The conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the DRC, one of Africa's most important countries continues to be in the news. There have been reports of mass graves discovered in the North Kewu province of the DRC, which saw a lot of fighting between the government forces and the M23 rebel group. Now, multiple reports, including the UN's reports, have indicated that the M23 rebel group is supported by the DRC's neighbor Rwanda. However, Rwanda has not faced any consequences for it, although it is a long history of supporting such rebel groups and causing a huge amount of death and damage in the DRC. Meanwhile, the East African community, a regional body, has been trying to intervene in the conflict, trying to bring about peace. But there are many questions about the way the EAC is functioning, whether its approaches are actually working. To discuss all this, we have with us our colleague, Kambali Musawili, for the Center for Research on the Congo, who has been giving us consistently very important analysis of the situation in the DRC. Kambali, thank you so much for joining us. A lot of developments happening in the DRC. We have seen recent reports by media organizations on mass graves in the North Kewu province, of course, on one hand. We have seen that the East African community has deployed, has sent a peace delegation that are also soldiers. But there's also a lot of discontent with the presence of these very soldiers as well. So maybe first, could you take us through a kind of quick situation on the ground regarding the M23 group? Is the fighting still going on? Have they withdrawn to a particular degree? What's happening on the ground, maybe? For any intended purposes, every time we have to speak about the M23, we have to say that they are a proxy rubber militia funded, trained, equipped by the run of military. Numerous UN report has documented so already. For now, they have withdrawn from some areas that they control based on the negotiation that's been ongoing with different parties, be it with the East African forces or the Congolese government. The African intelligence just recently published an article documenting how the Congolese government is secretly negotiating with the M23. So we know there are many efforts to bring them to stop the fighting. But we have to look at this in this context, right? Congo is a country of over 100 million people. The country has known a conflict for the past two decades. This conflict is a proxy war by its neighbors, Ronald and Uganda. And the Congolese people have been held hostage. They've been held hostage by processes for bringing about peace that does not consider the interests of the Congolese people. There have been so many peace accords signed. And these rebels, specifically the M23 and the earlier rendition, the CNDPRCD, they've always gone back to the bushes and saying that the Congolese government is now respecting the agreement that they've signed to put down the guns. And when you look at the agreement, one will ask, why is it that every time someone pick up a gun, go to the table, the solution is the killers have to be part of the government? One should ask, why in these negotiations, Congo is losing its sovereignty in providing territory, in providing political positions, not only that, giving amnesty to people who have committed atrocious crimes such as rape, mass killing and putting people in graves. See, if you look at just the discovery of the mass graves, which was already known since November of 2022, that in Kishish and Bamboo and other areas that the M23 massacred civilians, put them in mass graves, Congolese citizens have already shared with the world what happened. The UNI is investigating, these mass graves are being found, when they will be negotiating again with the M23, after massacring civilians, what are they going to do? Give them again amnesty. This is why all these processes are not holding, right, because it's not taking into account the will, the interest of the Congolese people, it's taking into account the belligerence of the world, their interest, first rather than the interest of the people. Absolutely. In this context also looking at Krawantin president Paul Kagame recently traveling to Benin, making some comments as well. So we know that, I mean, it's been like you said, it's pretty much common knowledge across the world that Ravanda is supporting M23, they have a history of doing it, there are current records which show it, but nonetheless Kagame has continued to actually, you know, has continued to develop as a vital partner of the West in many of their endeavors including, you know, maybe handling the refugee crisis, so to speak, which means more atrocities on refugees. So what have been Kagame's positions as of late? It's really important to understand why we have a conflict in the Congo. You know, why are there millions of people dying? Millions of Congolese are dying because there is a push to get access to Congo's land and Congo's mineral resources. And in that process narratives are created. London president Paul Kagame has been on a tour in West Africa and in his stop in Benin he said something that should worry many people around the world, that should worry many Africans because Rwanda is a member of the African Union. The president of Rwanda Paul Kagame while in his visit in Benin was asked by a journalist about the DRC because it is not clearly known that Rwanda is supporting the rebel forces in the DRC and Africans are getting to know that too as well. So the question was asked of him. In his response he says something very bizarre. He put into question the Berlin conference. It sounds like a normal thing to do while the Berlin conference is something that was done by the Europeans. We should question those things. But he added something much more cynical. He stated that during the Berlin conference the land that is the eastern part of Congo belonged to Rwanda. So when he says that he is putting into question the current borders of the African continent, a question that has already been addressed at the African Union and that question of the borders, the borders of African countries at 1960, every African country that is a member of the African Union which has sent on to the African Union charter says that the borders of African countries that was determined, that was existent in 1960 is to be respected. It means that countries are sovereign countries. So I could go on and explain first how there is a fallacy in what he said, I could say for example during World War I was the Congolese army and the Belgian rule, not the first public that actually went to Rwanda and liberated Rwanda from German colonialism. Congolese actually went into that territory to free the Rwandans. So it's so interesting that today the Polk Agam is saying something different. Now that he has said that, it is quite one said but also eye-opening for people to actually understand what the conflict in the Congo is. There's always been a fear or sometimes presented as a conspiracy theory that Rwanda and Uganda are in the operation to balkanize the Congo to actually make a new country, take Congo's territory and create a new land that they would call it whatever they would like to call it. So when you hear Rwandan president question Congo's borders, question North Kivu, the existence of North Kivu, a province in the Congo, the existence of South Kivu and not a province in the Congo and Maniama is saying that these are territories that belong to Rwanda before 1885, before the Berlin conference. Now we know why over 6 million Congolese people have died. And if we are fighting for a free liberated Congo, for a free liberated Africa, we are speaking about Pan-Africanism, balkanization is not the answer. I would have been much more happier if Rwandan president Polk Agam said for example that he would love for Rwanda to become an additional province of the Congo and that all the African countries are coming together in regional blacks to create a federation of states where in the final stage the African continent as a black will be a union, a Pan-African union fighting for the interest of the African people. That is not what he is saying. He is actually advocating for carving up African states smaller and smaller, which means weakening these countries and then of course opening up access to the lands for the interests of the Rwandan elite and also are the agents in the West specifically, those who are in London, in the United Kingdom and those who are in Paris, in