So, we talk today something about adders, specifically we are looking for arithmetic, but one and half hour is not sufficient to cover all parts of arithmetic. So, I will just give you some flavor, but I talk something more about adders. My talk will have some part of introduction, then I will talk about arithmetic as an operations and then types of adders, then I will look into adder circuit from VLSI point of views. See some CMOS implementations and I will give some comments and finally references. If you see any digital processor it has what you can say some input output data, it has one memory in it, it has a control block and a data path. So, essentially when you input something either you load into some kind of temporary memories or some kind of RAMs or ROMs and data is then transferred to some arithmetic block which essentially is data path and then relocated back into memories and control is through your CPU part. So, essentially we are interested in this part of the lecture only in the data paths, processors there are many who may be more expert than me. So, typically as I repeat again you have arithmetic unit which is normally has a bit slice data path which has some adders, multiplier, shifters, comparators and things of that kind, your memories RAM, ROM, buffer, shift registers, you have control which is typically FSM which is based on either random logic or PLH, then your controls also done from timing counters and then of course your interconnect switches, arbiters and buses. So, our interest as I say is only right now in this part, some other day maybe we can discuss the last part which is very very important in real life. This is an Intel microprocessor nothing great to show here, it is Italian has six integer execution units like this and you can see there are some muxes, there is some units which is registers, sums, cash, so these are essentially logical units which is carry generation, sum generation, so arithmetic is most important. A typical bit slice design you have a data in which is registered pass through adder, shifters and multipliers and you are an output. So, essentially if you see very carefully even the multiplier part is consist of only adders. So, if I am really looking for a design, I am really looking for a design of an adder in case of CMOS implementation or any MOS or bipolar implementations. This is a lecture given somewhere else, so I just copied, so there are many other things there. This is my Italian integer data path and you can see whatever I shown here are also shown on the block diagrams and this is roughly 4000 micron of length which is typically few millimeters. Why I brought this slide is since many of you may not be just working on microprocessor based systems, but most of you may be actually working on DSPs, maybe for filtering or maybe for image processing or most of the applications these days you see trans receivers whichever you see at the end there is a DSP block. So, I thought when we are actually designing an adder or arithmetic we should also look into what DSP wants because microprocessor adders we know how much what to do and what timings it has. Whereas DSP slightly it is a more general purpose, microprocessor more general purpose this is specific and therefore we like to see for example applications of DSP in communication 3G and of course now 4G may appear 3G has just come many other wireless block WCDMA, WLANs and all kinds radars and there are lot of consumer applications robotics, speech, music, audio, video. So, actually the money right now in VLSI is on the more DSP applications rather than really microprocessors Intel has itself now almost thought that they are the only people who will make microprocessor AMD is trying very hard lost in this quarter lot of money. So, I am not sure what will happen next quarter Intel has huge profit this quarter and they have lost. So, this is very happy news for Intel bad for AMD. So, what exactly we are issues for a DSP there are 4 things we look into a DSP chip design which is one is the battery size if it is a mobile kind of system what size of power supply you are getting how much programmability you want to provide do you want to speed up an operation by making parallel architectures and what clock rates one can use system clocks. So, a design of a arithmetic is essentially governed by what this DSP applications are depends on one of the applications what rates they are talking what power they have one can design a different arithmetic for them. So, when I implement a VLSI chip of a DSP system since there is a complex signal processing is done in DSP operations most of them are frequency sensitive operations we do FIR filters we do IR filters we do all filtering in most cases essentially they are more time dependent as our time frequency transformations are required FFTs we do DCTs we do so essentially if you see the algorithms either they are standard algorithms or may be ASIC DSPs or it can be nowadays FPGA based reconfigured ones. So, in all this complex design flow if you see if you know the behavior description one knows what algorithms you are using then one can decide the hardware. So, the idea here just to give an introduction to this saying that do not go by only saying I use carry save adder or carry multi this bypass adders or this is better or this is worse for an application which adder will give better performance what you are looking for should be actually used not just that you will be saying that there are two things we have to worry about all VLSI people worry about area delay essentially speed and power whereas DSP people more look for programmability so they are two now not same so what happens VLSI designs normally are optimal designs we try to minimize power we try to improve speed and as small an area as we could whereas DSP since you want a programmability some part may not be used some things has to be kept just for case someone needs so it is a non-optimal designs. So, when I am designing a chip for a DSP application it is not same as what I would have designed for a micro processor. So, this fact has to be brought in mind in real life otherwise you know you can say I will pick it from the book this is the adder it may or may not be I am not saying it will not be but depends on a specific applications this is a typical system and chip design approach is shown here you have a system specs then your system design chip design manufacture this is typical flow of any design we normally go for design which is more structured because reduce complexity we do lot of partitioning so that top down part top and down parts are separated and show you maybe and we try to reach middle of the path example is specs validation algorithm scheduling architecture floor plan is the upper part which is more from the system side and if you see lower side gate sizing modules cells layers these are VLSI parts. So, when you are designing you should come partly from the top you should come partly come up from the bottom side and meet in between so that you try to get as good a complex circuit done with a better performance from the VLSI and that is the design issues and therefore this is not to only for adders or any this is application for everywhere so you have to optimize which hardware I have to use for a specific requirement. So, ideally one should not think say if I use the best adder it should do good everywhere but there is a money part going on many a times larger or better circuits actually cost you hell and therefore that chip may never be sold because the cost of chip itself may be very high or something non-standard custom design you do it may be very very costly for specifications so you mean still may not be able to actually sell the chip. So, the design is as good as the money you hold so this is the crux of all designers that they should not get carried away by you know theory or you know someone I in the course I will say oh this is very good this is very good in the context of the last adder I should or last multiplier I should but this may not be ideal for your specification. So, never get into an idea that if I know one or two kinds I will be able to because different specifications will require different kinds of architectures and different kinds of hardware's. The major worry with DSP as most people realize is this real time and you are really looking for large throughput and of course one interesting part we shall see later in the case of microprocessors since the system clock is running at may be 1.73.4 whatever gigahertz most of the hardware has to run around that and we are we cannot actually tolerate latencies there very much because we are throughput is I mean we have to we have to balance both latency and throughput very strongly whereas if you see a DSP structure may be one of them I may show latency is not very dominant but we are looking for throughputs that is major worry. So, first thing we define differentiate between a microprocessor and DSP processors as such is there the latency is not is an issue in a microprocessor whereas in the case of DSP latency is hardly an issue where throughput is of course both needs low power any system needs low power as a VLSI man I like to have a smaller size of die because it will cost me lower I should be able to upgrade my design that is most important because once I design if someone just I do not have to redesign everything so it should be feel upgradability user end that is most important user should be able to program it also it should be customizable in the sense that if the block I see any one tomorrow I must have another standard cell equivalent which I can replace that it should be feel testable not only I will test on my side but I will also give you the whole block you may actually have both hardware as well as software testable and at the end of the day the time for making that system design should be very low because otherwise it cost you help so and finally of course it should be modifiable. So, all these criteria should be chosen these are nothing to do with what I am going to talk now later this is just to give an introduction to many of the hardware people who come maybe like there is a someone said from Bipro or someone because they normally use IPs from somewhere and they fit it and sometimes it works sometime it does not replace the IP and redo it but that is not very ideal if ideal designers of course I do not say all we produce that please do not get that most designers at least the new ones they think that you know if I have this I can this no it is not true if you want to optimize something cost wise performance wise you want to improve then you will have to think twice what you have to do. So, these are the issues which any designer of any kind of chip particularly DSP is require many more things you have to worry about. So, there are a rebates book which you all hold there are three laws which a rebate has suggested which is what I have already stated the right structure has to be chosen for functional unit before attempting optimizations the rule 2 says the critical path of the circuit which should be identified and length should be minimized and the third rebates rule is only the number of transfer does not decide circuit size interconnects actually design most cases decide the performance as well as the size okay we may please skip this just to show you there are number of number systems for example you have a number which is written as X with WD which is written WI Xi so it is like a radix number r to the power i is your word you have different kinds of arithmetics which you can use in the case of DSP for example you can use sine magnitude numbers you can use once compliment number you can use two's compliment numbers you can use binary offset numbers. So, this is again an issue which arithmetic be used to actually implement in hardware generally as I say if