Hi Teresa. How are you? Mike with the fourth quarter struggles having been an issue of scoring all season long is there things you can do to try to maybe adjust be more effective in that quarter to finish off games at this point of the season? I mean I think you know those things go you know kind of show up where you have to be at your best you know I think everybody has to be at their best you know in all three phases you know and there's been some games where you know I thought we played well offensively whether it's you know in a four-minute drive where you're kneeling on the ball and you're not you know you don't have to go down and score not to say that that's you know an excuse for you know where we're at you know from a production standpoint or a scoring standpoint in the fourth quarter but you know those are some you know things that have come up but we have to be you know our best not turning the football over or when we in a two-minute drive to go down there and be able to score points you know to win a football game.  You know for a lot of these guys whether whatever decision it is that you know that we're working through you know a lot of respect for for most of these guys that have been here you know I mean the guys that you'd have that conversation with and I respect for all of them usually you have a conversation and you know my job is to listen you know to find out what what each and every player and coach and everybody else is thinking and then try to you know take that and make a decision that's in the best interest of the football team you know I mean I think that for the most part yet and when you talk about things like this week is I mean you got to put a team yeah I mean we got to go out there and win and so you can only you know only have so many guys that active each and every week so but for most of those you know discussions or conversations and talk to the player and you know they tell you how they're feeling and then I'll you know try to tell them what my thoughts are and you know kind of go from there. With the five game losing streak you know being in the midst of that does that make that challenge that that balance a little bit tougher to weigh out whereas obviously you need for this week I mean I just you know we just we're at where we're at you know and that does are trying to figure out what's the most important thing and what's best for the team and you know what's best for the player. In trying to evaluate and develop the league through this process of late in the year how much can you kind of add to his plate in the game plan each week. I mean I think you're trying to progress through each and every week you're trying to you know add as much as you think that each player can handle at every position you know and certainly that position requires a lot more than you know some other position so you know we try to each we try to only give them what they can handle and what they can reasonably you know go out there and expect to do. How much more is he handling versus maybe six seven weeks ago. I think it's gotten better and I think it's gotten better and I think that you know there's been some you know real positives and then some things that we're continuing to try to work on and correct and you know work on the progression and work on just speeding up things and you know the communication and all the things that go go into playing quarterback. As far as preparation standpoint this week what's your schedule look like as far as which one the field in the classroom and maybe how do you decide what's most important on a short I mean we've tried to you know come up with a plan that's been you know you know all about trying to get recovered mentally and physically with these guys and understand a toll that the game takes on them each and every week especially late in the season. We've glad that they had you know spend some time with family on Christmas and you know we'll add a little bit more than what we did yesterday from a walk through perspective and try to get moving around an individual you know today will still be you know a lot of team reps in a walk-through setting you know tomorrow we'll probably ramp that up a little bit I think that you know just some of the timing things that that go into especially throwing the football you know seeing where guys rat and seeing what we can we can do from a speed standpoint to get ready for Thursday night. What can we do from a meeting standpoint Thursday during the day since you've got a full day well you try to do get a little bit in but I don't want to like you just haven't been in those positions is sitting meetings all day you know I think it's important to get them up you know what we've done in the past is give it get them up you know get over here we're at home so we have a great facility you know feed them and have some brief meetings just to kind of stimulate them a little bit maybe get them up move them around walk through and really didn't try to give them the day to you know to put themselves in a stamp you know in a mindset to go you know prepare and win and you know perform so just because you have the extra time I don't think it's it's beneficial to sit there and meet all the way up until five o'clock but I think it's important to do a little bit in the morning and then give these guys an opportunity to get into their their routine that they have for the game right now I mean this is kind of uncharted territory for you as head coach how do you know what's too much and how far you can push yourself well I mean I think that you know to be in these positions to be able to you know withstand and handle adversity and you know we're at we're at I mean it's it's you know nobody wants to have been in this position nobody wants to you know have the amount of players in the turnover that we've had that we've had to have but it's also my job to figure it out and to to communicate to lead to you know be honest with where we're at and you know