France and those who are in Washington DC, in the United States. But has there been any pressure from the West from his traditional allies, we are talking about Kagame here regarding what is happening in the DRC because we do know that some years ago there was some kind of pressure put on him which led to some conclusion of the war in 2012, for instance. There have been pressure on Pankagame, but that pressure has to be contextualized. The pressure has come from different sides. Then at the same time, it's a double-edged sword. On one hand, they are putting pressure, but on the other, they're not taking action. So in the case of the United States, Secretary Blinken has actually put pressure on the Rwandan government with one to three political prisoners in Rwanda. And the second one is to stop supporting rebel groups in the Congo. But the United States continues to support the Rwandan military. They continue to provide military aids to them. And then the UN reporters documenting that the M23 have sophisticated weapons such as NADVision, Gagel and missiles that have greater range. That even Antonio Guterres, the U.S. Secretary-General, in an interview that he gave to France, Venkat stated that the United Nations forces they do not have the capacity to fight the M23 because they have sophisticated weapons. So for the U.S., it's all words to me. The same thing for the United Kingdom. Yes, they have made statements saying that Rwanda should stop supporting rebel groups in the Congo, the same thing with France. They have also made statements that Rwanda should stop supporting the M23 rebel group. But what did the European Union do? In the beginning of the year, they provided Rwanda with 20 million euros worth of military support for Rwanda's operation in Mozambique. And while they are in Mozambique, they are serving French interests. They are there really to protect the interests of the French oil company Total and not actually to help the people of Mozambique. So we are seeing the denunciation. We are seeing the strong condemnation. We are not seeing actions. And we know what works. We know that in 2012, when international pressure was put on Rwanda, whether we veiled aid to Rwanda, we veiled military aid to Rwanda, the M23 disappeared. The M23 is back with mighty support and the action that was done in 2012 is not happening. So for this being made by this statement, but it does not necessarily mean that the action is following these words that Western nations are professing at the moment. And finally, also taking a look at the East African community. We know that EAC soldiers are on the ground there. There was a peace delegation. But how is the Congolese population and the political establishment kind of responding to the EAC initiative?  Yes, Congo joined the East African community and is the biggest member of the East African community. It has also the biggest population with a hundred million people. So the joining of the DRC in the East African community brought about more hope for people in the East African community than with the Congolese people. One, most Congolese are not informed of this process. The ordinary Congolese was not consulted in the decision of becoming a member of that. Second, the decisions to join did not necessarily go through the parliament in an open discussion. So the parliament, of course, signed some members of parliament that did not engage in discussing what he actually meant. And in Congo joining the East African community, we lost a form of sovereignty. There was hope that the solutions coming out of the East African community would take into account Congo's history, the belligerent, Rwandan and Uganda. In the solutions being proposed by the East African community, they're not understanding that Rwandan and Uganda, members of the ESC are actually the belligerent force causing the chaos. So solutions for peace in the DRC when they are saying they are going to send the troops to stop the M23 rebel group. You have Ugandan soldiers as part of the military force does not make any sense because Congo actually have taken Uganda to the International Court of Justice and we won a 300 million judgment for the actions of war crimes, crimes against humanity and pillaging of Congo's resources while they were occupying the Congo in the 2000s. So they are already a belligerent force and they continue to support the rebel force. Second one is Rwanda is part of the discussion around the military operations. On one hand, the United Nations is saying that Rwanda is supporting militarily the M23. On the other hand, the East African community coming up with a strategy to stop the M23 has the country supporting the M23. It will never work. Right. So we do know that it's not going to work. Everything that they are doing, it will not work until the fundamental question of justice is addressed. What we bring about peace in the U.S. is justice. It's not a new military force coming from the East African community. We had the best force coming into the Congo in 2012. Right. It was the Sadek forces that they called the Force Intervention Brigade FIB. It was composed of South Africans, Namibians, Zimbabweans. These forces came and stopped the M23 in 2012. They put military pressure on the political problem. So as they put the military pressure on the political problem, they achieved some goals. But how do we explain? A decade later, we are talking about the M23. So we know that the military action is not going to stop the situation. But we believe because there is a culture of impunity. Those who committed the crime yesterday continue to commit crime today. And as they are committing crime today and no one is holding them accountable, it gives them a green light, a purveyor, as we say in French, to continue to commit this crime. So if we don't address the question of justice, we will continue to have a war in the Congo. And the Congolese people, we support the process of creating an international tribunal for the RC to hold perpetrators of the violence accountable, be it Congolese, be it our neighbors run in Uganda, and be it the international actors or corporations who have been involved in the conflict in the Congo. As long as we don't have justice, we will continue to have a conflict in the Congo. This is, of course, why the ESC solution is not working in the RC. Right, Kambali, thank you so much for that analysis. Like you pointed out, many media reports showing this conflict as just merely fighting between a certain rebel group and the government, often missing out some of the underlying issues you talked about, the loot of mineral resources, the question of justice, without which peace really, like you said, cannot be considered. Thank you so much. We'll get back to you with the situation on the DRC soon.


All this month get any smartphone 32gigand under for a 50% off regular price at Appalachian Wireless. Better service, bigger savings. That's today's Appalachian Wireless. While supplies last, two-year agreement required. I just felt like it was time. Former nature circuit court clerk Margaret Nichols announced her retirement in late December and her retirement became effective January 1, bringing to an end a 28-year career in the clerk's office. She said the best part of the job, which began in 1988, has been the people. I love the girls that work for me. All the girls that have worked for me over all these years. Many have retired and gone on, but they still come back to see me. And I enjoy the people coming in and talking to me. I will miss that. So many people would just come in and sit and talk with me. And I will miss that. For nearly a month after retiring, Nichols still came to work to clean out her office and to assist with the transition. She said she plans to stay busy in retirement with volunteer work and time with her family. I think my time is going to be filled up, but where I don't have to be up early and out every day, I will feel more like going to a meeting in the afternoon. I've got eight grandchildren. I won't spend time with my grandchildren and do a little traveling while I still have good health. And she hasn't forgotten why she got to serve for so long. I'm just thankful that the people of Letra County have elected me for this long period of time. I feel like I have made a lot of good friends. I've always tried to be available to the public. But I just feel like it's time for me to move on and let someone else come in here and do their thing. Reporting in Weizberg for EKB News, I'm Chris Anderson.


