gyda'r Ffree, ac mae'n gyntaf. Mae'n holl iddyn nhw'n gweithio'r panell ar gynnwys ar y dyfodol, a'r dylunio'r ddau, mae'n ddegwydiau ar gyfer y dyfodol. Felly, mae'n gweithio. Mae'n ddegwydau gyda'r panell ar y dyfodol. Ysgrifennid Ynno'r Frederick Agar, yng nghyrch ar gyfer y dyfodol. Ysgrifennid yma'r gweithio? A'r wird-degwyd, ymwyloedd y sefydliadol, ynchydgyrchu'r ysgrifennid y Brith. Fatima Haram Asil, cofisiwner for trade and industry at the Africa Union, Jean-Louis Ekra, president and chair of the Board of Directors at Africa Export-Import Bank and Bob Diamond, founder and CEO of Atlas Merchant Capital. So, an all-star cast assembled from throughout Africa and further afield as well. If I could just set out some of the context of this conversation, it might be useful. The Africa, the World Economic Forum has shown me that 12% of African exports go to African markets right now, and this is a way of introducing the idea of intra-Africa trade, and perhaps that's an area that we need to focus our conversation on today. African goods and services, they say, account for only 3% of value added in global trade. The WTO in 2014 said that this was the third straight year of below-average trade growth, and they didn't see that changing in 2015. So, all of those three statistics, just a way of illustrating the opportunity that exists for Africa to punch more strongly in the global trade agenda. So, how can Africa share in that global trade pie a little more aggressively? So, let's put that question to our panellists. I'll ask everybody to sort of set out their stalls just for a minute or so at the start of our conversation. And, Jonov, perhaps we'll start with you. Thank you, Anna. I think, in general, trade performance for all countries and regions is a combination of external and international domestic factors. You have to take into account access to foreign markets, the international global environment, as well as the behaviour of your trading partners. Then, when you come to your domestic situation, the kinds of trade policies that you put in place will define your performance in terms of exports and imports, the infrastructure that you need to support trade, and even the trade policy governance structure that you have in place that takes into account the interests of the business and private sector which you try to serve. Then, you have to look at your macroeconomic environment, which makes you more competitive. You need to address infrastructure challenges, including issues relating to trade finance. So, at the end of the day, is how a country, a region like Africa, manages the interaction of these external and domestic factors that would provide the frame as to how you benefit from the international trading system. So, that's the broad set-up. So, Mike, your thoughts? I think it's important to first look at this in the global context. If we look at the financial crisis of 2007, what happened immediately was a great reduction in trade, a huge increase in youth unemployment, a mistrust of institutions, whatever they might be, political or otherwise, and I think, you know, the development of protectionism, concern about immigration and people taking jobs, concerns about globalization. And all of this, I think we saw the Doha round, you know, not complete. And I think all of that has been very damaging potentially for the future. What's encouraging is we're now seeing an environment with regional agreements coming into place. The TPA has been given to the US government. We're seeing the TPP coming through, discussions in Japan, discussions in existence with Canada, the T-Tip. So, I think this is a real opportunity to move global trade forward and to understand that globalization can bring people out of poverty. So, I think for South Africa, to your point, it's very, very important to have much more intra-African trade. So, I think the tripartite trade agreement that's coming up, free trade agreement, is really important as a first step for Africa, you know, for the Cairo, to Cape Town, Corridor, to really be part of development for Africa as a whole, which then can engage with the EU, with others in a global basis. I think it's a first step that will really help Africa move forward. Yeah, no doubt we'll come back to that conversation about what Egypt is doing at the moment. Fatimae, your thoughts? Yes, I think that one of the things that African countries are really small to justify huge investment. For example, we all need roads, we need trade facilitation, we need the supply chain, we need to create, actually produce and diversification, and continental free trade area is a very, very important aspect whereby we can have big market to justify huge amount of investment on the continent. We can have any firm from anywhere in this world can come and set up in Africa and the market is there so that we can produce. So, I think that basically we need to address the challenges which is infrastructure, the trade finance, the productive capacities and so forth, and I think that we are very encouraged also with the free trade area of the three partite, which is 26 countries and is going to be launched in June, 10 of June 2015. So, I think that we can move forward. Jean-Louis? I would like to take it from a slightly different angle. When you look at total African trade, it has indeed grown tremendously over the past 20 to 50 years. To give you an order of idea, in 1993, that is when our African symbol was being created, total African trade was in the tune of $256 billion. As of last year, it was $1.4 trillion. It means that it has been growing. But the unfortunate thing is that it's still largely dominated by commodities. So, very limited value addition locally, very limited retention of value of this export. That's why total African trade remain at about 3% of global trade. That's one of the factors. The other factor is that Africa is a continent that still trades less with itself. Although we've made giant strides in it, because it was about 7% before, it's now between 12% and 13%, the steel is quite low compared to Asia, which is like 55%, or even Europe, which is about 70%. So, there are really effort to do in that area. Another fact, which I would like also to bring, is that there's been a diversification in the partnership now. China has now overcome America as the single largest trader with Africa. And you have a great increase in trade with countries like India. Those are new elements which we believe are positive, but we need to be a necessary value addition of African exports. Well, thank you, Anna. I think it starts, you touched on this a bit with, is there a problem? And you mentioned that 10% to 12% of trade in Africa is kind of intra-Africa. 80% of the exports of African companies are overseas. The financial crisis has exacerbated the situation. About 50%, a little over than 50% of the trade finance that you mentioned, came from European financial institutions prior to 2008. Because of Basel III, balkanisation, capital needed in the home market, today it's very close to zero. So, about 50% of trade finance that was coming from outside of Africa needs to be replaced. So, what can we do as institutions in our institution in Atlus Mara, we based our whole business proposition on breaking down the model of taking a deposit and buying a T-bill, getting funds to banks, sorry, getting funds to the small businesses in the SMEs. And so, we think strongly that intra-regional trade is what will pave the way for intra-Africa trade. And when I'm trying to think more positively, the progress that's being made now in the trade blocs, the four key trade blocs, in Francophone, West Africa, there's now one set of banking rules, there's a single currency. The East African community is probably the furthest ahead where the heads of state in Rwanda, in Uganda, and in Kenya are really paving the way around immigration, around transportation, around the potential for a single currency. So, we're beginning to see some real focus on fostering intra-regional trade, and I think that's what will pave the way, truly, for intra-Africa trade. Let's pick up there. We've had a number of really important topics sort of picked up in that first setting out of stalls, if you like. One of them is the global picture, the global context, the fact that we've had the WTO Doha round that that's stalled and that's on the negative side, on the positive side, other trade agreements are being signed in Africa. The importance of intra-African trade has come through clearly there. The importance of getting the financing right. The importance of addressing what is traded, John-Louis was talking about this, so maybe we'll pick up on some of those things. If we look at the subject of intra-Africa trade and just how much of an issue is it at the moment and what is driving a lack of intra-Africa trade at the moment. The Africa Union, you've been pushing for a long time for more intra-African trade. Just set out for us why it's been so difficult to push forward intra-Africa trade. I think, as I said, in order for us to understand why the intra-African trade is so low, we have to understand what are the challenges. And some of these challenges are really some of the trade facilitation. Now we signed the Bali agreement, of course, and we're implementing the Bali agreement, so we're, as part of the Bali package, the trade facilitation, and I'm happy to say that at least our member states are really working very hard to ensure that this is implemented. But actually, trade facilitation was also part of the decision of the head of state and government when they took that decision about boosting intra-African trade. It was felt that we really need to address this issue of trade facilitation because if we don't address it, it's going to be very difficult. Sometime we're talking about how do we connect Africa. And even if we connect Africa with trains or rail, if we have to stop at every border just to make sure that we spend so much time to get a visa, it's going to be basically useless. So it's very important that way we address this thing. I think the other thing is really the production factor is very important. And I think that it's important. Sometime you will see in country A, a surplus of, for example, food. And in country B, there is a shortage. So I think that it's very important that we also open our border, we communicate. And it will also help us too with the food security and so forth. It will help us with our diversification, the value chain approach. I mean, a country in Africa cannot come and say, okay, I want to really create, I don't know, produce a car. How do we ensure that some part is produced in country A, B and C? And therefore we go and we have a product car made in Africa. So I think it's very important that we look at these issues. Again, as I said, the infrastructures, most of our countries, the biggest one you can take Nigeria. But I think that most of our countries, our economies are very, very small to justify a huge number of investments. So I think that the infrastructure challenge is real. But how do we do this? So I think that it's very important that we look at the infrastructure. Oh, is there a problem? I think it's just your hair was interfering with the microphone, but that's fine. So please, thank you. So I think that it's very important that we look at this context about how do we address all these challenges so that we can go forward. The other thing that is very important also, our people are migrating. You see people are dying on the seas and so forth. Yes, the root causes are various. Some of them may be political challenges, but most of them are actually economic opportunities. So I think that if we have a continental free trade area, if we really can move within the continent of Africa, it will also promote movement of talent from one country to another. Countries such as Rwanda, the Ecoas region, which is the West African region, they have free movement of people. And I think that they have really positive experiences. So when you look at the advantages and disadvantages of having free movement of people within the region, I think that the advantages outweigh what's bad. So I think that it's very important that we look at these things on a more holistic way. And that's why we think that it's very important that we move forward. And we have actually a head of state and a head of state which are sharing the regional economy communities looking at this issue every summit, which is mean every six months, and seeing how are we