All right. Prologue. We live in a special time. We're in the middle of this graph right now. 200 years ago it took years to send information from one end of humanity to the other end of humanity and now it's instantaneous. But as we spread out to the other planets, to other stars, we won't be able to do that because the speed of light. A little bit about me, a little bit more about me. My name is Chad Ostrowski. I live in the Orion Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy on a water world called Earth on the east coast of the United States in a small city called Lancaster, Pennsylvania. This is what I've been up to for the past 14 years. This is my entire dot life chart. Each of these dots is a month of my life. The emojis represent significant things that happen. You can get one yourself.  That is the URL. Check it out. My day job I work at Citrusbite. We are about 70 people all around the world including here in Barcelona and we're always accepting applications. So if you're looking for a new gig, check us out. You can find me on the internet at Chad OH just about everywhere. Disclaimer, Earth is a spaceship and we're the passengers, cosmic pilgrims on a voyage toward truth. Or we're basically algae on the side of a boat. Cosmic algae. I am cosmic algae. I am learning with you. I am not an expert on a lot of the things I will be presenting. So if you know better please tell me afterwards so we can set the record straight. All right, where we're going? We're going to talk about problems of the future or problems of futures present. And then we're going to talk about solutions. We're going to run through offline first. We've heard about it a little bit already today but we'll see it in this new context. And then the distributed web. And my goal is to give us a good framework for how to think about all of these different technologies and how they all fit together. So let's go on a journey. How far is it to Mars? Let me switch. All right. So this is a website called distance2mars.com. And it says if the Earth were 100 pixels wide and then you can click a little arrow and fly to the moon. The moon would be 3,000 pixels away. Didn't take us long at all to get there. Meanwhile Mars at its closest would be, and now we see the stars moving, which you would not see the stars moving on your way to Mars. It would all be very still. You would see the Earth shrink and then you would see nothing change for a long time. As it says on the screen right now, we're currently going 7,000 pixels per second which is three times faster than the speed of light. So we will get to Mars very quickly, much faster than we can send radio signals or text messages to Mars. It will take 150 days to actually fly to Mars, current technology. Like I said, we're seeing right now kind of a simulation of how long it takes just to send one message, one direction to Mars, except we're going three times faster than light. It feels so fast, right? And I think the stars are about to slow down. You can see the little scroll bar over in the far right, working its way down the screen. And here we are. We're finally at Mars. So that was 56 million kilometers divided by the speed of light is three light minutes, which is a six minute latency, six minutes round trip during the fast part of the year. The longest, it can take 45 minutes round trip, 22 minutes each way when Earth and Mars are far apart. Who here has heard of Mars One? This is a non-profit organization that wants to establish a permanent human colony on Mars. Their current estimates are 20 30. A lot of people don't think that this will be the organization that actually does it, but it's really fun to think through what this would, how this would play out. They want to land four people on Mars in 2030 and then four more people two years after that and four more two years after that, et cetera, et cetera. On their website, on their FAQ, they have this question. What will the astronauts do on Mars? And part of the answer here has always stuck with me. They say Internet access will be limited to the astronauts' favorite websites, which will be, oops, oops, let me go back, there we go. Easy Internet access will be limited to their preferred sites, which are constantly updated on the local Mars web server. Other websites will take between six and 45 minutes to appear on their screen. So this line, preferred sites that are constantly updated on the local Mars web server, I was like thinking about that, it bugged me. And I think what I came to is like, does this even qualify as the Internet? No, this doesn't qualify. The Internet is a discussion. It's many to many. It is controlled by its participants. It is a great democratizer. And if I can't contribute, then it doesn't count. So let's think through it. Maybe Mars One was thinking about simple pages of static content, like this one. It doesn't matter what the content is, so I've blurted out. But even simple pages like this are very rare on the Internet. Usually they'll have a little thing in the bottom right where you can vote and say, yes, I liked this, or you can share it with your friends. Moving up the stack of how interactive apps are from there, we have social media. We on Earth will want to see what the Martians are up to. We'll want to look at their Instagram feeds. If the Internet's read only for them, how will we do that? And then there are all the apps that assume that you have constant, fast connection to the backbone of the Internet, stuff like Slack. Things like Slack will just never work on Mars the way that they're written right now. So, meanwhile, 2017, why should we care about this? Why did I bring us on this journey? Why do we want to solve this problem? My thesis is that tomorrow's problems are today's problems, but bigger. If we solve tomorrow's problems, we will solve all sorts of interesting problems right now. I'm going to be talking a lot about helping people or serving people in this talk. If that is not motivating for you, you can roughly translate those ideas into making money. Sometimes helping people can also help you make money from them. Sometimes helping people does not make money, but you can think of it that way. All right, so problem one, latency. We can totally fix latency if we fix this Mars problem. These are Amazon's data center locations. The yellow squares are their actual AWS locations, and then the little red circles are their CDN, their content delivery network. You can see that whole big parts of the globe are not served very well by them. And some of these parts have the worst infrastructure. This is a gift showing the number of Internet users and how it changed from 2000 to 2012. That last one was 2012. And you can see even at the end, in 2012, a lot of Africa still is not very well covered. And the infrastructure in a lot of these places is not good. It's very slow network speeds, and sometimes people are charged a lot for the data that they use. So we can fix this problem if we make an Internet that even works on Mars. There are 86 million people in Nigeria alone that are online right now, and that's with 46% of the population. So that's a lot of people to help. And then bringing it closer to maybe a lot of our experience, there's just airplane mode or spotty Wi-Fi connectivity, spotty cell connectivity. Flaky network connections are not limited to the developing world. It's something that we all experience. Earth problem number two, censorship. In 2011, Egypt cut off all of the Internet for the entire country, which brings us back to these folks. This is during the Arab Spring, they were trying to organize for a while, they were trying to get their democracy, communicating with Twitter, and then they couldn't talk to each other anymore because all of their communication was stored on a server way far away. And so it could no longer make the round trip back to them. This is countries at risk of disconnection the way that internet, the way that Egypt suffered disconnection. We in the blue countries tend to feel pretty smug about this, but just a little while after this, the internet was shut down to foil a protest. And censorship is a similar problem. It doesn't have to be as extreme as shutting down the entire Internet. Problem three, data growth outpaces network speed. In 2013, there were 4.4 zettabytes of data on the Internet. This graph is showing if you stacked up iPad errors, how far they would go to the moon. There would be like two thirds of the way to the moon in 2013. And in 2020, there's projected to be I think 6.7 or so ways to the moon. So 44 zettabytes. A lot of this is driven by the Internet of things. We have all these new devices that are sending a bunch of data back to centralized warehouses. Entire data centers are full of different sensors that are now being used to track everything. So there are just these huge data sets. And other data demand is being driven by WebVR or just VR in general. All these new augmented reality experiences or virtual reality experiences, 4K video, et cetera. The speed of the network does grow exponentially. This is a logarithmic graph. So if the straight line means that it's exponential, but it doesn't grow as quickly exponentially as computer power and our ability to store things and our desire to measure more things. So what do we do about all these different problems? How can we solve all of them? Let's go one step at a time. Let's think about we have Mars on one side and we have Earth on the other. And let's say that I'm on Mars and I visit, oh, and let's just say on average that they're 12 light minutes apart. So between three minutes and 22 minutes, 12 light minutes. So I'm there on Mars and I make a request for a web page to Entire.Life because why wouldn't I? And it takes 12 minutes, goes out to Earth, comes the whole way back. And then that page starts rendering. And my browser says, oh, it also needs some styles and some JavaScript and some assets. So back to Earth, it goes, gets the rest of the assets. And 48 minutes later, I can finally look at one page. All right. So improvement one, I think we heard about this earlier today, HTTP 2. So in this setup, I make the request for the web page. It comes back. But instead of just that one page, it also pushes along my styles, my JavaScripts, my assets, all the assets that I need in order to render that page. This is called server push, it is the server push feature of HTTP 2. So 24 minutes. Hooray. I mean, still not great. And it gets worse. Because let's say I tap a link and now that link has to go the whole way back to Earth. Except wait, we're front-end developers. So this is a single page app. So that will be instantaneous. Great. But let's say the next page loads in some plug-in JavaScript. And it loads in some new assets. So those now have to go to Earth. So it's 48 minutes for two whole pages. Big improvement there. And then we'll have to do it all again tomorrow, right? If we want to visit the website again, our browser is going to have to re-go through this whole dance, downloading all of these files, even though they probably haven't changed.  