I'm going to take a couple of moments to distill some of the issues you've been hearing about and frame the problems as we're going along to give you a better feel for why we're looking at distributed lethality. Admiral Rodin's movie did a great distributed lethality. What is it? We're going to talk about some of the reasons we're pursuing it in a little different realm. One quick catch before I move on to my first slide. For those of you that don't recognize that picture up on the screen right now, that is a Tomahawk cruise missile impacting a target ship at sea. That doesn't have a seeker in it yet, folks. All right, I keep getting asked, well, you had a F-18 over the top of it, flying it right into the side of that cruise, right into the side of that container ship. No, that F-18 was to make sure that some sailboat didn't have a really bad day. So that thing hit the side of a container ship at a very long range. Those missiles can go a lot farther. Sydney, to your gap question earlier, we ain't even scratched the surface yet. We're going to talk about why and where we're going. All right, so let's get at it. These are the tenants. What's distributed lethality? If it floats, it fights. We need to increase the offensive lethality of every surface ship out there. I get asked, does that mean you're putting aegis weapon systems on oilers? No, it does not. But it doesn't mean that that oiler can't have a defensive weapon system of its own. What's more cost effective? Two Arleigh Burke destroyers to defend that oiler or putting two CRAM missile systems on that oiler and adding two LCS. It's all about every ship contributing to the fight in every way possible to make sure we have every potential advantage at sea. Second, confuse the adversary or the potential adversary. Make them look in every different direction for every possible avenue of attack. Make them wonder where that next missile is coming from. Make them wonder where those damn Americans are today and how many of them are going to hit us from how many different directions. That's the idea behind this. Does that mean we're abandoning the carrier strike group? As Admiral Rodin pointed out, no. That just means we're taking the pressure off the carrier strike group in that high value unit as we spread out our fires. And just because we spread out the surface ships doesn't mean we don't concentrate our fires. And we'll talk about how we're doing that in a couple of slides. And third, hold the adversary at risk at range. Develop that range of weapons. Develop that targeting system. Develop that ability to shoot at a very long range. Develop that family of missile systems. Some of them already exist. It's just looking at how we do things differently. Those targeting systems exist. It's just using them differently. Those weapons exist. It's using them differently. How do we hold an adversary at risk at range and make it effective every single day? And that's what we're gonna talk about here in a couple of seconds. But first, let's look at a little history. For those of you that have been under a rock for a while, blue is us. On this side of the ocean, red is them, okay? So the blue on the left-hand side of the screen there is 1985, three decades ago. That was the range of our weapon. Up to 10 times the range of the adversary weapon. 2015. It kinda swapped. We took our eye off the ball. We forgot about range of weapons. The last time we had ordered and built a Harpoon cruise missile, 1988. That was the last time we upgraded a long range. At that time, long range surface weapon. We were kind of asleep. That's not to say we were neglecting.  For those of you that say it's not about just the weapon, it's also about the targeting, you're absolutely correct. Now, blue on the top, 1985, our weapon. Gray at the top, range of our targeting. The problem is we couldn't see the distance our weapon went so we didn't think we would use it so we canceled the weapon. And the adversary didn't have anything that could shoot that far. Red and yellow, they couldn't find us, they couldn't shoot us. So why worry about it, right? Well, history kinda tends to move along. 2015, now we've got a weapon that doesn't reach as far as we can target. Yes, we can target out that far and even farther. And we'll talk about those in a little bit. But the adversary hasn't been sitting there. You can't bring a knife to a gunfight. You have to bring a gun. And it's time we changed our weapons and brought the guns to the gunfight. It's not just a single axis thread anymore. In 1985, it could come at you from any direction, from undersea, from any direction, from over, from the air, from the surface. In 1999, we changed down to a single axis thread or no axis threat or no threat at all. And we started to go to sea in that manner and we forgot how to do all the things you were talking about earlier. We forgot how to do MCON. Why? Because nobody was shooting at us and nobody could shoot us at range. We have to relearn today the lessons we knew in the 80s. We have to get back out there and see exactly what Admiral Rodin and Admiral Kilby were talking about. We have to retrain ourselves to do this again and again. We have to understand the adversary's advantages and we have to move on towards them and we have to understand the adversary's disadvantages. We have to bring another capability and we have to go at it with the understanding that it's a multi-axis threat. Make matters worse, we build weapons in an ever growing, ever slowing, ever more complex bureaucracy that does nothing more than create more requirements on top of more requirements to slow our processes down at every turn. We can no longer live with seven to 10 years to develop something to counter this. We can no longer live with tactics that aren't updated every 10 years. We can no longer live with ships that go in, get built once, and then for the next 35 to 40 years never get changed. That's what Admiral Rodin was talking about with getting out there and changing things quickly. That's what Admiral Kilby was talking about, changing the tactics, getting after this and figuring out where we are. We have to integrate everything to develop those systems rapidly. We have to integrate our systems with the understanding that they will fight as networks. We have to integrate our systems and it's not just the problem you see here. There are solutions to this problem set and we're gonna go there. One, this should be simple and self-evident. Increase our lethality.  I recognize that may not be the nicest way to talk about things, but folks, our job is to kill people and break their toys. There's nothing else in the world that matters. That's why you have a Navy, all right? I got it, there's all, yeah, I got it. There's presence, you know, presence without lethality is impotence, okay? So let's talk about lethality and deterrence, okay? So three ways to kill everything. What does that mean? Find, fix, finish, locate them, target them and drop something on their forehead, okay? That's what this means. Capability and capacity enough to induce doubt into any potential adversary so they don't even leave port.  Okay, that's the idea behind distributed lethality. It's hard to do. I showed you this slide last year. Capability on the y-axis going up, more green better. Capacity on the x-axis going out, more green better to the right. We are losing one to 3% of our surface budget every year over the past five years. That green light's not just sliding left, it's plummeting left. So how do we get there? How do we make this work? How do we get to that upper right-hand quadrant that talks about unmatched technology distributed across a sufficient force with plenty of margin? Well, it ain't easy, all right? We have to go after this in multiple ways but we have to go after it understanding what our limitations are. The budget is forcing us down and left. We have to go after what we're doing. So let's take a look at what the surface fleet has been doing over the last several years. Remember those three decades? Some of this, some of people call it this the ski slope. Some of it called the cliff we've fallen off of. Some of it called a lot of different things.  That's where we are now. That's what we have to do. The problem is ships take 15 years or more to design, well, to determine the requirements to get through the bureaucratic process, to start bending steel, to test it six ways to Sunday, to make sure it's impervious to any bureaucratic budget fight and to get it built. 15 years we don't have to get out of that little divot here. The numbers aren't going up in any massive numbers here in the near future, have you seen from the progress in the newspapers lately? So how do we do this? All right, when you can't build more ships, you increase the capacity and capability of the weapons and the ships that carry them. Up the left side, I did not make this specific to a program, but bottom line is you can see what we need to do. This is the idea that every weapon is dual or multi-purpose. When you can't carry more weapons because you don't have more ships to put at sea, you make those weapons do more things. Remember that Tomahawk cruise missile I showed you at the start of these slide presentation? Why can't that impact a surface ship? Why can't it find mobile targets on land? Why can't it find moving targets on land? Why can't it find moving targets at sea? It flies a real long distance. I got it, it's not perfect. It may not be the ideal. It doesn't move at Mach, you know, one million. Okay, I got it, but I've got 3,500 of them. It's an incredible truck. Let's change the payloads. Let's change the sensors. Let's move it forward. We've done this already. This is not aspirational, this is operational. When we get done with the next test, we will leave behind an operational capability at sea to do this, and that next test happens this year. And that's before we work with our industry partners to put that sensor in here.  