Ekonomik blues as Nigeria celebrates a 63rd independence day anniversary and four eye calls for energy transition to forceful alternatives. I am Bola Oba and this is Plus Politics. Nigeria marked as 63rd anniversary as a sovereign nation since gaining independence from the United Kingdom. However, there has been a mixed trail of reactions from its citizens with many citing the economic hardship and poor governance even as the nation celebrates 63 years of independence. To alleviate the plight of many Nigerians with needs such as a thriving and stable economy, quality infrastructure, good education and a security system that works, Nigeria requires good leadership. And how can Nigeria's leadership recruitment process be strengthened is the primacy to good governance even as Nigeria turns 63. Joining me to discuss this is Kola Aregbe, public analyst, project management consultant and a veteran leadership and management mentorship expert. Kola is both based in the Nigeria Kingdom where I got to know him some years back as he celebrated leadership mentorship awardee and indeed if frequent coming on regularly these days I wouldn't know what is up to but Kola welcome to Plus Politics. Thank you very much. It's been a bit of for most Nigerians it's been a bit of a very tough season especially in the backdrop of some of the recent policies by the incumbent administration as a leadership development expert and a leadership radar watcher. What would you want to suggest as panacea to some of the troubling situations in the country now? Thank you once again. What can I say? I mean we're all feeling it aren't we? Economic wise, security wise and we've been at it really for a great while. And from my experience from what I've seen and Nigeria is my exception where we've had to go in and meet with the leadership of organizations when you then ask them give me the first three or the top three issues that you think you're facing as an organization. And I can bet my last bottom dollar that communication will be one of them if not the first one to be the second one. I say this because if you look at some of the challenges of the current even the past government or past governments they've been having it's around the ability or the challenge in having to communicate what they exactly trying to do. Don't forget that a lot of the issues that we have you know currently like I said they've been there for years and many of us you know when I say us many I mean many of us may not necessarily understand the genesis of those. Now of course they say government is a continuum but it's important though that when government coming they're able to communicate the baseline you know as in this is what we are inheriting as we come in. So that that way they start managing expectations because soft tough decisions have to be taking some tough decisions are being taken at the moment. The ability to actually communicate those tough decisions even before they are taking so that people are well aware of the potential impacts of those decisions will go a long way to help. There is a figure out there at the moment for example that by 2025 75% of the workforce will be the millennia. This is the people between the ages of say 81 to 1981 to 1996. Now if you ask these people what was the understanding of the civil the Nigerian civil for example they probably will struggle to tell you because they weren't there. Many of them even protested against renaming the University of Lagos because they couldn't connect. This is what I'm saying so communication is important you see we must get better at doing that at all levels. What then specifically would you suggest as the methodologies or the strategies of communication that you think will work in an environment like Nigeria with the peculiarities we have. Largely uneducated citizenry unlike in the UK where you function a polity that is divisive on its own because of primordial sentiments that are ingrained. What would be the communication strategies and methodologies that you would want to profile. Interestingly you said unlike the UK you see even within the UK there are you know segments or sections of people the populace that actually will not necessarily find it convenient to you know to actually read or have access or access to the information that you have there so you need to make. Additional provisions for them and actually required by law that you do do that for example not everybody will read English. Not everybody understand English you know not everybody will speak it so you are required to make provision for those people. In our case okay we speak in English but even within that there are people that will struggle to understand that so certainly we must start looking at how to access all these people we need to access information. Now in the days you know in this one we're growing up the I'm not sure whether it was still it was the was it the ministry for orientation. There were certain poems and citations that we read we didn't realize that they were actually molding us. They were actually embodying values inside us then we thought we're just singing or we're just you know singing rhymes. But in actually they influenced us you know in the some of the way in our local languages TV and Koko Kairi to a baka where but you know that actually you know so immediately think hang on if I don't go to school my but I will not do Koko Kairi basically you won't be able to afford kushu. You won't be able to put on koshu. So so so we need to start looking at such things again you know again you see some of this stuff is not actually doing extraordinary things I always say whether to you know. How would you reconcile some of these some of these suggestions you're making with the reality of our circumstances now when we're growing up there were monolithic b-mots of communication organs you know the TV stations were just before. But now you have the platform of channels on the Internet and just there is an information information stampede of a sort. How would you again again it speaks to the leadership topic that we're trying to to look at isn't it. Yes now now now if if if we're really serious about developing future leaders or strengthening in our leadership development or recruitment then really we should be looking at what are the needs what our current needs what our future needs. That should inform the the leadership strategies or leadership recruitment strategies that we are back on. For example like I was like I said earlier if 75% of the workforce by 2025 will be millennials. Now these guys have their own peculiarities they're on the Internet all the time. Now the type of leaders that we have they're going to bring up policies you know they're going to make decisions shouldn't they be Internet savvy as well.  What would be your take on and I know you're always very circumspect on issues of politics but we can't but visit that station at this juncture. What would be your opinion of the the panoramic shot of it and speaking also beyond the panoramic shot of it to specific individuals and the responsibilities are a lot of them. I think the current administration they've had a stab you know it's fulfilling some of their promises are you know inclusion of the younger generation youth in the government women because I don't really know. The put it this way all over the world all over the world the the the gen X. I.e. those between 1965 and 1981 hold most of the leadership positions all over the world all over the world all the elite leadership positions I held by these groups in 1965 to 1981. Now so if we take that and we put that against you know the the current crop of should I say ministers and special advisers how have we fed. That is one because I don't really know you know close in the nitty gritty of some of the skill sets of many of the of those in the cabinet it's difficult for me to say but certainly I can see clearly efforts of the government to actually start addressing that guy because England if most of your population there of this particular age bracket and they have the particular peculiarities then it goes to reason that really the closest age group to that lot should actually feature over some men of them. She feature in your leadership positions because they will have the best opportunities to communicate speak their language speaking to pace speaking to inclusivity engagement. It's just that as a if or she campaigner I must be very honest with you color I'm a bit disappointed with the percentage of the women for gender cabinet is relatively better than the immediate past administrations but not quite. For me it doesn't seem to match what Dr. Goodlock ability genitals administration had in percentile terms but I haven't said that inclusivity is quite desirable in the way this cabinet has been constituted specifically now to ministerial roles and responsibilities. In the backdrop of the fact that Nigerians are feeling scoshed economically feelings cost in many respects what would be your take also to reconcile it with the issue of communication with which you used to add your analysis. Okay I'll tell you this you see when we when you have challenges like this you know I mean again it's not peculiar to Nigeria as an entity is not you know organizations large small have the same thing we need to revisit exactly what our visions are what our vision is what exactly is our vision as a country. You're making me laughing you're making me laughing vernacular how would we need we need well this is what I'm saying we see and I'm coming to the to the appointment of the of the ministers that that vision and I know that the current administration. They've got a document in a manifestor where they tried to articulate that but again if you were to ask even the civil servants what is the vision for Nigeria say our vision say by in another 30 years and they tell you and these are guys this are civil servants are supposed to make it happen help you make it up can they actually say what the vision is. Now so we need to sell the vision first and let us let us all be familiar or at least most of us be familiar with the vision. This is that I will then inform everything else that we do in color unlike unlike in most private organizations in a polity such as Nigeria's even in the UK I was actually talking to somebody this afternoon and I was telling them that when I was a young man going up and functioning in the UK and even as a politician in the UK. I never could have ever thought that in five years the United Kingdom would have traded five prime ministers and to be speaking to the fact that in Nigeria multi ethnic. Primordial sentiments as long as the tail of the crocodile you I would I don't look without vision 2020 vision 20 vision 2020 plus vision. Let me speak to that as well again. You know it's not about just having it written. It's not about not and there's something I'm going to say at this station. I've said it privately to friends and colleagues but I think I'm going to say it here and I hope people that need to hear the need to hear. It's not just about saying it is but ensuring that it's that connectivity at all levels. Let me give you this example. If we could have a scheme where the government of the center says this is our vision. These are our objectives. Yeah. And the regional you know the states then design their own vision and objectives around that. You know because really the the the center is not on its own isn't it. The people actually in the states isn't it. So on the states they design their objectives and show how they're contributing to help achieve that those national objectives. Now note that they would not necessarily be able to contribute to every single one. So for example Lagos State may be able to contribute about maybe three or four say of about six of the objectives. If Lagos State are able to do that and current states are able to pick three or four of those. This is a federation. By the very organic definition and nature of federation they can't sing to the same hymn book. And this is what I'm trying to say. This is what I'm saying with the right leadership. Again this is the federation but we want to all we all we all clamping. Well we will all desiring a better Nigeria isn't it. So if we can all collectively as in the federation units collectively agree that this is our vision. That's the first task. Now we can then say OK individually as a unit these are the beats that we can contribute to and we concentrate on those. Now the center can then incentivize which is what they do here. Can then incentivize you as you contribute to helping them achieve in those missions. That does not affect your allocations and what have you. But there are ways you can still incentivize units when they help you to achieve because really when the country as a whole is better. For example if the narrow if the narrow is longer and I'm not necessarily the one pushing for a stronger excessive stronger narrow because I don't think the issue is about the strength of the narrow but about taking advantage of that. The advantage of whatever the value narrow is if narrow is not is really if too strong people will not buy from us. So it's about increasing productivity rather than you