Vancouver, Canada, it's theCUBE! Covering OpenStack Summit North America 2018, brought to you by Red Hat, the OpenStack Foundation, and its ecosystem partners. Hi, and you're watching SiliconANGLE Media's coverage of theCUBE here at OpenStack Summit 2018 in beautiful Vancouver. I'm Stu Miniman, we're like co-host John Troyer. We've been here, this is now the third day of coverage, John. We've done a couple dozen interviews already. We've got one more day of coverage. But we had some kind of perceptions coming in and I have some interesting, differing viewpoints as to where we are for OpenStack, the project, where this show itself is going. So, first of all, John, give me your impressions overall. Vancouver, your first time here. City, I fell in love with last time I came here. And let's get into the show itself too. Sure, sure. I mean, the show's a little bit smaller this year than it had been in the past years. Some of that is because they pulled some of the technical stuff out last year or two couple years ago.  The folks we've talked to, the folks that have been going to sessions have said they've been very good. The people here are practitioners. They are running OpenStack or about to run OpenStack or upgrading their OpenStack or other adjacent technologies. They're real people doing real work. As we talked to folks and sponsors, the conversations have been productive. So I'd say in general, this kind of a small venue in a beautiful city allows for a really productive, community-oriented event. So that's been great. All right, so John, come on. In the analysis segment, we're not allowed to pull any punches. So attendance absolutely is down. So three years ago when we were here, it was around 5,500. Mark Collier on our opening segment said it's about 2,600. But to your point, I've not talked to a single vendor or attendee here. That was like, oh boy, nobody's here. It's not going on. Yes, the Expo Hall is way smaller and people flowing through the Expo Hall isn't great all the time. But why is that? Because the people that are here, they're in sessions. They have 40 sessions about edge computing, hot topic. We've talked a bunch about that. Interesting conversations. There is way more in containers. Containers for more than three years been a topic conversation. And there's so many other sessions. So people are digging in. The line you've used a couple of time is the people here are people that have more. It gets us in a good way. It means these are jobs. These are not them. Oh, I heard about this cool new thing. And I'm going to go check out beautiful Vancouver. Now, yes, we've brought our spouses or significant others and checking out the environment because yeah, this place is awesome. But there's good energy at the show. There's good technical conversations. Many of the people we've talked to even if they're not the biggest open stack fans, they're like, but our customers are using this in a lot of different ways. So, next, let's talk about open stack. Where is it? Where isn't it? What's your take from what you've heard from the customers and the vendors? Sure, I definitely think the conversation is warranted. As we came in from outside the community, there was a lot of conversation even back channel. Like why are you going to open stack summit? What's going on there? Is it still alive? Which is kind of a perception of maybe it's an indication of where the marketing is on this project or where it is on the hype cycle. But in terms of where it is and where it isn't, it's built into everything. So at this point, open stack, the infrastructure management, open infrastructure management solution seems to be mature. It seems to be inside every telco, every cable company, every transportation company, every bank. So people who need private resources and have the smarts and power to do that have leveraged open stack now. And so that seems stable. What was interesting here is that doesn't speak to the health overall in the history of the future of the project itself, the foundation, the summit. I think those are separate questions. The infrastructure and projects seem good. Also here, like we've talked about, that this show is not just about open stack now. It's about containers. It's about broadening the scope of these people and formerly known as infrastructure operators to the application level as well. Yeah, if you want to hear a little bit more about some two great interviews we did yesterday. Sean Michael Kerner, who's a journalist, been here for almost every single one of the open stack shows. He's at eWeek, had some really good discussion. He said, private cloud, it doesn't exist. Now, he said, what does he mean by that? There are companies that are building large scalable clouds with open stack. But it's like if some of the big China telecom, the big China cloud companies, Oracle and IBM have lots of open stack in what they do. And yes, there are, as you mentioned, the telcos are a big use case. We had some canonical customers talking about Edge as a new use case for a different type of scalability. Lots of nodes, but not one massive infrastructure as a service piece. But if I talk kind of the typical enterprise or definitely going the SME piece of the market, this is not something that they go and use. They will use services that have open stack. It might be part of the ecosystem that they're playing, but people saying, oh, I had my VMware environment and I want to go from virtualization to private cloud. Open stack's not usually the first choice, even though Red Hat has some customers that kind of fit into some of the larger sides of that. And we'll be talking to them more about that today. And the other, Randy Bias is the other one, I take a look. Randy was one of the early, very central to a lot of stuff happening in the foundation. He's in the networking space now and he says, even though he's not a cheerleader for open stack, he's like, why am I here? That's where my customers are. Right, right. I mean, I do think it's interesting that public cloud is certainly mentioned, AWS, Google, et