Welcome back. This is module two of our program, our eight lesson online program on Precision Agriculture in the Southeast. And module two is going to be about GPS. Dr. John Fulton, welcome back. Before we get into GPS, let's talk about our Precision Ag Team webpage. Yeah, so a lot of the discussion we'll have not only here about GPS, we're going to hear some other acronyms, commonly used GNSS here in this module and cores. You can find that on our website, which is alabamaprecisionagonline.com. And not only today, but some of the other modules, you can look down the left side here. We also have presentations and publications materials that really go into some of these topics and try and explain them down to kind of that novice level. Our focus here within the extension system here in Alabama is farmers and consultants and our ag industry here in the state. So it's really, you know, what's the real meaning of some of this technology benefits. And that's what this has been set up for. So, you know, we're going to get into detail here on just GPS. You can pull that up and see we've got a pretty extensive publication list plus presentations that several of the team members have made over the years at various conferences, workshops, or even field days. But trying to bring better clarity to this topic. Because, you know, GPS, as we mentioned, we kind of started the introduction of that in agriculture in the early 90s. We thought by today we might be pretty standard and like your cell phone, you don't think about that being in there. But man, today, every farmer has a lot of options out there and it gets kind of confusing. And that's we're going to try and go through some of that here today, Mark. But anyways, good resource for everyone. I encourage people when you're trying to look for something or understand something, they're most likely we've got some material already developed to try and explain that in a little bit more depth. We need to refer back to that as we go through our future lessons and look at that. Is it www.alabamaprecisionag.com or precisionag.com? Alabamaprecisionagonline.com. All small ladders across. We have so many resources online that you forget what's there. Or it's just overwhelming, but I think this should really be a good for somebody starting up a good go-to spot. Absolutely. Or even for some of the things that come on board and just need a little bit of explanation, we try and get some information on the forefront to explain, you know, whether someone's using an acronym or some kind of new, or it appears to be a new technology, trying to explain that in a little bit better detail what that means to the farm operation. John, I'll show you the extent of my knowledge. I understand GPS means Global Positioning System slash GNSS. I'm lost, brother. And that's what we're out. We're going to try and outline that in a little bit here in this module. I'll be learning with our folks at home because I don't know what GNSS means. Yeah. So anyways, we're just going to try and get down to some of the nuts and bolts here, Mark. That's what we're talking about is what's meaningful to the farm operation or those out in agriculture. And just we're not going to get real deep and technical on these things. It's just understanding what they mean and how you might be able to ask questions when you're investigating and whether I want to purchase or trying to figure out if I want to adopt some technology. You know, it's important just to understand some of these basics and what it might provide to the to the farm operation. So as you can see here today, we've got several GPS and we're trying to use those as props. We appreciate those that allowed us to borrow these here today, not only dealers dealerships with some of our farmers, we just kind of pulled a few examples out to kind of talk about. So we're not going to go but on these, we'll try and each each lesson. We'll try and give a outcomes of what we're trying to do. But with this, we're really wanting to talk about your question. What's GNSS? Understand how GPS works. This correction. There's so many different corrections out there that you have access to and then some other things. But ultimately, we're going to drive down just to some basic take home messages at the end of what you really need to consider. If you're working in ag industry as it relates back to GPS receivers. So with that, let's talk about a little bit about GPS. Let's not forget number one, that it's a satellite navigation system, essentially. The satellites are minting essentially electromagnetic waves. Continuously on all those ways, there's information that we can take advantage of where that satellite is at any point in time. Basically, all that's brought continuously broadcast.  Our GPS receiver there on the tractor can take that information and very quickly calculate our position here on the surface of the earth. That puts us basically on essentially a map or some kind of longitude latitude or what we call projection where we're talking meters and feet in some cases. But because it's being emitted, things like trees or other obstructions that might be between that satellite or satellites and the GPS receiver is something that could deter that signal getting through and us utilizing it. So a lot of times, let's just remember, when we talk about this navigation system, GPS, or shortly we'll talk about GNSS, talking about satellites orbiting or taking that information that they're broadcasting, arriving at a position. But anything that might be in between those two could be problematic in trying to calculate our position. So we just got to keep that in mind of where this information is originating from. So GPS, the first two things, a lot of people just the global positioning system, you mentioned that right up front. We'll talk just briefly on that on the next slide. But at the same time, there's this other concept, DGPS or differential global positioning system. And that's where we take information that we know about some of the inherent errors associated with that calculation or the timing errors that are associated from when that signal is emitted from the satellite and reaches the receiver on the equipment. Knowing what those errors are, we can back out and improve our positioning. So DGPS is what normally when we talk about agriculture, we're talking about DGPS, something that's a position that has been corrected. Typically we're on a meter or less in what we use in agriculture. So that gets us down to that where we can put ourselves not only on in a field, but very accurately in some cases at a point in that field over time.   About a yard. That's right. Just a little over a yard. Thank you. So anyways, suggest some common terminology, GPS, but then really what we talk about and most people confuse is the DGPS. We're always correcting that data or positional data to get us down to that yard or meter less. Well, these receivers that are on the table, will all these, are they DGPS? Absolutely. Okay. All these on the table. And in most cases, what's in your smartphone or cell phone today will have a correction type signal on them as well that can be utilized. So yes, pretty much I don't know today anything in AG that's not corrected or none, you know, just autonomous or what we call just GPS. So with that, just real quick going back over, we've got 30 satellites up there today. Really what we'd have is 24 satellites at any one time that are active. These go around the earth twice per day. On average, the goal of the system again, this was built by the Department of Defense initially for military activities. You want about eight of those in view, but because of training and positioning, sometimes, you know, you might only get six in view or less in some cases, especially if you drop down into a valley. So the incorrect position error, that means just GPS only, you know, it's going to vary, but somewhere between five to 20 meters is a pretty good kind of rule of thumb. So maybe not getting us if we're along the edge of the field, we could be out on the edge of the road. But so that's why the correction type, the DGPS is so important to get us in the field, get us accurately. The other thing that's important to know here, Mark, is we need four GPS satellites to compute a GPS position. Okay. Essentially three will get you close. The fourth one's used both for a timing perspective, but also to rule out basically a second point that's out in space, but get us a position here on the surface. So the important thing is, no matter what you're out there using from an AG, we always have to have four satellites in view for one of these things to just operate. We'll go back through that here in a little bit. Okay. The other aspect is we do have what we call geostationary satellites, which means they're orbiting at the same angular velocity as the Earth, meaning that you look out to Southern space, think about direct TV, there's geostationary satellites broadcasting that continuously, that satellite transmission. So they're out in space, but from our perspective, because we're rotating at the same angular velocity, they never move in our site. And so we use those to correct or broadcast some of this correction information in some cases back onto the Earth so these can get that more accurate positioning here in agriculture. So just some basics. Again, we're talking about satellites, 24 is the minimum. Really, we got a few spares up there that are either coming on board or can be turned on in case something occurs. And they're orbiting about twice a day. So then we need four of those in order to get a position here on Earth. With that, I just want to bring this and this is just something that a lot of times you'll see on spec sheets, but back in the day when it came active and was available civilians, we always talked about the primary two signals that they were broadcasting in L1 and L2. Today, what we also talk about, if you look at some of the receivers here on the table, they'll actually be able to receive the L2C and L5C. And basically, what that's telling us that we can use the data, the C, you can think about as civilian information on those signals that we can use to derive a positional data. The L5 is unique and is available on a few satellites out there, not all 24 are broadcasting all the L2C and L5C at this point. But the idea here is more signals, a little bit different, wavelength and L5C has a wavelength that potentially could help us in a canopy situation. So there's a little bit of a little bit that can get us through canopies where the L1 and L2 would be attenuated or not being able to pass through. So what that gives you is a little bit more precision and also increases our availability out there. Attenuated, I am impressed, John, attenuated. Okay. And the four satellites, I know I'm jumping back a little bit, but when we were first learning this, when they were first teaching the REAs about it, it was three. And the fourth is just increased accuracy. Well, the fourth, you typically just think of it as very simple here in the show. It's going to give you longitude, latitude and elevation, plus to give you some some accuracy on the timing aspect. So the important one of the things that we should say out of GPS is you don't only get to positional data, so kind of that x, y, z, longitude, latitude and elevation, but you also get kind of this velocity that's pretty accurate out of it too. And so that's all dealing with this timing and making sure our timing is correct because of how it calculates your location here on Earth. So again, just recognize we're sending multiple singles, each satellite broadcasts multiple singles, and there's different information possibly on those signals. We're not going to dive down into all of that. That's that can be looked at on the precision ag website. But but anyways, there's multiple signals. The idea today, if I was going to go buy spacey a this receiver right here, I would be ensuring myself it gets L1, L2C and L5C the capability to read all those signals. Because if you don't, if it's there, you're not going to be able to acquire that signal. So just talking about GPS classes today. The way we talk about it in our program is that you have submeter level type correction. Okay, and this is the DGPS for you got kind of that decimeter which might be somewhere between 1020 or 30 centimeters of accuracy, or how much of a football field would that be? That would be a decimeter, a decimeter. That would be a touchdown. If you're a decimeter away, you would be there. We would be the nose of the football would probably be close to the goal line. Okay. So we're talking very accurate 10 centimeters, 20 to 30 centimeters very, very accurate. And then finally, centimeter level accuracy or what we normally a lot of folks will term as RTK and we'll go into that in more