Good morning. It's Bridget. Welcome. Welcome to Sunday Morning Coffee with Bridget. This is the chilly addition because I had to turn the little heater off in the greenhouse because otherwise if you're listening on your AirPods it would bother you. Trust me, I did a test. It would bother you. So for the good of your listening pleasure I have turned off the heater. So I'm a little chilly but good news is I have coffee. I have coffee. Yes I do.  If you've seen a picture of it on Instagram a couple of weeks ago I was so excited about it and I cannot stop using it. It's great. It's kind of fun isn't it? I love coffee mugs. Check out my merch on a Boat Life channel and on Fairy Grasshopper channel. There's kind of a scrolly bar that you can check out my merch. It's also on the links below. I have mugs also. So a little plug there. Okay so a couple of things here. I have a blanket on to keep me cozy so I am actually okay. I'm pretty warm right now and I'm sitting in the greenhouse it's early early morning so it is a bit frosty outside and it's October so that's what happens in Minnesota and it's late in like mid October but I have a new development to share with you. I have a new chair. It's a big deal let me tell you. It's a cozy rocker recliner chair and it is so comfortable. I can hardly stand myself to not want to always just be in the greenhouse now and sitting in this rocker recliner chair. It's really awesome. Awesome. My old chair not so comfortable. This one awesome. So I'm joining you from my new rocker recliner chair. Yay. Hopefully you can hear that. It is early in the morning and so I'm a little little sinicy but I'm fine. I'm not sick or anything so don't worry about that because I know I'll get comments. I'm totally fine you guys. It's the change of the season and the wee early hours of the morning letting the dogs out. Okay so all of that normal day-to-day human stuff out of the way. Welcome to the podcast. It's nice to have you here. I enjoy our chats every week. I have some interesting stuff to chat with you about. This has been quite a week for me energetically and spiritually. As you know I work with a couple of different coaches on different things. I have a feelings coach. I have a counselor and I have a divine feminine coach that I work with that I have been doing some energetic work with as well the past few weeks. And it just kind of happened the energy part because I asked some questions about how to navigate or manage my energy in relation to other people to really use some discernment that isn't coming from the mind but using discernment from an energetic perspective. So I have had some extremely profound energetic experiences where I've actually been able to receive the Kundalini energy the Shakti energy from the earth from the universe. And I have been able to receive energy like I've never received it before by choice and in a way that is really like root chakra earth human earth in to my chakras. And I have never been able to receive energy like that before. Always always always. I have attested to being a crowned down girl like a crown chakra. It sounds so funny doesn't it? Yeah. Crown chakra going down flowing down into the body is super starry. Really loving the the universe and the cosmos energy and allowing the divine wisdom to come through my crown chakra kind of filtering through my mind and my third eye which third eye has always been my primary channel. However turns out the last few years I have really been discovering the fact that my truest most powerful most beautiful channel is my heart and I am owning it now I'm really owning my heart and embracing all of the the uniqueness that that provides to me and filtering information in regards to this very razor sharp edge between pain and power and love and grief and this just it's just razor thin this one minute there can be this tremendous love and then the next moment there can be this this incredible profound feeling of separation and that leans into grief and what we would atone attune to as a like a grieving or a loss energy when there might not really be a physical tangible loss because energetically in the heart when we feel separate from it feels like a loss it literally feels like a a severing and when you have deeply deeply received energy experiences like I have had recently there's at least let's see that's at least two three that I can think of in the last few weeks and this week in particular has been two and I am like just my mind it's hard to even use the words that can express this understanding because I remember I've been doing psychic work for 17 years I also did what healing work healing energy work Reiki you know I went through all those attunements gosh years ago probably 15 years ago I did all that and I don't if you if you know my work you know that I don't attest or assign myself to one particular modality or technique I believe in in learning and expanding and growing and evolving to the level that you're at when you're there and not to be stuck in one particular way of doing anything but be open to taking something that you learn a couple of different things and making it your own that's that's really at the point right and so I don't do like one modality is what I'm trying to say so I understand energy stuff and I do that I read energy very very well in my work I do that and so I work with grids and all that because I think of the clairvoyance I can see them I can literally can see you not as a human but as this kind of outline of an energy body and then I see these circular grids that are connected it kind of looks like do you remember the game of life I've used this analogy before but this is how it looks to me do you remember the little spinner that's in the little spinner thing and it has all these different colors these different cutouts and numbers on it and like a little kind of a button thing in the middle that you twist to turn like it looks like that kind of like a wheel but different it's got different layers and different dials and that's kind of what the grids look like to me that's what your energy looks like and based upon the topic or area that we're discussing different grids and different parts of grids will light up and I can with that sacred trust and safe and sacred space entering into your energy field working with your higher self and your spirit and your human consciousness aware of the process of the energy that is shifting during our session time together realign things and acknowledge things and tell you about things that I wouldn't or you wouldn't maybe necessarily be able to identify or articulate with words but you feel in sense and know sums up or that oh yeah that is offer oh yeah I do feel out of alignment and working with energy can put you back into alignment without having to go deep into your brain and discuss the childhood and that one time that your teacher was mean to you and all that like it doesn't have to be psychological even though we're having a human experience it everything does not have to be owned by the mind and so this heart space for me has been a tremendous place of great pain and also incredible profound freedom and and bliss and to come to terms with the fact that both of those things can coexist at the same time you can you can feel a deep pain and incredible elation and connection it's like such this this this incredible almost like duality yet there's nothing separate about it both can exist and coexist at the same time but it's not because they're separate it's because they're part of a whole so it's like the shadow and the light you have to have both or you don't understand what either is because there's no contrast to show this versus that and then there's no ability to make a conscious choice to move into connection or to move into the understanding of what the separation is when the separation isn't even existing okay so let me talk about this a little bit are you with me have i lost some of you okay okay here's what you need to do grab your coffee or your tea or your water and take a sip okay let's take a sip here okay all right are we good you okay let me lose you okay so i'm going to describe this with sharing a part of one of the energy how i understand now this receiving of energy i got to a point recently where i was actually able to with a sacred trust in my human body my human form with so much love within myself and so much connection to my personal light my source inside me i was able to receive actually open up to receive to pull in to my body my energetic body into my chakras from the root chakra all the way up to the crown i was able to pull in and receive draw in breathe in this beautiful life source energy and receive it like i've never received it so there's kind of been this feeling of protection almost this layering of protection that i've had myself which is why i'm always crowned down filtering through all the chakras to get to the root chakra because the bottom three chakras the root chakra the sacral chakra and the solar plexus which is basically the tailbone the base of your spine and all that that encompasses okay in your physical body and anatomy and then also then your sacral chakra which is all of that desire that womb space regardless of your anatomy and the reproductive organs and then into the belly that belly button which is the sun chakra which is your spirit right solar plexus so those three are like the drivers the dominating connected life affirming very energetic i would say space is kind of theoretically not for everyone your chakras activate in different ways for different people totally fine i'm just saying theoretically that's kind of the fire and the light and the you know the raw the primal connection and the earth connection the mother earth connection and for me i have really not experienced energy like when people breathe in in yoga and stuff and they do kundalini yoga and they bring it from the root chakra into the body up into the body and in through the chakras and out the crown i could never