And I will turn it over to Chris Wiseman who is with New England Aqua Ventus and he's going to talk to us about his offshore wind project. Thank you for joining us. All right, well terrific Sarah so thank you for this opportunity really appreciate it and I just want to let you all know I'm a lifetime member and I can actually remember back in 1990 when I first put my first Sierra Club sticker on the back of my car I was very proud to do so. So really glad to be here.  And so Sarah I would encourage you to have people lob questions as we're going. Glad to entertain things because a lot of times people have questions on on individual slides so I'm really glad to take any interruption that you guys see fit. So, I just, I want to start with kind of giving everybody perspective on what offshore wind has become. It has become actually really really big business. It's been big business in Europe for now really about 10 years, and this table here on the left is a is a tabulation of the goals of just really six or seven states down the eastern board. And if you look at the bottom of that column in the middle its capacity commitment in terms of megawatts. That is a lot of power so 31,000 megawatts is basically the peak load of all of New York State, it's kind of close to the peak load of all of New England. It is a lot, and it has become really the go to solution for states that are seeking large blocks of renewable energy kind of close to big cities, Boston, New York, right. And this already represents almost $100 billion in capital cost. It is at the early stage of creating thousands of jobs. For some of us. There was really big news yesterday in that the vineyard wind project that's sort of the first project first big project off of Massachusetts actually got approval by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management yesterday. That was after pretty much being stalled for the last four years. So, um, what main has done really recently as harness to the biggest players that is us. That's part of we are part of the Mitsubishi cooperation and RWE, which is a big German utility that actually has been involved in offshore wind for about 20 years. It's a massive experience in Europe and the thing that that I like to hammer home to everybody. And it doesn't matter which sort of political end of the spectrum you are is that first line up here is that solving climate change has become really an economic opportunity it's it's an imperative, it's actually an opportunity to put people to work. And it's not put people to work just for, you know, a couple of weeks or years, I think this is a generation long switch my perspective. Who we are I know this is a little bit out of order but I wanted to get that under our belts first is really how big this is. And if you look at the boxes here this one down here, I am part of diamond offshore wind diamond offshore wind when you chase up ownership is actually owned by the Mitsubishi Corporation out of out of Tokyo. What I mentioned is big utility out of Germany. Together we have formed what is known as New England Aqua Ventus, and we have partnered with the University of Maine to build on their pretty much decades worth of good work in developing offshore wind in Maine and developing a particular floating foundation that I'll show you that really fits the bill for Maine. I do want to just before we dive into them into the specifics of the foundation I just wanted to show you. Again, it's a little bit more context so that everybody understands this offshore wind is coming to Maine. There's been a lot of activity south of here and if you can see these I know it ends up being pretty small on your screen but you see these multi color to sort of rainbow color. Those are leases off of Massachusetts and Rhode Island that started getting leased back in 2013. And they are sort of known as Massachusetts leases right that would enable Massachusetts to achieve its goals. And I think the advantage for Massachusetts is that New York has come on really strong seeking in the near term 9000 megawatts of offshore wind and it had one stinking lease this little blue area right off of New York City. So what's happened over the last couple of years is New York has awarded multiple projects that actually are going to use that Massachusetts real estate, meaning there's much less for Massachusetts to achieve its goals. So that big black hour arrow over there is to really indicate that Massachusetts, New Hampshire, even Connecticut and such need more real estate, if you will, and they are coming around the corner and looking very closely at the Gulf of Maine you've probably heard about this interstate interstate task force, which is Maine, New Hampshire. And Massachusetts really looking at how to utilize it so the real question up here in the left is to what extent main will harness this industry to create new economic development. You may have heard in the news right the concept of a research array, and the idea of a research array. In addition to the monhegan project I'll differentiate the two in a minute is really to help steer the eventual leasing of the Gulf of Maine. In such a way that it doesn't imperil fisheries now we know fishermen don't want any project anywhere in the Gulf of Maine. I just don't believe that that's reality. They're coming and so the idea of the state is to be in a best position to influence the direction that these go and by influence that could be turbines are spaced very wide apart, it could be that that the mooring lines fit a certain direction. It could be that there's just a big transit zone. I'll just give you a lesson that wasn't that we should learn from that wasn't learned. Again, these multicolored leases off of Massachusetts, they are kind of right smack between major fishing fleets so good old new Bedford, you know, Moby Dick, and their fishing grounds off the George's bank. And so the fisherman cried out and said hey, wait a minute you just erected this big obstacle and we need to go 50 miles out of our way to get around it. There's a little bit more consultation with fishermen could have avoided something that that in hindsight looks as simple as that. Excuse me. And that's what the state is trying to avoid in having numerous workshops of fishermen trying to figure out how is it that offshore wind and fisheries can best coexist. The second really big bullet down here. Is by using a sort of small research array to develop and prove out mains ports and contractors and supply chains it established them as leaders. Some of us in the business kind of look back maybe 15 years ago to Iowa. Iowa was one of the absolute leaders in in seeking renewable energy from wind. And because it was a leader it actually now has the factories it has a supply chain and literally has thousands upon thousands of people working in in in wind and so to a certain extent that's the model that that main is seeking. The first step is the single turbine monhegan project. There's one over there on the right. I know it shows it still shows to our art is a little bit out of date. But the single turbine project is ultimately to prove that the University of Maine technology really can be built in Maine, and that may sound like, well, how do you approve it it's not that complicated. There's some pictures in a minute that show you just how gigantic this device is that makes it clear that you really need to figure out an entire supply chain strategy how you launch these things how you build them on land. Over here on the right are some numbers. Each foundation weighs about 10,000 tons. That diameter of just the yellow portion on the bottom is basically almost a football field. So this is really big. The second project is just going to give you a couple of near near term and actually recent activities now we had a booth bay public public meeting. Last week it was largely taken over by an open Mike night where the fishermen could air their grievances but we spent a lot of time with select men, and, and, and folks sort of explaining how this could work for booth bay in that. Organizations right in booth bay that could really benefit from from offshore wind one is research. One is a local basically boat builder. And so this is exactly what we're trying to foster in Maine is making it an industry that unit utilizes really main talent to to further the industry. So, one of the cool things that you'll see in the next. It's actually, it got pushed off slightly it's going to be next weekend starts is a cable root survey. We have to survey the entire cable if you imagine this single turbine has a cable that's going to run all the way into booth bay to connect to the grid, and we want to bury that cable just as as much as we can to make sure that it doesn't upset fishermen. Let me bring you but a little bit more on that in a minute. We are finalizing a turbine. We are working with the worldwide heavyweights that's Vesta Siemens and GE those are the three manufacturers they're really in offshore wind. We're doing lots of engineering, and we are working with contractors on how to build this and this is a smattering of main based contractors like reading reading cheer in general, and worldwide heavyweights. They're not in the household names necessarily but the likes of my moot that know how to move big things around. We are starting the full need review, even with the misspelling of the word fall here full need review will be conducted by the DOE. And we're building it's kind of interesting because we're stepping in after the University of Maine has done all of the long term studies. Some of those conducted by the Audubon, and then visual impact studies all this sort of archaeological studies all sorts of different stuff so we're able to sort of dive right into the NEPA review. And our rough timeline going forward is to finalize this is cable landing really somewhere here by the really next couple of weeks. We start the public permitting information sessions in the first half of the year and that's, it was a little bit we wanted to start a lot earlier we were hoping that those public sessions could actually be in person. I think we've all now finally given in to zoom. Hopefully we can do things in person by the summer, but this is the seems to be the only forum to do this. I hope to have all permits in hand and ready to go sometime in 2022 start fabrication on land of this foundation in 2022 the turbine would arrive then in spring of 23. And that's when it gets to be really interesting we erect the turbine on this foundation spring summer 2023 and then tow it out to see in 2023 and my analogy is this point out the Penobscot river whole Penobscot Bay it's going to be like the fourth to July parade. I'm familiar with the Thomaston parade so that's my metaphor is I think there will be boats lined up I think a lot of people will come out to see this so it should be a real, a real big spectacle. And sorry only because you said you're we're okay to be interrupted we did have a couple questions. Although it looks like one may have been answered by another participant so one what does NEPA mean. But someone said National Environmental Policy Act, and then somebody else asked