detail. Rules of thumb here going back to an order for me to get a location, I have to have four satellites. When we jump to this concept of using RTK. Okay, you have to have five satellites at any point in time. So if I'm looking at four satellites, I'm down in the valley and I'm using GPS and I'm trying to use RTK, I will say it will not basically get a what we call fixed location. And so your inability to get that centimeter level accuracy is not possible. So four for GPS, fives are really good to rule thumb for RTK. And so just to be thinking about that you're out in your tractor, we'll show some pictures here in a little bit, you come up between a tree line, you were tracking eight or nine satellites, all sudden you knock half of them out. I'm not going to be able to use RTK. So here's your first question and probably the most important. This is probably one of the more important features that have really helped our Alabama farmers in the last five years. When we first came out, we talked about GPS receivers and that would be a GPS only, meaning that it's a using only the US satellites up there or the US global positioning system out there. Today, we have primarily the Russian system, which is somewhat of very similar, not equivalent, but similar, called GLONOS down at the bottom, the Europeans continue to try and develop their own. We also have India and China trying to develop very similar type systems. But the concept here is is GNSS, Global Navigation Satellite System. So if I take as an example here today, Mark, here on the table, I've got a tremble, what we call an RA. This is a surveying GPS receiver. But if I look at right here on this receiver, it says GNSS, meaning that it can track both the US and GLONOS, which are active today, may also has the capability of looking at Galileo once it comes online in the future. So more satellites up there, more opportunity to continue to have to maintain a location or calculate the location. So this one has seen GNSS. Backing up and we'll use John Deere as an example today. This is their older Starfire ITC receiver. And it is a GPS only receiver mark. So if you look at some of these old combines or tractors and you see ITC, for example, this would be a GPS only. A few years ago, John Deere came out with their Starfire 3000 receiver, sitting here on the left. And this is a GNSS receiver. So immediately, again, tracking only US satellites here. Over here, we're tracking both GLONOS and US satellites. So sometimes it's not marked on some of the ag receivers, some of them they do. But a lot of times, basically on a survey, and if you look right on the on the receiver, that's what this would be your antenna, you'll see that mark very clearly. And that gives you much more capabilities of working in up against tree lines up against buildings, things like that, because you have such a much more satellites out there to track and compute location on our position. So if we look at this, as an example, here, here we are working along the edge of the field, we're using GPS only, we're doing fine, we come up along the tree line. Also, we're blocking two satellites, we were tracking five as an example. Guess what happens? Three satellites. Yeah, technology's not working. You are different. And we're not being able to basically the internally to some of these systems will not function. We don't have GPS to function. So that is an example. And if you remember back 10, even sometimes five years ago, Mark, you remember some of the guys saying they plant the whole field, they come down the last two passes and guess what the marker had to come back out and make those last two passes. Yeah. And this this is what happened. We were basically shaded out satellites. So pretty much everyone in the industry that that's really active is has turned our attention and really offers this. In most cases, it's not going to be an option. It's just like this star file 3000. You're basically getting a GNSS with the automatic purchase of this receiver. So now if I've got shading along the side of the woods there or trees, all sudden, well, I still maintain more than sufficient number of satellites that give me a calculation, plus give me a calculation that maintains the accuracy level that I want. And I can plant those last two passes without putting that marker back down. In most cases, if you go up and talk to a lot of our farmers across the state that have switched from GPS to GNSS. So again, GNSS meaning we're tracking US satellites plus the Russian glonauts satellites. They have very little of any issues today about finishing a field and working up against tree lines or back in the corner or anything today. So a really, really positive thing. If you're going out shopping for any of this technology deals with the GPS receiver gets you on its GNSS. And like I said, if you're buying deer today, you already have it. So, you know, and same with tremble or top con or anyone else. So all it is is more satellites, more operational time. If we look at this examples, and you can go back and go back through here, typically your best case you might have eight or nine GPS. If we get near trees, we drop down to potentially being pretty scarce on satellites, maybe not have enough to do. But when we go to the GNSS that greatly enhances, and it's not we've had issues, we have had times during the day where we might be tracking 18 satellites in a GNSS. And again, improve reliability in most cases, we never know if we're losing satellites or not, we just keep on going. So that's the first thing. Hopefully we've got your GNSS concept. Again, on the website, we have a full publication explains GNSS. The second thing I wanted to talk about is accuracy, and, and then reliability, accuracy, I think most of us know is how close we are to to the true position. Reliability is your uptime. How long you know, do I have any, do I lose correction and I'm down? Or did I lose satellites and I'm sitting there waiting for satellites to come back in view. So those are two things that a lot of people need to ask when they're talking about correction services and trying to think through this. What accuracy do I really need? And how reliable is the correction service that I'll be obtaining from you? Because I do not want to be in the middle of planning and be down for a day, waiting on someone to give it, get the correction service back up for me. There's two classes of GPS or GNS receivers. We're going to talk through non RTK. Okay, anywhere from a meter to decimeter type level. You'll hear the term drift GPS drift, meaning that basically, because of the way the satellites are constantly moving in and out of our viewpoint up there in the sky. But essentially, if I set my receiver, you'll see that position move over time. That would be an easy way. I set my receiver, I got a position, you'll notice it just kind of drifts or move. And it varies on the type of receiver and the correction I'm using. But if it's not RTK type correction, it will drift. I'll show you a picture of that. RTK is, is doesn't change over time. We'll talk about that even more here in a second. These are just some ideas. We have was out there that a lot of people will take advantage of that's a free service. Okay, the FAA manages that. That's kind of what we would call a meter to meter and a half type accuracy. We have what we define as single frequencies. So SF1 by john here, or omni star XP, dual frequency, which is really getting down into this decimeter level accuracy. And then RTK there, and, and, and basically that centimeter, repeatable centimeter level accuracy. But those are the three categories we use to talk about GPS correction. Again, depends on what kind of field operation I'm doing might depend on what category I need to jump into immediately there. So here's an example that just telling you your accuracies as you move out from like a loss up at the top, you can see kind of plus or minus three feet. And as you move down to that RTK, you can see it really the deviation is down to that centimeter level accuracy or inch level accuracy down at the bottom. So what we've tried to do is just give a kind of a visual to accuracy that being that envelope coming down as you get to RTK, you're pretty much always going to be around that zero deviation point. Here's another way to look at that. This is data that we collected on the right side. One thing we need to, this is hard to understand for some, some of us, but pass to pass versus long term, pass to pass is normally defined. If I make a pass down the field, I turn around and come back within 15 minutes of that prior pass. What is my deviation off of that AB line per se. So that's pass to pass. As long as I'm within 15 minutes, what is my expected accuracy? So you'll see anywhere from six to 13 inches on was, okay, you go to the right side, we talk about long term accuracy mark. So if I pull into the field today, and I want to put myself right on that cotton row, and I come in next year, and I want to put my nose at the middle of the tractor right back exactly on the middle of that cotton row. And I want to need to be down there in that RTK that plus or minus one inch on that long term accuracy. Again, down the right side, you can see, basically, that's quite a difference. John, looking at between was 4.7 feet and RTK one inch. Absolutely. That's not insignificant even in any application. Absolutely. And that's just something to consider. You know, if I've got a visual out there, but you'll notice if we take your was example, that carpet is centered on a row of cotton and those are 40 inch cotton rows. And you'll notice the blue zone from left to right actually extends beyond plus or minus one row. Okay, so I could actually be one row over one row to the right or left. Or your tractor car could be right on the row and lose a row. Absolutely. So but if you notice that real, there's kind of a real thin green line going down the center. That's RTK meaning this year, next year, next week, six months will put me right on the same row. That's a very good slide. So if I'm a peanut producer, that's why we get all our peanut producers in the South part of the state really taking on RTK. I can plant, but I can put my digger right back over there and not have to worry about this this issue of current. So just different types of correction, was sub meter, decimeter, RTK, some visuals for folks to kind of to kind of digest and look at on this.  Some of these you're going to have to pay for these are just kind of nominal yearly subscriptions. All I'll say is that these costs may vary where you're at and the dealer that you might have, but just gives you an idea that while single frequency, it's not until you get the single or dual frequency that you're paying for something and we'll need to pay for something as an example. So just something to think about. So those are kind of just a nominal non RTK. Let's go through some RTK stuff because for the most part, what most of our you'll find mark is the word here in Alabama is RTK is addictive. When I can put myself right back on how many of the farmers you know, or have moved themselves, all their machines are RTK now. Well, you look at $815 hundred dollars. I mean, how much savings and crop would you have to have to get that on acres we're doing just nothing. John, what's that schematic just real quick? What's that mean? So RTK is real time kinematic kinematic kinematic. And it's just a it's basically a method or a solution to get us down to that repeatable one inch or centimeter level accuracy. You know, back in the day, we used it for auto guidance, basically, the peanut producers were quick here in the state to adopt it. But now, you know, we're using it on some of the harvesters to keep these wide platforms, you know, from running full, basically keeping them running full. And so it's, like I said, very addictive. So real time kinematic, it's repeatable as we already saw in the prior slides, down to that centimeter. You know, thinking about again, on the peanuts on the right side or for on the left side, and we're wanting to try and be very accurate and not have any overlap or skips, RTK is what you need to use. To have RTK, we won't get into all this day, but you have to have some kind of base station or multiple base stations that basically are stationary. They're over a known point. And they what they essentially do is calculate the error at any point in time that's in the GPS or GNSS and broadcast that back out to the rover. So you see here, here's a John Deere base station along the edge of the field, you see a radio antenna. So there's a radio on the tractor would be something like we see here on the table to starfire 3000 it has a radio receiver, taking that correction data and maintaining that centimeter level accuracy. But you have to have this base station, or a network