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Inizor Education. Today we continue talking about using semiconductors in electronics, and we will talk about transistors. Yes, that's the name of this lecture. If you remember when we were talking about electronics in the very beginning, well, historically vacuum tubes were used to create diodes and triodes. And from these devices, we then built some logical or logical and logical not, etc. Now, with advance of semiconductors, we would like to implement the same functionality in semiconductors because it's a better technology. Well, we were talking about diodes before in a previous lecture using semiconductors. Just a regular PN junction was used to implement the functionality of diodes. And now we will talk about the implementation of functionality we are familiar from triodes in semiconductors. Well, in semiconductors it usually called transistors, not triodes, for different historical reasons. It doesn't really matter. But the functionality is very similar. And this lecture is about how exactly the transistor is built based on semiconductors. Well, basically based on PN junctions, obviously. And well, we're not talking about technology of this. We're talking commonly about functionality and ideas because there are many, many details. The whole industry of semiconductors was advancing very, very rapidly and for a substantial amount of time. So we're not actually going through this. We'll talk about functionality, about idea, about the principles of how the transistors are working. In particular, we will talk about only one type of transistors, which is called bipolar junction transistors. And I'll talk about why it's called bipolar. Now, other transistors also have some similar functionality, similar principles of how they work. But our purpose is just to explain the principles, not to cover the whole business of semiconductors. I would like you to understand how we can implement certain functionality which we need in electronics in one particular case of one particular transistor. Okay. Now, this lecture is part of the course called Physics for Teens. It's implemented on Unisor.com. It's implemented as a set of lectures like this one. Every lecture has very detailed notes on this website. So if you found this lecture on YouTube or somewhere else, I do recommend you to go to Unisor.com because all these lectures are combined into a course. Course has certain logical sequence, interdependencies, et cetera. So I would rather encourage you to take the course. Now, there is a prerequisite course called Math for Teens on the same site with the same structure, the same type of lecture and details in writing. Then there are many problems solved, exams which you can take. And the beauty of it is it's completely free. There are no ads, no strings attached. If you don't want to sign in, don't sign in. There is certain advantage functionality if you sign in, but you don't have to. Okay. So let's get back to business. Now, to properly understand how transistors are working, but I would like to present the way how it was built, at least in my mind. I'm not sure that people who built it really were thinking in exactly the same fashion, but I think if I introduce you gradually how transistors can be built, what kind of functionality we have, what we don't have and how to improve to get that more functionality. That's, I believe, is the right explanation which would help you to understand better how transistors are working. So we will start with a simple thing. This is our N-type semiconductor and I will connect it to some kind of source of electricity battery. So this is minus, this is plus. Now this is N-type. Well, as an example, we will take silicon with phosphorus atoms additives. It's called doped, actually. So the phosphorus is doping for silicon. Okay. So phosphorus has five electrons on the valence orbit. Silicon has four. So when silicon atoms are attached to each other, they're attached in the crystalline structure with a pair of adjacent atoms sharing electrons. So each atom has eight, four of its own, and four which are borrowed from other atoms around it. This is another atom. This is another atom. This is another atoms. So these are paired electrons. It's called covalent bonds, if you remember. And this is a structure, crystalline structure of silicon. Well, not in a flat plane, obviously. It's a 3D structure, but it's convenient to present it in this way. Now if you have a phosphorus atom, it has fifth electron which is not connected using the covalent bonds to anything. So there is definitely attraction between this electron and nucleus because nucleus also has a certain amount of protons which corresponds to the amount of neutrons, electrons, so the whole atom is neutral. So there is an electrostatic attraction between this electron and the nucleus, but there are no covalent bonds it's connected to. Or other electrons which belong to atoms of silicon. They are doubly linked first through electrostatic attraction to corresponding nuclei and also pairs of electrons are connected together using covalent bonds. That makes this particular electron freer to move around because sometimes the electrostatic attraction is not sufficient to keep it on the orbit. If we have some kind of a excitement from outside, that electron would move. And this is an excitement. This is a battery. So there is an additional plus and minus here, plus attracts electrons, minus repels them and some electrons which are not connected to covalent bonds like this one from a phosphorus atom. So this is a silicon and this is a phosphorus and this is a silicon again. So these atoms are leaving their orbits around nucleus of phosphorus and they are attracted to positive electrode. Now this becomes positively charged because it used to be neutral when the number of protons was equal to the number of electrons in phosphorus. Now one electron is lost. So from here this is a negative. Negative means excess of electrons. Electrons from here actually migrate to fill up this particular hole. And then it goes again, leaves it because there is this attraction from the plus. So there is a small electrical current basically based on these electrons which are going to the positive and then from the negative go the next, the new ones. Now obviously the electric potential of this battery, the voltage between these two electrodes should be sufficient enough to overcome the electrostatic forces but not sufficient enough to overcome both electrostatic and covalent bonds. So there is a relatively narrow range of voltage which we can apply for this whole thing to work. And obviously it took a lot of time for people to understand this type of thing and what kind of a voltage, what kind of material is used, what's the density of phosphorus atoms among silicon because the more doping we introduce, the more additives we introduce, the more free electrons and the more current can be and maybe the voltage should be different. So these are all the technical details which we are not talking about. So we are assuming that the voltage is exactly in this range. It's greater than needed to overcome only electrostatic in this case like phosphorus atom but not sufficient to rip all other electrons from their orbits and break the covalent bonds. So that's very important. Okay now this is basically just the current will be. Obviously our functionality which we are thinking about, the triode. Remember what triode was doing? It was amplifying the signal and it was actually, it could be used as an on switch. If you will put into this base the middle part between the two electrodes, between the cathode and anode, if you will put something, some voltage in between it was like a net or something like a base, then electrons will not go from one to another. So we are talking about this functionality. Okay, next step. Now we are building actually transistors, right? So we have to introduce steps by step. So this is the first step and obviously it has some functionality but it's not what we need. So what we do, we will do the following step. We will break it into halves and put p-type in between. Now p-type if you remember is when you have a deficiency of valent electrons. So it's not phosphorus, it's let's say boron. It has three valent electrons. So these three are connected through covalent bonds but there is no fourth one. So this one becomes only connected to its own nucleus using electrostatic. Now so what happens is in this particular case if we will apply again some excitement then some electrons might actually jump from one covalent bond to another.  