I kind of handle it by by being around the players being around the coaches I find that that's always best you know that when you you concern yourself with other people you have less of a chance to sit there and worry about yourself so that's what I try to tell the team that's what I you know prescribed to I try to be around the players and and teach and coach you know I think that there's a lot of trial and error I think I've got a lot of help you know from from things that we've tried to do as a family or you know just when you work through things and you're just getting back to fundamentals getting back to you know the consistency some of the guys that you've mentioned as mentors like Ron Rivera Bill Cowell no I mean I think that this is you know I know I mean other than to say Merry Christmas you know I mean and keep grinding you know that's what I texted Ron no it's no I this isn't no this isn't too much for us to work we're excited you know I mean we're excited where we're at excited for the opportunities like I said the other day like you know watching guys like Jordan Roos you know just prepare and leave it out on a field and again played well up until you know that's plays that he'd like to have back and late in the game in protection but you know every every one of our favorable runs or our our explosive runs he was there finishing or pulling around making something happen and you know it's those guys when Corey Levin or or any of them that have gotten an opportunity because of the situation that that's presented itself for whatever reason that they've gotten that chance is taking advantage of it all that you've had to go through with the injuries and southern guys in and out that the fact that there still is an avenue to the playoffs is pretty simple how much does that kind of keep the carrot out there dangling yeah I mean that's what we're all you know I mean we're all fighting for it is to get in into the tournament and then figure out a way to do that we have a game Thursday you know we have a we have a huge opportunity in front of us you know on a national stage you know and I think that you know you know again whether you look at some of these games that were close and for other reasons didn't go our way you know that that's disappointing because you had some opportunities and you could say well it was because of this or that or you know you're you're beating a jag wires and you turn it over four times and don't do a good enough job on sudden change on defense or then you go out to LA and you know it's competitive and it's on and on and on but now it's you know it's focusing on you know where we're at with the Cowboys some of your veteran players have kind of managed locker room keeping guys I can't say enough for those guys for for Kevin Jeffrey you know the Nico Derrick you know I know Ryan's hurting you know Ryan's you know he's disappointed because he can't help us right now because it means a lot to him he he he knows what his impact is to the football team as the starting quarterback you know so there's just a lot of guys throughout there you know I think you know Bobby you know Robert Woods has provided some veteran presence and you know I'm sure he would have liked to caught a lot more balls through the course of you know 17 games or 16 games or 15 games but he hasn't wavered in his approach his daily approach being out there being available being a leader blocking has never hesitated I mean 15-yard reverse to trailing and he's and he's finishing and he's blocking and that's right on down the stretch this week this game doesn't affect your ability to get into the tournament but how important is it to see one get into the win column and kind of find that winning formula again before the the ultimate step I mean it's a great test against a talented football team a good football team that just you know just won a lot of games and so that that's that's what we try to do each and every week is figure out who you have figure out you know what you can do what you can run and you know get them as healthy as you can and then get them you know go play and go play hard and and do the things that we know that win you know each and every day just do them a little bit more consistently how much harder do you have to work or maybe more creative have to be to get the ball in his and chicks hands because they're they're good with it in their hands yeah I mean I think you can only be as creative as you know the guys out there will lie I mean I just don't want to put too much on guys plate you know the whole operation you know there were plays where you know we're trying to get those guys the ball you know quarterback waited on it for you know couple instances and you know trailing's got to run a better route or get open quicker and it's on and on and on and tricks not you know can't drop the ball when we throw it to him and so you know we're gonna do all those things but you know just making sure that some of the scheme stuff that we do do you know everybody's on the same page so that you know you're not hurting yourself well I think it starts with everybody just doing their job and not doing too much and saying well this you know it's do your job first do it really well and then you can you could figure out ways to help other people I think that's that's where it starts you would like to have a foundation and what you're doing so that that there is some you know repetitiveness and that guys have gotten some work at it just because they're gonna give you a different look on offense and our defense and you want to have answers and you want to make sure that the players are you know things are sound and that they can go play I thought I think it's it's it's really good I think he's put a lot of time in I think he's been in a lot of different offenses I think he's he's working hard you know to learn what we're doing and you know being able to to manage the game and understand the operation and all those different things