by full NEPA review do you mean an EIS or EA. What do you mean by a review. Yeah, so, so it is. Yes, an E what's called an EA Fonzie right so an environmental assessment and a finding of no significant impact is what is sought. And lace lay person speak that means that it's demonstrated not to have a significant impact on any species birds particular focus on endangered species, right that you can build this thing, and we don't expect anything adverse to happen. So that's, that's the goal. Perfect thank you. So this cable route survey there spoke about. So this helps show you the site right so Monhegan is over here in the lower right hand corner the turbine is almost due south of Monhegan. Two and a half miles offshore. And the cable route follows this sort of zigzag. And that's partly because this dotted line is the demarcation between water that is controlled by the state of Maine and water that's controlled by the federal government. And if we were to go straight across this federal government water we have about a separate three year engagement with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management to get the rights to do that so we are going. Following the state waters route. Go up turn left head over and basically up to East Booth Bay. So we're starting this cable route in March and it is admittedly tough weather in March but we're doing it because there are many fewer lobster traps out this time of year, then there would be in any nicer weather. So really that's why we're doing it capitulation number one and then we've been consulting with fishermen we had a number of different discussions big and small so we worked with Maine Coastal Fisherman's Association to convene local fishermen that are impacted so those are the guys from sort of friendship in Bristol that fish out here. Now, by and large, I will say, none of them want offshore wind, but some of them will say well if you're going to do it, you know, move that cable over here avoid this do that and we got into a really good engagement, and then offline with a couple of people that had just great feedback so you will see almost universally negative comments from fishermen when they operate as a group and when they are quoted in the press, but individuals are actually quite a bit more helpful. So, as a result of this cable route survey, we want to find a place we can bury it and we want to make sure that we can land where we think we want to. We're going to find a little bit of history to on other cables run in Maine so this is sort of zooming in if you can see on the left of this picture it's Rockland Harbor. And you have vinyl Haven or sort of the group of islands vinyl Haven Fox Island off to the right here. And in about 1977 there was a line run this blue dotted line. And it was a cable run to power the island in the first place. And when they ran the cable in those days, they just literally laid it on the sea bottom, and it ran like that for a number of years, until the current year after year started dragging it on some rocks, it started faulting like having problems a lot and need to get fixed a lot. The cable was replaced in 2005, and by then there were much more robust sort of standards in place for how to bury cables and have them last for decades without a problem. So they found this route that is now marked in red that where the cable could be buried the entire length it was buried in 2005 using modern techniques which is jetplow. And jetplow is a device that basically is a stream of nozzles that push high speed water basically high speed and it momentarily sort of creates a trench in the seabed the cable is laid in that. And the, the vast majority of the sediment then just drops right back into that that trench. And, and that's kind of considered state of the art, you can put these down all you know six feet in general is the goal. And if you look at what even the most intrusive fisherman do it is scalloping or scalloping and main waters I'm a little further south I call it scalloping. Scalloping is essentially a rake that goes across the seabed and occasionally when it's not tuned properly can penetrate, you know, a foot or foot and a half down. So this is way beyond that and allows basically anything to happen over the top over the top. The point really is that neither of these were an obstacle for fishermen. And both the old and the new if you can see these dotted outlines around each of these, they show up on the Noah charts as cable areas, and a cable area in state law ends up restricting fishermen, you're not allowed to fish over a cable area. Now, I'll tell you anecdotally it's not enforced at all. Technically speaking, it's to be restricted. The goal in Monhegan is to follow this sort of same idea was we're going to bury it in a similar fashion. It's now state of the art. But the difference is, and this goes back even certainly 1977 even 2005 is using modern GIS technology right the same stuff in your cell phone that allows you to precisely locate within one meter where the cable actually is located. The case then the the folks so Noah that administers the charts, they are the ones that literally publish the charts, don't need to have it show up as a cable area and it doesn't trigger main law that restricts fishing. So that's our goal is to use the little single turbine monhegan project as a way of establishing best practices for for offshore when going forward. And it's an issue because fishermen, if you look at all of this area made up by these cable cable areas. It's more area than the wind farm itself. So they wanted to make sure that there were no no obstacles. And so that's one of the I think good elements of feedback that we've had by by working with fishermen, we now know what they what they needed. Why the research array. I'm proactively offering the why because people do end up asking that okay we're doing this monhegan project we're doing a research array. The monhegan project is to verify, as I mentioned earlier that the university main design works for me that it's economically viable it can be built in Maine and create local jobs. Right, so in it's in the category of proving that concrete floats. The purpose of the research array is actually a lot bigger than that. It's to evaluate how offshore wind projects can work with traditional ocean users at a scale that's reflective of future commercial scale projects. No, that's a mouthful. Traditional ocean users we look at as clearly human fisherman, but it's also other occupants, right right whales are really key. So there is virtually no information worldwide to indicate how marine mammals work with floating offshore wind, because it's in a deeper, deeper environment. The, the bullet number two there is to conduct specifically research that will allow commercial scale scale projects to be implemented responsibly. The all sorts of different technology solutions. Do we have mooring lines that go straight down go way out what are they made out of how do we do the anchoring all sorts of different things like that, and then allowing fisheries and offshore wind to coexist. As I mentioned earlier, we do want to influence bone leasing bone leasing and approval process a legitimate outcome of doing the research array is don't put them within 30 miles of shore because we fish there. I'm not kidding. It could be you want these mid projects to be really far offshore. And then the fourth bullet is absolutely to establish main is the hub for floating offshore wind jobs in the East Coast and that's, that's key because there's a big difference between floating offshore wind infrastructure and fixed bottom foundations I should have shown a picture fixed bottom is to predominate technologies one is what's called a monopile it is literally a giant steel cylinder giant like you could fit your house in it. Two inch thick steel is pounded in into the seabed. And that doesn't work in very deep water. So that technology is off the list. Jacket foundations which are more like a bar stool, a four legged stool. Similarly, it go a little bit deeper water but they don't go into really deep water and so those are both going to be used extensively really south of Cape Cod. So projects off of New York and New Jersey are almost all jackets and monopiles. The opportunity is for main to really corner the floating offshore wind job market. Establish the ports show that everybody can do it and then be in a position to essentially potentially serve other states with floating offshore wind in that there are not many harbors that are of the scale that are necessary to accommodate this industry. I want to show you scale right because people also are concerned about the scale of this, this research array, but what this is on the right here are these are the leases off of Massachusetts. In generally these are 150,000 acres or more some of them 165,000 acres. What the state is looking for is this little red box in here that's about the scale is a 10,000 acre 16 square mile research lease so it's only about 7% aside so that's the major difference between research lease and a in a commercial scale lease much much smaller and Chris. Yeah, just going back to your last slide we didn't have one question I don't know if this has been answered, but has the floating technology been proven at this point or is it still being worked on. It is still being worked on that really is the function of the monhegan project so I will elaborate extensively right, so there are lots of really big floating oil rigs around the world right. Little point of fact there's almost 6000 structures in the Gulf of Mexico. Now the vast majority of those are, as I said monopiles and jackets but there's also big floating structures. So the real difference is that those floating structures in the oil and gas industry are all like, you know, I'm going to call it like billion dollar structures each one is just gigantic. And so the challenge has been scaling down the technology to accommodate wind turbines, and then making it cost effective so the issue is not whether we can build something. It's that note there on the second line there is whether or not it can be built economically. So really that's what the monhegan project is about is about figuring out a way that we can build that foundation economically, and then use those lessons learned eventually into something like the research array. There are a whole bunch. Not not that many, but three current projects in Europe that are sort of onesie twosies of different types of technologies. So those are right now all steel foundations. And so the opportunity is for main is to build with concrete as opposed to steel, in that we don't have steel in the state of the magnitude to build these things. And very few stages not even not even a port on the east coast that can build steel of the size that's necessary. So the whole trick with the University main foundation is that they've come up with this concrete foundation that is it kind of uses the technology that bridge builders are used to so you all probably drove past the bridge between New Hampshire and Maine. I think it's one right off 95 to your left as you're going south.  