cetera. But it is not top of mind for a lot of these folks and it's mentioned in very different ways depending on kind of the players. I think it's very different from last week at Red Hat Summit, Red Hat with their story and OpenShift on top of OpenStack, definitely talk public cloud for folks. Then they cross cloud, hybrid cloud. I think that was a much different conversation than I've been hearing this week. And I think basically kind of maybe depends on the approach of the different players in the markets do. I know you've been talking to different folks about that. Yeah, absolutely. So like Margaret Dawson of Red Hat helped us talk about how that hybrid cloud works because here, I hate to say it's some, oh yeah, public cloud, that's too expensive and you're renting and it's always going to be more. It's like, well, no, come on, let's understand. There's lots of applications that are there and customers, it's an and message for almost all of them. How does that fit together? I have some critiques as to how this goes together. You brought up another point though, John. OpenStack Foundation is more than just OpenStack projects. So Kata Containers, something that was announced last year and we're talking about there's Edge, there's the new CICD, Toolzool, which is now fully under the project. Yes, the joke of the week, there is no OpenStack, there is only Zool, but there are actually, there's another open source project named Zool too. So boy, how many CICD tools are out there and we've got two different unrelated projects with the same name. John, you look at communities, you look at foundations. If this isn't the core knitting of OpenStack, what is their role vis-a-vis the cloud native and how do they compare to say the big player in this space is Linux Foundation, which includes CMCF? That's a good one. I mean, in some sense, like all organic things, things are either growing or shrinking, they're growing or dying. On the other hand, in technology, nothing ever truly dies. So I think the project seems mature and healthy and it's being used. The foundation is global in scope and continues to run this, but I do wonder about community identity and what it means to be an OpenStack member. It's very community-oriented, but what's at the nut of it here if we're really part of a cloud native ecosystem? CMCF, it's part of Linux Foundation, all these different foundations, but CMCF, on the other hand, is kind of a grab bag of technology, so I'm not sure what it means to be a member of CMCF either. So I think both of these foundations will continue to go forward with slightly different identities. I think for the community as a whole, the industry as a whole, they are talking and they'd better be talking, and it's good that they're talking now and working better together. Yeah, great discussion we had with Lisa Marie Namphee, who's an OpenStack ambassador. She holds a meetup in Silicon Valley and when she positions it, it's about cloud native and it's about all these things. So like Kubernetes, front and center, whereas some of the OpenStack people are saying, oh no, no, we need to talk more about OpenStack and that's still, the dynamic here was, oh, we go great together. Well, sometimes that'll just protest too much. You know, Kubernetes doesn't need OpenStack. OpenStack absolutely must be able to play in this container cloud native Kubernetes world and there's lots of other places we can learn about Kubernetes. So it is an interesting dynamic that have been sorting out, but it is not a zero sum game. There's absolutely lots that we have. I actually was really impressed how many customers we got to speak with on the air this time. Nice with three days of programming, we had a little bit of flexibility and not just people that were on the keynote stage, not just people that have been coming for years, but a few of the interviews we had are relatively new. Not somebody that have been on since, very early in the alphabet, now we're at Queens. Anything more from the customers or that container Kubernetes dynamic that you want to cover? Sure, well, I mean, just that containers at least containers were everywhere here. And so I think that kind of question has been resolved in some sense. It was a little more contentious last year than this year. I'm actually more bullish on OpenStack as a utility project after this week than before. I think I can confidently look people in the eye and say that the interesting thing for me though, in coming from Silicon Valley, is you're so used to thinking about VCs and growth and new startups and where's the cutting edge that it's kind of hard to talk about this, maybe this open source business model where the customer base is finite and it's not growing at 100% a year. So sometimes the press has hard time covering that, analysts have hard time covering that. And if you wanted to give advice to somebody to get into OpenStack, I'm not sure who should if they're not in it already. There's definitely defined use cases, but I think maybe those people have already self identified. All right, so yeah, the last thing I wanted to mention is yeah, big thank to our sponsors to help get us here. The OpenStack Foundation, really supportive of us for six years of us covering it. Our headline sponsor Red Hat has some great customers. Talked about this piece is kind of, we talk about it's practically Red Hat Month on theCUBE for John with Red Hat Summit and OpenStack. And Canonical, Contron, Nuage Networks all helping us to be able to bring this content to you. So be sure to check out thecube.net for all the coverage in the past as where we'll be hit John Troyer, J Troyer on Twitter or myself, Stu on Twitter if you ever have any questions, people we should be talking to, viewpoints, whether you agree or disagree with what we're talking about. Big thanks to all of our crew here and thank you to the wonderful people of Vancouver for being so welcoming of this event and all of us. So check out all the interviews and for John Troyer, I'm Stu Minin. Thanks for watching theCUBE.