actually do that in fact funny kind of slash sad story i've i had tried to do kundalini yoga before early on in my experiences and even before i knew i was psychic when i was actually pregnant with one of my kids i was trying to do some kundalini yoga i couldn't do it like i literally got motion sick i physically got motion sickness when the energy comes in at the base of my spine into my body i have it's made me motion sick i couldn't handle it i couldn't hold that i couldn't receive it it felt it felt in it felt very disruptive it felt not safe for me to receive energy like that it is very different and i think it's because now like i feel like i kind of there was maybe this seal over me like kind of cuddled over the bottom part of my body to kind of hold me in this kind of pure state of energetic um this kind of i'm going to say pure state because it literally feels like there's like this seal kind of this just coating over the bottom parts of my chakras to receive energy that way to to um it's almost like until the time in which it was right for me to be able to receive it and so i did and then i could feel the energy as i was breathing moving up into my body and and mixing with my light energy and so i was breathing in this energy and all i can describe it as is this i opened and earth was received i received earth i received her energy and it was so profound and it moved me so much that i i mean there's no words to describe the flow of this energy and the ability to i just it's like i just opened and i just received it and and the earth energy that and it came in to my body and it didn't just like stay in my lower chakras it went all the way up right it went right to my heart it's like it's goal was to touch my heart and that was not a problem went right into the heart did an infinity sign and then there was like this mixing of my energy and earth energy and it was like this kind of pulsing rhythm rhythmic energy it was like pulsing it was like up and down and and it was this like penetrating it was just it was so it was unlike anything i'd ever experienced in my body and it was all my energy was lit up my entire body was just lit up and i could feel it and it was like the entire universe i could feel inside me not contained or held by me but one with me and then i got to a point where i know i was experiencing this in my body with my light body and my energy body and then i as i was breathing i found it hard sometimes to kind of breathe like i felt very i felt a lot of emotion as i was breathing and so when you kind of start to feel that emotion in your heart space especially whenever the energy touched my heart i was like oh oh my goodness like it was like this a cracking open a little more like a little more of an opening where i didn't think i could open anymore and i just opened me up a little more and a little more and a little more and i didn't realize the limitless capacity in my heart to open so much and to hold so much light which is love translated by the way when you say light it's really love translated energetically and i and then then my physical body would like kind of sob almost like it was like you know when you cry like you're crying really really hard like you're just feeling and you're sobbing and you're like and you can't breathe and you can't like catch your breath like i felt like that and i couldn't hold it in like i was trying to kind of quiet myself or calm myself a little and i couldn't do it there was no containment and it felt just beautiful i guess that's the best word beautiful in this state of this heart awareness where my heart really felt free and expanded and safe and natural and open and i'm getting choked up beyond my throat chakra is really going here all of a sudden and then there was a moment where i like left my body like i transcended but here's the thing is i didn't actually leave my body i was connected i had a taproot into the earth i was connected to earth i was connected to her i could feel that that the divine feminine energy that just powerful pulsing life-source energy i could feel it it was all inside me i could feel it all everything and i didn't leave my body to get away from it or escape i like ascended beyond the parameters of my physical body and into this like conscious awareness in my etheric field that i hadn't taken up before intentionally with my chakras usually i see my etheric field as a layering outside my body six to twelve inches outside my body but i was up and beyond my human body i transcended it so that my my energetic body was encompassing my human body and it was all one it wasn't separate it was one during this energy this this breath work this breathing and then i was up above my crown chakra and so i instantly like from my heart i went up above my crown chakra and i was hanging out above my crown chakra and it kind of felt like maybe i wasn't in my body but i was because my body was in me it's hard to explain this my human body was in me in my soul body not the other way around my soul wasn't in my body my body was in my soul do you see it was so incredible and then after i just felt so much peace there was just this incredible peace and i kind of calmed my side you know i slowed the energy down and came to a center point and allowed instead of this kind of rhythmic pulsing energy it was like this quiet hum and a soft warmth like a fire and it felt like a fire like cozy fire like which i could use right now let me just tell you i need a wood burning stove in here that would be awesome and it just felt warm i just felt warm inside like glowing and i just felt peace and i was able to kind of go about my day and my evening actually it was that night i slept okay and the next day though i felt almost like i don't want to say aftershocks but i felt kind of like this clearing emotionally clearing but not intense emotional clearing just kind of waves of emotion and i think it was my mind trying to understand what happened energetically and how all of a sudden i would open myself up and be so vulnerable and just wide pure wide open to receive energy from earth from this cosmic consciousness from this this union this partnership with that earthy energy and not and i think and not like be cautious or or not not pay attention to my mind at all during the process i transcended that right and so i think the next day my mind was like wait a minute what happened what exactly happened there what was that about what is that is that something we should do again or not do again maybe we should not do that again maybe it was like an out of control no it was this it was a profound experience and and it felt it was a very healing for me it was so healing and so then i reached out to my divine feminine coach and i said okay so i know we just had session like two days ago but i need to have another session with you because i had this i've had this experience i'm trying to kind of understand how to process it and at the same time i'm recognizing how my empath energy and how i'm in relationship with people is part of this understanding too so how all this kind of fits and works together i don't know and i i need to talk about it because i want to feel open being able to be open and receive energy when i choose to do that and in relationship with whatever elements i'm working with or whatever um consciousness i choose to connect to in that way or or in human form you know i want to use this consciously because it's so powerful and so profound and so so beautiful and so connected and yet the next day i felt so separate from that energy and i i couldn't even think about it because it felt like when i thought about it i felt sad because it wasn't with me it was like now that this energy this earth energy was inside me and part of me when i actually couldn't breathe it in and feel it with every single breath of mine it felt like it wasn't there and then i'm like wait a minute now it's gone it's gone i lost it i lost it because going through day to day life you're not always thinking about this incredible kundalini energy or shocked energy and when it's not there and that obvious it feels like it's not there but really it is there there's always this connection there's always this union but you have to kind of transcend the real life day to day going to the grocery store doing this doing that and step up into this higher consciousness above the crown chakra which is not leaving your body it's just seeing your body and the whole of the experience is energetic and human together and so i couldn't do that on my own because this was new for me right so i talked to my friend who is super good energy and psychic stuff and shamanism and my divine feminine coach is what i call her and she and i we had a conversation about it like the next day and it was an incredible it was like a 30 minute conversation and then all of a sudden we went into she's like okay let me let me show you how to work with this energy it's the kundalini energy it's the shakti energy and she said you are you you are now utilizing it it's almost it was almost like a not an initiation but a yeah kind of was like an invitation into working with energy in this way and so like a root chakra up basically earth and root right and so i'm like okay i would love this because it feels so grounded like i felt so in my body and more in my body than i've ever felt before but when you're so in your body and you feel your body more than you've ever felt before you also feel all of the gaps and all of the opportunities for a deeper more profound connection in other ways and other relationships and other in the ways that you do things and how you show up in the world and who you show up for and the choices you make like that's a thing right so i had this incredible second experience with my coach and because i trust her so much i was able to really let go and just like we did this incredible breathwork unbelievable i've never done breathwork like that when i think of breathwork i think of meditation and like the sohum