So electrons again will move towards one side and holes will be moving to another side. Obviously electrons will be moving closer to positive and holes will be moving to the negative. And in this case we are talking about holes more than electrons because it's the excess of holes in this particular case. If in case of m-type of semiconductor we had excess of electrons in this case we have excess of holes and it's always convenient to talk about something which we have the excess of not deficiency of. So excess of holes is moving towards negative and excess of and not excess just deficiency of electrons. Electrons are moving towards this part. But anyway we will you know what p-type semiconductor is. So we will insert this type of semiconductor here and see what happens. So what happens? Well first of all I would like to say that we did have some kind of a current when there was no p-type in between. Now the current will stop and let's think about why it happens. Well first of all you do remember from the previous lectures about p-n junction or n-p junction. So let's talk about this n-p junction. Now this is minus, this is plus. So this has excess of electrons. Well what happens in the junction is if you have an n-type which has excess of electrons they migrate through this border through this junction line onto the p-side. It's just because these electrons free electrons from from phosphorus let's say they are not really very well connected and if there is some kind of a excitement like a voltage they're moving. So they will move to the p-type. Okay what happens at p-type these electrons will take places inside the hole of the p-type. So the covalent bond will be filled. Well that's good. Now what's bad? Because now this atom becomes negatively charged. Well once it's negatively charged these electrons especially in the borderline right near here will actually accumulate and more electrons are accumulated and are taking place inside the covalent bond structure. The more barrier they make they repel all other electrons and very soon the current will stop. The migration of free electrons from here will stop migrating here because this p-type will be saturated. Same thing with here but here it's even worse because from here electrons are pushed from this side towards the boundary and eventually they will accumulate enough electrons to prevent any other movement. In this case electrons are actually gravitating to this so these free electrons which this m-type has they will migrate to plus and they will actually disappear even and well that's it there are no more free electrons and the potential the voltage is not sufficient to break silicon covalent bonds which are reinforced by electrostatic. So we have as soon as all the free electrons from phosphorus are migrated here the rest is not actually the rest of electrons is not actually moving because it's connected with both electrostatic and covalent bonds and the voltage is not sufficient to break that pair of forces. So the current stops that's what happens. Okay now the next step is what I will do is I will do this I will introduce another battery here. Now technically you can connect these two it's not two different connections it's obviously one wire but it doesn't really matter. So what happens in this case well this is plus this is minus but we had if you remember access of electrons here which have migrated took position inside the atoms of boron for instance in this case filled the holes basically so restored the covalent bonds but now these electrons are connected only with covalent bonds not with electrostatic so again it's only one force rather than two and since it's a one force they can be attracted by relatively weak voltage here plus this is plus so these electrons will flow here and they will weaken the barrier the more electrons will go here the weaker the barrier and the sooner the barrier is broken the electrons start moving here okay the barrier is broken now it all depends on how strong these things are if it's strong enough that these electrons are partially going here and most part going further from P to N these electrons the extra electrons which are here these electrons have already left the phosphorus three electrons is left so what's remaining is in atoms of phosphorus they become positively charged as well right becomes positive because the phosphorus is losing if this is a phosphorus and it has an extra electrons and it's moving here then it becomes positively charged so these electrons which are coming through the barrier are actually attracted attracted here and they go and that's what actually make this current again working so this current is working as well because we are having new electrons supplied to the end side but what's important we're consuming electrons which are making a barrier here we're consuming it here in this place and those new electrons are coming here they are actually going through because this part becomes positively charged since we are losing electrons it might be a little confusing N stands for negative P stands for positive but that's only if there is no current if there is a current and these negative things it's because extra electrons the atoms are neutral phosphorus atoms are neutral but as soon as they lose electron they become positively charged so it might be a little confusing but anyway so that's how the functionality of the whole thing actually is is is working now we can actually regulate using different potentials here and there even the smaller potentials here because don't need really strong thing because to to get these electrons down here all we have to do is we have to break only the covalent bond not both covalent and electrostatic right in this case we are only breaking the electrostatic bonds from the atoms of phosphorus the three electrons they're kept only electrostatically not covalent bonds so again so in both cases in this case we are actually breaking the electrostatic bonds that's why this is usually a stronger voltage and this one is breaking the covalent bonds it's a weaker voltage but still a voltage and again it took a lot of time for people to understand what kind of voltage works and what kind of situations but now what happens is with a smaller voltage here we can actually control the bigger voltage there because if we will increase this for instance this voltage the flow of electrons which migrated through this border will increase which makes the border freer for these electrons to penetrate by the way this usually is a really narrow kind of a sink narrow layer between two different n-type so the electrons will will penetrate to a greater degree if we will suck down more electrons from the border area around NP junction so without this this border area will be saturated with electrons very fast but with this battery attached it will actually take these electrons out from the border and free the flow of electrons through this one to a p-type and then it becomes positively charged so electrons will go even further again freeing a hole and new electrons will fill that hole and then the positive charge will attract them further etc so that's how the whole thing is moving so that's how by changing this we can change this flow and again our research and experiments show how to using a smaller change in this you can achieve greater change in this current and that's how amplifier is working right because it's obviously going in sync as we are changing signal here let's say it's some kind of analog signal like a speech electronically expressed in the current for instance then this current will be in sync exactly with this with these signals and it will be stronger or we can also implement a switch on off switch by basically changing this to a switch or or putting a switch here somewhere for instance if you will break this well the flow will stop so if we will have just a switch on and off it will convert it into a switch here and again using a switch with a smaller kind of current which goes through this you know switch can be actually very sophisticated because if it's a big current if you remember we were talking about lots of different things when you're switching things on and off then we can control switching on it often a much much more stronger current okay now in reality if you will take a look at different pictures you will have different kind of pictures we will have resistors here for instance resistors here it's all details which are important for practical aspects of using the semiconductor what we are trying to address right now is just the principles how the p-n junction and p or p-n junction can actually assist in achieving the same function analogy we were learning as far as when we were talking about electronics and diodes and triodes etc so now after we have basically familiarized with ideas of how semiconductor based diodes and triodes or transistors are working then you understand that using exactly the same techniques as we were talking about before addressing the logic like end operation or operation not operation etc we can implement exactly the same thing in semiconductors so that's where this silicon piece of silicon were used because then there is some technology which will add certain additives in one place one additive in another place another additive and that's how the whole integrated circuits are arranged it's a huge it's billions of little details like this on a small piece of silicon it's extremely difficult technology extremely sophisticated but the principle is this exactly the same and if you wish I can say that's how computers are built okay I suggest you to read the notes for this lecture on unison.com it's in physics routine course the part is called electromagnetism and then if you will open it there is semiconductors and electronics part which contains a few lectures like the previous one about diodes and this one about transistors and by the way the name of the transistor which I'm talking about the real name is bipolar junction transistor well you understand why it's junction now bipolar because we have two different n types now in this particular case it's not just bipolar it's NPN bipolar junction transistor because it's NPN now there is a PNP type transistors then it's slightly different arrangement but again ideas is exactly the same something gets through the border the border gets saturated and then when some new source of electricity is attached we are weakening the barrier between a different type of semiconductors and the current actually goes okay that's it for today thank you very much and good luck