know strength of the narrow strength of the narrow. So so I'm just using that as an example. If we have better a more stable narrow let me put it that way then everybody in the country will win it. So how do we achieve that if productivity across the country increases. Then it's better for all of us. Now we play to our strength each unit if I'm good at providing certain services or products then I concentrate on those and you concentrate on yours now. Let me let me let me let me be cynical at this juncture. Be cynical because OK is wonderful to speak to increase in productivity. But an average cynic and average skeptic will be telling you what has been the investment of the Nigerian state in the Nigerian in the Nigerian citizen. And you know what garbage in garbage out when you have not when they have not given quality education to your citizen when you have not provided social welfare for them. The structure that will hold the citizen to self fulfillment. How can productivity that is ironically why an average South African produces what three Nigerians produce. If you look at the GDP of Nigeria and South Africa's and you look at the population of Nigeria and South Africa's you discover that an average South African citizen produces what three Nigerians. Again I'm going to try and relate it to the real subject matter of which is the leadership. You know that was that we were talking about now now increasing productivity again with the right leadership and again. How do I bring this in because I don't want to submit the focus of the actual issue here and I was trying to address the leadership recruitment. Leadership is at all levels not just necessarily you know the federal government or you're not even the state government. You know you have the local government. I actually I actually often I often tell my friends that leadership is the cumulative efforts of those of us who control things in the private sector. We are the leaders of society. Why I quite agree with you. OK. So so so so that we can relate whatever we're saying to that. So in in in various local like localities i.e. the units level what level is the level private sector public sector. There are leaders there. So the challenge is how we identify these leaders. This leaders the challenge is how we support and grow these leaders. The challenge is how we ensure that these leaders are fairly rewarded and not penalized. And all these mechanisms all these mechanisms are there to be to be in the formal leadership leadership processing system. Or they just have to be across the across the value chain. Formal informal bureaucratic bureaucratic religious moral social absolutely. I mean you I'm sure you know this that number one skill set now and for the future. At least for as far as we know now is leaders having skill set in emotional intelligence. You want to be particularly you want to be a bit you want to be a bit helpful to define emotional intelligence for some of our viewers. Yes. Yes. Basically is understanding your own should I say peculiarities emotions limitations believes values tolerance. So to speak as well as those of others hearing what they're not necessarily saying. You see. Not necessarily saying knowing as much as possible about yourself as well as others. There's something also called Johari window which is basically you know it's like a square and then four segments. One is about what you know about yourself and others know about you. And the other is the second one is what you know about yourself and others don't know about you. Then there's another one what others know about you that you don't know about yourself. Then the fourth one is what you don't know about you and others don't even know about you. Again the idea is that you want to minimize as much as possible the unknown. And it's a skill set that you need to have as a leader. Reminding me of a former American Defense Secretary who was quoted as saying the non-nones and the non-non-nones. Yes. So now if you can do that if you can minimize the unknowns you find it easier to influence and carry people along. It's important you know you find it easier to so because now there's a lot of I mean like you know that is you know the artificial intelligence coming into everything that we do at the moment. There is a lot of automation so you're using less and less bodies to deliver stuff. But you need to even be able to carry people along to even embrace that. You know as a way of increasing productivity improving quality outcome as a way of let people see how else they can add value to what we are trying to do. So yes it's going to be formal it's going to be formal. You have touched on a very very interesting subject. The wave of AI as it is sweeping into human existence you know be it at the workplace be it in our social dispositions. And ironically the generational golf between the technology natives the youngsters below the age of 35 and below and the technology immigrants like those of us you know many in our age bracket you know 40 and above. And yet the inevitability of the dominance of artificial intelligence is here to stay.  You may want to type a particular word the app presumes the AI have presumes and you know wrong messages sometimes have been sent. Then so and these two further complicates the issues of leadership. Yes exactly and that's the point I was trying to make now knowing fully well that is here now and it's only going to be even become more prominent. Now how are we sourcing our leaders to take advantage of those. What many of them ironically are even alienated from comfortably. You know exactly how we sourcing our leaders. Do we have at all levels again are we preaching succession planning at all levels. Are we preaching that if we're preaching that what structures what arrangements do we have in place again at all levels to make that happen. You know what support systems do we have in place what mentoring coaching arrangements we have at all levels. What you know what you know I talked about you know giving rewarding fairly as well. I can't overemphasize that. I think it's very very very important. Colour their reward is important but again. Colour we need to be costing them now time is not quite the friend of a program like this interesting as you sound. How would you want to wrap it up in the in the fact you know given the fact that many Nigerians are presently feeling at rest. I'm feeling like the government especially the federal government in the backdrop of the subsidies gone phrase phrase pronounced by the president that is inaugural feeling like the government is trying to ring blood out of the out of the stone the stone that they think they are now. How would you want to wrap it up. Well perhaps like I said at the beginning I'll encourage those at the hems of affairs in the private sector public sector at all levels federal state government. MDAs agencies to improve in their communication efforts. Yeah not just before policies are not just after policies before policies during policies and after policies to improve on that understand the demographics better understand the needs of the demographics better so as able to be able to respond to those needs. I also encourage the agencies and the millennials to take time out and actually understand where the country has been and where we've been where we're coming from. So and also get themselves ready acquire relevant skill sets for the future. Thank you very much. This is where we have to leave it time that dictator of program like this is telling us about how we handle it. Thank you. Thank you. My pleasure.


over here, Computex 2017, and Western Digital is launching the new 3D SSD technology. Absolutely, so we're talking here about 3D, and we're talking about 3D being a new, not necessarily just a new thing for the industry, but we're talking about economically viable 3D at this point, so we're saying 3D that is going to be scalable and is going to make SSDs more affordable for you in the future, right? So every SSD right now is a single layer solutions, but this one has 64. It's not that every SSD has a single layer solution, but what we're saying is the memory itself is evolving, and so we're doing a 64 layer, we're talking about a 64 layer memory, and we're actually announcing today, and we'll go over here and talk about our 64 layer SSD. Yeah. And it's based on that 64 layer memory to provide you with better density, better performance. This is real? This is a real SSD drive. And it's the first 3D, Sandesh branded, and you have a 3D, Western Digital branded. We do. What's the difference between those kind of products? Different brands. So it is different brands. We're not saying that the technology is different. These are both using the same electrical platform, because what we're doing is, as Western Digital company, we've developed a platform that we feel like is going to be really strong for both consumers and for channel distribution. So you're talking two terabytes, also two terabytes? Yeah, up to two terabytes in these. We do 250, 500, 1,000, and two terabytes. So two terabyte SSD enabled because it's 3D, there's 64 layers in there. There are, yeah, 64 layers that are in there, and again, what's really key about using the 3D is that it actually gives us some more flexibility and more power in the memory. It's going to give us better performance. We're going to see up to 560, 530 for reads and writes. What can you do before with a single layer? It's not just the single layer limits it, but what it says is that you're going to get optimized performance. And so I think the prior generation product we talked about maybe being 540, 520 for reads and writes, but what we're saying is this is optimized. This is really going to be maximum for SATA. Maximum, basically to the six gigabit per second, you're reaching maximum for that generation. As much throughput as you can kind of get in that speed. The next thing we talk about is we do talk about better energy efficiency. So being able to consume a little less power and what we mean is when you're writing and you're writing, say, a 30 gig file, you'll use as much as 30% less power. And that's compared not against, that's compared against our own X400 SSD. So the SanDisk branded product from previously.  Is the SSD one of the big culprits and battery consumption in the device or not? It's not one of the huge culprits, but the thing is every little bit helps. It's a question of how often you have to get off the couch to go plug your laptop back in or whether you're just using it. Usually if you have an Intel laptop as the display maybe and the Intel CPU is consuming more and then comes the SSD. Probably your processor and your screen, yes, are gonna be fine. But this helps over there and built to last. Is that because of 3D you can do longer lifetime? It is, so what we're saying is you're getting better durability because of the 3D memory. And we talk about on the two terabyte being up to 500 terabytes written over the life of the drive. And what that means is that basically as a human being, you're not gonna be able to create enough content to kind of wear it out. If you're using it in a server application or something like that, it might be a possibility. But as a consumer, you typically would use maybe somewhere in the range of 10 gigabytes per day that you create. And if you took a two terabyte and did 10 gigabytes a day, it would be 140 years or something to wear it out. So this is way past the amount that we think it can take. So if we walk over here, just to try to understand this, so each layer is a smaller layer, but it's right here you're doing more like high end tricks to put more stuff in one layer. Now you can. Right, so what she talked about is when you talk about 3D memory versus 2D memory. 2D memory, what we were doing is we were shrinking and shrinking and shrinking the memory so that you get in the same footprint, you could get a few more bits of data, right? And as you shrink and shrink and shrink the memory and the data gets closer and closer together, you start to have some interference. So when we moved to 3D, what we've done is we've created a space and created it to where each bit of data has a little bit more space of its own. And that means that you're gonna get better endurance. It means you're gonna be able to do faster things. You're gonna do less error correction. And so it's just gonna give you better quality, better speed, better performance for the overall drive. And this is due to new material, new research, new R&D that just enabled the level where now it makes sense economically. This two terabytes, do you announce price? We're not announcing price on the two terabyte. What we'd say is that in both the WD and the Sandisk brands, these are gonna be starting at two, the 250 gigabyte versions will be starting at $99. The reality is that the price will be determined a little bit by where the market is on flush right now. And this is the same size as it usually is, is the same weight. Normal two and a half inch drives goes into your laptop. Heavier or it's not thicker. Right, exactly. All right. So there it is, 3D technology announced now and shipping in Q3, right? Q3, absolutely. Right. Thank you.