Improvement number two that we can make is service workers. Service workers give us periodic background sync, push notifications, and most interestingly for this context they give us rich offline experiences. They sit in between your app, they run in the background in your browser and whenever your app makes a request, it'll get intercepted by a service worker and the service worker is going to send back cashed assets if it has them so that it doesn't have to go the whole way through the network. In this case, the whole way back to Earth. Can we use it yet? Yes, if you go to, if you look up as service worker ready, the URL is not easily rememberable. But if you go to is service worker ready, you can see which features browsers currently support. For a lot of users, they can already start using service worker right now. So now, with service workers, service workers, I'm on Mars, I send my request to Earth, and now the server on Earth sends back my index.html, my styles, all those assets plus another asset, register service worker.js. And as soon as that gets back to Mars, my page starts going through it and it's going to send off the new request for the other stuff it's going to need in the background for my app to be fully functional. And then Earth will send all that stuff back. And now, maybe, if I was sitting there looking at one page for 48 minutes, by the time that I visit the next page, all of it will already be there. The app is installed essentially within the browser. And it'll all be there tomorrow. So whenever I go back, it's already there. So, I mean, we're going to have to expect some latency for people on Mars. It takes a long time to get that stuff. But at this point, we've got a working web app. It's not, it's not too bad. It's pretty cool. Except 48 minutes to install the app. Let's just say that the app is installed now. So, app installed. We'll just put a little check mark there to indicate that. And I'm browsing around the site and I come to form. And now I fill out this form. This is what Entire.life looks like. It's going to send a post request to an endpoint. And then when that data comes back from the server, when the server says like, yep, I saved it, then we update the user interface to show that event that they saved. This means that we're going to have a post request going the whole way to Earth, coming the whole way back. And 24 minutes for every single interaction. Not so great. Improvement three that we can make. Local storage. So the idea is that we will store data locally and sync it back to the server periodically. There are two underlying technologies in modern browsers for this. Local storage and index DB. I didn't know what to call this whole concept. Maybe web storage. It's weird to call it local storage and have one of the sub technologies be also called local storage. But here we are. So yes, these things are ready. You can use them in browsers now. And there are lots of tools to make it easier. Local forage is a pretty low level one that gives you a consistent API so that all of the browsers because all of the browsers implemented a little bit differently. Some of them use an older technology called web SQL. So local forage wraps them all up. Pouch DB is a whole like database that lives right in the browser. And the idea is that you have an entire real database in the browser. And occasionally, Pouch DB automatically syncs back to the server. It's made to use Couch DB on the server. That's couch with a C. You can use other things, though. There are things like RX DB, which use the same idea, but aren't maybe as tied to Couch DB or that same API. And there are lots of other tools that people are working on. Swarm, JS, synced DB, shared DB. And hoodie is a whole back end as a service that tries to make it very easy to do offline first applications. So we're on Mars now. We've installed this app with service workers. We have our little check mark saying that we've installed it. And now we're going to add things to a queue. We're going to instead of sending a post request every single time that we hit save on the form, it's going to add them to a queue. And I can add multiple things. And then every now and then it's going to sync to Earth. And when the request comes back, then we can clear out the queue. And now we know that the database and our local storage are both synced. So we're getting there. This is decent. It's almost working. Service workers plus local storage is approximately what people mean when they say progressive web apps. It's also approximately what people mean when they say offline first. So we're getting there, but there are still problems. So this all seems very Earth centric, right? Like, isn't it annoying that we live on Mars now, but we have to keep going to Earth for all our data? If we think about having this installed app, or we're going to make it a new problem, I have installed the app, I am on Mars, but I have a collaborator on Mars also, someone else, one of the four people who is settling it. When she wants to get the entire .life website, she has to make a request the whole way back to Earth, even though I already have the files there on my machine. And then the Earth sends them, like, that's just so annoying. Why can't she just request them right from me? And then I send them right back. Is there some way that we can do this? We need a better architecture for building apps like this. Specifically, everything we've been talking about so far is the client server architecture. We have browsers that are in our phones or in our computers, and they send a request out across the Internet to a server, and the server is the master. The server is where all the data lives, and then the server sends it back. This is kind of, this is described by this 1962 chart. Someone created this idea, came up with this idea in 1962 when the U.S. military via DARPA was coming up with the DARPA net, and they said, okay, we definitely don't want a centralized network. A centralized network means if there's a natural disaster or a bomb strike on a centralized spot, then we can't communicate with each other. That's bad.  Instead of that, what we've ended up with is this decentralized network. It's pretty good. There's no one point of failure, but there are still these servers are like the masters of the whole thing, and then there are these dumb nodes out on the end. How do we get to this distributed one? My tagline for the distributed web is where two or more devices are gathered. There the internet is also. So if we're sitting right next to each other and we have these amazing communication devices, why can't they communicate right with each other? Why can't we do this? The distributed web answers this question. Can my collaborator just ask for the files right from my machine with an emphatic, yes, yes, let's do that. So how do we do that? BitTorrent? Maybe BitTorrent. BitTorrent uses a tracking server, which is kind of centralized, to keep track of all these different pieces of files. And then you can download all the different pieces of files from all the different peers in the network, which seems like it's getting close. Or maybe we can use Git. Git, unlike older version control systems, is totally decentralized. Subversion, SVN was a little like our Mars Earth scenario that we've been talking about so far. But with Git, everyone has a complete working, fully, like it has the entire history of the entire source code on every single machine.  But it doesn't need to be GitHub. We all use GitHub. We have all centralized this beautiful decentralized piece of software. But it doesn't need to be centralized. Git does this using what's called a Merkle tree. This is this structure. So this whole concept was invented by Ralph Merkle, who also invented public private key encryption. We called a Merkle tree or a Merkle directed acyclic graph, which is a mouthful, so we shortened it to Merkle dag. And the idea is that there's a one-to-one relationship between a file and a hash of a file. You create a hash of a file, and that hash will uniquely identify that content. So 3FA0D4B98 uniquely identifies hello world. It will not, there will not be other content that could be represented by that hash. So this means that we don't need the tracking server anymore in BitTorrent, right? We might be able to use Git and BitTorrent together because now we don't need a central server to keep track of where all the pieces are because of all of our content is uniquely identified by different files. Enter IPFS, the interplanetary file system. A peer-to-peer hypermedia protocol to make the web faster, safer, and more open. It describes itself as similar to the original aims of the web, but IPFS is actually more similar to a single bit torrent swarm exchanging Git objects. That sounds like what we want. Cool. So improvement four. We'll throw in IPFS. IPFS is a distributed file system that seeks to connect all computing devices with the same system of files. Again, that sounds perfect for getting files right from one person to the other out at these edges of the network. It's becoming a new