progressing on all of this aspect. OK. Jean-Louis, this is interesting in the context of your point. How do you boost intra-Africa trade? You were saying earlier, we need to move up the value chain. Africa needs to move up the value chain and produce not just commodities. And it seems that in order to export to the neighbours, that might be necessary, but I guess which comes first. Well, I believe right now what should come first is to have manufactured products that you can sell to your neighbours. Because take a simple example. West Africa, you have about four countries that produce about 80% of the cocoa of the world. Clearly Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire, which are the largest cocoa producers, cannot trade cocoa with each other. There won't be any need, except if this cocoa is turned into chocolate. Then you can sell to your neighbour. The other thing that seems not always well captured is the bulk of informal trade that is still happening among African countries. There is quite a lot that is happening. If you go to any border of countries, you will see vibrancy, people moving back and forth. Clearly they are moving because they are doing some trade. But that trade is still not captured. So one of these initiatives that we have in the bank is to create a platform, an electronic base on mobile telephony platform where payments could be made. That way you will be able to capture part of that informal trade that is still happening among African countries. Bob, I was reading the African Development Bank says that there is an unmet demand for bank-intermediated trade finance between $110 billion and $120 billion. There is clearly a need out there for more trade finance that is not being met. What are the considerations around that? What are the ways that we try and fix that? You were referring to how some in the international banking community have moved away from Africa. Particularly with the impact of Basel III and the financial crisis, how do we fill the void? Frankly, I don't think we can start by looking at the government. We have to start by looking at the industry, at the finance industry, at banks. I think small businesses in most African countries would say that access to reasonable priced lending or finance is the single biggest issue that they face, and I certainly agree with that. So it starts with how do banks get out of T-bills into lending? How do we get money to small businesses, to entrepreneurs, to cross-border businesses? How do we take a sector like agriculture, which can be one of the greatest economic sectors in sub-Saharan Africa, over 50% of the unused arable land in the world is right here in sub-Saharan Africa? And we need to have more specialized lending units. We need to have our banks capable of helping the agricultural sector hedge next year's crop price with more sophisticated financing and risk management tools. There are a whole host of things available in banking that are not particularly innovative, but for here in Africa, for the smaller banks, they are. So one of the things is to try and bring in more tools that have been used in sectors like agriculture to get the lending. If we can get that lending, I think that there are real challenges on the government side as well. And you think of some of the challenges they're facing in the East African community. It really comes down to more free flow of people and of services. And you think of harmonizing immigration and making it easier for people to cross-border and transport easier for goods to cross-border. But I do think it comes with a big burden on the financial services sector to get lending going, particularly to small businesses. And what changes in that? Why has that not happened already? You know, it's for some good reason, it's an interesting perspective. This is a bit of a generalization, so it doesn't apply to all. But too often banks in sub-Saharan Africa, when they take deposits, they can take that money and put them in a domestic Treasury bill that yields 13, 14 or 15 percent, and there's no interest or there's no currency risk. And it's pretty hard to find the incentive to lend to small businesses where there's credit risk and more work, quite frankly, when you can earn 1,100, 1,200, 1,300 basis points in lending. It's why we've begun to see in Nigeria and in other countries capital charges put on banks holding domestic T-bills. And I think it's the right public policy, as we have to use both the bankers' recognition of our responsibility to get lending to small businesses, as well as public policy in line to produce greater incentives to lend. Maybe it means some form of credit guarantee as well to reduce that spread between the T-bill level and the lending level. But I think, unsurprisingly, part of the burden is on the banks and part of the burden is on the governments. I mean, Michael, this seems like there's a big role for getting... There's a big part of this is getting Africa in more fully involved in the international capital markets then and allowing some of the things that Bob has talked about to happen. Absolutely. When you listen to the comments made by colleagues here on the panel, you see that some of these issues, in varying degrees, exactly the same issues in the European Union. So, for example, I think it's interesting to reflect that we've already seen some of the benefits. We were talking yesterday, someone's telling me, making the comparison, that with the sort of free movement that you have in one single market, a truck goes from Frankfurt to Nice in one day. In Africa, that would take eight to nine days because we have to get across some of the practical issues. Similarly, because the free movement of labour, I'm really encouraged to hear what you say about West Africa. Clearly, free movement of labour has been a massive benefit to the European Union and yet people are really politically disturbed by it at the moment because they feel that immigration is causing damage to their standard of living and their jobs. As you know, in the UK, we pretty much have an entirely fact-free debate about immigration. So somewhere in about this is, I think, trying to link and I'm coming to the capital markets point that bringing people together and understanding why free trade lifts people out of poverty and creates jobs and creates investment and that free movement of labour is not a threat if handled properly is something we need to share. Similarly, I think it's fantastic that Johannesburg here in South Africa does have a strong capital market. It links closely to London. London is part of the European Union. Hopefully, we'll remain so. I think those issues are exactly, Bob, the same problem in the European Union about getting lending to SMEs. For different reasons, because we're not getting the 30% returns on people, some of their negative. Actually, because of regulatory and capital and other requirements and risk issues and lack of confidence, we've got exactly the same issues. How do we get SMEs who really create jobs to get the financing they need to expand? And we haven't cracked that, even in terms of a single financial market. I mean, you referenced there some of the political tensions that are caused by opening borders and that's evidenced here in South Africa as well, isn't it? Most recently with levels of violence routine. Michael was referring there, going off to the case that needs to be made for the benefits of trade, the WTO, this is your bread and butter, selling the benefits of trade. Where do you see in Africa resistance to trade? Where are there still groups of people perhaps who don't see the benefits that you see? Well, I think the benefits are there. And I think all African countries are active in trade. And we know that over the past two or three decades, trade has been able to lift a lot of the population of the world out of poverty. For Africa, I think the challenge remains recognition of what needs to be done. If you listen to the discussion so far, we seem to be touching on bits and bits of sectorial policies. But trade policy is not about one sector. It's a microeconomic policies across sectors woven into one whole. So trade can't just sit on its own in a silo. It's got to influence every other bit of government policy. So that is why, for instance, for Africa, as we stand now, first, you need to be sure you integrate into the multilateral trading system. You are part of the global economy. If you look at our past, most of African exports were under preferential trade regimes. Those regimes are going. So there will be preference erosion. There will be competing with exports from other countries. In the EU, we now have the EPAs. Even for the US, where their goal has been extended, you cannot be sure of another extension. So the future for Africa is making sure that institutions like the WTO work. It's making sure that you create also the domestic environment. Trade today is no longer about your border measures. Trade has moved to behind the border measures.  It's favorable. I will bring my capital into your country if intellectual property regime is the right framework. So bankruptcy. In some of our countries, people cannot even redeem contracts easily. So when you look at your overall domestic environment and reform it, targeted at specific sectors, you could get to what is now called exchanging domestic reform for factories. Then you cannot get the diversification you need. You cannot become more competitive. So concluding the Doha run, for instance, for Africa, is very key in providing a stable environment. Implementing the current trade facilitation agreement, which is now backed in capitals for ratification, is key. And you know that Africa is going to host the next ministerial conference in December. So how does Africa now project itself to the international community that it has come to accept those domestic reforms that will enable it to benefit from the international trading system? Can I take us on to talk about harmonising free trade agreements? And we've touched on this with some of the deals that are going to be coming through soon. And Fatima, you are mentioning the continental free trade area and there are things in the works. Things are happening. Things are moving in Africa. But maybe, Yonof, I could ask you. I mean, what is, from the WTO's perspective, what is the optimal size of a trade area these days? Because we're sitting here on this panel talking about free trade across Africa at a time when Europe and the US are busy negotiating, you know, halfway around the world on TTIP or TTP, big global trade deals. And then we bring things more local and we say in Africa, look, Egypt is signing deals with this part of Africa and that part of Africa. And it's held up as a good thing because it's bringing down borders. But where should the focus be right now? There seem to be lots of actors at lots of different levels. I think that is not a question for the WTO to answer. It is based on the priorities of the members. But from a conceptual point of view, any improvement or increase in trade whether between two countries or whether at the regional level or at the multilateral level is important. So if South Africa and Nigeria can take a bilateral trade agreement that improves trade between them, it's good for the world. It's good for the common good. If Africa can successfully implement a continental free trade area, it's good. And that is why in the WTO, we have recognition for all these regional trade agreements, although they need to meet certain minimum conditions to at least ensure that there is no trade diversion, there is no impairment of the trade rights of other countries. So the priority as to how you adopt an approach is dependent on the member. I think for Africa, most of our industries are not really competitive. So as we try to reform, the African market can serve like a testing ground where you now grow and then you can go out into the rest of the global markets. But I think the key is beginning to look at those domestic reforms. We are talking of labour, mobility and talent. I was at an event in Abidjan last week and somebody was saying it's very easy for an African diplomat with his diplomatic passport to get easy access into any African country. But it's very difficult for an African businessman. So you need to make everybody a diplomat? No, you can't. The member states, for instance, may consider giving business passports an African business passport. For instance, in a co-ass now, you could have your normal national private passport, but