That's what that's what we're doing. And I'm going to show you a little bit of that. So my question is actually just a one note on this, this slide. So, as you know, a few wealthy fee people live on Martha's vineyard and then tuck it. And many of them didn't want to see wind turbines. And to a lesser extent, New York determined is that somewhere between 12 and 15 miles, you would not have a significant view shed disruption so that was part of this original sort of a line here, you can't really see it exactly. The reason why the lights out of it are because there are shipwrecks and rocks and things like that, but it was originally a sort of circle and a line and the zigzag to avoid interrupting the view shed. The state of Maine has actually been more conservative than that they've said, we're not going to build this within 20 miles of land. This is a little picture of what the research array would look like and it gives you somewhat of a better is probably hard to see on your screens right you can see these close turbines, but this is what they're like about a mile apart. This is a little pod of four then one option is to have two miles between them and the next pod. And that would be to sort of test out the idea of having a corridor for bigger ships to go between these things. The little white line is the sort of theoretical area that fishermen really shouldn't go. And it shouldn't go would mean sort of prudently you run a greater risk of and a lobster man specifically of getting your traps tangled on mooring lines and things like that. And so what you can see is the vast majority of the wind farm is actually open for business as usual, not necessarily for scholars but definitely for for lobster man. I want to, I'm going to, my next slide is actually to pause on questions I know I've been using up a quite a bit of time here but I do want to flip to one other slide that is just cool, it'll give you the scale of what we're talking about here. This is a current, just the, the top piece of a current state of the art offshore wind turbine. These are really big. Right, so this is, and I apologize I don't remember the weight but it's kind of in the neighborhood of four or 500 tons. This has to be lifted up on top of that giant tower. And so here you can see what it's just like relative to mere human beings. Everything literally has to be moved by see everything in this business is very nautical, it can't be shipped on roads or on even railroad. So I will pause there for questions I am glad to. I am glad to flip around to different slides I can answer any questions like, but I didn't want to just talk at you for hours so over to you sir. I would invite folks you can raise your hand virtually or take yourself off me or add any questions to the chat. If you prefer to have me read them. But yeah we'd love to hear what questions folks have. And absent that I can show I can show you a few more slides that will give you a bit more of a grounding in the, in the construction. And while we wait one question a couple questions that I get repeatedly but one is thinking about this project in particular what does it mean for energy generation for the state of Maine. So, I will speak pretty candidly in that one turbine for the state of Maine isn't much, we're a rounding error in the vagaries of the state, I have Dave will be on the line who I think has the number of households that we would power, probably closer to his fingertips than me. Dave if you're listening not to put you on the spot to take you off mute but if you can. It's, it's a little bit over 5000 households the equivalent of 5000 something main households. This is the cable from the demonstration turbine would be interconnected to the grid in Lincoln County. And so, for safety context, it's about a third of the total number of households in Lincoln County at the course of a year that it's annual output. So you can see I mean as these turbines get really really big you don't really need that many of them. Now, the state already gets a lot of its power from land based wind, and we'll be getting more from solar so they're in my opinion there will never be you know 1000 offshore wind turbines because they're so big now. So it really isn't a specter of them being everywhere it's we're talking about a handful of wind farms. We have some questions that have added to the chat. Going back to the floating technology. How much work will it take to perfect it. And when is it expected to be done by. Yeah, good, good question so we're, we're working through the design for the one turbine project now right and so that design is going to take us about another year, and we're working very closely with what we would what we call construct ability. So, we don't want to create a design that literally says you have to pour the entire thing in one giant batch form because that would be impossible to build. So we're working really in hand and glove and I'm going to show you, I'm going to show you actually a picture to help see if I can put this back on on there with me. And now, sorry just that I have to go to zoom classes tonight to perfect this screen sharing, getting there. Almost. Okay, so what you see in this slide is we are in this is the foundations can be built on land 300 feet across 10,000 tons there is nothing that can pick that up. Right. In Maine, much less most of the rest of the world. So we are building it in bite sized pieces you have what we call the keystone here that will probably be one form in place. You have each of these arms, this is kind of like a view into the arm, and then you have these columns. And to give you a really zero in on how big this is and what we're trying to do to get to that perfected design is this is one of the arms. And this is this is a view looking into the end of that arm, a person for scale. And what we're doing is come is refining the design to basically build this in truck size pieces. So that the fabrication can be kind of spread around the state, and you can truck the pieces in and put them all together at Mac point. And it is this element of design that is being perfected for just building it once but building it once will be like the hand built Rolls Royce. And as we get to the research array, we will probably have learned from this how to put these pieces together maybe more efficiently, how to turn it a bit more into a factory process, and we'll continue to refine that refine that design. So it's a it's a continual process of improvement to the point where, by the time the research array is built. We think we will have a really good method for setting up a factory and then being able to do, you know, kind of 50 of these at a time. So it's a multiple year process there's no absolute answer to it is when is it good enough to go into production is really the bottom line. Yeah, so going to the next question. Is there any notion that the lease areas can function as fishery sanctuaries. Yes, I'm really pleased that you asked that I. So I've been observing this fishery sanctuary or sort of sanctuaries in the ocean around the world where there's a movement to do kind of like 100 square mile blocks and just let the entire ecosystem reestablish itself. And a very minimum that slide that I showed a minute ago. There, but has these little little pods that are sanctuaries. We're, there's a lot to say here, has any of anybody is a question to the audience is anybody seen pictures of the ocean bottom before and after a dragging has been done to either catch scallops or something else. Quite striking, because you see the ocean bottom and lots of little things growing before, and then this device scrapes the ocean bottom and is literally turned into a desert that then takes years to reestablish itself.  And, and that leads to the same concept of breeders right breeding lobsters, this sort of secret of lobsters, creating more lobsters is to let them get big enough.  We're not sure, frankly, to what extent for scalloping those sanctuaries would be bigger, because you do have mooring lines one design is that mooring lines kind of go out little ways. If the mooring lines do go out, then this sanctuary effect would actually be quite a bit bigger. It could be a circle that is maybe four times the size of the circle that's shown here. So yeah, it's a, it's a thing that could be part of the research to is I mean what we're what we had thought we are not ocean scientists but what you thought is that would be really a really good long term study is to see what impact this has. And it's really interesting. I'd love to see what, what that result would be. David I think we answered your question about the output of the monhegan array but if there's more information you're looking for on that just feel free to add it to the chat or to chime in. We have another question that asks asks how does the energy get distributed once it's on land. The simple answer is, it just goes wherever the wires take it. The grid is the great equalizer basically power flows to to whoever's using it. So it's yeah it's not like you can tag the electrons, it really just enters the grid and then flows wherever it flows. Right. And this is good question so former governor LaPage pulled the plug on the Norwegian offshore wind project in Maine some years ago. Do you see any political risks for completing this project this time. So, the very short answer is no, I think, you know, government, Governor Mills, if you look at her statements and her actions is really tremendously supportive of offshore wind and in the much bigger context of, we have to do whatever it takes to battle climate change, and offshore wind is just one of the things that that we need to do. And so, it's a pretty. It's not big bang in that she's not saying build a gigantic project it's very deliberate and I think it is a it strikes the right balance between recognizing that we need this resource but we also need to preserve the heritage industries of Maine, right you don't want to mess up view shed you don't want to mess up fishing, you want to make sure it's done right. So I think she's really supportive. Did I lose you all, or just Sarah. Oh, I think you lost me first. Yep, I think we lost you. I can never tell was me or you. Alright, Sarah. I will take a look at the chat in Sarah's absence and if anybody else except Sarah you control the mute button if you can unmute folks maybe that would work too. Well, I will. I'll take a moment in Sarah's absence to also introduce. Dave will be I guess I'm putting you on the spot again, there is an emerging sort of support group called the Gulf of Maine sustainability Alliance that I would encourage folks here to log on to and and sign up for communications on offshore wind. Dave what is the. What is the web address of that. The Gulf of Maine sustainability Alliance.com. Or you can go to just the gamsa. Th e g o m s a. And I think that, as I understand it that is formed to acknowledge that sustainability offshore wind is just part of it. So it's sustainability of everything in the Gulf of Maine right if you look at where we were 150 years ago it was clipperships were industry right and now it's really just fishing, but could also be offshore wind and so the idea is just