and by this they reduce the surface energy because smaller sized particles have more surface energy and so the larger size particles are energetically more favored and this is the thermodynamically driven process. Spontaneously whenever there is a growth it happens through the Oswald ripening process since it is what is defined by thermodynamics and energetically you will have growth of larger particles and less number of smaller particles will stay till you reach equilibrium. So, if you look at the formation of a large number of nuclei of small size as time grows the number of particles with a particular size will which is larger than the initial size of the nuclei will become larger. There will be more particles which larger size and hence the distribution of particle size will become very narrow and you will have most of the particles at one size which is a reasonably large size of particle. So, initially you will have particles of very small size and then you will have particles of various sizes and at equilibrium you will have a majority number of particles at one particular size which is a large size and the size distribution will become very narrow as time goes on and this is the Oswald ripening process and as I said earlier this is the thermodynamically driven process and it will occur spontaneously in any system unless you give some external input external driving forces which may be in the order of salts or other chemicals or some electric field or magnetic field. Then you can go to a process which is kinetically stable and not the thermodynamically driven process like which is guided here through the Oswald ripening process. So, this is an example of hollow titanium dioxide which is forming through the Oswald ripening process. So, you see solid T i O 2 spheres initially there are large number numerous small crystallites which you can see here this model as the time goes on the inner cores which are smaller spheres they have higher curvature higher surface energies and they dissolve and you get more larger particles towards the edge. So, the core particles which have higher surface energy compared to the particles on the surface on the exterior of this large group of particles. So, that will grow and inside the particles which are more curvature and higher surface energy will be lost and this is a model of what is happening in T i O 2 how hollow T i O 2 is forming and these are real pictures where you see that the outer part of these large agglomerate of particles is becoming darker and the interior is becoming lighter. This is the hollowing effect which you observe because of Oswald ripening at longer reaction time and this we have also observed in many other systems for example, in silica particles which we have made using micro emulsions you can see these pores and with time you can increase the size of these pores and this is typically what you see in the last case as we discussed in T i O 2 where Oswald ripening will increase this pores and will lead to more dense outer structures. The other alternative to Oswald ripening is what is called the digestive ripening. This is not the thermodynamically driven process. This is against the thermodynamically driven process where large particles break apart and small particles increase in size. This is just the opposite of Oswald ripening. In Oswald ripening you have small particles getting removed from the system and the larger particles growing. In this case large particles break apart and small particles increase in size and why does this happen? This is due to some external influences. For example, if you add some thiols some long hydrocarbon chain thiols which have 8 carbons to 16 carbons. These kind of thiol molecules bring about this kind of digestive ripening through some electrostatic interactions. These kind of molecules are called digestive ripening agents which help in this process where instead of having large and small particles the larger particles break to become uniform a small sized particles as seen here in this particular case which is published in these two journals. You get a very uniform homogeneous distribution of particles a very small size through this digestive ripening process. This process is not thermodynamically driven. It is kinetically driven and this process is helped by the presence of molecules like thiols which act as digestive ripening agents. This kind of work has been shown in the literature by Klabunde et al. These are some of the publications where details of the digestive ripening process the kinetically driven process is explained in detail. Now, typically how you synthesize nanostructured materials? We will study how we synthesize using two micro emulsions by which we get metal oxalates or metal carboxylates and then generate binary metal oxide nanoparticles. In our earlier lecture we discussed that whenever we have to make nanomaterials using micro emulsions we start with 2 or 3 or 4 micro emulsions depending on whether we want a binary oxide or binary chloride or ternary material or quaternary material depending on that the number of micro emulsions that you take increases. So, in