the breathing in the nose and exhaling out the mouth maybe the fire breath when you do yoga but that always felt weird to me because it was always in my belly it was never coming from my rut i couldn't quite get that kundalini thing and maybe it was because it was like too intimate for me and too sacred that i couldn't like do it like when somebody else was telling me to do it i had to do it on my own in a trusted space with a trusted partner which was earth energy right and boom you know it just hello open worked no problem right and so had this incredible i mean i we were in like oh my gosh it was a probably about an hour and i was doing i all sorts of breathwork and i was like it's funny you guys i was like loud and in fact so i'm in the greenhouse room right and it gets hot in here and it was kind of warm well i was warm because i was moving energy right so i'm like taking off my sweatshirt and i am like you know tanked up on and i pushing open the windows and i'm like when i'm exhaling i'm like ah you know i'm just like ah you know like letting it out whatever very animal like let's just say that so the neighbors are probably like we have five acres but still you could hear i'm sure it was echo in fact i had to tell my kid who has a room just on the hallway i had to say you know if you could be like making strange sounds or noises it was just part of my session i'm like what the heck is happening it sounded like i was killing somebody in here which i kind of was i was letting go of some dead dead weight energetically some old belief systems that i don't serve me anymore and to step more embracing more my fullness of my power and the ability i have to connect and be in relationship like with the elements with energy that is here to serve me and to be in communion with and it was quite the experience the session i had and i actually at the very end of it too i was like okay i just need to rest and she was like oh you did such good work i'm like yes i just need to lay here now i need to rest you know my body was like whoa you know and so and then i have since practiced moving and flowing the energy and i can do it like in a heartbeat now i'm like wow this is getting this is getting um not easier but it's like it's it's just really natural so yeah you guys wow so that's my little story and i i am going to share on my fairy grasshopper youtube channel a little video about it i mean it's personal for me but it's also so profound and powerful and i think that there's other people that have experiences with energy and it's confusing and it's not it's hard to put into words and other people think you're you're like afraid to talk to people but because you think that they're gonna think you're weird or something maybe it's just like psychic stuff like i used to think that too so i know i get a lot of people who work with me who are like yeah my spouse who thinks my psychic work is crazy or or my sister thinks i'm nuts or my mom doesn't understand this stuff and or whatever and they don't have to nobody else has to get it but you have to acknowledge the gift of what you bring and how you connect and energy is an incredible way that you do that and it can serve you and fuel you and inspire you and move you forward it can help you get through your days if you have a hard job a stressful job or you're dealing with a health issue or crisis or just maybe you're building a business or maybe you're a writer and maybe there's so many ways that you can utilize this beautiful energetic connections that you have if you can bring it in and use it in a healthy way and i don't want to say on command but intentionally let's say it that way so yeah so this is interesting so i'm looking forward to more sessions to for myself instead of just doing meditations i'm using this energy and the breathing and the pulling the energy in and like not pulling it in necessarily but um yeah i kind of am i'm pulling it up and then holding it in my different chakras and kind of letting it go out and then kind of i'm working with it like i'm really working with it in ways that i didn't ever expect to really but it's beautiful it works well with my element of light and the element of fire that i hold in my body the fire element is a dominant element for me it has been for years um you probably heard my story on fairy grasshopper youtube where i talked about the fire element and being a firebear and if you've been in any of my divine feminine groups or sessions you know that i talk about the fire and element and then i align with that with kalimah and work with shakti energy you've seen that most recently on fairy grasshopper youtube and now the primal goddess and so there's a lot of beautiful fire elements here too so if you're a person like that then you probably resonate with the energy that i'm sharing as well this is a pretty hot sunday morning coffee with bridget interesting way to start your day hopefully do it maybe later maybe i'll post this one a little bit later give you some chances to kind of step into your day but i think it's important to share experiences like this with you because i think it encourages you then to be able to do the same and if you need to have session with me to talk about energy and stuff you can do that you can totally request session i actually book directly on my facebook page at bridget inspired so it's an easy way to book session with me all right i hope i've inspired your sphere today certainly perked your interesting curiosity i think about energy i hope so right filled you with some hope and encouraged you to live your life it's your life after all and you get to live it and just live it


Abstract up-conversion is a non-linear optical phenomenon involving the emission of high-energy photons from the absorption of multiple low-energy excitation photons. These particles have been used for a variety of applications including bio-imaging, biosensing, theranostics, and photochemical reactions due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. Recent advances in the synthesis, optimization, and application of these particles are summarized here. This article was authored by Xiaoweizhu, Jingzhang, Jinnyanglu, and others.


Hello and let's talk about Vodafone, telecom companies and adjusted gross revenues. I'm Pragya. Telecom company Vodafone says that they might go under if they pay the government their AGR dues. This dispute reached the Supreme Court and on 14th February the Supreme Court ordered telecom companies to pay their dues of over 1 trillion rupees to the government. The Supreme Court has interpreted this dispute in favor of the government which has been demanding this payment but the court also did two other things. It has said that even public sector oil companies would have to pay a share of their revenue as tax. The oil PSUs actually now owe a bigger sum to the government than the telecom companies. Reliance on Geo began its telecom operations in 2017 therefore its AGR dues are negligible. The court has said that the companies must pay up soon. Vodafone says there is no possibility of this happening. Both the Indian and foreign partners of the company have declined to invest further sums in this company. The other concern which the RBI has is that if Vodafone picks up a loan from an Indian PSU bank then it would get its AGR dues but we may face a situation where the government has to bail out the bank. So it's a sort of vicious cycle. To discuss this issue we have with our senior journalist Paranjoy He's going to tell us whether the oil companies are collateral victims in this war and what happens to Vodafone first? Vodafone is the most vulnerable of all these companies and the chances of it going under seem very real. But let's go step by step. Let's first explain what is AGR? Adjusted, gross, revenues. What are these? Telecom companies pay certain dues to the government. In this case the Department of Telecommunications. What are these? They pay what are called spectrum usage charges. The spectrum that has been given to them that's one. The other is license fees that they get. Now over the years and it's not today this dispute on how you calculate the adjusted gross revenue has been going on for over 15 years now. Now the telecom companies had a certain point of view. The government has a certain point of view and these have been changing. The controller and auditor general of India which is a constitutional authority is saying government you are foregoing your dues. So this dispute had been going on until it reached ahead on the 24th October on the 24th of October 2019. A bench of the Supreme Court comprising justices Arun Mishra, S. Abdul Nazir and M.R. Shah said you have to pay this money. Right. And that amount is huge. That amount comes to 1.33 lakh crores. Then the bulk of it is obviously with the telecom companies. Now when you break it down you see who are the big players. The big guys were Airtel, Bharti Airtel, Vodafone. Both of them had to pay 42,000 crores. In one case about over 50,000 crores, 53,000 crores. Now what had happened was a various kind of okay first the petition then the review petition and finally the Supreme Court says no you have to pay. I mean who do you think the Supreme Court is? You pay honor and criticize the government for being soft on these companies. Now the government has tried to work out various ways in which it ensures that this company in particular Vodafone doesn't go under. And remember this is not the first time it's happened. Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla who heads idea cellular which has merged with Vodafone has gone on record saying if the government does not give us relief we won't have a choice. We'll go under. Earlier the head of Vodafone in the United Kingdom Nick Reed he'd gone on record. Remember this is India's second largest telecom company. Today you have realized you as number one you have Vodafone you have Bharti Airtel. Now at a press conference on the 12th of November Mr. Nick Reed was quoted by the media that he was devastating on the government.  