mentioned you know being with the guys being around this Titans family during a time like this with adversity that that's kind of helped you and a demarcus Walker said yesterday you being not too far removed as a player kind of helps these guys that are stepping in just how much does that help not being too far removed in understanding the player's perspective well I try to have a relationship with each and every player some I have a better relationship with that others but you know I certainly appreciate what they do each and every day and I guess by that I mean when the days off art the days off when the players are off those are probably my least favorite days because you know you just want to be around players you want to make sure you know you see how they're doing try to help them you know have it have squad meetings you know provide information or be able to ask information and have them spit it back to you the way that they've been coached and you know so that they know what they're supposed to be doing but more importantly their their teammates know that they're they're getting prepared for the game I think that's something that's critical I mean I just again these guys go through a lot you know there's a lot being asked of them not only here but outside of here a lot of distractions and things that they all deal with that we all deal with and you know I try to be conscious of that what says he's retiring you know him well obviously what made him a different player than most well I think he played extremely hard I think he was extremely talented I think he was athletic I think he had great size I think his instincts you know you kind of had a certain defense that you kind of coached and then you kind of had you know whatever JJ ended up doing and that's kind of how it went you know and so if you were you know saying hey man you got to play a four-eyed you got to grind the tackle like it don't end up matter and like he just gonna jump around them or do whatever and find the ball so I remember this one story we went round and around the defensive staff and we were like well how are we gonna cover this with this pressure it was a buffalo game and we went all the way until Saturday like you know what who's the end gonna take or you know who's the backer gonna come it was like some weak side bunch and so I don't even remember what we ended up going with with the coverage and the Blitz but we ran it in the game they ran the same exact thing the guy was open and JJ was as he was Blitz and intercepted the ball and ran it back 75 yards and we just were laughing like yep I guess we spent too much time worrying about how we were if we knew he's just gonna intercept it for a touchdown we wouldn't spend as much time on the coverage that pretty much sums up you know who JJ was geography well I'm better geography than some of the other stuff is your office in the new setup down in that corner or are you still in your old office there I know you're close to players just in the yeah I mean my office is pretty much this entire building you know but but if you have to know if you go down the stairs and through those doors you know that that's where my office is I don't know if it's the front or the back depending on where you're standing but you know I think that being able to when I say be around the players it's it's positive interactions in squad meetings it's dialogue it's asking questions answering questions trying to relate to them or give shared experiences it's going in the meeting rooms it's being in meetings it's being in a training room each you know every morning at you know 6 30 or 7 or 7 30 when they're supposed to be there it's being in the wait room you know making sure those guys and rehab guys of the IR guys the practice squad guys that that's that's what I mean by that at this point of the season how tough is it maybe to address some of the fourth quarter scoring issues and finishing off drives at this point and is it maybe try to get the ball into hands some of the guys who've been more productive in some of the recent games yeah you know I think obviously you're always looking to do that but we need to take care of the football I mean we've had some fourth quarter drives that have put the ball in those guys hands and haven't been able to finish the drive with the ball in our hands I guess 11 and Roosh did inside for you on Saturday they battled and you know those are two veteran guys that you know play with a lot of heart and a lot of passion and you know obviously there's some things that we need to clean up across the board at every position and myself included but I thought they played hard somewhat limited when trailing doesn't run the right route or chick drops the ball you feel like parameters on you are kind of set by some limitations of the personnel I make no excuses I gotta get guys the football and get our playmakers of football in terms of that with you know Malik only average like four and a half yards per attempt is that more of a trust issue in terms of not wanting him to chuck at 30 yards down the field or is that more of a protection issue because you got so many guys hurt online we had several routes that were they were down the field you know we weren't able to get to him for a variety of reasons you know and as he continues to grow and mature I think he'll be able to see some things a little bit quicker I think I can put him in some better positions and all in all where it's all hands on deck to get it figured out pretty productive do you think it's diminishing returns if you do a lot more or is skies the limit there and you should grow on that I think you have to be wise about what tenancies maybe you created formationally or how teams might adjust to the RPOs and you know with some other RPO teams throughout the league you get some evidence of how they might play them so I gotta take all that into account but it's certainly a you know an asset of his how much you adjust the offense in