This year we're doing it. This is not business as usual. This is not taking seven years to 10 years to make this work. This is everything else. Yes, there are new gun rounds. Yes, we are building them next year. Yes, there are long range projectiles. Yes, there is a new way of looking at things. You've heard about rail gun. When we take that projectile out of a rail gun, why not just make it smaller enough to put in a five inch round and take a couple of hundred five inch mounts now that can shoot something that flies almost as far and sits as accurately as a rail gun? Why can't we take the existing missiles that shoot down cruise missiles and use them for other things? Why can't we take those sensor networks that are sitting up there that are capable of finding an individual in a mud hut in the middle of a desert and find something the size of a warship in the middle of an ocean? I would think if I could find an individual, I could find a warship. Let's integrate these things and that's what we're doing. It's matching the eyes of the fleet, both organic and inorganic. It's matching that capability to do this quietly as well as with a lot of noise and it's doing it in numbers. So let's take a look. It's not just the weapons. It's not just as we move up this weapons capability and it's not just looking at whether I can take a torpedo that's right now designed to drop against the submarine and remember what we used to do and shoot it against the surface ship. It's also about the ships themselves. Let's start at the bottom. LCS. I've heard all the stories. Okay, I've heard all the rumblings. In fact, I probably could fill the volumes and probably have heard ones you haven't. All right, it's not lethal enough. It's not invincible. It's not this. It's too small. It's too large. It's just right. Oh, wait a minute, that was Goldilocks. Sorry. It's, I got it. All right, I don't know. We'll keep the analogy to three bears. One panda, one grizzly. No, we'll keep that out of here, okay? Well, LCS, you have to help me sell the story on that. Your surface warfare. The sonar going on LCS will increase our capability multi-fold against all submarines. Folks, if our submariners are afraid of a continuous active sonar at double digit miles, what do you think the adversary's submariners are afraid of? If we've proven that a continuous active sonar reaches out, what do you think it's going to do to the adversary's submarines? It's going to push them out. I've got it. It's not perfectly tested. I've got it. It's not perfect. I've got it. It's like every other ship we've had. Arleigh Burke took years to get down the channel and then we weren't sure if we were going to have to tow it to Norfolk to get there before Arleigh Burke could, so Arleigh Burke could speak at the commissioning. Okay, we weren't sure we would make it. We did unnatural acts to get it down the river and out the channel and down to Norfolk in ship building terms. Okay, I see some of you snickering. All right, but bottom line is we got it there. It's like every other ship. We're building it. We're deploying it and we're figuring out what it can do. Fort Worth is doing amazing things. Yes, there are still naysayers. You know what a lot of those naysayers problem is? You didn't write the stack of reports that was required to build this ship. All right. I found a great quote on this system. And if you'll allow me just for a second, it's a translation from the Italian so I'll try to get it right. The permanent bureaucracy is dedicated to a single mission to change nothing. They are in favor of things as they are. In pursuit of that mission, they are canny shrewd, ruthless, and conspiratorial. They infiltrate the ranks of those who want to change with the goal of destroying them. They use delay and details to overwhelm any new ideas for a continuation of this status quo. Welcome to the Pentagon. Machiavelli was right, okay? So in the long run, you have to help me get the message out. There's war fighting capability in this thing. And it's overwhelming even our own submarines and surface ships and ability to target and move forward. We are going to take this ship to sea and it is going to be the envy of that size and shape ship in the world. Why? Because at 3,000 tons, we can do a hell of a lot with it. And the frigate, even more. In the frigate, we are installing both the anti-submarine and anti-surface capability at all times and we're going forward and deploying it in that manner. And we will build the frigate. Cruisers. I got a lot of questions on cruisers. So let's talk about upgraded capability in cruisers. Everybody wants to talk about cruisers and what do we do with them? Can they stick around? Can they not stick around? What can you do with them? How long do they last and so on? So let's remember that we surface warfare officers are a little crafty in ourselves. And those first 11 cruisers, those oldest cruisers, while everybody else has been wailing and gnashing a teeth about what we do in the next couple for using the money that Congress gave us to do it very well to upgrade those, we've upgraded the 10 of the first 11 cruisers or we will by the end of next year. Remember a few years ago when we changed those cruisers from standard Navy computer systems to open architecture, commercial off the shelf? Well it allowed us now to work with industry, change out the blade servers in those first 10 cruisers and make them the highest capability Aegis ships we have out there. It allowed us to take that technology and leap forward and now counter supersonic, ballistic missile, increased capabilities, subsonic, stream raids and everything else. It allowed us to shoot at range, it allowed us to shoot over the horizon and it allows us to do everything else why because we use that open architecture and while everybody else is watching the bright shiny object over here we just went and updated those cruisers. Okay, that's 10. We're taking four more into modernization by the end of this year or four total into modernization by the end of this year. They will get the same combat system upgrade and we'll do all the engineering to make sure they work for a long time. That's 14. Now, we have five ballistic missile cruisers out there. We are under statute to keep those going and not replace them until we get another BMD replacement. Okay, that's five more. That's 19 of the 22 cruisers and people say we don't know what we're doing with the cruisers. Let me see, that's 19 of 22. Yeah, we're working the last couple. All right, cruisers are getting updated. Well, the other question is why don't you just replace a cruiser with a destroyer? Look, you're building the flight three, you're doing all this other stuff with a destroyer. All right, it's about this chart. It's capacity and capability. If I changed the cruisers for destroyers I would lose 23% of my vertical launch cells at sea. That's the equivalent of decommissioning for SSGN submarines, cruise missile carrying submarines. And let's face it, the Navy is loath to do that. We're putting in Virginia payload module to make sure we don't lose 23% of our vertical payload, vertical payload modules. So why does anybody think we're going to do that same thing with cruisers? Virginia payload module is a great idea for the submariners. It replaces a potential 23% loss. Why would you think it would be okay for the surface Navy to accept a 23% loss in vertical launch cells at the same time? It's not, we need to do something and we need to figure this out. We need to keep the cruisers going and then we need to figure out that next generational shift or that incremental increase for payloads at sea. I don't know, Virginia payload module. You guys come up with the name, you figure it out. Destroyer payload module. I don't care what it is, okay? But get the capability to see, it's not just capability, but it's also capacity. Future surface combat, yes, we're studying it. It's a replacement of a family of ships. Everything from patrol boats, actually everything from yard patrol craft to train the Naval Academy. A shipment to patrol boats to destroyers and cruisers and everything in between. It's a family of ships over the next 20 years and we're studying that right now. All right, so let's talk about what we're doing. This is a typical bureaucratic slide from Washington, DC.  It's intentionally too complex for you to read and it's intentionally made up and the dates don't match anything in reality, okay? Why? Because I don't want you trying to figure out what we're doing. But let me tell you a few things we are doing. Admiral Rodin said that we are going and deploying that three ship group to determine how we fight these. That's on there. We're going to deploy to another group to look at MCON and relearning that. That's on there. We're going to fly Tomahawk against a moving surface target. That's on there.  That's on there. We are looking at every different way of using every different existing sensor, weapon and ship type and proving it. Yes, we are pushing forward to install over the horizon missiles on LCS this next year and if we can do it, we will. So let me use an example in here. Let me wrap this together in a kind of a different way. Using Admiral Kilby's and Admiral Rodin's concept together. Admiral Ferguson from Europe came to us, actually we walked past each other in the hall about just under about a year ago and he looked at me and said, I have a new threat in the Eastern Mediterranean. I have a threat that's going to threaten those ballistic missile destroyers on station in the Mediterranean. Can you do something about it? Okay, let's take the normal process. We study the problem. We write a lot of studies. We pay $10 million for somebody to write a study that tells us we should go do this. I got a four star telling me to do this. I kind of get it.  There's an alternative. We simultaneously procure, develop, move money, test and move forward. Seven years on one hand. I think I saw some of them out here in the audience. Congressional staff turned around and moved money for us to the tune of $50 million inside a couple of months unheard of in Washington D.C. The program manager and the program executive officer said, we got this. Show us the requirement. We said, oh, requirement. We sent, we know how to do this. We put together a paper. We sent it out to Europe. The Admiral signed it, said this is my requirement. He sent it back to us.  All right, let's go build this. The program executive officer said, I now know what I need to build. Oh, by the way, we're already building it for something else. We'll glue a couple of them together and we'll go put it on one of your ships. The engineer said, well, you haven't done all the testing. He said, let's go do that in Europe. The repair facility said, well, we're not sure we could stick that into the availability. We said, guess what?  The engineers came forward with a way of doing things. It's not perfect. The tactics and development guys came up with an idea of how to employ it. The company that builds it said, I've got two of them on the production line going out to another ship. I'm going to yank them and put them on a destroyer. Destroyers never had one on here. Well, let's plug it together like this and try it. CRAM is going on the first destroyer in Rota inside seven months, what would have normally taken us seven years to do. For those of you questioning on whether we're doing something and are you doing it fast enough, the answer is absolutely. We are doing it quickly. We are moving it. Of course, now I think I have to go explain to OSD how I did it, but okay, they'll get over it too. All right, so we're going to do this and we're going to do this over and over and over again. We're going to test, we're going to trial, we're going to experiment and we're going to figure it out and every single one of those taco chips and another 10 dozen more on top of it that are classified, we're going to go do. And if you'll notice the timeline with deceive, target, and destroy, it's all in the next two years. All right, what does that mean in total? Where there was a single mission, we need multi missions. When there was a single weapon, it now needs to do multiple things. When we were on the defense, we now need to be on the defense and the offense. When we had single source targeting, organic to the group, it's multi-source, multi-int, multi-everything targeting, where we had kill chains, we're going to kill webs. Try to get away from us now. All right, for those of you that like these type of charts and you wanna see how far we're out we're going, I did something different. Some of you usually expect to see the coast of some foreign country when I put these bubbles on. I use the United States, why?  