Good morning, good afternoon, and good evening. Thank you very much for joining this session. This talk is about CRT Colonel Timas T.P. First of all, let me introduce ourselves. One of the presenters is Bidin-san from Moksa. He is a technical steering committee member in CRT and a governing board member of Open Chain Project. He is also actively working as deviant developer. Another presenter is myself, Masashi Kudo from Cyber Trust Japan. I had acted as Open Data Ambassador and currently act as CIP Colonel Tim Chair, CIP stands for Civil Infrastructure Platform. It was founded almost four years ago as a collaborative project under the Linux Foundation. CIP Colonel Tim was first formed in 2016. Since then, the team has actively worked and improved processes to sustain the infrastructure of civil platforms. Today, we first explain about CIP. Then, CIP Colonel Tim activity will be explained in the upstream first and CIP open source tools sessions. Testing is acting a key role of the current development. The testing activities will be explained in the CIP automated testing session. Open source tools session is covered by a data. Other sessions are covered by Kudo myself. Then, let me start with public CIP. When you hear civil infrastructure, you may imagine power plants, water gas delivery systems, disaster management systems, public transportation systems, or surveillance systems. All are true, but there are a lot more around us. Even industrial IOP devices can be categorized into civil infrastructure. The way to develop all those systems and devices has been changing. Before 2000, they had been developed with proprietary components. But after starting millennia, software layers were clearly divided into competitive layer and non-competitive layer. And people had focused on proprietary applications in the competitive layer to differentiate functionalities. Recently, the situation has become much complicated because mobile and cloud technologies have become more commodity. Systems and devices now consist of much more components, but the development resources have not been so much changed. Therefore, people are focusing only on the proprietary applications with limited resources. Now, there are millions or trillions of civil infrastructure devices which are using similar social components like Linux. They share the same industrial requirements, that is security, sustainability, and industrial gradients. They should keep satisfying those requirements during their life cycles, which are usually very long. Therefore, super long-term maintenance becomes a key. However, there were no common solutions for great building blocks of civil infrastructure. Therefore, same development and maintenance efforts should be spent each by each separately, even in same companies. By motivating to solve those issues, civil infrastructure platform, as known as CIP, sets its goal to develop building blocks to satisfy industrial requirements with open sources. We named such building blocks as open source space layer, in short OSBL. OSBL consists of CIP, SRPS kernel, and CIP core packages. SRPS stands for super long-term support, and we aim to maintain SRPS kernels for 10-plus years. CIP core packages contain only dozens of packages. They are carefully selected and will likewise be maintained for long-term. You will notice that more packages, say hundreds of packages, are needed to develop real systems or devices. While CIP provides OSBL as a commonly used building blocks, those additional packages should be added by users who are provided by Linux distributors. There are various activities listed up as candidates to achieve our goals. Among them, we selected activities, harder than numbers from one to six, in the table by gathering the member companies' opinions. Here the governance structure is explained in this slide. Governing board is organized with platinum members. It decides whom CIP should collaborate with, what CIP should invest, how budgets should be allocated, and so on. All the technical issues or directions are discussed at technical steering committee, in short TSC. All the member companies can join TSC meetings. The meetings are usually held once every two weeks on the web. Under the technical steering committee, the six activities are proceeded as teams or working groups. We formed CIP kernel team to work on SFTS kernel, as well as real-time Linux. This team was formed to work on automated testing. In addition, there are three other activities, that is CIP core team, security working group, and software update working group. Finally, there are eight member companies in CIP, and are actively working on those activities. Our annual membership fees are pooled as budget, and used to support developers or maintainers in CIP. The budget is also used to invest projects other than CIP. One of the member companies reported that up to 70% effort reduction can be achieved by applying CIP to entire organizations in the company. It is because activities like OSS license clearing, vulnerability monitoring, kernel and package maintenance, etc. can be coconut instead of doing each by each. Then let's move on to the CIP kernel team activity. The primary goal of CIP kernel team is to provide CIP SFTS kernels for 10 plus years by fixing versions to fulfill the required level of reliability, sustainability and security. There are two kernel maintenance. One kernel mentor and two kernel developers in the team. While we are highly motivated to work on the project, we don't think we can achieve the goal by ourselves only. We definitely rely on outputs from upstream projects. The question is how to use those outputs and how to work with upstream projects. Here, I show two development models. The left-hand side shows all community models. The project with this model branches its data from upstream and evolves by its own. This model enables the project to run quickly, but in the long run, it will be difficult to backport upstream patches due to conflicts. The right-hand side shows upstream-first models. The project allows patch codes only if those patches are already in the upstream. It may take time to introduce a desired patch because the target patch should be accepted by the upstream at first if it is not in the upstream yet. But it enables the project to share its outputs with the upstream. At the same time, this model eliminates the risk of conflicts. As a side note, please look at this graph. It shows the growth trend of commit counts for each LTS. As you can see, a few hundred patches are committed to each LTS per month. This trend makes cherry picking quite difficult because CIP is a long-term maintenance. The upstream-first model is a preferable approach. As explained so far, the upstream-first principle is essential to achieve industrial requirements, especially in terms of long-term maintenance. CIP adapts the upstream-first as a development principle. We collaborate with upstream projects. If we're using the outputs, we upstream what we have and don't keep them locally. By rotating, upstreaming, and using continuously, we are moving toward a goal. So what does upstream-first mean for CIP kernel team? Our upstream is line-up mainline and LTS. As much fun, contribution is our first action. Feature upstreaming is done by CIP member developers. On the other hand, CIP kernel team contributes to upstreams in more general manner. We developed open source tools in order to work on contributions efficiently. As this one will talk about those tools in detail later, as mark two, use is the second action. We use LTS kernels to release CIP S-LTS kernels. For those releases, automated testing adds a very important role. Testing assistives will be discussed later. As mark three, integrate is the third action. By integrating those LTS kernels with CIP core packages and additional packages, industrial systems or devices can be developed and maintained. I'm going to elaborate those three actions each by each. First action is contribution. Because we use upstream outputs, we value the general contributions to upstreams to be fair. Therefore, CIP kernel team works on backporting of public fixes and security touches to LTS. These statistics are the contributions by CIP kernel team to LTS. CIP S-LTS kernels are based on LTS 4.4 and 4.19, but our contributions are not limited to them. Contribution counts differ depending on the length of each line. How we contribute are recorded in commit logs in LTS. Reported by sign of by, act by, in addition to authors and PCs are major counts in the total around 1600. The second action is used. We use LTS for CIP S-LTS kernel business. As just mentioned, CIP S-LTS kernels are based on LTS 4.4 and 4.19. The first releases of S-LTS 4.4 and 4.4 RT were done in 2017. We plan to maintain them till 2027 for 10 years. The first releases of S-LTS 4.19 and 4.19 RT were done in 2019. And likewise, we support them for 10 years until 2029. CIP kernels are released by following the flow listed here. Please note that differences between CIP patches and CIP member patches. CIP patches are reviewed in G-Club, while the patches from CIP members are reviewed in Comet. CIP depth mailing list. Currently, S-LTS 4.19 is released twice a month and 4.4 is once a month. It is because Comet counts of S-LTS 4.4 are reduced. S-LTS 4.19 RT is once a month and 4.4 RT once every two months. So far, we have steadily released kernels thanks to a maintainer by following release frequencies I just explained. This chart shows how upstream releases are used in S-LTS releases. Both S-LTS 4.4 and 4.19 are maintained for six years by S-LTS project. Because CIP aims to maintain for 10 years, the rest of OEM will be maintained by CIP. We made major releases in 2017 and 2019. This means that a major release frequency is once per two years so far. Therefore, because 2021 is approaching, we started to discuss about new S-LTS kernels. The third action is integrated. Precisely speaking, this action is not done by kernel team, but by CIP kernel users. CIP refers source packages or binary packages in Debian. If you would like to use Debian source packages, you can use YoctoPoke as a build system. CIP core packages contain tens of packages, which may not be sufficient for the development of end products. So, users can add necessary packages from Debian by writing recipes. Debian provides LTS team even extended LTS. So, super long-term support, including user and packages, can be based on these teams. As I explained, CIP kernel team is effectively contributing to upstream. Open source tools were developed to help this activity. Debian will unveil how the open source tools are used in the kernel team. So, Debian, the floor is yours. Thank you, Kuro-san. Hello everyone, this is SD-Lin. It's my pleasure to meet all of you in the air. Okay, so let's talk about OpenSource tools. OpenSource tools for back-porting process. To optimize the back-porting process, improve efficiency for back-porting patches, and ease the effort from maintainers. The CIP kernel team creates and uses OpenSource tools. That is classify failed patches and CIP kernel stack in our back-porting process. The tool of classify failed patches filter and fetch the patches from the stable kernel mailing list, and classify the needs of back-porting in CIP stable kernel. The scope of the back-porting is based on CIP kernel config repository. Another tool is CIP kernel stack. CIP kernel stack tracks the status of security issues in kernel, identified by CVID. The scope of back-porting is based on CIP kernel config repository as well. As you can see, the kernel team will evaluate the results from these two projects and decided to back-port to the stable kernel or the CIP kernel, just by case. Our elaborate on the details in the next few slides. CIP kernel stack. This tool tracks the status of security issues identified by CVID in mainline, stable, and other configured branches. This repository is public, and you can link it to the project website via the QR code. The CIP kernel stack is the source code level and availability