Hello, beautiful. Mm, mm, mm. If I have food in my teeth at all during this video, it's because I just ate so much food. I filled my tummy up and it felt so good. A little story before I started watching these videos. So I haven't been like really super on social media lately. I started looking up some stuff randomly. I was just like, what's going on with the butterfly cut these days?  I knew it was a big thing, but like there was a lot of videos with a lot of views and a lot of people doing it. So today we're gonna watch people try and do my butterfly cut. Hopefully it looks good. And hopefully I did you well and didn't help you mess up your hair and I don't know. I feel like I have a lot of responsibility to like give you the tools to do a really good haircut to yourself at home with no hair experience. And that's a hard task.   I'm sorry. Cuff me and take me away, police. Because I guess I deserve it to be arrested. Sorry not everybody goes to a salon to get their hair done. Sorry that I wanna help people be able to feel confident in their bodies through their hair and give them the tools to do it at home for nearly $0. So all you hairdressers out there who give me a hard time because I make people's hair look good through the internet. Let's watch people who follow my butterfly cut tutorial and let's see if they can do it right and follow the directions. And hopefully there isn't any tragic messes because I don't want any blood on my hands or no, there's no good joke there. I was gonna say like hair clippings on my hands. Like that doesn't make any sense. Up first we have a video by Jenna Phillips. I have just been thinking lately for like a week now that I really wanna change up my hair because just this past couple months all I do is just wear my hair up in a ponytail because I'm just like not happy with my hair. It's just very flat and boring. Instead of going to a hairdresser I feel like I should cut my own hair. I get it now. I get why every hairdresser in the world hates me. She was gonna go to the hairdresser and now she's doing it herself. I'm actually sorry. I don't even know how to curl my hair let alone do anything with my hair. For some reason I feel like I could probably do it.  Seems a little sketchy but also like exciting. I can't wait to see what she does. I have not really touched my hair to cut it. I've always gotten cut somewhere else. But for some reason I think this is gonna be a great idea because I watched one YouTube tutorial and now I feel like I'm a hairstylist. Ah, I love that. I love that I can make you guys feel like. Ah, ah, ah.  Gonna try the butterfly cut at home. It's supposed to be easier. It looks easy where you just put your hair to ponytails and then you trim. And I'm just gonna cut a little bit at a time. To be completely honest with you every time I come to do a reaction video to butterfly cuts, I literally forget how to do a butterfly cut. And I'm the one who told you guys how to do it. I don't even know how to do it. Usually when I record these videos I have to like rewatch my own tutorial because I'm like, wait, what do I do? What are you supposed to be doing? Brush it all to the front. Hopefully that's even, I don't know. It looks even enough.   Bring the sectioning down of the parting to behind the ears and then brrrr. Ponytail, boom. Right on the forehead. Unicorn moment chopperoony. You know what I mean? Let's just put it into a ponytail and then I can fix it if I need to fix it. This is gonna be so good for her hair. Her hair is more on the finer, thinner side so adding layers to her hair will really enhance the volume and body and movement on her hair and it's gonna look so sexy and much more full and full of life as well. Okay, we did it. And then for the rest of the hair I'm just supposed to put it into a ponytail. I just like flip it over. I feel like that'd be easier. Like this. You want that ponytail in the back so f***ing high. To the sky, to the heavens, to Jesus Christ. Boom. And you gotta make sure all those lumps, lumps and hums are out of the hair when you cut it. Originally I was just gonna put my hair into two side point tails and trim it that way. Why are you using a scrunchie though? You went all the way to Sally Beauty Supply and got all your supplies but didn't get any hair ties. What a surprise. Isn't that f***ing, I was trying to wrap it. That's all I got for you. Three lines. I mean I guess scrunchies are fine but like definitely not optimal. For some reason I thought this would be less risky but now that I'm like doing this I feel like this is a lot more risky.  So let's see if you can accomplish the task. That parting on the side is looking ratchet. Why is it going like this? Da, da, da, da, da. It's gonna go, ah, I'm really getting nervous for her. So in Brad Mondo's tutorial he legit just cut off like half of this. I feel like my hair is a little bit longer than the mannequin he's cutting. I'm not gonna go half way. I think we're gonna start with maybe like four inches. You gotta cut off a lot or you don't see a difference. I swear. I even have a ruler. Girl, those ends need to go. I'm gonna be so satisfied when those ends drop to the flow because they gotta go. Like they are just hanging on there. There's like one strand and it's like, I wanna go. I'm gonna cut it here. Not sure if it's enough. Not sure, yeah. Oh, she cut a lot. I'm getting a little nervous though. Oh, please look good, please look good, please look good. Now for the back piece. I'm gonna use my ruler again because I really just don't wanna mess this up and we're gonna do about the same. So am I gonna regret this? Probably. I can't tell yet. I can tell. It looks so good so far. It looks really, really good. Like we're getting somewhere great. You know, it's not looking bad. I don't know if it looks any different yet. I just, maybe I didn't cut off enough because you can see it's a lot shorter in the front here.  The life is coming to life.  I had a green tea today. I put a blueberry tea packet in and then I put a green tea packet in so it's like a blueberry green tea moment and it's really, really give me a lot of energy I must say. Taking a break from matcha because I'm thinking of allergic to oat milk.  I literally had two matchas today but it was with water and not oat milk.  If anybody knows what to do about an oat milk allergy, like what can I take? Leave a comment down below because it's not fun for me at all. Like imagine being allergic to oat milk. I'm kind of feeling like cutting off more. Oh, I don't know. It looks good the way it is. I don't know if we should cut anymore. That's risky. Let's start with the back. Maybe like two more inches. I don't want to go crazy and cut off like a decent amount more because you know, I feel like just a little bit more would be better. I just cut off like two more inches. Oh my God, she's really going for it. Okay, in the front, am I going to regret this? You might. Okay, just do it. I don't know. I think this is going to be quite nice to be honest. To be honest. I've got some nice framing in my face are not too short and I can only do this all over again after I style it or I can just kind of trim them a bit shorter than I like. I'm just going to try to smooth in these out so it's more, I don't know, smooth. That's a good word. That's smooth, right? JK, I think I want to do it one more time. I feel like I cut a little bit more off the back than the front, so let's just trim it one more time. Oh, she's going for round three. Oh, two wasn't enough. We're really going to test our luck today. Stop there. We're done. Put the scissors down. Call it a day. We're done. That's a lot of hair.  She's going to style her hair and we're going to see the final results. I don't even know what to expect anymore. I'm actually really surprised about that because I was going into this mentally preparing to probably have a breakdown. Doesn't look that bad. It looks amazing. What? It actually turned out somewhat decent. I'm not going to say the way I styled my hair is that great. This was my first time doing Loa with a hairdryer. I'm very happy with myself. I made my hair better. Your first blow and your first at home cut, you rocked it.   Fabulous job. Up next, we have a video by April G. This is currently what my hair looks like. It's pretty long, but it's also really thin. Oh my God, April. I am so excited for this one. April, come here. Those ends need to go, whoa, whoa. Buy down the drain in the trash wherever you want to put it.  