major subsystem of the Internet. If built right, it could complement or replace HTTP. It could complement or replace even more. It sounds crazy. It is crazy. All right, so how does it work? It is content addressable. Right now, whenever you say Twitter.com slash some user slash some tweet, it's kind of like going to a particular bookstore and saying, give me the book five in from the edge on the bottom shelf. And then that bookstore will hopefully hand you what you expected to see, but they could change that. Instead, IPFS uses slash IPFS slash the hash of some content. And this hash uniquely identifies the content just like in Git. So you know that what you're getting back is the content that you wanted. This is more analogous to using an ISBN and being able to go get the book at whatever local library instead of needing to go to one particular bookstore. So we can do this. We can send the files from me to my collaborator on Mars. And now we both have the app installed. No round trip to Earth. Sweet. But all right, we have that. But we're still using this queue where we're adding different data that we want to sync back to Earth to my local machine. And then at some point that's going to sync back to Earth. And then maybe Earth sends it to both of us. And now my collaborator has the updated, like, no, this again, we don't want this. We don't want round trips to Earth. It's way too long. It takes too much time. So instead of thinking of this queue, what if we just say like, okay, this data structure that lives in my browser is the database. We both have a full copy of the entire database like Git. And like Git, our database is identified by some hash, 8B716, et cetera. And then whenever I add an event, the hash of my database changes. And maybe I can broadcast that. I can publish that out for different subscribers. And the subscribers can say, cool, and update their own local copy of the database. And now we're storing a database in two different locations, this decentralized database between the two of us. Can we do this? Oh, one more thing. When someone back on Earth, like, now our database only lives on Mars. What if someone on Earth wants it now? What if we want to show off what we've been up to? Well, maybe we can both send it back. It'll be a little bit like BitTorrent, where we can each send back different pieces. We only have to send back half the data. Or if there are four of us, we each send back a quarter of the data. And then once it's back on Earth, of course, it'll distribute very quickly around the Earth network. So can we do this? Yes, we can. It's called IPFS PubSub. There's a whole video that you can find on the IPFS blog, where it uses IPFS PubSub, which is that idea of updating the file locally and then broadcasting to all your peers. It broadcasts it over WebRTC. And then it uses this algorithm called CRDTs, Conflict Free Replicated Data Types, which is a whole area of study into resolving conflicts. So if we update the same line at the same time, what do we do about that? CRDTs are a whole methodical, like, area of research around what to do about that problem. And there are already libraries that do this. So you can go start playing with this and build cool little apps that really are serverless. There is no server in the background. It's just two browsers communicating with each other. All right, one more puzzle piece. We've got distributed files and data now. Files and data that live on the individual nodes and then radiate out from there, right? We're creating our content on Mars. It goes back to Earth when it's requested there. But what about server-side logic? We now have this whole network of peers. Where do we do things like transactions, sending people money, or other things that we don't trust to run in JavaScript in someone's browser, where they can manipulate it? Really, what this is, we think of it as server-side logic. But what we really need is incorruptible logic, something that someone can't muck with. So we both have our apps installed. And now instead of sending data, let's say I want to send money. We're going to use this to keep track of how much money I have sent to the other people on Mars. I don't know why we need money on Mars. Maybe this metaphor is getting stretched too far. But maybe I add it to a payments table in my local database, and then I broadcast that. But what's to prevent the other person on Mars from saying, like, oh, yeah, he paid me way more than that, actually. He paid me three times more than that. That would make me very sad. So we need some way to do distributed ledgers, to all have a concrete idea or to all be able to agree with no central authority coming in between us to say who has how much money. We all need a way to agree on how much was sent and how much was received. This gif is from an awesome video about how the blockchain works. So this idea of distributed ledgers or distributed consensus, which is what we need, is also known as blockchain or Bitcoin, Bitcoin invented blockchain. Bitcoin came up with this idea of distributed consensus, consensus without a central authority. Or in this case, since we want incorruptible logic, not just the transactions, we can use Ethereum. Ethereum gives you smart contracts, contracts that are run between different machines in the network without the need for a central authority. This is their web page. They talk about building unstoppable applications, and they talk about this idea of smart contracts and incorruptible logic. So improvement six, Ethereum. And we did it. We have a fully functional app for any network edge. We fixed the Martian Internet. We fixed latency. We fixed censorship. We can put data close to where it's needed. We're feeling pretty good. And it gets crazier from there. Instead of getting like sadder from there, now it can get even weirder and cooler. Because we don't, we're not limited to the same kind of apps we built before. This is from the Ethereum homepage. And in the bottom left here, it has this, you can build, I'll make it bigger, you can build a virtual organization where members vote on issues. A transparent association based on shareholder voting. Your own country with an unchangeable constitution and a better, better delegative democracy. This all gets very blue sky, very like wild thinking. And you can, you can do things like build Airbnb the service without Airbnb the company. Now that people can interact directly without a middleman, a host can directly rent out their room to guests without needing Airbnb the company to mediate. And that opens the doors to all kinds of crazy things like this stuff. So let's wrap up. Where we've been. Problems of futures present. We have solved them. We've solved them with offline first, which is ready for you to use now and the distributed web, which is still falling into place around us and which you can still contribute to and shape the future of. And that is all. That was really fantastic. I'm very excited about the future of the interplanetary Internet. I have a few questions here for you from the audience. Let's see. You mentioned that AWS has a concept of regions. Should we treat planets as regions and design for high interplanet availability? I mentioned that what has regions? AWS regions. AWS has regions. Yes. So I would expect that like in one way that we could make the Martian Internet work is that you would be able to deploy to Mars. I would also expect that to be very expensive and for only big players to be able to do it. So I'm interested in solutions that are more accessible to all of us who are building side apps or new startups. Awesome. WebRTC typically needs a signaling server to connect to peers. Can this be distributed for interplanetary use easily as well? A signaling server in order to connect to peers. I have not actually used WebRTC myself. I know that with the example that I gave of the that video for using IPFS PubSub and CRDTs. I know that your computers find each other. I don't know if right now it's using some kind of signaling server. A lot of this stuff with the distributed web there are still parts that need to be centralized right now and people are doing a lot of thinking and a lot of work to figure out how to get rid of all the bits of centralization. Last question. How do you handle sensitive data and how do you handle sync failures? These are great questions. Right now IPFS is unencrypted or it's all you could encrypt it yourself and put something up there but there's no way for like you would have to work out with people on the other end how to decrypt that so you would have to send them a private key file or something like that or use keybase.io. So people are like the IPFS team the team that creates IPFS which you could contribute to of course but there is a company behind it called protocol labs and that is on the roadmap is to build in private data and it actually ends up being more private because instead of sending this data that you're then trusting a third party to encrypt you can essentially encrypt it yourself so it's encrypted the entire way over the wire and only the people who you give access to can then read it. Very cool thank you so much Chad. Let's give him another round of a