scanner. It's gathered CV information from multiple upstreams, such as stable kernel, Debian kernel, and Ubuntu kernel. The kernel team focused on maintaining the CV effected in kernel 4.4 and 4.19, and made that call the specific CV commit to the stable kernel, as the case may be. So, just like the previous slide, the CIP kernel stack provides the work queue. So, you can just use the browser to know how many CVs in your current kernel tree. And you can get the detailed information via this graphic tool. Let's talk about crossfire file patches. This project tracks the status of our patches and crossfire patches into applied and to applied types. Just like our CV kernel stack, this repository is public. So, you can also link to the website via the QR code. As you may know, the stable kernel only accepted the patches are related to bug or security fixes. Therefore, the patches in the stable archive are final to be reviewed. This project tracks the status of stable kernel patches and crossfire patches into applied and to applied types. The CV kernel team will review it and make that call the specific commit to the stable kernel, as the case may be. These are the examples to apply or to apply types. As you can see, the applied patches means these patches are already applied in the upstream. And to be applied patches means we have to spend a time to analysis and maybe adjust some conflict. And those we can send it to the upstream. Last but not the least, CV kernel convict. As I mentioned before, the CV kernel stack and crossfire patches are based on this repository to decide the action. This repository collects the kernel configuration from CV team members to define the maintenance scope in CV kernel 4.4 and 4.19 respectively. This is also the maintenance baseline for CV kernel stack and crossfire field patches. These are the updates regarding the open source tools. Thank you for your time. Kuroza, allow me to give the floor back to you. Sisa, thank you very much. Okay, then our last question is CIP test form. There are three goals defined. The first is to control the control of automated testing systems. Physical devices should be distributed in several regions by considering availability. The second is to promote continuous integration by automating testing execution on both distributed devices. The third is to support all CIP reference platforms. In this chat, I'd like to explain how the CIP testing team follows upstream cross-printing. Kernel CI and Lava are upstream of CIP testing team. The first action is to upstream code and to review code of those upstream. We are funding to Kernel CI because we agree with their goals and hope that different projects ramps up quickly in order to contribute to communities overall. The second action is use. The team uses Kernel CI and Lava to build automated testing systems. The automated testing systems are built on four testing labs located in Asia and Europe. Here is the testing architecture. 15 targets of CIP kernel sources as well as LTS release candidate. We are aiming to catch issues in LTS release candidate so that we can contribute to upstream more. The team is also working to create a container-based CI infrastructure for GitLab. Its objectives are to scale horizontally and dynamically. The infrastructure enables to run an arbitrary number of CI jobs in parallel and to scale up and down based on the current workload situation. CIP reference goals are listed here. These goals and requirements are prepared by CIP member companies and played in their own or common lab. They are set up to be connected via internet. The test trigger is applied from Lava to the goals and requirements in solving the test environment and the results displayed on the web. Finally, CIP is running two tests. Sector mail-down checker and SKP. For real-time testing, we added cyclic test plus hot bench. We plan to incorporate test-of-test in the future. These tests are executed on CIP reference goals each by each. Those test results can be checked through Lava interface. This is the list which shows scheduled testing on Lava. In order to see more detailed results, you can click bottom. CIP is collaborating with Kernel CI to improve the range of tests supported by Kernel CI, starting with LTP. Further collaboration is being discussed between CIP and Kernel CI, and we will update as we progress in the future. So let me conclude today's talk. CIP Kernel team follows up-stream-first principles and contributes to upstreams. CIP opensource tools are used to facilitate the contribution activities. By taking advantage of Kernel LTS, the team steadily releases CIP SLPS kernels and aims to maintain them for 10-plus years or more. To reduce CIP SLPS kernel release cost, the team is closely working with CIP testing team to build automated testing systems. These activities are not only to provide SLPS kernels for 10-plus years by fulfilling industrial requirements, but also to contribute to upstreams. Recently, more and more people have agreed with us by hearing about the activities. If more people work with us, we can expand the activities more, and we can contribute to other projects more. So please join us if you are interested in. If you'd like to know more, there are links for related information. This page talks about our weekly IRC meetings. It is open to everyone. This page talks about repositories on BitLab. You are here for open-source tools explained by CISANA here. And other information is listed here. That's all from us. Thanks for your time to join this talk. Are there any questions? Hi everyone. Thank you very much for joining this session. I'm Masashi Kudo. I'm shaking hands. Hello, I'm Az. So currently we have a couple of questions here. So the first one is, is every LTS version chosen for SLTS in CIP? Yes, actually, let's see. I can show this slide. So far, we are selecting LTS. Currently, we selected 4.4 and 4.19. Kudo-san, I cannot hear you. Hello, can you hear me? Yes. Okay, sorry. Maybe you have to mute the computer. All right. What I'd like to answer is that instead of picking up every LTS, CIP is selecting some LTSes. So far, we have selected 4.4 and 4.19. We are selecting LTS every two to three years. That's our current policy. Yeah. As you may know, there are six LTS versions now. So the CIP won't choose every version as the SLTS. We will discuss and exchange our idea in the CIP technical steering committee and make the consensus afterward. So as you can see, we have two versions now, not every LTS. Okay, so next question is, how would you recommend someone to get involved in the CIP? Yes, that's a great question. Let's just a moment. Yes, this one. As you know, for industrial devices or systems, there are several requirements. And in order to satisfy those requirements, there are several activities required to do that. And so far, we have listed those activities which we believe that those activities are needed. However, only six of them have selected for us to currently working on. If more members can join, more wider range of activities can be accomplished. In addition to those activities, we are working on the super long-term support project. That's, as Azizan explained, we are currently considering the CIP Colonel Confit that is a member company's reference board target. If people would like to have their own platform or boards to be extended for 10 years, then please join and please work with us. Those boards or platforms can be extended for 10 years by working together. Thank you, Kudo-san. Allow me to add some comments. Yes, please. Thank you. Let me scroll down the slides first. Regarding the question, my answer is it depends. It depends on your interest in which kind of the activity. So basically, I would suggest to join the CIP IRC meeting. It's a public IRC channel, and we have a regular meeting every Thursday. So I would recommend if you have interest in CIP activity, feel free to join the CIP IRC weekly meeting. Next question is with Colonel 5.4 version, and later LTS also qualified for SLTS. Yes. As Azizan explained, we discuss about the new SLTS releases at the TSE meetings. And currently, we are going to skip 5.4, and we are going to, probably, we are discussing to select this year's LTS as the next candidate. And therefore, again, 5.4 is skipped at this moment. Yes. Okay. So the next question is, do you publish results merely list? This results mean probably kernel releases, maybe? Then if that is the case, yes. We are announcing our CIP kernel releases in CIP Dev mailing list. Yes, here. At the top line, you can see CIP mailing list, CIP Dev. This is the mailing list. You can see our announcement of our kernel releases. Yes. Regarding the kernel development, the CIP kernel team will work with the upstream. That is stable kernel. So you may find some contribution from CIP members in the stable kernel mailing list. And as the kudos are mentioned, every result will be public in the CIP Dev mailing list as well. So you can refer to below link in this slide. Okay. So next question is, there are any remarkable features you are expected to currently release kernels but not yet in any SLTS? Let's see. This one. Okay. Remarkable features. Yes. This is a little bit controversy, but one thing which is very difficult to achieve is function safety. And at this moment, there are several projects working on the function safety, but at this moment we are not incorporating such a functionality yet. So that's one area we may need to consider. Is this and do you have any comments? Yeah. We welcome every feedback from everyone. Yeah. Okay. So next question is, is there interest in the CIP kernel for automotive applications? This is also a very interesting question. And also, let's see, the area automotive applications seeking is, one functionality is function safety. And that is hard to see. A little bit difficult part we can address. But yes, because automotive Linux also requires long-term support. And myself, I myself is interested in the automotive area. Is this and do we have any comments? Yeah, I agree with you. Since the automotive application needs maybe functional safety or security features. Yeah, so maybe in the future, right? Yeah. Okay. The next question, what sort of industries customers are most interested in SLTS? When I visit customers, they are interested in several areas. Not only super long-term support, but also IoT patches or other features as well. And let's see, those customers, users include the, how to say, MFP, camera, factory automation, and of course, automotive area as well. There are various areas. There are various customers from various industries or various segments are requiring SLTS. It's super long-term support at this moment. Is this and do you have any comments? Yeah, from my personal experience, the customer needs longevity products in some vertical market such as a railway, power plant, oil and gas, et cetera. They have to maintain the system for a long time. So, yeah, they need it. Okay, so next question is, how did you choose 10 years as the support lifetime? Yes, frankly speaking, 10 years is not enough for those customers. Usually 15 years or 20 years are requested, but by looking at the state of the arts of maintenance technology or our community activity, we are going, we are starting with 10 years. By, how to say, by refining methodology and policies, we can extend such 10 years to 12 or 15 years. But at this moment, we are working on 10 years as a first super long activity. Yeah, as you may know, it took lots of resources for maintaining the NINUS kernel. So 10 years is just as Kudo-san mentioned, just a number for us now. Okay, so we only got 20 seconds left. So we don't have enough time for answering the question. Anyway, if you have any questions, I think you can reach us via the mailing list. Right, Kudo-san? Yes, we are welcoming you to join. So we are looking forward to hearing from you more. Okay, thank you. Then again, thanks very much for having joined our session and have a great time in this event. Then bye-bye. See you, bye-bye.