of base stations to get that accuracy. And there's I could use a radio to broadcast that I could use a cell phone as we talk about today, or a modem today, so as to cellular connections, we can have that occurring. John, if you're doing land leveling, you know, for irrigation or drainage and that's that's very precise. Would this be what you want? You would have to be totally in the RTK category, whether that's deer, tremble, top calm, as an example. Any of them you would have to be RTK using to get the land leveling. So yep. So you got this base station on your on your tractor you'd have again, a receiver with some kind of radio or modem on that. And you work through your display likes behind us here today, whether it's ag leader John Deere's display to set that up or get that set up and then you're off and running. And so you get this base station, you have a rover, but you got to have something that communicates to them. And like I said, it could be a modem could be a cell phone could be a radio like here on the John Deere, or in some cases now we're talking about broadcasting it over that through that geo stationary satellite, as an example would be trembles RTRTX product, Romney stars products as well. So very important, I think the confusion lies a lot of time is what are my options to get that base station work as a farmer? What do I need? Or who do I need to turn to to figure out what the best correction to get my RTK? Because not all of them are the same mark. And that's, like I said, there's different ways of communicating everyone has a little bit different solutions. And so once you pick something, you're kind of tied to it and hopefully it's going to work for you. One thing to remember here in Alabama, we have public versus private. Typically, our public would be examples that out of course, that's free. I can use it. I can use it on my mapping. If I have an internet connection and can get the data on the private side, I'm going to have to pay typically an annual subscription. Or the other idea is I can buy a personal base station like you saw in the prior slides. So I can buy a base station, but then I'm responsible for managing that base station. And most of our guys are spread over a lot of acres or counties, you're going to have to move that base station because most of the time that base station, at least in Alabama through our research, maybe six miles maximum that you're going to get out of that. And so if I'm stretching over 2030 40 miles, guess what, a few mountains between hills, trees, woods, yeah, I'm going to be moving my base station a lot. So there's time. And what we've seen over the last three, four or five years, most guys that have started with the base station, have gotten rid of that, and either gone to one of their Trimble dealer or John Deere dealer or someone similar and purchased a solution that basically that company maintains. But as far as I know, there's a local base station to me, and I'm running RTK. And I don't have to worry about that. I don't have the expense in that. Yes, that slide you had earlier that accuracy and reliability. And we need one more time.  And so as an example, talking about that, if I'm using a radio, again, that's a land based system. And so anything that's going to come between that base station for the most part, and the rover, especially as I get several miles away is going to attenuate or interrupt and not allow that to work. So radios can be great. They work good. But for most people, what they find out is they're going to be buying some kind of cellular type subscription, whether that's to Trimble VRS, my way RTK is another type company out there selling. And there's different ways that you're buying those subscriptions, and not having to worry about that part. So with that, I'm going to talk about real time networks just real quick, because that networks is something that's thrown out when we talk about RTK for our farmers. The idea here is again, whether that's our dot or a private company managing multiple receivers that are spread out across Alabama, and then taking that data, bringing it to a central server, having a software package that packages that error data and brings it back out to me so I can maintain that that accuracy that that centimeter level accuracy. Talking about reliability, we want that to work 24 seven and ag, right 365 because when we start planting, we want to implant. Yes, we don't want any interruptions because we don't have the ability to dial in or get into that network through the internet. So and we want that system to be monitored during those GPS, you know, if there's a issue with power or anything like that. We want that system to be robust enough that it works 24 seven three 65. So that's an important thing on that reliability aspect to ask. So we got just some things. The guys you take a John Deere and what we call a single baseline solution. So you have a base station directly communicating with a rover. That's called a single baseline solution. I can also so any base station communicating directly to Rover, there's only one base station that's a single. And no matter how that we have seen very good accuracy out to about 25 miles before the accuracy will start to degrade on you. So about 25 miles is our rule thumb on a single baseline solution. If you can communicate that far, that's always the big thing. Yeah, if you can communicate that far, we can keep good accuracy you as a as an operator the tractor, you will not notice any degradation in your accuracy, it will go right down the road for you never know. You get but beyond 25 miles, a lot of other things kick in it could or could not you might be a little bit more often what you need. The other thing is what we call a true network solution and that's a multiple base stations that would surround you and we're pulling data from all those base station base stations and using the correction data from all those and communicating that to the base and doing a much better job. Typically, we're going to be able to cover a lot bigger areas than what a single base. So if you're going across counties, and you're purchasing like a tremble VRS or aldot cores network does have a network solution, you don't have to worry about that. It'll it's looking at all the base stations around you and getting you the best solution to your RTK receiver. So with that, there's cores continuous operating base station will go through this real quick and out aldot here in Alabama manages that. Again, it's a free service that us and ag we can take, take advantage of. Okay. And the other thing whoops, we'll go backwards. But the other thing to remember is for Alabama, John Deere, and several parts of the state has their own kind of networks that they put up and using the receivers that you see here on the table today. And also tremble is a very popular what we call a tremble VRS solution, which is a true network solution using multiple base stations is available here. And those would be your primarily and most used ones here in the state cores, John Deere and tremble for Alabama. Lastly, just to think about this is one thing that people get maybe a little confused on is when we're talking about a GPS receiver, I'll take this GPS receiver right here is called update rate. So how often does it put a position out? And typically we back in the day, we would talk one Hertz, but now we talk five or 10 Hertz. So if I have a sprayer traveling at 15 or 20 miles an hour mark, a one Hertz not going to update me enough to keep me on row. So I'm going to probably need a more likely a 10 Hertz receiver that's kicking out positional information 10 times per second in order for me to for that navigation system or guidance system to work properly. So when we think about update rates, one Hertz is could be used for like your monitoring, we're going very slow. But as we increase our in field speed, more likely going to probably need a five or 10 Hertz receiver. Most people are not going to have to worry about that companies are doing a great job of making sure they're matching update rate to the field operation. So just something to consider that update rate if you're going out and just buying a GPS or GNS receiver, I would encourage people to buy one that's capable of five or 10 Hertz, because you never know what you might want to use it for. So with that, we're wind down here today on GPS, all all we ask people to think about is where you're where are you at in your precision egg program and what do you want to do? If you just want to go out and do some scouting mark, you want to do some yield mapping, soil sampling, maybe even variable rate, you can get by with that boss or some of those submitter type correction services that I mentioned. If we're really going to get serious on planners and some people tell that you know, like an Omnistar HP or SF2 would work in some cases, but if we're really going to be serious about trying to manage our planners, really RTK is what we're recommended. Decimeter does work, like our SF2 as mentioned, but if we're going to go to strip tillage, followed by planning, I would recommend being RTK. If we're really going to go to that level where you know, control traffic RTK is really going to be what you need. So again, select the right correction for the field operations that you're wanting to start out with or as you grow in your program, make sure you're getting the right correction to meet those expectations. So the last things that we're talking about and that boils it down from a farmer or ag industry, if I'm going out and I want to do field operations, define what those field operations are going to be with my precision ag technology, figure out what kind of accuracy do I need? Do I need RTK? If so, go to those dealers and talk to them about some of these things. Do I need pass to pass or is long term accuracy? Long term would be very important like in our peanuts. I plant and I need to dig right over top of it several months later. That's important. Well, not just peanuts, but on soybeans and corn where on our sprayers being so big, I mean if you can stay in the same track, that's going to make a big difference every year. Absolutely. But there is a difference between pass to pass accuracy and everyone always reports pass to pass accuracy on literature, but normally the long term accuracy might not be stated. So there's a difference. Don't expect someone to tell you they're 6 to 13 inches of pass to pass accuracy and that's going to be the same for next year. So how are you going to get your correction or what's available to you? What's your source for that GPS correction? That's sometimes a hurdle that you know what is available to me. Who do I need to go talk to? We recommend GNSS receivers today. It's just been a real positive result here in the state of Alabama because of what we talked about, more receivers, more uptime. And then the final thing that a lot of people forget about is these are all got boards in them and every once in a while each and every one of them have a firmware update that need to be run on them. Typically at least once a year, maybe multiple times. But if you buy one, it's not upgradeable in three or four years. It's worthless. It's you can maybe still use it, but you might not be using the most advanced algorithms that they keep working on to improve these each and every day. So again, is it upgradeable? I would say all these on the on the table, whether it's the raven here that's showing the tremble that John Deere's they're all upgradeable. We're doing a pretty good job of finally getting that employed and being available, but are they upgradeable because there's always something new that they've done, either correct something or improve how they function. So with that again, think about what you're doing. This is from Iowa State, but if you look at those blue lines out there, the same tractor, same system, washes the blue lines, the red and yellow or those decimetre level, but gone down through there multiple times. You don't see that red or yellow line moving like that blue line. So again, think about what you're trying to accomplish and what field operations that you're trying to go out and perform. So with that kind of giving a broad John, thank you so much. If you're taking a test, if you want a certificate, let me advise you to go ahead and take that test now because tomorrow morning you won't remember as much as you do now. If you need to watch video again, we've covered, I mean, this has been a meaty presentation. I don't know that the rest of them will be this. This is the the middle concept that you need to understand this to go on to the other stuff. So if you need to watch video again, do take the test. Ten questions and it'll help you understand how much you understand. John, thank you and we'll be here for Unit 3 in just a bit.