it's deemed to be an a co-ass passport. So it's respected by each a co-ass member state. So this is one region of Africa where you can travel freely? Exactly. So you can take that example and say, OK, for all Africa at the AU level, take a decision, all business people should have a business passport. So I don't need a visa to come into South Africa and say, business man, I can jump on the plane, go and do my deal and get out at the next minute. So these are things we need to begin to look at. We need to also, you know part of the challenges now is also standards. Standards are not just the ones that the governments are putting in place. Some of them are becoming private standards. So when you look at some of the big retail chains, they have their standards. So African countries also should begin to see how they can build centres of excellence across sectors, across production lines to begin to benefit or at least understand how these standards work and how they can perform in those markets. I mean, Fatima, it seems there's no shortage of ambition trying to set up the continental free trade area is a huge undertaking. Is it possible to deliver this by 2017? I think it's possible. The reason for it is that, yes, it is an ambitious continental free trade area and we're also looking for something ambitious now. We're not just looking for trading goods, we're looking for trading services, we're looking for later on procurement and so forth because, but it's possible because one is the head of state and government decision. That's the first one. So it's not an African union. I mean, all the African union decision are head of state decision. Two is there is, as I said, there is a high level trade committee which is composed of eight head of state chairing the regional economy communities that will come every six months, will review the progress, will advise on the next step forward. Three is we're launching the continental free trade area here in South Africa from 14 to 15 on the summit. So we're launching the negotiation of the continental free trade area. But all these things are built on what is existing already on the regional economy communities. As I said, the three parties are going to launch their free trade area 10 of June in Shamar Sheikh in Egypt. So I think this is very, very important. It's 26 countries that represent about 57% of GDP of Africa. So I think that it's very, very important. It's a very encouraging news. Mr Aga talked about the ECOWAS region, like the West African region, it's 15 countries. They have a common external tariff. They have free movement of people. They have an ECOWAS passport. Now they're talking about a common identity. I think that it's also very important for the EU to learn from best practices. How do we learn and make sure that we move forward? The East African communities have good trade facilitation. They also have the passport. So I think it's very important. So for us, we want to make sure that we build on best practices, not copying everything from the wreck, of course, but copying best practices. How do we ensure that we move and propagate? The other thing that is very important also, I think there is no free trade area today of a region that is 54 countries. The closest thing is the WTO. So that's why actually we're working very closely with the WTO to understand the challenges and also see how we can be advised. But if you look at the EU, the EU is 27 countries, but they didn't get up in one day and all the 27 countries were ready and then they went further. I think the EU is still on a steep learning curve. Right. So what I'm saying is I think that it's important to see, you know, what are the coalition of the champions that are ready, that they want to move and go and then later on the other can join. I think that's also an option and we should also look at for this option. And I want to give a very, very example, which is very crucial. The head of state and government in 2000, in Yamatsukuru in Ghana, they decided about a single aviation market for Africa. At that time, the market share for Africa was 60%. Now, because of non-implementation, today our market share declined to 20%. But why was that not implemented then? So there's an agreement between all of these responsible parties that there's going to be free movement in air travel, but then it didn't happen. Why does it not happen? I think there are a lot of, maybe that, you know, actually some of the debate that we have is we take a lot of decisions at the African Union level and maybe that by the time our head of state reached the airport, I mean, they forget most of them. So actually we're really, sorry about that. We're actually trying to think about do we need to do really, you know, one summit that is about decision and one summit about implementation. And implementation happened also at all the levels. I mean, from national to regional and also, you know, continental. So people need to be held to account. Yes, I think it's very important. And I know for the aviation market what I was saying is that now head of state, I mean 15 countries, they signed a will to say that we're moving. Now, when the rest of you are ready, you can join us. So I think this is also an example you can use for the CFT. I think I would like to add that in financial services, there are big successes which people are not talking about.  They are opening branches, opening subsidiaries in other countries and it works. So they are just leading the integration. You also see some big African corporate conglomerate that are also expanding in the continent. Dangoite is a name that comes all the time, but it's not the only one. There are several. You see from Morocco many companies going down in West Africa. So what do we learn from that? What is it about the banking sector or about businesses like Dangoite that mean that those businesses are able to go across border so much more easily than others? I think if you just unleash the business community, they will do it. Right now what is really slowing down in my view, the business community to do business across the continent are really authorities, government. The business people, they don't have any problem of borders. They will just go where they can make money. So we need just to unleash the area and people will go and do business around. So it seems that maybe Bob, there are particularly in the banking sector examples of where cross-border business is being done very successfully in Africa? Yes, there's absolutely some success stories, but I would also say there are more examples of banks in Sub-Saharan Africa in multiple countries that run them as silos, just a series of separate banks. And our ambition is very bold. It's to be one of the leading financial institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. So as we acquire banks in different countries, the plan is to integrate them into a single brand over time and a single technology. And I think, Anna, that's the key technology. And if banking in Africa can apply the kind of technology, not mobile phone technology, which is critically important for banking the unbanked, for reaching people that can't reach branches, but for the small business community and use the example of Dan Godi. A bank has to understand how much exposure they have to Dan Godi's cement, not just in Nigeria, but in the 17 other countries he operates in as well. My partner Ashish Dakar has businesses in 19 countries. And one of his stories about being banked is he was banked in each country separately, rather than as an integrated group. There is technology available now, intelligent layer of technology that can help us understand how much credit exposure we have to clients in different countries, how much interest rate exposure we have, but most importantly, how much currency exposure we have because of the cross-border business, how much is in dollars, how much is in domestic. And most importantly, what is that doing to the risk profile of our clients and our customers, the businesses that are doing business, sometimes doing it in dollars, sometimes doing it in local currency. In the agricultural sector, we're going to have to help our customers hedge not just their interest rate exposure, their crop exposure, but also their currency exposure. So it gets quite complex. And one of the things we're beginning to see, and I think it's very positive, is that banks that are in multiple countries are beginning to integrate and operate more as one bank in sub-Saharan Africa rather than a series of separate retail and commercial banks. And I do think it's positive, I do think there's success, but I think we're at the very, very early stages and the truth is, it's hard work. Mike mentioned the situation in Europe which has nothing to do with higher interest rates. We need to have the incentives to create the work that's required to understand more about sectors like agriculture, but also the types of companies, the small businesses that are going to become our big businesses are going to be. But that's what truly gets at creating jobs and creating economic growth. So I think the, is we put effort into this, we're going to see the rewards in the financial services industry but across businesses in Africa as well. One of the things we haven't talked much about, Mike, is about infrastructure and the need for that. I don't just mean, there's the obvious infrastructure, there's power infrastructure, electricity being reliable, there's roads and rail, there's also telecoms infrastructure, all of that will certainly the latter one of those close to your heart. I mean, absolutely, and I think infrastructure, it is brought in senses, a huge challenge for Africa and important as you were saying, Fatima. And I think that telecommunications technology is absolutely critical to doing the things that Bob's talking about. And if you look at the need for corporates and others and individuals to have access now to superfast broadband and fibre optics and resilient secure systems to bank across a region or across a country, this is something that really, how you have to create the environment. And as was being said earlier, and I think by Fatima, it's interesting that, where government and business have the same problem, strategy relatively speaking is easy, execution is difficult. More companies fail on execution than strategy. But if then you can free up the environment for business to operate, as you said, they will go and do it if that environment is there because then you will get the investment coming across a bigger marketplace to accelerate the need to use different technologies to have the communications you need that are critical to many things, trade, banking, where you want to do it. They're critical actually to education, which is a huge issue. They're critical to medicine, to healthcare, just about everything is where it can be made more efficient and done more effectively. And here, of course, because it's a huge size of this continent, there are particular challenges as to how you do that and how fast you can do that in addition to the road system, the aviation and so on and so forth. Fatima is funding the infrastructure development. What are your thoughts on that? Because obviously the Chinese have been very instrumental of late, no accident that the Chinese broadcasters are here running a panel discussion on funding for infrastructure projects. They've been very instrumental on that, but now the Chinese economy is slowing a bit. Does that show up as one of the concerns of the African Union that great, we need all this infrastructure, but where's the funding going to come from? Who's going to have the appetite to invest in these projects? Well, the African Union is not looking particularly for the Chinese to come and help them with infrastructure. I think the African Union is trying to look at all the partnership that we have and really understand what is strategic for us, what is a win-win partnership that we should have. Some of the projects, these are bankable projects. How do we ensure that we have the public-private to come and invest? I think that is very important. I think that Africa understands that no country in the world come and industrialize or transform their infrastructure because a country came in and helped them. So I think that this is a realization that we are very well aware of. We're looking at this banking sector to understand how do we collaborate also with the banking to ensure that we're moving forward and so forth. I think this is very