It's always great to come and help the community and the kids to grow up because they have a dream to be professional maybe one day and it's a good thing. It's a great initiative that the school can hold these wonderous players as well as getting kids involved into soccer and it gives them a positive role model as well as gives them face-to-face contact with the player so they can ask them questions about what it's like to be a professional as well as what it takes to be a professional. Since the wonderers have come into the camp, 95% of the kids at school go for them so when they do come out and the kids actually get to see the people that they're watching every week and supporting, it's brilliant, it's fantastic for the community, for the school and it's probably going to be good for Australian soccer in the future as well.


Hello everybody and welcome back to the state of the web. My guest is Andrew Betts. He's a technical product manager and developer advocate at Fastly and today we're talking about a bit of web metadata that is becoming ever more important to web performance and security. HTTP headers. Let's get started. Andrew thank you for being here. Thanks for being me. So in addition to your work at Fastly you've also been working at the W3C technical architecture group or tag for a couple of years. How has this experience shaped your interest in headers? So I was on the tag for a couple of years until January this year and the purpose of the tag really is it's a review body. So working groups that are either W3C or other standards bodies will come up with some new feature that they want to add to the web platform and they will take that spec to the tag for feedback. The tag is it has a broad membership it's just people who have a lot of experience in in a variety of different ways related to the web so we're in a good position to give people feedback on a spec proposal and I found that a lot of the proposals that were coming to us for review were not just things like new elements or new JavaScript APIs but they were actually new HTTP headers and that was interesting to me because it felt like this wasn't an area that we were seeing a lot of innovation and actually there is a lot of standards work going on so that was particularly interesting. Also I work for Fastly and you know we're we're an edge network we process a lot of traffic that goes through the edge of the internet and we let developers manipulate that traffic in in various ways and one of the most popular things that people like to do is to add and remove HTTP headers to optimize security and performance and that kind of thing so there's a professional interest there as well. I guess the thing that really sparked my sort of prompted me to do this research was that I was having a conversation with Steve Souders he used to work for Google and before that at Yahoo and he's written various books on my performance and he said to me that he's been using the same technique for about a decade to clear an object out of the browser cache so you know you serve a JavaScript or a CSS or something with a very long cache time and you suddenly want to clear it from your end users browser cache how do you do that and he has this hacky technique for doing it and he said to me you know Andrew there must be a better way of doing this now I haven't done any research into this for several years and I said well have you heard of clear site data which is a new HTTP header and you send this on any response and it clears your entire origins cache and he said wow no I haven't heard of that so I thought that's interesting so if Steve Soudersen hasn't heard of this then maybe we need to do a better job of communicating some of these new headers. So I think most people's familiarity with the cutting edge of HTTP is probably HTTP 2. Is this an incremental improvement over HTTP 1.1 or is there like something brand new in here that is totally like revolutionary? So I guess it's both really so you know in some ways HTTP 2.1 is just solving problems better than that we've we've progressively been solving better and better in HTTP 1.1 so when the HTTP was first invented you needed a separate TCP connection for every request and response and today that would that would just not work right you know there's hundreds of resources on every web page it would be super slow to have to open a new connection every single time then in HTTP 1.1 we got Keep Alive so we were able to reuse the same connection for multiple resources but they still had to be sequential so the solution to that was browsers started opening multiple TCP connections to the same origin and parallelizing you know up to four maybe six connections and that prompted developers to start using techniques like domain sharding where you would you know allocate more than one external address to essentially the same server so that you could pretend that it was multiple servers and then get your get eight connections instead of four and in H2 we finally do away with that and we introduce multiplexed requests and responses on one connection so it no longer matters how many things you're requesting from the same origin we can interleave those packets in any order. So domain sharding would now be an anti-pattern? Yeah essentially there should be no reason for anyone to use domain sharding with H2. At the same time there are things that are being introduced in H2 that are not incremental improvements they're just completely new concepts like header compression so until now we've been able to compress the body content of a web page using gzip for example but that's compression is advertised in the headers so the headers can't be compressed and that's a shame because actually the headers are critical content you know they are they come up in front of the content that we need to render the page so it's important that we get the headers down as quickly as we can and the headers will be also being getting bigger at the same time so H2 introduces header compression it also allows for a dictionary to be shared between requests so on a subsequent request if your headers are largely the same as the previous one then they'll disappear in compression that I think is one of the great improvements in H2 as well. You've also been doing the rounds at conferences recently you have a presentation titled headers for hackers where you do analysis into the usage of headers on the web can you describe your methodology and how you did the analysis? Yeah so after I was done with this research that I did with Steve on clearing cache in the browser I was curious to find out you know for the headers like clear site data and other things what is their relative popularity you know like some of these best practices are probably being adopted quite well and some of them maybe not showing any adoption at all and so you know the first step to figuring out why is to actually find out what the actual situation is so HTTP archive which actually Steve started and is sponsored by Google and Fastly is a big database of the top is it 1 million 1.3 1.3 million sites it's they're crawled via web page test every couple of weeks and the entire data set goes into BigQuery and that includes all the response headers so I can query across all the headers served on all of those responses not just on the page response but all the resources that those pages loaded and I can get a pretty good picture for what headers are used on the web today. So the web is a pretty wild place I imagine you found some surprises in there is that right? I did and you know as a someone who works with you know web traffic every day and also you know did two years in the standards