sustainability really across the board. So are you back. Can you hear me now. Yes. One of the negative side effects of working from home. The most reliable internet. So I because I left and came back on I lost all the comments in the chat but I don't know on you if you happen to be keeping track of them. And if you want to just keep going with surely finally I don't know where we left off. I had a question about which agency. This is Kim, which agency is determining whether you have to do an EA or an EIS. In other words, making that Fonsi determination, which is that Department of Energy is it Noah, who was making that determination. Department of Energy. I don't know if it's an agency, but team attorneys and, you know, experts and so forth. Great, were there any other questions that folks had. And it looks like there's a question about what is an EA and EIS can you explain what that is, folks. So, I'm not a, I'm not a permitting expert. So I think the actual terms are environmental assessment versus environmental impact statement. They are very similar in that they cover the same issues. I think in the EA is done more when it's considered a smaller project to have a smaller imprint than anything, view whales birds. And it's to a certain extent a discretion of the of the agency that's taking it on. But I don't really know that I have to say I'm not a permitting expert. I don't know the discretion. There's another question that is assuming the Mahigan Array is a success. What do you see looking ahead? Yeah, so I'm looking ahead is really couple things to a great extent what is going to happen, regardless of us is the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is eventually going to catch up its leasing program so it's going to prioritize leases in New York in the next year or two. California, one of the Carolinas, because they do things that were sort of in the process and then stalled during the Trump administration. And this task force that is the tri-state task force will essentially convene and there will be leases that carve up the Gulf of Maine so that's that's what's happening regardless of us. What we would do with success of the Mahigan project is continue to support the state in its quest to build a research array quickly enough that it can steer that ship, can steer the bohem ship, and influence the way leases are both defined first, and then how they how the later project specifics are defined. So it could be don't put your turbines closer than a mile from each other. It could be, you can only barrier cable you have to make sure you provide that the cable is doesn't create a charted cable area. So through a litany of different things there's an entire sort of research plan that the state is working on with others I've to admit I've not been on those zoom all of those zoom calls. And the idea is to hear from all of the experts and the fishermen what's going on out there and what they need answers to in order to prudently do it so our goal as a developer we would like to be we'd like to build the research My metaphor is that we would be building the laboratory and then all of the others from University of Maine to Bigelow labs to Woods Hole would conduct research in and around the wind turbines to answer to answer those questions. So that's what we see over the next couple of years I think there's a lot of public outreach a lot of permitting a whole lot of discussion that will still continue at the state level between folks like yourselves, fishermen. I would say specifically other. Not species but you know if you look at folks like the Audubon that are advocating obviously for birds, but also right whales, because there's a lot of really specific sort of areas of knowledge that really need to be developed over the next couple years. I'm going to couple questions just keep rolling in. Who is on the tri-state task force making decisions how to carve up the Gulf of Maine. I actually I will have to say, I don't know other than generally it is represent representatives of government of each of those three states. I don't know how one gets on the task force. I believe that if you go to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management website. I think you can just Google that, and you look up Maine or New Hampshire, it'll lead to the historical task force work, which is now getting old it's more than a year old their first first time they convene was before COVID and they haven't convene and probably find out how you get on it who was on it who attended and who will be on it in the future. And we have one more question and perhaps this is a good one to end on unless there's any other questions that come in but how do we reach you with any further questions. Ah, good question. Here. This is this is the easiest because this then gets to a clearing house the info at dow dev.com leads into us and then so we have a couple representatives on the phone that I haven't I haven't necessarily introduced but that allows us to then figure out what you know who's best to answer the question.  And so we'll start putting more and more information on that. And if you want to get in touch with me directly have to reach out to Sarah and get my contact information. I do have a contact information if Chris is willing for to allow me to share that I would happy to do that as well. I'd be glad to. Okay, and, and thank you, Dave for for sharing an email in there in the chat as well. Well, if that if those were all the questions. Thank you so much for this presentation we have some other thank yous and the in the chat this is was extremely informative. We've been looking forward to this one for a while so I really appreciate you taking the time and going through this with with us. The presentation for the last question has been recorded, we will send it out to everybody who registered and we will also posted on our YouTube page. If there are folks that you want to see this who weren't able to join us today. We want to share as much share this with as many people who are interested in viewing it just to share information on this project so thank you again for joining us and we appreciate it. Thank you so much Sarah for the opportunity. Great, great to spend the time with you all thank you for joining. Take care. Thank you everyone have a great day. Thanks.


Hey YouTube welcome back so I don't want to spend a lot of time on this today because I've already talked a lot about this subject and a Couple of my past videos, but I want to quickly cover it because it's yet another example of what is a broader Disinformation campaign by the media the very same media that for the last few years has told us one of the greatest threats This country faces right now is disinformation I think at this point we all know that they're just fine with disinformation as long as it's being used as a tool to Accomplish their agenda all the while telling themselves is different when they do it because they're doing it for good reasons Law enforcement officers want people to be checked. They want the universal background check They would love to see some tighter control on automatic or semi-automatic Long guns wrong So raising the age for example 21 is Most police officers agree to that they would love red flag laws on a national base So much bullshit and just one little tiny snippet of this clip one automatic guns have been all but outlawed since the early 1900s the only way to obtain an automatic weapon of any kind is to get a class 3 license Which is only issued to the ATF and some gun manufacturers Why is this guy erroneously claiming that all police officers want tighter control of a weapon? That's already banned and hasn't been used in any modern mass shootings So why is this expert even talking about this in the first place? Is it out of pure ignorance or is this former FBI agent purposely lying after all? He is one of these so-called experts who claim the hunter-bind laptop story was Russian disinformation If you're average American thinks that every gun out there is automatic It's gonna be a lot easier to pass gun bans to he claims to be speaking for all police officers But the sheriff offices in places like Colorado, New Mexico and New York have all refused to enforce stricter gun laws and have spoken out against them Also, isn't it a little strange that for the last few years these same people have claimed that police officers are a threat to Americans? But are now suddenly saying that everyone should be disarmed and police officers should be the only ones with guns Officers who have shown they'll let kids die while they stand around doing nothing those officers I wouldn't say if we couldn't enact them a decade ago, but certainly after you've all they can enact them What does it say about the state of American democracy? Oh, yeah, just look at that face if there's anyone I trust on gun facts It's this far-left adult who looks like a baby with Rachel Maddow glasses here again We see that democrat propagandists wanting their audience is thinking that democracy is getting what we want Well, see that's the challenge and i'm really glad you raised that because I don't want to be really too dark about all of this But uh, you know the great threat to democracy is its failure to deliver Wrong. Wow. Okay. So the government did deliver in that case They delivered continued protection and acknowledgement of our natural constitutional rights If people begin to think that you can't you don't have a government that can do its basic functions like keep your child alive Then you have a real crisis here and you know, nick made a great point here The debate is not over these specific pieces of legislation because what what is the case? You know against red flag laws or against background checks if people like Ted Cruz say, you know that we need to focus more on mental health Well, okay fine But that's completely meaningless then if you don't allow background checks So that police can determine whether or not um, somebody who is mentally ill and dangerous can get a gunny Every single legal gun purchase in this country requires a federal background check, even if you buy online, even if you buy at a gun show, it requires a federal background check and every single state in this country. The two most recent shooters, the ones you're talking about right this moment, both past background checks. The laws don't work. We've seen this over and over again. We cannot un-invent guns. We have to deal with reality and implement a solution that might actually stop these psychopaths. And I don't know, how about we do something that might actually be affected in protecting our kids? Like tighter security, armed guards, and training of teachers who volunteer. That might actually keep kids safe though and then they wouldn't be able to produce this propaganda to come after your gun rights. Okay, not much else to say about this except to reiterate that they are definitely working overtime to conflate automatic with semi-automatic, which most guns are. One trigger pull, one shot. They are clearly doing this to make it easier to eventually ban all guns. All right, folks, that's it for that one.  Thanks a lot. See you next time.