important. We're going to have a big event this year about especially SMEs and women because the issue of credit, the issue of collateral, some women don't have land, all these things, how do we move with these things? And yes, as a Chinese, we did sign a memorandum of agreement with the Chinese about especially railway and highway and so forth, but really we wanted to do it our way. And this is really not something that the Chinese are coming to finance us. We're really looking for banking with some type of, how do we learn best practices? And we don't want to copy also the model of Chinese. We want to look at the model of the China, how China came to that point and how order came and come up with our own model that is feasible to our own situation. We're talking about high-speed train, for example. Why we're saying high-speed train? Because we're saying that when Europe had their train, we know the technology is not where it is today. China, when they have it, it was not where it is today. So how do we ensure that we move forward and we learn, again, best practices from others? So for us, I think that it's very, very clear that we're not looking for China to come in and transform our continent on infrastructure-wise. It's very important that we look at all the partnership. What is strategic, how do we also ensure that we negotiate good contracts that can take also care of this on the mining sector? For example, we're on dough with natural resources. How do we ensure and move? So I think that these are some of the things that we're really looking for and ensuring that we really involve the private sector is very key. Involving the private sector on the continental free trade area, we have to create an Africa business council whereby we hear the private sector voice to ensure that, you know, how do we move forward and work together, Bob? The China issue, or the China example you used, is very appropriate in banking as well. The Chinese banks that are active day-to-day in Africa are very helpful, and they're doing exactly what I would expect them to do, and I think anyone would advise them to do, is they expand outside of their country. They follow their customers and clients. They don't get involved in areas that they don't know. The result of that is that they're financing projects and they're financing the Chinese companies that they're familiar with. They're not really developing SME lending. So we can't count on that, and that's appropriate. That's as it should be. So I think it puts more pressure on the African banks to develop lending to African companies. One of the great things, and there's a wonderful saying coined by an economist a long time ago, the competitive advantage of being behind. And one of the competitive advantages today is there's very little in terms of tools that we need for SME lending that don't exist in banking. They're just incredibly innovative here, in this market, but they do exist, and I think this is truly an example where we can take the best of international and the best of local and create something. And no banking system has ever had to face the challenge of 46 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. That is a big challenge, but the tools are there to accomplish it. We haven't talked so much about the West and the West's role in involving Africa more in global trade. Jonov, is there something here about the way that the West and that covers many places, but the way that the West deals with Africa and making sure that free trade agreements are as free as they could be? Where would you like to see emphasis placed? Well, I think we need to recognize where we are coming from. I mean, we all know most of African economies are built on colonial structures, which did not quite affect, were not quite affected at the time of our independence. So if you look at the preference arrangements that were put in place, they were not really the type that you would say would grow the domestic economy. They were the type that would facilitate or not assure that the trade that was there before was not disrupted. So I think many of our countries, when even the GATT regime was established, were not at the table. We only joined the GATT at independence. But the situation now is Africa has become a big voice in the World Trade Organization. So we should now begin to strategically look at those areas in the agreements that give us the best, what you call, special and differential treatment provisions that take into account our specific economic circumstances. And I think this is where the challenge is. Across Africa, you have different kinds of economies at different levels of development with different challenges. Some of them, like the LGCs in Africa, they're not required to make any obligations. So how do they relate when they belong to maybe a regional economy community with some developing countries like you have in Sadeg? And then they are being required to make what you call it, commitments. So I think it's not a matter of looking up to the West or to the developed countries. We have come a long way now. If you look at what the EU is doing, the EU is signing bilateral or RTAs with many of the Latin America or Asian countries. This automatically means the competitiveness that African countries had. Whether you are talking of bananas, the sugar regime, it's gone. So where do you go? The idea then should be for us to begin to look at what could make us more competitive. And what makes us more competitive goes back to how we do our domestic trade policy reforms, which are the hierarchy of issues we are talking about here. How do we harness our domestic situation at the continental level? I think again, this is where I differ with a lot of what is going on in the EU. We still continue to think of the old classical model where you think that these things will fall in place. You look at convergence criteria and convergence criteria that nobody knew there would be an Ebola problem that would disrupt the economies of some of the West African countries. Nobody knew that there was going to be a decline in oil prices or commodity prices in general. So if you are looking at GDP, debt ratio and deficit, you will never converge. So you need, African countries need to recognize that they have to build. It's good you cannot say me and poor can go and open an account with dangote, joint account with dangote. But you can learn from the European Union by opening that common currency framework and then saying you can participate in this framework subject to these conditions. Then each member can join at the time it feels it's ready. But when you go through the classical route, if you look at West Africa, I think we've been struggling to integrate the humor and the echo for how many years now. It's not working. And even if we go back in Africa's trade history and start looking at the elements of the Lagos plan of action, the Abuja Treaty establishing the African economy, they are the same things that we are talking about today. So you can't just wait forever for these economies to converge and to look similar? We need to say everybody is different. Everybody, there's no one size fits all, there's no silver bullet. But there could be common good. So what is the common good? And then everybody latches onto that common good as it assesses its abilities and capacity to participate. Just in concluding then with the panel, I wonder if everybody could think of one final message that they really would like people who are watching, who are listening to this to take away with them. I mean, Bob, maybe we'll start with you listening to what you've said already. It seems that incentivising the banking sector to go out and lend money to small and medium-sized businesses. And I can think of other parts of the world where we've had these conversations recently as well. But in this case, Africa, that seems to be for you a big focus. Yeah, very much. I think it's a key, and I come back to the point I made earlier, that intra-regional trade will pave the way for intra-Africa trade. I think we should be cognizant that some of the most important developments are happening within the East African community, within the Sada community, within ECOWAS, within Francophone West Africa. I also think there's a lot of work being done. I think Donald Kabaruki at the African Development Bank has been very, very supportive of fostering lending to small businesses, Afroxym as well. So I think this is truly a partnership between the private sector and the development finance institutions and the government. I think there's a lot for everyone to do here. But the goal, everyone should say, is what's good for creating jobs and what's good for curting economic growth. Jean-Louis. Yes. The key word that I would like us to retain here is transformation. We need really to transform African economies. We can't continue with this model of exporting raw commodities. It's unsustainable. So to transform, the environment is now conducive for that. However, those economic communities that have been set up, we should make them work. It's not for government to go and sign something and re-nage on it when they come back home. They should be accountable for that. Fatima. I think Africa will surprise the world. We're going to have our continental free trade area, which is ambitious, good services people. I think it's very important. This upcoming summit will discuss, actually, at the closed session with the head of state and government, the movement of people, because I think that this migration issue is very, very important. The structural transformation of Africa is imperative. We need to create jobs in Africa, as he said. The commodity export is not good for us because our populations are growing and we need to make sure that we create jobs for our people. Lastly, I think that education is very, very important for our people because this continent has a lot of youth. I think that if we don't treat them, they will be a threat to us and also to the world. But if we treat them, I think that they will truly develop this continent. So I think that this is what we're going to be working on and the deadline of 2017 will be respected. Thank you. No, I think that Africa is at a crossroads. I think it's an enormous content with enormous resources, great demographics, big challenges. At a practical level, I would say that all the things you're talking about, free movement and labour, currency union, regulatory convergence, learn from the good things the European Union did and learn from their mistakes in these areas. Remember that success leads to further problems on immigration as you complete that market. That would be my suggestion. Well, I think Anna, I have to... See, Fatima is confident 2017 she'll get the continental free trade area. You're not so... I have to go back to my initial proposition. Africa's future has to respond to the current global economic environment. So we need to begin to think of going into processes that help us. And I'm not doing a commercial for the WTO, but I would want to believe that the multilateral trading system provides the best environment for small economies like in Africa or the national governments to get good trade deals rather than the current approach to have some bilateral and regional trade agreements with developed countries. Secondly, based on these prevailing international environment, you need to begin to strategically reform, not reform for its sake, reforms that give priority to those... What do you call it? The drivers of growth. Reforms that are sequenced, reforms that are properly timed and monitored to ensure that both national governments and the continent as a region benefits from its participation in international trade instances. OK. Thank you all very much for some fascinating ideas there to take away with us. So the need, small economies in particular, the need to band together to get better trade deals, the importance of learning from other unions around the world such as the EU, the good and the bad that have been done there, the importance of maybe the free trade area, the continental free trade area and the importance of migration in there for both Africa and also from what you said, Fatima for Europe too. The importance of diversifying the African economy away from commodities and the importance of lending to business, all of those themes coming out very strongly in the conversation. So thank you all very much for participating today here at the World Economic Forum for Africa. Thank you. Thank you.