you see most system they use two's complement and you can see from here an example if you take addition of two numbers overflow does not matter actually that is very important because otherwise you will have to keep additional this to see overflows. So, it so happens that two's complement actually allows you to do partial sums without much worry on overflows you can see the example shown here you can try yourself and very well there is another system which many of the chip designers use why I am showing I repeatedly telling you that options need not be only from the circuit side options should be also from the algorithm side and from the number side which will make what adders of what kind of multiplications you should be multipliers you should use. There are of course three kinds of representation digit codes are known which these are called redundant number system sine digit code SDC calonic sine digit code and online arithmetic just to show you these are the availability for you. Another system other than digit codes which uses operations which are called residue number systems most of our problems in arithmetic is particularly in adders is the carry because unless you generate a carry you do not know next what to add on and this carry generation takes all the adders which I show you is the major worry is the carry. So, we are only looking for carry generation in all adders the other some part is very trivial in fact in most cases is the carry part which is actually reducing the speed. So, if you make an arithmetic which does not actually do any carry you are faster this system which I shown here is a very old Chinese remainder theorem which uses what is called residue numbers in which carries are never required and therefore, relatively these will be faster of course to generate this residue number itself may be hardware intensive. So, some power may be lost in generating those, but doing that I assure you that the speed certainly can be improved very fast just to give an idea we start with some called modulo I mean modulo is a choice which is basis we choose say for example, I choose a base which is 5 3 2 may be 5 3 2 then we say the maximum bits data it can store is the product of the 3 that is 5 into 3 into 2 is 30. So, total numbers which this is RNS modulo can calculate is up to 30 and I give an example how do I calculate this is just for the additional part I am not saying this is adding anything just to give an idea what actual designers think many of us we think that you know since the rebe has given this I will follow or ashrangan has given it or many papers have appeared, but actual designers see very differently many things that is why highest designers a highest bed designer is one which has the highest experience because he has something in mind which others is not documenting itself on a system and therefore, designers experience matters a hell or may matters a lot in fact. So, if I see 9 I want to represent 9 in this modulo which is say 5 3 2 all that I do I divide 9 by each of the modulo number divide by 5 divide by 3 and divide by 2. So, if I divide by 5 the residue is 4 if I divide by 3 residue is 0 if I divide by 2 residues 1. So, I say 9 is represented in RNS as 4 0 1 by same logic I can find any number which has represented its residues. Of course, if you choose other modulo it will have different numbers, but for a given modulo these numbers are fixed now. So, I know this number is 27 this number is 26 in residue forms. So, given an example if I do a addition of 9 and 19 9 in the case of is 4 0 1 in the case of 19 is 4 1 1 if I add them all that I have to add them individual residues 4 plus 4 0 plus 1 1 plus 1 for the modulo this first one is modulo for 5 second for modulo 3 a part of 3 and third is 2 and if you do it 8 8 by 5 residue 3 1 by 3 residue 1 1 plus 1 2 by 2 is 0. So, you have a number after adding is 3 1 0 which in 28 which is equivalent of 28 which is what you are looking for by same logic you can see the multiplier of 8 in 3 3 2 0 3 0 1. Now, multiply each number and you will find 4 0 0 at the output which is 24. So, this idea was very important and this has helped a lot in speed up, but as I say depends on the bit size you are using. So, for DSP this works very well because you are recursive systems and there it works very well, but for a micro processor no one uses RNS. So, now come to what we are looking for is arithmetic and if you see arithmetic there are two kinds mostly popular bit serial and bit parallel all of you are aware and may be expert on that more than me it requires less hardware and therefore, less silicon area and in the case of bit parallel it is much easier to implement it also looks to be faster because this parallel processor it is a high hoe high hoe it is off work we go. So, if you have a bit task to handle if 10 people lift at a time that task can be handled in one go that is the idea behind bit parallel. However, this is again a catch in reality ratio of speed in two cases is not very different everyone is telling all the world that parallel processors are faster and here is a objection from my side at least on most side parallel implementation normally has a long carry chains a long paths propagation paths area bit parallel chip will be largely governed by world lengths how much time it is and both are roughly similar in power dissipations. So, therefore, just to use a serial adder or a serial multiplier or serial this all only parallel may not be the ideal solutions and therefore, you should try to use circuits designs which are more serious parallel calculations this has the ideal situations not every time you will be able to do the last of this part I will show you there is this standard carry say adders or some other multipliers they do use this bit serial bit parallel viewing pipelines. So, we will show you that kind of structure essentially is ideal for many applications again I repeat this is decided by specs you have a serial bit specs are sufficient for you better go for it if parallel is the way go for it, but if you are do not know ideally anything. So, you can try the combinations a typical bit serial adder is very simple you have a full adder circuit shown here full adder circuit shown here this is two inputs on X I Y I I can be 1 2 1 4 8 16 any numbers any bits you can have the it will create some and it will create a carry which will actually be stored on a flip flop or a register and every clock it is returned back as a last carry to do a next operations and this is how number of bits. So, you need a register on S I you need a register on C I and you keep doing that operations as many times inputs appear bits appear and you are finally the register you store your sum and final carry of course, that carry itself is the last bit of your sum ok MSB if you want to do a subtractor all that you did you put a one of them as C X minus Y if you want put Y as complement of that and you can then start doing the same operations. So, mathematically full adders are essentially says X I X R Y I X R C I minus 1 I minus 1 is the last carry and the C I which is the due carry generated is actually a majority of X I Y I C I minus 1 the I repeat majority gate is 1 in which of the 2 of the 3 is 1 the output is 1. In the case of bit parallel arithmetic here is something which we do we of course, this will come back again essentially what we are now saying that your S is a A let us say A and B are input and C 0 is your initial carry. So, S is A X R B X R C 0 and news carry is A dot B A C 0, but this itself can be represented in this format and I think we will come back this little later this because I am going to discuss this anyway. In most applications you may actually use this kind of hardware for a fixed point integer operations probably this kind of operations which is essentially using a serial adder in the operations. So, Y serial so, many operations in you find can be done much easier because there is a data coming at certain rate and therefore, that time is sufficient to go through a bit calculations. So, this is my introduction now comes to Brazztak why I give this table many books give it may be same form if you see very carefully this table and that is what we want to study this table and based on the study of this table will be able to see that we have different adders to design. Let us look at the first table A 0 B 0 C I 0 we see sum is 0 and carry is 0. However, if A is 0 B 0 and C I is 1 the sum is 1, but carry is 0. So, essentially what did I say that if A and B both are 0 I am going to have no carry this is my. So, this I call delete that may I do not need carry because I know if A is 0 and B is 0 what even if input carry is 0 or 1 the output carry is going to be 0. So, I do not have to need and that operation I call delete if you see the next numbers are the 4 of them one of the bit is 1 for example, in the case of third B is 1 A 0 in this case same except that in the first case the carry is 0 next case carry is 1. So, in such case I figured out that carry whatever is your C I will be C 0 if any one of the input is 0 or 1 take the last next to 1 also 1 0 it can if either of the bits are 1 not both then depends on C I the C O will be same. So, I will also figure out that C I propagates the first time I saw when A is 0 B is 0 I say I do not need second time I say if A and B are different then I am always get whatever input carry will transfer to output and if you see the last 2 which says 1 1. So, it says if the carry is 1 then the output is 1 otherwise even if the carry is 0 or 1 the out carries always 1 that is you are always generating the carry. So, if now I have figured out that if I see this functions and represent this table in a functional form then I can implement any additions much faster because I know this procedure I figured out this is your full adder and this does this way. So, using this technique of course this is the standard binary adder I just wrote down what we all these years our second year student keep telling some is A XOR B XOR C I and can be expanded XOR functions and C 0 can be written as A B B C I A C I, but what we now want to express is not that form and that is the table which I showed I want to put them into some kind of expressions. So, I say I need I can express my sum and carry in 3 functions P G and T. So, we say G the variable G is essentially A B we define G as A B we define propagated function P as A XOR B and we define the delete function A bar dot B bar. So, if I use this and go back and see that expression which is this expression then I can see the sum now is which is function of G and P is nothing but P XOR C I because you can see A XOR B is P XOR C I so that is very simple whereas if you see the carry C 0 now we go back and look for the table. If A is 0 and B is 0 which is that means A B is 0 that is G is 0 then P cannot be 0 because if A is 0 and P is this A XOR whatever B you do both are 0 output is also. So, if A A B is 0 A XOR B essentially does not if that also is 0 so output carry is 0. So, independent of what C I it have this C 0 goes to 0 that was my first 2 on my table. So, I got delete function I say if A and B are 0 both G and P are 0 from the function I see C is always 0 fair enough that table creates it. The next I say A is 1 B is 0 or opposite of that either K 0 1 1 0 now if I say A XOR B exist that is 0 1 means 1 0 means XOR of that means 1 that is P is 1 but A G is always 0 because if A is 0 and B is 1 or B is 0 and A is 1 either case G is always 0. So, if I look at the carry I always see P is 1 G is 0 and only C I. So, I now got C 0 is always C I as long as P function is 1 and therefore P function is 1 therefore G is 0. So, I do not have to worry about once I found out that it is G P is 1 I know it is G is 0. So, I can directly transfer my carry to the output and the last of course was 1 1 in which we say if A is 1 and B is 1 