the system to fit Malik as opposed to you know running what Ryan has run here for the last four years yeah you know Ryan was a pretty mobile quarterback before his ankle injury and so there are a lot of things you saw Malik do that we've run in the past with Ryan when he was healthy and so I think there's a balance there to answer your question directly you don't want to jerk the wheel and make everything new and cause ten other people to you know do a bunch of new stuff but you certainly want to highlight his assets and his skill set so you know I think that there's a balance there like the mental mistakes and things like that that's something that coach Vray will talk about the coaching staff even along with the players everybody putting in a little bit more from your perspective like what can you do to put in a little bit more to help avoid some of those issues yeah I'm trying to find ways I can be a better teacher each and every day you know ways that I can get through to guys that you know might see things a little different or need to see things presented a little differently and you know that's it's an ongoing self-evaluation and and process of how I can put these guys in the best position and make sure they're prepared to go and and evaluate if we got too much or too little or what have you so I certainly will lead with accountability in that regard being a starter now I know last week I said that it's not as much of a teaching moment is more like you know I forget exactly how you phrased it but are you spending more time with him you know to work to get him to be able to grasp everything a process better yeah I believe I said that it was more of a dialogue and conversation and and that's true you know he's starting to ask the questions based off of certain defensive looks or you know what do you want me to get to here or where should the ball go versus coverage as opposed to you know maybe a Glacier football clinic so you know I think that's a process and I think that that's something that you know each and every week that we get to spend together that will grow closer and closer to where it needs to be it's certainly in process and you know certainly we have some things that we got to work on from Saturday but you know we're gonna continue to work very hard until they tell us we guys stop playing beyond all those conversations about the X's and O's with Malik and how it's become more of a dialogue I guess from a mindset standpoint how have you seen Malik handle all the lows that have come with being kind of thrust in the fire yeah I think that's a challenge for any young quarterback and I've been very fortunate in my career to be around a number of young quarterbacks and see how they've handled some of those situations you know from being with Matthew Stafford in Detroit and you know a team that you know had it struggles his rookie season and then you know working with E.J. manual and Derek Carr and they were in their second years and you know how that process went hopefully I can give him some encouragement and advice that he's got to move on from the lows as quick as he can move on from the highs and young quarterbacks sometimes learn in this league by fire and that's the bottom line is that there are gonna be mistakes and they're gonna be plays you wish you had back situations you never experienced in college there are gonna be times that you think that your abilities that have worked for you all of your years previous don't work anymore when you're going against a different level of talent and some of those are learned unfortunately by experience Malik you know is a wonderful human being I think that he has what it takes to be able to mentally move on from the good and bad and reset and I think that he's you know in process with that right now you can see why he is an aeronautical engineer I mean he is a very very bright bright young man and he is working really hard to try to pick everything up there's some familiarity in the system he was in in Cleveland you know carry over in terminology I was with coach Stefansky in Minnesota and so I know that there's some same as I can try to give Spanish to English for him a little bit and so he's in process he's working very hard I believe anybody we put in between those stripes is is gonna go out there and try their best to do it our way and the way that we've set the standard to around here you know so I would expect no different from him yeah you know I think you know as long as you can identify what he's comfortable with by the end of the week that'll determine the volume you know and and so that's a process we go through whether that person's starting or whether you know it was Malik in a backup role to Ryan I always try to identify okay well if he goes in the game what is he comfortable with and you know make those notes on my call sheet and off we go I say it's a bit in jest so don't don't think I'm being a smart alec here I'm never gonna encourage Derek not to run hard you know we want him fighting for those yards being who Derek Henry is we need as many guys finish into the ball as we can so that if it pops out we got more bodies there we got to finish our blocks better I got to get schemes and designs better and Derek knows he has to hold on to the football you know he's trusted with a lot for this team so it takes all of us and there's no single person or no big adjustment we need to make to Derek's run style we simply just need to have all hands on deck to take care of that football you know obviously in in recent games that has been a difference maker for us I'd talk about a talented player and he lines up all over the place he is a very gifted athlete in so many different ways not just rushing the passer where you see a lot of his statistics show up you know but he's very disruptive force over there so we have to account for him on every single play how much has this been a week-to-week thing for you based off who is available in other words how much of