Welcome to another episode of In the Studio. The program is brought to you by Davis Media Access and broadcasts on Davis Community Television that's Comcast Channel 15 and AT&T, new verse, menu 99. We're also online at dctv.davismedia.org and recently on YouTube as well. I'm your host, Lynn Weaver, and today we're going to talk about a program in Davis for the Davis School, the Farm to School program. And with me to learn more about this or to tell us more about this are two wonderful guests. I have Beth Harrison. She's the executive director of YOLO Farm to Fork, which is the umbrella organization within which Farm to School fits. And also Dorothy Peterson, who is the chairperson for the Farm to School. Welcome both. Thank you so much for being on our show. I'm really delighted that you took a little time to tell us about these wonderful programs. So the first thing that I'd like to ask is how did you get involved, Beth, in the program and maybe a tiny bit about you? Well, I'm excited to be part of this program. As executive director, I came in around October of last year in 2013. I am fortunate to be the first executive director of YOLO Farm to Fork. It is a relatively new organization, even though Davis Farm to School has been around since 2000. I found out about this organization because it involves health and education and gardens and nutrition and just so many of my personal passions. When I found out that the executive director was being sought, I immediately applied for it and just was excited as it could be because I think this is such an important program for kids in the community and knowing that this organization was also going into YOLO County, it's just a great opportunity. And my background has been anywhere from, well, I've been in nonprofits for almost 20 years in management, strategic leadership, but also involved in health, education and just a variety of roles in small and large organizations. Well, that's great.  I am a Davis resident, yes. Yes, and obviously you must love good nutrition. Yes, absolutely. And I have two kids in the Davis School systems. I see, so that makes you even more motivated, yes. And Dorothy, can you tell us how did you get involved? And a little bit about your background, you're a Davis resident as well. I've been here since 1961. I graduated from Chico State, took my first job here, started our family and I've been retired since 1999 after 37 years of teaching and I did not want to give up all the good things that I had experienced. I helped set up the state prototype for special education in the state. Davis was one of the pilots and I taught through the special education program for 23 years, where I discovered gardens, nutrition and garbage or waste management. That's right. That's an important part of this new initiative, yes. What comes from the earth should go back to the earth. So when I retired in 1999, there was a program through the state that a person who was not quite a certain age, they could take the funds from the state, give it to the district and I could create a program. So what I did was I started all the gardens in Davis with the tutelage of Delaine Easton who was at that time state superintendent of public construction for the state of California. And because of her garden in every school, that set a focus and a bunch of us got together and we met about twice a month and we said we need to really look at our nutrition program. We need to look at our guidance that we're giving the children and supplement a lot of what is happening out of the textbook. And enrichment without direct teaching. It's experiential teaching and that's what Farm to School offers people. Well, it sounds wonderful and thank you for your dedication and for sharing this knowledge that you have. So basically it's good nutrition, good nutritional habits and hands-on tutorials to children to recognize where the food comes on and also benefits the community. It seems like a win-win situation so I think people ought to know much more about it and get involved if they can. Beth and Dorothy, very recently I believe your organization has produced a very nice video and with your permission I would like to show it because it illustrates some of the programs in a very entertaining way. So if we can have the video, it's a short video, that would be wonderful and feel free to comment as we are watching the video. Yellow Farm to Fork is an organization working through Yellow County. Right now we are working with schools through their gardens. We're helping to initiate and sustain them. This is also about increasing the local fresh produce in school meals and reducing waste through composting and recycling programs. Why it's important is it allows us to really get product that is as fresh as possible at the highest quality and at peak levels that really not only is it good for you but also helps the local economy of our area here in Yellow County. Our vision is really to help people learn where their food comes from, basically from farm, understanding the farm-based education but really getting ownership and experiential learning and bringing that home into the families. The next generation is going to be ones that we will never see their successes but they will be doing the kind of work that they really feel involved with and that's why we do the gardens, the waste and the nutrition. So presently right now we are purchasing 65% of our produce, it's all local produce that comes around from the area and next year hopefully we're going to increase that to 70, almost 75%. What's happening today is that a lot of schools have their gardens so they can eat straight out of the garden, the vegetables that they grow. It's amazing to see these kids are taking ownership of the food that they're growing and actually eating broccoli and choosing that in the school line. People sometimes don't realize that students are here with us almost 8, sometimes 10 hours per day and so they spend more time with us than they do really at home and so it's really our obligation to our students to help support them in good nutrition to really take a look at the whole student. We don't want to textbook the kids, we want them to experience it, it just comes naturally. To me that is one of the most powerful things I've ever seen, is a child teaching someone else. To see a student, let's say a 10 year old, holding up a stalk of broccoli and eating it like it's a lollipop. We've seen the reaction of our students that appreciate scratch cooked food that's made here in this beautiful central kitchen that we have that we distribute out to all our schools. And it is so exciting to see because you know that they will have a lifelong interest and habit of healthy eating. Beautiful colors, the greens and the red and the whites, wonderful, yes. And of course once again what is stressed is to give the children a hands-on experience. What impressed me the most was that children now choose broccoli out of the school line. I must say that I have to see this to believe but I trust that that is an accurate fact. Well kids love to eat what they grow and so by giving them this experience and actually seeing something grow and then being able to pick it straight from the garden and eat it has given them truly a sense of ownership of what this is about and then they do share it with their family. It's fantastic. At least most children. Can you tell me what's new this year that you're doing? Well with Yolo Farm to Fork as the Davis Farm to School program has been incredibly successful and we are in every school in Davis with school gardens and just in so many ways we're involved in the recycle programs and Dorothy could talk a little more about the Davis program. But with Yolo Farm to Fork we're actually going outside of Davis including Davis but in West Sacramento and Woodland. Yolo. Yolo Farm to Fork is. Yes, yes and this is great and so the two you manage, you direct both so you can absolutely interchange. Well we share what works and then we find out every community is unique. Every school is different. Everything that people are looking for fits what works for them and their community. So we really do go in to find out what do they need? What are they looking for? It might be a recycling and composting program or it might be needing a new school garden. So we approach each school individually. Individually, yes. Yes and we have found an incredible diversity of the needs that are in our community and we are reaching out to schools that have never had gardens, never had programs, to some that have some things in place but need a little more. So it's been wonderful and we just earlier this year were fortunate to have received grant funds that we turned around and granted out to 16 schools in Yolo County. And we can talk a little more about that later on during the interview. What events are coming up? I know that by the time this broadcast some of the events have already occurred but perhaps Dorothy you can talk about one that you can catch. I mean that the viewer can catch. Okay one of the things that is coming up this Saturday is the Village Feast. It's our main fundraiser. It's an high-end charge but we just finished with tour to Clark. And that is where over 700 people tour backyard chicken coops in Davis. And that is meant to keep the fee for the entry fee low so we can get families. And I know we just finished putting in a chicken coop with five beautiful ladies and they were one of the stars. We had over 450 people managed in our cul-de-sac who came through, exited and just had a wonderful time. And of course once again this event by the time we go on air will be gone but the chicken coop will stay. The chicken coop will stay and this year we celebrated our fifth year of tour to Clark. And this year this coming Saturday will be our tenth year of Village Feast. This is August 23rd for SIPO. And you have to realize that this could not happen without the businesses and the partnerships that we have forged over the past several years. And again we can talk about that a little more. And what else comes later on? I think you have something in October which is interesting, the grain to bread. Okay that is a program that has been supported over the year by the K-Pay Valley Farm Community. They are now in their 27th year of hosting a two day weekend harvest event. It's like a fair, if you can imagine the early pioneers years ago going to a farm and camping out all night.  And during the day times they listen to music, they have hands-on experiences for the children. And our participation in the past five years have been to show the children how they can get a finished product of bread. I have an Indian grinding stone that they can touch, they can grind the grain. Oh that's marvelous. As well as different other modern day grinders that they pick up and use at their meals now. But they can grind it, they can winnow it, they go through all the processes and then it goes into the flour and they make their own little small pizza and it goes into a wood fired oven. Oh that's fantastic. And of course the aim is also I'm sure that the children gain a terrible new respect and appreciation of what goes into how difficult it is to prepare, I mean first to grow and then prepare and simple, I mean staple like bread. Whereas you know we go to the safe way and buy it. This is wonderful. So that's another event that you're planning. And that is a big one and the whole community participates.  