Alright, I'm just leaving the Marvels a movie that I thought for sure was gonna be a massive hot mess But it turns out I actually enjoyed it quite a bit All that said if you've been checked out on Marvel for a while This isn't the one to go out and make you a believer again It's just a fun under two-hour quick snappy movie with a lot of nonsense some cool special effects Great characters playing off of each other some funny moments some cheesy moments And it kind of has a 90s feel which I dig it's been a while since I've seen a movie that made me feel like a kid again Honest thoughts there you go. I'll have a full review on my channel and Adam does movies So make sure to subscribe to check that out


This study aimed to investigate the role of entero-toxigenic Escherichia coli, ETEc, Clostridium difficile or Clostridium perfringence type C in the etiology of neonatal piglet diarrhea in Greece, and to identify preventative measures against these pathogens. A total of 78 pooled feces samples were collected randomly from 234 suckling piglets aged one to four days old from 26 farms. The collected samples were first screened for the presence of E, coli and C, difficile or C, perfringence using culture methods on macconky and anaerobic blood agar plates, respectively. Of the samples tested, 69.23% were positive for ETEc strains, 30.77% were positive for ETEc strains containing the F4 entero-toxin, 61.54% were positive for ETEc strains containing the F5 entero-toxin, 42.31% were positive for both ETEc and E, coli entero-toxin LT. This article was authored by Nikolaos Takoras, Eleftherios Miletus, Polychronis Castillas, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Good morning everybody, I hope you can hear me. Hello, my name is Kilian Clifford and I am the moderator for today's session. Now, I'm just going to try and share my screen here with you. So welcome everybody to the ASPR summit here in Dublin or virtually as we are all joining it. My name is Kilian Clifford and I am the host for today's session. Now, we have today, so I'm just going to stop sharing my screen because it's not working well. We have today a session on the ASPR philanthropy called Time, Talent and Treasure. So philanthropy is often defined as private contributions for public good. And we see it most obviously with large entities such as say Bill and Linda Gates Foundation or the Open Society Foundation for philanthropy is more than just the provision of financial resources. It's about the three T's of time, talent and treasure. And here at the ASPRs have a rich history in philanthropy whether it might be through mentoring, which is time, skills transfer, which is talent or indeed financial support, which is treasure. And through philanthropy, the ASPR has become important actors in sustainable development whether it might be at home or abroad. So today's session will examine this role more closely and explore some of the key trends and models for success. And from these learnings, actionable takeaways for key stakeholders in the area of the ASPR philanthropy will be provided and the output from this session will feed into the output document for the summit, which is known as the Future Agenda Document. And to facilitate that, we have a I really like this kind of metaphor, which is the future of the future generations. So we need the industry, we need the NGO and the government to participate in it. Of course, it includes some religious groups. What's interesting is that we have come to this period of explosion development. This is because of the past generation of Western wealth. In the past, their wealth was in the hands of 6, 7, 10-year-olds. There was a report saying that in the US, about $300,000 will be spent on the generation of the 50s in 2005. If you think of such a large amount of wealth, it will go to some channels in the hands of these individuals. The first one is to give these children, including their children and grandchildren. Of course, it will also be collected by the government. The third one is to give some channels for charity. We say that for a life, first it is a success, then it is going to change. After a person succeeds, he will see what kind of legend he can leave. This means that this has provided us with a lot of opportunities for charity to make this kind of wealth go to our field. Now we have seen that there are various kinds of charity institutions in the world. For example, in more than 70 countries, there are over 2,000 such organizations that have the earliest charity institutions in the United States. Of course, we will also have the government to set up the charity institutions. Of course, we will also have the banks of Fidelity in the United States. We will also put this money into the institutions that include charity. Now, there are more than 1 million donors. There are more than 3.7 billion donors in total. This year, we have been constantly increasing the number of donors in foreign countries, including in the United States. This means that our people and knowledge will continue to keep moving forward. Now, I am working with Erlan's Foundation and we know that we can make some changes through immigration. You all know that money is the oxygen of our organization. We can only get money from rich people. In addition, they will give this money to people that they trust. For example, the Foundation will do this. This is what we see in this kind of charity. It should be able to get this kind of charity. This is the will of our people and charity. We need to get this kind of donation to really happen. We need to develop our people's charity, including some of the institutions in the university. The first one is to invest a lot of money in the community, even though there are very few people. Another kind of charity is to get a lot of money from very few people. The first one is to invest a lot of money in the community. In the past, there were four stages. The first one is to perform. This means that you need to know where these immigrants are. They did some things. This morning, we also talked about a lot of data, including these data. First of all, we need to know where the immigrants are. We need to know where they are willing to be. We need to see if they have the ability to do this. It is possible that they do have the ability, but they don't have this kind of will. We need to know all these data. The second stage is to cultivate. This means that in your own organization, in your own project, you need to do a good job. You need to spend a lot of time. You also need to spend a lot of energy. The third one is to ask for real money. We have the ability to make such a request. You also need to let people know what your request is. As a requester, you should be a qualified person. The third stage is that once someone has made a promise, you need to be able to explain very clearly your role. You need to let them know what kind of channels I will use for your promise. Usually, once people are not willing to do what they want to do, they don't know what they are going to do. For example, if you are a large-scale small-scale organization, you need to do a clear investigation, research, and know what you should do. The last thing I want to say is that a professor in Ireland has never been to an Irish immigrant organization. He has never been to Ireland, but he began to live in Ireland. He has never been to an Irish university for more than 11 years. Without him, there is no way for us to develop this organization into this city. It is his name, his river, and the other words. He is also very confident that if he is dead, he should be in the Red Sea, not in the Green Sea. He is willing to do this kind of donation. He is now in a three-way city, and he is willing to do his best to donate as much as possible to the immigrants. That is my opening statement. Thank you very much for your words. I believe that you just talked about a lot of important points. For example, for immigrants, it is not that they want to be lived in the city, they just want to be in the city. They want to be in the city. They want to live in the city, but they act as an immigrant, and as a public resident, they have to be abroad. I would like to invite our technical staff to share this video. I come from Africa. I come from California. I am here to communicate with you through the video link. I also hope to be able to bring you support. I know that from IOM, Kingsley, and the enthusiasm of your meeting organizers, and your friendship here, I would like to share with you my experience in this regard. I think it is very obvious for the refugees in Africa, including the whole group of refugees from Africa, to form a group. We are also able to help some of the refugees in Africa to do better things. I left Africa in 1964. I still have a brother there. After 1969, I started studying online in the U.S. It has been very beautiful. I think that sense of beauty and challenge on all of the complexity that I felt when I was trying to make and speak to while I was there. At that time, I wanted to know how other people should raise their families and how they should live. For me, this is a comfort. I also know that if there is no refugees in Africa, it will be very difficult for them to help each other. So we joined this group of refugees to help the refugees. These refugees are also very willing to help each other. So if I succeed in my research, I can help others. Whether it is in my country or in my country of origin, I can help others. And we still have a question. Why do we need to help each other? Africa, China, and the Internet. Through five years, we have established a whole group with a certain scale. We also work closely with the government and the foreign relations. Many of those who support me are looking for some very practical ways to help the people of Africa. Through this effort, we can see that it is possible that now we can help other people in Africa and help them develop. If there is no such action, it is impossible. So what does this symposium mean? In addition to some resources, we can also provide other ways. For example, experience transfer training, we also established some training and helpings for each other. In 2022, we will also prepare some other projects. In 2020, due to our results, we will also see if we can help the people of Africa with some ways. We also have some opportunities to interact with them, get some help from them, and establish these projects for the leaders of the black race. For the black race, for the people living in the US, we will provide the opportunity to develop. For example, a African like me who has left the country probably in the past decades, has left our country. And a few hundred years ago, he has reached the US with his hard work. So we have the responsibility to return to society. Not only to help the African people, but also to establish a relationship between history and modernity. We also have some projects in California, including projects in Washington and New York, all to help the African black race develop better. And a project that is related to health and well-being, which is supported by the Foundation. Why do we have to do this? Why do we have to put these bridge names together? Because there are some examples of doctors, for example, there are some bridge names. These examples can show us the necessity and the work that they can achieve. Whether they can provide time or funds, these experiences are all very valuable. If we can change the whole mainland, we can also change the impression, that is, African people leave Africa, not only in this direction, but also in the mainland, there are a lot of immigrants in Africa. They are moving between Africa and the United States. They may move between politics, science, or work, or move between different African countries. What can we do for them? Once they succeed, I hope they can return to society. We continue to help each other, because we have always had this tradition. If bridge names can give us money, which is very disgusting, if we can only take a little bit of such a savings to invest in a platform, then it will bring