Hello, I'm Mick and in this short video I'll demonstrate how you can assess whether you are losing or accumulating soil. Soil is the basis of biosystems and without healthy soils we cannot grow food and many other things we depend on. For this simple method all we will need is five threaded bolts, three for each of your zones and two for our control sites, tape measure and tape, we use tape but you can also use spray paint. We then mark each threaded bolt at half a meter as that is how deep they should go in the soil to be properly fixed. We select three spots to reflect each zone that we are studying, preferably along contour lines or swales of sediment traps. Also select two control spots within fields that are being managed conventionally. In those locations push the poles halfway into the ground so that it's in there securely and won't move on its own. Mark the level at which the pole hits the ground with spray paint or tape. Then return to the poles one year later and mark the current soil level.


The study found that wearing a face mask can cause changes in breathing patterns, but these changes are not harmful. When worn during light work, there was no effect on blood gasses. However, when worn during moderate or heavy exercise, the mask caused a slight decrease in blood oxygen levels, but this did not pose any health risks. This article was authored by Ike Maximilian Marek, Vera Van Kampen, Burji Jetkant, and others.


Hi friends, I am Arpita Kairava and welcome to my channel. This is our segment strategized with Arpita in 60 seconds and today we are going to talk about marks required to qualify JRF. So friends, paper one is of 100 marks, paper two is of 200 marks. Cumulatively the two papers are of 300 marks. I would suggest you to keep a target score of about 200 marks if you want to qualify JRF. If you get somewhere between 200 to 220, it's a safe score. In paper one, try to get around 70 marks which means out of 50, 35 questions have to be point correct. This will give you a leverage. Now in paper two, try to score around 130-140 marks which means you need to get about 65 to 70 questions right. This is what your targets must be if you want to set yourself apart from all your peers. Just like Arjala, keep your eyes on the target and keep studying hard. I will see you next time in another Nitshot. Till then stay tuned to ArpitaKairava.com


What's going on, everyone? Sam here with Layton Sports Cards. We're doing a two box football and baseball mixer for Jeff T. We've got one 2021 Penini Prism Football T-Mall Edition. And then we've got a 2022 Topschrom hobby baseball, as well as a silver pack. So let's do the Topschrom, or the Topschrom, the Prism T-Mall first. So again, that is a 21 Prism T-Mall. Get one exclusive card, the red, yellow, number to 39. So hopefully I can pull a rookie out of that. That'd be pretty awesome. Kyle Van Noy, Juju, Chas Sarat Rookie, Elijah Moore Rookie, just requested to trade. Silver Jamar Chase, very nice. Let's see, we've got Seahawks. I'll be a rookie. Be my god. Jordan Brooks, 17 out of 39 on your T-Mall exclusive. What's up, KJ? Nice one there. All right, let's do the 2022 Topschrom hobby next. We'll do your packs first, and then your silver pack last. Like we did in your last one here. Uh, Jeff. Prism, Jared Kelnick, engine right. Sammy Long on a Prism Rookie. John Lester, Tim Shrype, Christian Yelich, Jackson Coa Rookie. Anthony Rizzo Refractor, and Tyler Glasnow. Shohei, Yohan Moncada. That's a Kevin Smith Rookie, auto on the teal wave, 80 out of 199. Blue Jays, nice one there. And Matt Veerling Rookie. Seah Super. Lucas Geolito, yeah, there's an extra card in there. Lucas Geolito, Lou Bob. Prism, Miguel Cabrera, Joe Musgrove. Purple Whitmerfield, that is 130 out of 250, Royals. And Patrick Wisdom. Jose Ciri, Refractor, Rookie Astros. Lameki Base, Joey Vada.  That is base auto for the Angels. Rookie, I like them. Rookie, Big Dumper. There he is. Refractor, Brian De La Cruz Rookie. Lester Posey. Wander Franco Rookie. Refractor, Jack Flaherty. And Fran Milareas. Louis Heel. Casey Meyes, Prism. Fernando Paz, each junior. Pau Seager. Jaren Duran Rookie. Jackson Reetz, Refractor Rookie, for the Brewers, Zach Pop. Alex Minoa, Carlos Correa. We got a Jersey card, 50 out of 99, Boba Shet. Nice one there on the top scrum club threads. Extra hit for ya. That is game worn as well. Joey Delft, Dr. Klossay. And that'll do it for your box and top scrum. Let's do your silver pack now. Come on, baby. See something big. Tyler Gilbert. Part of the City Brights Harper and Anthony Rendon. That will do it for your box, Jeff. Thanks again for hopping in. We'll get those right out to you, man.