I mean you can't get more sarcastic like that. He's been they've been fighting cases they've been a soft target for politicians and tax men and he said the destruction of value has been complete. He said regulatory authorities have not been supportive. The following day Mr. Reed sort of issues a statement say no no no we want to be in India and the story is Mr. Ravi Shankar Prasad the communications minister apparently gave him a year full. At the end of the day Vodafone has been very very vulnerable it's been telling the government that help us out bail us out otherwise we're going to go under and remember this is the biggest foreign direct investment of its kind. Now on Monday Bharti Airtel paid 10,000 crores to the department of telecommunications Vodafone says that we're going to make a payment that we're going to give 2,500 crores that's Monday and by Friday we'll give you another thousand crores. Now the Supreme Court does not accept its plan. Today we're in a situation where the international media is saying it's going to go on down and and and let me just quote to you the headline of an item by the international news agency Reuters an article written by Sankal. Sankal Parthiaal of Tav Hamid. The headline says if Vodafone idea disconnects India picks up the bill. Right now one more one more line. He says India faces a multi-billion dollar hit to its economy and a tarnished reputation as a place for multinationals to invest unless it can keep Vodafone idea in business. Right so there was a letter which recently came from a junior official which said that there'll be no coercive action what does this really reflect? Now the Supreme Court bench headed by Justice Arun Mishra was livid and said who are this is the section officer going to decide you know what the apex court the highest court of the land is like the point is very simple. I think Justice Mishra knows the whole world knows these so-called junior officers these section officers don't write anything unless they get the approval of the highest. So there was definitely a section within the government who felt that if we take coercive action that means this company will go under that's bad news you know it could increase the fiscal deficit you're not able to create jobs and then hello you know Vodafone has 13,000 employees so are you going to throw them out of a job? No that's not all Vodafone is in debt it's taken thousands of crores of loans and if it doesn't pay these loans who's going to suffer banks are going to suffer the country is going to suffer yes. Now could this situation have been avoided? You know there's this discussion has been going on for donkeys years you know ever since that Supreme Court judge there was a high part committee set up with the cabinet secretary the telecom secretary the finance secretary law and justice etc etc etc the idea was to work out a package how do you how did they were they were stalked then the government gave a moratorium on payment of spectrum so there were all kinds of packages being sorted out and surely there were discussions going on within finance minister Nirmala Sitaraman and telecom minister Ravi Shankar Prasad all to you know say that hello let's see how we can amicably resolve this because if Vodafone India's second largest privately owned telecom service provider goes under it's bad news for everybody including this country. Why is it such bad news? Because you're going to end up with a duopoly already your public sector which is Bharat Sanchad Nigam Limited and Mahanagat Mahanagat Telephone Nigam Limited isn't dual drums they've offered a voluntary sort of a voluntary retirement program and large numbers of employees have taken it over I've taken availed of the service but the point is is it good for the country where you have a player who's just been around for a little over three years I mean after all Vodafone's been there much longer it's an international multinational do you want only two players here is a country where once upon a time you had no less than 15 telecom companies are you going to come down to just a handful now you can say 15 with too much you know only three remain now now three means I include BSNL, MTNL as one though they're two separate companies is it good that you have India's richest man Mr Mukesh Ambani heading reliance duo who started in in 2016 so it's been around for just three and a half years or thereabouts should become the leader and you have a poor second Sunil Bharti Mittal once upon a time he says we are one of the world's largest telecom service providers and it is all over the west asia all over Africa and today he's struggling to survive and at the end of the day you use your smartphone I mean why have the why have the services deteriorated we didn't have to pay for voice now we do and why has the service deteriorated why have you having to make the same call three or four times because investments are not being made the telecom sector is steeped in debt one estimate says it's over 700,000 crores I mean that's bad news right I mean so if they're so steeped in debt that they're not investing in the infrastructure in services then at the end of the day do we want the company headed by India's richest man to have a monopoly right now we are moving towards a duopoly if Vodafone idea goes under right and in any case MTN and BSN will have in some ways been allowed to sort of wither away that's another story that's a story of how the public sector has been allowed to absolutely you know it's been it's been treated very very badly I mean the government has not supported the public sector I mean that's ideologically driven that's this government earlier governments did differently but this government has gone ahead I mean they I guess they don't want Paranjoy what happens to the oil companies which have now been included in the ambit what does this mean that's a good good good good issue to discuss I think the supreme court in my humble opinion should do a rethink look this is collateral damage as you likely pointed out you know I mean they have availed of certain services and they have allegedly not paid what they owe to the government but in the process look are you going to ruin an already terrible economy I mean look your economy is growing at its slowest pace according in the last 11 years according to the government of India statistics many people doubt these statistics your industrial production has been negative your trade your exports and imports have been negative you're not not able to create jobs and hello you're seeing a demand recession you're seeing even electricity demand in a energy short country you're seeing electricity demand coming down are we in this situation where and already I mean the economy is in a terrible shape and you wanted to get even worse the telecom companies say that they want to pay in tranches they want a little bit of a break would that work out really if they don't have money you know I can't predict the future I really can't predict the future just as I can't predict the way in which the supreme court of India or the government of India acts we'll have to wait and watch but things are very very very messy at this juncture as we are talking all right okay thanks for joining us for enjoying that yeah so you know we moved to another story this time from Lucknow a group of students and activists were arrested as they marched from Chowri Chowra near Gorakhpur in UP to Raj Ghat in Delhi they were marching against the proposed nationwide national register of citizens they were arrested in Ghazipur in UP again the police has accused these young students and activists of misleading people and instigating the citizens against the CAA and it has called their Yatra illegal now the Yatra has been resumed because they have been released but they have had harrowing time in this short video they narrate the story of their march the events that led to their arrest and what it was like being thrown in the lock up by the Uttar Pradesh police the first thing we realized was that the situation was very bad although we were saying that at least for us it was a bad time but the situation was the way it was with the food and all the training was the way it was the district police because it was very difficult in the beginning the FIAT didn't speak any English so the district police was behaving the same way slowly when people started coming Ghazipur's sansa came and the local department came so slowly the district police started to come a little bit slowly but I saw that for example we ask for pen papers from them give them pen and a diary give them papers they have been giving them for three days they have been asking for books for three days they have not given books our books that we were arrested in the jail they have been giving us books they have not given us books so after three days, after four days they bring some books when we left the police, we found out that we have been arrested in the 7-11-7-16 the situation was very bad, we were asked for 2.5 lakhs of bail and to die, it is very difficult to get rid of the people in the other city but how did we get rid of some applications for bail after moving the problem is that the administration is in its office the administration is not existing, it seems like that Babu is missing, Mr. SDM has kept his house and after asking anyone, there is no answer, everyone says you should understand that it is a pressure from above this pressure from above, I don't know how much pressure from above that there is no paper Babu is not in the office, he is going to have dinner in 10 minutes SDM is in the house he is saying that he has reached the house, we are on our executive work here and you should understand that we will not be able to leave the demand of the Gusted Papers and the unoptionable if they had a bus, they would have said that the storm in Mumbai will bring the fish out so we were not able to complete the conditions yesterday evening we left and today is 17th, we started our journey from Ghazipur one day the students of B.H.U.C. were kept in a car and we left B.H.U.C. and one day we started our journey from Ghazipur to Saedpur and after two days we started our journey