this case since you have we will be taking binary metal oxides we want to synthesize binary metal oxide that means 1 metal and 1 oxide oxygen species. So, you need 2 micro emulsions to start with in 1 micro emulsion you will have your metal ion say cobalt or nickel or iron and in the other micro emulsion you will have the oxalate or succinate or any carboxylate by which you will precipitate the metal carboxylate and then using this metal oxalate or carboxylate you slowly decompose it to get binary metal oxide nanoparticles. So, these nanoparticles we can control using the micro emulsions the size and shape of these nanoparticles can be used by effectively choosing the various parameters which govern these micro emulsions. So, what are these parameters these parameters are like the solvent what is the non aqueous medium for example, it can be benzene it can be toluene it can be heptane what is the surfactant as we discussed in the previous lecture you can have surfactants like cationic surfactant you can have anionic surfactant you can have surfactants with 1 tail that is a hydrocarbon chain or 2 chains or 3 chains. So, you can vary the nature of the surfactant you can vary the head group what is the charge on the head group whether it is positive or negative then you can change the W naught parameter which is the water to surfactant ratio that will also control the type the size of the micro emulsion that is formed. The nature of the ligand is important what kind of ligand you want to attach to the metal for example, is it a carbonate ligand is it a oxalate ligand or succinate that will affect the dynamics during the mixing of the micro emulsions there are effects of the ligand the oxidation state of the metal ion may be important because it depends on the solubility product of the metal ion with the ligand and that will vary whether it is iron plus 2 or iron plus 3. You will have to worry about what is your starting reagent whether you are taking ferrous chlorides or ferrous nitrate then variation in water surfactant ratio we already discussed will affect. So, all these parameters have a role to play in the type of micro emulsion that you get and can be varied to get a large variety of metal oxalates or carboxylates and it can be extended to other systems like metal sulfides, metal selenides, metal phosphates. So, here we will discuss first the synthesis of metal oxalates using 2 micro emulsions and then we can enhance this instead of from 2 micro emulsions we can take 3 micro emulsions and get ternary phases and then get ternary oxide materials like barium titanate, strontium titanate where you have 2 metals and 1 oxygen. So, it is a ternary system this is also a ternary system. So, starting first from a binary 2 micro emulsion system we can discuss how we can go to 3 micro emulsion systems and get ternary oxide phases which are very important for several applications. So, this is one example where we have taken a cationic surfactant and when we take a cationic surfactant what we observe is that when the metal precipitates with the oxalate then it might form this kind of chains and we find that in our microscopic studies and we can explain why metal oxalate nanostructures form this kind of linear chains because it can be explained these oxygen ions which have a negatively charged will attract the polar head group which is positive in case of a C tab which is the cationic surfactant. So, the cationic surfactant will be aligned along the these surfaces and hence growth will be more amenable along this axis, but not along this axis. This is one of the mechanisms that has been proposed for the formation of anisotropic nanostructures in metal carboxylates especially when you take cationic surfactants. The reason as we said is because the surface of these rods will be negatively charged and that can be measured using a technique which is called zeta potential measurements and you can measure the surface of these rods and since they are negative they will attract the positive head group of the cationic surfactant like C tab and the growth will be along this direction and you will end up with nanorods of these metal oxalates. If you do not use surfactant that means if you do not use micro emulsion then you will not get rods and this is you can take any type of metal like iron, nickel, cobalt, zinc, manganese all of them form metal oxalates and they form rod like structures because of this positive or cationic surfactants which make them aligned along these two sides and allow for growth of the rod along one dimension. Now there are generally the mechanisms by which other rod formation take place is through what is called assembly of nanoparticles to form rods, nanorods. So, here if you have for example zinc acetate particles and inside this is a polymer like PVP. PVP plays a very important role here for formation of the nanorods. So, in this case if you have these kind of zinc acetate particles along with the polymer and you dry this at 383 Kelvin this is an optimal temperature for this polymer PVP then you see these particles growing becoming larger from here and if you heat for higher