So let's look at defense up in the upper left hand corner before last year or last, yeah, but last year we could have a destroyer, not to say the Canadians are attacking, sorry guys, I know you're out there. All right, but we could have a destroyer off Chicago and it could defend about, oh, I don't know, Kalamazoo. All right, this year we will have a destroyer or we could have a destroyer off Chicago and defend Detroit, Toledo, Indianapolis, Erie, every place else all stretched out and we will be able to defend that in depth. Offense, let's say there was a ship off the Virginia coast. Last year it could defeat another ship off the Virginia coast. At the end of this year, a ship in Boston Harbor is not safe. At the end of this year, south coasts of Long Island, we're not attacking Long Island, don't take me, nobody misconstrues, but ships and land targets out to that range are now at risk and the adversary had better take notice. It's defense in depth, it's hit them at range and we're on the offensive and we're pushing forward and we're gonna do this inside a couple years, despite what everybody thinks. Why? Because we've got the teams together that can do it. Admiral Rodin's leadership, Jim Kilby pushing forward and now that the lights go down, I'll turn it over to the general. All right, thank you very much, we'll take questions at the end. All right, well good afternoon everybody. For those who don't know, the CNO has been employing a Marine Major General for the Director of Expeditionary Warfare in the past in 85 and 75, now in 95, but for about the last 20 years. My purpose is to help integrate Marine Corps requirements, Navy requirements, so that we can put together a naval voice when it comes to Expeditionary Warfare. And as I like to tell people, if the Navy and the Marine Corps are aligned, there's nobody else, no other service, that can stand up to us when it comes to making our case, to the public, to Congress, or even in the Pentagon itself. So what I'll do is I'll just take a couple of minutes and go over the N95, Expeditionary Warfare portfolio and then I'm gonna center in on the surface ship side of things, specifically amphibious warships. Next slide please, next slide please. There we go. Okay, so this is Obi-Wan overview of the portfolio. Some people think, well, if it doesn't fit somewhere else, we'll put it in Expeditionary Warfare, but there is a logic to it. We exist to resource those things that help us gain access in the latorals and ashore, where we have to go with limited or no infrastructure, with no host nation support, probably most importantly, oftentimes opposed. It's all about access to the commons, to our allies and friends and where necessary to the enemy held areas. So what you're looking at here, the current capabilities are in white, the future systems are shown in yellow. I'm gonna work my way around the slide counterclockwise from the upper left, starting with our Naval Expeditionary Combat Command Forces. These are the folks who build, restore, and protect infrastructure in the most austere environments. They build and maintain things like remote operating bases, airfields, so forth. They also ensure access to ports, to harbors, to coastal waterways, protect civilian commerce, but also ensure we have access for follow-on forces to come in ashore. Now one of their growing capabilities has been very successful of late, has been their expeditionary mine countermeasure capability, shown in the lower left there. These forces focus on clearing ports and harbors, shallow water areas, landing areas, and so forth, but they can also augment our blue water capabilities. And we're actually learning a great deal from some of the systems that we've deployed. We're currently maintaining an expeditionary mine countermeasures company in the 5th Fleet AOR, created within Fleet Forces Command by NECC, from organic NECC units, and then deployed and sustained, excuse me, in theater. At the bottom right is our blue water MCM capability. We are completely recapitalizing this capability. To put it in a nutshell, we're taking the sailor out of the minefield, but at the same time we're maintaining and then increasing our clearance rates. So you're gonna see us transitioning from the MCM one-class, Avenger one-class ships, to an LCS based system. Not only does it give us a tremendous more modularity and capability, but also they can get to the fight a whole lot quicker than the legacy ships can. We're replacing the MH-53E with system, airborne systems aboard the MH-60S, and also the Firescout UAV, both employed from the LCS. We're gonna retire the legacy ships and the legacy aircraft in the mid-2020s, and we're gonna shift to greater reliance on unmanned systems, both in the air, on the surface, and subsurface. To the upper right is our naval special warfare team. They obviously provide reconnaissance, battle space shaping, and some assault capability in support of expeditionary operations. N95 supports the service common resources that they require. Moving to the center of the chart, and this is where I'll focus my discussion today, is our amphib force. We currently have a force with really good capability, but very limited capacity. But we do have some important developments on the way things are looking up. Starting with the big decks. We've got two versions, the LHD with a well deck and the LHA replacement or LHA flight zero that has no well deck. We've got a third variant on the way with LHA-8, which will be the third of the LHA replacements that we restore the well deck by giving up some other capabilities. The two LHA replacements were built to be optimized for F-35 employment. We've learned enough from that already we figured out how to put a well deck back in there to increase the utility of these platforms. On the LPD side, we currently have nine LPD-17s. We've retired all of the Austin class with the 10th and 11th LPDs are nearing completion. We'll take delivery of the Mertha later this year and the Portland in 2017. We also just issued a request for proposal for LPD-28, which will be our 12th LPD. It's going to be slightly different from the rest of the LPD-17 class and it's going to be a bridge to what will become the replacement for the Woodby Island class LSDs. It's still, we're still referring to it as the LXR, but it's based and it's going to be built upon a LPD-17 hull, which is going to give us tremendous capability above and beyond what the Woodby Island class brings while providing some commonality and a known system, frankly, from the San Antonio class. We're also developing replacements for our LCUs, which by the way achieved IOC in 1959, and our LCACs, which are 30 years old now. So both of these systems are beyond their expected service life. They've done a great job for us, but it's time to replace them. It's past time to replace them. We've got to regain the capability that they once had and provide some greater flexibility and incorporate some lessons learned, particularly in the LCAC. So just to the left of the R, you'll see our auxiliary platforms, including the Expeditionary Sea Base, or ESB, formerly known as the Float Forward Staging Base, AFSB. Also the Expeditionary Transfer Dock, or ESD, formerly known as the MLP, which is designed to be the interface between the large medium speed roll on roll off ship, you see to the right of it, and our LCAC craft to take stores and vehicles directly from the NPF ships to the beach. Now these ships have the primary purpose of supporting our maritime prepositioning forces, but we're continuing to explore new and alternative ways to use these platforms to help stretch our amphibious fleet. They're not replacements for our amphibs, but we simply don't have enough of the amphibs, so we've got to find some ways to do the things we know we're going to have to do in the next few years while continuing to recapitalize our amphibious fleet as well. So these alternative platforms can embark tailored packages that can do humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, embassy reinforcement, non-combatant evacuation, operations under permissive environments, and so forth. I emphasize again, they're not warships. They don't have the redundant systems. They don't have the self-defense capabilities. They don't have the trained Navy crews ready to fight the ship and keep it alive like the sailors did aboard the USS Cole, but they can provide a great capability for lower end crisis response and to allow the combatant commanders to employ those scarce new ARG assets most effectively. Next slide, please. So back to amphibs, right now it's not a real good news story. We're at a nadir in our fleet size. Over the last decade, we've had an increased demand for amphibious ships and all of our strategic guidance that we have and expect to receive only indicates that that demand signal is going to increase. To meet COCOM demand, former CNO said we'd need more than 50 amphibs. Currently today we've got 30. 60% of the inventory is either deployed or preparing to deploy and the rest, which you see in red there, the various shades of red, are in maintenance. The pressure to meet these deployment deadlines and even to meet the minimum capability required overseas means extended deployments followed by extended availabilities, reduced training and these in turn then lead to deferred maintenance, reduced readiness and ultimately even fewer ships to respond to during crisis or to train for them. We used to be able to set our watch for a Muarg deployment six months to the day almost. And we also kept two afloat, one from the East Coast and one from the West Coast at the same time. But as the years have gone and our fleet has dwindled, those deployments have extended until one reached 10 and a half months a couple of years ago, we've averaged eight to nine months of the past few years and only just recently we stabilized again at about seven month deployments. Complicating this are a couple of additional factors. Two thirds of the amphibious fleet is at or beyond their midlife of 20 years. And our future shipbuilding plans are all based on these ships reaching their expected service life of 40 years. And we've got a ways to go before we can be confident that in our next classes of ships to decommission, which will be the LSDs followed by the LHDs, will in fact make it to their expected service lives. Next slide please. So the first point really for me is numbers matter. Now, Pete just showed a slide a little bit and it's easy to say well as the amphib fleet has gone down so has the whole fleet. And that's absolutely true. One complicating factor with the amphibs is that they're not interchangeable. We can't swap out an LSD for an LHA and so forth. So when we get down to nine LHD LHAs like we have or nine LPDs where we currently sit, we have very limited capacity to back each other up on that. Where we stand today at 30 ships versus where we were at 2001 when we had 38. Some of the things that we simply can't do today that we could back then. Again, I mentioned two args at sea with mus and bark. We used to do a contact relief entering the Mediterranean or in the Western Pacific even into the Indian Ocean. Two mu args out at the same time. Down at Camp Lejeune, we only had, we have three mus down there 22nd, 24th and 26th. We only had two mu headquarters on Camp Lejeune because there was always one of them deployed. We've since had to clear out a building to make room for that third mu headquarters because we are not deploying as often. We can't surge during crisis. You can, if you think back to the wheelchart there, you can kind of figure out what our surge capacity is based on what we have deployed and what we have in maintenance. But the reality is we're gonna fall well short of some of the requirements if things don't change. We don't send out single ship deployers like we used to. These are, some people will refer to them as presence but actually they were targeted either for doing humanitarian assistance, doing partnership interoperability training and in other ways shaping the battle space and ensuring that we'll have access to areas when we need