Russian President Vladimir Putin will meet Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan for talks in Kazakhstan on Thursday, a meeting at which Turkey is likely to raise ideas for peace in Ukraine. Kremlin aide Yuri Yushekov told reporters on Wednesday. The Kremlin aide said reports suggested the Turkish side had considerations to put forward to Putin. The European Commission's President Ursula von der Leyen said on Wednesday that the EU has proposed to grant candidate status to Bosnia and Herzegovina. It's now a year ago that I visited the Western Balkans, and it was so obvious that our opponents look at the Western Balkans as a geopolitical chessboard. Their goal is to drive a wedge between the Western Balkans and the rest of Europe. And yet the overwhelming majority, and that's heartwarming, the overwhelming majority of citizens in the Western Balkans aspire to be part of the European Union. And that is why we must strengthen the credibility of our accession process. Ukraine and Moldova are now candidates for joining to joining our Union. And today, we have proposed to grant candidate status to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the college decision. We have recognized Georgia's European perspective too. So wind of change is once again blowing through Europe, and we have to capture this momentum. We have to push for this momentum. The Western Balkans belong in our family, and we have to make this very, very clear. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Yes. I'm obviously sorry to bother you with this technique. Yes, sir. And in the only reason I brought this speech, it has not been discussed with me. I say this in strict confidence. I want you to quote me and repeat myself. I have not read it. I just had the press secretary call me at the place that he says he will stop the bomb and pause, but he will stop the bomb and get elected. And then it indicates that he has to have direct or indirect or deed or act that they would respect the DMZ. I don't know really what he is saying.


Thanks. Astro wet. I am so grateful to have found this knowledgeable and open-minded community teacher. You do attract so wonderful. Awesome. And you guys as well, man. Like, thanks for contributing. Thanks for being here. Thanks for the conversation. Seriously, look, I don't want to say in the past and go, you know, get all nostalgic and this stuff, right? But before the technocrats started censoring, before more people started putting their faith in centralized governments and centralized economic system, people weren't, didn't have such a thin skinned where they needed a centralized power to protect their egos or their beliefs. Okay, they had the ability to defend and talk about their wants, their loves, and they could laugh at themselves. They could laugh at others. You could grow and learn together and people realized that they didn't necessarily live in a bubble that they could go out of that bubble or they didn't have to stay in that bubble. They could go out of that bubble and there was no boogeyman outside the bubble. There was just other human beings with different ideas and different experiences, right? That's what we need, right?


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's casebreaks.com coming at you with 2020 Tops Museum Collection Baseball. Six Fox, half case, pick your team, number seven. Which is actually the second half of the case that we did, eight filled first. There's seven right there. There it is. So right here on Thursday, the 30th, big thanks all of these folks for getting into it. Marked on my Dodgers, last bottom mojo. They're up four one right now and the fourth and with two men on threatening again. See the spellinger at that. I got to go back to that Lakers game too. Andrew Herman, what's going on? How are you? Rolls it right to second. Back to Lakers game, we go on TNT, commercial. No, not at all. Got plenty of time. So buy your spots. There's Jacob de Grom to 50. Tony Gwynne to 99. Thanks for Andy, appreciate that. Three out of 25, Kyle Hendricks. You've been doing this for about five or six years. You get to be kind of good at roofing packs. There you go. Three out of 25, two color dual rather than auto. Jason Wainer with the Cubs. Juan Soto, I think he's gonna be back in action soon. Reveals a Mike Trout, nice. Three pieces of his lumber in his jersey, 83 out of 99. Who's got the halos? That will be Dean with the Angels. Behind JD Martinez is Logan Allen, 228 out of 299. Arthur with the tribe, there you go. Early, it's good. Keeps Arthur off of my back for the rest of the break. Nice, there you go, Arthur. And we've got a Saskatchewan production for Max Scherzer and Brennan Rogers, 137 out of 299. Rockies, that'll be for Will Christian. Oh, you're Dean, okay, yeah, there you go. Nice trout. That's your brother, but you're saying it's your trout. How does that work? Does your brother know about this? I believe that, I believe he's your bro. Sure, Andy, but you said mine, trout, let's go. But, oh, it's his, okay, all right, just making sure. Oh, that wasn't enough, Arthur, damn. Let's find that Jesus. Next box, what up, Reines? Been busy, but just finishing up a submission