community looking at new headers and and web standards I thought it was unlikely that I would see anything in the top 30 that I didn't recognize and actually there was one called P3P that I didn't I didn't know what it was and it was served by around 10% of the responses in HTTP archive so I thought wow what is this? I looked it up and it turns out this is a privacy related header it's it was designed as a machine readable statement of privacy policy and a user agent a browser would surface this to the user in some way it seems to me actually when you read the spec like a really good idea and it's a bit of a shame that it never actually took hold but interestingly it was implemented in some form by Microsoft in Internet Explorer and it actually was used to gate access to a small piece of browser functionality so if developers wanted to use that functionality they needed to have a P3P policy but it didn't actually matter what the policy was because it wasn't validated by the browser so the most popular value for this header in HTTP archive is the phrase this is not a P3P policy so it's a total waste of space it is a total waste of space wow was there anything else that you found so I guess P3P you considered to be a really niche find one of the more common headers is is expires everybody knows what that means and what it does it's 80 percent of the responses in the archive include an expires header the weird thing is that the vast majority of them are all set to the same date and it's a very specific date it's like 4 p.m. GMT sometime in December 1994 and what is significant about that date it's the example in the spec so if you read the HTTP caching spec there is an example of an expires header and that is the date that is given so a couple of things I find interesting about this the first is that the HTTP date format includes the day of the week so if I wanted to think of an arbitrary date in the past and it didn't matter what that date was because I just want to indicate that my document has expired then I could think of a date in the past but then I would need to know what day of the week that was in order to form a valid HTTP date because I can't do that mentally it's easier just to copy the example from the spec the other thing I found interesting was that if people are serving expires headers that intentionally contain a date in the past then a better practice is to use a more modern header like cash control and in fact we quite often see patterns where people include both a cash control header and an expires header and in those situations most commonly the expires header would be redundant and will be ignored by the browser so there really actually is no point in setting that header at all I see you've also done research into x-frame options what did you find there yeah so x-frame options is an interesting one because that was one that I was using myself and I found that it's a very popular header and it's it's used to prevent clickjacking essentially so you just set this header if you want to prevent other sites from putting your site in an iframe on their page and I thought this was the best practice I was then subsequently I subsequently found that there is a content security policy directive called frame ancestors which allows you to achieve exactly the same thing but it has two significant advantages one is that it's fewer headers because you already have a content security policy or at least you certainly should do and the second one is that the directive as part of CSP is much better specified than the x-frame options spec so you can count on better interoperability between browsers so that was one where I actually changed my behavior as a result of the research there was also a blog post that accompanied your presentation and a lot of the discussion in the comments had to do with the Viya header can you describe the gist of that conversation so I think this was a result of some bad phrasing on my part describing this particular one because the because Viya is interesting in that it is both a request and a response header so as a request header it's actually very important it performs a very useful function as requests get passed from one proxy server up to the next you know if there's there might be a number of hops in the chain to get back to the origin and the Viya header ensures that all of those hops in the chain speak the same version of HTTP and also to some extent that you don't end up in a loop where you know say you have a CDN or any other kind of edge network that uses another CDN as an origin and that CDN uses the first CDN as an origin you could end up you know destroying the internet or something so the Viya header to some extent is is used to prevent those kind of request loops and it is important that it does that now the Viya response header in in contrast is informational it is added to as the response comes back through all of those hops and in the browser you get to find out all of the proxies that your Russian response translated that information is not particularly useful to an end user so I felt that it was not necessary to keep that header and I think those two concepts the request and the response got conflated in in people's discussion of it but I think that was probably confusion in the way that I phrased it in the blog post and how did CDN loop play into that oh so CDN loop is a a concept that we've have been shopping around at Fastly and amongst other CDN vendors and the idea is that we take that part of Viya that is really useful which is to prevent loops within edge networks and proxies and put that in a dedicated header which will avoid some of the baggage that comes with using Viya and provide us with a clean mechanism for preventing these loopbacks between CDNs so this is a good example of a new HTTP header that not from many people know about it's not yet supported by any browsers it also needs to be supported by the major edge networks and CDNs and it's a also a good example of cooperation between people in the industry so you know browsers have actually been used to cooperating and making web standards for a long time you know I used to sit in a room with people from Google and Microsoft and Apple and Mozilla and Samsung and you know we would all talk about web standards and that exists in that industry in a much more advanced way than it does in the in the CDN edge network industry and I think CDN loop is a good example of us starting to push that standards collaboration forward. You had mentioned CSP earlier do you have a sense of the success of the adoption of privacy and security headers like that? So content security policy yes it's disappointing it's like two and a half percent it's depending on how you look at it it's somewhere between two percent and ten percent but it's it's too low considering how important CSP is to preventing cross-site scripting attacks which is still one of the most common ways for people to to attack vulnerabilities on websites people just are not using this defense mechanism enough and I think one of the problems with it is that it is reasonably complex to implement CSP you know the average length of CSP that I found in HDB Archive was 600 bytes it's one of the longer headers you know I used to think that we were committing terrible crimes by having so many cookies on the sites that I used to work on in in in my previous jobs and then I realized you know that if you serve a content security policy header that's this big then you know that becomes your biggest your biggest problematic header. But now that we have header compression it's not so bad. Well that does help and we also might come on to things