temperature for some more time then you will see this rod like growth on top of the surface you see these particles are aligning themselves. They are assembling on the initial rod which forms and as time goes on at that temperature these particles coalesce on these rods and you get a larger nanorod. So, this is one of the methodologies how you get nanorods from nanoparticles by self assembly during the drying up of the polymer along with the metal ion solution. So, this is a very well known technique now by which nanorod formation can be explained. The other way that this rod formation is explained is that you have these nanoparticles this is called the population balance model of nanorod formation is that you have these nanoparticles which are colliding and they form this kind of dimers and then further collision to give you trimmers and then it continues to form tetramer and pentamer etcetera. Now when they can form two pentamers may collide and form a 10 or decamer and this continues and then these particles start coalescing. So, these are like a pearl string each aligned next to each other in a linear fashion and after some time they coalesce and as they are coalescing they form this neck formation is there and finally, they give the nanorod. So, this kind of a linear pearl chain formation is happening through the oriented attachment of nanodots. So, this nanodots whenever there is a trimer one more nanodot can come and align itself here. So, this is called the oriented attachment mechanism and this basically first there is a oriented attachment and the second stage is the coalescence of the aligned nanoparticles to give the final nanorod. So, the oriented attachment of the particles and then coalescence together give you the mechanism for the rod formation in these systems. There is another reason for this oriented growth if you have a permanent dipole moment then many of these spherical what we consider spherical nanocrystalline particles are actually not spherical they are quasi spherical. That means, there is some distortion of the sphere and that distortion or the quasi spherical nature of these crystalline nanodots that will result in a dipole moment along the polar faces of these nanodots. Now, whenever you have this dipole moment. So, there is some positive and negative type of charges on opposite faces or opposite layers then the fresh ions will which are say positively charged ions will then come closer to the negatively charged faces and the negatively charged ions will come closer to the positively charged faces. So, if you look at zinc oxide for example, the wood side structure of zinc oxide in that the 002 faces are polar faces that means they have some polarity and the opposite faces 002 faces two opposing 002 faces have zinc two plus ions on the surface and oxide two minus surface on the ions on the other surface. So, one surface of the 002 is positive and the opposite 002 surface or face is negative. Now, so the next zinc two plus ion will come closer to the 002 face which is negative that is which is having oxide ion terminating on the surfaces and this way the process is continued by oriented attachment led by this permanent dipole moment which are present in this polar systems. In zinc sulphide or zinc blend structure which has the zinc blend structure the 111 faces are polar. So, in this case opposite 111 layers will have either positive or negative charges and accordingly the subsequent ions say the sulphide ions will come and attach to the surface which has the positive charge that means which is terminated by zinc two plus ions. Similarly, the zinc two plus ions will come and attach to the surface which is terminated by sulphide ions and this way the crystal growth will take place in a very oriented manner and you will have this nano rod formation. So, the dipole moment along the 002 face of zinc oxide and the 111 face of zinc sulphide is important for the growth of nano rods in this system. Now, to give you an example that the micro emulsion is important for the nano rod formation here we show on the left panel a nano rod of dimensions maybe few the length is of several microns maybe 4 microns or 5 microns and the diameter may be around 300 400 nanometers or may be larger and this nano crystal is of or sub micron sized crystal is of zinc manganese oxalate which has been synthesized using reverse micelles that is using micro emulsions. On the right side we have used the same conditions for making the same compound using the co precipitation method where we do not have any surfactants or micro emulsion and as you see this micro emulsion process containing a cationic surfactant gives a nano rod kind morphology whereas in this case where we have not used any surfactants we have not used any surfactants or micro emulsions you can see that there are no rods or anisotropic structures they are more or less spherical agglomerated particles of zinc manganese oxalate. If you take the X-ray diffraction of both of them they will have the same X-ray diffraction tell you telling you that in both the cases the product is the same however the morphology is very much