I'm gonna start with my eyes closed not ready position Open my eyes if you kick with either foot I Check my flags every time I'm finished Check my face. Okay, he's not hurt. I'm not hurt do it nice and slow Because we don't have protective gear. Once you get protected gear, then you can pull full speed. All right now We don't have it on so so that's something you can try out and then practice a lot and we'll see you in the next lesson


Good morning. This is Christopher Donahue speaking. I'm honored to introduce Professor Jaypreet Virdi. Professor Virdi is an award-winning historian whose research focuses on the ways medicine and technology impact the lived experiences of disabled people. Her first book, Hearing Happiness, Deaf Cures in History, raises pivotal questions about deafness in American society, and the endless or seemingly endless quest for a cure. She has published articles on diagnostic technologies, audio audio metric, hearing aids, and the medicalization of deafness, and has published essays in the Atlantic, Slate Future Tents, and The New Internationalist, as well as The Washington Post. Professor Virdi has taught at Ryerson University, the University of Toronto, and Brock University. She is currently an associate professor at the Department of History at the University of Delaware, where she teaches courses on disability histories, the history of medicine, and health activism. She also currently serves as the co-director of the Haigley program in the history of capitalism, technology, and culture. She is currently working on multiple projects. Her second book, Medicalizing Deafness, Oral Surgery in 19th Century Britain, traces the efforts of British artists or ear specialists examining how their attempts to define a professional identity influenced educational, progressive, and eugenicist programs to eradicate deafness. You can follow her at Jai Virdi on Twitter. Professor Virdi's talk will be about 40 minutes long, and will be followed by about a 15-minute question and answer session. Thank you again, Professor Virdi, and we look forward to your keynote, and to the discussion afterwards. Now over to you, Professor Virdi. Good morning. Thank you, everyone. Thank you for joining us, and I'm very pleased to deliver this keynote and want to thank Dr. Dunhu for the invitation and introduction, and also to the interpreters and captionists for their work today. We'll begin by sharing my screen. On the screen is the title slide for my talk, titled Measuring the Science of Hereditary Deafness, and behind the text, there is an illustration of a Mendelian chart showing a deaf and hearing family. The topic of this symposium on disability and genomics asks us to think deeply about the entangled roots of ableism within science and medicine, both historically and in our present day clinical encounters. The topic I find also prompts us to consider questions about authority. Who's authority matters within healthcare, whether in the laboratory, in clinical space, and how does authority shape or is shaped by accountants of ableism? These are questions that I'm addressing in my current project, provisionally titled Medicalizing Deafness. I will be sharing aspects of this project today, namely on how increasing statistical studies on deafness and ear diseases in the 19th century presented worrying data about hereditary deafness, thus sparking greater medical and state intervention at the site of these concerns than schools. The slide says introduction and crisis of care. There is a beige graphic on the right. To contextualize this history, I want to begin by briefly sharing an ending quote about a crisis of care or the challenges of what historians refer to as the silence of the archive, or more specifically the difficulties of encountering deaf and disabled perspectives in the archives that are not presented through an auditory standpoint. By the historian of medicine, science, and technology, my approach to writing deaf history tends to be filtered through the perception of those who are engaging with medical care and knowledge, namely the practitioners who specialize in deafness and ear diseases in the 19th century who refer to themselves as auras or all-surgery and by the end of the 19th century as autologists. While they predominantly approach deaf people as subjects for developing theories on disease causation and hearing loss, some of these practitioners additionally consider access to language and education as essential as medical care for a deaf person's overall well-being. As a result, the extent of the reach being on the clinical space excludes of the deaf. Centering disability history, however, my research also considers how deaf people and the concept of deafness, both in their suppression and active resistance to intervention, had shaped the ways all surgeons thought about their roles as medical experts within the various institutional roles that they crafted for themselves. There is now a graphic on the right. It is an illustration of a 19th century institution surrounded by trees. The text below the script says, Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. Beginning in 2009, when I first embarked on this project as part of my doctoral dissertation, I was focusing on the institutional and medical history of the London Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. Initially founded in 1792 at the Asylum for the Support and Education of the Deaf and Dumb Children of the Poor, this was the first public school providing education and training to deaf children in the United Kingdom, eventually expanding and relocating several times before being settled in the 20th century at the Royal School for Deaf Children in Margaret Kent. Correspondents with the administration at the school revealed that there were archival materials available for researchers like myself. Some of which dated to the school's founding in 1792. I was certainly overjoyed, but repeated requests to access these materials went unacknowledged if not completely rejected. After reaching out to members of the British Deaf History Society who had previously accessed the material and helped in its organization, I learned that the materials at the school were not maintained in any fashion adhering to archival standards. Boxes were essentially dumped in a trailer, some of which accounted serious water damage. I spent the next five years requesting to view the material, and not even a letter of introduction from the President of the British Deaf History Society would grant me access. So reluctantly, I moved on from this project. On the screen, there is now an article titled, UK's oldest deaf school closes amid concern children are being let down. Below, there is a photo of a classroom and a teacher is assisting two children who are at work. The children are wearing cochlear implants. Meanwhile, in 2016, after 224 years of service, the Royal School permanently closed when the John Townsend Trust went into administration after decades of neglect and mismanagement in following reports of a long-standing history of physical abuse against their pupils. Some records had laid as 2014 testify that multiple pupils reported staff marking them for being unable to hear and even physically restraining them to ensure that these children avoid a sign-in. The archive was initially lost, but then recovered and now maintained by the Kent County Council. While I have to be able to restart my research, the unfortunate closing of the Royal School captures broader cultural shifts about the place of deaf people within British society and the legacy of medical intervention within educational spaces. Deafness is classified as the second most common disability in the United Kingdom, with approximately 11 million people diagnosed with hearing loss, 900 down term of whom are severely or profoundly deaf and communicate largely with British sign language. Yet deaf people report significant barriers to education, employment and access to health services. At least 40% of deaf people and even more who are signers report mental health issues brought on by barriers in structural and welfare services and their struggle with accessing proper healthcare. One study revealed that 77% of deaf people with primary language and British sign language have difficulty communicating with the doctor and at least 30% avoid the doctor altogether out of fear of frustration. Not even the passing of the Quality Act in 2010, which limits disability as one of the nine protected characteristics against discrimination, has reduced misconception and assumption about deaf people and the problem of accessing health services, including addressing the discrimination encountered through communication difficulties. On the screen is an illustration of a male physician examining a child's ear. The child is held by his mother. Below is the text title of medicalizing deafness or surgery in 19th century Britain and some reports for what is being spoken. In my book manuscript, I argue the use of the crisis of communication and care can be traced to arguments by 19th century British or Surgeon who claim that education and medicine would produce self-sufficient deaf citizens who otherwise be lost to perpetual silence. Their perspective helped delve fast through the start of the 20th century when nativists and eugenics concerned about the cost of treating and caring for degenerate or deficient people significantly trade discourses about education, typing out what historian Mark Jackson defined as the medical pedagogical approach. All surgeons secure their authority by extending their role outside of the clinic and more crucially by offering intellectual respectability for translating statistical data into structural policy. They might talk then just on their very broad history but focusing on one specific concern and that is how increasing worries about hereditary deafness in the late 19th century began to be shaped by statistics and eugenics therefore transforming the tenets of deaf education. As we shall see concerns about hereditary deafness whereby no human standard nor universally agreed upon but the alarmist rhetoric was powerful and worrying thus shaping the lives of deaf people for generations to come. The text on the screen says statistical authority. The professional expansion of oral surgery and the authority of artists occurred within the broader context of Victorian optimism about the application of scientific medicine to solve a range of social problems. The optimism appeared self-evident in a society rightful with perceptions of imperialism and applied scientists and in which expectations of progress required new and promising scientific strategy for understanding the social calculus. In other words, social problems became issues for statistical analysis. Of course, while discourses on the applications of statistical for moral and social reform were by no means homogeneous, numbers, graphs and formulas possessed immense rhetorical power especially when enhanced by bureaucratic management. On the screen is a table of different diseases of the ear that are treated and recorded at St. Mark's Hospital in Dublin. Most surgeons have non-compiled