like origin policy which help as well but nevertheless the just writing those 600 bytes is an overhead and I also found in the archive signs that people are trying to generate these headers automatically because I found one that was over 10k in size which was listing you know hundreds and hundreds of advertising third parties that might be loaded onto the page and you know it was probably unnecessary it was probably something that could have been manually optimized but I suspect what happens is it's generated automatically and then no one looks at it so you know you get that kind of effect and that is really terrible because that header it needs to be loaded prior to the even the first byte of html so you know that is that is it's stuffing up your critical path. And it's a wait list it should be as small as possible so that you're only allowing a certain number of. Well exactly yes so so CSP is problematic it's even the two and a half percent of websites that implement it often do it in a way that offers them little to no protection and yet it remains a very powerful tool if used well. Other headers like HSTS that's a HTTP strict transport security is much more widely used this is a header that forces browsers to connect to your website over TLS SSL HTTPS so even if somebody types in the address of your website with no HTTP s colon slash slash which is obviously you know everyone the browser will even then make that very first connection to your site over TLS so you won't you won't need to suffer the latency of a redirect and also you won't expose your site to that tiny window of opportunity for an attacker to man in the middle of the connection. So HSTS is a really simple thing everyone should be using it and it's very simple to implement the only value that you give it is a max age so incredibly simple to apply. And I see adoption is around 20% which is good. Yeah exactly so you know as you as you would expect it's much easier to implement so a lot of people are using it. How about refer policy? Yeah so refer policy is interesting because you know where you've got CSP has very low adoption but it's hard to implement HSTS much higher adoption easy to implement refer policy is also very important thing to consider and yet it's very low adoption about 2% and it's extremely easy to implement so that was something that surprised me and I think the reason for that might be that whilst things like cookies are foremost in the minds of all of us when we're building websites because we have a lot of legal obligations and compliance that we need to deal with that sort of aspect of security and privacy is distracting us perhaps from the data leakage that we might be suffering by not setting a refer policy and just to be clear refer policy is a policy that prevents browsers from sharing the full URL of the page that the user is on when they click off your site to go to an external domain so if I click a link on your site to I don't know to a Wikipedia page that you've linked to then Wikipedia will see the full URL of the page I was on before I ended up on Wikipedia now maybe that contains some personal data in the URL maybe you've included my name on my email address in a query parameter in the URL that's the kind of thing that the refer policy will help to prevent. So what else did you find related to performance headers? So the stuff we've talked about so far I guess is mostly security and privacy related so the headers have also been brought to bear on performance a lot I think the most important one that we use today is linker I'll preload so link is an interesting header because it's incredibly generic like you know the origins of linker in the semantic web the idea that you would you would as metadata for web page you could attach links to the previous and next chapter of the book or whatever it is that this web page is you could have a link to an index or contents now we don't really use the web like that anymore some would say that's a shame but I think the header that offers us just this ability to generically link to another document and say that this is related in some way is quite useful for saying these are resources that are going to be needed to render this web page so please load them as early as possible and so that is what spawned this link rail equals preload which particularly is used for fonts because fonts tend to be discovered quite late in the process of passing a web page so by shipping a link rel preload header for all the fonts that you're going to use you can drastically reduce the chance of a so-called flash of unstyled text so that will so that that gives you a huge benefit it's some would say not as good as it could be and so this is actually something we've been working on to create a new spec for something called early hints so the idea of early hints is that instead of waiting until the server is able to determine that the response is going to be a 200 to send headers we can send the headers even earlier so we receive the request before we even start thinking about whether this is even a valid request or not we immediately emit some headers that say you know what it doesn't really matter whether this turns out to be a 404 you're probably going to need this font so please just start loading it anyway and then if it does turn out you've you've given us a garbage URL and this is a 404 page then well our 404 page is probably branded anyway so we're probably still going to write it in that font so it makes sense for a small number of really critical resources to be loaded even when we haven't determined the basic status of the response yet so early hints is very early stages it requires implementation not just in browsers but also in web servers and also in edge networks and CDNs so this is a very hard one to ship but we are excited about it because if we manage to optimize that period of time when you know we're waiting for the server to think of a response that is time that is currently really critical because the end user is sitting there waiting for one response and nothing else is happening on the network so that is time we could really make use of looking ahead are there any headers that aren't necessarily available in the wild yet but you're excited about absolutely so we spent quite a lot of the time on the tag looking at things like feature policy feature policy I'm incredibly excited about it will enable us for the first time to start to reduce the size of the web platform which is interesting because you know all these standards that get shipped all the time are constantly increasing the size of the platform adding new APIs adding new elements adding new headers and it's become this fairly unwieldy beast and also if you go back and you look at sites that haven't been maintained for a number of years they might now have security vulnerabilities that they didn't have before because there are whole apis that have shipped that didn't exist when that site was made so feature policy is a way for you to list features of the web platform and restrict them to certain origins so rather like content security policy restricts access to network destinations from the page feature policy restricts access to apis within the page so I can say for example that video autoplay is turned off and that means that even if I write code in my page that attempts to autoplay a video it just won't work because I turned it off in my feature policy now this is really exciting it means that not only can we we can we apply some really simple policies to all of the things that would otherwise trigger user permission prompts so things like notifications you know everyone's starting to be familiar