you had to change what you're planning to do in week one versus what you're doing now I don't think that's changed at any point my time is the coordinator here you know that's the approach that we take you know it's whoever is out there whoever gets a jersey on Sunday we have a standard and it's my responsibility to get the offense playing to that standard we haven't done that well enough or consistently enough throughout the course this year but there's certainly been flashes of who we know we can be so I won't stand up here and talk about who's in or who's out or what week this what week that you know I know what my job responsibility is and look forward to finishing this season strong I'll find out more from coach variable as the week goes on look like himself in his return and I guess just the way he battled I guess not surprising you the success you had yeah I felt like he he came back ready to go not get some rust off with a few things but for the most part I think we felt his presence out there like we have previously and hopefully that continues here this week and as we get going next week their skilled position players is as good and as deep as any you're gonna see all see yeah they're talented I mean the two backs are special I mean they're both getting up there close to a thousand yards I think they're I think they're good up front I do it they run the ball really well they protect the quarterback I think they're fourth in sex allowed and now obviously with lamb and Gallup and Schultz is having a good year for those guys outside so we're gonna have our hands full it's a big challenge you know I'm gonna have hopefully defend defend what we can against them you know try to slow them down make them earn it and see where it goes Thursday night doctor give me has made the most of his opportunity here doctor give me yeah he's he's done a good job for us he's he's been smart engaged understands the scheme think understands his skill set and ways to help himself when he's out there it was good to see him go out there on Saturday make some place for us seeing some some of the bigger guys covering I mean you're covering Keenan and Mike couple weeks ago to help prepare him for what he's gonna have yeah I hope you know I hope I think the more you go up against the same body types that style receiver you gain experience from it they're all a little bit different and how they play the game but anytime you can get those reps against those bigger guys and understand your skill set verse their skill set and how to maybe use yours to advantage or to protect yourself a little bit I think that plays into it Pollard and Zeke Elliott different backs that you have to make sure who's in the game at a different time or how different I think it's pretty similar with what they're doing schematically I don't think their their scheme changes a whole lot based on who's in there a little bit different running style they're both really good jump cut guys who can get back on those outside zones they can all stick their foot in the ground and cut and get downhill so I mean a little bit of variation in them but I think in terms of our defense we're just going to have to be able to fend the whole gamut in terms of their scheme done since he's gotten regular duty there's an inside lineback I think he's improving I do I think the more he plays the better he's going to be just seeing everything and I've alluded to it before just missing the off season missing training camp and then kind of get thrown in the fire here there's still some things he's catching up on you know and sometimes you got to catch up on the fly is what kind of where we're at right now but I do I see improvements as we go there's things that you look back on that he's learning from and he's not making the same mistake and it's really all you can ask when you're looking at development of football play you need to get in the end zone now we need to do what we can to stop the offense you know like hopefully we can continue to create some turnovers create some field position means that's part of the game and stuff to play defense in the league and stop teams drive after drive if you're not able to get some turnovers and then it's complementary football being able to put our offense in positions where they don't have to drive the length of the field you know it's hard it's hard on offense as we we preach that right like make them earn it if they got to drive the field make them earn it don't give them a big plays and at some point they're going to falter so as much as we can get those turnovers and set up good field position we'd like to be able to do that stress as far as tackling goes now not only practicing much in pads but you're not able to have a lot of speed practices either me how much difficult does that make it and how you think guys have handled it yeah I think it is it's hard at this point I mean the one thing about the NFL is we really don't do a whole lot of full speed tackling throughout you know I'm saying I think the technique is vital understanding angles is vital understanding how guys run what they're looking to do when they're in the open field or when they have some space but to us it's always been about our technique right being able to close the distance being able to come to balance not crossing over not hopping not taking poor angles not diving off the diving board being able to stay on our feet all those little things that I think you can rep in an individual drill on a bag or on another body where there's not full speed contact at the point his ups and downs he's had some really good plays like the interception that he called it on the tip and then he's also had some plays where he's gotten beat is that just typical for life as a rookie corner back in the league I hope not you know I hope we got high expectations for we do and everybody gets beat everybody does you like to be hopefully be able to respond and stop the next time but that's the life you live