dependent on the methodology how you have obtained them. So if you use reverse micellar method you get this rod shape structure if you do not use reverse micellar method no micro emulsion then you get this sphere like structures because these materials are important and they belong to a structure called the spinel structure and are useful for photo catalytic applications. So this is one example but there are many many examples we can show where the metal oxalates synthesized using micro emulsions show anisotropic or rod like structures compared to a spherical or irregular structures if you do not use the micro emulsions containing a cationic surfactant. This is another example where we have made manganese oxalate rod like structures using micro emulsions with c tab as the surfactant and you see as explained earlier we have rods which have diameter of around 70, 80 nanometers and lengths of say several microns and if you decompose this manganese oxalate rods under some condition that is you can heat this in air or oxygen or nitrogen depending on the environment in which you decompose these manganese oxalate rods you will get different oxide nanoparticles like MnO manganese oxide manganese 2 oxygen 3 and MnO 4 all these 3 oxides are of size in the nanometer dimensions some are smaller say 20, 30 nanometers and some are larger say in MnO 3 we get sizes around 50 to 70 nanometers and in MnO 4 we can have sizes around 100 to 200 nanometers. So you can get different oxide materials under different conditions of synthesis like the decomposition temperatures and the environment in which you are decomposing is important and if you have more oxygen in the environment you will get more oxidized species of manganese manganese here is divalent and here manganese has an average oxidation state of 3 by 2 right here it is 2 and here it is you have 6 charges for oxygen and manganese here is trivalent so here it is divalent and here it is trivalent and here it is a mixture of divalent and trivalent so depending on the conditions of the more the oxidized species you need higher the partial pressure of oxygen during decomposition all these oxides are very important because nano structured manganese oxides have lot of applications in battery materials. Now let us example give you an example how the solvent affects the shape and size of these nano structures so solvent molecules interact with the surfactant tail because the surfactant tail is hydrophobic and the solvent is a non aqueous medium in these cases so the surfactant tail with interact with the hydrophobic solvent and that will affect the exchange of the ions between the two micelles during interactions. Now so for example we choose the system of the synthesis of nickel oxalate using a C-tab surfactant and then we compare different solvents different hydrocarbons hexane cyclohexane and isoctane now all these three are hydrophobic and will interact with the surfactant tail of course the hydrophobicity will vary with the different kind of solvent. Now if you have a bulky solvent it cannot penetrate the surfactant tails at the interface at the interface of water and oil that is water and the non aqueous medium the surfactant will be aggregated and the bulky solvent which is outside this interface the surfactant cannot penetrate the surfactant tails and hence the interface becomes more fluid and whenever the interface becomes more fluid then that enhances inter micellar exchange in other words whenever you have bulky solvent molecules you have more fluidity at the interface and you have enhanced inter micellar exchange and when you have enhanced inter micellar exchange the particle size will be larger and hence particle size is larger when the solvent is bulky so this we what we discussed we can see in experiments. So if you choose three solvents hexane cyclohexane and isoctane the bulkiness increases like this so hexane has the least bulky and isoctane is more bulky it has 8 carbon this is 6 carbons and you can find out that the highest aspect ratio you obtain the aspect ratio is the when you divide the length with the diameter you get the aspect ratio so the aspect ratio becomes larger as the solvent becomes larger or bulkier so hexane is the smallest in size and the aspect ratio is 5 is to 1 whereas cyclohexane and isoctane the aspect ratio increases to 6 is to 1 to 11 is to 1 so you can enhance the aspect ratio and the size as you increase the bulkiness of the solvent. Now you can see the same thing in another example so this was the example of nickel oxalate when you have one micro emulsion having nickel and the other micro emulsion having oxalate and then you can take another example where you have the solvent is isoctane and in octane you are comparing two solvents and you are keeping the other things constant so you are taking the same surfactant C tab and you are taking in one solution copper and in another solution oxalate ions and you are mixing them and inter micellar exchange occurs and copper oxalate hydrate forms as crystals and in isoctane you see much larger particles like this in n octane you see much lesser the diameter here is