with all these pages that you know on page load will immediately say can we send you notifications it's a terrible anti-pattern obviously I've no idea whether I want notifications from a site that I've only just opened in my browser sites can start to say we are a good actor we we are not going to do that by declaring a feature policy and just turning off features of the web that have generally been agreed upon as bad practices and and also we can prevent third parties on the page or maybe our own development teams from accidentally using things that we feel we shouldn't use in the future I'm hoping that feature policy will get expanded to include all the kind of patterns that have have been maintained since sort of the antiquity of the web things like document.write or synchronous xhr which still work and they still need to work because you know the the web has this philosophy that that geocity site that you wrote in 1997 should still work but if you write a site today you're not going to use those same techniques and it's reasonable to say let's just turn them off because if we turn them off browsers can optimize things better search engines can give you potentially ranking bonuses for having good practices on your site and you can rest more assuredly in the knowledge that you have a smaller attack surface for vulnerability. So I am really excited about feature policy and you know and and also things like cgn loop that we talked about earlier on. I'd imagine that if you have that data in the hdtpr guide you could see the features that people disable and that would also in aggregate be really interesting to analyze. Yeah absolutely and I think people will be doing that and and understanding you know how successful feature policy is at enabling that uplift in standards across the web. So if developers want to learn more where could they go? Well you talked earlier about the the talk that I did and I turned that talk into a couple of blog posts. One is about best practices one is about anti-patterns they're both on the Fastly blog so it's all there. Great Andrew thank you so much for being here. If you'd like to find the links to all these resources we have them in the description. Thank you for watching we'll see you next time.


Welcome back. Now we are going to look at some points to discuss regarding the first law. We have seen that the first law, the final quantitative form is q equals w plus delta e. This includes the first law, it includes the definition of delta e, it includes the definition of the heat interaction. Let me transpose and bring delta e to one side and q and w on the other side. If I do that, then I will get the following form. Delta e is q minus w or in the differential form we can write d e is d q minus d w. It is important to note here that in this form delta e is q minus w, delta e is change in a property whereas q and w are both interactions. In the second form which is a differential form d e is an exact differential whereas d q and d w are both in exact differential. This should be remembered because they are in exact differential we may sometimes cross the stems of the d or write them as d prime q or d prime w. Whether we do that or not is unimportant. More important to remember is that they are in exact differential or that q and w are interactions. Because q and w are interactions, remember that whenever we talk of q or whenever we talk of w there must be two systems involved. A system, A system, B or a system and its surroundings. Then the interactions take place across a boundary. So, there is no way one can talk of q or w without associating those interactions with a boundary. And these interactions must cross those boundaries. And because these are interactions we can consider them as energy intransit. q and w are not contained in a system. It is always work done by a system or heat absorbed by a system. There is an illustration of this which I came across in some book. Is that consider a cloud contains water vapour, water particles. On the ground we have a lake. It may contain some water. When it rains, water gets transferred from the cloud to that on the ground in the lake. So what we have is rain which is nothing but water intransit. We do not say the lake contains so much of rain or the cloud contains so much of rain. Rain is only water intransit. In a similar way heat and work are energies intransit. Another aspect to remember is the expansion. We should remember that the work interaction is made up of a number of more. In the general case we would have expansion work plus stirrer work plus electrical work plus what have you. Similarly, delta e can be expanded into change in potential energy. Again this potential energy could be change in potential energy due to gravity, change in potential energy due to change in electric field, change in potential energy due to magnetic field plus what have you. Plus change in the kinetic energy. Plus there could be other components defined by other branches of physics. So there could be are so called primitive components. But after that it turns out that a system can have a change of energy in spite of there being no change in any of the primitive components. That is known as the thermal energy of the system, change in that is represented by delta e. This is the thermal energy of the system. This is special to thermodynamics and in many of the situations, many of the simple situation that we consider we will find that of all the components of delta e delta u will be or will generally be the most significant component. And now coming back to the first law. If you consider q equals w plus delta e as our format then the expanded form will turn out to be q equals various components of work sum together plus various components of delta e sum together plus or including the thermal component. So this is the expansion of w, this is the expansion of delta e. Now let us look at cycles. Let us consider a system or let our system execute a cycle that we we start with an initial state 1 and maybe execute a cycle partly quasi static may not be partly quasi static but anyway it is a cycle so that the final state 2 is the same state as the initial state. So the cycle is executed of any kind. Now because the initial state and the final states are the same, the change in energy of the system over a cycle will be 0 and the first law now reduces to q equals w for a cycle. If you are able to determine these two interactions by integration we can write then the cyclic integral or integral over a cycle of dq is integral over the same cycle for dw. So these forms are known as first law for a cycle. Now before we complete this basic discussion of first law there is one question which comes to our mind. We have always been saying and discussing adiabatic processes and we have said that let a system go from state 1 to state 2 by some adiabatic process quasi static or adiabatic. The question is is it always possible to execute an adiabatic process from a given state 1 to another state 2? Well, we will have to study the second law before we come to an answer for this but the answer is not necessary but now looking into what we are going to study a few weeks later the second law of thermodynamics will tell us that if 1 to 2 by adiabatic means this process is not possible then 2 to 1 by adiabatic the other process starting from 2 as the initial condition and ending up at 1 as the initial condition is definitely possible. And hence if we want to determine w adiabatic 1 to 2 and if 1 to 2 does not seem possible then we can always execute an adiabatic process from 2 to 1 and take the negative of that as the value for w adiabatic 1 to 2. Thank you.