it. We've done one major live force amphibious exercise and I define that as 10 amphibs or more together. One major exercise since 2000. And while in the first part of the last decade our operational commitments were the pacing item. That's what prevented us from doing it. Recently it's been the sheer availability of ships that weren't either deployed or on a very tight timeline to prepare for the next deployment. And then one of the things that has suffered for a long time now is routine training with sailors and Marines aboard amphib ships. So I'll tell you how it has been in the Marine Corps when things were really tight during OIF and OEF the only Marines that were going to the Mew were the Marines who had been to the Mew. So those who shipped board experience we kept recycling them because we needed the experience given that we have the attrition in between deployments we had to maintain that core of people yet it was cost prohibitive, time prohibitive to train up everybody else or other people to be able to go as well. So what we've developed over the years as the inventory has decreased is fewer and fewer Marines who know how to operate a board ship who know how know even just how to get around a ship and what a ship's routine is like and they've got to learn that for the first time we don't want them to learn that for the first time on their way to war. We've also been forced to defer essential upgrades to the amphibs to keep these ships relevant and it has left the amphib fleet to a large degree poorly integrated with the rest of the fleet and at times with the embarked Marine forces and that as well as the maintenance and the condition of the ships is a threat to reaching ESL because if those ships don't maintain relevance they're gonna have to go. So the good news is in 2009, Secretary of the Navy, CMC, CNO agreed, we told Congress that we required 38 amphibious warships. This is based on a requirement to lift two Marine expeditionary brigades simultaneously either to put together in one large scale assault or for two separate contingencies at the same time. We agreed to accept risk to 33 which would produce 15 ships operational and ready to go that's since been revised in 2014 to 34 ships. So right now 34 ships is the fiscally constrained minimum but beyond having the two brigade lift that that provides 38 ships will also mean having a fleet that is capable of sustaining a new ARG deployment cycle and regain some of the capabilities that I just talked about. Learning how to fight as a large scale amphibious force embedded in a fleet to go gain and maintain access somewhere while all at the same time giving the ships the attention they need between deployments. Now the good news in this is that we are at the bottom and we have a modest recovery on the way. I talked about the next two LPDs that will come in in the next years at the end of 2018 we expect to take delivery of the USS Tripoli which will be LHA seven the second of the LHA replacements and we expect to have take delivery of LPD 28 in fiscal year 22 getting us back to 34 ships. Now the plan is based on our fiscally constrained environment so we continue to defer the purchase of those last four ships and one of the things that we've got to do is be ready to build those additional ships at the appropriate balance between the different classes of ships when the fiscal climate permits it because we have demonstrated the need and again based on the strategic guidance that we have we don't see that changing anytime soon. Next slide. So the counterpart to sheer numbers is maintenance and modernization. I won't dwell a lot on this and I know you're gonna spend some time on this later in the week and that's a really good thing but maintenance leads to capacity. It increases the number of ships that we have that are ready for tasking. But keeping them ready also means we're gonna lower the maintenance costs, reduce the backlog for maintenance and also help ensure that these ships do in fact reach their expected service life. Modernization also helps us reach ESL because it keeps the ships relevant. It also helps us gauge our future ship building requirements. We replace obsolescent equipment but we also lower our costs. We improve our interoperability and we pace the threat. And don't get me wrong, this isn't about simply spending more. This is about getting more for what we spend. So one of the bright spots here and that's gonna help us in the future is taking an enterprise approach towards taking care of these ships. So over the past year or so, the standup of the surface and expeditionary warfare, maintenance and modernization committee known as SWIMC process. This is similar to what aviation did with the Naval Aviation Enterprise about a decade ago. But what SWIMC does is work towards alignment on surface ship maintenance across the entire surface fleet and amphibious fleet, aligning our maintenance goals, priorities and help us apply the resources, however scarce they might be in the most effective way. It also helps us speak with one voice about what we really need to sustain the fleet. And the current budgets aren't gonna let us buy our way out of the maintenance and modernization challenges. But SWIMC process reviews and validates all the requirements. We look at specific ships, we look at trends both within and across the classes of ships. And then we look at solutions and then we prioritize for execution. It helps us gain consensus on the top priority issues, sustain those priorities through the programming and budgeting cycle and better understand where we're taking risk and asking the nation to take risk. Now when we receive the fleet's prioritized requirements list, they're Ipsils, we already have seen them and we've already discussed them and we know where they fit in. Resource sponsors, program offices and the other stakeholders are all involved. We use basic but comprehensive metrics to track plan versus actual costs, deferred maintenance action, execution of availabilities and in figuring out where we are versus where we plan to be. Identifying obstacles and bottlenecks and revising processes and making changes where necessary to remove them. It allows us to focus on which troubled ships or equipment or systems that need priority funding and repairs and improve the, probably most importantly, improve the planning of future availabilities. Next slide. So looking ahead, we don't see the budgets likely to get any better in the short term but the requirements of the requirements, they remain. So while we focus on what we need for the future fight we gotta do better with what we have. Our people, power tools and the money we receive to take care of both of them. We're gonna continue to transition several of our platforms and systems and we're gonna upgrade the ones that we're keeping. We're gonna work towards greater commonality, interoperability and reliability while also increasing utility outside of traditional roles. Alternative platforms, integration of amphibs into the distributed lethality concept, integration of the F-35 which may be the most significant change we make in the next few years and then greater roles for unmanned systems. We're gonna need help from industry to find ways to get more out of what we have, to reduce costs, stay within budgets and schedules. Bottom line is we're all in this together and we're in it for the long run and then finally we'll continue to develop the enterprise approach to help us do all of the above.


Hi everyone, Joe for jasmizcasebreaks.com, coming at you with 2021 Bowman's Best Baseball. It's a fun break. Eight box, random team break number six, tons of autos in here as well. And all-car chip. A couple combos. There are the combo teams right there. Cleveland and Houston, Kansas City and the New York Mets. Big thanks everybody right here for making this break happen. I appreciate it. We did post another one on the site if you want to run this back tonight. Let's roll it. Randomize names and teams. Five and a six. 11 times. One. Two. Three. Four. Five. Six. Seven. Eight. And 11th and final time. After 11, we've got Eric C. down to Jeff R. Five and a six. 11 times for the teams. One. Two. Three. And 11th and final time. Good luck gang. We've got the Cleveland Guardians, Houston Astros combo down to the New York Yankees. So Eric, you'll get the Cleveland Houston combo. Jeff Russo with the Rangers. Charles with the Nationals. Bill with the O's. Mike with the White Sox with Last Bot Mojo. Justin with the Braves and Tigers. Charles with the Red Sox. Ben with the Blue Jays. Nathan with the Twins. Charles with the Giants. Edgar with the Cubs. Justin with the Angels. Stephen with the Brew Crew. Capola with the Phillies. Ben with the Red Sox. Kevin with the A's. Devin with the Diamondbacks. Phillip with the other combo. Casey in New York Mets. Capola with Colorado. Scott with the Mariners. Stephen with the Pirates. Charles with my Dodgers. Chad with the Marlins. Matthew with the Padres. Karen with the Cardinals. Trey with the Reds. And Jeff with the New York Yankees. Let's sort by Column B. Alphabetically by team. Chad has the Marlins. Marlins up for trade. All right, I'm going to pause the video. When we come back, we're going to see if there's any trades. Then we'll have the break. Stick around, BRB. All right, welcome back, everybody. No deals were done. A little bit of trade chatter, but in the end, no deals done here on Monday the 10th. This is Bowman's best number six. Thanks, everyone, for making this happen. Mike Krasinski ended up with the last bottom mojo with the White Sox. Thanks, Mike. Thanks, everybody, for making this happen. Appreciate it. Scott, I think you might be lagging behind just a tiny bit just by a few minutes. Enough to be a little ineffective during the trade window. Make sure you're watching live. That goes for everybody, really. There should be a live button on your browser, on your mobile device. If you click that or just refresh the app or the page should get you to the most current moment. And also make sure you're watching at the highest quality possible. Sometimes that affects the lag as well. Because we broadcast at 720p. We actually record at 1080p, so the break videos are actually going to look better than the live stream videos. But the live streams at 720p, and sometimes YouTube will automatically, you know, knock your quality down to like 240p. You can't watch Jaspers like that. So make sure you keep an eye on that. All right, pretty great stuff in here in Bowman's best. I think the design that looks really, looks especially sharp this year. It always does. But especially this year, it looks really sharp. There's four autographs per master box, which is really nice. And just a whole bunch of eye candy during this break. Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. Grizzle these. Shots fired. Saying that I look better at 140p. Come on. I look the best at 1080p. That's a beautiful face right here. We got the college national championship on the background. Kind of a slow game. Because Georgia's up 13-9 now, with about 7 seconds left in the third quarter. So entering the fourth quarter. Maybe there'll be an exciting finish. All right. Good luck, gang. And of course, all carship here. This is Cabrine Hayes to 199, Lava. That's for Stephen Flatt and the Pirates. And we got Blaze Jordan. And we got the Lasin. Charles with the Red Sox. One of the big up-and-coming stars right here. Yeah, you can't watch in 144p. That's like, yeah, that's like watching Minecraft breaking. Although I would have imagined somewhere in the Minecrafting world there's probably group breaks. There's Dicut Henry Davis for the Pirates. And we've got something for the Braves. William Contreras. There you go. For the World Champs, Justin. For the Braves. Alec Baum, Masterpieces. Colton Couser, Atomic. Refractor, Mike Trout. Refractor, Jose Ramirez. 