then G is 1 and P has to be 0 then that is what we said P has to be 0 because A XOR B will be 0 and if that is 0 C 0 is G. So, we anyway calculated that so we know what is generated. So, essentially you can see the full adder table was represented by these two generate P functions through this C 0 H 0 functions and that is the crux of all adders. So, if we understand that this is what I am going to use I can have different implementations of adder and I prove that all that I am trying to see that if C I has to propagate if C I has to not to propagate if I has to be killed I will make a decision and making hardware okay here I may kill I may actually allow one if I pass this this is the kind of approach I took in design of an adder is that okay of course some cases but particularly look ahead and this we do define P little differently it is R gate A plus B rather than XOR before that we will come. We as I say this is very simple. So, the first adder in my list which is shown here is the standard ripple carry adder as the words just ripple carry that means the carry is propagating from each block what is essentially means I have well let us say 4 bit adder going on. So, I have 4 full adders chosen here the input to these are A 0 B 0 A 1 B 1 A 2 B 2 A 3 B 3. However, when I do first adder I need an input carry because that has to appear and in general 99.99 unless it is a middle part of that any adder system this will be 0 because initial carry will come with 0 that is initial if it is coming from some other block then it is not initial. So, in some sense initial carry so many hardware assumes that and does it and saves the time because it knows that initial carry is going to be 0 okay that is the trick also mini system as we say look ahead carry this is what we will use again I know initial carries are 0 okay. So, this is exactly how so you can the point I am trying to make simple 2 expressions or 3 input variables and 2 expression this actually constitute the operation of adder and they can be implemented on an hardware to improve your speed of carry that is all that we are doing at the end of the day okay. So, if we see now unless the carry is generated out of first adder which is to be fed to the second unless the that is available the second operation cannot proceed till the second carry is created third cannot do and on so forth. So, you can say as if carries are repelling from one adder to other and if they are in such systems you will require n minus 1 times the that much delay will almost occur because you have nothing else to worry about however the final we can see apart from this n minus 1 that is 4 minus 1 is 3 3 carries times plus some time because the final sum is to be created. So, the total adder time is the final some time plus 3 please take it the second carry time or third carry time has taken care of addition time anyway that is how you generated the next carry. So, we do not have to worry about those adder times the C itself is taking care T carry is taking care of that total time available from here to there which assumes all operations in between okay. So, we say adder operation is very simple it is n minus 1 T carry plus T sum. So, what is our goal we want to make a very fast data paths essentially we want to reduce the adder time. So, there are two ways one is somehow you reduce the speed you improve the speed of summer adder itself which will reduce T sum, but in reality that time is hardware time is not very very high as we can see later whereas the number of bits may decide the speed because if there are n minus 1 n is 4 3 times n is 8 7 times n is 16 15 times. So, as n increases the adder speed will go down and that is our major worry in the ripple carry. Now why people want to still use it this use it because it is very simple to implement whatever functions we see it is much easier for me to put on a CMOS okay whatever C and S I have if I see the function I can without thinking I can put complex gates and I have my adder going on. So, the first ripple carry adder which was available is shown here using a CMOS circuit I remodified my C 0 and S operations in some different form okay this you know I am not able to get bars on this whenever there is a slash appearing before anything it is a bar of that function this is essentially many computers data inputting also required bar of that compliments. So, compliment of A plus B plus C I is C 0 into that okay. So, the implementation of this is you can see first let us implement carry. So, I see a function A B B C I plus A C I oh so if that is your function I say okay here is my function B C I A B this function essentially is implementing C 0 bar this is the bar of this because you know all CMOS or NMOS or pseudo NMOS everyone will give a bar function this has to be understood it will give only a bar function. So, if I put A B C like this I will actually get the compliment outputs. So, at x one can see from here that at x there is a C 0 bar and if you want C 0 you need an inverter but once you see this you are slighted worrying yourself from the sweet side if you see at this node x there are too much capacitance it is seen okay how many there are six gates at that node you can see one here one here one here one here one here one here one here. So, there are six gate input capacitances are coming at node x plus two drains of P channel and N channel their drain capacitance to bulk also is coming plus the wire which is shown here in small one but in real life it may be depends on which line I use poly or metal or which line I have there is a sufficient wire capacitance available. So, essentially now you see just to get your C 0 not only you put so many transistors you can see huge numbers 3 plus 2 5 10 12 transistors to generate your C 0 but you are actually reduce the speed all that you are trying to improve something and here is the device here is the which simplest implementations show you that actually it is slowing down to improve this what you would do you will actually put a b all this transistor larger size and we know other day when I give you a talk larger size means larger logical effort simple both g will go high and h will also go high capacitance will increase. So, you are drawing capacitance is higher and your input capacitance is also higher and your current has to be pushed so you increase the size and you are lost lot of effort. So, the time which you thought you will improve by increasing the size actually did not okay. So, that is my major worry so that means can I not improve speed now okay it shows that oh I may increase size of N channel P channel and I may improve speed you know you do not actually your logical effort actually is not lower okay which essentially now saying that just by improving sizes do not get into feeling that you will improve speeds okay. So, you must change something more similarly if you see a some architecture or some implementation two things both for carry as well as the some part I see if you choose a some way half line where this is appearing the upper part is not same as the lower part. So, it is called non dual something is different above something is different below in ideal layouts if you if you are a CMOS person I would prefer every layout to be symmetric okay and as symmetric I make more chances that I get accurate data accurate values of the W and L's we know in the case of analog today you must have heard from someone that there it is even not only the symmetric but it should also have a centric okay centric and if you do not do symmetry on all sides it is unlikely that your mirror may work like mirror it may show you some other ratio and may show other GM's for all your other opams or other defams. So, essentially layout becomes very very difficult if it is different in two sizes this is also called loading effect we do not probably or you are not aware may be just to give an idea I am a person unfortunately who keeps flipping into a different areas in IIT today I am talking of digital part but today afternoon if I o'clock I will be teaching course in technology where I am going to talk about oxidation models resource model great model groomer and also we will talk about high case. So, the problem there we realize that if the size of the transistor layouts are different etching becomes very difficult it is called layout effects or layout loadings. So, there is a huge variability comes and in lower technologies now that is major worry for us. So, essentially do not go by only what is shown on a circuit when it actually gets implemented you find does not work even half the way you wanted okay and therefore as much as symmetric you can do you have better chance of getting success I am not saying it is still guaranteed there are many other problems but at least there is a more chance of getting correct results. Also you need additional some inverter you can see this is the additional inverter to get s because you are getting s bar so you need s so you need two inverters you just put to get your bar avoided also non-symmetric logical effort is larger. So, this CMOS static ad remember static CMOS is ideal CMOS compared to any other CMOS whatever anyone says okay I mean defeat static CMOS is the ideal CMOS than any other dynamic dvcl or Nora flipper whatever people say it cannot beat static as far as his performance is concerned the only thing it does consumes power and not very fast but otherwise it is very stable very robust designs. So, if you are a first starter you should always work on static designs because that will always work even if it does not reach your exact specs it will work in worst case the actual specs are not available but in otherwise you try and dynamic it may never work okay first time as so dynamic circuits are little touchy tricky and should be handled very carefully. So, I thought I should do a static I tried and I for I said no I am not getting what I want one of the thing I figured out that anyway I am getting inverters inverted C0s and S0s something so why not utilize that itself okay so I figured out that if I have a full adder and I give their inverted inputs I get inverted output size also okay so I said okay so if I already get an inverted I will use that itself for the next stage anyway using the second inverted stage which is showing you the for example S bar A B C I is S A bar B bar C I you can do simple explain expansion and see it is correct same as per C0 so I say okay this inversion property I can now utilize you guys you know I am getting inversion I am inertia putting inverters I remove them so what I do is I have alternate stages called odd and even cells odd cells I put inverted ones even cells I do not put okay so this exploiting the inversion property is essentially what the next adder is going to do this is the architecturally shown here the first one is A0 B0 second is A1 B bar second is A2 B2 third is Ath and so on and so forth now this I use as an adder this thing I utilize now I know C0 GP is G plus PCI I also know some is P X for CI this is what we started with this is the expression we defined for full adder so we wrote them we need not write here just for showing I wrote that okay so what did I do I said okay here is that carry block this red one is your carry block this is summer block first thing you see the way I have plot showed there it is very symmetric across this line if you see this line what is above is what below exactly below okay so it is extremely symmetric so first worry some part I got rid of this I also tried to see that I can improve little bit of speed by actually whatever you want we have seen that full adder table if G is 1 P0 P is 1 G0 I know that okay so I utilize that fact okay so I made a structure which shows for an internal device you have AB in parallel and CI in series to that and complement of that is AB in parallel and CI in series to that okay please remember