It's time for the Lawn Gene Chronoscope, a television journal of the important issues of the hour brought to you every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, a presentation of the Lawn Gene Wettner Watch Company, maker of Lawn Gene, the world's most honored watch, and Wettner, distinguished companion to the world-honored Lawn Gene. Good evening. This is Frank Knight. May I introduce our co-editors for this edition of the Lawn Gene Chronoscope? Mr. William Bradford Huey, author and analyst, and Mr. Hardy Berth, noted author and correspondent. Our distinguished guest for this evening is the Honorable Charles B. Bronson, United States Congressman from Indiana. Mr. Bronson, our viewers will probably remember that this is your second appearance on the Chronoscope, that you are a Republican congressman from Indianapolis, and that you are now one of the investigators in Congress. You are a chairman of a special subcommittee to investigate certain international operations of our government. And first of all, sir, is it true that you've made a special study of monies that our government is spending in Germany now? Yes, it is. Mr. Huey, our jurisdiction concerns the State Department at all of its levels. We're charged with the responsibility of investigating the Department for Economy and Efficiency. And in that connection, we have gone in very carefully into the expenditure of counterpart funds in Germany. And is it fair to say, sir, that you're one of the members of Congress who is most interested in saving money and curtailing expenses? I would certainly say that that is eminently fair. It's a tough fight, but we're all in it. Now, can you give our viewers some illustrations, sir, of what you regard as the way that our money has been wasted in State Department operations in Germany? Yes, I certainly can, Mr. Huey. As a matter of fact, just today, the Bureau of the Budget cut back a program as a result of our committee's investigation for a housing project in Germany from the original estimate of 19 million dollars. They cut it back 60% until they came out with a total of $7,655,000 for a saving of $11,345,000 on this one program alone. Has money been saved in Germany as a result of your investigations there, your committee's investigations in any other way? Our investigations to date have been on the Councilor House, America House program in Germany, and on the Bond Housing Program. Now, this is money that is being spent to house American representatives in Germany. Is that correct? American and German representatives. And is it your contention that the Americans abroad have been living a little bit too luxuriously? Yes, I think so. When you find a $3,000 a year stenographer working for the Department of State in Germany, occupying an apartment that cost in the neighborhood of $21,000 or $22,000 to construct, I think it's a little bit expensive. Now, you would say this is a waste of the taxpayers' money when you're Congressman? Indirectly yes, because we're spending these German-Dutch marks in counterpart funds. But as we drain them out of the German economy, we put the taxpayers' money into the German economy, so it amounts to eventually a waste of money. Well, how was it permitted in the first place that the taxpayers' money could be spent with such a lavish hand, as you say it is, in Germany and presumably in other parts of the world? That's a very good question, Mr. Burt. It wasn't actually permitted. The Bond Housing Program, for instance, was constructed completely without any authorization of the Congress of the United States at any time from the Deutschmarks on hand in the possession of the High Commissioner of Germany. Can you give us some specific illustrations of what you regard as rather ridiculous expenditures of taxpayers' money? Yes, I certainly would like to. As I mentioned in connection with the program, these apartments were running about $25,000 a piece before they were cut back by the Bureau of the Budget. And that $25,000 was construction cost in Germany, but construction costs in Germany are only about 80% of what they are here, so that would amount to about $31,000 America construction costs. Well, if you take a look at your apartment houses here in New York City, Manhattan House, which is certainly a luxury apartment, only ran $30,000 a unit, so you can see how it aligned these. What about the fittings of those apartments or the furnishings? They were pretty lavish. The High Commissioner of Germany published this book in which he listed an inventory of all of the fittings in the apartment. I think you might be interested in the glassware in the dining room. We find, for instance, that depending on the size of the apartment, they either get six, eight, or 12 each of the following glasses. Water glasses, beer glasses, champagne glasses, cocktail glasses, liquor glasses, white wine glasses, red wine glasses, and sweet wine glasses. The question is, where do they get the wine, Congressman? That is much of a problem in Germany. I don't think as you travel over there, Mr. Byrd, I'm sure you will. Do the taxpayers pay for that too? I hope not. Well now, as a result of your investigation, you say the cost of these apartments have been cut down, and I assume the number of wine glasses perhaps has been cut down. The cost of the apartments has been cut down. The total number of the apartments has been cut down. The America House Community Center program has been eliminated completely. We saved $3,115,000 there, and