But they have had so much fun in the creek, on the jet lines, working with their hands, dancing to the music and everything is zero waste. So when they finish all the plates are either washed, returned to the vendors and everything is composted. So they live the way we should all live. Yes. For a whole weekend. Yes. And where does it take place? It takes place at full belly farms. Not very far from here then. It's up in the Cape Valley area. And for those people who have never been in that area, it is one of the most beautiful areas all four seasons. Right now it's kind of brown and yellow. But in the spring it just comes alive. And in the fall too? And in the fall because of all the different colors. Yes. And so yes, it's an experience that everyone should have. And I'm amazed at the amount of people who have never ever heard of it. Well I am too because they're only researching for this. I learned about this event. Is this a free event or do you accept the nations? There is a charge. Okay. And it's called hosedown. And what they do is the vendors are charged a fee to participate. And then at the very end they help with funding other nonprofits. Some of the money back to the community. I understand. They keep enough so that they could generate it from year to year. Yes. And so that they could have the health facilities, the emergency facilities there. And really quality. Two years ago I went there and I closed my eyes. I was sworn that Elvis Presley was down singing. It was delightful. It really was. Now what schools in Davis do you feed all of the United District? The Davis Unified School District, well all of the schools in Davis have school gardens. And we do have the program in each of the schools in terms of farm, well we can talk about farm trips. Second graders, Dorothy has been involved in this for a long time as well. But second graders get to go to farms. And so they're involved in that. A big part of what we do is also working with the student nutrition services director. And this is what I'd like to focus on for a minute. So do you have, how does it work, Beth? Do you have a contract or a letter of understanding with the school system? And how do you bring in this nutrition? Are you involved in network, on putting the cooks with the farmers? How does it work? Can you explain that to me? Actually in the video you saw Dominic Maki. And he is the Davis Joint Unified School District Student Nutrition Services Director. A cook it looks like. He is also a wonderful chef. Sorry, sorry. We're very fortunate to have him in the Davis School District providing these foods because he calls it scratch cooking or home house made. And one of his goals has been to of course bring more fresh local produce into the school meals. And another thing is to make sure that he doesn't use pre-packaged foods that are high on sodium. And he actually makes for instance his own teriyaki sauce. So from the gourmet meals that are served in the lunch program, which is fantastic. It's nothing like I remember eating when I was in school. This is quite different. And this is why more kids are now looking to the lunch program. And the parents are finally getting to know it. He's been with the schools in our area now for a year. And we're gearing up for a second year. As far as the memorandum of understanding, Dorothy has just worked with him. When we started this partnership with Davis Joint Unified School District, we created a memorandum of understanding between them and our non-profit. And really it's very generic. We will work very hard to assist you. You work very hard to assist us. In other words, we can go for funds that they cannot go for. So in the very early on, in the year 2000, we started getting grants to utilize for the school district. We helped with that grant by the salad bars, for example. That is a memorandum of understanding. Now they have to sign off on everything. But still, we went out, we used our power and we used our knowledge to access this to the very point that now we just updated the memorandum of understanding, which should be done every two years because of personnel changes and habits changes. But it is just a matter of trust and partnership. So that I can walk into the Davis Joint Unified School District and say, I have an idea. I'll make an appointment with someone, they'll listen, and they'll tell me from their side, the legal side and the federal mandate side what can and cannot be done. Understand. And then I take it back to the schools and say, okay, here's what we have. How can we make this work? Then I take it back because we don't own the program. That's Davis Joint Unified. We can tell them we can get some farmers. We can help you get taste testers. That's one of the biggest things Dominic Mocchi has done. He's created a partnership with the university to get interns to go to the lunch lines during the school week. And he is creating menus to see if the kids like it or dislike it. Oh, I see. So in other words, he's also integrating some research done by UC Davis, which is wonderful. Yes. Who buys the food? The kids do. No, I mean the products that come to the school. Who is in charge of that? Dominic Mocchi is in charge of that because he has to follow certain federal mandates. Yes. And he gets a certain amount of free and reduced costs through the government. But what we have done, we have passed a parcel tax and approximately $70,000 a year go to the nutrition program to supplement with local seasonal farm fresh product. He has to access that from the farmers or distributor. Now that is what makes our lunch program pop. Interesting. And what is the percentage of local farmers or local produce that is brought into the school? I think he mentioned... He said 65%. 65% is quite a lot. And I recently spoke with him and he said we're beyond that now. Yes. So even that was... Yes. And then of course this benefits, as I said a little while ago, benefits the economy of this region in a wonderful way. And your role, I believe, one of your roles is also to screen these farmers and to make sure that they are solid and produce good products, wouldn't you say? Actually that's a county decision. It's a county decision. I see. But we have such an amazing agriculture. The area around here and these farms and farmers are quite known among each other. Yes, of course. So it isn't a difficult enterprise. Let's talk a little bit about your supporters and benefactors. I don't know whether you want to disclose their names, but let's talk about it. And also how costly is this program? If you have some comparison, maybe it's impossible. But with other states or other counties, perhaps that's a little difficult. You don't have that type of statistics. Well, and our organization is quite unique. I mean there are farm to school programs across the country, but each one does something, you know... A little bit different. It's a little bit different. And we are not funded publicly. We do not get government grants typically. So at least YOLA Farm to Fork, what we do is work with individuals and partnerships is really the main source of income. Now we recently, as I earlier mentioned the grants that we gave to the schools, we were funded through Sutter Davis Hospital and through Orchard Hill Family Fund to be able to provide this. We actually had two programs, but they were our major funders in that. So we've been able to, we can disclose that. But the majority of our funding does come from individuals and donors in the community that know us. Yeah. How many people work in YOLA Farm to Fork approximately? Is it mostly volunteers? Yes. It's mostly volunteers, yes. And volunteer, committed volunteers, yes. And I just wanted to add to show another one of these very strong partnerships. Our belief is what comes from the earth must go back to the earth. Yes. And so early on to show the children that things can decompose and nourish the soil and vitalize the growing plant. I came up with an idea and got a grant, which... Congratulations. Yeah, and it was, it funded three schools. And what we did is we did a pilot and we took the best of the processes, made a template, created a program in the elementary school so that I could show the school district that we could cut their garbage bill 50%. Oh, that's fabulous. But it took me three years. And the person who funded this, the business, was Davis Waste Removal. Interesting. We're just about out of time. You won't believe it. However, I just wanted to mention this particular pilot. Can we find some information on your website for this? That was in 1999 in the year 2000. Yes. I don't know if we have the whole grant, but that agency is no longer funding anything like that. But there are other very important things that we can find on your website. And it's a very nice website, by the way. There is a web page that describes all the resources with the links to where you can get information nationally and by state. So that's maybe a very good way to start. And of course, you can always contact Beth or Dorothy if you have a particular question about this program. Thank you both so much for coming to talk to us. And thank you for the wonderful information that you've given us. So, Dorothy Peterson and Beth Harrison, thank you. And thank you all for watching. You've been watching in the studio. You can stream this program by going to our website, dctv.davismedia.org. We're also on YouTube. And maybe while you're on our website, you might want to stream some of our other interesting programs from all of us here at Davis Media Access, particularly the tech team. Thank you and see you next time.