this is not static because in static AB would have gone in series and see would have come in parallel this is not static structure and that is most important there it is a static logic it is not implemented as static that is the trick we used okay then shunting across I put AB series which would have actually you could say that I did that anyway AB series I put but I put same for P channel and same for N channel symmetry whatever is series there I put series down there now I see this can generate all 4 possible combinations 0 propagate 1 propagate delete what should we call kill or generate sound you just quickly see from the expression if A and B are 0 A and B are 0 we know A and B are 0 means P is 0 G is 0 so and P also is 0 so you do not want anything so one can see from here A is 0 B is 0 both this P channel turns on VDD appears at C 0 okay VDD appears at C 0 which essentially since you can see from here if A and B are 0 so okay so A and B are 0 means P is 0 G is 0 so no carry is required so whatever the last carry it is like a this VD bar this is VDD VDD bar means 0 so I have passed 0 to you and no carry is required so I killed the carry okay I am passing C 0 bar so essentially I am not using 0 but I am passing 1 on that okay so C 0 0 I have created so I killed it if say A is 1 and B is 0 which is XOR case that means P is 1 G is 0 then I say fine if P is 1 and G is 0 I had to pass transfer C I so if A is 0 A is 0 means this is on but B is 1 this is off A is 0 this is off B is 1 this is on but that means whole this series chain is off however I now see A is 0 or B is 1 either of them this line will work same way one of them will work okay either of them will work whichever is 0 that will work okay and now this C I have input if C I is 0 this P channel will work this N channel will block okay so now VDD will appear which is the 0 part 0 is propagated if it would have been C I being 1 this would have been switched off this would have been switched on so this this path is available from here to here or here to here so 0 is pulled out because this node is pulled down to 0 and since 0 is complement of 1 so 1 is transferred so I have my same logic I can see if A is 1 and B is 1 this you can see if A is 1 and B is 1 both this transfer turns on independent of left blocks independent of this blocks itself will make it 0 and 0 means complement so generated the C okay 1 is generated on that so I have now a case which I have reduced the number of transistors on this C 0 line you can see now I have how many gates 1 2 and 2 other diffusion gate capacitances 2 oxide this capacitor no 4 4 plus 2 so I have from 6 I have gone to 4 wire length I cannot change but the advantage now I get that I generate all 4 functions without actually going for additional hardware for it okay so this is excellent kill generate this you can also do the same operation for some which is nothing or PX or CI CI I just generated the CO 0 use that to get output for the next sum this requires 24 transistors which is not a small number however logical effort has gone down okay that is the trick logical effort has gone down because the net load capacitance is not very high also what is the size of these transistor A and B on the right they can be minimum so I will have 2 plus 4 that is 6 by 3 so I have logical effort of 2 coming from the series arm so I have a much smaller logical effort compared to 8 by 3 or 3 times what earlier I had I have reduced my logical effort I reduce my edge and therefore I have improved my delay part so this will be a faster less transistor circuits than the last one so you can think how a VLSI person thinks from the same logic so this is exactly what I say when you design your ideas should not come from the only expressions but you should start thinking what logical effort you are getting and correspondingly choose your function so that logical effort is also minimized okay by the way before I quit I think many of these slides or rather most of these slides have been taken from Rebase course website okay so here is the implementation you can see it is very symmetric across okay no where there are bends no where there are additional lengths coming of course this C 0 which is going here normally is on second metal to reduce the wire capacitance okay if you are single metal then I mean you still have single metal but then this should be the other metal side normally if you are multi metal technology which is 6 metal a 7 metal these days this is very easy to implement so in nutshell the other which I showed was called mirror other mirror in the sense what is above if you flip down it exactly mirrors okay whatever is P you make it n and it mirrors okay the n mass and P mass chain are completely symmetrical a maximum of 2s that is what I said maximum to everywhere I have only two transistors except this last part okay yeah normally logical effort is coming from only two transistor parts okay please in carry case only two transistors that is logical effort goes down please take it we have said other day as many series transistors you will have that much logical effort will increase number of input increases logical effort will go n 2n plus 1 or n plus 2 times whatever the way n number increases so we reduce that number so and by doing this not only we reduce the number we also provided all four possibilities with time saving which does not have to go full expression and if it is so it calculates from here if it is so it calculates from here if it is so it automatically saves the time of four separate calculation depends on input you have okay that is the trick of the trade when laying out the cell most critical issues the minimization capacitance node C reduction of diffusion capacity particularly very important the capacitor node 0 is composed of four diffusion capacitances to internal gate capacitances six gate capacitances in a total added cell okay which is less than the earlier what we showed about ripple carry the transistor connected to CI are placed close another interesting thing which may be many of you are aware but still I may stress I think Professor Sharma must have talked this is very important in every design that we should look for something called critical paths critical path is defined by that input which comes the last because that is going to limit the final speed if that one input of out of 4 or 3 is coming the last it will the output will be decided when that appears that is the critical so it is always suggested that in most cases the critical path should be close to the output okay the critical path transistor should be close to the output the reason can be you can see from here since this both are close to the output you can see from here even if this is the last coming because it may come from the last stage this may be this is first stage but your end stages this may come from the last stage and it may not this A and B will be available to day 1 P0 G0 P1 P2 they can be calculated independent of C because it is a function which is only function of A and B so you can calculate them immediately A and B are known to you for the next stage all bits are known to me so A and B is unknown to me but C I do not know because C I had to get okay so I see if you see A and B here simple case if both A and B are one per say so I have already settled or say A and B are one here so I have settled this but I have to settle on this because C I has not come if C I would have been lower the upper two also I mean A and B input they also cannot be evaluated because they know ground for them because if C I is below that that they it can't provide you ground for it so even if they want to discharge because their inputs were one they are not able to discharge because there is no ground path for it in this specific case it is not so very true but otherwise so what we do normally the path which is closest to critical should be let us say that means this is already settled out ground is provided A and B 1 let us say so whenever this comes immediately grounding path is provided to you so in all cases the critical path transistor critical input transistor should be closest to the output which will reduce the average delay for you okay and that is one trick which is not just for here everywhere so we put that I mean we put in means the way it has it will automatically come okay only the transistor in a carry stage have to be optimized for optimal speed all transistor in some stage can be minimal size because some is essentially is coming from once the carry has come till the next carry comes you have enough time to coming okay so in some sense the limit is not coming from some part so they can be anyway at the lowest transistor carry takes time so okay that you do some better technique so that carry is better


Hi everyone. Happy Saturday. I'm Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you with a box of 2016 Donors Optic Football. Mega Box Edition Random Team Break number six with four flawless football sponsors being given away at the very end of the break. We'll give those away. The giveaway will be a different dice roll. Big thanks to this group of people right here for making this happen. There's all the teams right here. Let's do the break first. Let's roll it. Let's randomize it. Three and a six. Nine times four names and teams. One, two, three, four, six, seven, eight, and ninth and final time. After nine we've got Clint down to Jason. Three and a six. Nine times for the teams. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and ninth and final time. After nine we've got the Baltimore Ravens all the way down to Buffalo. Buffalo Bills. Alright so here's the first half of the list right here. I'm not gonna read off all the no-trade windows in these little filler breaks either. There's everybody right here. Remember this is 2016 edition. Let's get all that on one screen. Let's just print this out and let's get into it so we can get to the randomizer as quickly as possible. Those are the exclusives for the mega boxes. Looks like not much going on in this Houston Baylor game folks. I thought Houston was inching back just for a second there but now Baylor's up 68-49 with four minutes left so looks like Baylor is gonna cruise into the championship unless disaster happens in the last four minutes which I don't think it's gonna happen. Alright good luck everybody. Jim Ramsey got a Tyree Kill Rookie. That's not so bad. Hunter Henry got a big contract with the Patriots I want to say. Here's Connor Cook. Carson Wentz will he revive his career in Indianapolis. I'll still go to the Eagles. Stevante Booker and we got Keenan Reynolds back here. Going to Clint and the Ravens. Marcus D Robb and that's that. Alright nothing too crazy here. Jay you'll get the Carson Wentz. That might be a put in the drawer and wait for the football season to come around and see what happens with there. Hunter Henry rated rookie for the Chargers, Jason and Tyree Kill Rookie goes to Clint. Alright let's flip back here. Now here's here the the biggest hits of this break. It's gonna be four spots in 2019 flawless football. Pretty nice. So there's the list. Let's roll it. Let's randomize it. One and three. Top four after four. One, two, three and four. Fourth and final time after four. Now from five on down. Sorry Jay. Close, no cigar. I appreciate you giving it a shot everybody. And a big congrats to the top four though. You're in. Happy times for Clint, Kevin, last spot Mojo, Jason and Robert Runkle. There you have it ladies and gentlemen. We got to do one more of the if you're watching live right now. We got to do one more of these. Sell out a few spots straight up and then we're in Breaksville on that. I've got the case. It's right there where my finger is pointing on my back table. Ready to go. So let's do it tonight. Jaspyscasebrakes.com. I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next one.