for BGSPSA, sending out that tomorrow. Hopefully get back in the next seven days, letting you know. Yeah, oh, nice, nice, nice, nice. All right, good luck. Ryan, let's keep us posted on what your grades are gonna be. There's Keston Hira to 150. Ricky Anderson to 150. A's edition, ooh, what is it, ooh. Reese Hoskins, one of one Reese Hoskins. That goes to Raymond and the Phillies, nice. Excellent patch, he has excellent penmanship, and that is a one of one. Out of fives and under, get the train whistle. All aboard, the big hit express, woo-hoo. That's nice, I'll have to save that for picture time, too. There's Nico Horner, 114 out of 299. Nice rookie on-card auto for the Cubs, Jason. Jason W with that one. All right, Reines, I'll see you tomorrow. Can't wait to hear your, the grade, grading update. Oh, another great patch right there. Paul DeYoung, that's part of the Cardinal sitting on the bat, I think, seven out of 25. That's for St. Louis, that'll be for Ed Ramos. Behind Chris Bryant is Yuli Gouriel, two out of 10. Three-color patch for EA and the Astros. All right, now the Clippers have taken the lead, 63, 55, starting off the third quarter, second half. Seven and a half minutes left. All right, next box. Arnie Banks, let's play two, 45 out of 99 for the Cubbies. Javier Baez, all these cards will ship, folks, all cards ship. Jake Rogers, 13 out of 25. Rookie auto for Nick Stanley and the Tigers. And some Yankees, we've got to roll this Chapman. Quad Relic for Chris Berry and the Bronx Bombers. Alburo Pujol's sketch, reproduction reveals a Jose Ramirez. Triple Relic in autograph, 11 out of 25. A couple pieces of his lumber, another one for Arthur. And behind Chipper Jones, chip off the old block, is Michael Chavis, 23 out of 25. Red Sox, Josh Proust with the Bo Sox. Phil is here in the house, he's looking for a Max Kepler. I feel like that's doable, right? Halfway through this half-case break, there's Virto Clemente at 50. Set aside that Luis Robert too. I mean, all cards will ship. Nolan Ryan to 150, but this guy's been doing especially well. It's kind of nice getting the player, player audio here. All right, another sketch, reproduction, Rizzo and Kessen Hiram, 215 out of 299. Jacob Johnson with the Brewers, the pride of UC Irvine. Probably one of the biggest ball players to come out of UC Irvine, maybe ever in their history. All right, we've got Aaron Saval, 48 out of 299, another one for Arthur and the Tribe. And we've got Quad Relic, Ted Williams, nice. The Splendid Splinter, is that what they call him? 13 out of 25, Josh Proust and the Bo Sox. He's a pretty good hitter. And behind Joey Vado is a Dual Relic, Labor Tores, Miguel Andujar, 12 out of 50. Hey, is that Ted Williams? Says game used. It's kind of cool. All right, two boxes to go. All right, good luck everybody. Let's pick a team, seven. Clipper's still up 66, 65 minutes, 525 left, 523. Less than third quarter. This game is really of that much importance though in terms of seeding. This is just everybody trying to get back into game shape. It's a competitive shape. All right, there's Tony Gwynne to 50 for the Friars. RIP, gone too soon. All right, behind Nolan Ryan is a Quad Relic, Aaron Judge. All rise, 34 out of 99, Chris Berry. Behind Nico Harner is Jack Flaherty, Captain Jack. 177 out of 2 at 99. Ed Ramos with the Cardinals. Ed Ran. Nice, Captain Jack. Johnny Bench reveals another base card. That's a Skechery Production, Jake of the Grum. And we've got this guy, 17 out of 50, Jose Altuve. He can just about make out the buzzer underneath his uniform there, EA. Led Guerrero Jr. reveals a Luke Voight. 007 out of 299, 007, doo-doo-doo-doo. I'm losing it. It's only Thursday, on Labor's? What is that? All right, last box. Pick your team, seven. Good luck, everybody. Wow, what a pass by Kuz. Right to Caruso. Mm. I thought Kuzma got locked up, but nope. Sorry, Trey Turner. Got these rubber mats here that protects it from my slippery hands in case I have a Mari Cooper hands. Raiders Edition, apparently on the Cowboys, he can catch everything. Out of 150 each hero. There's the Trey Turner, 99. Yeah, actually, you're right. There was no frame, Arthur. But I guess that MLB logo man took the place of that frame. So maybe that would maybe, when we see a logo man, it takes the place of a frame. There's Brandon McKay, 267 out of 299. Raise, Matt Bodner with the raise. No, not true. Maybe we just got shorted a frame then. I didn't even notice that. We got Will Smith, the Fresh Prince of Bel Air. 271 out of 299. Two-color dual relic and autograph from my Dodgers. And it goes to Mark, Dodgers. Last bot Mojo. Yeah, maybe Sean took them all last night. Robinson Cano reveals a quad relic, a quartet of Blue Jays. 58 out of 75. Vlad Goro Jr., Boba Shet, Cavendizio, and Lourdes. Gorillel Jr., that will be for Daniel Ruiz and the Blue Jays. And the last one here is Carlos Correa, 14 out of 35. Two-color patch for EA and the Astros. And there you have it, ladies and gentlemen. Joe for Jaspy's casebreaks.com. That was a nice picker team. Number seven, I think we might have some more. So keep your eye out for more on Jaspy's casebreaks.com and I'll break more with you next time. Bye-bye.