great help to the African community. As bridge names themselves, we can continue to think about these developments and help our families. We also need to help our community, no matter which country they belong to. The investment they make will change the way for Africa. Two weeks ago, I participated in an event. A lot of people from the United States discussed how to help Africa. There are some platforms that can help them. I have already told them that I will attend today's meeting. The work of bridge names in Africa is done by our partner. I am also very grateful to those who helped us and provided us with a lot of trust. I am very grateful to Martin Russell, for always supporting us. We need to go step by step. Thank you to IOM and all those who helped us. We will do our best. I believe we are willing to help each other. I received a lot of help when I first came to the United States. This spirit of the United States is what I want to continue. We still have a long way to go. Thank you to all of you. Thank you. Thank you to all of the people who helped us. I am very touched by the experience and the story. Thank you to all of the people from Africa who helped us with the bridge names. Thank you to all of the people who helped us with the bridge names. Thank you to all of the people who helped us. Thank you to all of the people who helped us with the bridge names. Our time is up. Let's invite Sandra to give us a speech. Thank you to all of the people who helped us. Thank you to all of the people who helped us. I am Sandra Joseph. I am a responsible person for the India Sprout organization. Today, I would like to introduce India Sprout organization in Washington, USA. I would like to introduce India Sprout organization. We were established in 2012 and had a very successful a very successful person, a very successful person, who was born and raised in the USA. His purpose was to help the bridge names. We are a1000-themed organization for the bridge names, especially for India. The leaders of the people, no matter what place they are in the world, no matter what background they are in, we have a few points of interest. The first is that we don't participate in politics, the other is to participate in public activities and to pay attention to the contribution brought by charity to society. First of all, those successful people, they become our members. They are probably 50 or 60 years old. They can provide us with a lot of experience. This is a good point. At the same time, we also pay attention to the next generation of people. Because the second generation of people is not necessarily connected to the culture and spirit of the first generation. So we will also pay attention to the growth of the second generation. In addition, our organization also pays attention to the connection of the world. We are not only working in the United States, but also in India. In addition, we are very much paying attention to the leaders of India, like the United Kingdom, Canada, Singapore, and Australia. In the future, we will expand to the Caribbean and Africa. In India, there are already 3.2 million people living in all over the world. I would like to give you a little bit more about what I just said. First of all, we encourage innovation. It is not just about bringing wealth for individuals. More importantly, from our point of view, we treat it as a good way to solve social problems. We hope to have the strength to promote social development and not participate in politics. We have decided that we will not participate in these political activities. But what we will react to is the new generation of Indians. Second, we have very close contact with other communities. For example, there are many collaborations with other community communities. The reason why I want to mention these two points is to make a point for my next topic. Our charity activities are related to our charity activities. For example, in charity work, we have two points for charity. First of all, many members are still in contact with India. They also hope to contribute to the country. We also help them very passionately. We also build a platform to make them have more effective opportunities for the community to contribute to the local community. Whether you are born in India, whether you have a strong relationship with the country, you still need to consider your home country, whether it is the United States, the UK, the United Kingdom, or Singapore. The country you live in, in the past 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 years, you have already achieved success there. And it is also very famous. In some cases, some individuals have also achieved a lot of wealth and rights. It is also very important for the local community to contribute to the local community. We will give you a few more examples. You can see that our time is already running out. I hope that we will have time to talk about it. If you want to talk about it, I hope that we will continue to talk about it when we are in Q&A. For example, we are willing to help India to have a connection with India. As a group, it is called IPN, which is the immigration organization in India. In the process of IPN, from the beginning of 2017, it is so independent. In the next two years, we will continue to grow. I think this is a very good thing for us. IPN's organization has a CEO like all the charity organizations. The target market is India, but it is based on the United States. Since August 2017, we have started to invite some CEOs to talk about some policy topics. For example, how all these institutions can form an agreement on the price chain and supply chain, on and off the chain, and the behavior of their investment in the United States and large activities will not have any conflict. All these CEOs and our charity forum will have a better coordination organization. This sounds like a dangerous thing, but if you think about it, there are dozens of different charity organizations in the United States, but when they work for the charity in India, such a coordination organization is very important. In 2017, before we established the IPA, we kept telling them that we must have a joint body of the charity organization in India. This is when we established the IPA. Another example is what we call the CHALO KEEP project. CHALO means the Indian language. It means let's go. Or we translate it as let's give. Let's go. Let's give. This means we can invest in India in various areas of India and in various projects. In the past two years, the total amount of funds for India was $5 million. The total amount was $250 million and we put it directly into India. The other is the help of some Indians in the United States. This is an example. Before we end, I would like to tell you about the CHALO KEEP project. I will go back a little bit. If you look at the global network, we need to connect with these immigrants and their families. Especially when they are still young, they are willing to connect with India, India and the capital. For the CHALO KEEP project, we have done a lot of political singing and participating work. Not only in the United States, but also in the world. We have brought a lot of benefits to other areas of the world. More people have these benefits. But some people are left behind by technology. Some of the efforts we have made are made by those who are abandoned by technology. They are also able to go back in time. Some of the work we have done in the United States include helping some Indian companies in the United States. Some of them are already in the process of increasing the number of these people. I know that I only have ten minutes. After that, I would like to ask if there is a chance to communicate with you. Thank you very much for the introduction of the Indian Community. We also talked about the management of the World Economic Organization. The saying is that you have to contribute to the Republic of China and your Republic of China. This is the only way to make the contribution meaningful. Later, we will talk about the topic. Whether it is a comment or sharing, you can use the chat room to share. What I want to do now is to put some of the questions in the background on the screen. We have three kinds of questions. I hope everyone can see these questions. The first question is what advice can you make on the policy of the Republic of China? The second question is from the perspective of the project, how can we restore and use the Republic of China? The other question is who can work with the government and get the benefit of the Republic of China? I think the concern is the background of the Republic of China. I want to ask who do you think the concern is? Can you hear me? Yes, I can. A very good question. I think your voice seems to be not very good. Can you hear me now? I can see. There seems to be a stronger voice. We can hear you now. I think this is a very good question. It is very good. So, what should our government do? Because for the Republic of China, there are more private companies. What role should the government provide for private companies? What role should the government provide? For private companies, there are more private companies that can live and invest in private companies. I think the government can also establish an environment that the government of Ireland or Ireland can also provide support for the project. It is not that the government is fully responsible for the project. I think the government provides more support for private companies in Ireland. The charity is more successful in the past. From there, we can get some good experience. I think there are some direct investment. Sometimes we call it we can see they are willing to invest in Ireland. Sometimes it is not necessarily the investment. If we can provide some information and suggestions, it is very valuable. It is possible that we will become a changeable direction. We call some people the things that they do will have a big impact. It sounds very simple, but it is not easy for us to say that from the policy point of view, you are working with the Indian people and from the policy point of view, how do you think you can use the charity? I think it is very important to say that from the policy point of view, you are working with the Indian people and from the policy point of view, you are working with the Indian people and from the policy point of view, I will definitely agree with you. We can go further and there are many countries with different countries and some governments have different reasons because of their legal reasons, they will not encourage these immigrants. This is what we want to discuss in the earliest topic. I think we want to establish a good relationship between the government and the business and the immigration organization. It is relatively easy to talk about other countries such as the UK or Canada are easier to operate in other countries such as immigration organizations will be more difficult to survive. I will definitely agree with different countries. If we want to talk about the political level, thank you for your questions. If you want to talk about issues, we have a third question about the project and how we can use the immigration organization. Can I answer if the government is an immigrant and not a person who is able to use the immigration organization? This is a good question. You can ask about the project. I think there are two points. I want to give an example of five to six years . From the point of view of the Indian government, they are more and more mature and think immigration is needed and the government has its own agenda and in India each government has its own different points. For example, work or other political agenda, these important agenda are different. It is very possible for the immigration organization, maybe in Japan, we are not able to use the immigration organization. The second point is how can we use it? For example, in my point of view, for these organizations, they need to be prepared as a organization. For example, for the Chinese government or Zhou, what are the needs of the organization? And for the entire public service chain, let's look at the needs. Let's see how the organization provides children with food. This is a very big demand. It is also very good. And some people provide other needs. For example, for schools, the facilities are very perfect. This is also very good. For the Chinese government, the federal government, or the Zhou government, if they find children lack of nutrition, children are a problem. And they also find children's education needs. So, for example, for the Chinese government, if they find children lack of nutrition, children are a problem. For example, for the Chinese government, if they find children lack of nutrition, children are a problem. So, for the Chinese government, if they find children lack of nutrition, children are a problem. So, for the Chinese government, if they find children with child age, if they find children lack of nutrition, children are a problem. So, many of you are very concerned about this. 