out there it's a tough position it is you're going out there you're gonna be one-on-one in a lot of situations especially as that ball gets down the field but you got to be able to have thick skin you got to be able to learn from it if something does happen you got to be able to turn the page and keep playing with confidence regardless of how beat up you might be about a certain play in that defensive room where it's like you know you talked to Simmons and he always says like we have to put out the fire and I mean we'll be honest as a situation where the defense is for the most part doing what they have to do offense is a bit of a lack like how do you go through that process like keeping that edge but also not pointing fingers yeah I mean I think there's a plenty of stuff that we can I mean we gave up nine points in the fourth quarter last week on two drives regardless of what happened like we didn't do enough to win that game we show one that game defensively by not letting them score in the fourth quarter you know and I mean we have expectation we have a standard here of what we're trying to do and our jobs to play defense regardless of all other stuff wherever the ball is our jobs to go out there and play defense they tell them all the time if the ball is inside the ten yard ten yard line our jobs to go and keep it there force a punt set up field position if they get it in plus territory our jobs the home to a field goal you know like that's the nature of the deal regardless of offense special teams whatever else is going on like put the ball down that's what we say put the ball down let's go out there and play football because our jobs to play defense regardless of where it's at says he's retiring your time with him what made a different guy yeah special player I mean he's obviously had a tremendous career I learned a lot from him that was early on when I was getting in the league but just makes unbelievable plays I think is worth that work ethic stands out really smart really dedicated to learning the game learning his opponent weekend and week out and then being able to translate that to the field and that was really good leader in that D line room when I was in Houston so happy for him congrats to him he's had one hell of a career obviously hopefully he can deserve a little time off and rest and taking care of that body a little bit several of those returns I guess Traylin and Robert were both back there was that something just Texans related weather related or how do you think that works for you a little bit of both obviously the weather was a little bit of a factor with the cold weather and also their punter did some different things whether he would hit a traditional punt or he would end up hitting a hook punt we would want to have two guys back there and plus it ends up having a little deception of we can do multiple things whether it's a throwback or reverse or one guy going up there and lean block and so we wanted to have them kind of guess a little bit which you kind of saw that out there they end up pointing out to our guys a little bit so really had had to deal with weather and a couple other things yeah you just say coach I need somebody no I mean KB is has been in our meetings all the time and like we said a couple years ago when he you know got paid he was the highest most expensive personal protector in the national football league too but you know KB is going to do anything that he can to help the team win and you know even during the season he's like coach anytime you need me out there at PP I'm more than willing I'm money hookers another guy that can do that stuff but we're happy to have a guy you know like KB back there kind of controlling the huddle gives our guys confidence to go out there and plus having another really good defensive player out there on punt team helps us out yeah if you ask him he'll say no and he would rather throw it almost every single time but you know that's the confidence that you like in him whether it's getting our protection right whether it's to go throw the ball run a fake or anything like that having a guy back there that you trust and you understand that he'll do whatever is best for the team gives us a lot of confidence chestnut has chestnut doing as as a kick returner and feel like he's getting a better feel for things yeah he is you know the last time he really did it was in in college early in his career so we threw him back there to see what he can do it's a big body a guy who can run north and south hopefully can break some arm tackles I think each time that he goes out there whether it's practice or in the game he builds more confident confidence in himself and then the players like him so they're willing to go block form so each and every time we feel more comfortable with Julius back there


Good evening, everybody, and a thousand welcomes. Giajeev goleir achoyd ja agus faultis fir roith chuygon achoyd speciall thyshaw. Fomit harfwet, wyach, giaf as ocht, a thee laurlin en ocht. So, I am Mary Galleher. I am Professor of French Studies in UCD's School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics. And I am the convener of APREN, or APREN, UCD's Asia Pacific Research Network. On behalf of UCD and especially on behalf of the APREN organizing team, I'd like to thank you for tuning in on this November evening to what is the last APREN seminar, Gathering of 2021. We are really very fortunate and are very grateful to be welcoming this evening for our last talk of the year, Professor Nathan Hill. Professor Hill is Sam Lam, Professor in Chinese Studies at Trinity College Dublin. He wears the hat of a director of the Trinity Center for Asian Studies. His PhD was awarded by Harvard in 2009. And prior to coming to Dublin, Professor Hill taught in London where he headed the Department of East Asian Languages at SOAS, the School of Oriental and African Studies in the University of London. He was also director of the London Confucius Institute. So Professor