57 out of 99 for Cleveland. That's going to go to Eric C. And Jay Allen. Green going to Trey. And the Red Legs. 6 out of 99. J.D. Martinez, Dicut. Marco Luciano reveals a Bluejay, Nate Pearson. Ben Smith with the Bluebirds. Alright, and I'll do an autograph recap at the M-Box one in the books. Next one. Box two. Next four autos. And we do have another case of this in the store right now. If you want to run this back, we do have the time to do so. Bowman's Best is pretty enjoyable. I like that in addition to like Bowman Draft is pretty much strictly prospect hunting. At least with Bowman's Best, you do get an opportunity to maybe chase some current players, some current active players as well. Alright, next one. Good luck. We got Benny Montgomery. Future Vibrance Lava Refractor. And behind him is Jose Devers. Rookie Auto for Chad Dahl and the Fish. Tried to trade, couldn't trade Mojo. Benny Montgomery for the Rockies. That's for Coppola. That's 39 out of 50.  And we got Julio Rodriguez for the Mariners. That'll be for Scott and the Ems. 31 out of 50 on the up and coming Mariners Future Star. Jason Dominguez, Atomic. 6-0 Sanchez, the 250 purple refractor. And the redemption is Andrew Vaughn for the White Sox. That's Mike. Last spot Mojo strikes again. 70% of the time, it's 100% of the time. That's what they say. Gold Lava Refractor. Nice. Congrats.  And behind Joe Adele is another Blaze Jordan. Blazing some trails here with Charles and the Red Sox. Wonder if Blaze Jordan cards numbered 4 out of 20 would do. Does better on a secondary market. Alright, next box. Alabama third and goal. Is this four down territory for them? No. Full fourth quarter left. They can still get away with, they want a touchdown of course. They can get away with a field goal. Thanks Grizzlies. Grizzlies liked it. Like the joke. Alright, next box. Good luck. Good luck, good luck. There's Josh Donaldson, 149 out of 250 for the twins. That's going to go to Nathan Rossi and for the Rays. Tampa Bay Rays. Ben Smith with the Tanner Murray autograph.  And behind Christian Pache is your next auto. Twins, Micell Urbina. From Minnesota, Nathan Rossi with the twins. Auto Atomic. We've got a Jackson Merrill. Yellow Lava to 75 for the Padres Matthew. And the autograph is Pedro Leone. For Justin, nope, check that. That's a combo team. Eric with the Cleveland Houston combo.  The fish and behind Andre Simez is 1099. Davy Garcia Yankees, Jeff Russo. The green autograph for the Bronx bombers. Next box, fourth box. Here we go, box four. Javier Baez to 50 reveals a Tyler Black Brewer's. Steven Flatt with the brew crew tried to trade, couldn't trade Mojo. It's the refractor parallel. Baez, Metz edition here will go to Phillip.  Behind Hedbert Perez is a Malphrene Sosa for the twins. Nathan Rossi. Chase Petty, Lava to 199. And for the Cubs, Christian Hernandez. Edgar with the Cubs. Alex Kearlaw, Atomic. And we've got a Armando Cruz autograph for Charles and the Washington Nationals. Halfway through this break, about another 20 minutes ago, 20, 25 minutes ago. We'll do an auto recap at the end of this break as well. I see a handful of orders coming in. So let's see, after this break, we'll go through these orders from Terry, Sean, Matic, Oliver Soria, C. Burch, Mark and Ryan and see what's going on there. Joe, did I see Jericho? I did, I did. I think whether intentionally or I don't know if it was intentional or not, but the numbering, the way they do numbering on this has changed. Which pretty much makes all the prospects like Wander Franko almost like to what most consider a rookie card. And that's what the market is showing that as well, especially for guys like Wander Franko. Something to do with the numbering, how they do the numbering. Bobby Wood Jr. 250. And we've got Yiddie Cap. Future Vibrance Autograph for the Marlins. Tried to trade, couldn't trade Mojo for Chad Daw. 59 out of 159. Wait, so it's just for this year's product? It's not continuing going forward? Interesting. There's Robert Pausen. A's. Kevin. Traditionally, all card ship in Bowman's best, so including this year, so everyone will be getting all these cards. So maybe more of a boost in value than normal, you know, for some of these players. So keep that in mind. There's Kyle Lewis. 78 out of 199. Lava for the M. Scott. There's Jose Garcia. 30 out of 150. Trey with the Reds. Yeah, that's what it sounds like. That's what it's from the get-go. That's what it sounded like to me. It sounded like Tops just made a numbering error. And at this point, they're just like, fine, they're rookies. There's Andres Jimenez. Yeah, it is going to be kind of weird because we're not going to see most of these prospects. I mean, Warner Franco, guys like him, will see, which is why I think his value's been boosted. But I think a lot of these, we won't really see these players for, you know, depending on if the weather, they were drafted out of high school or college. Two to five years, maybe? Two to four years? If they do a normal progression through the minors without injuries or whatever. Right, so if you send these into Beckett, Joe, he's saying to slab guys like Rushman, for example, they'll have the rookie tag in the slab. Yeah, because some guys like Akeel, Badoo, Joe, Adele, they do have the rookie right here. So are they saying that Benny Montgomery's a rookie now? Or does this only count for players who are going to be rookies next year? At least value-wise. That makes it interesting. Christian Pache to 250 for Justin. And we've got a Nick Maitin for the Phillies, for Grizzlebees. So I guess technically, according to the checklist with Colton Cowles, this would be his rookie card, is that what they're saying? Or will it only count for the guys that are going to be called up next year, like Wander Franco? There's Tanner Murray. Tanner Murray for the Tampa Bay Rays, Ben Smith. 118 out of 150. Matt's arguing no one's going to care what Beckett says. Yeah, maybe not. I mean maybe in a couple of years no one's going to care. But right now people do because the prices of this Wander Franco have definitely seen a boost.  We'll see. We'll see how the market reacts as time goes on.  Christian Hernandez to 25. And Liova Poguero, the Pirates. And that's receiving flat. Tried to trade Kudin Trade Mojo.  And there's Shirt and Apostle for the Rangers, Chef Russo with Texas. Yeah, I'm kind of leaning towards Matt Jensen, you know what I mean? I think maybe now there may be some increase in activity on guys like Wander Franco. But I think ultimately when the official RC cards of any of these players right now and in the future, you know, I feel like the market will eventually shift to Wander Franco in here being pretty much the same as Wander Franco official RC. But for now, those Wander Franco's definitely have value. But just keep an eye on the market, I guess, with everything too. Just keep an eye on the market. They can go up and down. People's minds can change and shift on that sort of stuff. We'll see. To me, that's part of the fun of the hobby is seeing how the people, how the market reacts to various things like this. In the short term, midterm, long term. Alright, next box. Ooh, redemption coming up. So there is Sal Freelik die cut, 47 out of 50. I feel like we don't see a lot of these die cuts actually numbered. We've seen some parallels, but lava parallel out of 50 for the brew crew seem flat. I think one of their up and coming prospects as well. And the redemption is Akhil Badu, Detroit Tigers. Correct. Very good point, Matt Jen. It's brand new. Price of cards on the first week of release is rarely where they'll kind of eventually settle into within a couple of months. Yeah, prospect hunting, prospecting is a market that you have to be careful about short term and long term. Most of the time you just want to hold on to these guys. And there's Wilman Diaz. That'll be for the Dodgers. Charles with my Dodgers. Henry Davis, future vibrance, atomic parallel. Luis Robert to 150 for the White Sox. That'll be for Mike Krasinski. And there's Carlos Colmanara's raise. That's going to be for Ben Smith. Jackson Merrill refractor for the Padres. Got Jason Dominguez. Die cut, Jared Kalanek. And behind Dylan Carlson is, is Errol Vera. Autograph for Justin and the Angels. Yeah, I pulled his Super Fractor auto in like case number one or two. All right, final box coming up. Final box and then we'll do a quick autograph recap. We'll move on to these orders that I'm seeing come in here. And we'll see what else we can get to tonight. All right, final four autographs. I like to see it. I feel like it's a pretty solid break. I'd like to see a train whistle out of here. That'd be pretty cool. And out of, do they have out of fives in this? Out of five? Maybe a Super Fractor, one of one. This is national champion college national championship game. Got Alabama with, I guess, had a touchdown. They're up 18-13. A lot of time left in this game, nine minutes left in this game. Georgia has the ball. Yeah, Rebels say maybe a red lava out of five. That would be pretty sharp. Hydrate a little bit in case there's a train whistle. All right, good luck, eh? Final box. An all-card ship. There's Albert Pujols. Dodgers addition to 250. Charles. We've got a Rockies autograph. That's Ezekiel Tovar. That's for Grizzelbees and the Rocks. A little purple, is that a purple parallel? No, I think it's just a base parallel. There you go. First auto of the box. Three more to go. Harry Ford, Dyca, then her Bogarts. And another autograph. This time it's 75. It's Henry Davis. Yellow, lava, on-card autograph for Stephen Flatt and the Pirates. 48 out of 75. Your number one overall pick. Try to trade, couldn't trade Mojo. There's Jazz Chisholm to 99. And another pirate coming up. That's another big name prospect. I think he was drafted a year or two ago. Leo Verpeguero. Or maybe he signed a year or two ago. Either way. There he is. A couple of Pirates for Stephen Flatt. I do like that color match, too, in the parallel. Over here. All right. Fourth and final auto. There's Jose Obreu, Dyca. And behind Cubs edition of Nick Magical. There he is in a Cubs uni. I don't think I've seen that yet. Is for the Dodgers. Luis Rodriguez, little Dodger Joe Mojo. For your final autograph. That is for Charles. Nice. And that, my friends, is that. I'm Joe for JaspysCaseBreaks.com. Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us. Let's do a quick little recap here. I did like that Lava Dyca. Why would someone try to trade the Pirates? Maybe to try to get that tried to trade, couldn't trade Mojo. Joe P. That's a possibility. Maybe they thought they could get multiple teams for one team.  I don't know. Nice break boys and girls. Thanks very much. I'm Joe for JaspysCaseBreaks.com. Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us. Joe P. That would have been a great personal box. We do have personal breaks of these on Instagram. At JaspysBreaks on Instagram Live. Jesse is making his Instagram debut right now. You can go say hi to him. You might have heard him on what not before and around the shop. But yeah, he's on Instagram tonight. At JaspysBreaks. We do have personal box of Bowman's best. Imagine. Imagine. At JaspysBreaks on Instagram Live. More of this at JaspysCaseBreaks.com. Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us. We'll see you next time for the next one. Bye-bye.