What's up everybody? Jason here for Jazby'scasebrakes.com. So another R&B sold out, guys, for Pikachu number three of NT football. This R&B features the Jaguars, Dolphins, Eagles, Ravens, Bucks, and Broncos. Gonna get a piece of these teams for a fraction of the price you would have paid for. Everybody gets a piece of them via a serial number break. Get a random number from zero to nine. We go by the first number on the left side of serial number dash.  So there was everybody that got into the break with the pack fillers, but only the customers that bought in straight up get a chance to get that free full spot. So we use a dice roller for both lists, randomizers. It's a two and a two four times, good luck. One, two, three, four. And look at that, traumatic, winning again. Two and a two four times, boom. Nice little free extra bonus bar right there. So again, we'll do a little character sign. Whoa. Now we're gonna go four times here. One, two, three, four. Boom, traumatic, done a traumatic. And go down there. And four times here. One, two, three, four. Boom, zero down to seven. So your free spot got you spot zero. Allen with eight, Sean with six, two, and your free, or your full spot got you one. So also any one of ones. Allen with nine, Sean with three. Sal with four, last ball mojo. Allen with five, and then Sean with seven. There you go, folks. Awesome possum, guys, here we go. So again, coming up next in this every video is NT football.


What great pleasure to welcome the new Secretary-General of the United Nations, Antonio Gutierrez, here among us in Davos, just some days after you have been taken officially possession of your mandate and your office. I think never a UN Secretary-General has been so well prepared for his so important job managing global affairs. By formation and in your earlier life you were a professor for history so you have all the historical conception and understanding of the world. You served your country as a prime minister so you have all the managerial experience and leadership experience. You were a neighbor of ours in some way in Geneva when you were the, for many years the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and taking our motto of this annual meeting, Responsive and Responsible, you know what responsive means and what fast response means. So without further ado, Mr. Secretary-General, we are delighted to have you, I shouldn't say here, to have you back here because you have been many times here in your earlier incarnations. So please welcome the new Secretary-General of the United Nations, Antonio Gutierrez. Well thank you very much Professor Schwab, it's good to be back in Davos. Even if I would start by saying that we live in a dangerous world. We see a proliferation of new conflicts, old conflicts seem never to die, conflicts are becoming more and more interlinked, more linked with the new threat of global terrorism. In many situations they are internal conflicts, asymmetric with terrible violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law. They are the result of fragilities of states, of institutions, of societies. And in a world where power relations became unclear, not only unpredictability and impunity tend to proliferate, but it's very difficult for the international community to prevent crises and to timely solve them. At the same time, if one looks at the interconnection of the global megatrends, population growth and movements of people, climate change, food insecurity, water scarcity, we see there are more and more intercombined enhancing each other and creating situations in which more people is displaced or tension conflict can emerge. And even if one looks at the amazing results of globalization, technological progress, huge increase in world richness, the fact that trade has multiplied enormously in the last decades, if one sees how living conditions have improved and even how absolute poverty has dramatically decreased, the truth is that inequalities have also terribly increased. And that has created, especially because of the globalization of communication, that everybody now is aware of what's happening everywhere, that has created a huge frustration in many sectors of population, frustration that leads to the divorce between public opinions, societies and not only political establishments, but also international organizations even like the UN. Now, in this context, it is clear that we need a surge in diplomacy for peace and I think it is one of the key functions of a secretary general is to get personally involved in trying to create the conditions for some of these conflicts at least find a way to be resolved. And I think there is only one way to do it. It is to convince the parties to the conflict and the countries that have an influence on the parties to the conflict that today's wars are wars that nobody wins, everybody is losing, and that wars are becoming, that are becoming not only a terrible source of suffering for the populations of the countries involved, but a threat to regional stability. And today, if you look at Syria or Iraq or Afghanistan, they also are responsible for this dramatic increase in global terrorism. And so I think that with the threat that is so clear, countries involved should understand that they need to come together and put an end to this conflict and the pressure over them is, I think, one of the functions that the secretary general of the United Nations need to be able to gather with many other actors and also respecting the leadership of member states, the secretary should be able to push more strongly in order to be able to at least minimize some of the terrible consequences we are now facing. But it is clear for me that the priority for an organization like the UN and I would say the priority for the international community must be prevention, prevention of conflicts, but not only a conflict, prevention of natural disasters, and a certain number of other forms and other threats that undermine the well-being of the population of our planet. And prevention cannot be, especially when we speak about prevention of conflict, cannot be reduced to some form of diplomatic action. Now, prevention needs to be a comprehensive approach. And for an organization like the UN, prevention needs to bring together its three pillars of action, peace and security, sustainable development and human rights. And needs to recognize that the best prevention for conflict and the best prevention for other negative impacts on societies is, of course, sustainable and inclusive development. And in that regard, we need to take profit of the ambitious agreements of last year, the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the agreement on the agenda to 2030 for sustainable development goals. And we need to mobilize not only governments, not only civil societies, the academia, but the business sector in order to take profit of these agreements and to be together in a new form of partnership able at transforming those agreements into areas of action that help to prevent the conflicts and other dramas that we face in today's world. And that means that we need to invest in the resilience of societies. We need to invest in the strengths of states, institutions and civil societies. We need to invest in the protection of human rights. We need to invest in the empowerment of women, but also in addressing this scourge of the use and employment that is probably the worst problem we are facing in today's world with consequences not only for the well-being of the people involved and the societies, but also for global security. As young and employed people in several parts of the world are the largest area of recruitment for terrorist groups. But also to invest in addressing the basic needs of a population from education, from health, water, sanitation and to bring humanitarian and development actors together namely in the fragile situations that we face in many parts of the world. And at the same time, recognizing that all societies are now multi-ethnic, multi-religious, multi-cultural to invest in the social cohesion of those societies for diversity to be a richness, not a threat for people to be able, first of all, to see their identities valued but also for people to feel that they belong to the larger community for societies being inclusive and cohesive not to become a source of confrontation, not to become a source of instability as unfortunately in many parts of the world, including in the developed world. Now, in a context like these and to be able to address these challenges I think it's very important for the UN to recognize the need to reform and I would select three main areas of reform. First of all, reform of our peace strategy and architecture. Today, essentially the UN is known because of the peacekeeping missions and peacekeeping consumes about 70-something percent of our budget and most of our operations take place in countries where there is no peace to keep. Peacekeepers become inevitably part of the conflict and in a number of situations that creates an extremely difficult environment and facilitates the kind of abuses that also tarnish the image of the UN and we need to make sure that prevention and sustaining peace in countries that finally emerge from conflict must be the priority of the priorities and hopefully limit our peacekeeping effort in the future much more thanks to our capacity to prevent crises and to allow for stability to be preserved in societies. The reform of the peace and security areas of the UN. The reform of the UN development system based on coordination and accountability to be able to fully support countries in the implementation of sustainable development goals and in the implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change and finally our management reform. The staff rules, the financial rules, the budgetary rules of the UN if they were the result of a conspiracy not to allow the UN to work would probably be the same that we have. Obviously there was no conspiracy. What has happened is that in the logic of a bureaucracy central control has tended to not to allow the normal development of adequate procedures, decentralizing, simplifying things and the difficult relationship between the so-called Western countries and the G77 in the General Assembly in the so-called Fifth Committee with the mistrust that exists as creating a tendency for micromanagement that for instance doesn't allow me to create a post at a low professional level in any part of the world without going to the General Assembly. Now we need to engage with all member states to make them