much larger the aspect ratio is larger here and these kind of effects in controlling the morphology can be seen in all such nanostructured materials of course if you decompose the copper oxalates at around 400 to 500 degree centigrade you get copper oxide and the copper oxide that you get from this is different in size is 25 to 30 nanometers while the copper oxide that you get from normal octane has the size of 80 to 90 nanometers and that brings about difference in their magnetic properties so this is an example how the size can be controlled through the oxalate precursors and that is difference in size 25 nanometers and 80 nanometers will bring about a difference in the magnetization which is plotted on the y axis compared to the magnetization in the other case and the difference in these two and the difference in these two is just the size of the particles so you see that there is some transition here around 80 Kelvin and that transition in this these nanoparticles is around 190 Kelvin so this change in the particle size brings about the change in the magnetization in copper oxide now you can see the same thing the solvent is controlling the morphology so you are changing from cyclohexane that is the solvent here to hexane to isoctane and in this case we have changed from butanol which is a co surfactant to pentanol which is a bigger co surfactant so the top to show you change in the dimensions of the nanostructured materials when you change the solvent and the bottom two slides show you what happens to the to the morphology when you change the co surfactant the co surfactant normally is an alcohol so in this case we have taken butanol and in this case pentanol so we have increased the length of the hydrocarbon chain from 4 carbon to 5 carbon which brings about some changes in the morphology so you can bring about changes in the morphology from the changing the solvent the surfactant as we discussed earlier and the co surfactant if you want to monitor the effect of one parameter we keep the all the others constant for example keep the surfactant same like C tab and keep the solvent same like isoctane and then change the co surfactant in this case in this case you keep the co surfactant same but the solvent has been changed and so you see the effect of the solvent on the aspect ratio the size of the nano rods of copper oxalate this is another case where the surfactant we have changed from cationic surfactant we always get rods as we discussed in the previous slides if you change the cationic surfactant to T x 100 this is called Triton x 100 it is a neutral surfactant of some molecular weight some size we get spherical particles not rods like you get in cationic surfactant this is nickel oxalate dihydrate in all the cases you will get same x ray diffraction pattern telling you all of them are nickel oxalate dihydrates but when you look at them some of them are rod like some of them are spherical particles and some of them have cube like shapes and that is because you have changed the surfactant from C tab which is a cationic surfactant to a neutral surfactant like T x 100 to another neutral surfactant of a different size which is tergitol and you get different shapes of these oxalates and if you decompose them you of course get nickel oxides of different size particles we have 25 nanometer particles 20 nanometer particles and 10 nanometer particles based on the precursor that you use and the precursor size you have control using the different surfactants in each case. So this is another example of controlling the size and shape using surfactants earlier we showed nickel oxalate this is copper oxalate where you have changing the surfactant from C tab which is a cationic surfactant to AOT which is an anionic surfactant and then this is again a cationic but it has a restricted rotation because you have a pyridinium group here. So this is c-tile pyridinium bromide whereas this is c-tile trimethyl alkyl bromide and you see the shape of these particles are not so rod like compared here they are more spherical. However if you use another surfactant like TTAB set of a different dimensions different chain length you get again rod like structures. So the surfactant has a very important role in controlling the shape of these particles and the size of these particles. So this is more or less what we discussed already if you have a C16 carbon C14 carbon this is a larger tail hydrocarbon chain the smaller hydrocarbon chain more compact cracking there is a smaller aspect ratio. If you have CPB which is a pyridinium ion you have a restricted rotation and you get smaller aspect ratio. So these numbers we have tabulated when you have CTAB or another surfactant TTAB so you are varying the surfactant keeping the co-surfactant same the solvent is the same the W naught parameter is the same. So only variation is in the surfactant and you get variation in the average size and morphology or the aspect ratio which is the ratio of the length is to breadth and that changes like going from 3.7 is to 1 to 2.7 is to 1 to 1.5 is to 1 by changing the dimensions of the surfactant. And this is the surface charge