Hey, everybody, Ricky Carruth here. So I bet you never thought that you would hear anyone say that home prices were gonna go to a new all-time high in 2023. Will that happen? That's what I wanna talk to you today about. I wanna share with you a chart that I find extremely interesting. And also, when are we gonna find some relief when it comes to inventory of homes for sale? I have a theory on that as well that I wanna share with you. And that's really been the problem, right? No inventory, historic low of homes for sale in the month of May. And it's absolutely insanity out there. I wanna talk about why we have such low inventory and when I believe we're gonna see some relief because I think there is light at the end of the tunnel. Every market is temporary. So never get into the mindset that this is how it is because that's what gets you into a lot of trouble. You always need to be thinking about what's the next stage of the market, what's the next part of the cycle and how you can take full advantage of it. That's what I wanna share with you today. First, I wanna dive into this pricing situation, right? I believe real soon we're gonna go positive year-over-year prices, which Zillow already came out with a report that said we were positive year-over-year by about 1%. But also, I'm actually seeing signs that we're gonna go to a new all-time high. That's right, erasing all the losses of home prices that we've experienced since mortgage rates started to increase. So let's dive into this. I'm gonna go straight to the Redfin chart here. This is amazing because we just got the next little piece of this line, you know, every two weeks or so, they add to this part of the chart for the year. And the last time that we looked at this, we were 2% below last year at this same point at 379,000. They just came out with the next piece of data, which pushed us up to 381,000. We're literally 1% away from hitting positive year-over-year numbers. Now, that number last year at this time was 385,000. So we don't have much farther to go here, but get this, the high last year on this chart was 387,000. That was the all-time high for Redfin data concerning median sales price of houses in America. So the all-time high is 378,387,000. And we're at 381,000. We're literally $6,000, $6,000 away from all-time new home price median highs. So this really makes things extremely interesting. Now, I've been saying for about two months now that right when we're about right here, I was predicting that we're gonna go, we're gonna bust right through this wall right here. This is the wall put up by prices declining last June. We hit the July. We hit the high in June, and we started coming down quite a bit there in July. And it made this wall that I figured, well, we're gonna bust right through it. But then the line started even trying to nose up towards 2022 earlier. Then I started saying, hey, I think we're gonna actually get there a little sooner. And now it looks like we might even go to a new all-time high. This is insanity right here because all you hear about is crashes and everything. Okay, so what is this telling us? Well, it's telling us that we have way more demand than supply, even in this higher interest rate market. And as far as interest rates go, everybody's saying all the entities, all the gurus, everybody's saying that mortgage rates are gonna come back down by the end of the year into the low five range, 5.4, 5.6, 5.5, something like that, which would be crazy because there's so much pent up demand. It's gonna create a tsunami of buyers. So I'm waiting to see if that's really gonna happen. Honestly, I thought rates will be down a little lower right now and they're not. So I'm not gonna try to predict some mortgage rates. I'm just gonna say if it does come down anywhere close to six or anywhere like 5.9, anything under six, I think it's gonna be a massive, massive wave of buyers that's gonna come out the woodwork. Now, when we think about interest rates and we think about the fact that they're such low inventory. If you look at new listings, for example, okay, this is new listings. I mean, look at this. We're down 23% year over year new listings. And remember, last year was an extremely low year. Last year was pretty much in line with 2021 in terms of listings right there. And by the way, let's go back to prices for just a second. I just, I think it's important to note here that every year starts down, starts with the same downward trajectory as we did this year. And it always starts to come up about the same time a year just like it did this year. And that's including 2021, the year of the boom. Prices went down January and February and then started coming back up. So this is not an abnormal year here.  We're right in line with where we, where we are every single year. I'm kind of glad that it's kind of holding firm to where we were last year, but as soon to be going higher. But when we look at active listings, we're down lower, we're 6.28% lower than last May. That is insanity right there. It's crazy. This is 2021, 22 and 23. And that is just, that's nuts. But when you think about mortgage rates, okay? And the Zill report showed that, you know, sales went up 10% month over month, we're up, you know, 1% price-wise year over year, but inventory reached a new record low for May as mortgage rates deterred sellers. Now, you think about mortgage rates deterring sellers, okay? Think about that for a second. Mortgage rates, the high mortgage rates are deterring sellers who have that three and 4% interest rate. And they just don't want to lose that low interest rate and buy house with a five, six, 7% interest rate. Of course they don't. Who would? That's totally understandable. But here's what I foresee. And this is where the huge opportunity is right here. And this is how you can literally visualize a game plan that will put you as being the number one agent in your market, making a million dollars, whatever your big dreams and goals are to create this massive business. This is the play. And this is so similar to what happened to me in 2008. I went all in with representing buyers on foreclosures because I knew they were gonna turn around and sell those properties at a huge profit in three years and upgrade to another property and refer five people to me. And that's what happened. And that's how I got to 100 deals a year, representing buyers for three or four years on foreclosures. This is your 2008 right now. And this is why the reason that mortgage rates are deterring sellers from selling is the same reason why it's going to make sellers sell in the next coming years. Now, understand the philosophy here. We're having sellers decide not to sell because of high interest rates. That's gonna have the opposite effect on people who are buying right now at the higher rates. So everybody feels like everybody's in unison that mortgage rates are gonna get down into the fives over the next couple years, okay? So imagine the buyers who are buying today at six and 7%. And then in three years, rates are 5%. Aren't they gonna be excited to sell their house? They're sitting on 6%, 7% interest, upgrade to a nicer house at a 5% interest? Hey, yeah, they are. So that's gonna help this inventory problem. Now, we're also gonna see some relief with inventory when rates get down to five now because you've got this pent up demand of people who are sitting in houses at 4% who really wanna move. They're not happy where they are. They need a bigger house. They want a nicer house, whatever the case may be.  And they're gonna pay a little more interest just because they got to that breaking point. So right now we're not at that point at the six and seven range, but when we get to the five to six range, we're gonna see a little relief with inventory. And then as rates get down and we give time for the people who are buying right now to decide to trade up over the next two to three to four to five years, we're gonna see those listings hit the market. And those buyers, those sellers are gonna turn into buyers for nicer homes. So planting the seeds right now, going all in on your business to get out there and represent as many people as you can whether they're buying or selling because the more buyers you can represent right now during this time of high interest rates, the more great listings you're gonna have over the next one, two, three, four, five years and the more deals you're gonna do because they're gonna upgrade into other homes and they're gonna refer so many people to you. This is your moment right here to get in there and do the same thing I did back in 2008. That's the opportunity ladies and gentlemen. So anyway, I just wanted to share this. I think this is amazing that we're about to go not only positive year over year price wise, but we're gonna go to an all new high price wise and I'm starting to see light at the end of the tunnel with inventory. Will it take a couple of years for this all to play out? Of course it will.  Every stage of the market cycle is temporary. So don't let this to tear you. Don't let this get you down.  Yes, you are gonna make it in real estate. Go all in on your business, talk to as many people as possible. I tell you what you don't do, sit around waiting on leads to come to you. If you're doing that, you're not gonna make it right now in this business. This is right now the moment where you have to be the one initiating the conversations. So get out there and initiate as many conversations as you can, build that database, do your weekly email, do the things that you know you need to do.  Hey, have a great Saturday. I love you guys. See you on the next video. Let's go. I 35 with the top down, quit to tell a hater they should get like me. Seemed like everybody wanna be the boss, but it costs in these lanes ain't like...