Subject and object questions from espressoenglish.net First, let's review the concept of a subject and an object. The subject is the person or thing that performs the action. For example, we want some fruit juice. The subject is we. Karen likes Fred. The subject is Karen. Smoking causes cancer. The subject is smoking. Daniel made a sandwich. The subject is Daniel. The earthquake damaged my house. The subject is the earthquake. Jennifer lied to Sam. The subject is Jennifer. And the object is the person or thing that is acted upon or receives the action. For example, we want some fruit juice. The object is fruit juice. Karen likes Fred. The object is Fred. Smoking causes cancer. The object is cancer. Daniel made a sandwich. The object is a sandwich. The earthquake damaged my house. The object is my house. Jennifer lied to Sam. The object is Sam. Most questions in English are object questions. We want to know about the receiver of the action. Object questions follow the quasm formula. Question word, auxiliary verb, subject, and main verb. When asking an object question in the simple present, we use the auxiliary verbs do and does. For example, what do you want to drink? We want some fruit juice. We are asking about the object fruit juice. Who does Karen like? Karen likes Fred. We are asking about the object of Karen's affection. Fred, this is an object question, so we use the auxiliary verb does. What does smoking cause? Smoking causes cancer. Again, this is an object question. In the simple past, we use the auxiliary verb did with object questions. For example, what did Daniel make? Daniel made a sandwich. We are asking about the object that Daniel made. What did the earthquake damage? The earthquake damaged my house. Who did Jennifer lie to? Jennifer lied to Sam. These are all examples of object questions. We don't know the object, the receiver of the verb, so we ask about it. But sometimes we want to ask about the subject. We don't know the person or thing that performed the action, and we want to find out. This type of question is called a subject question, and subject questions do not use the auxiliary verbs do, does, and did. To form a subject question, use the question word who or what, plus the verb in the simple present or simple past, plus the object. Let's look at some examples. Who wants some fruit juice? We want some fruit juice. This question is asking about the subject. Who is taking the action of wanting the fruit juice? So we say who wants. Don't say who does want. That's incorrect. Here's another example. Who likes Fred? Karen likes Fred. We're asking about the subject, so we use the question word who, plus the verb in the simple present, likes, and then the object. Fred, who likes Fred? Karen likes Fred. Here's another example. What causes cancer? Smoking causes cancer. Again, we are asking about the subject, so we don't use an auxiliary verb. Here are some examples of subject questions in the simple past. Who made a sandwich? Daniel made a sandwich. What damaged your house? The earthquake damaged my house. Who lied to Sam? Jennifer lied to Sam. Because all of these questions are asking about the subject, we do not use the auxiliary verb did. In other verb tenses, like present continuous, present perfect, etc., the auxiliary verbs are forms of the verbs be and have. In these verb tenses, we still use the verbs be and have in both subject and object questions. Let's consider the sentence, Paul is washing the car. That's in the present continuous. The subject question would be, who is washing the car? And the object question is, what is Paul washing? Here's an example in the past continuous. The manager was talking about the problem. To make a subject question, we would ask, who was talking about the problem? And to make an object question, we would ask, what was the manager talking about? Let's consider the present perfect. My parents have spent a thousand dollars on a computer. The subject of that sentence is, my parents. And the object is, one thousand dollars. To form a subject question, we would ask, who has spent a thousand dollars on a computer? And to make an object question, we would ask, how much have your parents spent on a computer? It's the same pattern for the present perfect continuous. I have been working on this project. The subject is I, and the object is this project. The subject question would be, who has been working on this project? And the object question would be, what have you been working on? In the future, the auxiliary verb is will, and we use it in both subject and object questions. For example, this textbook will help the students. The subject is this textbook, and the object is the students. So to form the subject question, ask, what will help the students? And to form the object question, ask, who will this book help? And finally, we can also form the future with going to. For example, we are going to order dessert. The subject is we. To form the subject question, ask, who is going to order dessert? The object of the sentence is dessert. So to form the object question, ask, what are you going to order? When you are going to ask a question in the simple present or simple past using who or what, ask yourself, am I asking about the doer of the action or the receiver of the action? If you're asking about the doer, the subject, then don't use do, does, or did. Ask, who wants fruit juice? Don't ask, who does want fruit juice? Ask, what damaged your house? Don't ask, what did damage your house? If you're asking about the receiver of the action, then you should use do, does, or did in the question. You can click on the link in the video to take a quiz and test yourself on this topic. I hope you found this lesson helpful. One problem is that a lot of English students learn about grammar rules, but they never put them into practice. This leads to having a theoretical knowledge of English, but finding it impossible to use correct English grammar in a practical way. That's why my advanced English grammar course includes both quizzes and writing tasks. Not only can you test yourself, but you can also get feedback on how you are using the grammar in practice.