来看一下究竟怎么如何把这个钱做得更好 还有像有的时候是一个小额的捐赠 也能够建立联系 比如说即使是50美元 在美国和墨西哥之间的一个捐赠 我们就让它百花齐放好了 大额小额都是可以 建立联系统会有什么能够成功 成为大额的联系统 我觉得需要三个办法 你需要一个很好的办法 你知道,为什么? 你在做什么? 那是非常重要的 但是这些办法s are overall pretty strong The second thing you need is a constituency It's got to be a group of people who care about what you're doing and that goes back to the big question of the morning 需要有GT的精神 第三呢,我认为是最重要的一点 领导力是一个非常奇妙的事情 那么有的呢,就是从个人开始 然后呢,他信到了其他的人加入进来 我的组织也是一两个人 Tony Arany 他是汉斯食品的一个负责人 然后还有Iron Rooney 他们俩发起的 所以我认为领导力是重要的 政府也是可以起到作用的 他们可以找出哪一些是有领导力的人 所以三句所说的 像一代的关注也是重要的 很多的时候是那些人的父母 非常高兴看到自己的下一代 愿意跟这个祖国发生联系 这些呢,都是好的例子 我有一个问题 那样的在乔明之间的这些参与 那是否是逐带逐带的会减少 比如说,第一代与祖国还是有非常紧密的联系 但是我的下一代也可能只减了百分之五,已经减少百分之五十了 在往下传只剩下百分之二十五 那么又是什么样的体验 就是不同的一代一代的往下传的时候 怎么样可以尽量的鼓励他们 因为他们不是第一代的这个乔明 我先回答吧,我相信你要说的是非常的多 我跟爱尔兰的这个体验是他们的四代以前的 就是之前的这个祖先道的这个美国 并不是说由于时间的推移 那么他们与祖国的联系就会减少 而且现在又有的技术了 联系非常容易和方便了 以前如果是居住在不同的地方 而现在呢,都是可以住在加州 你可以全世界进行联系 所以这现在又是新的元素 还有呢,我认为没有一个印度乔明 或者是爱尔兰的这个乔明 他们就是原来在印度的时候,在爱尔兰的时候 可能相互之间互不往来 但是呢,在看到印度有不同的这些想法 所以也需要去满足他们的这些需要 所以乔明啊,他不是仅仅与自己的这个祖国有关 那么像我在哥本哈根 也是做了一些这个项目的 所以我觉得他不限于是来自于那个国家的 不是举现于某一个这个国家元气的这个群体 是确实是这样 像印度人的话呢,比如说共同的食品,共同的文化 也可能应该不同的国家的这个乔明会有更紧密的联系 完全根据印度的那一区,以及他们又是到了什么地方 比如说美国的印度的乔明和 翁哥华的这个印度的乔明,他们的需求也是不一样的 再回到刚才讲的,是不是足带就会减少的这个问题 在我的体验当中,我在看到其他的美国的乔明 在看到中国的乔明,在看到以色列的乔明等等 跟要取决于来自于哪一个国家 时间的退役,你与父母或者是 就是准备的这个国家的联系会有改变 比如说以色列的或者是印度的 或者是爱兰德国、中国的这个下一代的与祖国的联系有不同的 特别是往下传了三四代的话 随着时间的退役,这种联系是会被弱化些许 就算是过了四代,那么依然还是会有一些联系 就算是第四或者是第五代的印度人到了 这金山或者是华盛顿,这种还是会受一些原国家的影响 无论是在他们的生活中会产生什么样的影响 所以我认为在我们的乔明的这些活动当中必须要注意到这一点 二呢我觉得这个关注点会不一样 比如说印度乔明要关注的是整个印度群体的影响力的增加 更多的关注当地的这些活动 而更多的与比如说新加坡、英国、美国这个当地的这个社区 加紧联系那么有没有一个全球印度化 比如说你到这些温泊尔顿提倡或者是到其他的这些提倡的时候呢 是否会想到有一种全球的一个联系 在爱尔兰我们是会有这样的一种 我们的历史也就是一些关于各个这个群体的这个软实力 对软实力某些方面来讲的太是与这个外交的这个实力相关 我们看到了有提这么一个问题啊 就是在一个这个国家来说呢 如果说是获得了一些这个慈善的捐赠的话呢 怎么样好好利用起来怎么样更好地做一些这个回馈 那么关于想请Kinsley和就是福尔来评论一下 也就是做了慈善行动之后呢 是前后有变化还是怎么样 也就是作为政府或者说政府可以扮演什么样的角色 一旦这些慈善已经做起来之后呢是怎么样的一回事 我认为慈善呢他是一个渠道让强民与自己的祖国进行联系 那么之后呢他可以有各种各样的参与 比如说捐赠医疗卫生文化可以以他作为一个平台 作为一个起点 而可以无限的拓展 这样的联系一旦建立起来这个是可以不断的拓展 也就是归属感怎么样去努力强民的归属感 我认为归属感是非常重要的 他们可以看报纸我在爱兰所能看到的信息 跟在旧金山和其他的地方所看到的信息是一样的 但是怎么样培养他们的归属感 我同意你所说的 我自己也有这样的感触 慈善捐助方 他们不仅仅与祖国的政府进行联系 而且还从一个领域比如说医疗技术 然后再把它推广到其他的领域当中 而且还拖框和加深 我想补充的一点就是 我还看到了一个逆向的一个发展 我不知道Kinsley有没有这样的一个体验 努力 也就是因为这样 所以我们需要更多的将 商业和金融界的人士纳入进来 在印度的抢民当中 我可以看到很多时候他就是一个交易 或者说一个投资 或者说是一个风险投资 跨国的一个公司的买卖 从那开始也就是油量的一个企业家 找到了与他的投资相关的一些问题 然后怎么样去解决这些问题 我们所剩时间不多了 能不能给其他的人一些机会 Nana Matapata 你是不是想问一个问题 或者是说些什么 我想评议一下 同意之前的嘉宾所说的政府 应该是提到一个促成人的作用 政府可以提供一个值得大家信任的平台 让侨民通过风汇的这样的一个平台 让这些商务人士投资人 和更多的领域的人通过这样的平台 参与进来 这是我想说的 谢谢 我看到占比亚的派对也举了手 谢谢 我感谢Kinsley和Santrava的分享 我想很地瞧明的这个问题 我也看到聊天室里的很多的这些不同的观点 我想强调的是长期性 当政府和社区与侨民建立了一个联系之后 要持续关系的长期性 许多的方面都需要与祖国建立起 长期的关系 同时那些民在其他的国家 就在居住国的这些参与 也是要强调他的一个长期性 他不仅仅只是去参与短期的这些项目 或者说是危机性的这些项目 而是希望可以成为发展的一个长期的合作方 当侨民有这些组织之后 在全球推广开来 我还想强调Kinsley说的 足戴的一个减弱的这么一个情况 我是住在欧洲 我的妹妹是比我小10岁 我跟她之间对祖国的联系就是不一样 对祖国的感情就是不一样 我觉得从我们姐妹的体验 来反映这一点 我们的母亲与祖国的感情的联系 我和她的不同的感情联系 我认为是需要加强年轻一代的与祖国的联系 否则的话是会淡化的 谢谢你所做的发言 我相信个人的体验是不一样的 还有一个就是Timo的人士 给他一个发言的机会 请你简短的做一个发言 然后我们就得总结结束会了 Timo有请 Timo 把你的静音关掉 Guys, we've more or less run out of time We've run out of time Before this conference, we discussed a lot of hot topics and many people participated Let me summarize First of all, we talked about the importance of the government's administration The importance of charity activities We also talked about the work of the government It should be done as a cooperation partner of Qiaoming to encourage the contribution of Qiaoming We also talked about the cooperation between Sanji and Amar Qiaoming is not only connected with Timo but also with the participation and communication We also talked about the long-term relationship It shouldn't be just a short term relationship I'll now ask Kinsley to give him a chance to make a two-minute break I didn't expect him to make a break I just heard Sanji and other people's words This is a business that can't be compared There are people who want to give Finland to some countries but not to some countries How about trying to let us work together My organization is very similar to the experience of Kinsley If we succeed in any way we will learn to steal Like Israel, there is such a way to attract young generations to return to Israel Hundreds, thousands of people have returned to Israel There is also a project in Erlan Welcome Qiaoming to return I have also worked with Suge Lan Actually, Suge Lan did it first We stole their work I think it's a very helpful way I also learned some ways I also heard your speech It's very wonderful There are many places worth learning We have to think about what we can learn from today's meeting I have some competition here I think someone is wearing it Yes, we have to end time If there is any feedback please send us a message I hope you can read it Thank you for your participation Thank you Thank you Bye


Hello, and welcome to this presentation of the STM32 real-time clock. It covers the main features of this peripheral, which is used to provide a very accurate time base. The RTC peripheral features an ultra-low-power calendar with alarms, which run in all low-power modes. Additionally, when it is clocked by the low-speed external oscillator, or LSE, at 32.768 kHz, the RTC is functional even when the main supply is off and when the VBAT domain is supplied by a backup battery. The RTC embeds 80 bytes of backup registers used to preserve data when the main supply is off. These backup registers can be used to store secure data, as they are erased when a tamper event is detected on the tamper pins. The RTC consumes 315 nanoamps at 1.8 volts, including the LSE power consumption. The hardware calendar is provided in binary-coded decimal or BCD format to reduce software load, particularly when the date and time must be displayed. The anti-tamper circuitry includes ultra-low-powered digital filtering, avoiding false tamper detections. The key features of the RTC are seconds, minutes, hours, weekday, date, month, and year provided in a binary-coded decimal format. Subseconds are provided in binary format. Add or remove one hour on the fly to the calendar in order to manage daylight savings. Two programmable alarms which can wake up the microprocessor from all low-power modes. An embedded auto-reload timer which can be used to generate a periodic flag or interrupt with wake-up capability. The resolution of this timer is programmable. The calendar can be calibrated thanks to a reference clock source which is the mains at 50 or 60 hertz. A digital calibration circuit allowing compensation of the crystal accuracy with 0.95 ppm resolution. A timestamp function to save calendar contents in timestamp registers depending on an external event. 80 bytes of backup registers split into 32 32-bit backup registers. These registers are preserved in all low-power modes and in VBAT mode and are erased when a tamper detection event occurs on any one of the three tamper pins. All tamper pins are available in VBAT mode. Here is the RTC block diagram. The RTC has two clock sources. The RTC clock or RTC CLK is used for the RTC timer counter and the APB clock is used for RTC register read and write accesses. The RTC clock can use either the high-speed external oscillator or HSE divided by a programmable factor from 2 to 63, the low-speed external oscillator or LSE or the low-speed internal oscillator or LSI. To be functional in stop or standby mode, the RTC clock must use the LSE or LSI. To be functional in VBAT mode, the RTC clock must use the LSE. The RTC clock is first divided by a seven-bit programmable asynchronous prescaler which provides the CKAPRE clock. Most of the RTC is clocked at the CKAPRE frequency, so in order to reduce power consumption, it is recommended to set a high asynchronous division value. The default value is 128. When a 15-bit programmable synchronous prescaler provides the CKSPRE clock, CKSPRE must be 1 Hz in order to update the time and date BCD registers in one second increments. The sub-second register resolution is defined by the CKAPRE frequency. By default, it is 256 Hz. The SSR register resolution is increased by reducing the asynchronous prescaler value. The asynchronous prescaler can also be bypassed. In this case, the sub-second register resolution is defined by the RTC clock frequency. The RTC is initialized using a secure method. The RTC registers are right protected to avoid any possible parasitic right accesses. First, the disabled backup domain protection bit must be set in the power controller control register in order to enable RTC right accesses. Then, a specific sequence must be written in the RTC right protection register. Initialization mode must be entered in order to change the clock prescaler values or the calendar value. The RTC calendar keeps running in all low power modes, in VBAT mode, and during reset. Initialization of the time and date registers is performed through their shadow registers, which are in the APB clock domain. The sub-second register cannot be initialized. The calendar, sub-second, time and date registers content can be read in two different modes. When the bypass shadow registers control bit is cleared, the shadow registers are read. The advantage of this mode is that it guarantees that all three registers are consistent. When the time register is read, the date register is frozen until it is read. When the sub-second register is read, the time and date registers are frozen until the date register is read. The disadvantage of this mode is that when exiting stop, standby, or shutdown mode, the software must wait for a synchronization delay to ensure that the shadow registers are updated with the last calendar register values. This synchronization delay can be up to two RTC clock periods. When the bypass shadow registers control bit is set, the actual calendar registers are read directly. The advantage of this mode is that there is no need to wait for the synchronization delay. The disadvantage is that the read values can be false or not consistent due to synchronization issues. So they must be read twice and compared with previous read values to ensure they are correct and coherent. This slide presents the main calendar features. Daylight savings can be managed by software with automatic one-hour addition or subtraction. It is possible to synchronize the RTC clock to a remote clock by adding or subtracting an offset to the sub-second register on the fly with CKAPRE clock resolution. This feature is commonly used in RF applications. A reference clock, means at 50 or 60 hertz, can be used to enhance long-term calendar precision. The reference clock is automatically detected and used to update the calendar when it is present. When the reference clock is not available, the LSE clock is automatically used to update the calendar. This feature is not available in standby, shutdown, and VBAT modes. A timestamp function is available. The calendar values, sub-second, time, and date registers are saved in timestamp registers when an event occurs on the timestamp IO. A timestamp event can also occur when a switch to VBAT occurs. The digital calibration is used to compensate crystal inaccuracy and accuracy variations with temperature and aging. It consists in masking or adding a programmable number of RTC clock cycles fairly well distributed in a configurable window. The