Hey everyone, it's April. It's a day's video. I'm gonna be following Brad Mondo's guide to the butterfly haircut. This is currently what my hair looks like. It's pretty long, but it's also really thin. It's maybe around an inch and a half above my belly button. Also, I wanted to be like that 99% of the people who don't follow the instructions and don't with their hair, but I have a good reason. I wanted to give them a heart attack. I'm joking. You wanted to give me a heart attack? Oh, April. Because my hair is severely damaged when it's wet, this is what happens. Watch what happens. Okay, hold on. Thinner piece. April, please don't do what you're about to do. Please don't do it. Look. April, don't ever do that again.  It says to start from the apex down to your ear and then I'm gonna do the other side. I think that should be good right there, right? Whoa, this sectioning looks dope. Good job with that one. Something I forgot to mention is that, you know, the butterfly cut is a very layered feathery haircut. I really don't like layers on me, but I just need a haircut. April, come here again. Layers are everybody's friend. You could not tell me anybody looks good without layers. You can feel good about yourself without them, but when all the weight of your hair sits at the bottom, it doesn't compliment your face any which way. It doesn't make any sense. Even one of those really stick-straight bobs that just are blunt, it's not doing anything for your face, but the layers are the moment. And then we're supposed to grab it like right here so that we can look like unicorns. Sectioning looks impeccable and the ponytail looks impeccable. There's no bumps, there's no hobs, and there's no bumps. All right, so I'm looking pretty weird, so I'm gonna go ahead and put the one on top and then I'll be right back. Okay, so now that we are ready. Yo, I got people put it in ponytails in their foreheads. I'm sorry for that one. All right, anyway, this is what it looks like. Here's the back. So he does say to point it down. I'm just gonna go ahead and go for it. Please cut a lot, please cut a lot, please cut a lot. That's pretty straight. This is how much I took off. A good three, four inches. It's a good six inches and about two hairs. Okay, now let's do the top. You're supposed to just point it upwards. April, come on, we gotta do more. I'm gonna go ahead and cut it like right about here. Gotta make sure those bumps are out of that hair before you cut it. When you're combing it or brushing it up, make sure it is straight and perfect. I see lumps, I see bumps, I'm worried. I cannot believe I'm doing this. But my ends are softer now. What? Yo, you took so much off.  All right, so here we are about to reveal. Time for the reveal. I have a feeling it's gonna be too short. Okay, so I don't know about doing a blowout, but I'll probably just use something to curl my hair. But that looks pretty good actually. Look, it like falls, so I did a really good job. This isn't really short actually.  It's like still long because it's still, you know, all the way down here. That's the great part about the butterfly cut is it's not cutting your length unless you cut like literally maybe too much off. But it's really working on the layers and the structure on the top rather than the bottom. Does that make sense? My hair is dry now and it is ready to be styled. Time to see it styled. Moment of truth. Do you guys think I love it? I think it has a lot of texture. It now looks like I have a lot of hair coming from a person who has very thin and a little bit of hair. Now it looks like I have a lot. I love it. The hair is back, baby. Oh my God. Yo, it looks so much bigger and fuller and beautiful and healthier. Thank God you did this cut. Also, you didn't ask me, but I would love to see like a warmer blonde on you. Like the coolest moment, but like a warmer blonde would look really good with your skin tone. But great job. Up next we have a video by Nicole Concilio. This is either gonna be the best idea I've ever had or gonna send me into a depression state. I hope it doesn't send you into a depression state. I would hate to be responsible for that. I really wanna try the butterfly haircut. This haircut was made popular by Brad Mondo. I've seen a lot of people do it well and I've also seen a lot of people tank. So I'm hoping that I'll be one of the people that do it well. Same, oh my God, I'm scared of. She has curly hair also. So this is gonna be a bit of a different type of eye. You can still do the haircut on curly hair.   So when you're pulling your hair straight out and cutting it, it's gonna be a lot shorter than what you're cutting. Does that make sense? Like it's gonna go from here to here. So take that into consideration when you're cutting curly hair, especially in this way. Basically what I watched is you want to separate your hair from the top, the very top of your scalp. It should come out to behind your ears. Yes, that is correct, you win. Brad kept saying that your hair needs to be soaking wet. So I'm gonna grab my spray bottle and I also wanna put in some leave-in conditioner to make it easier to do. Everybody starts to listen to me about the wet hair thing. You know how long this took me to get people to wet their hair before they do my haircuts? It's 10 years. This is my favorite leave-in conditioner. I use about that much for my hair. That's also a good tip.  Over here, over there, doing ponytails. You wanna make sure your hair's nice and slippery so it's easy to style before you can do the cut. Brad said if you like laid a brush on top of your head, you'll find where the apex is and you basically want to take your comb and make, oh, I think I did it. We love a queen that listens, Nicole, what's up? We have one section down and the next section down. I have to peek through to make sure that this is done in an even manner. Okay, but based off of the struggle we're having right now with getting this hair up into a ponytail in the front of her head, I'm a little concerned about how the rest of the cut is gonna go. I think that this is an accurate, pretty accurate. Yeah, it looks good enough. You're going to bring all of these hairs to the front and tie it in a little unicorn vibe so it should look something like this. We're gonna go ahead and tie this.  No, anything with DIY I need to do it. Why, it's so much fun doing your own hair. And Nicole, you better get that ponytail cleaner and tighter because that is not gonna make the cut. The first section I think is done. Uh-oh, Nicole, you watched a lot of my video but for some reason we didn't put the ponytail on the right place. The ponytail goes here, not here, here, not here, here. What are we doing? But he kind of said it should be like in the middle of your eyebrows. Yay, okay, she fixed it. When I watched the video, he said like in the middle of your forehead eyebrows area. So I don't know if that's like this, maybe that's this. We'll just do this instead. Even though it's literally the same thing, it's fine. No, it's a little bit better. The first piece is sectioned. He basically said you wanna brush your hair up in a very, very, very high ponytail. Don't miss any pieces. When I watched other girls do this tutorial, basically the way that they had done it was they had an object in their hand as something to measure. Maybe it would be about this much off. That's like, I would wanna say, it's like what, like four inches. I love the idea of getting a random object from your house and like using it as a measuring stick.  It's just like a funny way of doing it. Enough with the dramatics here. Let's just do it. Oh, Nicole. Think I'm gonna take these and just kind of like cut upward. One thing about me is I don't like the whole blunt ends. That's not my journey. Okay, we did it.  So you're not cutting it like this. I wanted to cut off so much more hair. Aha, more. I didn't wanna cut much length off the back. Maybe just do a little bit more.  But we can't add more hair. So I'm just being very, very, you know, sparing with this. Okay, I think it's time to take it out of its situation. All right, I mean, we didn't cut a lot, but let's see what the result is. Okay, so far, so good. Like you can really see the layers here. Oh, the layers are looking so good so far.  She has finer hair. This cut is gonna be perfect, especially when she wears her hair curly. This is gonna look fire. Well, let's see it blow dried. Let's see it. Here's what we're looking like. And I feel like it looks so good. I'm loving the layers. You can really see it when I like move and bounce my hair. Oh my God, I feel like it looks so good. This was a success. We did not end this in a panic attack. Ah, how did you do that?  Everything just came together and it looks fabulous. Great job. Ah, you killed it. That was fun. Thanks for making your videos, you guys. I love watching them and it's just like so much fun that I get to make the tutorials and you get to follow them and then you get a good result and then I get to watch them and I get to feel good and it's just a circle of love and happiness and beautiful hair. And yeah, you make me love what I do. If you wanna check out my hair care or my hair color line, you can do so with the links right down below. That is all for today. Thank you for watching.  And I'll see you next time. Bye guys.