They intentionally walked Isaiah kind of fluff in that fifth inning to get to use it that serve is added motivation to do some damage in that spot I mean, that's my mindset regardless. I try I try not to let emotion play too much of a factor in my game So I just knew that you know kind of what I had to do get a good pitch to hit and you know I had an opportunity to drive some runs in and help the team win and that was that was what was important to home runs The other day a big home run today. Obviously how much more comfortable are you feeling at the plate right now? I feel good, but I mean it's still still a constant work in progress You know, you just can never relax in this game Aaron judge got you guys on the board early. What has it been like to watch him the start of this season? It's incredible. I mean, it's You know, he's the best player in the game right now, and it's it's just really fun to be on his team I'm glad I'm not playing against him speaking of incredible another score listening for play-homes How would you describe that sinker that has played so well for him this season? Again, I think his sinker is the best in the game.  So You know, he's he really works hard on on, you know, locating that pitch and and it's really working for him This team has played well everywhere, but 13 straight here at Yankee Stadium. Why do you think this team plays particularly well here in the Bronx?


Welcome friends again back to our theorems, and we are now going to prove another one In this case, it's given that if a transversal intersects two parallel lines the bisectors of any two corresponding angles are parallel. Okay, so what's given guys? so given is a b is parallel to CD and Pq is the transversal transversal Okay, so lots of such transversals, you know in this last three four sessions never mind. It is going to help us build our foundation. Okay, Pq is the transversal and rp bisects angle prb angle prb and su bisects angle PSD okay, or rsd whichever way you want to say right So what do you do? What do you need to prove to prove? What do you need to prove is? RT is Parallel so you need to prove that RT is parallel to su. Okay, so let's begin the proof So What do we need to do? So we know that AB is parallel to CD. So hence we can say since AB is parallel to CD. You can say angle prb is equal to angle PSD and they are corresponding angles Corresponding Angles isn't it? So this is done. That means if I divide that These these two angles by two both sides. It will be same PSD by two Now clearly, what is PRB by two so you can see Angle PRB by two is nothing but angle PRP Isn't it because RT divides this line divides PRB so angle PRT is half of PRB Okay, and half of PSD if you see is nothing but angle PSU Right, so I'm talking about these two angles. So first angle is this one and The second angle is this one. So if you see RT could be you know produced backwards So let's say this is RT dash and SU you can produce backwards like that So these are the two lines now Let's say you you dash and T dash T and clearly PQ is the transversal where PRT is equal to PSU. So what do we see from here? It looks like they are pair of corresponding angles themselves. So hence they are these these are angles. They are They are corresponding corresponding angles Okay, and corresponding angles are equal that means T dash T is Parallel to U dash U or RT is parallel to SU Correct, this is what We needed to prove so the bisectors of the corresponding angles RT and SU themselves are parallel. Okay, hence proved


Complexity theory has taught us that there are universal patterns for how complex, nonlinear organizations change over time. This process of change is the same for any complex system, for ecosystems, for change in technology, for changes in culture, economy or society, or large enterprises. The general model is based around feedback loops, attractors, bifurcations, phase transitions, self-organization, and emergence. By understanding this process, we can better use it towards enabling organizational change. As discussed previously, feedback loops within a system are central to understanding its dynamic behavior over time. Negative feedback works to dampen down change while positive feedback works to drive exponential change. When a system is in strong negative feedback regime, it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to change it. The resilience and capacity of a system to resist change is largely a function of its networks of negative feedback that balance and stabilize it. This normal state to assist in behavior is what we call an attractor, which is a set of states towards which the system will naturally gravitate, as these balancing feedback forces work to constantly pull it back to its normal state of operations. For example, the fact that most adults have to work so as to support themselves creates a certain pattern in their behavior over the course of a week. Most adults have a work-and-leisure pattern. We work only so long and then we relax. Once relaxed, we are ready for work again the next day. We can't go on relaxing for too long because we have to pay the bills for it. This creates a balancing loop that pulls us back to that dynamical pattern of behavior that follows a regular set of states. This is an attractor created by negative feedback. Change happens when these negative feedback loops become eroded and positive feedback starts to become more prevalent. Every time a negative feedback loop is broken, this reduces the strength of the forces influencing the elements to remain within that pattern and make it more likely that some will stray off into other patterns of organization. If we look around us, we will see that most systems are in a normal state of development. Quite rarely do we see exponential change. Systems have long, relatively stable periods before they go through phase transitions that involve positive feedback and exponential change. These happen relatively fast. Exponential change cannot last long. A transition implies that the system will not stay in its current form. The transition will take it into a new way of operating. Transitions do not last longer than a short period of time because they consume large amounts of energy. Typically, systems cannot go on consuming that much energy for long. During a transition, the global structures or basin of attraction that supported the system previously disintegrate and new attractors emerge. The system can, of course, take many different trajectories in the future, but on a generalized level, those trajectories can be seen to occupy one of two different general regimes. The system either disintegrates to a lower level of organization and functionality or integrating to a higher level of coordination. The challenge is to find the potential within the system for it to self-organize into that desired higher level of functionality. Making the transition is really about building that new attractor so that it is easier for people to move into it, so that the cost-benefit equation makes sense before the system really reaches a crisis and collapses. As always, with these complex organizations, you cannot simply create a new pattern. The new pattern or attractor does not come from nowhere. It is created out of latent potential within the existing system. Potential is always latent, that is to say, by definition, potential is hidden. Look at a forest, and we will see lots of trees, and we will think that is all there is to the forest, but those trees are already largely dead. The future potential of the system is hidden in the seeds underground. This will be the same for social systems change. The new potential in the system will be out on the fringes hidden from sight and difficult to find. As systems innovators, our job is to find those seeds to try to understand which ones have real potential and to nurture them. In reality, this is all we can do when dealing with very complex organizations, work with the evolutionary potential in the system. Because transitions are systemic, and there is a strong drive towards there only being one systemic pattern, transitions involve the disintegration of the existing model, which creates an unsustainable situation in the creation of a new model that draws people through a vision of the creation of a higher level of organization, the disintegration of one base and of attraction in the creation of another. Orit Gal talks about this when she identifies two drivers of systems change. Firstly, when there is unsustainable tension, the fact that people can see things colliding in a destructive fashion that will lead to some form of systems crash. One good example of this might be the Water Food Energy Nexus. Those three form an interconnected system, but each of them is in some form of crisis. The second is convergence of constructive trends that lead to the creation of a new context, which makes possible new things. The system takes on a new coherence. Globalization might be an example of this. Information technologies have made possible global coordination at the speed of light. This creates a new set of connections, a new context where new forms of organization can emerge. Paul Raskin, who writes about the Great Transition, also talks about this in a similar fashion. Sustainability is kind of the necessity that pushes a great transition, while a vision of a better life is a magnet that pulls it forward. But to get there, the curve of development has to be bent twice. A radical revision of technological means can begin the transition, but a reconsideration of human ends is needed to complete it. Nonlinear processes of change are characterized by what are called bifurcations. A bifurcation is when something divides into two branches or parts. In this case, it is a divide between the old structures and the new ones that emerge. This involves the splitting off of the system into two or more qualitatively different trajectories of development. When an organization is in a normal state, there will be one dominant basin of attraction represented by a very strong and large mainstream at the center of the organization and a relatively small fringe that has little direct impact on the mainstream. This is the world that developed economies lived in maybe 50 or 60 years ago, where hierarchies were accepted as the dominant mode for organizing society, and networks were seen as marginal. When there was a large and stable middle class in developed economies and things like organic farming and environmentalism were alternative, having little effect on the mainstream. When the system enters into a transition, another basin of attraction forms and the system is split between two different modes of operation. This is the world we live in today, where networks have risen to rival hierarchies, where the middle class in advanced economies has retreated and a bipolar world of very rich and poor has emerged, where alternatives to the mainstream like organic food and alternative technologies like solar and wind sit alongside traditional solutions. This is a bi-stable system with two basins of attraction, but it won't stay like this for long. Because of the fundamental issues of interoperability, there are strong forces pushing the system to adopt one single pattern on the macro