narrative case studies of the patrons and maintain records within hospital annual reports. The data lengths the port for how they assess the prevalence of deaf population and how they interpreted and categorized ear diseases, especially hereditary deaf music, which they found very difficult to treat, let alone cure. British educators of the deaf as well maintain records of their pupil's health status, including detail about probable or actual process of deafness, the race of hereditary deafness, and the presence of deaf news people in a given population. Congenital deaf news people with generations of hereditary deafness, especially through deaf intermarriage, which is marriage between deaf person, fell at the center of these eugenics debates. Hortologists and oralists alike reached several questions. Was hereditary deaf music a single variation easily transmitted through deaf families who intermarried? Was collegial deafness a hereditary trait? Was marriage between hereditary deaf and hearing partner further spreading deafness and therefore polluting, quote, the national stock? The text is statistical authority. There is a beige graphic on the right where text overlays summarizing the points that are being spoken. It is at the juncture that hereditary deafness became a pressing issue as notions of prevention and medical surveillance became intertwined with eugenics ideology. Largely perceived as an ideology of the professional middle class, but also attracting attention from scientists, policymakers, and social reformers from across the political spectrum. Eugenics was held at the solution to the problems of the British society, urbanization, disease, properism, more degradation, and it also functioned as a tool for augmenting class, gender, and race-based division. Eugenics offered intellectual respectability because it allowed Prakantrina to translate scientific data about heredity into structure policy, especially to grow broader evolutionary debates about human nature and to reduce the cost of treating and caring for, quote, degenerate population. While evidential findings of degeneration tended to be anti-codal rather than statistical, fears of degeneration nevertheless influenced public health policy and legislated reform. There is now a table showing a selection of large families with generational deafness and the propensity of generation in which a deaf child was produced. Between 1890 and 1930, eugenics's policies began to take root across deaf institutions. All of them, the pedagogy of speech rather than sign, was presented as a way to give teachers the responsibility and ability to instill spoken language in deaf people, returning them to hearing society and thus human evolution. Indeed, as one medical practitioner asserted, the issue of teaching deaf children speech was, quote, so largely a social and eugenic one. Eugenics then was presented as a method for providing deaf children with respectability, literacy, and mannerism as manifested for social mobility, especially when supported by state provision. Education was precision at this site where different experts could need to apply eugenics's idea for tackling concerns of deaf inherent, a point stressed by one instructor, quote. Education is the only remedy that can in any way mitigate the ills which mankind are liable to transmit to their dissenters. The code is also up on the screen. This eugenic impulse to stratify deaf children to question the paredity was thereby part of a larger process of normalizing and standardizing deaf education and try to progress the goal of health and prevention. That is, the ultimate goal was to reduce if not eliminate the ricks of hereditary deaf music, quote, spreading on track through the population. While British artists were entangled with issues of deaf education throughout the 19th century, the level of their engagement began to steadily increase in the 1880s as they faced greater responsibility for protecting the health and welfare of deaf school children, including through early prevention programs to help progress the deafness. On the screen are text summarizing the key events which I will be speaking. Double key events occurred in the late 19th century that would drastically transform our role in deaf education. First was the second international congress on the education of the deaf that took place in Milan in September 1880. A multi-day, a multinational event drawing 164 educators, physicians, and laypersons, which was also dominated by Italy and France, bringing a combined 143 delegates. The discussion at this congress exclusively focused on the issue of methods of instruction for educating deaf children. Only one deaf delegate attended as the convention was mainly managed by promoters of oralism. At the end, the convention passed age resolution declaring, quote, the uncontemptable superiority of speech over sign in restoring the deaf new to society and giving him a more perfect knowledge of language. The delegates proclaimed that the oral method are to be the preferred, sorry, the oral method are to be preferred to that of sign for the education and instruction of deaf children. Final means, however, was the resolution universal nor did it completely eradicate sign language. In fact, many British school continued with the combined system of speech and sign well into the 20th century. The second key event were the results of several surveys undertaken by headmasters at deaf school as well as charitable society to assess the social problem of deafness and blindness with the aim of formulating social policies. The surveys provided essential data for presuming state action, especially when it coupled with an 1861 census, which revealed the inadequacy of educational fertility for blind and deaf children. Third, was the Royal Commission to consider the extension of the 18th Assembly Education Act, which established compulsory schooling for children ages 5 to 12, but did not include special provision for blind, deaf, epileptic, or physically disabled children, therefore allowing many school boards to refuse to include them with compulsory education. The resulting report from the commission led to the elementary education, Blind and Deaf Act, being passed in 1893 to provide every blind, deaf, and disabled child the right to education paid by local rates and parliamentary grants. By 1907, the costs were covered entirely by taxpayers. Now, such state and bureaucratic control also began to give greater authority to all practitioners, aims that guidelines for the education department to incorporate extensive medical policies and to assess and, where possible, even treat disabled children. It meant that deafness was also formally classified as a medical condition requiring certification from a medical practitioner. Yet, the issue of hereditary deaf music system appeared resistant to this effort, and as I'll show next, involved greater alliances between educators and artists to address the worrying potential of what became known as a deaf variety. The slide says, tracking intermarriage. One concern raised by the Royal Commission was the issue of hereditary deaf music system that arise from intermarriage and contentious marriages, or marriages between cousins, as outlined by the Centers and Decisive Studies of Deaf Family. They especially placed stock on the increasing hereditary transmission of deaf music as being evident for the importance of oralism, teaching through speech. In other words, the concern was if deaf new children with hereditary deafness were left to their own geysers at predominantly signing school, then they were more likely to form a community of like-minded signers who were unwilling, if not incapable, to assimilate to the broader hearing society. The situation in the United States was especially revealing for comparison, as outlined in the Royal Commission report, and the quote is also on the screen. Quote, it is said that before education was imparted to deaf youth and before they were congregated in various educational institutions, hardly any intermarriage. In Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, where oralism dominated, the incidence of deaf intermarriage was much lower than in the United States or England. Also, educators at deaf institutions had previously tabulated the incidence of deaf intermarriage. The proliferation of eugenics raised additional fears about heredity, reproduction, and degeneracy. Tabulating data on the existence of large families of deaf youth or tracing how deafness runs in the family were maintained by individuals in deaf school who tracked the incidence of hereditary deafness. The London Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb for instance, published in 1859, a list of 23 poor and working-class families. Of the 160 children amongst these families, 105 were deaf. The screen shows a photograph of Alexander Graham Bell's memoir. Next to the photo is a text pane, a deaf priority, and summarizing the details I will be seeking. To read through this very statistic on hereditary deaf music, the Royal Commissioner principally drew testimony from Alexander Graham Bell. Earlier in 1883, at a meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, Bell raised the issue of the fact that in this country deaf youth marry deaf youth. His resulting publication memoir, upon the formulation of a deaf variety of the human race, which combined empirical data from American residential schools for the deaf with statistics and probability, willingly concluded that a deaf variety was becoming increasingly possible and there was no sign of this trend slowing down. Bell's alarmist perspective thereby advocated for eugenics control through all of them by restricting this segregation of deaf people and encouraging them to socialize in hearing communities. Any form of restriction or legal ban on deaf intermarriage he added would merely promote immoral behavior and possibly even increase rates of hereditary deafness. But preventive measures were recommended and most likely to succeed. Prevention was especially successful when disguised as education reform. Eliminate residential school, forbid sign language use in the classroom, and prohibit deaf adults from becoming teachers for deaf children. These reforms would encourage deaf people to focus on developing the oral skill and make them figuratively less deaf. And these perspectives led Bell's memoir to becoming an often cited source on deaf history. But it also drew the wrath of deaf people who considered Bell's eugenics view as damning to their community. Bell's view was summarized and repeated in newspapers, magazines, and speeches worldwide. Considered cutting-edge research at the time, his memoir drew inspiration from Francis Goldstein's statistical impairmentism and viewed deaf people as an ideal example to study how continuous selection influenced evolution. While this scientific stand was not new to those who work with deaf people, Bell's reputation drew wider public attention to the topic of hereditary deafness, especially his worrying statistic that 95% of deaf people can intermarry other deaf people. The commissioners professed that Bell's studies and supporting research was quote, sufficient evidence to prove that there was a real danger of an increase of conditional deafness. And they recommended that intermarriages of conditional deaf youth should be strongly discouraged. Now, this resolution also demonstrates how the issue of deaf intermediary reflected changing ideals about expectation for deaf people to assimilate into society and the cost that taxpayers and state aid would require to cover. So, for example, one pamphlet showed from the London County Council demonstrated the comparative cost. On the screen, we can see this comparison. A normal child, the cost of education, would be a little over five pounds. A deaf child, 31 pounds.  