All right. Thanks everybody. Sorry ran into a couple glitches here, but we're going to get started now. I'm spam. I am from DC 212, which is New York City area. And this presentation is called remote presentations simple ways to dramatically increase the quality of your talks. It's almost a little ironic given this in a VR environment because a lot of what I am going to talk about is how to increase the quality of your video and also some simple things you can do for audio. Reason why I think this is really important now is as we are all holding meetups and in general just having any sort of meeting where we're not physically close to each other. Having a decent audio and video to do your presentation has become much more important and a lot of folks are going out and buying all sorts of expensive things to try to make their presentations look better. And I've found that over time it's really you can get this down to some fairly low cost fairly simple things that give you a very professional look. You don't have to go out and buy all sorts of super duper expensive high end webcams and expensive audio mixing solutions. A lot of you can do with very simple things that requires a little more effort sometimes but you can have dramatic results from it. So first thing is when we are looking at this we're looking for simple solutions but a lot of times simple doesn't always mean cheap. We're going to try to keep things both simple and cheap sometimes like I said it may require a little more efforts on the initial setup or initial configuration side. But going to try to keep it both simple and cheap because not everybody has a ton of money to invest in this. So most important thing that you can focus on I think when you are trying to improve the quality of your video is not getting a more expensive webcam. It's not going ahead and doing complicated you know the green screen effects or anything else behind you. It's focusing on basic lighting. You've seen so many people who get expensive cameras and hook them up in an attempt to go ahead and have a really high quality setup be let down because their lighting is not something that's great. So when we're doing lighting what we're trying to do a lot of times is emulate almost the lighting that you get from the actual sun. You watch any of the late night talk shows in America over the past few months as they've been taken out of their professional environments and people have had to do stuff at home. At first you saw people doing things inside and was very dark and difficult to make out what was going on. And then you started seeing a lot of these folks going into their backyards because if you're outside you can probably notice even if you're taking photos with your own personal smartphone. But if you go outside the even lighting that you're going to get from the actual sun is going to give you a much better results a lot of the time. So what we're going to try to do with lighting is to present very even lighting so that everything that you're looking at is illuminated well and in some sense is sort of simulating the sun. But certainly inviting and move to something where there's a good separation between you in the background. It's well lit. It looks inviting and it's going to help you communicate better when you're giving a presentation and even a cheap webcam can have it. So this is not me. I'm definitely not this photogenic. This slide here this person this is a guy who has a YouTube channel called Indy Mogul. And this is actually from a video he did on on lighting and production with a cinematographer named Larry Fong who's worked on tons of big budget movies. And they go through how to go from zero dollar effort to five thousand dollars investments and improve the quality. But a lot of the stuff is very very simple. You see there everything he has and these two videos to screenshots here. This is I believe with the exact same camera. So they're not even improving the quality of the camera but making some simple changes to what's behind him and how he's lit. We're able to go from that dark shot to the much more pleasant to look at shot. So looking at here what we have on the left versus the right on the left you see he is seated with a window behind him which is letting in light. But he himself is very dark. And that's the thing. The first thing I see a lot of folks don't necessarily think about when they're setting up a shot. We when you're working and you have your desk that you're working at you want to get light so that if you're looking at piece of paper or anything on your desk it's going to be illuminated.  But when you reverse it the camera if it's pointed at the light the way that a camera works is that bright light that's behind you. It's going to view that as the brightest thing and that that should be white and it's going to bring everything else darker to compensate for that. So if we look at the side on the right what what has happened there is we've put over some drapes on the window and that is going to soften the light a little more. And it's going to darken the room but they've added in additional lighting to compensate for that and provide a much more even lighting to everything. And so everything is much more vivid much more realistic. So going to go the first thing in terms of lighting. We want to go ahead and get some lighting that we're going to use inside of the home because while it's great we can cover the window and we're going to lose some light from that. You can compensate a little bit with lamps you may have around but I think if you want to step up your game we can spend a little bit of money. We can get a lot of bang for the buck. So the thing that I recommend is getting what's called a softbox if you really want to step up your game. The there's tons of professional lighting equipment that you can get that will go ahead and do this in a very professional way but you can find. In terms of model I found on Amazon for under $50 the brand is called Mount Dog and it is an LED light with a softbox that's going to give you a much more softer light.  Everything you need to go and it's under $50 comes with remote control and allows you to go ahead and control the color temperature of the light. So if you're outside we have one you know we're using the sun the sun is just one color but inside if you purchase bulbs for your own home. You may have what's in America is referred to as soft white or bright white or daylight. These are all different color temperatures depending on what you're setting up if you're using different color temperatures you're going to like part of your face may look blue and the other part of your face may look more red. If you just make sure that all of the bulbs that you're using are warm white. Then you'll again be able to have a much more cohesive look to you and using a product like this because it's designed for lighting allow you to select whichever color temperature you want. So highly recommend this you know if you already have whatever webcam getting just this will allow you to decide like okay I have my background that looks fine but my background is appearing a lot lighter than I am. You put this up focus it on you and then all already you're going to get a huge improvement to the quality of your video. But I want to lay out a couple other changes because I've tried to bring this down I've I've shared this with a number of folks. This is a $360 kit I'm going to go through each of the individual elements. If you want to go all the way and get cinema level results basically when you're presenting online. I think this is the cheapest way I've found to get that done and this assumes that you have nothing today. Lighting goes a long way but if you want to go to the next level where you know somebody's watching the video and they're going to be able to see you know the pores on your face. This will get you there. So I'm not touch on any of these individually I'm going to just go through as we go through slides and go through each one why I chose it what the advantages of it are. And then hopefully I think you'll see that if you go with all this you'll love the results. So first thing is audio. A lot of folks will focus on video and not necessarily think about audio that much to use a built in microchip USB microphone. Clear video is great and it makes an impact and people can you know see your eyes and you know be able to connect. But clear audio helps you communicate. So I would say one of the first things I would do is make sure you invest in a microphone. The microphone I recommended on the previous slide is the Blue Yeti. Blue Yeti looks like what you see on this slide. It is the most common microphone that you will see podcasters using. YouTube celebrities using. It's once you know what it looks like you'll see it everywhere. And there's a good reason for it. The microphone itself has a lot of options on it without purchasing anything else. If you go with some higher end microphones you oftentimes have to purchase additional audio gear to take advantage of it. So while the Blue Yeti may not be the highest end microphone that you can purchase. The fact that it