Good morning. Somebody told me we weren't meeting class on Friday. That's not true, is it? Wouldn't you like to meet class on Friday? You don't have to be so brutally honest. You either. No. All right, we were discussing welded connections. The advantage of a welded connection over a bolted connection is Stevens. We had a two choices, yes or no? Yes? Oh, you didn't hear the question. I'm sorry. The advantage of a welded connection over a bolted connection is, not really, because you know how strong we make everything? How strong? Real strong. Well, that's strong enough. That's how strong we make it. So nothing fails. If it fails, it's not our fault. Wiley? What's the, Wiley here? Wiley not here. Triska? Triska, why is the, what are some advantages of a welded connection over a bolted connection?   It's understandable. Clark? Thought I was going to call on you, didn't you? Just looking her right in the eye. Clark here? OK, Clark? Yeah, really? Nobody knows? Cook? Where's Cook? Cook's not here? Well, you've got to tell me you're here. You can't raise your hand at the speed of sound and hope it'll pop. Cook, what is an advantage of a welded connection or situation over bolted? No, well, it may. But, well, a forester? Where's forester? Let me just call a little forester. Not here. Curtis? There. Who? H.U.? Nebel? Nebel? Vickers? Steinhubble? Rottz? Savoy? Perkins? ACAR? Brown? Braun? Well, just make sure I at least got everybody who's been talked to twice a semester. What the advantages are? What was the question? Oh, are you going to tell me? Yes, sir? Well, I agree with all of those things. They do have those advantages. You don't have to drill holes in the plates. That helps a lot, of course. There's a lot less labor-intensive. We've been drilling all those holes and putting all those bolts in, out in the field. What are the advantages of a bolted connection over a welded connection? The guys who do it, is that what you said? Anyone can do it. That's right.  But he can't weld. So there's advantages and disadvantages to both of them. Advantages to bolted connections when you get in the field, you can go ahead and have the angle welded on here, ready to go. And when it goes up against the column, you don't have to bring a welder out there to weld it to the column. You just bolt it down. So that's a great advantage in that case. Just from the labor point of view, yeah, is there a strength is guaranteed. I tell you, if you decide to use bubble gum, we'll make it enough bubble gum so it will be safe, because we will just not build it if it's not safe. So they're both the same safety. There should be no difference in the safety of your final structure, regardless of which connection method you use. Yes, sir? I would imagine that they will definitely be much tighter, yes. Just like we were talking about when you bolt things, you've got a little out of hand here. There's all kinds of bolts. There's angle stuck out to get the bolts through the plates. And in this case, it was a much more compact situation. There may be economic advantages of both. That you have to really put a pencil to. Shear forces are taken care of. Guarantee they'll handle the shear forces. Whether you use the bolts or the wells or the bubble gum, there's doesn't have more strength. It's got just enough. And the bolts have just enough. What about the flipping? What about what? Flip. Slip. Well, the bolts have to be tightened like crazy, and they need more of them. And then there isn't any slip in the wells. You have to design them so that they're strong enough, and then they do not slip. So that is a point. So there is no such thing as a slip connection in a welded connection because if it's slipped, it's overloaded. It's overstressed. It's yielded. It's failed. So we talked about the different kinds. You've got a pair of plates you need to put together. You just prepare the surfaces properly and fill it up. Those are complete penetration. We had partial penetration. The only time you use those is if the load in the plate does not require you to have a complete penetration weld. And if you don't need it, you're not required to install it. You can use plug welds. You can weld on the ends. If that's not enough, you can use it as a circular hold. I don't know how they drill an elliptical hole in there. And then they can weld around that and fill it up, get some more weld. Fillet welds are the most common ones. We decided that we would take the two pieces of metal and we would put them together and clean it off so there's no mill scale or junk on there to get in the way of the weld. You put the rod down in there and it has a charge on it which shoots an arc through there. It melts the metal down in here and it melts the metal down in there and it melts the rod. The rod has got a coating on it, such that a gas forms around it which protects the weld while it's cooling so that oxygen doesn't make the weld brittle.  There's a maximum size, not in this case, but there's a maximum size that they'll let you use on a plate like this. Up to about a quarter of an inch, the welder can lay a weld. If it's a quarter inch, that's the limit. They make you drop down about a sixteenth of an inch. But less than that, you can pretty reliably fully put a 15, 16th inch weld on there or yeah, on a 15, 16th inch plate. It's a little harder to see, here you go. But if you get a quarter inch plate, they're finding now that we're starting to have some problems. The welder, she has a tendency to go down there with a rod and they burn the corner off. And so the real height of the weld is this. Whereas they said, even when you look at it, it looks like it's all melted material. So the inspector thinks that you have indeed made the weld, let's say a quarter inch because that's when they make you start doing this. So if it's a quarter inch plate, they're gonna want to see that corner hanging out at least a sixteenth. Also makes it easy to visually inspect the weld. You would see that line probably go like this and you say, good enough, a little high here, a little low here and pretty much all balances out for inspection. That's a bad weld there, way too small. Villa wells have a strength based on the cross sectional area of the shearing plane that fails when you pull on the weld. If you pull on the weld like this, the tension gets in this side right here, the shear gets on the bottom and it fails across the throat. The dimension of the throat was w times a cosine of 45 degrees, 0.707 times the weld size, the leg size is the weld size. If you instead pull up and put the shear here and the tension there still fails across the throat. If you pull this way on this plate and push on that plate, then you fail across the throat. So it always fails across the throat, which makes it a little easier to analyze than bolts which are in tension and sometimes they're in shear. And if it's in a combination, well then we got all those goofy equations, how much is left for you. So it's easier design procedure. The weld strength is based on the rod strength. The rods come in anywhere from 60 to 120 kip per square inch strength in the rod itself. They've got certain rods that there's no reason to use any stronger rod on a certain kind of material because you're not gonna get anything out of it. The material just would always fail in that point. So for 50 or 36 KSI steel, A992, a 36 yield stresses, you're gonna use a E70 rod. They got to be used with metals that have a yield stress less than 60, 50 and 36. Above 60, up to 65, which pretty much covers our steels, 80 XX rods. The XX means all kinds of things. They got a ton of X's down on the end that you can use. Last two digits, you note represented by XX concern, and the last two digits usually so, whereas XX tells you here somewhere, followed by two or three digits tension stress. Seems like one of them is whether it's some of the X's down there or whether it's on a vertical surface or horizontal surface, whether it's got this kind of coating or that kind of coating. We don't use a care. That's somebody needs to decide what they want to use, but our guy's right there. That's our number. They will give you six tenths of that strength. So if you're using an E80 rod, they'll give you six tenths in shear. The tensile strength of the rod would be 80, and so you shouldn't be surprised that somebody's giving you 60% of the tensile strength for the shearing stress on the throat of the weld. And of course, it's not necessarily pure shear. If you push on this and pull on this, then you really do push on this one backwards and pull on this one. It's really pure shear in this, across this plane. Whereas if you pull on this piece and you pull on this piece, even though it still fails across there, there's kind of some tension going on in here and some shear. And so if you really load the weld in this direction, you're gonna get 0.6 of the tensile stress of the filler metal. If you pull on it at an angle, other than that, you do pick up a little more strength because there's some tension along with the shear in there. And how much you pick up is the same number, 60% of the tensile strength of the E80 or the E70 rod times one plus, this is the equation they found, fits the test data best. So if you have a plate like this, and this is the top plate and this is the bottom plate, you pull on that plate this way and you pull on that plate along the axis of the weld, all you get is 0.6 times the tension stress because that's really the shear stress. If on the other hand you pull it at an angle, you get a little more. How much more you get, got a little table of them. Zero, you just get 0.6 of the tensile. 90 degrees, you get 50% more than the tensile. And then of course, according to the sign in that equation. So if you have a plate that looks like this that you're gonna weld, you'll get some nice 0.6 times tensile here. You'll get some nice 0.6 times tensile here.  Data is 60, you're gonna get 40% more. Now, because if you have an end weld you actually get 50% more because the load is 90 degrees away from your weld on the end, then you can have it. You can have 1.5 times R nominal in the weld on the tension end, on the transverse weld. And on the sides though, what they find is if you make this kind of long and expect this to give you the 1.5, when you put the load on it, there's only one way to load that into the plate. That's for the plate to stretch and get a force in it and stretch and get a force in it and stretch and get a force in it. Sometimes when these things are pretty long, you'll find it's kind of hard to get the load down here. Say, well, it'll finally get there. Well, by the time it finally gets here this old weld down here has been stretched and he's really hurting. I mean, he's yielding, that's good, but he's got problems. So if you want to count that extra 50%, they insist that you drop these down to 0.85 of R nominal weld on the longitudinal welds where he tells you that here. Interestingly, they're both right. And when they test them, they find out that the larger of those two is the number that's really more accurate. And so very seldom, I don't remember maybe once before, I don't remember what it might have been for, but rather than saying, okay, this strength is limited by this equation or I can, I don't see the one with 100%, with 100% of that and 100% of that and 100% of that, you get to take the larger of the two, says so in the specifications. And who are you and I to argue with that? So it's not kind of what we're used to doing, but after 20 years of successful use and nothing ever fell down because of that, we do it. Don't have to, you could take either one of them and you'll either be right on the money or you'll be on the safe side.  