And one who is physically deficient, 11 pounds. Now, the deaf child certainly cost the most. Further reports from the London County Council indicated that the cost of educating a deaf new child amounted to approximately 31 pounds per year, compared to five pounds spent on a normal trial. If the numbers of deaf children continue to increase, especially hereditary deafness, trapped through deaf intermarriage, then as one Eugenics textbook asserted, quote, deaf muti-some is therefore a very expensive conditon for any community to entertain. Even if the children weren't educated, were able to support themselves. Not all experts agree that the threat of hereditary deaf muti-some was as deeply concerning as all it came to be. Arthur Henry Bader, the Secretary of the Royal Association in Aid of the Deaf and Down, and one of the two deaf signers who were invited to testify for the Royal Commission. Strongly opposed Alexander Graham Bell's finding and prescription, I did American Educator, Edward Manuel Gallaudet. Moreover, while Bell tied the prevention of deaf intermarriage to the health of the nature, the assistance provided by deaf people, skeptical educators, and missionaries questioned Bell's evidence and showed that deaf intermarriage only infrequently led to deaf mute offspring. The text on the screen says prevention and control. Meanwhile, for autologists, the discourse offered ample opportunity to illustrate the importance of their fear for guiding social and educational policies to advise on the issue of deaf or hereditary deafness. The text on the screen says, autologists walled in deaf education and is summarizing the points and in speaking. Autologists walled became more profound after the 1893 Elementary Education Act and its later provision, which compelled school boards to provide for blind, deaf, epileptic, and disabled children. Now medical experts control the selection process, examining and certifying children who were referred to special schools or classes, thereby precisioning medical surveillance as a coarsely ingenious approach for managing disability and state-funded provisions for education. Autologists assessed children hearing, diagnosed their deafness, and where possible recommended surgical intervention to correct hearing defects before a child could be admitted to school. And they especially loved the symptoms of hereditary deaf muteism to discontinuous intermarriage. Many autologists agree that early recognition, prevention, and treatment of all afflictions were essential for identifying causes of deafness for intervention. Some, however, took more extreme views when it came to hereditary deafness. One of the most outspoken autologists on the issue of preventing hereditary deafness was First of All McLeod Newsley. In his role as the first senior all-soldier and medical inspector in the London County Council School, McLeod Newsley had ample opportunity to judge the working system of deaf education. And he opinionated that, quote, the whole system of deaf education in this country needs to reorganize nature. On the screen is a table of the London County Council School classification system for deafness as outlined by First of All McLeod Newsley, corresponding with the educational treatment required. Newsley's views were concerning because the 1893 Elementary Education Act fixed the starting age for deaf school children at seven years of age. In contrast to an ordinary trial being set at five, then he believed that this curtailed any opportunities for early medical intervention and proper assessment of a child's hearing and mental abilities. The results then McLeod Newsley argued, meant that too many deaf children were being placed in deaf school when they could otherwise benefit from oral classes to obtain speech and make use of the residual hearing. Even though the causative factors of required and conditional deafness were recognized and understood by a college, McLeod Newsley argued that too much emphasis was being placed on peer and not enough on prevention. As he elaborated, for many cases of deafness, a cure would usually help us. Under McLeod Newsley's system, all children in the London County Council school at London County Council School have been hearing preliminary examining during the first year by a school doctor or nurse under his supervision. All children who are preliminary diagnosed or suspected of deafness were then recommended to a local autologist. Upon assessment, a child would be classified into three primary groups. The very deaf, the semi deaf, and the slightly deaf, which was later further divided into hard of hearing, and then adequately recommended for treatment. Under McLeod Newsley's method, the dual process of what he called efficient education and efficient treatment would detect a considerable number of cases of early deafness and could therefore, according to him, diminish the cases of acquired deafness and those of deaf children who need special education. By no means was McLeod Newsley disministering the value of special education. After all, he was very clear on his position on oral sound. I have quoted on the slide. Hearing is the most important educational sense because it handles through which the child obtained the speech and language which he cannot think and do them clearly. McLeod Newsley claimed that the medical failure to properly assess deaf and deaf new children's physiological and psychological abilities for language and speech also led to increased unnecessary costs. Recent statistics show that the cost of education per head of the deaf news in the London County Council School is 31 pounds per onion. This includes both residential and day scholars. If we deduct the former, the cost is 23 pounds. The expense of educating the normal child in the elementary school is 5 pounds so that we obtain no less than 18 pounds per onion extra for the education of one section of a defective children. This is an appeal to the pocket which should have some effect upon the repair. Deaf education, he argued, could only be improved to different aspects, medical, hygienic, physiological, social, hygienic, and financial. He argued that the present system could be remodeled otherwise the system of deaf education would be a complete failure because too many children were not obtaining the benefit of speech. McLeod Newsley's research of deaf children at London County School further indicated that too many children were being diagnosed with hereditary deafness and he advocated for the application of hygienic principle to diminish the rate of deaf news marriages. His hygienic stand was a bunch of clear There is another important suggestion which would do much to eliminate the conditional deaf news. It is sterilization. Every conditional deaf news should be sterilized. I'm afraid the statement is the bold one but I do not fear to say it here. Science has, fortunately for hygienic, made sterilization possible with a minimum of danger. Now far from being an outlier, McLeod Newsley stands with an extension of his college view for he argues that any treatment or study of the deaf child required cooperation between the hygienicists, the colleges and the legislator. Moreover, he added that where surgery fail or training and if necessary sterilization was required to reduce the incidence of deaf marriages for the incidence of deafness in future generations. As he declared, quote, where deaf mutants did not pre-assist, intermarriage were not created. The slide on the screen shows a group of deaf children in a classroom looking at the camera, the overlay text as conclusion. What is the history of the statistical studies Bob is speaking and concerns about hereditary deafness tell us then. For one thing, it underscores how hygienicists deeply inform much of modern medicine and deaf education. The data that was compiled by artists and educators presented a somewhat worrisome picture of what could occur of deafness, especially hereditary deafness, was not adequately managed. A deaf variety would emerge, social program would be drained and taxpayer would bear a greater burden from financing deaf education. Secondly, despite the rich history of sign language, deaf community and deaf culture, this history shows how deafness is perceived primarily as a medical problem that requires a fix. And thus, the increasing inequities in various deaf people faced and continue to face are further complicated by the fact that this hygienicist agenda of eliminating deafness or at the very least preventing a deaf variety of deaf culture remains an ultimate goal for medical science. Yet far from being the sinister dystopian scenario led by ambitious and calorie scientists, these hygienicist perspectives are so truly embedded in society that the future potential of a deafness cure is regularly celebrated as a triumph of science, even though the more implications remain debatable concern. Thank you. So thank you so much, Professor Beardy. Your lecture was brilliant and as a historian of both eugenics and also contemporary science and medicine, particularly the Human Genome Project, gave me so much to think about. So audience members, we look forward to your questions in the Q&A. And I'm also joined by Mike Rembus, who is the director for disability studies, the center for disability studies at the University at Buffalo. And I have so many questions for you, Professor Beardy, but I thought I would let Mike lead off if he would like, because I think he has a very, very good question for you. Thank you. Thank you, Chris. And thank you, Jepreet, for your presentation. It was very enlightening, very interesting. I think the connections with and kind of parallels to the United States and also the international focus that you're taking is really, really interesting and compelling. I am wondering about the ability to study deaf people themselves in this history, which, of course, you know, is a priority for disability historians. I mean, I think the connections with eugenics and educators and policymakers is really fascinating and interesting and important. And I'm wondering if you could speak either about the methodological constraints and limitations on doing a disability history that incorporates the voices and experiences of disabled people themselves, you know, either speak to that issue or actually talk about how you're thinking about incorporating deaf people into your study. Yeah, thank you. Good seeing you, by the way. But one of the tenors doing research in disability history, as