800 years ago, a group of 20 kings formed a mighty organization known as the World Government. Look at that symbol, pirates. That mark represents the unity of over 170 nations in the Four Seas and the Grand Line. This is the world. Hello and welcome to One Piece 101, the series that breaks down everyone and everything in the One Piece world. Today, we are going to be detailing the absolutely massive governing body of the majority of the One Piece planet, the World Government. The World Government is by far the largest organization within the series, which presents itself as a unifying force of justice and order within the world. It is affiliated with roughly 170 nations spread across the globe, all of whom maintain their own sovereignty, remaining free to rule over their specific lands in more or less any way they choose. However, they must comply with the World Government in the realm of international affairs. As a result, the widespread opinion of the World Government amongst the citizens of the globe is highly favorable, as they are seen as a force of protection and progress. Although the reality of the situation is far more bleak than this generally accepted view. And this organization could more accurately be described as a totalitarian institute, demanding absolute subservience to the needs and commands of its central figures, and will often engage in incredible efforts to quell any form of power that could be perceived as a potential threat to their own. And this is because the World Government exists to ensure more than simply the status quo, and it actively pursues the interests of those who control it, being the world nobles, whose ancestors formed the organization roughly 800 years ago. What would become known as the World Government was originally an alliance of 20 kingdoms, which included some well-known names in the One Piece world, such as the Don Quixote and Nefertari families. This alliance was brought forth to combat a currently mysterious entity known as the Ancient Kingdom, and after the founding of the alliance, the royalty of the majority of those 20 kingdoms moved to the Holy Land of Mauritius, where they became known as the Creators, with their descendants going on to become the World Nobles. And it should be noted that only one of the royal families remained in their home country, being the Nefertari family of the Alabasta Kingdom. But this alliance would go on to defeat the Ancient Kingdom, and then assumed control of the large majority of the world, with an incredible number of nations going on to join them throughout the next 800 years, as they became the World Government. Over this time, the World Government would also come to develop two sub-organizations under its command in order to consolidate its power. The first of which is the Marines, who act as the primary military branch, and are recognized as one of the most fearsome powers of the world. As such, they are often tapped to further the interests of the World Government, rather than to simply maintain global order. And they are frequently put to use for morally questionable causes, such as, you know, genocide. A good example of which being the Ohara incident, whereby the World Government discovered that its island scholars were conducting illegal research on the Ancient Kingdom, as well as its remaining legacy in the Poneglyphs scattered throughout the world. In deeming their knowledge too dangerous and a threat to their power, a fleet of ten Marine battleships and five Vice-Admirals, collectively known as a Bustacle, were sent to completely obliterate the island and its inhabitants. And it should be known that this island destroying power represents a mere fraction of the full forces of the Marines. However, for more specialist operations, the World Government created a second organization, known as Cypherpole, which are essentially cells of secret agents that carry out investigations, assassinations, and general odd and specific jobs, that require an approach with a bit more finesse. In regards to the agents themselves, the World Government generally recruits young children, often through child-trafficking, and have them specifically trained in the art of espionage, until they become old enough to join one of the generic Cypherpole cells, the secretive Cypherpole-9 cell, or the super-duper-secret CP-0, the latter of which is by far the most powerful unit, whom work directly for the World Nobles. Speaking of what the modern-day World Nobles do benefit heavily from their ancestry, the World Government itself is only controlled by a handful of them, known as the Gorosei, or the Five Elder Stars. As far as the world is concerned, this group of mysterious gents hold by far the most power and influence of any other figures in the series. And it is now that I have to put up a brief spoiler warning for the events of the Reverie Arc, because it's simply impossible to continue without taking note of this one thing. If you don't wish to be spoiled, then please jump to this point in the video, but for the rest of you, let us continue. However, in reality, the Gorosei do answer to at least one person, being the enigmatic figure of Ian. Very little is currently known about this individual, except for the fact that they command complete obedience from the Gorosei, and thus it can be assumed that Ian holds complete control over every facet of the World Government organization and operations, although Ian's existence is kept a secret from the world at large. However, as the acting body of the World Government, the Gorosei have the power to enact more or less whatever they want, including a controversial move to begin yet another organization known as the Seven Warlords of the Sea. This is a group of powerful and notorious pirates generally considered to be criminals of the world, but these specific individuals are granted an exemption and are allowed to continue their crimes without fear of retribution from the World Government, provided they do not engage in hostilities with the Marines or nations affiliated with the World Government. As such, they serve as something of a deterrent for the overwhelming amount of pirates spread throughout the One Piece World, because if one continues their piratic waves, then they will most certainly run into one of these seven individuals during their journey, which is highly undesirable to say the least. And of course, they also serve a purpose of breaking pirate morale, with notions like, well, if even the world's greatest swordsman has joined the World Government, then what chance do I stand? However, this group remains largely controversial, particularly amongst the Marines, whose mandate it is to enforce the law, and well, when you have a group that is exempt from the law, it inevitably breeds discontent. In terms of any form of supervision, the Seven Warlords are directly overseen by the Commander-in-Chief, who retains further jurisdiction over the Marines and Cypherpole, although once again, not CP0 who worked directly for the World Nobles. As for their exact ranking within the organization, the Commander-in-Chief is quite absurdly high, sitting just below the Goracea in terms of power, and at the time of this recording, the current Commander-in-Chief is still assumed to be Kong, who once served as the Fleet Admiral of the Marines. Although the World Government does feature further individual associations with figures in the series, with the most notable being Dr. Vagabunk, who was once arrested by the Marines for his notoriously dangerous experiments, however, he now serves as their Chief of Science, who has furthered the cause of the World Government significantly through his exceptional innovations. As for geography, the effective headquarters of the World Government is located on Marijua, and its various organizations are placed strategically around it. For example, the headquarters of the Navy, Marineford, was stationed near the Red Line in Paradise, with two sister institutions nearby, accessible via the Gates of Justice, those being the underwater prison of Impel Down, as well as the judicial island of Ennislobi, where criminals are taken to be judged before being shipped off to Impel Down. Ennislobi also acts as a station for Cypherpole agents and general employees of the World Government, not associated with the Marines. And with this base of operations, the World Government has been able to spread their influence throughout the entirety of the Four Blue Seas and even the Grand Line. In fact, the only location in which the World Government does not exert overwhelming influence is in the second half of the Grand Line, known as the New World. Due to the high danger of these seas, as well as the presence of the Four Emperors, the New World acts as the final stronghold for those not associated with or actively fighting against the World Government. Some more fun facts about the World Government. Every four years, the World Government holds an event known as the Reverie, by a selection of 50 leaders of the 170 nations associated are invited to gather at the Holy Land of Mauritius for a seven-day conference in order to discuss events that could come to effect and reshape the world as a result. This event is also sometimes referred to as the Levely, due to that having been the official Romanization used in the Manga of the Reverie Ark. However, I refuse to accept this nonsense. Also of note is that it is not just kingdoms who are affiliated with the World Government, but more democratic jurisdictions like the city of Water 7 have also been permitted to join the organization. Even with everything mentioned in this video, I'm not quite sure I've conveyed just how wildly corrupt the World Government is, but this should help, as there was once a nation called Flevons, which was known for mining the substance amber lead. Now, roughly a century before their mining industry began, the World Government discovered that this substance was highly, highly poisonous, and whether they decided to sit on this information in order to directly profit from this temporary industry, which eventually resulted in the entire nation becoming infected with amber lead syndrome and the subsequent genocide of Flevons. Geez, that's the second time that genocide has come up in this video. Sensing a pattern here. Although in this case it should be noted that the people of Flevons were slaughtered by their neighbouring countries, rather than the World Government itself. But as for another example, despite the fact that slavery is publicly outlawed by the World Government, exceptions are made for the world nobles in which they serve, and thus very little effort is made to shut down the slavery industry. In fact, the World Government itself has been known to buy its own slaves and to train them to become marines or cypherpole agents, with the most well-known case of this being Mother Carmel, who operated under the alias of Mountain Witch, who even managed to acquire giants and sell them to the World Government, with Vice Admiral John Giant serving as a high-ranking individual acquired in this way. And so as a result of the profound dickishness of the World Government, an organisation known as the Revolutionary Army has steadily been gaining power and resources and have their sights set on destroying the World Government, or more specifically, the World Nobles. And finally, a truly useless fact, one particular king who was associated with the World Government and who served as the most recent chairman of the reverie is named Hamburger. Now I'm hungry so we should probably wrap this up. But that pretty much does it for the World Government. If you enjoyed this video and the content this channel produced in general, then please do consider donating to the Grand Line Review Patreon because the support of all of your amazing people is what continues to make this channel possible. And if you'd like to see more videos like this, but applied to other anime manga series, then please do check out my second channel, New World Review, for all of your wider needs. And if you'd like to join the fun at any time, then please do head over to my Discord server where a wide array of shenanigans takes place on a daily basis. And finally, please do comment with who, what or where you'd like to see featured in the next One Piece 101. And now for cooking time with Etchero Oda. And today, we are going to be making our world famous Ballywood hamburgers. And first things first, take your tacos and break them down into a fine sprinkle. Next, wash your ramen thoroughly and soak it in a pot of tea. At this point, take 100 millilitres of beer and consume it because you've done some hard work and you've earned it. Back to cooking. It's time to remove our lemon cheese from the fridge and spread it liberally over our taco sprinkles. What should result of the beginnings of a fine samosa? But be careful because at this point the king of samba may intrude and impede your cooking.  And voila, you're left with our world famous Ballywood hamburgers. Enjoy. This has been Cooking Time with Etchero Oda.