Alright, welcome everyone and thanks to Barry and Ying Tong for the great introductions. So today I'm excited to tell you about this elliptic curve library we've been building in Halo 2. Okay, so first let me tell you what the library can do. So it's a Halo 2 library for doing various elliptic curve operations that in particular has a configurable trade-off between the proving time and verifier cost. So the operations we can support is that for a generic elliptic curve you have to put in a few constants, we can do addition, doubling, multi-scaler, multiplication. And then for pairing-friendly curves we can do optimal 8-pairing verification. And we can also do ECDSA signature check. So we've also put this library into the scroll and PSC aggregation circuits for the KZG backend of Halo 2. Okay, so before I tell you more, let me show you some numbers. So for ECDSA signature verification you can see that if we have a small proof size at the top, we have a longer prover time around 10 seconds, a little over. And then if we increase the proof size we're able to get things down to around 3 seconds on a MacBook Air. Weirdly we found that on the CPU the MacBook Air beats a fancy AWS box. For multi-scaler multiplication with 100 base points we can get things to around 56 seconds using larger proof size and as you can see that's still an improvement over the small proof size setting. And finally for pairing check on BN254, which is the curve on Ethereum, we can do that in about 15 seconds, again on the MacBook Air. Okay, so let me tell you how we build all of these circuits. So we have a very modular approach. So in Halo 2 you're allowed to use a lot of custom gates, but we're very simple-minded so we use a single custom gate. Our gate has four vertical cells and unfortunately I forgot to highlight them, but starting from the top our gate is just A plus B times C equals D. So in this example on the right if we want to compute a dot product of 1, 3 with 2, 4 we're first going to apply a gate on the top four cells so that will say 0 plus 1 times 2 equals 2. And then we're going to overlap it with a gate on the bottom four cells so that would say at 2 plus 3 times 4 equals 14. So this simple overlap optimization gains us about a 25% gain for all dot product operations which turn out to make up maybe 80% of all of the operations we do. So our setup is that we have a number of advice columns with this custom gate enabled. We have a single lookup table for range checks and then we have a bunch of selector columns. So we wrote a pseudo layout in Halo 2 which allows us to configure where these columns are placed in different regions. So as a configuration to our circuit we allow a fixed number of advice and fixed columns and we sort of tetris these vertical concatenations of our basic gates into the columns. On top of this we built a basic library called Halo 2 base of basic gadgets like inner product, range check, indexing into an array, doing various bitwise operations and doing comparisons on top of this gate and that allows us to almost completely abstract away the manual signing of cells that you may be familiar with if you've written some Halo 2. So on top of that we build our elliptic curve library mostly maybe 95% only using these abstractions. One thing to note is we found it's actually very difficult to outperform using this very simple gate using fancier custom gates. We tried a number of what we thought were very clever things that did not improve the proving speed. Finally I wanted to mention one very critical optimization that we made which is that we previously enabled lookup arguments on every single column and that was crucial in doing our range checks. We did one optimization to have special columns whose only purpose is to hold cells that are looked up and we copy all cells we want to look up to those columns. Although this sounds a bit trivial it actually reduces the proving time by about 50%. And again we can configure how many of these special lookup columns we need depending on the circuit. So just to show some plots on the results if we vary the number of columns as the number of columns grows the proof size grows and typically speaking the proving speed will increase. So you can see for the optimal 8-pairing for a single column setting the proving speed is about 250 seconds on the left and as we expand the number of columns to around 15 we get pretty sharp drops in the proving time but things sort of plateau after that. On the right you see a very similar phenomenon for ECDSA verification. We were a little bit surprised that things trail off at this small number of columns and we're sort of exploring whether there's something in the back end which could let us push it further. Alright finally I want to tell you how we plug this into the existing aggregation circuits. So if you have a KZG back end Halo 2 proof then to recursively verify the proof you need to do two things. First you need to do a bunch of multi scalar multiplication on the KZG commitments that comprise the proof. So these would be multi scalar multiplications on the BN254 curve. And secondly you need to do a pairing check. So in the current aggregation setup the pairing check is deferred meaning that in the aggregation circuits only the multi scalar multiplication is done. So our target was to integrate our library into the existing aggregation circuits. So to our knowledge there are two. One is out of PSE it's this Planck Verifier repo and one is out of scroll which is Halo 2 Snark aggregator. The way that both of these work is that there are various generic traits for an elliptic curve library that they use and they sort of abstractly write on top of these elliptic curve traits. So very nicely that allows us to plug our library into these aggregators simply by re-implementing all of these traits in our language. And again a nice feature is that both of these libraries are able to output EVM verification code for the final aggregated circuit. So here are the results so in a setting where we have seven advice columns and eight fix columns so of the advice columns six are standard columns with this basic gate enabled and one is a lookup column we're able to verify the actual ZKVM circuits recursively. So we just tried out the EVM opcode circuit and then the combination of the EVM and state opcode circuit and so even on a MacBook Air we're able to do the recursive aggregation of the EVM circuit in a little bit over you know around ten minutes. Note that the scroll and PSC numbers are not precisely comparable because we have slightly different versions of the state circuit inside. Unfortunately when we aggregate the EVM and state circuit together it exceeds the memory constraints of our MacBook Air but we'll try it on the server soon enough. Okay so that's it so in summary we have this library Halo 2 EZC we can support pretty much all the operations that we know of that you want to do on elliptic curves so some highlights would be the pairing check the ECDSA signature verification and the ability to configure the base curve without too much work and we really wanted to highlight that our base component library Halo 2 base which we open sourced this week which allows us to write these circuits in a much more modular and configurable way. Thanks and I'm happy to take any questions. Thanks E are there any questions? Okay I have a question so I am one of the authors of the Halo 2 library so if if you could change two things about Halo 2 what would they be? No more. If you ask me for two things the first thing would probably be and this might be very difficult to change so Halo 2 has a function called synthesize which constructs your circuit but the design of the library is that synthesize is called multiple times with different purposes and different interpretations of the input so when we're developing that's actually the biggest source of bugs because we sort of forget that on one of the times the mean semantic meaning of some of the inputs is a little bit different. I don't know how that would be pulled out but that's the biggest difficulty right now. Okay and also is there a question? No Halo 2 is a very low level API in the sense that you can configure really every detail about your circuit so have you found that to be more helpful or more annoying? We really like the configurability and that's why we're spending so much time in the Halo 2 ecosystem. Initially we found it very difficult to manage but the way we found to be productive in it is to sort of really restrict ourselves as you've seen here and then slowly add on more complexity almost as not really a pre-compiled is not the right word but just almost as a special addition to our library and then restrict ourselves to only work within this sort of constrained universe of the freedom that Halo 2 offers but the reason we like that freedom is that if we ever need something more fancy we know that we can sort of add it to our base components. Cool and my last question is what are you using Halo 2 ECC for? Yeah so we're building a new project called Axiom which is a Trusses indexer which allows you to take any facts a historic fact from Ethereum and prove it on chain for use in your smart contract. Cool thanksy.


If you want to take care of the ball there, become a better playmaker. These are soccer passing drills you can do by yourself. If you don't know about me, I used to be a huge underachiever. But through obsessive self-improvement, I found my success. I earned a college scholarship, played for my national football team, a YouTube channel with over 100 million views. I've helped players worldwide and I'd love to help you improve faster and achieve more. In this video, I want to give you some soccer passing drills that you can do by yourself. But before we get into the drills, let's just talk about passing technique. In my opinion, passing, receiving, those are the two most important skills in soccer, in football. If you can't pass a ball, you're not accurate. You give away your passes. You're going to give away possession. Your teammates aren't going to want to pass you the ball. Take care of the ball when you have it. And if you want to do that, you have to be a good passer. So let's talk about technique. So first of all, playing with the inside of the foot. I want to make nice, flush contact. I want to make a nice, flat surface. If my foot is angled in any way, it's not going to go straight. If I want this ball to go straight, I need this foot to be straight, okay? So nice, flat surface for the ball to make contact with. And when I push through it, I want to keep that flat, okay? And even I can see I'm going a little bit that way. So think about stepping through the ball, keeping this nice and flat, nice and firm. If this is weak, if this is weak, my pass is going to be weak, okay? So a lot of people, they'll have good contact, but when they, they'll have good foot flexion, but when they make contact, the foot goes weak, okay?  So focus on keeping your foot nice and firm, keeping a nice, flat surface for the ball to make contact with, keeping it through the ball, stepping through to your target, not chopping from back here. Obviously, sometimes in a game, the pass might get away from you, and yes, you do have to play a pass. Hey, what's up? I hope you're finding this content helpful. Watch this all the way to the end if you want to find out which subscriber got this video's special shout out. Leaning back, but whenever possible, don't lunge on your passes, get over the ball, step through it, really overemphasize your technique, step towards your target, okay? Depending on the solid pass that you're doing, maybe you're doing a weighted pass, but if you're hitting into your teammate's feet and you want it to get there without getting intercepted, put a bit of pace on it, okay? Ball stays on the ground.  So try to hit through the center of the ball. My foot is staying on the ground, but I'm hitting through the center of the ball. If you're leaning back, if you're getting too far under, it's going to pop up, okay? So get on top of the ball, nice foot contact, over it, fall through towards your target, and analyze every pass. When you're practicing with your teammates, let's say you're warming up. How many times you're just passing, yeah, whatever, pass, let's start the practice. Every pass you make, whether it's warm-up, practice, drill, in a game, take pride in those passes, do not give the ball away.  I feel like young players are discouraged from playing passes with the outside of the foot. If I want to start putting a little bit of spin, a little bit of curl in the ball, if I want to start playing around people, what I mean by that is, if I know the defender is there, I can't play a pass across my body. It's easy for him to intercept. I have to shape the pass. So maybe that's with the inside of the foot. Maybe that's with the outside of the foot. But if I don't have the ability to do those things because I can only pass one way with one foot, I'm going to get my passes intercepted. So learning to play with the outside of the foot, experiment with it, we'll do these in these drills, but same principles apply. Make strong contact. If you have a weak limb foot, you're going to have a weak pass. Get over it when you can, step through to your target. Okay, so when you're practicing, think about these things that we talked about, but take pride in your passing. Don't give the ball away. If you like this content, check out the Soccer Success Planner. You can download it for free. There's a link in the description below. And for advanced training, check out the Online Soccer Academy. Don't give the ball away. Let me give you some different passing drills that you can use. Now, if you're practicing by yourself, best tool for training on your own, especially passing, shooting, is a wall. So here I have a wall. It's going to be my partner. It's going to pass the ball back to me every time. He's never going to get tired.  First, let's just play two touch. Yeah. So everything we talked about, good passing technique, body over the ball, open up the foot, playing with both feet. The only other thing I would focus on here when you're doing this is this first touch. Okay, because if I want to play two touch, if I want to play two touch and that ball sticks in my feet here, it's difficult to play two touch. It's difficult to get a good pass, the pass that you want. So focus on the quality of this first touch, not so far that you lose control of it, not so weak and so close that you can't play quickly, but just out of your feet so you can touch, quickly pass, quickly step into it. Okay, the other thing I want you to notice with all these is it's on the toes. It's not flat footed like this. If you practice like this, you play like this. So when you're doing these drills, focus on the quality, the sharpness of movement. Always on the toes, quick to react, because if there is a bad pass, I can quickly get there, set my feet, play that pass. Okay, so start two touch. Next you can go into playing two touch in different ways. Let's play same foot as I've been doing. Same foot, okay, get 50 reps on your right, 50 reps on your left, good technique. When you're doing this, focus on one spot on the wall, hit that spot every time. Play two feet. So receive left, receive right, or pass rate. Receive left, pass rate, good quality on every pass. Then you can receive into space, okay, so don't always stop the ball dead, especially in the game, if I always stop it here, I'm easy to defend. Attack with your first touch, get away from the defender with your first touch. So into space, play your pass, into space, play your pass. Be creative, different techniques, play your pass, good. You can play one touch, okay, so again on the toes, focus on quality. When you're playing one touch, the contact point, the focus on the contact point becomes even more important. So you can see when I'm hitting these passes, I'm over the ball, but a lot of people will hit their pass, and they're not even looking at the ball, they're already looking at the target. Yes, you want to have your head up, but when it's time to make contact, find the center of the ball, if you want to make it go straight, and actually watch your foot to the center of the ball, so you make good contact, okay, but play one touch and sharpness of the feet, playing with both feet, inside the foot, if I ever don't like my technique, say I had a bad pass on my left, I'm not just going to go back to my right, I'm going to come back to my left, I might get an extra 10, really tighten it up until I'm happy with that technique, then I'll move forward, okay, you can play half turn, as we did, better touch, half turn, as we did in midfielder drill, okay, focus on receiving, but the quality of your passes still there, then you can play distances, so play right here, quick on the toes, the harder you pass it, the faster it's going to come back, practice passing from different distances, and even coming way back here, you can start slow, but build up to it, you can play like a driven pass, driven pass with the laces, ping on the ground, you can play in the air, but I would just start practicing playing a driven pass on the ground, good, and the one that we didn't talk about was that outside of the foot, okay, so practice start here, touch across the body, better touch than that, outside of the foot, around the defender, curl it around the defender, around the corner to your teammate, little through ball into space, but first of all, when you're doing this one, I'll ask my, I'll ask grown men to do this in practice, they can't figure it out, if I want to play the outside of my foot, this touch has to come across my body, if I'm receiving the ball here, and I want to play outside of the foot, that's not what I'm asking you to do, there's no point really in doing that in a game, okay, so if you want to play outside of the foot, take that touch across your body and step, step into it, if you're struggling on this one, it's usually because your ankle flexion isn't strong enough, your foot technique isn't strong enough, so really, don't hit it with a weak link, weak limp ankle, and don't hit it back here, okay, flex, get over it, step through it, flex, step through it, if you like this content, check out the Soccer Success Planner, you can download it for free, there's a link in the description below, and for advanced training, check out the Online Soccer Academy.