Caucetin is a polyphenol, which is a derivative of plants, and has been shown in vitro as well as in animal models to have several potential anti-inflammatory and anti-casinogenic applications. The substance has also been shown to aid in the attenuation of lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation, and capillary permeability. This article was authored by Xuan Chen, Hongmei Jiang, Xiaosong Wu, and others.


Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this video we are going to discuss comets. Now these are a solar system object that has been known since ancient times, but not really been able to be studied close until recently with the dawn of the space age that we could actually go and study what a comet is like. So we'll take a look a little bit about those over the course of this lecture. So let's look at some of the early observations first. What do we mean by some of these comets? Well, comets have been seen for thousands of years. They can be very easily visible in the sky, and here is one shown in a little tapestry here, where we can see it. And one of the problems was that it would seen as a sign of disaster. And why was that? Because it was a change in the heavens. Nowadays, we know that the heavens change all the time. But long ago, even just hundreds, five hundred to a thousand years ago, any sign of change in the heavens was a sign of disaster coming. So this is one example seen here. But what does a comet actually look like? And we can see that in this image that it has parts that are visible in the sky, which we call the head and the tails. We can see the head of the comet right at the center here. And we have one tail going back this way, kind of curving off to one side, and one going straight back here a little bit harder to see. So actually two tails to a comet, and most comets do have two tails. Now a comet does not flash across the sky. So it does not behave like a meteor or a shooting star. They will slowly change position just like a planet. They are orbiting through the solar system so that over the course of a night, it might follow a specific path through the sky and pass through it. But that will take time. It is not flashing through the sky like a shooting star. So if you see a comet one night, you can go back out the next night and it will be in roughly the same position. It won't change drastically from just one day to the next, just like any other solar system object. Jupiter or Venus will remain in essentially the same spot over the course of a couple of days. So what do we look at? When we look at cometary orbits, how do they orbit? Well, the difference with these in planets is the shape. The cometary orbits are very elliptical, and that means that they spend most of their time invisible in the outer solar system. So as a comet comes in close to here, it moves very quickly. Kepler's second law tells us that an object close to the sun moves faster, and an object far away from the sun out here moves very slow. So the vast majority of time a comet is invisible. It's only seen when it passes close to the sun, which is when it's moving its fastest so it can rush through here in just a couple of years and it can spend many decades out here in the depths of the solar system. We also know that comets come back over and over again, and Sir Edmund Halley discussed this, and in fact what he looked at was the orbits of comets that occurred in 1531, 1607, and 1682, and he noticed how similar their orbits were. So he made a prediction that said that maybe this comet would return in 1758. Unfortunately he died before that, and was never able to see that yes his prediction came true, but the comet was named in his honor as Halley's comet that comes back about once every 76 years and has been visible for over a thousand years now. It just constantly comes back, comes in close to the sun, and we see it for a couple of years, and then it heads back out and spends most of its time out here in the depths of the solar system. So comets have very elliptical orbits, and they do orbit in a way like a planet in that they come back to in a continuous orbit over and over again. So let's look at the structures of a comet. What is a comet made up of? Well, the pieces of the comet include the nucleus. That's the actual piece of the comet. That's this little tiny dot down here. So that is the cometary nucleus, which is where the actual material is.  And we have the coma of the comet, which is the larger area around this. Sometimes we see that as the head of the comet. That is where the material that has been vaporized from the nucleus resides. So some material is vaporized off this icy surface and then continues around the comet. It remains in a coma around the comet. That can include things like hydrogen, the hydroxyl molecule, carbon monoxide molecules, and various other objects that would be left there. And finally, we see the tails of a comet. We have two tails. Comets will have two. They will have a plasma or gas tail and a dust tail. So they are a little bit different here. We can see the plasma tail here going straight back and the dust tail kind of curving off to the side. Let's look at those in a little bit more detail here. So when we look at these tails, the comet tails will always point away from the sun. So you can always tell where the sun is in the sky relative to a comet by the direction that the tails are pointing. So here they're pointing away from the sun. As it's coming into the solar system, they lag behind the comet. Here they're pointing away from the sun. Here they're pointing away from the sun. So as the comet is leaving back into the outer solar system, the tail goes first. So the tail leads the comet. Now there are two types of tails, and we just mentioned those, but let's look at them in a little bit more detail. There is the plasma or gas tail, which consists of atoms or ions, atoms with the electrons removed. Those are very light particles and are pushed straight back from the sun. So we see this one going straight back. That is what we call the plasma or gas tail. It is very light particles, so they're very easily pushed away from the sun. There is also the dust tail, which is larger particles. These lag behind the comet in its orbit. So they're heavier particles, so you'll see them kind of curving away from this and kind of showing the direction with which the comet is moving. They're going to lag behind. I'm not sure when you see that, it tells you something about the direction the comet is moving. So just by looking at a comet's tails, we can tell the direction of the sun and the direction that the comet is moving at that time. So how have we explored comets and we have begun to explore them now? We have seen the problem is that the nucleus cannot be studied from the Earth. It's too small to be able to see any detail. The first