understand that there is a win-win strategy if it is based on simplification, decentralization, more flexibility and in the culture of transparency and accountability. Only reform the UN can be the engine of one international community able to transform prevention into a true priority and we know that that would not be easy because cameras are not there when a conflict is prevented, cameras are only there when a conflict finally takes place. And the second aspect that I believe is absolutely crucial is the enhancement of a new generation of partnerships. Partnerships not only with governments, not only with civil societies, with the academia, but particularly partnerships with the business community in the context of this perspective of implementation of the sustainable development goals and the Paris Agreement on climate change creating the conditions for an inclusive and sustainable development the best way to prevent crises and conflicts in today's world. I think it's important to notice if one looks at the debate that they've took place here in the World Economic Forum that today there is a perfect conscience that the business of businesses is not only business and we have seen our social corporate responsibility as developed, we have seen our philanthropy as expanded tremendously in the last few years but what I am particularly interested in the alignment of the core business of the private sector with the strategic goals of the international community. I think that we have gone already very far when one looks at the green economy and when one looks at the efforts to attain climate change. It is clear now that it is good business to invest in the green economy and that the green economy has created a large number of opportunities for profitable investment for the private sector and I would say when one looks at the threats that exist today in relation to climate change and the possibility of less supportive action by some governments, I would say that the best allies of all those that want to make sure that the Paris Agreements are implemented, the best allies today in the world are probably in the business sector and it's very important to fully mobilize them. But even in the implementation of the 2030 agenda of the sustainable development goals, a calculation that was recently made shows that the returns on investment that can be generated by the full implementation of those goals would mean something of the order of magnitude of $30 billion per year which means that we have here an opportunity both to generate investments that are attractive for the private sector but simultaneously to allow for the private sector to play an absolutely central role in making sure that those goals are effectively achieved because without the private sector we will not have the necessary innovation. We will not have the necessary capacity to discover new markets, new products, new services and to be able to develop new areas in the economy. Without the private sector, we will not create enough jobs and we will not bring enough dynamism and stability to the societies that need to be enhanced with the implementation of the sustainable development goals. And that is why I believe that there is now an opportunity for a new platform of partnership at a higher level and a platform of partnership that can only serve not only in relation to implementing the goals defined in the past but addressing the challenges that we'll be facing in relation to the future. And namely the impacts that have been discussed so many times in this World Economic Forum of the so-called force industrial revolution and the challenges that the international community face with areas like genetic engineering or artificial intelligence, the problems of the cyberspace in which it is my deep belief that only with a very strong dialogue and partnership between governments, international organizations and the private sector, it will be possible to transform them in instruments that will allow for fantastic increase in the wellbeing of people and avoid the risks that they will be a nightmare for mankind as unfortunately a totally unregulated form of research in some of these areas could eventually generate. Thank you very much. Thank you. Secretary General, thank you for this very encouraging readiness to engage the business community. I can tell you based on our experience in the preparation of course of the SDGs of the Paris Climate Agreement but I should add also the Addis Ababa agenda, business was very keen. Now, one question which I have, you talked about the reform of the UN system, it will be very important like in a company that you have also the discussion partners who understand the language of business in the organization and sometimes there's a complaint of the UN being a big mammoth with very administrative minds. You just showed that at least that's the top, that's the contrary is the case. But how do you change this mindset? Well, we change it doing things. Cultural changes are never possible without movement. It's the movement that generates cultural changes. If you are waiting for a cultural change to then start the movement, we will never get there. My belief is that when one looks at what the international community asks the UN to do and when one looks at our capacity to deliver, independently of the fact that we should be very proud of what the UN has done, I think we would have much more conflicts without the UN in the last decades. It is clear that humanitarian action of the UN is something of real importance for the well-being of so many people, many lives were rescued. It is clear that even in the development side, the UN has played a very important role, but let's be honest, we have a lot of shortcomings and we have a lot of inefficiencies that need to be addressed. Now, the experience I have in UNHCR is that it is perfectly possible to move when we feel the pressure and we now feel the pressure because the needs that are presented by the implementation of the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals and the dramatic needs coming from the conflict situations in the world will force us to deliver much better. For instance, in an organization like UNHCR, where I've been for 10 years, we were able to reduce our headquarters costs from 14% to 6% and our staff costs from 41% to 21%. I don't know if there are many private companies that have similar results. That means that we need to be able also to convince member states that this is the moment to adopt a win-win strategy in which instead of micromanaging the organization, they accept that a more flexible and nimble organization will be more able to serve them, especially in our action in the field. Secretary General, the UN was created 49 last century on the basis of shared values expressed in the Declaration of Human Rights. Then you had again Fukuyama writing his book and today we are in a different, it's the end of history saying we have only one shared value system now in the world, practically the Western value system. Now we are in a different world. We are moving towards a multi-polar system but also a multi-conceptual system. People have different, countries have different concepts how national and international matter should be managed. How do you keep the UN together if you do not have a shared value system anymore? I think that we have some shared values and some of the principles and chart have remained valuable today, but it's true that we had not the end of history. I think history came back with a revenge. To a certain extent, history was frozen with the Cold War and now the ice has melted and history is coming back everywhere and contradictions, some of them are contradictions of the past are re-emerging and creating many of the conflicts that we witness in today's world. But it's true that contrary to the 90s in which we had a unipolar world and a very clear set of values that were prevailing more or less, the idea that we would move irreversible into open societies, into market economies without restrictions, free trade everywhere. It is clear today that there are different concepts as you mentioned. And in a world that is moving from unipolar to multi-polar, I don't think we have already reached a multi-polar world but we are moving in that direction. I think it is absolutely essential for leaders, special leaders of those that have more influence in today's state of affairs, to be able to understand there is no way when can impose one's model to the others. I think it's essential to listen. It's essential to understand what are the values of the other, to see how we can combine them in a positive way and to see what kind of new synthesis is possible, but always being very careful to make sure that a number of fundamental principles are not put into question. And there, the biggest difficulty I would say is to make sure, for instance, that the agenda of human rights is not put into question by agendas of national sovereignty or of other sorts. I like very much the expression which was used during the luncheon we had of a cooperative world how would you define it, a cooperative world? Well, ideally, we would have, in this progressively multi-polar world, we would have a multi-lateral governance system. And I mentioned also at lunchtime, sometimes people have the idea that if the world is multi-polar, equilibrium and harmony will be automatically generated. Nothing is more false. In Europe, we had a multi-polar world in the beginning of 20th century without any form of multi-lateral management, multi-lateral governance, and the result was the First World War. So, multi-polarity without governance, without multi-lateral governance, can be a risk instead of being a positive development. Now, the problem is that we don't have enough strengths in our multi-lateral governance mechanisms. They are all relatively weak, including the United Nations. So, the only way to create the equilibrium that is necessary and to avoid the confrontations that would be fatal is through the capacity of those that lead the key actors in this multi-polar world to work with each other, to understand each other, and to create conditions in which they all win because they all benefit from them. I'll give you an example that is now very much in the limelight, the question of globalization and the free trade. I think that the problem is not to have less globalization, the problem is to have a better globalization. I think it's clear that free trade is something that is a positive asset for us all, but of course, free trade has consequences in the cohesion of societies, and