oh my god um yeah this hair's falling out oh my god hello beautiful today we're testing out the four most popular bleaches that you can buy at sally's they're also just the most popular bleaches we see used by people in hair just reacts and some of them have resulted in some catastrophic events i'm putting these four lightners to the test which one is best for your hair does price matter and lastly but most importantly which one of these lightners will lighten your hair the most i want to make sure if you're thinking about bleaching your hair you are purchasing the right bleach and the best one you can get your hands on let's find out today on my game show which bleach is best let's welcome in our contestants today who do we have anybody come on oh i see somebody coming i see okay we have a lightener by the brand ion this is called bright white powder lightener seven levels of lift that's a lot of levels of lift do we need that many today no but we're gonna use it this lightener retails for 2299 at sally's and it is one pound of lightener this lightener actually has coconut oil chia oil and sunflower oil built in wow that's a lot of oils in a powder i wonder if that will keep the hair feeling and looking healthy today we'll find out later let me put it to the test thank you for coming today you're almost up go get yourself prepared for the competition okay we'll see you later up next we have wella color charm welcome wella color charm for the competition today how do you feel great this lightener retails for 2299 and it is one pound this also provides seven levels of lift that's a whole lot of lifting power this claims to have a protective oil system that helps lock in moisture as it lightens that's pretty cool let's see if that protective oil system helps you in the competition today oh who is that walking in we have quick blue by laurel i'm shocked that this is the most expensive one i thought it was the least expensive but the more you know this is 20 this is 2749 for one pound this lightener also lifts up to seven levels it claims to have a very smooth formula the formula also claims to be dust free with a non-drip consistency i don't know what that means but i'm interested to find out today in the competition oh who's coming in oh we have bw2 the classic you're quite old for this competition aren't you bw2 you've been around for a while let's see if you can handle it with the new guys this lightener retails for 2119 and it is eight ounces of product a little guy but you pack a big punch don't you this claims to be an extra strength dusted lightener who the f*** wants dust in their lightener i don't know this claims to lighten the hair extremely fast let's see just how fast you can lighten in today's competition so those are our contestants for today very excited to welcome them to the game now you're probably wondering how i'll be scoring the contestants they will be scored on the following categories overall user experience this includes everything from mixing to the scent to how it applies anything and everything i can think of secondly they'll be graded on hair quality post coloring did the hair feel good did the hair feel bad you get the gist was there any breakage things like that and lastly they'll be graded on hair brightness post coloring because if you're gonna put bleach on your hair you probably want it light and you probably want to lighten pretty fast and you want those clear sexy results i'll be grading them one through ten ten being the best and we'll see who wins the competition and today's winner will go home with a million dollars and receive the title of the best bleach at sally's beauty supply okay before we get started mixing just want to tell you a few things first of all i'm following the mixing instructions on the back of each container making sure to mix them according to the manufacturer's guidelines i'm also lightening virgin hair and it is a hundred percent human hair i'll be using this salon care 30 volume with all of the lighteners and the reason why i chose this one is because this is the one i see most often use with all of these bleach powders so we're going with this this is what people would do at home if you disagree sorry and 30 volume because i really want to see the lifting power of these lighteners and i don't want to wait a thousand hours to see the results also each section of the hair will process for one hour i was going to do 45 minutes but you'll see later why i decided not to just wasn't lightning enough so i pushed it a little further had a little fun with it so we did an hour up first we have bw2 i really appreciated the container bw2 because it wasn't wasting a bunch of plastic like some other brands we'll get into that later there's not as much lightener as the other containers but it's almost the same we'll let that one slide i guess this is eight ounces versus the one pound of all the other containers the weird thing about the mixing ratio is that there was no mixing ratio indicated on the back of the label so you kind of have to guess it told you to make like a creamy consistency and scoop like six scoops something weird like that like it really made no sense but there was no mixing ratio so i did one heart powder to one and a half parts developer and that is why i did for ones that didn't have a mixing ratio listed first of all immediately when i started to scoop this lightener oh my god i could not breathe like i always say this i know i'm a dramatic person but i'm not being dramatic right now like it was so awful it was so incredibly dusty i've never experienced a lightener this dusty before i have definitely used this lightener way back in my day but i have not used it recently and um that was wildest experience of dust like just everywhere covering my whole house i will say that consistency is very runny and a little bit difficult to mix together with the developer i don't know what that was about so i began applying the lightener it felt normal it was pretty easy to apply but oh my god i almost fainted my nostrils were burning like i don't know what they put in this stuff but like again i have not experienced that kind of scent with a lightener in the past 10 years of my life like that was crazy i had to open the windows i had to air out the room i had to get a fan going like i was dying i could hardly even finish the section like i really felt like i was getting high or something off of these fumes it was crazy and done that section is completely saturated a ton of lightener has been applied to the hair and we're gonna set our timer for one hour you're gonna see me set it for 45 minutes here but i switched it to an hour i swear up next we have the most expensive lightener today which is quick blue i don't understand how this is the most expensive lightener i thought this one and bw2 were going to be the least expensive actually i have been proved wrong so first of all people that make quick blue you need to not with the container i mean there was nothing there was only one pound of lighter in this container and it could have fit five we are just wasting so much plastic it's because you probably want to market it and make it look like you get more lightener than you're actually buying but it just makes me sad for the planet it's really a waste of plastic so let's not do that anymore now when i put the lighter in the bowl it definitely had a bit of dust it says it's a dust-free formula but there was still a little bit of dust when i'm mixing it it was super clumpy and thick like i could not get rid of the clumps here's enough clothes of that it was really kind of nasty and i haven't experienced a lightener that clumpy in a long time um probably since last time i used quick blue but i did notice that the lightener did not smell bad it actually had a pretty pleasant scent of like perfume sort of scent going on and it wasn't burning my nostrils i don't know if that was because of the last round i completely burned my nostrils and i probably couldn't smell anything anymore but i'm gonna give it the benefit of the doubt and say that it smelled good obviously this formula was very blue when applying it does have that toning property inside of it which we'll see later if that's actually effective or not and it was very very thick when applying now we're moving on to color brilliance by ion now this formula had zero dust which i loved also it smelled like candy it was so intoxicating i loved the scent it is another very blue base lightener which is supposed to tone your hair as well as lighten at the same time it was really easy to mix super smooth and very easy to apply it went on that hair like butter it felt so good this was the only lightener that expanded a lot when it was processing like look at this kind of crazy i don't know what that was about and lastly we have wella color charm this one had literally zero dust zero zero zero dust it was a super fine powder it was just very satisfying it had a great scooper it felt really nice very easy to mix zero clumps beautiful consistency and when i applied it went on very smoothly and was super easy to get on all the hair strands okay so i let all those lighteners sit on for an hour i rinsed them off then i shampooed each section twice and conditioned for the same amount of time i did not put any product on the hair and i only use a round brush and a blow dryer to dry the hair are you ready to see the very interesting results that i found that i was literally shocked by so here's a reminder of what the hair looked like before beautiful gorgeous healthy amazing and here is her after at first glance you might think oh brad all the sections look great and all look the same hold on a second we'll get into things in a moment they're not all the same it's actually pretty wild now before i give it the lightener a score on our three categories i'm going to show you what the results are after the lightning process so bw2 the interesting part is that the results are extremely even actually it's the most even of all the lighteners i'd say however it does feel dry and tangled especially after i rinsed out the lightener this was the only section that was like extremely rough and the other ones were really really soft and smooth just after rinsing out the lightener and not even shampooing so that was weird but it still has a lot of shine it's still very strong i can pull on her hair and her hair is not falling out now we have quick blue the results are a little bit less even i don't know if you can exactly tell but there are some really white spots in there and some dark spots that might have been user error i might have just not applied enough in some spots but you saw the clips it was quite saturated so i'm not sure why it was uneven overall it feels good this one when i rinsed off was extremely soft and the hair is not falling out it looks nice it