the charge of the surfactant so you have positive charge in CTAB and you have neutral charge in TX100 and Tergitol which are non-ionic and here you see isotropic growth whereas in the cationic surfactant you see more an isotropic growth. So they are more the aspect ratio is nearly 1 they are cubic in nature whereas the aspect ratio is here 3 is to 1. So the co-surfactants I already discussed co-surfactants have short chain alcohols or amines they help the surfactant to lower the interfacial tension and they lead to higher fluidity of the interfacial film and increase in inter micellar exchange rate. So the co-surfactants basically like we have used butanol or pentanol etcetera help in decreasing the interfacial energy between the water medium and the non-aqueous medium the solvent which we are taking which may be isoctane or heptane etcetera. Now so this role of co-surfactant we can see more in detail. So here you have butanol, pentanol, hexanol and octanol. So you are varying everything else is same you have C tab as surfactant in all these cases only the co-surfactant is varying and you can see a variation in the diameter and length of these particles. So if you go from butanol to pentanol to hexanol you see the aspect ratio is changing and then beyond hexagonal the aspect ratio comes back it becomes cubes so there is an optimal length chain length of the co-surfactant and it appears to be six carbon is an optimal size and we have seen that if you increase beyond hexagonal then you get aspect ratio of starting to become less and then they become in octanol and decanol which are very large chain co-surfactant 8 carbon and 10 carbon they become more uniform and nano cubes and nano particles start forming. So you start with 5 carbon 6 carbon 7 carbon 8 carbon 10 carbon and up till say 6 or 7 you see the anisotropy and beyond that you see they becomes more uniform particles and this we have tried to explain that beyond C 6 the carbon chain in the co-surfactant starts interacting with the surfactant tails because the co-surfactant tails are hydrophobic and the surfactant tails are also hydrophobic and they start interacting with each other and hence it affects the inter micellar exchange and it actually prevents decreases the inter micellar exchange and hence it reduces the size of the particles which are formed. So this is already what we discussed in heptanol and decanol we can see that the morphology changes and up till 6 carbon in the co-surfactant the size of the particles increases. So to compare all of them we have made this table where we are seeing variation of solvent, iso octane, cyclohexane and hexane and you can see the average diameter and the average length and the aspect ratio and the morphology is changing depending on the type of solvent and we have explained that as the solvent bulkiness is decreasing or increasing in this case cyclohexane is greater than iso octane and is greater than normal hexane. So the growth rate increases and the aspect ratio decreases and this we already explained because bulky molecules will give a more fluid interface because they cannot interpenetrate and hence inter micellar exchange will increase and the size of the particles and aspect ratio will increase. Now in the variation of co-surfactants we saw that till C 6 or C 7 the chain length will increase after which it will start decreasing. So this is a kind of example that where we are showing what happens when you change the water to surfactant ratio which is the W naught parameter. So if you keep the surfactant, the solvent and co-surfactant same in all these 4 cases the surfactant and the solvent are not changed. Only thing which is changed is the W naught parameter. So the W naught parameter is the water is to surfactant ratio is 9 and here it is 11 and then here it is 12 and 15. And so the W naught parameter is changing and the shape of these rods are changing and this is an example of copper oxalate monohydrate. You have taken one micromulsion of copper ions and other micromulsion of oxalate ions with this surfactant C tab with iso octane as the solvent and one butanol as the co-surfactant with varying W naught parameter and you are getting different aspect ratios. So what we find is as the W naught parameter is increasing the aspect ratio is decreasing from 3.75 is to 1 to 2.5 is to 1. So this is another case of W naught 18. So this was 15 and this is 18 and it further decreases. So more or less if you plot the aspect ratio versus the W naught parameter it appears to decrease as a function of W naught. So larger the W naught the aspect ratio is smaller and this is again shown as a variation of W naught and the aspect ratio is shown here. It decreases more or less with some fluctuation here as the function of W naught parameter. Now you can further see this in the case of another surfactant that was with C tab if you use another surfactant like Triton X100 and you vary the W naught parameter from 11, 14 to 16. So in this case what happens you are changing the W naught parameter the size of the particle is increasing because you have more water, more crystallization see the reverse