level that makes this bi-stable period very transitory. This is like a political revolution. Everyone wants the revolution to come to an end so as to reinstall a single global structure that is required to achieve normal functionality within the system. If it does not do that within some period of time, it may well destroy itself. The organization will stay iterating and evolve rapidly as these two worlds diverge and we end up predominantly in one or the other. Either the elements will self-organize with the emergence of global coherence and a new level of organization, or it will collapse to a lower level of functionality. Organizations ultimately collapse when they can no longer respond to changing environmental conditions successfully. When the environment becomes too dynamic and complex and the internal structure of the organization too inert to respond to that change. A primary cause of organizational collapse is the tragedy of the commons. In all organizations, the institutional infrastructure has to connect the cost and benefit of individual action with the cost and benefit to the whole organization. A failure to do this results in accumulating negative externalities, depleting the resources of the whole and leading to unsustainable processes. An overly complicated system leads to fracturing and compartmentalization, which enables negative externalities and the disintegration of the overall organization. During a transition, the centralized structures that supported the system in the previous regime become no longer functional. They can no longer be depended upon to deliver the required solutions to problems that extend beyond their level of structural complexity. In the face of such problems, they appear at best paralyzed in order for the system to maintain its level of functionality or evolve into a new form. New functional structures have to emerge out of the distributed parts. Previously latent functions and capabilities become revealed and become critical to the organization's future success. This is unlike during normal periods when it is manifest capabilities that are valued. Due to this increased importance of the latent distributed capabilities in the organization, the history of the organization becomes ever more important. It is the choices the organization made in the past that brought it to this current state that really comes to matter. Without dependence upon the legacy centralized organizations, new capabilities have to emerge out of distributed self-organizing processes. As standard centralized structures become increasingly discredited within the mainstream, what were previously marginalized domains and capabilities are recognized as increasingly important. As large, incumbent centralized organizations become inert, it stops being the dog that wags the tail and starts to be the tail that wags that dog. Fringe informal self-organizing networks emerge and have increasing influence in a turbulent world, marked by exponential change, surprising shocks and extreme events that reveal the fragilities within the existing centralized systems. As the massive members become discontented and disillusioned with the old institutional structures, more and more of the system's potential resources are left unutilized by the incumbent organizations. And this creates fertile ground for new forms of organization to emerge and grow rapidly. New connections are formed that once again offer the organization a sense of overall unity, direction, and potential that is significantly lacking in the existing institutions. These are times when small actions can have huge implications for the future trajectory of the system and are thus critical points in systems change. The social scientist Emmanuel Wallerstein talks about this process as such. When a system, any kind of system, enters a moment of bifurcation and is, therefore, coming to an end, two things happen. The structure becomes chaotic, and secondly, it becomes one in which small input gets great output, as opposed to a normally functioning system in which great input gets great output. This is very important to remember because that means we're in a chaotic, confused situation in which there is going to be real struggle about the new order, unlike 50 or 100 years ago when we worked very hard and organizations worked very hard and didn't get very far. The revolutions didn't turn out to be so revolutionary. Now every little input will get very great output. Every little touch by us in the next 20 to 50 years is going to have a big impact, and it may not be the impact that we want if we touch it in the wrong way.


Thank you, Brian, for the introduction. I was thinking for a while how to best explain the topic. And then it turned out that perhaps what I would like to do today is take you through a story that actually goes well before COVID and well before health credentials, because this is where the discussions about blockchain hyperledger actually started as an opportunity to use the technology. So if we look back in 2019 in Ayata, we operate an activity which is called Air Industry Retailing think tank, a couple of more think tanks as well. And we look at how we could use technology to solve very specific business problems. And I'm sure that many of you would have traveled before at least the COVID took place. And your experience was not the most seamless one. Generally speaking, we would travel, we would get tickets from one company, we would get train tickets from someone else. We would have all maybe pieces of paper, some of it was on the mobile phone, but definitely not holding together. And if something happened, maybe a bad weather, big flight delays, it has been really, really difficult to put back the experience together. And thinking about it, we have been working with airlines on how we could make the experience much more seamless for the passenger. And how could we actually make sure that the communication between the providers of different services is holding easily together. Now, with that idea, we were thinking, well, wouldn't it be nice if I, as a traveler, had in my mobile device, literally something like cards that represent individual segments of the journey, I receive them from my providers. Equally, I could have cards that I share with my providers that show, for example, my preferences, or even search for the travel where I would like to go. And I will be the one who will literally control who can share which information with whom. For example, if my flight is delayed, perhaps the airline could help me with the accommodation based on the preferences in which type of hotel I would like to stay in. So all this we imagined as one seamless experience that relies on the possibility of using a mobile device and a wallet and a mobile device. And since it has been in 2019, and in 2019, there was lots of discussions about distributed ledger technology sovereign. What we imagined is, and if you look on the left-hand side, called truly my concept, we would literally factor in those activities that are taking place at that time. How could my as a traveler carry my identity in the wallet? That was the one ID project and go seamlessly and smoothly through the entire journey, couple of airports, for example. How could I equally carry my tickets or orders in the same wallet? And we have added the preferences of the traveler as well as other types of travel experiences might have been hotel training. And under this, if this is all on my device, I might carry it on the mobile phone. I might perhaps also have a version of it stored and at a part of cloud that I control. I want to be able to communicate directly with those services providers that might be providing me some service. And equally, I want to permission that perhaps even in some cases, the services providers can talk with each other about me on topics that specifically I have allowed that they can happen. And what we needed under as a fabric to underline this, we needed some sort of way of identifying each other, authenticating each other. And we imagined that the distributed ledger might be able to do this for us. Now, this all happened in 2019. And early 2020, we started having discussions about perhaps we could build parts of it. Maybe there were also already some trials how we could pilot at least the identity in the wallet. Everyone was motivated to go and try to use the technology. But as you all know, it was early 2020, what happened then? If I fast forward to January 2021, we had a massive, massive drop in the passenger demand because for good reasons, obviously the individual governments protected their own countries by limiting the travel. And that had a huge impact on the industry. It was a really huge test of resilience and robustness of the industry. But what happened with that is obviously the governments introduced new requirements passengers were asked to show the contact tracing data, for example, to see with whom they have been in contact. Equally, they may be required today to bring test results, vaccination results, perhaps results or certificates of recovery. And all this in today's travel, where we are at 30% of pre-COVID, because the staff at the airports is required to check all those documents. It increases the waiting time for the passengers. It increases the queue. And fundamentally, it increases the risks when it comes to hygiene because more people need to group at one place so the documents can be checked. And that in itself has created a huge driver going back to using the same concepts that we were thinking before the crisis because without any process improvements, if people start traveling in the summer, for example, in Europe, if we imagine getting to something like 75% of pre-COVID, it might be more than five hours per trip, in some cases even up to eight hours per trip in delays of processes just because of checking documentation. So the question is, how could we, all of us, the governments, the airlines, with the passengers move to digital processes so that we can actually test, we can literally test all the certificates digitally and avoid big queues and potentially chaos at the airports. So from an idea that was very just customer centric driven how to improve a journey, we come to an immediate challenge and that is how to make sure we don't have to papers at the airports. If you look at it from the perspective of the individual parties involved, obviously, what do we need as passengers? We need to know, where can I get tested? What kind of vaccine I might need? And I need to know what are the rules in the individual countries that I might be traveling to so that I know I can easily travel. Now, while one could easily say to your passenger, you should know it yourself, obviously the airlines and transport services providers, they need to be able to share this information with the passengers because passengers, if they plan for a travel, they expect, yeah, they will also give me that advice, how do I travel? So they need to be able to make sure that passengers know what can be done and how can be done. The governments, on the other hand, if you come a present a certificate, they need to be able to know that it is authentic and that it matches to the person who has been actually, the person who has been