they eliminated eight principal officers' residences in eight German cities, which cut down another $1,188,000. Well, Congressman, this is one specific area of saving that your committee has been working on. What other areas are there? There must be even larger areas and a few millions expended on housing and bond. Well, there are tremendously larger areas. As a matter of fact, of course, we spent between $30 and $100 billion overseas. Since the end of World War II, nobody can even tell the exact amount. Our staff is now working on a study, which will indicate for the first time how much each of our executive departments has spent overseas since the end of World War II. We have 27 of our executive departments operating overseas, Mr. Byrd, and 75 separate agencies are involved in the operation. Do you have any indication that these agencies are wasting money? We have certainly found that pattern wherever we've investigated the situation. We're starting out next week on TCA, the Technical Cooperation Agency, point four, and following that, we're going to look into the situation in regard to the MSA, the Mutual Security Agency. Well, Mr. Branson on our previous program, Mr. Abril Harriman, presented his views as a Democratic critic of the administration, and one of the things that he very vigorously criticized was the proposed $5 billion cut in Air Force expenditures. Now, do you support the administration in that? Are you in favor of cutting the Air Force by that $5 billion? I certainly am. Mr. Huey, we've seen a lot of Democrats in Congress, most of them with big spending records, and I might say in my opinion, Mr. Harriman was no slouch as a spender, right off to bloodless battle on the Democratic donkey in an effort to increase our armed services expenditures. It just comes down to this, are you going to take President Truman's budget recommendation, or are you going to take President Eisenhower's budget recommendation when it comes to the armed services? Of course, the aircraft industry, as you know, Congressman, says that they cannot plan ahead without having money appropriated for the purpose that they, in other words, they've got to manufacture the plane from the Blue Prince today, and they'll have to have the money three or four years from now. Mr. Burt, the Air Force is not exactly out of money. They, with the funds that would be appropriated and the funds they have on hand, they have some $40 billion, as a matter of fact, to carry out their program. Now, if they get in the pinch, Congress is in session almost all the time, and a supplemental appropriation can certainly be gained quickly. One of the things that concerns many of our viewers is the fact that President Eisenhower now expects to cut the appropriations for atomic energy. Now, you have investigated that, and you've seen some of the blast out in Nevada. Do you think that atomic energy can be cut safely? Yes, I think it can be cut safely. There are certain factors involved there that you can't discuss publicly, but I do believe that certain economies have been affected. How do you know anything about those factors, Congressman? From the briefings that we got out there at the time of the explosion. You went out there to see the explosion. And it's your belief that we can cut... It's my belief that we can safely cut atomic energy back to the extent that the President is indicated. After all, we're dealing with a man that won the European victory in World War II, and I'm a little inclined to go along with his judgment when it comes to the armament that this country needs. Congressman, you mentioned just now that your committee is going to look into the Point Four program, where the idea of seeing money is wasted. Are you opposed to the Point Four program? No, I've been highly in favor of the Point Four program. I was more in favor of it as it started out when it was a limited program under Dr. Bennett doing the agricultural agent type of approach to the situation, providing technical assistance and not so much aid. Some of the big spending people from the MSA and the Department of State have moved in to a certain extent, and I think the program has gotten quite a long ways away from its original concept. Who are these big spending people that you keep referring to? Are there any particular people in the government who are inclined to spend more than other people? Well, I refer to them in two categories. The first big spenders I refer to are those in Congress, and all you have to do is check their voting records. The second big spenders are those in the agencies who love to build empires, and of course, the more money you can get for your little project to spend, the bigger an empire you can build. One of the criticisms leveled at you Republicans who won't agree expenditure is this. Now, you have Mr. Dulles head at the State Department, and you have Mr. Stassen head of the Mutual Security Administration. And the criticism is that you are treating those two gentlemen who are Republicans just in the same manner that you treated Atchison when he was Secretary of State. Is that valid? Well, as a matter of fact, I don't think it's true. Our own committee has been working in close cooperation with Mr. Dulles, Mr. Don Lowry, and Bill Smith. As a matter of fact, in Washington, we really haven't had enough of a chance to take a look at Mr. Dulles and Mr. Stassen since they took office to know exactly what we do. Briefly, sir, and as a final question, from your studies so far, do