Hill's research fields are Tibetan linguistics, History of Chinese, Tibetan Burmese, Comparative Linguistics. I've written Berman here. I think that might be correct. And he also has a research interest in natural language processing for low resource languages. Professor Hill's research projects have been funded by the ERC, the AHRC in the UK and the British Academy. And they have been in the fields of Tibetan, Tibetan, Berman, Historical Linguistics, and also Sino-Tibetan Historical Linguistics. His most recent book appeared with Cambridge University Press in 2019. And the title is Historical Phonology of Tibetan Burmese and Chinese. Other titles from 2010, Tibetan Verb Stems and from 2009, Old Tibetan Inscriptions. Professor Hill's title this evening has nothing to do, I think, with the Verb Stems or Tibetan Inscriptions. But I think it's going to take us on a very interesting journey. It is the Chinese state approach to the national question in the 20th century. So thank you so much Nathan for coming to speak to us this evening and I give you Professor Nathan Hill. Well thank you very much Mary for this kind introduction and maybe I should begin by explaining that I've slightly changed the scope of the talk and first I'll explain the reason for that. Around the time I was hired at Trinity there was some discussion of China's approach to the national question in the pages of the Irish Times that I myself weighed in on and Mary actually kind of sort of in the aftermath of those discussions issued this invitation and I was too lazy to immediately take it up so there's been you know maybe six months of time that I permitted myself to prepare it and in the meantime actually I have organized a series of talks at the TCD that has touched on some of the same questions. So in particular Julia Schneider of University College Cork that gave a very interesting talk about the Republican period in China and then we've had several people speak about the recent Xi period. So then I had sort of to some extent you know taken out the support from underneath my own planned presentation. So what I'm going to do tonight is to zoom out a little bit and talk about the national question in slightly broader terms and then we'll sort of travel towards China in the 20th century. And I should excuse myself that then it's a very broad scope and involves a number of topics that I myself not particularly expert in so I'm you know just learning but I see a kind of story that can be told and if any of you feel like I have grossly misrepresented some some thing that you know more about then you can please kindly you know correct me at the end. So I'm going to start my story with with the word nation which comes from Latin nazio it's a it's a it's a noun that's that's that comes from a denominator verb and means to be born the the the verb and in sort of in Latin texts it could mean people, tribe, family, any kind of group that maybe has some commonality to do with birthplace in particular but not only it might be sort of people with a shared interest for instance like even like a hobby yeah but particularly in in in Cicero and in the church fathers a nation as opposed to other words like familio or gans or something meant foreigners or gentiles. So in terms of the nation becoming a sort of social political reality this happens in in in late 12th century early 13th century Bologna at the founding of the University of Bologna where many students from outside of the city of Bologna had come to study and they found it useful to organize basically in their struggles with the city fathers into nations so there were there were 14 or or it depended on the time period 13 14 nations in the called the ultra montane university and then there was also a cis montane university so the cis montane university was for all those nations from from Italy and then the ultra montane university was for all those nations from the other side of the Alps so you had nations like France, Spain, Provencal, Picard, Normandy and and what were these nations they were they were a group of students from that area that had had had a function in the administration of the university the university was a collection of nations and they were democratically organized they had they had you know legal rights within the recognized by the city and importantly tying back to this this notion of foreigners citizens of Bologna studying at the university were not members of a nation because because they were under the jurisdiction of the city so that's how you get this understanding that nation as foreigner comes to mean nation as you know a group of students organized for the purposes of university administration according to where they were from and actually in the best documented nation from Bologna is the is the German nation and in in 1306 the rule was it was based on your birthplace but in 1417 the rule was it had to do with your native language particular in the in the German nation which covered Bohemia and covered Hungary it was a huge territory so so that's where we get that you know that's we get the first manifestation of of nation as a as a social political category for the organization of human beings and it enters into let's say international politics through ecclesiastical councils so the first ecclesiastical council where bishops voted according to nation rather than just sort of each bishop has one vote was at the council of Constance in in which lasted from 1414 to 1418 but this actually culminated a trajectory so so sort of you can sort of distinguish three phases at first it was just convenient for lobbying purposes for for the curia or the pope to sort of meet bishops by nation right it makes sense like French bishops have some things in common maybe some shared interests you can't meet all the bishops to to lobby individually so you you you meet them for lobbying purposes according to nation and then at the council of Pisa which is the one right before Constance voting was according