Yes, sir. With theta here? Okay. No, that's the tension load gets down to the end and then this weld loads up, so you get the normal strength of a weld, but you get 50% more. Now, oh, this is in tension, yeah. Here's your load, there's your load, there's your load. This one is in shear, that's theta is equal to zero. That's right, because it's along the, the angle is measured from the load axis and strictly speaking now, this weld is in shear and what is this weld in? Yeah, I knew I'd get you that, get you that way by catching the question in that form. That is correct, so you see the load and you see this, it's zero degrees between those lines. So you get the line of the weld and the line of the load. Okay, now then, I'm telling you what you're, what I'm trying to get you not to do wrong and what you did is it comes down here in tension and it's in tension and it's in tension, but that weld is really in what? Since it fails across the throat, it's in shear. Although there is some tension stress in the weld, where this one, there's just pure shear in this weld, which is why you get this extra strength, but I need to make sure you know that this weld right here is gonna fail across the throat, as are these. That extra strength of these equations are on page 16.1-117, I got them here on page 458, they'll show up in a few minutes. Because they permit the larger of the two options, it permissible to use either, although you don't get good grades that way, we will, and the book, we'll go find out how strong they both are and take the larger of the two. They use a fee of 0.75 because of variation in the test results. There's an additional requirement. When you load this connection, let's just say that this is the end view, I probably had to cut through this member, this member comes back out this way, this one stopped here. I just wanted to see right in here. When you put a tension load on this plate and a tension load back here on this plate, and here is the bar that you're welding to a gusset plate. This guy's got a kind of thin gusset plate, but I guess he knows what he's doing, she knows what she's doing. What can happen is when you put that load on, rather than fail through the throat and shear, it'll actually fail through the plate and shear. You look at it and you say, well, I'm not quite sure I see that because even if it kind of failed here, it'd have to fail all the way around. Well, it doesn't really have to. In other words, when you tell me this weld right here is gonna take, pick a number, five kips per inch. If the plate underneath it can't take five kips per inch, it's already starting to crack. So not only do you have to check the weld strength, you have to check the base metal's shear strength. Well, it would be block shear if it ever got that far, but interestingly, here's block shear, block shear's when it all comes out. That's what we've been checking so far. This is a problem more direct. Right under this five kip per inch thing that you said was gonna hold, you can't get five kips per inch in the plates, plate itself, and they're not gonna allow that. You say, well, to block, block hadn't come out. You say, I see the crack, go away. That's not acceptable. Where you see all this stuff, read this, good stuff. Here is the shear strength of your members in yielding. This will be the nominal strength. You're gonna have the shear nominal strength in shear. This is the tension yield, of course. So six tenths of that will be the shear. And if this is yielding, they're gonna allow you to use the gross area in shear. Comes a little more obvious over here. A few pictures. Here someone put the tension in the plate. This part was really thick, but the thinner part has a problem. The wells were fine. Of course they're made out of an exceedingly high strength material. But when you checked the throat on the weld that was on the side of the plate, that weld was okay. But unfortunately, that the five kips per inch, you told me your weld was good for. The plate wasn't good for five kips per inch. And therefore the specifications require you to limit the strength of the whole connection to the strength of the weld. Are the gross section here with the yield? Are the net section here, if there is one? They'll both have their own fee factors. In this case, this plate was bigger when he pulled on it. It tended to fail at the end of the wells. Two lines across the wells. This is a simple connection where the load goes through the centroid of the weld group. Here is a load that does not go through the centroid of the weld group is gonna have to be designed to take care of that moment. This one has no moment. There's an end view. I don't really know where this thing fails and it's not gonna change my answers at all. Whether it fails right under there or right under there, it is failing through this metal. Numbers shown here, unlikely that one will do that, but let's make that out of A992 instead. In which case the weaker plate could fail through a thicker thickness, or the stronger plate could fail through a thinner section. I'd have to check them both unless one of them's obvious. If this one is 50% stronger, it's not 36 to 50. And it was five times thinner. I probably wouldn't bother. I'd just go straight for that one. Here's what your gusset plate looks like after you pulled on it. And the guy says, you're really hurting that plate. I said, my welds are in great shape. Is that your plate? I say, yeah, afraid so. He says, take that plate off, grind off the weld so you don't mess up anything. See where you've been failing that metal across this area right here on both sides? Unacceptable. So what if they only went that long? Unacceptable. If the strength of that inch of weld across the throat is bigger than the strength of that plate across that thickness for that one inch, he controls. And again, same idea. Possibility of failing through this plate or possibility of failing through the gusset plate. I think we already did that. Top half of this one was put together with bolts. Bottom half of this one was put together with welds. Obviously what looks easier, and I'll tell you which is far easier to design. But my guess is if you're in some place where they don't have welders, third country, third world countries, they look, it's bolts or nothing, then you'll go this way. I'm sorry? Bubble gum? Oh yeah, and you're gonna have to, if you ever find that kind of bubble gum, you want to go and put something on a wrapper not to chew it, because it's... Coating on the rod, plus and minus plate. Art goes across. Slag forms on the top of the weld after every pass. What you're through with is you're gonna have to chip it off so you can paint it. If you're gonna make another pass, you gotta really chip it off and clean it up nicely so that you can put another pass on there. Fill it wells. Making a girder. Here is a plate that is so thick, they're gonna make you stay away by one-sixteenths from the corner, leave the corner on there. You can go all the way to the top if you put it on the drawings.  But that's a special detail. On this thing here, you're talking about more than one pass. They do that all the time. On offshore structures where these plates are eight inches thick, they don't have any choice. You'll see the people going around and around and there would guy behind them and a lady behind them, and they do that for 10, 12 hours until the weld gets built out. It is not cheap. Here's where they decided to lay the weld out longer. They wanted the stresses to flow more nicely through there, like in a boiler plate or something, although usually they'll weld them in to end rather than this. The point being that if you put this thing out here three times further, you have three times the volume, because whatever the volume is in there, you have in there and you have in there, and you increase the throat very small. So possible, but not very efficient. Throat 0.707W. Here's what it looks like after it fails. Here's the weld is still stuck to that plate. Here, this half of the weld is still stuck to that plate and it's sheared across the throat. Load going through the wells. We'll already discuss that. So I got a plate uses a tension member that's connected to a gusset plate. Wells are 3-sixteenths, E-70 rods. They're A-36 plates, both of them. Assume that someone else has already checked the tensile strength of the member and we wanna know how strong the weld would be. The proposed weld is four inches on top on each side, and when I say how strong the weld will be, that's not right, it's the strength of the welded connection, because the strength of the weld is to be checked across the throat and also the strength of the plate, the base shear has to be checked.  Well, I guess it's actually the bottom. The thick one is, yeah, that's right. 1-8, 2-8, 3-8, the gusset plate is thicker, so it's gonna fail across there. Top view and view. It's a noisentricity weld, a simple connection, because the load goes right down the centroids of the plates. The loads are parallel to the load, so theta is zero, so you're gonna pick up permitted stress of six-tenths of E-watt-watt for your rod. Your case, E sub-watt-watt is a 70-ksi-tensile strength rod, though the nominal load capacity for each inch of weld, so we'll go ahead and just put in the strength for a single inch, 0.707W, what is 0.707W? What does that call? Well, I know what it, well, what is that, I mean? It's a shear plate, it's the throat, that's correct, it's the throat dimension. Then this is the nominal strength of a weld.   So 0.707, the weld size is 3-sixteenths, to give us the throat, the strength of the weld itself is 6-tenths of the tensile for a E-70 rod, you get this many kips per inch. And incidentally, this is all multiplied times one inch. Well, you don't have in there, but the units don't work out if you don't really say times one inch. You get 5.568 kips per inch. Yes, sir, yes, that's correct. That's what this is, it is the, that's correct. So your strength of the rod now, I guess this is good for the allowed people as well as us, design strength would be the strength per inch, that's still nominal, times the appropriate fee, 0.75, according to the specs, you get 4.176 kips per inch out of a 3-sixteenths inch weld. Now you check the base metal shear, both of them are made, both plates are made out of the same, smaller we'll control. Shear strength is base metal shear in yield and base metal shear in rupture. You check them both. If you're gonna yield it, you get a fee of one. Remember many times now, whenever we yield something in shear, it's just 100% reliable, whereas if you rupture it, you get 0.75. In our case, 100% of 6-tenths of the yield, 100% it was a 0.36 steel, it's a quarter inch. It was the thinner of the two plates. It's 5.4 kips per inch. Let me check what you told me. That's okay. I mean, I'm not gonna let you use it, but it doesn't control because it's bigger right now than your strength of your weld, which is really what I need to see, otherwise this one controls. Right off the back, first inch. The first inch that that happens, I got to say the base metal shear controls in yield. The shear rupture strength has a different fee, has the same 0.6, but instead of being based on yield, it's based on ultimate. 58 for 0.36 steel, quarter inch thick, the thinner of the two plates. No, well, it's still bigger. So if you like, you can do what we do on the bolts.  