The only thing your brain cares about is that you are successful. So if you have a certain type of behavior as everybody must have, when you succeed either because you built it up with really really good habits or because you're lucky your brain will take every single behavior and belief that you had and it will amplify it because your brain will say look dude I don't know what you're doing I don't care what you're doing but it's working so I'm promoting it if it was a bad behavior it will promote that if it's a good behavior it will promote that I learned of my flesh of my own really really bad experience what happens when you don't have good habits set in place when you win that's one of the reasons why I stress the importance of having all-round good habits in all areas of your life because then when you win your brain is like again I don't know what you're doing dude keep it up keep it up but so it will increase everything so you'll have beliefs it will create these biases where your brain will be like oh so the reason I was successful is because I have all these habits and everything is working and because I'm perfectly consistent now is that true of course not the reason I was successful was it's because you got lucky it's it's always about luck it's like I was at the right place at the right time obviously the more consistent you are the more likely you are to get lucky but all success is some form of luck eventually it's a good it's a lucky break it's a good opportunity just seized at the right time so you can be not you can be inconsistent and still get lucky you know you can you can like like a singer can post just one video and that video will go viral and that singer now has you know millions of fans it happens but but in general the more the harder you work the luckier you get it's it's simple it's just because you have more opportunities your more experience you're more prepared so what happened to me was I started making a bunch load of money online from various stuff it started with stock trading and then from coaching and then from kind of this marketing piece that I put up and I had really bad habits like I had really really really really bad habits when that happened so when I so when I started making like a lot of money especially eventually from coaching it really fucked me up because I had bad spending habits for example so what happened was it got amplified so it's like okay I'm already kind of a spender so now that I have a lot of money then I have to spend it all or I wasn't working out and then even though I worked only like three or four hours a day and all the rest of the time I was available I was still not working out just because I didn't have the habit and and the habit of not working out which is a negative habits the habit of not doing something it was just reinforced so the more successful you are the harder it will be to change your habits because your brain is going to be again it's gonna say I don't know what you're doing but I like it because it's working I don't care what it is your brain doesn't know it doesn't read books it doesn't know what behavior caused the success it just knows you did this in the last couple of days and this produced this result so this might be the exact same action that that would have that would usually lead to failure but you just got lucky it would still reinforce that action and then you'd keep taking these decisions even if they're harmful that's by the way for the people who say you know oh when I'll be successful then I'll start developing my fitness for example and no you're not you're not because whatever habits you had before you got successful were amplified so if you didn't have the habit of working out now it'll be even harder I don't care if you have the money the time it will be even harder now to do it so before you even get into the realm of success you have to build good habits like if you don't build good habits by the time you're successful you're fucked you're fucked because you're going to destroy something maybe you don't have good relationship habits so you're going to destroy your marriage maybe you don't have good fitness habits you're going to destroy your health and that I'm not saying destroy as in next year I'm saying over the long term it's going to get harder and harder especially if you win so you still at least hope you don't win so I hope this video makes a lot of sense to you the point of this video is that if you still have some sort of a misconception regarding success realize that it's simply a lucky break it's simply something natural that happens once in a while for the people who take action and the more action the better and before you get successful do a checklist of all the things that are important for you and trust me even if you'd like oh 50 seasons really that you know big deal right now it will be in a few years so you can write stuff that are important to you in the long term so in the long term do you care about being healthy having a good functioning body if so then yeah fitness is important to you it doesn't mean you have to work out like two hours every day but it does mean you have to do 10 push-ups a day you know something minimal but having the habit of doing it every day so that when you do make it it will amplify the good habits make sure you don't have any spending habits for example because when you make a lot of money they're gonna get much worse anything of that sort you have to kind of put a mental check I'm sure I've missed a lot of possible bad habits that you can think of and I obviously also talked mostly about my bad habits but yeah that's just from really really raw experience some bad bad shit I went through I mean I've been successful so many times and and every time either I fast I did something wrong I I let go of it instead of maintaining it I stopped growing it like I made pretty much every decision every bad decision in the book so everything you hear from me it's from tons of experience like I know I'm 22 but I believe that as an entrepreneur I have had like the lifetime of an 80 year old by now yeah so I hope this helps a lot this is relevant for people who are not yet successful build your fucking habits or pay the price later magnified with interest and those who are successful who already have something going pay attention what habits are you missing you are you know you're there's no way no way that you're like me that you look like every single habit in my I'm like every single area of your life has to be daily habit like you don't get to that point as you got fucked up like really hard from that so to really make that mental checklist like what are you missing because the next stage of success will be even harder to correct okay pay attention look at everything till infinity like like if I have this behavior and it and all my behaviors grow for the next 100 years what will happen cool


One of the common blocks of creating content that I've noticed is people think they have to have their offer clarified before they can create content so that when they put the piece of content out there it can be connected to an offer. Well, I think that's unfortunate because in my experience, actually the opposite is true. Creating creates clarity. Content as you put things out there when the process of creating gives you more clarity about what you actually might want to offer and secondly, very importantly, when you put lots of content out there, the market validates which of your ideas is more interesting to them, which then therefore gives you much more confidence on what kind of offer you should create because you've put out these different ideas as a test in your content. And thirdly, when you put content out there, you're educating your market on the concepts that will make your offer much more interesting. So create before you expect clarity.


with the government of Acre with WWF and then C4 to undertake a social environmental monitoring of some of the what they call green policies and other policies that have happened historically and then more recently through some of this impact evaluation type work that we're doing so we haven't had the impact yet but I think that's the kind of set up that you need you need to have the right people on board at the before you didn't because we're now going back to collect this this after data so we now have everybody interested in our findings so that early next year we can we're actually going to be able to get a policy brief right out there as soon as the results are done and people are already asking for it so that's the kind of ideal position that you want to be in let's keep our fingers crossed that this actually will work but there are many other impact stories that have already happened from C4 and other other centers okay thanks so much for your question your question was about how these are translated you know approach actually we've gotten support from the local authorities and environmental authorities such as national environmental authority and they are providing us with the data so that is something that we initially thought we will do it alone but now they are coming on board so you realize we are doing it at the grass root level and they feel the impact of it so they are now coming on board and in a way we are now growing so thank you so much thanks a team you want to answer the question about capacity building in the face of governments that are not supportive of the youth thank you so much um the government of course it involved people and when the government doesn't give you support the community of course will suffer the consequences of a problem at hand and if you have people who are endured with information people who got opportunities to go to school they have got to change their society and capacity building so it's not about only of course giving training if we are if you have like-minded people in society people who are concerned about a course you can begin from that nuclear and that was how we began from a small nuclear then it will it will actually spread into the bigger community the component of mentoring in youth is very important that's one thing which is very big mentoring mentoring mentoring I am like this because I was mentored and I'm still being mentored and the mentoring that is in me goes out I'm also mentoring others so I think that's what I can say okay I want to add into something what Oteema said when it comes to capacity building and this is based on my personal experience of facilitating capacity building especially in the youth one thing I want to realize is that if we personally involve ourselves in the in capacity building them and be part of them so that they don't feel the distance then they will actively participate in it and one of the things that if we do if we develop ideas which are interested in the youth you will realize actually you will have you will gain a lot especially when it comes to capacity building and even using the social media the way the Alia presenter in the morning did that was Joseph using social media we are able to capacity building them so it's not only being physically they are doing it but also we can involve in those ways that have are of great interest to the youth thank you thank you I'll take a couple of questions again okay if there are no questions I have a couple of my own just maybe too easy and to the rest of the panel when we're talking about mentoring you know this has come up quite a bit but do we have enough role models in this field that can be able to become mentors to young people or is it something that also needs to be looked at yeah I mean I definitely think there's enough people but and are enough people putting themselves forward to be mentors definitely not I think that more people can become engaged and realize that they have something to offer and offer other people and and also with mentorship I think it's really important to keep things up like there's no point having a sort of flash in the pan approach but it's about being able to contribute to something over time so you can build something with someone and essentially have a skills exchange and but yeah I definitely say that it's in that if if you feel that you have something to to offer or if you if a situation resonates with you then mentoring is the best way forward as long as it's also sort of sustainable so I'd say sort of sustainable mentorship is is sort of the most positive I think thank you Amy you talked about the fact that we need a different breed of scientists and that probably the youth now will be the the best to sort of understand the links between science policy and the needed actions from your experience at CIFL is there some sort of program that