we need to address those problems through social policies, through adequate forms of cooperation with the civil society or between governments and the private sector. We need to make sure that we keep the positive aspects of the world order that progressively has been built and at the same time address its shortcomings instead of regression to forms of collective life in the world that clearly would mean a drastic reduction in our capacity to bring prosperity to all. Secretary General, one issue, we see the humanitarian principles increasingly tested or even violated by countries, creating obstacles for migrants and particularly for refugees. How do you feel about it and what actions can you or must be undertaken to counter this trend? Well, first of all, I think refugee protection is something that is enshrined in international law. And when people flee a conflict or persecution, I think it's the obligation of states to grant them protection. And I'm worried with the fact. I have to say that during the 10 years in which I was a Zikomission for refugees, basically borders were in general open. There were very limited situations of the so-called Ruffoulment, which means when people are sent back to where they might face persecution. And there was, I would say, a clear integrity in the world protection regime. Last year, we have seen all these things shaking. We see more and more borders closed. We see more and more people not being able even to escape. It's the case of many Syrians that cannot flee the country at the present moment. And we see that international protection regime is in a crisis. There is now a decision by the General Assembly to have a global compact on migration, a global compact on refugee protection. And I hope that the integrity of the refugee protection regime will be re-established. And I hope that there will be effective solidarity, especially with those countries of First Island that are in the front line, not only in relation to the protection of refugees, but in relation to the protection of our global security and need much more international solidarity than the one they have had, the Jordans, the Lebanon's, the Kenyans of this world. But at the same time, I think one needs to have a fresh look on migration. I believe migration is there to stay. I believe migration is part of the solutions of all problems. But if migration is necessary, at least it should be managed. And instead of leaving migration to the control of smugglers and traffickers, I think there should be a much stronger international cooperation on migration. And that development cooperation policies should be defined in a way to avoid those forms of forced displacement. I recognize, for instance, the fact that Spain was very successful when defining forms of development cooperation with Eastern Africa. They managed to reduce, quite substantially, the movements of the Canary Islands. Unfortunately, most of all development operation policies ignore the questions of human mobility. It would be essential that those policies would address the problems of human mobility, making migration something that happens out of will, not out of necessity, and reducing this pressure on migration flows. That's because they are not managed, because they are left to a large extent in the hands of smugglers and traffickers, have also created an enormous anxiety and enormous feelings of fear in many of the societies. And they're mining the social cohesion of those societies. Secretary General, when looking at the UN, you see sometimes this tension between, on the one hand, the secretariat, on the other hand, the Security Council. I would phrase it in the following way, will you be a more political secretary general? Well, the secretary general is the chief administrative officer. At the same time, there is a space for the good will of the secretary general, namely in the prevention of conflicts or in support to the solution of conflicts. But I think it's important for people to recognize that the UN is not a normal genius entity. There is a Security Council with a number of very important functions on peace and security. There is a general assembly that takes decisions on a number of other areas. There is a secretary that the secretary general leads directly and that has important roles in different aspects. And there are the different funds and agencies and specialized agencies that funds and programs and specialized agencies that work covering all aspects of human life. And what I believe is essential is to understand that the fact that the Security Council takes a decision or doesn't take a decision doesn't mean that this is the responsibility of the secretariat or of UNICEF or of the World Food Program or of any other of the UN agencies. I think it's important that any part of the UN is able to assume its responsibilities. And it's important for the international public opinion to recognize what are the different areas of intervention of the UN and to be able to judge the merits and the negative aspects of each one of those segments without mixing everything and creating a perspective about what the United Nations is that doesn't correspond to the reality.  That is absolutely true and I intend to do it whenever I find it necessary or useful because even if sometimes we have not the power to do things, if we have the moral authority to intervene, that can help to change things. I think it was Stalin that when he was asked about the Pope, he asked how many divisions there's the Pope. The fact the Pope has no divisions doesn't mean the Pope has no influence. So I believe we all have the responsibility to use our capacities, whatever they are, in order to make sure that we are able to promote the values in which we believe and, namely, in this case, the values enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations. To summarize, Secretary General, I take out the important role other stakeholders will play in the implementation of your vision and of your politics. Second, to move much more from crisis management if possible, you will always have crisis, but much more to prevention and to look at human development in a broad sense in all its dimension. And I think, yeah, how shall I end? I think you are reform-minded, that's clear, but I think I end by saying I think we have a great Secretary General for the next five or 10 years. Thank you. That's very kind of you. Thank you very much. Thank you.


I've done something unique this year. There'll be a monitor that'll flash from time to time. So as you can see, I'm a little bit excited right now. So throughout the presentation, hopefully we can get that down. Or we can get it up and we can have a medical emergency. Because medical emergencies are always fun for someone. I mean, people need to be employed at this point. You see, technology is unique. Technology is the power to generate phenomenality. The power to generate what can appear as real through perception. Work is changing. I'm not going to go into the robots or taking our jobs, but let's be honest. If you're spending 20 quid on something to pet the cat, you've got bigger problems than robotics. Now, I'm not going to feed into some type of hyperbolic frenzy that we're going to lose our jobs to robots, but it certainly looks like it. Work has changed. If I go back and look at what I did in the 80s and the 90s, it was on a form, right? It's like strapping turbo rockets to a horse. Why you would put a form on a computer is ridiculous. Let's be social. Let's be social. Let's put activity streams and our stuff. I don't know. Then you follow the washing machine or the printer and suddenly that makes sense. You're not going to follow the printer.  When you're at home and you're on Facebook, you've got things like credit and peer index and credit measuring you real time. So post lots of pictures of your kids that helps your score.   Anybody heard of 23 and Me, the DNA sequencing site where you share your genes with other people? I'm not kidding. I'd like to talk about my doctor. This is not him. It's just a stock photo of a doctor. But then I got smart. I asked for all my medical records four years ago. I scanned every single one and then when he was sitting there telling me what's wrong with me, I looked up and go, actually in 2003 I had a very similar situation and he gave me this and he just loses his mind. Why do you come see me? Because you still have the prescription pad, you know. With parental controls. That's the funny thing. Parental controls were there. I don't want to go into that one. The idea of parental controls is so silly. If you want parental controls, use birth control. That's about as close you can get to controlling your children. But I love this quote here. People are not machines, but in every situation where they're given a choice, they will behave like machines. Interesting things you learn when you can see your life this way. I found out there were certain television shows that made me eat really horribly. I found out that just by putting a sensor between the refrigerator and the toilet, how late I could have a drink so I didn't get up in the middle of the night because if you're male I'm 40, you know this happens. You know I love what some of the things we're doing up here. Assistive clothing. So instead of having a phone with GPS, you have haptic shoes. So you tell the phone where you want to go and the shoes know turn left, turn right because they vibrate. Although if I could have shoes that would walk for me, I would walk like this. What's amazing about these two technologies are not the technologies. It's what they're going to do to the world around us in the next three years. I want to be on the stage in three years and say, do you remember when I told you this? Because here I see Disney rides that react based on what your experience was like in the park up to that point. Movies get edited in real time.  Some parts we thought were good. They didn't end up being so good. We edit the movie. We get to a point where movies are changed in real time depending on where you live in the world. You actually use the data for yourself and you make your world better.  For me, I don't believe in futurists. I don't believe in skeptics or rachelists. I have no time for zealots or kings. I found though that I do share a plane of existence at the data level with my dog, with my home that I share with my partner Doug, and Romo. We all share a plane of existence. And I believe that it's this point in our humanity where we have to come to terms with our relationship, not with each other, but with everything.