This author always seems to classify, here are your base metal numbers, get the two numbers, take the lower of the two numbers, and then we go compare it with this number. He gets the same result, obviously. You can take the higher when you have a plate that looks like this, welded on the side, welded on the side, and you weld it on the end. And you said, I am greedy, so you took the 1.5 because it's 90 degrees with respect to the load. But if you do that, you gotta take a penalty on the side because that load has to get on down to the end. And you can have it. Or, your buddy may well say, well, I don't think it's worth it. I'm just gonna take the 1.0, full strength 1.0, don't get the 1.5 and the 1.0. If this number comes out 60 kips and this number comes out 70 kips, the right answer is 70 kips, that's correct. And it really is, it really works that way. All right, so we take the limit of the 4.176. In our case of the three numbers we calculated, the wells were four inches on each side, 33.4 kips. That's the design strength. And it would be your job to keep our sub-U requested lower than your design strength. Same connection, now that includes the four inch wells on the side and a four inch weld on the end. Same idea, the weld is the weld is the weld, so it's still got 4.176 kips per inch worth of strength. The base metal is the same. It was best number, or its worst number was 5.4 kips per inch. So again, we know this is gonna control from the previous problem. Now the only thing is we're gonna find out whether or not putting the weld on the end and maybe taking our 150% would give us more strength. Of course we're gonna get more strength because of the added weld, but whether we ought to take 150 and .85 or just 100, 100, 100. This is on page J2.4C, I don't know why. Oh, I do too. Some of these things get kinda interesting trying to work your way down in there because they got a J2.4A, 2.4A1, 2.4A2, 1st thing you know, you're totally lost where you are. So I just wrote down, this is on this page if you're looking for this. Basic weld strength, just taking a plain old 100%, not getting greedy, 4.176, no 150%, but no .85 penalty, 50.1 kips. On the other hand, you have two 4-inch side wells. If you're willing to take only 85% of their strength, then we'll let you have the last 4-inch on the end times one and a half, 53.3 kips. The right answer is 53.3 kips. And the larger value controls. This is on J2.4C, so on this page, it'll show up in a minute. That's one thing really nice about wells. They're really easy to design. When E70 rods are used, and we usually use E70 a lot of the time, the weld shear strength can be simplified rather than having, they're just saying you can get the strength per unit length can be computed for 16-th inch increments. So when you're designing things, this really helps. When the weld is four inches long and four inches long and four inches long, well, you know how long the weld is. So if you just get the strength per inch, you're pretty much done. But if I tell you that I'm going rather than tell you the size of the weld and the length of the weld, I want you to design the weld. And I tell you it must fit within a four-inch, four-inch envelope and you don't get the weld on the backside. Then it's most convenient if rather than you give me the strength of the weld in kips per inch, you tell me how much strength you get per each 16-th inch well size. What it does, it allows you to solve for the size of the weld. That'll become obvious here. First off, what does he say? And he says, well, how much strength you get is 0.75 times the throat dimension times the nominal shear strength of the weld, which is 0.75 times 0.707 times 1-16th. I say, wait, wait, wait. I don't think I'm gonna use a 1-16-th inch weld. He says, if you let me go ahead and say it's a 1-16-th inch weld, then I'll be able to tell you that the number that I'm getting for you is the kips per inch of a one-inch weld, long weld, per each 16-th of an inch that you're willing to buy. Okay, this is on, like, if W, if the weld size was 1-16th, well, the number's here. But if the weld size is 3-16-ths, then I know to just take the 1-16-th number, I would have just put a 3 there, and that's how strong that weld is. If I know how much load I'm going to have and how long the welds are gonna be, they're gonna be asking me the size of the weld, it would be very nice to know how strong any weld is per 16-th of an inch size. All right, so here's how strong a 1-16-th inch weld is. V, 0.707 times a 1-16-th, whether you use it or not weld, times the strength of the weld in tension, times something to get it into shear. That's 1.392 kips per inch. Then the design strength of our weld, now he already knows the weld, he's really gonna use this number later on when he doesn't know that. But he says, since you know that's 1.392, where'd it come out? 1.392, now then you've got the strength of any weld. All you gotta do is have this number available. It's a 3-16-th inch weld, multiply it times three. It's a 5-16-th inch weld, multiply it times five. This number right here. I buy that, this is kips per inch, and it's actually per each 16-th of an inch weld. So he takes your kips per inch, for each 16-th inch of weld you're willing to put on there, and you're willing to put three of those kind of things on there, gives you the 4.176. Doesn't look like a lot of help right now, and I'll agree. There's a lot of help in the next step. He says you can do the same thing with the base shear strength. It's a little less obviously useful than this one, where you can tell me how strong the thing is per inch for a 1-inch length, and you write that number down somewhere as a number that's useful.  We're now talking about the plate, times how thick is the plate. So this would be the number for any plate of any thickness. All you gotta do is tell me F sub y, and how thick it is, and I'll tell you how much strength you have in yield in base metal strength, or rupture for the base metal. You got a page somewhere in the manual, and it says this is how much strength you get out of any plate, and this is how much strength you get out of any weld, depending on how many sixteenths of an inch is in the weld. Here's where of course you're gonna tell me what kind of rod you would use, because those are your yields for these different metals, for these different metals. Here's the yield strength for plates for these metals, so you can tell me what rod they will be using. You can probably use any weld metal you like. I don't think there's any law against it, but you're just not gonna be doing a real good job if you use a weak E60 rod on some really high strength steel, it just means the weld's gonna have to really be big. They don't care as long as it's a safe. So here are specs out of the tables. This is J2.2a, tells you the effective area, the effective length multiplied times the effective throat. So this will be how long the weld is. If there's one on both sides of the plate, don't forget it's two times as long as it looks. And the effective throat's the .707 times the weld size. Here's where they tell you the minimum size fillet weld. If you've got over a half inch plate up to a three quarter inch plate, they will not let you put a weld that's any smaller than a quarter inch. It's just too small and you move on down the road too fast and the weld gets cold too fast and they may crack. You can get away from that if you want to by heating the metal up and keeping it hot after you're on down the road with the welding machine, but it has to be something special if you're going to weld something that thick. Minimum leg size of a fillet weld, not less than the size required to transmit the force. Well, that's, I don't know why they'd have to say that. I mean, everything we do is not strong enough to do that, it's not good. Also, not any smaller than shown in table J24, that's the table right up here. Maximum size shall be anything that's less than a quarter, not a quarter, but less than a quarter, you can run it right on up to the thickness of the material, but not thicker, not more than the thickness. I don't know how the devil you do that. You've got this plate, you've got this plate, and I guess they think you might want to do that. But anyway, up to this. Otherwise, not greater than the thickness of the material minus the 16th of an inch. Minimum length of a weld, they don't want you to have wells that look like this. Those don't work well. So they say the minimum length shall be based on not less than four times the weld size, the leg size. Otherwise, he's going to tell you that you can make them like that, but you have to only count them for strength, a quarter of their true length. Well, that's a kick in the head. If you're using longitudinal fillets across the end, then the length of each fillet well should not be less than the perpendicular distance between them. We already did that. They're saying that this is no good. The length of each fillet well shouldn't be less than the perpendicular distance between them. Well, I guess that is good, isn't it? Because the length of the weld, no, no, no, the length of the weld, the length of this well. So it seemed like we didn't have a U for this one. That was how we know this is no good. So it was going to have to be six by six to take care of something that's six inches wide on this table. If you have some really long plates where the weld length is 100 times the leg size, that's fine, no sweat. If, however, you have a weld loaded on the end, like this, where the fillet well exceeds 100 times the well size, then they're going to make you reduce the strength of the weld by beta. It's so hard to get that load down in that long weld that too much of it wants to come out early and this weld here is really hurting by the time this guy ever gets the message, it's time to load. That's an end loaded weld. Here's a weld that is not end loaded. There's a T and it's on something like this and it's welded and it's welded and it's pretty long but it's loaded here. You see how this weld is not loaded on the end? It's welded, it's loaded probably just all over the place because this T web goes down to the flange and pours the load down into the weld, not at the ends. It gets over 300 times the leg size, forget it. You can make it as long as you want, 16 feet, fine, but you only get to count 180 times the well size. That's the well size, that's the well length. Well on the T it doesn't matter, you get away with that. This is the one you can't get away with. All right, what's the question? The leg size. The leg size, this is the leg size right here. It's how far it is from there to there. In other words, here's the leg of a weld. Here's the leg of the weld, goes from there to there. That's the throat size. See you next time. Yes, sir, thank you, thank you. Yes, sir. Question about registration? Yes, what you got? I think an email last night, I used to not have an email about the summer. I'm conflicted. Yes. I had the same problem. I haven't seen those yet, but I'm gonna go back and I'm gonna kind of look, would you say something that's pretty obvious what I'm? You see our hands on my ID number? Yeah, but I mean, see, if you noted it, lose weight quickly, I won't. What did you call? I think I said summer time conflict. Okay, okay. Whatever was sent to you. If you use the thing thing, I'm just gonna sort them and I'll get all you guys together. Okay. Should be maybe another hour at the most. Sure thing.