tested is the person who travels. And then one of the questions we were trying to resolve is the laboratories themselves, they need to be able to be recognized as someone who actually issued the certificate. So with that, airlines requested Ayata to focus on free things. It has been, how can we advocate for the global sort of approach? And I will get to details a little bit later, work on the standards and also try to demonstrate possible solutions that would meet a principles that the airlines has set because if you look at the problem from the airline perspective, it is not just about reducing the cues or finding a magical solution, it is about solving a problem in a very structured way. If we need to share data about passengers that is deeply personal, it might be health data, there are a couple of very fundamental principles that we have set ourselves. First, and that's a very obvious one, any solution needs to be interoperable, consistent and scalable and affordable to implement because we are in a major crisis. And this is where using technology standards that exist using open source comes in as very important factors. The second one is, as I said, it is medical data. That means that we have to make sure that the data stay with the passenger or are exchanged between the passenger and the party who can receive them. And surely as a transport services provider, I'm not necessarily the one who would need to know exactly what vaccine you had, where were you vaccinated, where were you tested. So the airlines themselves, they should not be involved in collecting the data, but the automation and standardization is absolutely fundamental to avoid the mess. And the last point is, and it's extremely important, remember I started talking about queues at the airports, anything that we can do that declarations about health or any travel type declarations can be done before the actual journey before I arrive at the airport that helps to smooth the process and helps to avoid the queues. So with these fundamental principles, as I said, a line said, please do help us advocate, that is the traditional role of IATA, work on standards based on the general technology standards. This is where verifiable credentials, decentralized identifiers come in and build an example of how such solution could work, especially for those situations that perhaps not in every country, the governments may not be ready to put the solutions in place or it might help to give a good example. So with that, IATA said to build a travel pass and what I would like to do in just a couple of minutes, give you a very specific example of how it works. If we put ourselves into the shoes of the traveler, what I can do is I can take my passport, scan it, or perhaps with character recognition, import it into my wallet and with that passport we can create a verifiable credential that carries the passport as a payload because the passport itself might be digitally signed but it is a package on its own on the passport. We also might need for the journey to actually have the itinerary where we are going to travel because then it depends on the rules where do I need for documents. So I am set, I have my wallet, I have my identity in the wallet. Comes COVID situation, what do I need? I might need to actually be able to get tests from different lumps and those lumps themselves, they need to be recognized and exist in the ecosystem. So eventually on the receiving side, we can authenticate that the information indeed came from the lumps. So one of the options is I might, for example, using the centralized identifier, spear exchange, identify myself to the lab, receive the lab results. You might know that there are over the time number of standards developed how individual states can issue vaccination certificates. So another option is to simply import the vaccination certificate into my wallet. Now we are at a situation today that we do not have as yet fully working technologies that would allow us to support zero knowledge proof. And as if you remember, I said, it's extremely important that the airlines themselves do not have to store the data. So how we address that specific problem, there are services like IAATO thematic that typically consolidate the travel rules and what this application does is it takes those data elements from the test certificate that are required to check against the rules anonymized and runs the check against thematic. If I was going on this date using this itinerary to this destination, would this information be enough? The response comes back into the wallet and in itself is created as a verifiable credential. I am okay to travel. And then once I travel, my wallet because it is travel ready is capable of sharing specific sets of data with those parties that actually need them. There is no storage outside. It is everything is on my wallet. Perhaps I might be sharing my okay to travel with the airline because remember I said the airline doesn't necessarily need to know the certificate itself. It might be that the border control does need to see the original certificate. I might be able to share it with them. And I mean, we started with actually the passport and also the possibility to take a selfie and match it. Perhaps I can also use it to notify the airport in advance. I will be coming so that when I am there, the gate knows this phase is coming for this flight therefore we can open all based on passenger actually permissioning what information can be shared with whom. So that would be an example of a very specific solution that has been built to a global concept. Now that concept itself is part of not just one ecosystem but if we kind of elevate ourselves, whenever we travel we have number of interactions with number of different parties. We might get tickets. They are in fact credentials that are provided by the transport providers. We might get passports. They might be credentials coming from the States. We might get the certificates. They are in fact credentials coming from the health facilities. We will all hold them in our wallet and then we might be able to show them to verifiers who need to know do we have this type of, can we provide this type of information to be allowed in. That is the business layer. But for this to be able to work, there is a fundamental technology layer set of services that need to be provided to individual services providers. And in those services today because those original credentials they might be digitally signed. They might be verifiable in fact but usually they would not allow selective disclosure. They would not allow zero knowledge proof. The first step that is needed is to take those original credentials interest them into wallet and preferably convert them into a format that actually allows later checking against the rules. Zero knowledge proof provides traceability back to as much as possible to the origin. So there is a need for services to make that conversion. I sometimes call them sort of notary services. Then obviously there is an open playing field for those who actually provide specific wallets. They might be commercial providers. And as we saw in Europe the states themselves might be providing wallets especially for identity itself. And then the third type of technology services is how to actually help the verifiers to ask the right questions and ask them innovate at the verifier only has received the right information but not necessarily the data that they may not need to process. And then for scalability obviously every verifier publishes their own rules. This is where you can travel and these are the rules. Often they are just typed or written in slots not necessarily machine readable. There is an opportunity for multiple services to consolidate this information, provide the rules, distribute them, make it scalable. And the last but not least of those technology services and I think this is really the one that's important to our discussion. If I travel with my wallet and the wallet is saying, oh, would you like to share this information with this airport or maybe I'm a verifier and I need to someone is presenting me with a test certificate and I need to know, oh, do I trust this lab actually that issued the certificate? There is a need for having a trusted set of services where we can authenticate the documents issued by the issuers and we can actually authenticate who is asking me the question who wants to have this information and that is trusted service on two levels. One is obviously who are the business parties allowed to ask the questions and the second one because we talk about cryptography where do I find the public keys of those issuers or verifiers so that I could actually authenticate that the questions come really from them. And the very last layer is the governance itself. As I said in the heading, I would never ever see this as a single ecosystem with a single and certainly not hierarchical governance. There might be individual use cases and probably will be where they have a very structured governance and structured hierarchy. But as a traveler, what I do is I travel from one ecosystem to another. I might take a bus, I might take a train, I might take a flight. I need to be able to travel seamlessly through everything and therefore what we effectively work on as a problem is how to have a trusted set of frameworks or ecosystems that all work together. And there might be different types of standards. There might be some sort of business level governance who can do what in which ecosystem. For example, the work of International Civil Aviation Association about deciding how to authenticate individual passports that would fit in there. But it is also important to rely on general technology standards. And in our case, we have selected decentralized identifiers verifiable credentials because individual travelers will definitely travel through different ecosystems. And as I said earlier, even before the COVID, we worked on a concept which was called one IDEAM. How to actually make sure that passengers can go smoothly through multiple destinations, ideally without ever having to pull the passport itself. So from airline's perspective, this ecosystem needs to be a seamless part of one IDEAM itself. The one thing that I would like to highlight is that as we were working on this, there were a number of questions that came up. And I would perhaps like to put it to you as a technology community, some of the lessons learned or questions that we would like to see answered. We do have standards emerging how to issue digital version of, I've tested, I was vaccinated, perhaps even the RECA very certificate. But as you know, those standards currently, they are signed as an entire payload. Therefore, they do not allow selective disclosure. And one of the questions that I think we have to look at technically is, how could we make sure that we can trust on the original signature rather than introducing some sort of interim signatures? But at the same time, support selective disclosure because the data is really personal and only part of the information should be disclosed. The second question, and that relates perhaps to the first, some of the original setups of the certificates, they do rely on a hierarchical public key infrastructure. And