micelles are larger in size and you get the size of the particle increases. So this is for case where you have taken a neutral surfactant where you get uniform particles cube like particles and not rod like particles. In the earlier case we had taken C tab as the surfactant which gives rise to anisotropic structures and in this anisotropic structures as we increase W naught the aspect ratio continues to decrease which is in a way tells you that the size of the particle the spherical particles or the cubic type of particles will increase as the W naught parameter increases whereas the anisotropy will decrease as the W naught parameter will increase. So in a more constrained reactor in a more constrained reverse micelle the anisotropy is higher. So this is another example of how using different W naught parameters this is for copper nanocrystals we were showing in the earlier slides copper oxalate or nickel oxalate these kind of nanostructures. This is a slide where you see just copper nanocrystals with varying W naught and you see different types of size and shape. So you have spheres for W 32 and you have these kind of particles when you have W naught is equal to 28 and when you have W naught equal to between 9 and 10 you seem to get this kind of rod and particle diverse mixtures for copper and when you are in this range which is around 6, 7 W naught is equal to 6 or 7 you get again more anisotropic structures and spheres. So this is a study on copper nanocrystals reported earlier. Now we also see that the role of oxidation state also plays a part because if you see that whatever metal oxalate rods we discussed in that always we had metal in the divalent oxidation state like cobalt 2 plus nickel 2 plus reacting with the oxalate ion in the micro emulsions gives you rods with C tab as a surfactant cationic surfactant. However if you choose the same system like C tab based cationic surfactant and study the synthesis of cerium oxalate or zirconium oxalate we get particles and not rods although we are using C tab as a surfactant which is a cationic surfactant. So it suggests that the oxidation state is important because cerium here is not divalent it is trivalent and zirconium here is tetravalent and not divalent. So it appears that the 1 is to 1 ratio oxalate ion is dinegative and the metal ion if it is dipositive and they have same charge of of course opposite then it forms anisotropic nano rods in a C tab based micro emulsions whereas when the oxidation state is larger say 3 or 4 then they are giving rise to spherical particles of cerium oxalate and zirconium oxalate. Of course they again can be decomposed to give you zirconia or ceria depending on the conditions and in this case we stabilize a tetragonal ZRO2 phase which normally is stable only under certain conditions. So you can make metastable phases using the micro emulsion process. You can choose instead of oxalate you can choose succinate and then what we find we do not get the rods we are getting particles. So the anion is also important in all the earlier cases we chose oxalates as the anion and we got rods in the presence of C tab. Here we see although we have chosen C tab as the surfactant everything else is the same except we have changed the succinate from the oxalate we get particles and not rods. So that means the ligand is also very important one of the important parameters of the formation of anisotropic structures. Here we see that this is copper succinate in this case depending on the ligand we see we can get crystalline anisotropic structures under certain cases and you can change it to amorphous structures and that amorphous structure can again give rise to particles like this and on heating can give rise to the oxides. So this is iron succinate where it was the trivalent iron was used so trivalent iron was not giving any rods whereas, divalent copper gave us anisotropic rods with succinate iron also and some we can transform them to at room temperature they are crystalline rods as you can see from the transmission electron microscope and if you heat it it becomes amorphous the crystallinity disappears and if you look carefully you can see these particles and these particles when under a high resolution can show you these lattice fringes and on decomposition they will give you copper oxide like they can be obtained from copper oxalate. So again we show you the same copper succinate dihydrate synthesized using C-tab in the absence of reverse micelles at room temperature and they are slightly different and if you use the reverse micelles you are getting this crystalline rods whereas, you can change the morphology of these rods by choosing whether you want to do in reverse micelles or in the absence of reverse micelles. So by this we come to an end today of the various examples of synthesizing nanostructured materials using micro emulsion. So I hope you have learnt some basics of micro emulsions and the technique to make nanostructured materials and how to control the shape and size of these nanostructured materials using micro emulsions. So we meet next time for a new methodology till then thank you and goodbye.