Hi, I'm Rusty Kamori, and this is Beyond the Lines on Think Tech, Hawaii. I was the head coach of the Punahou Boys varsity tennis team for 22 years, and we were fortunate to win 22 consecutive state championships. This show is based on my books Beyond the Lines and Beyond the Game, which many people find inspiring and motivating, and helps keep you in the right mindset in dealing with life's challenges. My special guest today is a super successful and highly respected restaurant entrepreneur whose concepts include Doraku, Blue Tree, Aoki Tepanyaki, Qingmu, and 1938 Indoshin. He is Kevin Aoki, and today we are going Beyond Restaurants. Hey Kevin, great to see you Kevin. Good to be on your show. Thanks for arranging all this. Thank you.  I knew you grew up in New York. How was that experience for you? Yeah, well my dad migrated to the United States with the Japanese Olympic wrestling team in the early 60s, and he defected and he opened a small restaurant called Benihana, and I was born a couple years after he opened, and lived in New York about 10 years. And then after my parents got divorced, and I moved around with my mom to Miami, then to California.  Sure, my grandfather was a tap dancer pre-war, and after the war in Japan, people were hiding in caves, they're, you know, they're homeless. And my grandfather wanted to create a place where his friends could all join in together and have, and meet up.  And what, the way that he made that place successful, his mission was making friends through serving coffee. So he would ride his bicycle at four in the morning, all the way to the interstates of Tokyo, and get sugar rations, bring it back to his shop Benihana, and he would open up this little bag, and until the sugar was gone, it was free sugar with coffee. So people would come to Benihanas, because they would be able to put sweetness in their coffee, and make friends there. Well, and then your dad, yeah, then your dad took it to the next level, huh? Yeah, my dad came to the U.S., wrestled, he was a very ambitious young person. He had, he was offered to wrestle, become a wrestling coach, but then he remembered, well, he knows that his father had about 15 restaurants in Japan, called his father up. His father came down with a group of chefs, and they both created Benihanas together. At that time, back in the 60s, there was a lot of anti-Asian sentiment, because it was after the war, and no one ate Japanese food. To Americans, it was slimy raw fish, that they wouldn't even touch. So my father and his father thought, an idea, let's take American favorites, like steak, chicken, and shrimp, cook it on a grill, and, you know, put a little soy sauce on there, put a little Japanese flair, and it became successful. It was a small restaurant, four tables, and my grandfather, being a tap dancer, loved the Broadway shows and wanted to put a little flair and throw the shrimp up in the air. And my father, they had the best teamwork, because my grandfather was an expert at Back of the House training, an expert at food. And my father was really good with the media, loved marketing. He was on the Olympic wrestling team, so he was close to athletes like Muhammad Ali. So when he opened the restaurant up, he would invite Muhammad, he would invite Sammy Davis Jr., he would invite, you know, all the celebrities. And they all came and made Benihana successful. So it started out with one restaurant, then he opened up another one two blocks away from there, and then went to Chicago, then went to California, then came to Hawaii in 1971.  Wow, that's fascinating, Kevin. And I want to know, what are some specific things that you learned from your dad, Rocky? I think, you know, as far as business, you know, surround yourself with the right people, because you may think you're smart, but putting the best brains together, creating a nice rainbow of color of a team, can grow the company. So I think I, you know, working at Benihana, the reason why I think Benihana became so successful is he assembled the right team, he assembled, and then on top of the team that he assembled, he put this process together so people can follow the process. Imagine having 120 restaurants, and each restaurant has, you know, 20 chefs working there. So each of those chefs have to follow this process. So he created this amazing process that people can follow and develop a really good product. So yeah, looking at the success of my father, those are the types of things that I've put into my own company. Oh, that's really good insights, Kevin. And what is the biggest thing you learned from your mom? My mom, compassion, love, she's the most caring and giving person, a very, very giving person.  Didn't really care about anything but his business. And my mom, on the other hand, gave me the sensitivity, the love. She pretty much was there during, you know, through my whole, you know, opening my own business from after my dad passed away. I opened in Waikiki and she was there helping me with finances. She flew down and helped me open the restaurant, but she was there, you know, hands-on with me. And even today, she's just caring and she's always worried about how my business is doing. And she doesn't really care about the number. She really cares about my mental outlook on things. So she pretty much is my motivator on growing and keeping my drive moving forward. And Kevin, you're very close with your brother, Steve, who's a world-famous DJ. And what is it about Steve that you admire the most? Steve, you know, he's kind of like the, he brings the whole family together. He loves camaraderie. He loves bringing, like he lives in Vegas. He's my older sister living there who's a famous, who's doing really well, counseling young adults. But Steve kind of, he's the glue putting us all together. So, you know, that I admire a lot. Outside of what he's done with his career, you know, I admire that he's put all of us together and he, you know, he's really focused on the family. On his career level, that's just, that's just amazing what he's done. Because I remember him DJing for $50 a night at these garages. And he, you know, he was just so passionate about music. He used to work at our restaurant. My dad would ask me to take care of any of his kids that are younger than me at my restaurant or at his restaurant that I was managing. And Steven came to Dallas, I think three summers in a row, to learn about the restaurant business when I was a general manager there. And my dad was tough on me. So he made me clean the dishes. He made me work in the kitchen, sweep. I had to do everything from ground zero and it took me about two years to become an assistant manager. But so I, when Steve came to work for me, I gave him the same hard love. Put him in the kitchen. He was peeling onions for, you know, one month straight. I'd walk in the kitchen, see tears coming down his eyes because the onions do that to you. And then he wanted, you know, he wanted to work in the bar. I didn't let him in the bar because I wanted to show him, you know, it's not easy working in the kitchen. So he would be cleaning the dishes. And I think, I think I pushed him a little too hard. So he went off on a different career than a restaurant business, which probably was turned out pretty good for him. Well, that's, that's really, that's funny. But, you know, those things, it helps because you have to know every part of the business. And Kevin, you know, in my books, Beyond the Lines and Beyond the Game, you know, that I talk about welcoming adversity, you know, looking forward to challenges, having the right mindset in, you know, really welcoming adversity. I want to ask you, Howard, what are you doing right now to navigate your way through this coronavirus pandemic? I think, you know, adapting to change is really important. And since this pandemic is worldwide and everyone, it's either you adapt or you fail. So I think we've taken the approach that we're going to try to succeed. And we've been, all my restaurants, if the opportunity is there, we open up. We have turned the whole restaurant into takeout delivery. I've changed out the point of self system. So it's the cloud-based system. So it's easy to order online. And instead of touching tables, now we have to really touch the computer and make sure that all the tablets are working on online tablets. And then making the packaging is very important. So we have developed new packaging, new bags. You know, just, you know, when I think about a restaurant, I think about the journey of a customer calling up, walking through the restaurant, sitting down, getting their food. So now the journey is different. So the journey of success in the restaurant business during the Corona, during this pandemic is through online mediums, through whatever they touch, which is their takeout package, the food inside. And then really focusing on Instagram on, you know, marketing to the customers that are out there. So right now we're open. The restaurant on Capilani Doraku is open and does almost as well as it did when, you know, when the pandemic wasn't there. Now that we have another restaurant opening, the noodle shop and the 1938, we're applying those tactics here. And Kevin, you know, looking back, why is Doraku such a successful restaurant? I think, you know, when I opened Doraku 12 years ago in Waikiki, Sushi was just really just taking it off to the mainstream. And I remember at that time, the only restaurants that really succeeded were Sushi restaurants and steakhouses. So I, you know, I think Sushi has that allure that customers want today. And then for me to keep that life cycle going is really about just keeping the concept relevant and keeping the brand fresh and keeping the service and everything consistent. So, you know, most restaurant life cycles, they say it's about 10 years. Of course, the life cycle of restaurants is decreasing today, but for me to keep the Doraku successful over and over year to year, I think I had to keep it relevant, consistent, and appealing to the customers. And I can't give up. It's like the minute you give up, the minute you feel that this is where success ends, that's where you're going to start, you know, tipping on the downward trend. The success never ends. It just keeps going. You just have to keep reinventing and trying to understand the customers as they get new generations come up. But, you know, it's a lot of hard work to keep the concept relevant from year to year. And Kevin, I love Doraku and I also love your Blue Tree. And what inspired you to open up Blue Tree? Well, my brother and I have been always trying to make business together and knowing what my brother loves and what he what drives him is health and wellness. And when I go visit him, he's always worried about what he eats. He's always exercising. And so I thought, let's create a concept together that embodies that lifestyle. And I'm also getting older and juicing and drinking smoothies and aside bowls and, you know, the vegan options, all those things are great for your health. So, you know, Blue Tree, my last name is Aoki. And if you translate that to English, it's Blue Tree. Aoki is blue and ki is tree. So my brother and I decided, hey, let's open one together. We opened two here in Hawaii. We just opened one in Anaheim Hills, California. We have one in Japan. And we're planning on opening in Las Vegas sometime next year. And Kevin, tell me about your Aoki teppanyaki. Yeah, that's one of my favorite restaurants that I have. When my father passed away in 2008, I had to leave the Benihana Company to go off on my own endeavors. So when after I left the company, I always wanted to, I realized that what I've learned everything was through Benihana and through teppanyaki. So I wanted to open a restaurant and go back to the basic concept of what my dad put together back in the early 60s with Benihanas. I felt that Benihana was kind of morphing into a to a restaurant that just, you know, serves food on a steel grill. I wanted to go back and bring what my dad brought to teppanyaki, which was really to educate Americans about Japanese culture and cuisine. So I, we created Aoki. And if you walk through the restaurant, it's just, we took, it almost feels like you're walking through an alley in Japan in Kyoto, where there's small little restaurants all over the place. There's gates, Tory gates. So the atmosphere is just amazing. As if you're in Kyoto in Japan. And the food, we called Inaka style teppanyaki, which is countryside teppanyaki. Instead of just steak, chicken and shrimp, I wanted to elevate it to what you would get in the countryside. So, you know, there's chicken liver, you know, there's chicken hearts, there's asparagus, there's all different types of vegetables, pumpkin cooked on the teppanyaki grill. Our fried rice has three different grains of rice in there. It's got soba noodles in there. And everything, it just looks like a nice comforting food if you're Japanese. I wanted to bring that to the US. And I opened the first one in Miami, at South Miami, in the Dayland Mall, which is doing pretty good. Because of the pandemic, seating in front and where the chef comes out is a little challenging, but we're, we're getting by all that right now.  