the question is, would we have some possibilities using the hyper-leggerous alternative technologies to safely decouple the information about where is my public key from the information which entity is authorized to issue what? Because surely my own pair of public private key, I would prefer to generate myself, publish it myself, and I can use it for multiple purposes, perhaps even multiple types of authorizations. And the third one that I wanted to highlight is we are well aware as an industry that decentralized identifiers, verifiable credentials, distributed ledger, they do offer a great potential, but the technologies are new and there are a number of protocols that have been already deployed for authentication and some of them already also allow the holder of the identity to be sort of autonomous. So one of the question is, how can we make sure that we can leverage the technologies that do exist today to speed up the deployment? Now, this was all about health credentials. I'm just getting to my very last slide because one of the question that is often being asked is, but all these health credentials for travel, they might go away. In September, October, next year, if the whole planet is vaccinated, we don't need them anymore. And frankly, if we don't need them, that is a success and no more work is needed, isn't. And with that, I would like to return you back to the original slide I was showing. For the airlines, it is not about just health credentials. It is about discovering the potential of the volets that the passengers can use to interact with the airlines throughout the journey. They can control the data. They can have the entire contactless travel experience. And if something happens during the journey, they can be in touch with the airline. This is why we are doing it. This is why we investing into research. The fact that health credentials came up was just an opportunity to speed up and use the concept. So with that, I would like to stop because I have been talking perhaps even longer than I should have. And I would like to hand over to Dramont because Dramont surely has many questions for me and I have at least one for him. Well, to begin with, thank you very much, Maureen. That was a wonderful explanation of the whole trajectory of the development of Viada Travel Pass. And you already actually answered one of my first questions which was gonna be, is it just about dealing with COVID? You've made it very clear that it is, it is only a step in the direction of verifiable credentials for travel and everything they can do. So maybe to give you a little bit of a break, if you have a question for me, you actually post several of them there in your last couple of slides, go ahead and shoot that first and I'll give you a little bit of a break and try and give you an answer. Thank you, Dramont. And I am really itching to ask that because I have on a couple of slides kind of scattered through the use of the hyperlatchers. And the reason I have been a little bit brief is at the end of the day, I am a business user and I wanted to make sure I really leave the opportunity, Dramont, you have been working with Ayata on setting up the Ayata travel pass. And I think it would be a really great opportunity if you could explain to the audience what components, what parts of the hyperlatcher were used where and how. Absolutely, and it's a pretty straightforward answer at a high level. And then we can spend the whole rest of our time diving deep, we won't do that. But you've consistently mentioned the two open standards that all of this is based on from the W3C and one of them is the Verifiable Credential Standard which is gonna be two years old in two months. So it's quite mature out there. The newer one is decentralized identifiers. I'm a co-editor of that spec and it is just about to go into the final stage and should be finalized in September. And both of those take special advantage of blockchain and distributed ledger technology. And there are two specific projects at Hyperledger that you're building on with travel pass and your overall system. At the base layer, you're using the Hyperledger Indie distributed ledger technology. And that is to register the decentralized identifiers that are used by the issuers of those credentials. And you actually use it, and I think of it in two stages. They're the health credentials or certificates that you're ingesting, whether it's from the EU, digital COVID certificate program or from the different labs that are issuing tasks. Those are all issuers Verifiable Credentials and each of those issuers has a DID on Hyperledger Indie based ledger. The default ledger you're using out of the gate is the sovereign ledger. The governance is provided by the sovereign foundation which turns five in September. So it's actually one of the most mature technologies out there. And then at the next layer up where we're talking about the actual exchange of the Verifiable Credentials, that's using the Hyperledger Aries project for the digital wallets and the exchange protocol for the credentials themselves for issuing and holding and then verifying those credentials. And you are actually using today, the format of those credentials is does in fact use a zero knowledge proof cryptography for the storage of the individual attributes in the credentials and it's currently called the Kminish-Lysenskija ZKP and we're moving here and we'll talk about that a minute to BBS Plus as the new ZKP algorithm. But Hyperledger Aries has focused on the incorporation of zero knowledge proof cryptography for all the reasons that you mentioned. So those are the two primary projects involved and the two areas of the stack. You're actually with, I had a travel pass and the overall ecosystem you're creating, moving up to what a trust of our P we call layer four which is interoperable digital trust ecosystems. And there you're gonna be using governance and the ability to reference the different governance frameworks and trust models involved with the credentials and DIDs. So you're really using the whole stack and in a very powerful way. Thank you, Drummond, that you couldn't have said it better. I really appreciate the explanation even myself. I was wondering if either of you should perhaps between the two of us focus on the kind of tricky question we have individual states issuing certificates for test vaccine and they are assigned in the entirety. Basically, I produce a payload. I get my X5 phone ID certificate as a government. I sign it, produce it as a data set goes on a QR code. This is what the passenger might be able to scan into their designs. But at the same time, many countries for really good reason the legislation does not allow technology providers even transport services providers to process and read this information. So how can we work or where are we on the way to work on the standards that we actually do have zero knowledge proof? That would be perhaps the question one from me. And the second one is, how can we retrofit it back so that we trust the source of the original entire certificate? That is spectacular. And I had sort of framed that as a question to discuss with you in the fireside chat portion because I think it's one of the most important things we can do that is this meeting of the technology capability with policy requirements, right? And one thing that you've emphasized that I hope the audience really understands which is the need of the airlines and I had as an industry to say we want selective disclosure and to make it clear for anyone that's not clear in the audience what we're saying is when I take a credential out of my wallet today and I hold it up to get on a plane or to get through a border, 100% of the information on that credential is exposed and in many cases that's not required, right? They only need to know certain data and one of the challenges when we share that credential digitally they actually have a copy of that data. So it's even more dangerous if you're always sharing all the information. So selective disclosure is the ability to cryptographically select only the data the verifier needs and it actually protects both the privacy of the individual but it also protects the liability of the verifier because they don't want data that, you know they have a liability if they're collecting data or seeing data that they're not supposed to and Meri, you referred to that. I would perhaps add one more thing to it that often it is not just the selective disclosure of the data, but it's really all the verifier needs is answered to their question. Because for example, why would I as a transport service provide the need to know whether a huge amount were vaccinated, tested or whether you had COVID? That for me is irrelevant information. All I need to know is whether the documents that you hold meet the rules of the state that set them and therefore you are ready to go. And I have two options. What Ayata Travel Pass does is runs the documents in an anonymized way against the rules and then gives the answer because we are not yet at zero knowledge proof. And the other option is, and that is happening today I can also rely on governments that take the responsibility to themselves. Therefore I facilitate the disclosure of the original certificates to the governments. And then the government gives me a signal, ideally again, verifiable credential and all that signal says Drummond can come to us, he's welcome. And then you can board the plane. Which is ideal because the airlines only get what they need. And the information has only been exposed in that case to the government that presumably is a safe place to share that information so they can provide that. What you're doing with Ayata Travel Pass and your thematic rules engine today is basically saying show that information, shows what is necessary against the rules for your itinerary such that we can determine this is what you need. These are like the health credentials you need. And if you have them, then you issue the travel pass as a credential back into the wallet and Ayata assigns it. And the airlines will trust Ayata's signature. Do I have that right? Yeah, that is the case. But that Ayata signature fills in the void of the change of trust. And I think that we have to really close that change of trust because that's much more important than putting new parties in it, be it Ayata or any other service provider that suddenly tries to play a part of the business where the trust should simply be end to end and this should be a technology service. I know that we are at the end. So I am absolutely closing. I just, all I wanted to say, Brian, is the very last note. The most important work is the work on the standards between everyone involved on the business side, on the technology side. That's where lots of the work of the Linux Foundation comes in. Yeah, there's a ton of work going on. This is a conversation I want to just keep having play out because there's so many important issues embedded in us that it's really important for so many people to know. But thank you, Marie. Thank you, Drummond. This has been a great illustration of how deep these issues go and the role that these technologies that we're working on here can go to address this. So now let's pivot to a very short break.