is a USB microphone that you don't need anything else really to take advantage of it makes it really great for presenters. On it you have you see those two dials on the back. One of them is for adjustable gain. So if you go ahead and you want to make the audio louder because you're placing the microphone further away from you. You'll be able to do that by adjusting the gain. You don't need to adjust anything else to do that. If you're too loud you can adjust the gain down and bring your audio to an acceptable level. It has adjustable pickup patterns. I won't go into those. If you're interested you can do that on the website. It has a physical mute button which I think is really useful for folks. And the last thing that it has that I absolutely love is it has an audio output. Somebody said that my voice was breaking up a bit. Also my connection was stuttering a bit. Can you give me some feedback if I'm coming through okay now? Yeah, you're good. Awesome. Yeah, it was breaking a lot earlier. Sorry about that. So one thing I really, really love about this microphone is it has an audio output on it. So you can get a live mix of your system audio and the audio that the microphone itself is picking up. Which is more of a radio host type of a thing to be able to hear whether you're close, you know, how your audio is going to sound to others. Obviously in certain environments or remote presentations can't necessarily account for things like the internet connection and, you know, intermediary servers. But other than that you can know that the audio as it's going out is as you expect. So it's about 100 bucks so the Yeti highly, highly recommend it. And since it's a simple USB microphone it's really easy to hook up, really easy to use and you just get that headphone output. Next thing is webcams. So a lot of folks have the Logitech webcams and like the C920 and C922 are very popular although difficult to get these days.  There hasn't been dramatic improvements to the quality of webcams in a number of years. So I, you know, when I was setting up my own setup at home I first pride with an old webcam that was similar to what I was using. Eventually I saw that the real way to up my game was going to be to use a DSLR or digital SLR camera. Now how to use DSLR is a different thing. You know, sometimes you can go with some very basic settings. There's lots of different ways that you can, you know, up how the quality of your video in the camera itself is a lot of additional settings that you can configure that you will not be able to do on a webcam. So I started off with a very expensive SLR, the Canon 6D Mark II, which is fantastic but very expensive. What I am using right now is a Canon Rebel T4i which you can pick up on the used market for between $150, $100 and $150 very frequently these days. So the reason you can pick it up for that price is because it's a few years old. It's like I think 6, maybe even 7 years old at this point. But it still has the ability to do 1080p video with a large sensor. I'm really sorry spam but your voice for the last 30 seconds was totally gone. So can you please repeat from the point where you said about T4i? Okay. I hope everybody heard your audio to me as well but lost some of the info on the T4i. So with T4i I chose it because it is a few years old but it still has a lot of great features. The image sensor on the T4i is still high quality. You can get a 1080p image capture at 30 frames a second and it is available for between $100 and $150 on the used market. It's a little bit cheaper because it's a little older but the quality that you can get from it is still really, really good. So it's an often overlooked camera. Once we have the camera we want to go ahead and make sure that we can get that image into our computer because this is designed for taking photos. With the way we're going to get it into the computer it's going to use the capture card. So if you look up capture cards on the internet you're going to see everybody talking about the Elgato Cam Link 4K. That's the capture card that everybody wants to get. The Elgato Cam Link 4K is fantastic but it's under $50 I think it is sold out everywhere right now. And it may be great but that's going to be out of reach for a lot of folks. There are a number of really cheap video capture cards that have flooded the market recently that have totally decent quality and come in at a ridiculously low cost. If you go on Amazon or on eBay or on a number of other selling platforms and you search for a video capture card and you see one that looks like this with no brand name and it has these rounded corners and just the HDMI logo, USB on one side and HDMI on the other. This thing you can purchase for as low as $15 and I frequently see it for between $15 and $25. And it is a totally totally decent video capture card that will appear as a normal webcam input on your computer. So I highly recommend this. Even if you don't like the Canon Rebel P4i whatever camera you find, whatever video camera you find that has an HDMI output you can hook up to this and for $15 you can use it. So really, really highly recommended. When this first came on the market you saw some folks doing reviews and they were kind of stunned because this thing is just like it's a cheap $15 card. But the quality is decent and the input lag on it is also really, really low and competitive with the CambLink 4K. So it's really fantastic setup that you can get with that. If you want to take your image quality up even further and do some of the fancier things you may see on YouTube frequently I recommend switching out the normal lens on your SLR if you're going that route with a different lens. In this case, one I have selected is for the Canon P4i has a EFS mount.  And it will fit the Canon lens mounts. You can literally go on Amazon, search for lenses that will fit the T4i because they have a lens search tool and sort it by price and this will show up as the lowest price. And this is a $50 lens that is a 50mm and an f-stop of 1.8. So this is not necessarily words that will make sense to everybody. But if you watch a YouTube video and you see you have the person clear and their background is defined as blurry, they're using what's known as depth of field. So they are in focus but what is behind them is either slightly or totally out of focus. This lens will enable you to do that much better than what came in the box. So we've gone ahead and we've added by adding all of these elements together, we end up with a full solution. That's it. Essentially we'll go to the National Center. Sounds like my voice is breaking up again. I'll just do that. So if you see here, I've broken it down again by price. You can mix and match as you go but I think what we have here is something that can give you a full professional setup and at a price point that is going to be just a little bit above some of the webcams that are sold, to be a little bit higher end webcams, those can cost $200 to $250 on their own. This gives you a very flexible, very professional setup for just a tiny bit more than that. So I'd highly recommend it if you want to go ahead and have better presentations. I think it is a very worthwhile investment and if you get none of the audio or video stuff, I'd totally recommend that you go ahead and at least get the softbox. I know I've spoke with a number of teachers who as they are getting prepared for this coming year and they know that they're going to be presenting remotely, they've gone ahead and bought the softbox that I have here and it's already leaps and bounds beyond what they were doing previously even if they just went with the built-in webcam on their laptop to improve things. So one last thing because I know this has come up in some presentations that I've done and seen others do. When you are going ahead and doing a presentation, you may want to go ahead and show off a physical piece of hardware or something else. Maybe you're doing lock picking. You can invest, you can use OBS and there's plenty of tutorials up on how to use OBS to composite a second camera in, but if you just want to go ahead and use the software they're already using to do it, if you're using Zoom as a lot of folks are, if you just go in and select inside of Zoom share camera and go to advance, they have a little share content from a second screen so you can highlight your video of let's say a second webcam that you have pointed at a piece of hardware or at a lock or anything else and still have your video of your face be able to be seen by folks. So that's it. Thank you so much for coming. I apologize that it looks like my connection may have been not the best and may have affected it somewhat, but thank you so much everybody for coming. And I will, if I have the ability, I will open this up for questions.


My fellow Manisferians, today as president of the Manisphere I'm endorsing Donald J. Trump for president of the United States 2020.  To view my full reasoning and statement on this endorsement visit theManisphere.org or tap the link beneath this video. This is Anthony Dream Johnson president of the Manisphere. God bless America and God bless the Manisphere.