Well hello from Tucson. We got some visitors again. We got Mojo bus This time they actually came out so I could help them if you see on the back of the bus there There is a piece of sheet metal and a lot of banging going on update on the bus it is I'm still in the process of cleaning out the oil. I Think it will be running Right after we fix that Also been waiting on some parts I was away last weekend meditating it was nice What else is going on? Still got to work on this Nothing's really changed since the last video. It's mostly been oiled and I don't know Trying to figure out how to fix this thing. So yeah, was this to go say hello Here's part of the other problem. Whoa, where'd your steps go man? Also good to see you again In video we've all obviously said hello in person. You guys putting in an elevator. What's going on? So Yeah, do you want to walk us through what you're doing? so Chicago bus my bottom step brought it out Due to rust you don't think I was holding on with some wood. So this is what a rusty Bus step looks like I don't even know how this thing was actually Held up right somebody took part of a rub rail and riveted or screwed it to the bottom And then there's all they reinforce it with wood long story short They came back because I'm gonna help them weld this thing and you know I'm trying to get a step back in there, but they're also gonna had a super cool feature Which you guys will see the smile should say it all I got the fuel level center in completely blind and All I got to do is hook it up now. So I'm super super happy All right, here's a progress today not a lot of filming. We're running around to the different stores and whatnot trying to get tools and grinders but Tomorrow I think we're gonna start welding is that right Hopefully Yeah, exactly We're trying to figure out how to how to support this thing because there's not a lot of anything except sheet metal down here and So we're thinking a square Vertical vertical vertical vertical and then of course all the sheet metal All right, this is the following day. I'm gonna help out moja bus in a second, but while they're cutting metal I just want to give you guys an update the gene system is working a bunch of the debris that didn't get caught by the Strainer inside that filter. It's 168 micron Way too big right went through the denim jeans. It's coming out super clear So just want to give you guys a thumbs up on that also, you know what? I need to call the transmission guy because he's been delaying me For several weeks. He's been a little busy. So I'm gonna check in and see if we can Get that in the shop at some point maybe next week. What are you doing now? Why the 45 degree angle? This is gonna be the bottom frame. Yeah, it's out of the bottom frame Uh-huh, so I need them to it level and even instead of sit on top of each other and bump everything up Just as easy to cut a 45 is a 90 plus it's real looks sexy 100% agree and of course he's using a OSHA approved safety glasses for this cut We're doing welding 101 So we got metal we have something in the well on top of so we don't ruin Glenn's nice concrete We don't want to ruin your concrete Someone to pass the camera over to Renee and we're gonna play with a welder here So oh by the way all the welders feel free to correct me There's definitely some things that I will be missing, but this is just the basics All right now remember you're only as good as your teacher and I am not that good at welding I just know the basics so here goes nothing It's a little on the long side, but if you want to practice getting rid of the thing So pull the trigger pull the trigger pull the trigger there you go stop now put Put it you know far close to the tip on the metal and just pop it real quick Yep, there you go my proud student is learning how to weld And it's looking pretty good so far. It's doing the outside edge edges of the bottom part So that the sheet metal will sit flat on the inside here How's it going so far by the way How was I as a teacher I know next to nothing about this stuff, but it's I know the basics Well, let's not get that far But these are pretty damn good welds for this is literally his first time so for all the welders out there You'll probably agree. That's a pretty clean weld Not doing it dry fit So Justin is What are you doing? Cool Yeah, that's gonna work. All right So basically what they're gonna do it's clean up this whole thing put some Vertical pieces on it and we'll check back in at that point. Yeah. Thanks.  That was kind of fun All right, here we go. Here is a mock-up. This is I know the Lighting is such that it's a little hard to see but there's nothing really we can do about it There we go. That's a good shot.  So those are fun to get off We're just kind of analyzing the design here and otherwise, you know, it's coming right along here


Welcome to NewsClick, for the past few months we have seen attacks on the Dalits increasing and there is also a change in discourse with the politics of the country moving towards the rights. And to discuss with us is Professor Amit Thorat who is a faculty at JNU, he is an economist by training who specializes on the issues of discrimination, untouchability and other urban issues. So welcome to NewsClick, Dr. Amit. Thank you, thank you for having me. You had conducted a study recently which was published in the mainstream media about the practices of untouchability prevalent in the society, though the practice of untouchability is banned by the Indian constitution, but like you mentioned in your paper that practice is still there in the minds of the people and nothing has been done about it. So could you throw some background on your study and how what findings you had about the study? So the survey is an all India survey, it covers about 47,554 households, it's Pan India, it's representative at national level and it's a big survey with a lot of information. We asked two questions to all our sample households, the first question was does any member in your family practice untouchability, yes or no? And if they said yes then fine. If they say no then we ask an additional question, would it be okay if someone from a lower caste was to enter your kitchen or use your utensils, would that be fine with you, yes or no? So combining the responses to both of these questions, we found that about 30% of rural households and 20% of urban households in India accepted openly by saying that either someone in their household practices untouchability. You mentioned previously that it was basically a poverty study that you were also looking and how do you were mentioning about how you studied the class angle and then for making it clear in the Indian context you studied the caste groups of the class, can you throw some light on that? So this is the survey which happened twice, once in 2004-05 and then again in 11-12. The uniqueness of this data set, it's called the India Human Development Survey, is that the households which we surveyed in the first round, we again revisit the same household. So you can effectively track the households over a period of 7 years. So we can find out whether households over a period of 7 years became poor, that is whether they fell into poverty or rose out of poverty. So we found that over the period of 7 years, poverty has fallen drastically in India. It has never fallen by that much magnitude ever. So nearly 71% of urban poor and 64% of rural poor, these households were poor in the first round, 2004-05, had escaped poverty by 11-12. So when you look at national samples of the data, we only see that poverty is falling. What this data allows you to do is, it also tells you, it just doesn't tell you who is escaping poverty, but it can also tell you who has fallen into poverty. So could you throw some light on the social categories of who escaped poverty and who had fallen into poverty? So we find that while people are escaping poverty, they are also falling into poverty. However, the shares of households who are falling into poverty is disproportionately higher among the tribals, which is 24% amongst the schedule cast, 19%, OBC 14% and Muslim 16%. So these are households who became poor over this period of time, whereas only 10% of forward cast households became poor. Just poor, unlike the West, they are not a single unitary category. Here Dr. Ambedkar said, the caste is nothing but the division of laborers. So do you want to share some things of how these laborers are divided when it comes to discrimination, untouchability, these practices that are there? So what you mentioned in your study, that though they might be poor, but also the belief in caste and their values is so high that they intend to practice untouchability. So as I was saying earlier, we found that about 27% of the households in India accepted to practicing untouchability. Then we were curious who are these people. So when we broke them down and