got a good amount of lift in there okay we're getting onto the juicy stuff now well uh color charm the second most expensive one so this one um i feel like has the most uneven results um it was quite soft when rinsing out but as you can see there's like a lot of orange in there there's really white spots in some places it really just looks kind of off overall it looks decent it feels okay it doesn't feel like extremely healthy or strong but it doesn't feel like it's gonna break off and snap off and lastly we have ion bright white before i even say anything that's all oh my god um yeah this hair is falling out oh my god the hair will not dry because it's so damaged and um if i go like this it just comes right out so needless to say this one is very strong and um it is over processed that doesn't necessarily mean that the lightener is bad but it definitely is strong i got some uneven results it's kind of weird that the top didn't fall off except this part was just probably warm from all the other hair laying on top of it and it snapped off overall it feels okay it's pretty soft i don't think there's anything major with the softness of the hair so those are the results after the lightning process now let's give each lightener a grade and see how they did and find out who wins the million dollar reward the million dollar award so just a reminder we'll be grading the hair on these three categories let's start off with bw2 so overall user experience i would give this one a definite one out of ten it was awful i couldn't breathe next we'll give it a grade on hair quality post coloring i would say it was dry and rough so i'll give it like eight five it wasn't like terrible but it wasn't great and lastly hair brightness post coloring i will give this one a five but it was the most even so maybe a six six we'll do a six which gives it a final score of 12 up next we have quick blue for our first category i'm gonna grade this one a four it really wasn't great our second category i'm gonna give this one an eight it felt pretty good post coloring and for our hair brightness i will grade this one a seven it's definitely not the brightest that brings this total score to a 19 up next we have wella color charm in our first category i'm gonna grade this one a 10 out of 10 it was beautiful in our next category i'm gonna grade this one a seven out of 10 it didn't feel too great it didn't feel too bad and in our last category i'm gonna grade this one a nine out of ten it lightened a lot you just to be careful of over processing but i do like that it gave me that pure white color in some spots where the most he was if you use some foils it'll probably give you extremely clear bright results but seriously be careful that brings its total score to a 26 now for i on bright white they definitely said bright white and they meant it our first category i'm gonna give this one a nine it was pretty damn good but i will say the scent wasn't like the best scent ever hair quality post coloring will give that a one absolutely tragic the hair fell off and our last category hair brightness post coloring i don't know if i should get this one a 10 or a one or something between because the hair did fell off but is that good that it lightened a lot very quickly i would say i'll give that one an eight um i think it was good it might be a little bit too powerful i don't know but with this one you can probably process it for less time and get more lightning power our winner for today is wella karm congratulations wella this is the one i always use in a pinch from sally's so i'm happy to know it's the best one and the one i liked the least was a bw2 i'm sorry bw2 but it wasn't a great experience with you it really wasn't and then next we have quick blue was my second to least favorite and then up next we have ion bright white which the hair fell off whoo you win a million dollars and you get bragging rights congratulations i hope a lot more of you sell thank you for being on our game show and showing us what you got well that was exhausting a lot of testing but very informative and very cool to see i would have not guessed the hair would fall off after one hour of lightning the results are all wild to me on various levels and i hope you guys um now are more informed of what lightener you should buy if you ever try to do anything to your hair at home if you would like to check out my hair care or my hair color line everything is linked below you can also head to xmodohair.com to check it all out we have some new products being launched next week you can also get some hair inspiration on our instagram pages and check out me on instagram if you want to check out more videos here you go let's binge some videos shall we let's hang out together more and that's all for today guys thank you so much for watching don't forget to live your extra life and i'll see you next time bye


Hello amigos, hola todos. Thank you so much for joining us for another Un Cuento Con. This time our special guest reader is Elizabeth Muñoz, who is one of our newest librarians here at the Long Beach Public Library, and she's working at the Mark Twain Library. So she's going to be reading us. My Papi has a motorcycle by Isabel Quintero, illustrated by Zeke Beña, and it's sure to be a great time, so come along. Hi everyone, my name's Elizabeth Muñoz, and I'm the new children's librarian at Mark Twain Library, and today we're going to be reading My Papi Has a Motorcycle by Isabel Quintero, illustrated by Zeke Beña. My Papi has a motorcycle. From him I've learned words like carbulator and carinho, drill, and dedication. When I hear his great truck pull into our driveway, I run outside with both of our helmets. My Papi the carpenter is covered in sawdust and smells like a hard day at work. His hands are rough from building homes every day, his job since he first arrived in this country. But even though he comes home tired, he always has time for me. When our city is winding down, he takes me for a ride. Today he's going to show me the new houses he's been working on. Papi is careful with my ponytail as he pulls my helmet tight. When he lifts me on to the smooth black seat, his hands don't feel rough. They don't feel tired. They feel like all the love he has trouble saying. Lista? Si. Papi revs the engine and the smell of gasoline hits me as he squeezes the accelerator. Vroom! Con cuidado, be careful. The motor rumbles and growls. Agarate! Hold on!  The shiny blue metal of the motorcycle glows in the sun. The sun, the sun, the bright orange sun is on its way down, turning our sky blue and gold and purple. We become a spectacular celestial thing soaring on asphalt. A comet, the sawdust falling from Papi's hair and clothes becomes a tale following us. Papi zig-zags through the streets. We pass Abuelita's church and the tortilla la estrella and stop for stray cats crossing in front of us. Mommy thinks there's too many of them, but I think there's just not enough. We pass Joy's market where mommy buys my gummy bears. Mr. Garcia, our librarian, is walking out the door. He nods at us. We nod back. This is our way to greet each other. We wore past murals that tell our history of citrus grooves and immigrants who worked them and of all the famous road races that took place here on Grand Boulevard a hundred years ago. Now I know that we're stopping at Don Rubis Raspados, but we as we near the shop we see that it's empty and out of business. I can tell that Papi's disappointed. I imagine the smell of the sweet syrup Zonrubi used to flavor our shaved ice. It won't, I won't be the only one who misses him. As we ride on, I feel and hear everyone, everything we pass by. Each sound landing in my ears rebuilds the whole neighborhood inside me. No matter how far I go from this place or how much it changes, this city will always be with me. Miha! We cruise by Abuelito and Abuelita's old yellow house, the one with the lemon tree that grew from the seeds of the lemons Abuelito used to pick not far from here. Mami says we're gonna visit them tomorrow to cut nopales from their garden and eat herby al bondigas in Abuelita's kitchen, where the food always tastes better. Adios, mi reina! Adios! We turn the corner and then the dogs behind us behind the fences go wild. Woof, woof, woof, woof, woof, woof, woof! Frankie, the Lopez Labradoodle escapes from her yard and runs after us. Mercedes Lopez, the fastest runner in our class, races after her. They're right behind us. Then, just as fast, the dogs barking and Mercedes and Frankie become a soft hush in the distance. We ride towards the new homes replacing the last of the citrus grows. Trabajando duro muchachos? The painters, drywallers, and floor layers all greet us, but we can barely hear their words amidst the sound of hammers and air compressors. A little bit, not too much. Even in all that noise, my puppy's voice touches everything. Around the circle, this is my favorite part. On Grand Boulevard, we lean into the curve of the street. I make believe that we're in one of the races that took place here long ago. It's our last lap and we have to win. The crowd cheers us on. I feel puppy smile as I squeeze my arms tighter around him. Vamos, puppies! Faster, faster! We fly around the circle. There's the school where we practice soccer and the post office where Mr. Charlie takes our letters. And la panadería, where puppy buys conchas every Sunday morning. Vroom! Here it is, all of our beautiful city. My eyes try to catch everything, but the colors of the houses blend into one another. Red, blue, green, orange, and pink. We ride, ride, ride until the blue glow from the motorcycle begins to dim and our comet tail has left behind on the streets we've traveled.  Mommy and little brother hear the motorcycle and run out to greet us. Mommy waves us in just like a referee. Pappy and I can't stop laughing. We had a good ride. Through our laughter, I hear a familiar sound. Raspados! I think about my city and all the changes it's been through and all the changes that will come. Chicle y fresa, por favor! But I know that here in our little house, there are things that will always stay the same. Mañana, we fly again. Thank you. Wow, what a cool story, no?  People like the panadero or the raspado guy or the bibliotecario, the librarian, your grandparents if you're lucky enough to have them living in the same town as you, not many of us are. But yeah, it's an awesome story. I recommend it. If you like to check it out, we have it here at the Long Beach Public Library. We also have the Spanish version, mi papi tiene una moto. It's the same story just in español, you know? So thank you so much for joining us today. If you want to check out more of our Vida La Vina programming, look on our website lbpl.org or stop in any of our locations and pick up one of the Vida La Vina program calendars. Okay, adiós y nos vemos pronto.