is designed to build up upcoming scientists well I I mean I think that it's not it's it's much bigger than CIFL I mean I think that as soon as you can see a model for something you know it's possible I mean you know when people say scientists can't communicate well some of the best scientists I know are the best communicators as soon as you see someone who can do that you know that that it's that you can do it I mean and there are many graduate programs actually and undergraduate programs that I know of all over the world where there's a lot of this kind of innovation happening you know I can think of people a group in South Africa group in Brazil a group in the Netherlands a group in Florida and the United States I mean there's lots of groups that a lot of this kind of training for young scientists the innovation for young scientists is coming out of coming out of these these academic programs and so I think the more evidence we have of these kinds of changes then then it just keeps going and it becomes the norm instead of the exception the question to Steven you spoke about how we should use the little that we have to set processes going but I think as the youth we usually want big solutions to our problems so how do we inspire or motivate young people to be able to use the little that they have okay thank you so much for that question when we talk of little resources is that for all for a very long time we do cry that we need funding so well when I talk of the little resources is that we can begin with the little that we have with time you realize people now come on board and support us in our case we realize now the government is coming on board and sure soon we will even get people to support us in our work so it is just beginning where we have noting the problem and having the seal to go ahead and solve look for a solution to for the problem it begins at that grassroot level but I'm sure if you have that urge in you to to bring change definitely with the little resources you are able to transform so it's using whatever we have and then expanding it with time so that is the what I meant I can only use the little resources that we have thank you thank you are there any questions from the audience before I pose my last one to a team okay a team when you were making your presentation you talked about how the radius where you come from they were talking about reconciliation and peace building and that they were not talking about the second war and that you approach them to start talking about the second war my question is is there enough interest in those radio programs that you have started because sometimes you know listenership goes down even people interacting with the with the program it goes down but from your experience how has been the responses radio doing a good job in getting people to talk about the second war thank you so much actually I'm I talked in around four different reduced communication is all about the information for passion to change and the way you think it will depend on the message you send to a passion the message is very important and what happened with me was that of course I spoke in all those radio and you were asking about the impact of the talks yes it was there and it all depended on the message I was passing to the audience listening and and you don't just need me to talk but you have got to follow up I had a mechanism of follow up when when and one thing which I did was that I would you should encourage feedback in a radio you have got to actually let the call us I mean the audience call so that they tell you they tell you that part of the story they tell you I mean you know the nitty gritty of the problem with the problem and in fact they will even tell you more they will tell you more practical ways of addressing the problem so I'm telling me it depends on the information of the message filtering it and telling it to the audience you intend you know the message thank you team if there are no further questions I think I'll just like to ask our panelists to just give us brief take home messages before we end the session we'll start with easy could you not hear any of that no so I'll say that again it wasn't that good anyway so it's just as well the microphone was on my brief and concise this time take home message would be that you must be and can be empowered and that really there are no barriers to action we should just not make any excuses groups should be organized from the core and and really it's about perseverance and support through mentorship and the right programs and inspiration and that's the message thanks okay thank you for me my home message is the skills that we have it may seem very technical but if we engage the youth they are very enthusiastic to learn about it so we go and train them they are ready to land and to use that to transform our landscape the other thing is we need to let us not cry about having a lot of resources let's use what we have so for our case if you have time spend with the youth if you have special skills that you can use go and use with the youth if you have resources in terms of money or something like that take and support the youth that is the best way that we can actually engage the youth in transforming our landscape thank you thank you so much we're talking about a little involvement in youth in landscape sector let us reach out to the youth let us make this forum to reach out to the youth they are eager to come I mean to participate to contribute in the course let us take the natural curiosity about science in the youth and we build from there if we do that then we'll get there thank you I guess mine is that you know for the the young researchers teach us what this new climate change scientist should look like you know show us how to effectively bridge biophysical and social scientists show us how to work across sectors show us how to engage civil society and research how to to link our work to the policy realm this is this is still this is not we're not where we want to be and we need new models new experiences new stories to be able to to to make us all better scientists thank you Amy and thank you to our panelists join me in thanking the panelists thank you so much for the moving stories for the inspiring words and for the encouragement for young people to get more engaged in agriculture forest and landscapes in general and thank you to the audience for being such a lovely audience can I test you again when I say GLF you say okay you're not sleeping that's all right so before we end up we have a special guest Bruce Campbell from sea calves who has a few words for us good so I was really impressed that almost none of the speakers use many PowerPoints which is power points like killing our ability to orate and talk but then I just ask your forgiveness that I want to show you three images so this is the first image and 20 90 scientists do these projections to 2000 2100 20 90s really far away but I found a 25 year old and if she agrees to have children on the schedule that I'm going to propose to her and if and if her children have children on that schedule her grandchild will be only 30 years old when this materializes this is a four degree warmer world that we're heading towards I'm a Zimbabwean and as you can see Zimbabwe is dark gray a 20 percent decline in the growing season I've worked as small holders in Zimbabwe for 20 years under incredibly harsh conditions where almost you say the only thing to do is to get out of the landscape because it's so tough 20 percent decline in growing season is just it's it would kill the continent as you can see gray over large areas of the content 5 to 20 percent declines the light gray on vast other areas the green or the few patches where things may improve slightly in terms of growing season now there's highly uncertainty these these kinds of projections but this is potentially where we heading towards now let's compare that to what's happening at the negotiations in 2009 there was some text on agriculture calling for more work on agriculture and it didn't go anywhere in 2010 there was a similar kind of text and it didn't go anywhere 2011 was historic in that agriculture was mentioned in a single sentence in the Durban agreement and that sentence was let's refer the work to subster for a decision at COP historic mean almost no movement but historic 2011 in Doha no movement and I can already tell you now there's zero movement on agriculture at this cop as well so you just want to on you know on Wednesday when I was watching what was going on you want to give up on it because it's impossible so if you just go to the next one so I totally agree this is the youth statement in 2010 you've been negotiating all my life you cannot tell me you need more time the progress that we see in this negotiations is just impossible we have to get on and do things and there's no no group better to do it than the youth so I totally support this kind of activism and the best group to do it is the youth I'm a scientist and I was supposed to pick my words very carefully I must be sober about it I must be academic and I must publish it in nature and science but I think it's time to speak out and be more militant and this is a great article if you can just look at the next slide it's in new statements how science is is telling us to revolt and there's some nice stories in there about how scientists have reached the end of their tether and agree that the only way forward is revolution so I invite you to initiate the revolution I'm impressed by the passion that the speakers showed this afternoon I think there's huge responsibility actually on the youth to actually change the world because the seniors have not left the world in a good place and by the time Temby's grandchildren are 30 we do not want that first picture on the on the PowerPoint so I'm completely behind these proposed outcomes I heard the youth can and must be empowered we must use whatever resources we've got and and really make action on the ground we Amy we must revolutionize research research must be in a completely different way completely different metrics in terms of how it's how it's measured and I come from sea caps which is the climate change agriculture and food security program of the CG which I lead and we're trying to do some of those things to change really change the metrics to put large amounts of effort into communications to to have a real responsibility to work with partners in a proper proper way and not return not be found out that you're the first researcher to come back to a village so I think it was a really inspiring session this afternoon that I this morning that I heard it's lifted my spirits after I heard the state of the negotiations and so I thank you and I invite you to revolt thank you Bruce yes to the revolution I'm going to start it myself so before we end off there's been an ongoing competition that has been running and Peter is going to announce the winners of that competition at my age I need to change your glasses thank you Timby but I have something else also to say one of the messages that also I took home from this session is that change starts with me each of you each of what we as individuals can do and I tell you a story of how actually this youth session happened the GLF was being planned already a year ago and we didn't have a space for you so the network of young professionals and agriculture research stepped up and said hey wouldn't it be cool if we actually start a GLF with the youth session but in that it is not why part the network you know which is not an abstract thing but it's two people Courtney and Marina could you step up these are the two phases could you step up please these are the two people then and took the initiative and say hey we're gonna change things we are young and we're gonna take those for a ride in this revolution and then we went to the organizers and we went to see for and see calves and and said would you mind and I said by all means and then Michelle stepped up Michelle Michelle from C4 said I'm gonna help I'm young I'm gonna do Bruce's revolution I'm gonna help and then we had Cecilia are you here Cecilia Schubert and then we had another young person from Seacaps and said I'm young I'm gonna do Bruce's revolution I'm gonna step up Cecilia and then Thunder Pan says we're in you know we got time be she raps their rap at that moment was no agriculture no deal no are you ready no agriculture no agriculture and now it's GLF Cop 19 there we go there we go there we go there we go but all of that is all fine this was all in our minds you know when we having a drink together but it also takes money and it takes some funding so why part the two people did the call for