saw their social belongings, we found that the largest share or within each community, say amongst the Brahmins, all our sample of Brahmins, nearly half of them, 52% said yes, they practice untouchability. But surprisingly, we found that among the OBC, 33% and among the ST, 22% also said they want to practice untouchability. Now this was a little surprising because we were wondering why this is so and we can only hypothesize. And we think that this is because as the economy is growing, there is more competition for jobs and with these jat agitations, etc., we find that the ability of a lot of OBC and maybe tribals to catch on to the bandwagon of, say, economic growth in terms of the kinds of jobs that are available, anyway it's a jobless growth, you all know that. So the competition for these small number of private sector job is intensified and that has led to conflict between the OBCs and the SCs. For the most forward cast as well, right? And them also because yes. So we do find that it's just not the Brahmins or the forward cast who are practicing untouchability but this is also seen to be happening among the OBCs and the tribals. So then do you think this is because of the notion of purity pollution that is ingrained in our shastras because your paper talks about the theoretical aspects, do you want to say something? I think yes. I mean, so there are other studies which also show that the idea, where does this come from? Why do people practice untouchability or discriminate against certain kinds of people? That is because of their belief and it's not based in any scientific factuality. So it's a belief which comes from myth and mythology and there is a notion that interacting with, associating with, touching with people with polluting spiritually and physically and it comes from this belief in the notion of purity and pollution. For instance, I'll give you an example, another study which I did with Dean Spears who was from Princeton and now at University of Texas. We found that, so just to give a background, 60% of all people who defecate in the world live in India and 70% of all rural households defecate in India. But whereas in Bangladesh which is poorer than us, Kenya which is poorer than us, only 10 or 15 odd percent people defecate. We are more educated, more richer than them and we are still defecating in the open. Why is that? Talking on that sense of open defecation and the beliefs, it's strongly that it is a cultural value. But then people also thought with the modernity coming and the new constitution being in place of freedom fighters thought that India would move towards direction of progress and change. But in your paper you had said that the social change is very, very slow and you talked about the purity and pollution are hard to be wiped out from the people's mind in spite of their education. Do you want to? Yeah, I mean it's strange how, so I think in many ways these ideas of who we are, what should be our belief system, what should be our values are something which we pick up in our homes and in our communities which are passed on from father to son, mother to daughter, grandfather, grandmother to grandchildren and this is intrinsically embroiled with your identity. And how do you break those belief systems? How do you capture the young to have a different idea about equality, about humanity, about fraternity and the only way I see it is intervention which is through public education or even private education. So, in schools if we talk about untouchability, we talk about caste and we teach children that this is a bad habit, this is illegal and this is also not socially desirable. At a young age it may have an impression. I am not saying it will go all the way to eradicate it because your social pressures of conformity. Children want to please their parents, they want to identify with the kinship group and identification means following the rituals, practices, etc. So, it's very difficult, it's almost like divorcing or tearing yourself away from your community and forming your own identity which could be a secular identity and non-religious identity and it's not easy unless there is a overall social milieu in your school, in your colleges where your people who are your gurus and teachers tell you this is right to do and it's okay to do that. I just want you to know, is there a regional variation to this in your study? Did you find across the states where it is more prevalent or say for example, where in some states the social movement might have been taking place for a long time? So, you see there is a change in the perception or what do you think? Does your data show a regional variation on the practice of untouchability? Yeah, actually you're right, it does. So, we find when we look at our state samples of the incidents of the practice of untouchability, we find that the practice is to my mind not surprisingly more prevalent in the north of India. So, my depredation above it is very high. In fact, Himachal is highest and it's very, it's lower. I wouldn't say it's very low, but it's roughly say about 20% and lower as you go below Maharashtra. And when you look at Maharashtra and Kerala in particular, it's very low. And we were puzzle wise that happening and there could be two reasons. One is that both these places in Maharashtra, you had the Ambedkar movement, Ambedkar was from Maharashtra and he was the reason for the emancipation of the Dalits and he had his own, the entire ideology. So, it is possible that in Maharashtra the practice is low or even if it exists, our respondents were politically aware to give an answer which is to say, no, no, no, we don't practice it. And Kerala also shows the same. But Kerala has been a history of the Dalits leading a movement and supported by the progressive population. So, do you think that might, because it's also one of the highly educated society. Left tradition in Kerala is also very liberal. So, I think at a political, personal political level, the understanding that to shun untouchability and caste identities is there. Now, does that mean that there is no practice of untouchability? I would not go as far as to say that because we know of instances where it happens. Dr. Amit, what do you think is the way out for the society? Is there a message of how people should get rid of this untouchability or say, the caste discrimination or it's a long fight? So, it's not an easy question to answer because there are a lot of the data which we have suggests certain things. But I would not say that it's all bleak because even if we go by the respondents, the responses we got from our interviewers, interview is I'm sorry, is that about 30% people say that they practice untouchability. If we agree to that and even if it's an underestimate, there's a majority who claims they don't practice. So, at the face value, it's a good thing. But at the same time, we hear these incidences of caste violence, atrocities, etc. So, are they just outliers or fringe elements who are doing all this? Well, no, I think it goes deep into our belief in who we are. And if you have people, communities, ideologies which fan these ideas, either politically that people are different, it could be a Hindu-Muslim identity, it could be within Hindus, a caste identity and want to make profit on it either politically or economically, then I think these ideas are just under the surface so that anyone who scratches it, you know, your bigotry comes out and it is spilled over in the society. And the way out is very, I mean, it's very difficult because as a Hindu, if we are 80% of us or 85% of us are Hindu, by default, we have a caste identity. Now, to say that I would not practice any kind of caste marriage or a kind of social interaction which is mediated through caste is impossible unless I shun my Hindu identity. So, it is an end to ask people to do that because the constitution bans and touchability or makes it an atrocity, it is difficult for people to do that unless they, unless we create a society from scratch where the generations who are indoctrinated or have picked it up are, we cannot do anything about them. But then younger generations to come can be exposed to these ideas, egalitarian ideas of equality, liberty and fraternity where caste is not the lens through which you see humanity or your fellow beings. But it's not going to be easy, it needs to be taken up as a social value by all and it has to be systematically talked about in schools, in colleges, wherever you have these issues of discrimination, exclusion, honour killing, etc. And not just the people who are suffering have to talk about it. In fact, the people who are perpetrators or people who come from the communities where, from which this idea of purity pollution comes need to be part of the debate and discourse. Thank you Dr. Amit for taking your time and talking to NewsClick. Thank you. Thank you for having me.