explorations were of Halley's Comet in 1985, the last time it came close to the inner solar system, and gave us the first images of a comet nucleus. There was also the Stardust Mission in 1999, which went out to actually gather samples of cometary material and bring them back to Earth for study. However, the best study of a comet to date has been the Rosetta Mission. And we'll see that here. Rosetta was a mission to orbit and land on a comet. So in 2014, the Rosetta spacecraft went into orbit around the comet and we see the comet here, and you can start to see some of the structures. This is the nucleus that we never really had a chance to see before the mid-1980s. So we can actually now see what this cometary surface looks like, and we expect it's very icy. So most of this is made up of icy material with some dust and rock bits kind of thrown in. So what it was able to do was give us, first of all, detailed images of the surface. So not just images like this, but we're actually able to see far more detail of the surface, some very close-up images. And we got to see it as it approached the sun so we could watch for changes as material was being vaporized off the surface. So Rosetta was able to study that as this comet made its approach to the sun. It did have a lander, the filet lander, which was designed to land on the surface and kind of harpoon itself into the surface to hold itself in place. Unfortunately, some of the mechanisms failed, and when it landed on the surface, it bounced and went into, not this specific part, but into a very shadowed area, which meant that unfortunately it was unable to recharge its batteries using solar cells, so it was only able to work until those batteries died. So it was able to give us a little bit of information from the surface of this comet, but not as much as we would have hoped. But that was really our very good up-close study of a comet and has given us a lot of the knowledge that we have of comets overall today. So where did the comets come from? Well, we note that there are two types of comets, and we call these short period and long period comets. We typically divide these by their orbital periods. So short period comets are orbits of less than 200 years. Long period comets are those with more than 200 years. But we also see other differences in their structures. In their orbits. And in fact, the short period comets orbit in the same plane and direction as the planets. So they act just like planets and asteroids and other objects. They're all orbiting around the sun in the same direction. So they all orbit around counterclockwise. The planets go counterclockwise. And even those comets that we see that come in with more elliptical orbits will also orbit counterclockwise around the sun. So they orbit in the same plane roughly, meaning that they're not tilted up or down out of the image here and essentially in the same direction. So they're kind of a part of the solar system. The others are what we call the long period comets. They have random directions, meaning that they can go in any direction that you could have them coming around in a clockwise direction. And they could also come very much in a three-dimensional sense that they could come from way up above the image here and go down below it. So they can have a random direction and a random orientation. They are spread out all over. So where do these come from? Well, typically we find two locations for them. They can come from the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud. The short period comets come from the Kuiper Belt out beyond Neptune. This is that distribution of icy bodies. Pluto exists out there as well as some of the other dwarf planets. And Neptune is very close to them, meaning that its gravity can cause deviation to the orbits and bring them into the inner solar system. So it can actually bring comets that were orbiting way out beyond it down into the inner part of the solar system. So it can bring them in for us to see. The others are long period comets. Now those exist out in what we call the Oort Cloud. That's a very large spherical distribution of cometary nuclei. They may have been pushed out there and probably were when the solar system was forming. As icy objects came close to Jupiter or Saturn or one of the other giant planets, they could get kicked out of the solar system but would end up in this great Oort Cloud. Meaning that they were still orbiting around the Sun but on very large orbits. And what you could have is that a passing star could come close to the Oort Cloud. It goes out to 100,000 astronomical units and we could have stars that actually pass within that distance from time to time. So we could have a star that passes close and that could deviate their orbits, bringing them into the inner part of the solar system. So passing star here could bring that comet and send it into the inner solar system. Neptune in the Kuiper Belt could do the same thing. So what happens to comets? Well, many of them will remain in orbit but eventually just fade out. They'll keep coming back but they do not have enough material to create a coma and a tail. So there could be essentially dead comets still orbiting around. They're not really visible because they do not come close to the Sun but there's not enough material left there to be vaporized. So we're not going to see a coma. We're not going to see the tails and the comet will be essentially invisible. I see rocky ball that orbits around the Sun. Some can actually be broken apart if they come too close to the Sun or one of the planets. So some can be broken apart, torn apart, and we see here one, as it passed close to Jupiter, that was actually ripped into a number of pieces by the tidal forces of Jupiter. So some of them can be destroyed by the Sun. Some of them can be destroyed by a planet or can actually impact into a planet. As we see here, comet Shoemaker-Levy in 1994 actually crashed into Jupiter and we saw all the pieces of it there and here we can see the scarred remnants of where it struck into Jupiter, of where it crashed into Jupiter. So cometary impacts can occur on other objects as well. This is just one relatively recent one that has been seen. So let's finish up with our summary of what we've gone over here and we've talked about comets. They have very elliptical orbits so they pass close to the Sun, but most of their time is spent in the depths of the solar system. The nuclei have been studied up close by spacecraft and even samples of cometary material being returned to the Earth. And finally, comet orbits can be deviated by more massive objects such as the planets, sometimes causing collisions so causing them to collide into planets. So that concludes our lecture on comets. We'll be back again next time for another topic in astronomy. So until then, have a great day, everyone and I will see you in class.