you know, and for our audience, is to center the experiences of disabled people. That is very challenging to do when so much of the archival work casts these experiences through medical, able-to-eugenics perspective. So we don't really get a real sense of what deaf and disabled people are actually thinking about the medical-eugenics prescription that were leveled against them. And when I first started working on this project, Medicalizing Deafness, I was really just about that, about how deafness seemed to be medicalized and what kind of implications that have on not just education, but also our understanding of deafness collectively as a society, as well as the prescriptions that were provided to medical and surgical wellers. But I'm very interested in viewing how either deaf people were part of this medicalizing aspect or the resistors against it. And this is, I'm still working on this part, like I'm still looking for deaf history from deaf people by deaf people in the archives. And it is proving to be very challenging. In one sense, because if we look at the history of deaf people, specifically deaf people who communicate with sign language, it's a very visual language. So it's not something that's captured on text that are maintained in 1932 archives. So I really kind of have to read against the brain in some ways. So this is still an incomplete project, the top-down history done. But I want to bring the lived experiences of deafness here and plan to go back to the archive to kind of look for that. But it also begs the broader question about the kind of history we keep in the archive. My real concern when the world school for deaf children was closing down was, I feel bad for the children who lose all the education, but I was also thinking as a historian, what's going to happen to this archive that I spent over five years trying to access. So now they've been kept and they're in the 10th council maintained at a historical society. So I'm planning to go back. But what I learned also, the majority of the material there are 20th century. The school was founded in 1782. So the records between then and the late 19 or 20th century have been lost or damaged or very fragmented. So I think it brings even more questions about the kind of history we value Thank you. So Mike, do you have a follow up? Otherwise I can I can ask my my rather broad question to continue this really fascinating and I think deeply moving discussion. Yeah, no, you go ahead, Chris. Okay, I should also say, for the severity that as an archivist myself, this is a this is a question that I'm constantly trying to think about, particularly in the context of contemporary science and technology and and really thinking about how are we missing disabled voices? How can we capture them? How can we give disabled voices actors and agency, particularly in the context of contemporary science and medicine, when those perspectives are still so complex, and we don't have intervening years in many ways, that do their own kind of interpretation time is a kind of interpretation in many ways. Because it allows it gives us a certain kind of distance, but it also imposes a certain certain elements that we we can only recover certain things. So I'm deeply interested in this question. My follow up question is, we have as a historian of both contemporary science and medicine and eugenics, I'm always wondering how do we think about contemporary science and medicine like precision medicine, genomics, which for many individuals, particularly in rare disease communities, cancer, where there are clear examples where interventions and modern science really helps people. But it's so entwined with eugenics, statistics as a science is so entwined with eugenics. How do we parse out sort of the this intertwining? How do we talk about the history of these sciences in an informed way, looking at the grievous harms, looking at the benefits and really thinking about the complexities of these issues, if that makes sense. That's a great broad question. One of the I think one of the messages I was finding my first book hearing happiness was that people always have options to select what kind of cure they want for themselves. The issue for me at least, not the issue, the problem and when the solution of presenting as the only option, and therefore to get a very specific way of being. So in other words, deafness is an auditory variation. It's a spectrum that ranges from hearing to complete deafness. And between that spectrum, people have, you know, varied, where the communication of developing the identity of deciding what kind of medical prescription they want for themselves. But when we look at this idea of medical science and genomics as the ultimate solution, and one day we're going to find this genetic treatment that can eliminate all kinds of growing diseases. I think people want that, like if they're really worried about a denimbrating, disabling, hereditary disease that puts themselves at risk. I think they want that option. It should be given to them. But when we eliminate choice, I think that's when the moral quandary is raised. So I'm thinking of like newborn hearing testing, which is done, I don't know, for two days, three days when a child is born.  When that reading is presented to the parent or the mother, it's always medicalized. It's always, okay, here's what we're going to do to fix that. Neuro is another medical expert. Neuro is an oncologist. But it's very rare that amongst this conversation, there is a representative of the deaf community there. It's very, very rare to do that. So most deaf children are born to hearing parents. But hearing parents are not always the worst in sign language or the deaf community. So without that option to raise a child deaf, if they wanted to, the only solution there is presented is the medical one. So I think your question also brings before how we think about the value of this year for a society. Do we want a society for the variation? Or do we want everybody to kind of be funneled or do the degenerates impulse of what we consider or what we define as a normal citizen? No, I think that's an incredibly important answer. And actually it anticipated the audience question. So thank you very much. This also gives me pause to say that I think there's a lot of ethics bioethics coming around, coming out right now, which tries to address, for example, enhancement, sort of, you know, sort of gene therapy for disability and really pushing to the idea that if disabilities are positive things as we view them, as society views them, then there should be that kind of enhancement as well, that that is enhancement. And I think these are very interesting questions about how medicine routinely normalizes the body and how we are in these frameworks that are very much routinized and not really thought of in ways that I think are critical. So thank you so much for your discussion. Mike, do you have another question as I follow up to mine? I do have a question. It's not so much a follow up, but it's, I think, perhaps related. It's more of a historical question about eugenics. Eugenicists played a pretty prominent role in your presentation. And I think the kind of characterization of Britain among historians of eugenics is that they were slightly more reluctant to engage in so-called negative eugenics, you know, they weren't kind of as as wedded to things like, you know, marriage restrictions, immigration restrictions, sterilization, institutionalization, as say the United States and Germany. And but eugenicists seem to play a really prominent role in your talk today. And so I'm just, I'm wondering if you can elaborate and say a little bit more about, you know, what the effects were on the deaf community, whether eugenicists were able to kind of, you know, implement some of the plans that they were considering and talking about and just speak more to the to the role of eugenics in deaf education and the lives of deaf people in the UK? Yeah, the idea of eugenics in the Buddhist contrast of deaf education was largely about preventing deaf intermarriages between people who were identified as having hereditary deafness. And this was as easy as just doing a family history, like which deaf schools were kind of doing for pretty much entire 19th century. They were just tracing the ways of generational deafness and keeping track of that data, so basically like family charts. And the recommendations from many apologists, educators, etc. was that if you have been identified as a member of a family that has generational deafness, then you should be prevented mostly through encouragement, like encouraging you not to marry another deaf person, especially one with hereditary deafness. So yes, it wasn't as, it wasn't really an aspect of negative eugenics that we see in other countries. And first of all, mentally or spiritually, was an outlier, like not, there wasn't a lot of push for sterilization in the late 19th, early 20th century, mostly because I would argue that the institutional basis for that wasn't as implemented in place as with other disabilities, because sterilization was happening with people who have mental disabilities or race physical disability. I'm still, to be honest, unpacking just how prevailing a negative eugenics was, if at all, within this history beyond, first of all, mentally or spiritually. But he also presented his negative eugenics like in a positive spin, like if we do this, the taxpayer won't have to pay so much for deaf education. He presented it as part of the necessity for medical civilians at that school. So for him, there wasn't stuff for it to start paying. It was part of the medical prevention program that he was already creating for a deaf school. Thanks. Thank you. So no, that was fantastic response. One question I had just to end, unfortunately, because we're about at time is I was noticing in your presentation a lot of discussion of class. And I'm just thinking was deafness and disability in this context racialized in any way in Britain? Because this is actually the case in Eastern Europe, for example, or what's known sort of broadly as Eastern Europe around the same time where individuals with certain hereditary conditions are explicitly racialized. And I was wondering if you saw any, any, any dynamics between class and race and racialization, even if it is implicit. So sorry for the scholarly question at the very end. I just had to ask. That's okay. Clash, definitely. So even some deaf school high class, like the class that divided by members of the working class, the more preferred student race, I don't know yet. I am currently researching that. Because I think it does bring an important dimension to this history. But at this point in my research, I don't know. I should also mention the first time I'm presenting this research. Okay, so unfortunately, we are we are a little bit over time. So I have to end this really rich and impactful discussion. So thank you, Professor Verity. Thank you to Mike. Thank you to our audience and our interpreters and our captioners. We are going to be on on break for the next 30 minutes, and we will return at 11 30. Thank you very much. See you then.