you honestly believe that you can cut government expenditures substantially without jeopardizing the national defense? I absolutely believe that there's a great confusion between dollars spent for defense and planes, tanks, and guns produced. If we concentrate on the planes, tanks, and guns, instead of only dollars alone, I think we'll make it. After all, they've had 225 billion dollars since the end of World War II. Ridgeway testifies we have an adequate defense in Europe, Van Fleet testifies we don't have enough in Korea. Apparently, appropriating money for defense is not enough. It's time we got more for our defense dollar instead of more defense dollar. Thank you, sir, for being with us this evening. The opinions that you've heard our speakers express tonight have been entirely their own. The editorial board for this edition of the Lawn Jean Chronoscope was Mr. William Bradford Huey and Mr. Hardy Burt. Our distinguished guest was the Honorable Charles B. Bronson, United States Congressman from Indiana. This is New York, 1866, the year of the beginning of Lawn Jean, the world's most honored watch. Now, probably no person in those days could forecast the marvels to come. Bridges and tunnels to span the rivers, electric lights, subways, automobiles, the airplane, radio, television, and atomic energy. And throughout the years, Lawn Jean watches have always kept pace with the rush of progress. Lawn Jean achievements in winning 10 World Fair Grand Prizes and 28 gold medals represent a succession of successes unparalleled in watch history. And Lawn Jean's position as official watch of leading sports and contest associations throughout the world confirms the highest steam with which timing experts regard our timepieces. The Lawn Jean watches of today are the matured products of almost a century of watchmaking experience and achievement. And every Lawn Jean watch combines in masterful fashion the signs of the watchmaker and the art of the jeweler. These Lawn Jean watches are beautiful, accurate, dependable, and made with such consummate skill as to promise untold years of proud service. For any important gift occasion, no other name on a watch means so much as Lawn Jean, the world's most honored watch, the world's most honored gift. Premier product of the Lawn Jean Wittner Watch Company since 1866, maker of watches of the highest character. We invite you to join us every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday evening at his same time for the Lawn Jean Chronoscope, a television journal of the important issues of the hour, broadcast on behalf of Lawn Jean, the world's most honored watch, and Wittner, distinguished companion for the world honored Lawn Jean. This is Frank Knight reminding you that Lawn Jean and Wittner watches are sold in service from coast to coast by more than 4,000 leading jewelers who proudly display this emblem agency for Lawn Jean Wittner watches. For coronation coverage, the crown will go to the CBS television network.


Hey there friends, thanks for checking in. Today we're looking at the new Ruger American Competition. Ruger continually expands the American line and this is their latest development called the competition. It has a five-inch barrel, lightning cuts in the slide, green fiber optic front sight, a pick rail, sight hole indicator. It is optic ready, set to fit a Vortex Burris, a doctor, a sight mark, a couple others, so a wide variety of dots you can put on there. Adjustable rear sights. It's an ambidextrous gun. Slide stop and magazine release on both sides, so it's left-handed friendly. And of course they have grip modules that is consistent with the American line. However, these are a little more heavily textured, kind of sandpaper-ish. But let's go ahead and shoot this thing. A couple of two 17 round magazines. Let's see how it does. Very nice. The trigger pull is pretty consistent with the other Americans, but it may be a little bit lighter. When I'm live-firing, it feels a little bit lighter. So here is the first pull, and then you're looking at a reset right there. So it's right around five, five and a quarter, it would be my best guess. But certainly a nice gun, and I'm going to turn the camera around so you can check out the recoil. It's not bad. It's actually quite a comfortable handgun, and it's a good-looking handgun, too. And I love these larger model handguns, especially the competition ones. You know, it just is a very accurate shooter, and this one is consistent with that. Alright, here we go. I like it. Nice. All-around handgun, 30 yards back. Competition model. Ruger American. Let's start right. I told you on my table review that this thing is accurate. I said that most competition guns are accurate. That was pretty accurate. Well, it's been a while since I did a limperess test, so let's do it with the American competition. See, it knows up no problem, limperist or not. They passed. Here we have self-defense loads. American competition. Let's see if we can knock that target down. No problem with self-defense loads. The unloaded weight for the American competition is 34 ounces. You throw 17 rounds of 9 millimeter in there. You're looking at 41 and a half ounces. 15 yards away. It's a nice shooting handgun. I enjoy it. I think it looks cool, and it sure does shoot nice. And I look forward to doing more with this American competition. If you like videos like this, please subscribe and share. I always appreciate thumbs up button. Thanks for watching, and you guys be safe.