Mitch, thanks again for joining us here today at CSIS. This morning we had a very successful book event where we talked about your book, the Al-Qaeda Factor, Plots Against the West. Can you go ahead and give us an overview of your book and how you approach the topic? Sure, Ozzy. Yeah, essentially what I did is I wanted to look at how the Al-Qaeda threat has changed since 9-11. So I took what I deemed 16 of the most important plots against the West. In the West, I looked at North America, Europe and Australia, and looked at plots over this 18-year time period. And the idea was to try and find out if you stacked these plots against each other, what type of commonalities might come out? What were the similarities? What were the differences? And when looking at those different things, what might you be able to find out that would help you thwart future plots? So really only getting into the weeds and looking at how people radicalized in Madrid, in Copenhagen, in Sydney, Australia, in Toronto, in New York could we determine a lot of the underlying drivers for these plots. And essentially I think that's where a lot of the policy insights will come from. And essentially each chapter is a plot. So it could even be read sort of plot by plot to better understand them. And what was your primary purpose for taking this topic on? Why did you do the book? I think one of the things that I found at NYPD is the best way we've been able to help protect New York City is by understanding really the details, the anatomy of each one of these plots, learn things, and then incorporate that into our counter-terrorism efforts. So I thought if by looking at these most significant plots, there might be some insights that we might gain additional insights, and that might help New York and the U.S. and Western countries in general in trying to stop this threat. You know, Mitch, one of the things I thought was really fascinating about the book was how you discussed the evolution of the threat of al-Qaeda from 2001 basically to where we are now in the presence. For the audience, can you take us through that transformation and where you think the threat of al-Qaeda and the threats against the West is headed? Absolutely, I mean that's one of the conclusions that drops out of the plot in the sense that immediately after 9-11 it was clear who had hit the United States. It was the singular organization al-Qaeda corps. Sure, it had a few affiliates and allies in the Philippines and Indonesia and in 2004 in Iraq. But really, once we got past 2004, the threat metastasized. The threat sort of became much more disaggregated with a variety of different affiliates and allies. Groups like Tariq-e-Taliban Pakistan, Lashkar-e-Tibah, Jayshi Muhammad, al-Qaeda and the Islamic Mahabharat. Suddenly you really had this almost spontaneous growth of other groups that were existing in sanctuaries in Yemen, in Somalia, in the North African Maghreb who had similar goals as al-Qaeda and as we saw on Christmas Day and in May 2010 some of these groups like AQAP and TTP might actually project the plot out against the West. So now in 2012 we have to be concerned about the remnants of al-Qaeda corps, some of the affiliates and allies who are only gaining strength and still the homegrown threat which is still bubbling up. One of the things that's great about the book is you actually do put some observations and some pretty specific conclusions out there about this threat. What are some of those? I think one of the main conclusions is that whereas probably we thought initially after 9-11 the al-Qaeda threat was something that happened overseas and got launched toward us, we now know that ten years later actually an important part of the threat is people who radicalize in New York, who radicalize in London, Copenhagen, Madrid. So in a sense there's an element of the problem of the threat that starts out at home. Now obviously there's a lot of changes on our way in the counter-terrorism world. The death of bin Laden in May and we now have budget restrictions inside the federal government and obviously as you're well aware state and local too. Your conclusions, what kind of implications are they going to have for U.S. counter-terrorism policy not at the federal level but specifically the state level as well? I think it's important conclusions because clearly it's resource allocation questions because suddenly there's not enough money. The pie is much smaller. So where are we going to lay down chips? Big overseas military actions are probably prohibitively expensive now. And the question is what's most cost-effective? And I think one of the conclusions is that some chips need to be laid down on the home front to potentially identifying people before they travel overseas and really become that al-Qaeda-type threat. So resource allocation issues I think. Well, Mitch Silber from NYPD's Director of Intelligence, thank you for joining us. Thanks so much.