I absolutely love it.  Tell me, tell me about both of those restaurants. Well, I've since I've worked for my dad, one of the territories that he gave me starting Benihana was Southeast Asia. So I've been traveling to Southeast Asia for the past 20 years. And the past five years, I just been fascinated. And I just wanted to open a Southeast Asian restaurant. When I, and when I'm in Southeast Asia, I'm always thinking, okay, the best food is found the street. So I was thinking, okay, let's bring Southeast Asian street food to Hawaii.  So every, every piece that you see in this restaurant was collected from Thailand, from Vietnam, from Indonesia, put into containers brought here and assembled back up. So really staying with the authenticity of the food, the authenticity of the design and decor. And really trying to bring, you know, Southeast Asian street food here. It was probably one of my most challenging and exciting projects that I've done. Just because it took so long, just to build out alone took me two years to build out. And everything was just tinkering. And it was like a, like an art piece that never stopped. It was like a canvas that I just couldn't stop drawing on.  Everybody, all of my friends that go there, absolutely love it. And we can't wait for it to open up again.  I think it changes over, you know, over time. But I think right now the biggest challenge is people finding the, finding people that are, that are motivated, that are excited, that will help you grow your brand. That seems like the most challenging part of the business right now. Yeah, the people part for sure. And, you know, again, in my books, I talk about leadership, obviously, creating a superior culture of excellence. And that's what you do.  You have a superior culture of excellence. How would you describe your leadership style, Kevin? Oh, wow. That's tough. I think I lead by example. Like, I will never ask someone to do something that I am not willing to do. And before I ask someone to do anything, I'm going to try it myself. And I'm going to show them that I'm doing it myself. So I think, and it's changing because this new generation of employees that are coming in, really, I think that leading by example is very critical. As I'm getting older, the more I'm actually doing the daily operation, because I need to leave by example, they need to see that I can do it, that I'm not afraid to do it. And then they will follow me when I do that. If I just tell someone to do something and not explain the reasons why, there's a good chance that when you turn your head, they're not going to be doing what you ask them to do. So I think leading by example, explaining the task, so they understand why they're doing it, it's probably, is the way that I'm kind of leading my staff right now. I like that, Kevin. I like that you said leading by example.   So really key parts right there.  I think surround yourself with the right people, because when you're working and you're driven and you're focused on building something, you become close to the people around you. So finding that right team is not only mentally stimulating. I think that that's what drives me, is getting the right people together, the right team. And then also trying to bring your family more involved. Um, recently my daughter, my daughter's working as a manager in my new restaurant. And it's nice to see that she's embraced some of my ideas and she's learning and she's becoming more independent individual. Kevin, part of success is taking calculated risks. Al, what are your thoughts about taking risks? For me, it's more gut instinct. I mean, like opening a restaurant on the wrong side of the street, you could fail. So you could be in the right area, but the wrong side of the street.  And at the end of the day, you just got to trust your instincts. It's usually the first thing that my mind tells me to do. Um, and, you know, usually I just go with it.  I promise you, he would be so proud of you to see what you have done, how you've taken things to these highest levels. And I just want to thank you for taking time in your schedule to be on the show today, Kevin. No, it's a great pleasure. It's a great pleasure. Thank you very much for the time. And then I'll see you soon. Okay, Kevin. Okay. Look forward to seeing you soon. And thank you for watching Beyond the Lines on Think Tech Hawaii. For more information, please visit RustyKamori.com and my books are available on Amazon and Barnes and Noble. I hope that Kevin and I will inspire you to strive for your own superior culture of excellence and to find your greatness and help others find theirs. Aloha.


Hi everyone, I'm Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com, with that right there, the 14 team random number block randomizer for Pick Your Team 27, which is sold out, it'll be in a separate video right here on the channel that you're watching. So it's a number block break, as you know, you guys are familiar with this, most of you are, I think. If you're new to it, please read that. And it involves these teams right here, and only those teams, only for Pick Your Team 27. Big thanks to these folks for getting into it, there are the numbers right there, let's roll it, let's randomize it, 6 and a 4, 10 times, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10th and final time, right, 10, 10, 10, got it, Kevin down to Kevin, 6 and a 4, 10 times 4, the numbers, good luck, 10th and final time, after 10, we've got 4 down to 3, nice, thanks Johnny, let's check that out as soon as I finish this video, alright, so Kevin with 4, TJ Poyer with 0, so you'll get any and all redemptions, only for these teams right here, including 1 of 1 redemptions. To say, you'll still get live 1 of 1s, Derek with 8, Brian with 2, Matt with 6, AJ with 7, Jason with 9, Ryan with 5, Kevin with 3, isn't there a, isn't there a Shackleton scotch, that's really good, some sort of a scotch type whiskey thing, break itself, separate video, jaspyscasebreaks.com


Hello, and welcome to this presentation of the STM32L4 Embedded Operational Amplifier. It covers the features of this IP, which is widely used for conditioning analog signals. Each operational amplifier inside STM32L4 products functions as a general-purpose analog amplifier, which may reduce the need for an external standalone op-amp. As these op-amps can be configured in standalone mode with all terminals available for the user, it is possible to use them as a voltage follower, non-inverting and inverting amplifiers, as well as analog filters such as low or high-pass filters. They can also act as a pre-amplifier for the ADC input. The operational amplifier inside STM32L4 products offers general-purpose rail-to-rail inputs and outputs. The input offset voltage can be calibrated in the application to achieve minimal offset. All the terminals are accessible by the user so that any operational amplifier function can be configured with external passive components. For low-power applications, which do not need high bandwidth, a low-power mode is available which only consumes 45 microamps from VDDA. For current-sense applications, a dedicated low-leakage input pad is available on the BGA-132 package. The op-amps also provide on-chip functions, including voltage follower mode, while their on-dive feedback resistance can be used for the programmable gain amplifier function. This slide shows the block diagram of the operational amplifiers. The STM32L4 integrates two operational amplifiers. Several switches are used to configure different functions. Each op-amp can be configured differently. The operational amplifier can be configured as an internal voltage follower, where the internal switch connects the output to the inverting input. In internal voltage follower mode, the GPIO pad assigned to the op-amp's inverting input is free so that it may be used with a different function as subsequently assigned in the GPIO selection process. This STM32L4's op-amps support non-inverting amplifier mode with four fixed gains available. The feedback resistors can be selected to have a gain of 2, 4, 8 or 16 to support the programmable gain amplifier function. It may also be beneficial to use the op-amp as an ADC input so that the full dynamic range of the analog to digital converter can be applied to signals having a small amplitude. The op-amps also support external connections on outputs and the non-inverting input to create the PGA mode. It enables the connection of an external capacitor to add low pass filter characteristics to the PGA configuration. The op-amps have a very low leakage inverting input pin to support the current sensing application. The dedicated pads are only available on the BGA132 and BGA169 packages and have one nanoamp leakage which allows for a current to voltage conversion with high precision. The operational amplifiers are active in the following low power modes, run, sleep, low power run, low power sleep, stop zero and stop one modes. In stop two mode the op-amp is not available but its registers content is kept. In standby or shutdown modes the op-amp is powered down and must be reinitialized for use if returning to one of the higher powered modes. The following table shows performance parameters for the STM32L4's op-amp. The op-amp can work from 1.8 to 3.6 volts from the VDDA supply with rail to rail input and output. The offset voltage can be calibrated down to 1.5 millivolts. It has normal and low power operating modes. Normal mode can have a gain bandwidth of 1.6 megahertz while low power mode only has 0.42 megahertz of gain bandwidth but comes with the added benefit of reducing power consumption. Thanks to its fast wake-up time of 10 to 30 microseconds it is not needed to keep it always enabled but only when the functionality is necessary. The STM32L4's op-amps are suitable for the pre-amplification of the ADC input because the integrated PGA can enhance the dynamic range of the analog to digital converter. It is handy to use as an on-chip voltage follower instead of using an off-chip standalone op-amp. Its low bias current allows it to properly perform as a current to voltage converter for the current sensing function. This is a list of peripherals related to the operational amplifiers. Please refer to these peripheral trainings for more information if needed.