It's your audience, it's us, we drive culture, we're the ones that if we don't get involved it's not cool, it doesn't have a movement, it doesn't have our energy. We gotta get these corporations comfortable with giving us a lot of money again. I mean it sound good, you know, because this is a corporate, but if they ain't gonna give us a lot of money. I know they have a lot of money, but by the time they get to us it ain't a lot of money. It's not, it's never as much as it should be and could be if it was our counterpart. Come on now. Always. Give me one of them out of Sarah's checks. First of all, welcome to the black market. Oh, thank you. You know, what I'm saying? I would like for you to take this opportunity to introduce yourself to each and every last one of these cameras. All right, I'm Shahani Prestad, I'm the owner of Earth Angel PR, I specialize in publicity, but more recently I really focus on brand management, I work with big brands, small, I've done a ton of stuff in entertainment, film, music, TV, lifestyle, brands and I've been in Atlanta forever, so this is my city. How did you get your start? How did I get my start? I went through a divorce and did not know what I wanted to do with my life, but I was always involved in music I used to sing. Okay. So a lot of my friends were in the music industry, producers, writers and I would just help them out with different events and different things, I didn't really know what I was doing, I could write, I could do a few other things that were more on the brand side with a corporate job and somehow it became the makings of my PR company. I had a woman prophesy over me saying that that's what I was going to do and one day I sat down, watched the ducks at Piedmont Park and the name came to me, Earth Angel, caller Earth Angel and that was the start. I started during the recession of 08. Interesting times. Yes. Interesting times. Would you like to hear more? Yes. I think what it did is it helped me learn how to improvise, think of my feet, there was no money so I had to pay my dues in the time when people weren't paying anyway I would have already been laid off from my job and I worked a lot for free but I got the chance to work with major brands or major luxury brand adjacent and by the time the economy started rolling back again and people had money to spend I had the credibility I had the work behind me and that's kind of how that went. Pay it all. It did. I got paid, I worked for free, people were supposed to pay me, they didn't pay. That's the game. All of it. I had to learn all of it. Yeah. Yeah. If you just don't give up, you'll figure it out. You'll figure it out. See, that's the part of the game you can't escape no matter what it is that you're doing. Like you said, that's the part of paying your dues, going through the ups and the downs but now that you have the knowledge, never again. No. Lord. I'm trying to pull me back but no. Never. No. Once you know better, you do better. Exactly. Yeah. So how is it being working in the entertainment industry and working with all these different brands and things of that nature like you said when you were starting out to where you are now? You know, every day is different. It's never boring. I've come across some of the most interesting people from civil rights icons to major celebrities, reality TV, you know, which is big here. Those are a whole different kind of celebrity. Yeah. They be acting like they got blockbuster movies. Interesting to see the whole reality world change too. So when I, you know, I was here with the beginning of the original OG housewives and team and to see what it is now, how it's evolved into this big thing who knew. Right. We were going to be the reality TV show capital, but yeah, you know, I get into a lot of rooms. I see a lot of things, but it's fun. It could be stressful, but it can be a lot of fun. That's the cool part about Atlanta though. Everybody been on something like everybody literally everybody damn near has been on some form of TV show background, dancing, rapping, singing, and then there's always somebody every time. Is that you? Was that you? Yes. Yes. The screenshot is like the back of your neck, but they get you. Yeah. Yeah. I bet on a couple of them. See, everybody made a little cameo here and there. Going to be on real comedians of Atlanta. Can't give away all the secrets. No, I'm good. You said you want the big checks. I think the big corporate checks. Them checks.  That would be a nightmare. That's our real raw already. So how much more wild could it be? That's the thing about it. It's not. It's very mild and tame. That's what I hear. Y'all are very, from what I understand, you guys are very much about empowering the community, giving opportunities to people. Exactly. Jobs are being built. Nobody wants to see me just at work all the time. I think we need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. We need jobs. back. Yeah. Oh, really? Really? No. This is just in conversations past. Even my sister said, you walked her, my sister and my niece love you. They love you. They're obsessed. Really? I know you have some obsessed people too.  You were walking to their cars just to make sure they were safe. You were real respectful. You were real cool. Didn't try to holler at nobody. See? That was nothing like that. Exactly. They don't even believe stuff like that. Publicist, those are the stories we like because those are the things that people don't get the chance to see.  We laugh. We cry. We work. We clown. We handle our business. So, you know, you have a lot of people that look up to you. So it's good for them to know that. Well, I love those people. Thank you. I appreciate each and every last one of you. And for those of you who haven't even come around yet, you always welcome over here. Come on. Come on. Bring it in. New fans welcome. Yeah. All the time. Hallelujah. So what's next for you? What is next? So yeah, this, we have a 12 city HBCU tour, you know, sponsored by Pepsi, White House as a partner. That's going to take up a lot of time. That and living, having fun, being balanced. That's the most important part out of all this working. You got to make sure you have some fun. Right. Live your life. What do you do for fun? Like, how's that work? I like to shoot guns. Tea parties and guns. Maybe you should rearrange your list a little bit. You got to put some salt in between tea parties and guns. Zen things, meditation, spiritual journeys and crystals and all that.  That's a nice, nice balance. Okay. We're working. People find you and request your services and things of that nature. I do consulting as well. I'm not taking a ton of projects right now, but I definitely consult. So I'm helping small businesses, individuals and large brands who maybe aren't ready for a publicist, but just want someone that they could call and kind of have on hand. So I do that as well. And if they're interested in that, they can go to earthangelpr.com. My Instagram is shahani. S-H-E-H-A-W-N-E-E. And you might have to spell that one more time. That's a lot. S-H-E-H-A-W-N-E-E. That's why this just won't work. It's just my first name. You don't need anything else. That's too much for Instagram. Right. So yeah, that's how they can find me. Well, I noticed your first time stopping through the black market. Don't let it be your last. And there you have it, J-O-N. The black market is open.