funding and we're all talking about two months before the the the forum itself two months before the forum none of this was in there so they went around and they actually got funding from CGR the global agriculture research partnership from GFAR the global forum for agriculture research and from CTA the technical center for agriculture and rural cooperation I mentioned their names we're good now and then we said okay well you know what let's live life on a dangerous road we're gonna make a call for young people to speak up we're gonna give a platform it came out in this form young people need to have a platform to speak up and we made a call on our websites we distributed via Twitter and Facebook and we gave people young people over the world a three weeks deadline to submit a proposal to come here as a speaker a three weeks deadline we thought yeah you know 20 maybe 30 proposals we're gonna get we got 150 of them from people really across the globe they're all on the landscape the door website have a read and each of those submissions actually described a project and the cause that these young people are working on or are passionate about and we were really impressed about the diversity of these submissions and how these young people around the world often with the minimum of resource it was a story of a young person in India who allocated part of their his study funds his study allowance to fund his own project in conservation of coastal land in India now we had this 150 submissions we could only fly a couple of these people into into Poland into the GLF so we published all of these submissions on the website and we asked people to vote in a way to give visibility to these proposals and we thought if you're gonna get a thousand you know votes it would be fine we got 13,344 votes we just counted them last night 13,344 votes for those 150 submissions so now here are the top five submissions they will get a price from the public it was proposal number 97 the potential of introducing agriculture to children which is from Muftatur Ritzky from Indonesia the second one is number 89 the entrepreneurship skills for forestry students from Marika Tarina Bekara Lial from Colombia then submission number 67 a youth led collective to educate and empower youth in environmental issues from Samara as a value from Colombia entry number 24 and now we're going already above the 2000 threshold vote more than 2000 votes for teaching communities on recycling deforestation and environmental protection from Gabbo confidence mapot see from Republic of South Africa and the winner the absolute winner was Isaac from Kenya on mentorship training programs for farmers youth and women you will see them on announced on the landscape website these top five voted submissions we get a price from public they will get a copy of the book one billion hungry from sir Gordon Conway a book which explains issues related to this conference which explains many interrelated issues which are critical to our food supply and the book will be sent by agriculture for impact one of our sponsoring organizations they will also get a signed copy of the CJR a year report signed by the CEO of the CJR consortium and get the white part is the white part t-shirts and the notebook these are the five winners I thank you again for all of those that voted on the Alliance submissions 13,344 excellent and I hand it back again to you to me you left 19 so congratulations to the winners and to close off I'd like to thank you all for participating for the contributions for the ideas and I just want to assure you that this is not the end of the conversation and this is not the end of the ideas that were generated we are going to develop an outcome document which is going to be on the white part websites going to be developed by white part but also some of the outcomes from this meeting are going to go into the big outcome statement of the global landscapes forum which is then going to be handed over to the United Nations UNF triple C secretariat so I think our voices as the youth are being had which is a good thing and once again if you want to continue giving feedback if you want to continue maybe you think of something as you walk out of here you can just go to landscapes.org and give your feedback there so thank you to the organizers and the partners that have supported this whole process we will now be moving straight to the opening session which is in the auditorium which is on your right as you go out so those that haven't grabbed their lunch packs please grab them outside and then proceed to the main opening session thank you so much


These women were so smart and so savvy and so ahead of their time. They were able to make a message go viral in 1917 by stitching it onto a banner. They invented the idea of a civil rights march in Washington, and their lessons are still so relevant. Every time I see a protester in Lafayette Square or hear someone calling out a leader for his hypocrisy by quoting his own earlier words back to him, I'm reminded how these were their ideas and they affected this huge change to American democracy, and of course what the suffragists were fighting for was the 19th Amendment, but when I first got the chance to see the 19th Amendment, I didn't think it would be that big a deal. I thought it was just a piece of paper, well a couple of pieces of paper, and that it was what the 19th Amendment stood for that really mattered, but I have to say when I actually got the chance to see the real 19th Amendment at the National Archives, I was not a badass in any way. I was totally sentimental, just mush all the way through, and how lucky we are to have a place that protects those documents. It's not just a piece of paper, it's vital, it's everything, and it is badass.


Tom here from Lawrence systems and a few months ago ubiquity had sent me this unified dream machine back in November Which I did a review of it And this is a follow-up on February 16th of 2020 about the dream machine and how it's working If you want to learn more about me and my company head over to Lawrence systems comm if you want to hire short projectors They hire spotting at the top if you want to help the channel out in other ways There are some affiliate links down below to get your deals and discounts on products and services We talk about on the channel So this is actually where it sits in my daughter's apartment and it's been there for a little while now a few months and it's working Wonderful, I would know because my daughter her boyfriend and a cat would let me know if there's any problems with the internet And it has been working great They did have one minor outage had nothing to do with the dream machine and everything to do with Comcast and line being cut So everything is great 98% why does it say 98% well once in a while it does say high retries for the Google Home Mini and The LG K40 and occasionally my daughter's phone which isn't showing up right now in the metrics But it will give that once in a while in there. I think we have to increase this to maybe last seven days Here we go So it occasionally gives us error but not enough to actually cause any real problems and it also says low signal strength sometimes it does that when They're leaving the house because it connects again to you as you can notice out the parking lot here and eventually fades off So there are not any real errors, but at least I'll address to say those are the errors are getting But as far as asking my daughter does your phone work perfectly fine. She goes. Oh, yeah Now, what do they use it for? Well people under 20s definitely do this 1.83 giga traffic streaming media being the dominant Amount of data and the apps they use are gonna be pretty much they watch YouTube no shock there What do they watch YouTube on streaming media Chromecast? So the Chromecast works perfectly fine It's just the standard not wired but wireless Chromecast device not hard lined in the only thing hard lined in is her Laptop she does have that plug directly in where she plays some games She doesn't download too many games in there because of the Wi-Fi cap limits that Comcast has so that does not show up in here quite as much but Overall it has worked really really well has not caused any problems. I've not gotten any support calls from the kids Wondering how their system is working or why it this or that isn't working They said there's not a whole lot connected to it right now. It's showing the Google Home Mini and the LG k40 The one thing I will comment on is the threat management now I only have it in intrusion detection not prevention mode and My guess is they're surfing habits are just incredibly boring because there's simply nothing in here in terms of threat management So no issues there now to go over here and talk about the internet security threat management It's set to level five and intrusion detection I didn't want to put it on prevention in case it would accidentally block some of her homework websites She has to do for schooling But you know so far it hasn't blocked anything and really hasn't found anything so I Could probably turn it on to intrusion prevention if I needed to as well But the overall has been working fine the Wi-Fi network for those wondering is named crypto locker.exe I figured hey, that's the best way to get people maybe to not bother them Although it does have a reasonable password on it Yeah, you don't want people necessarily poking at your Wi-Fi and in apartments people tend to do that and guess passwords But haven't really had any issues now. I will comment that over the last several months It's still on version 5.12.22. I have it as far as I know set to automatically update And there this hasn't been an update for but it hasn't any problems I know that it has been Restarted once or twice and but the overall with it is it just works And I think that's the important part when you want to talk about a Wi-Fi for a small home I really would recommend this still I still think the product is great in terms of its functionality and one other thing I will comment on because if you people have asked this As can you add other devices to it and absolutely this is a pretty good ideal system For home networks because when you want to set something up and have it in like an apartment great It's got coverage But if you want to take it with you when you move to a house or something bigger Yeah, you can easily do that because you can adopt another Access point to it plug one or two more access points in and have one nice big Wi-Fi network across the area you live in and The overall pretty easy to manage you don't have to worry about you know the controller and everything because it's all integrated in So I still really like this device for home users I think it does a very adequate job Maybe even some small offices would benefit from this You know you can probably even throw this in in a restaurant because it does have the ability To create more than one network and create a guest network as well Which is impressive for such a small little compact device that's relatively easy to sell So refer back to my other review if you want a more in-depth about it This is mostly just me following up because well, you know You knew it worked out of the box when I did it but that's not ever a surprise But what does it look like after several months and if there's any changes or if there's anything like an update break something Well, I do a video on that too, but so far it's been several months or hasn't been any updates But it also hasn't broke hasn't had any problems and I think that's an important aspect to think about is What does the long-term look like on these devices grant? It's only a few months But still it hasn't had any problems and for a new product to come out and not have any problem the first few months is a good thing Thanks And thank you for making it to the end of the video If you liked this video, please give it a thumbs up if you'd like to see more content from the channel Hit the subscribe button and hit the bell icon if you like YouTube to notify you when new videos come Out if you'd like to hire us head over to Lawrence systems calm fill out our contact page And let us know what we can help you with and what projects you'd like us to work together on If you want to carry on the discussion head over to forums not Lawrence systems calm Or we can carry on the discussion about this video other videos or other tech topics in general even suggestions for new videos They're accepted right there on our forums, which are free Also, if you like to help the channel in other ways head over to our affiliate page We have a lot of great tech offers for you and once again, thanks for watching and see you next time