calibration value can be changed on the fly, depending on detected temperature changes, for instance. A 1 hertz calibration output signal is provided to measure the crystal frequency before and after applying the calibration value. The accuracy shown here is the resolution of the digital calibration. The calibration window size is configurable between 8, 16, and 32 seconds. For a 32 second calibration window, the accuracy is plus or minus 0.48 ppm. The total correction range is from minus 480 to 480 ppm. The accuracy resolution scales with the calibration window size. Final accuracy in the application will depend on the crystal parameter precision, temperature detection precision, how often the software calibration procedure is launched, etc. In order to reach the precision of the calibration window, the measurement window must be a multiple of the calibration window. The RTC embeds two flexible alarms based on comparison with the calendar value. The alarm flags are set if the calendar sub seconds, seconds, minutes, hours, or date match the value programmed in the alarm registers. The alarms event can wake up the device from all low power modes. The alarms event can also be routed to the specific output pin RTC out with configurable polarity. The calendar alarm sub second, seconds, minutes, hours, or date fields can be independently masked or not masked for the comparison. When the masks are used, periodic alarms are generated. In addition to the calendar and alarms, another 16-bit auto reload counter can generate periodic events with wake up from low power modes capability. This counter cannot be read. Depending on the software configuration, the wake up timer clock can be the RTC clock divided by 2, 4, 8, or 16, or the output of the synchronous pre-scaler. With the divided RTC clock, the wake up period can be from 122 microseconds to 32 seconds when the RTC clock frequency is 32.768 kilohertz. The resolution is down to 61 microseconds in this case. With the CKSPRE clock, the wake up period can be from 1 second to 36 hours when the CKSPRE clock is at 1 hertz. The RTC embeds ultra low power tamper detection circuitry. The purpose is to detect physical tampering in a secure application and to automatically erase sensitive data in case of intrusion. Three tamper pins and events are supported and are functional in all low power modes and in VBAT mode. The detection can be edge or level triggered, and the active edge or level is configurable for each event. Backup registers content are erased when a tamper event is detected. In addition, a tamper event prevents any read access to the backup SRAM until its erase operation is finished. A tamper event can generate a timestamp event. The tamper detection circuit includes an ultra low power digital filter. The internal IO pull-up can be used to detect the anti-tamper switch state. The IO pull-up is applied only during the pre-charging pulse in order to avoid any consumption if the tamper pin is at a low level. The pre-charging pulse duration is configurable to support different capacitance values and can be 1, 2, 4, or 8 RTC clock signals. The pin level is sampled at the end of the pre-charging pulse. A filter can be applied to the tamper pins. It consists of detecting a given number of consecutive identical events before issuing an interrupt to wake up the device. This number is configurable and can be 1, 2, 4, or 8 events at a programmable sampling rate from 1 to 128 Hz. This figure illustrates tamper detection using the internal pull-up. The internal pull-up can be applied for 1, 2, 4, or 8 cycles. If the switch is opened, the level is pulled up by the resistor. If the switch is closed, the level remains low. The input voltage is sampled at the end of the pre-charge pulse. Several RTC events can generate an interrupt. All interrupts can wake the microprocessor up from all low power modes. The Alarm A interrupt is set when the calendar value matches the Alarm A value. Similarly, the Alarm B interrupt is set when the calendar value matches the Alarm B value. The wake-up timer interrupt is set when the wake-up auto-reload timer reaches zero. The timestamp interrupt is set when a timestamp event occurs. The tamper 1, 2, and 3 interrupts are set when a tamper event is detected respectively on the RTC TAMP 1, RTC TAMP 2, or RTC TAMP 3 pin. The RTC peripheral is active in all low power modes, and when triggered, the RTC interrupts cause the device to exit a low power mode. In stop and standby modes, only the LSE or LSI clocks can be used to clock the RTC. Note that only the LSE clock is functional in shutdown and VBAT modes. A bit is available in the MCU debug interface in order to stop the RTC counter when the core is halted for debugging. This is a list of peripherals related to the real-time clock. Please refer to these peripheral trainings for more information if needed. Reset and clock control, power control, and extended interrupt controller. Thank you.


Free phrases that destroy a narcissist there are certain phrases that will destroy the narcissist They are very weak fragile people They cannot handle criticism They cannot deal with the truth and reality of the situation They are very insecure They are very sensitive people So if you say these words to a narcissist It may cause a narcissistic injury Which will then be followed by narcissistic rage Where they will either deflect it onto you or give it a silent treatment one No If you say no to the narcissist It will most likely cause a narcissistic injury It will destroy them They cannot deal with rejection They cannot deal with the dismissal of their proposal or request If you say no to the narcissist it will make them very angry Because they're arrogant and entitled They have an exaggerated sense of their own abilities and importance So they believe that they are inherently deserving of privileges and special treatment They expect you to see it as a privilege to even be around them. So they believe that just by being around you They have a right to something They demand it expect so much from you to compensate for how they really feel about themselves Inside they feel completely worthless and insignificant And they need people or things to compensate for their true feelings about themselves When they force you to do what they want it releases dopamine in their brains It makes them feel better for a moment But it isn't real happiness Real happiness comes from within It is not dependent on what someone else does for you Inside they are miserable It's just that they project everything that they are onto other people Which is why you never get to see the broken depressed side of them that they really are You never get to see that side of them because they project it onto you But however they make you feel when you're around them You could be sure that how they feel inside is ten times worse to whatever When you say whatever to the narcissist It shows them that you're not bothered about something You're not really concerned about it The narcissist needs you to care They targeted you because you care because you try to fix things You want to make things happen You're about something But they don't want to fix anything They don't want anything to change and while they want you to try to help them They don't actually want your help Which is why they're never actually going to let you fix or change anything Because they're actually quite comfortable with a situation It allows them to beat you into another argument. It allows them to get supply But when you just say whatever to the narcissist And you remain not worried or concerned And you're not showing any agitation or annoyance It really gets to the narcissist because they need your reaction to feel like they exist Without it. They feel irrelevant to you They feel like they have no importance or relation to you Which then makes them feel completely worthless free I disagree Most of the things a narcissist says are lies They are pathological liars What they say to you Is intended to manipulate or deceive you They will go out of their way to get you to believe something or see it a certain way Because it benefits them in some way They have to feel like they're always right It makes them feel like they're useful and important But when you tell the narcissist that you disagree with them it destroys them Because they need you to validate their illusion Without your agreeance they feel uncertain Because everything they act like they know It's only intended to deceive you. It is only intended to have influence and authority over you That is the purpose of any actual conversation with a narcissist It is not to connect with you or relate anything to you So when you disagree with a narcissist that illusion falls apart They cannot put on a show without an audience They cannot play their game without a willing participant So they need you to give it your attention They need you to give it your energy and power and you can only do that by either agreeing with it or being offended by it If you don't show any opinion And you don't support their particular opinion or idea when opposing one They don't get any supply Because they're not getting a reaction out of you If you look at these words and phrases You will see that they disempower the narcissist They make the narcissist feel less powerful and less confident The reason why this is so effective Is because the narcissist created a false self They are dependent on external validation They need to prop up their false self with agreeance, compliments and praise If you don't do that It will cause a narcissist injury Which will be followed by narcissist's rage They cannot validate their false self Because it doesn't even exist They are not the source of their own power You are the source of their power Which is why they are so heavily dependent on you Instead of giving your power away to the narcissist Use it to validate yourself This is another way to destroy the narcissist Any positive affirmation about yourself will destroy them and this can actually help you to identify Whether or not you are dealing with a narcissist When you are around the narcissist Say to yourself. I am powerful. I am confident. I am capable And watch how they react Most often they will react with some invalidating comment Because they don't want you to feel confident about yourself They don't want you to feel empowered They want you to think there is something wrong with you Because again that supply It makes them feel like they are right It makes them feel like there is nothing wrong with them But for them to feel that way They have to take your power away Because they cannot empower themselves Whenever you feel good about yourself It will destroy the narcissist They want you to hate yourself Just like they hate themselves However a person feels about themselves That's how they want you to feel about yourself So if a narcissist cannot tolerate your positive affirmations It should reveal to you where they are in the minds It should reveal to you how they feel about themselves To destroy a narcissist All you have to do is take your power back Use your power to empower yourself Instead of giving it away To someone who doesn't even respect it To someone who is only going to use it against you


TEFL Cusco We have a number of accommodation options available for students taking our TEFL course in Peru, including homestays, private apartments and hostels. If notified in advance, our center in Peru can arrange a homestay for you in Cusco which will include a private bedroom in the home of a local family, as well as breakfast and dinner 7 days per week. This option provides an opportunity to practice your Spanish skills, as well as giving you an authentic experience of the Peruvian culture. Please note that homestay accommodations should be secured at least one month prior to the course start date. Alternative accommodation includes local hotels, hostels and private apartments. Once your place has been confirmed on the TEFL course, we will send you further information on the accommodation available to help you choose the option that best suits your personal requirements.