to nation in the sense of calling upon bishops to cast their votes according to nation this is like the I don't I mean as an American I compared to like the democratic convention where you call on you know Vermont and then you say who do you cast your votes for but but it's but they don't just have one vote as Vermont you know each delegate has a vote so that's how things were in Pisa but in Constance it was each nation gets exactly one vote and I can't help but sharing a fact that kind of two thirds of the way through the council the French delegates were of the opinion that England was too small to to to to constitute a nation and then the English or let's say the bishops you know who who constituted the English nation wrote a rebuttal where where a lot of their argument for for England counting as a nation involved that it was composed of many kingdoms like you know in the same way that Germany or France was composed of many kingdoms eight kingdoms in particular four of them from Ireland so you know I think that's I don't know I found that a a fact worth telling this this audience about so so then we have already you know we have the nation goes from a an organizational unit for university administration and then clearly you know because these bishops many of them had been trained in universities they brought that idea to to the the forum of international politics now the next step is to actually to to to change the political jurisdiction of the world to reflect nations and this is a process I don't know very much about but I think it can be addressed in in in a theoretical and historical way so I'll start with the theoretical which is it's it's clearly tied to the rise of capitalism and why we can ask ourselves is the nation state a useful form of political organization for for capitalism and there's a big literature here but I'm just going to rely on Rosa Luxemburg because I I I find that she has a pretty good answer where the key factors include the creation of a home market so in a in one of these you know nested political regimes of feudalism you had trade barriers everywhere but for capitalism it's useful to to flatten out and have sort of free market areas and so the creation of the home market was was an important consideration in in the organization of of of political and social life into nation states and then the other one was the the exercise of legal violence at the nation state level so on the one hand you want if you're a member of the bourgeoisie you want your life to be peaceful right you want to be able to not hire your own soldiers to watch your house but on the other hand you also want to be able to use the army to to open up markets abroad and to yeah to to to help your interests your commercial and economic interests so that's that's her argument for why the nation state is a sort of good form of social organization for under for capitalism and then how does it come to be well I think it's pretty clear that it starts in england and I won't go into the details but you know the war of the roses sort of gives you the the result of the war the roses is that it's clear that only one person has legal jurisdiction over the use of violence in the territory you get the dissolution of the monasteries which kind of flattens out land ownership structures around well and and and and to create sort of pride more private holdings in in land and then this process let's say really significantly results in the civil war where you can really say you know the budding capitalist farmer class takes over the state and then in the same breath we can mention the Dutch revolution the French revolution and by now it's it's pretty clear that the nation state as an organizational form is on the march and then I think you have two two sort of forms of political organization on the global stage in let's say the 17th century to the early 19th century and those are the nation states so england france holland and then Germany and and Italy which which bring together small polities to to to match some preconceived notion of a nation and then you also have a large multinational empire so the ottomans and the austrians and the russians and the chinese these are all you know vast multinational empires and and the sort of idea of the nation state the ideology of the nation state would require that they be carved up into their constituent nations and that process I think probably begins with the independence of greece from the ottoman empire and really culminates in the in the force for war where where both ottoman empire and and austria and to a lesser extent russia are are carved up into their constituent nations each each one or maybe not each one but many of them getting their own states so now is is where I want to jump to the the national question in in international socialism which is going to very clearly inform the chinese context so the sort of in in those days there was something called the social democracy which meant which was explicitly marxist and it was only later that that social democracy split into the more reformist kind of approach that we now associate with the word social democracy and and and communism so before that split we we talked internationally about the social democracy and there was a discussion where where it's it's clear that on the one hand socialism was sort of on the side of the underdog in general that's the sort of idea but on the other hand it was meant to be international and and I just want to highlight what I see as a sort of you know to really use a marxist term a contradiction imminent in socialism from the beginning which is even the articulation of being international prescribes the idea of of the nation in itself and for instance in in the organization of the first international so the the the international working men's association there were delegates from different nations there was a french delegate and a german delegate whatnot so at the same time that that as a as a political goal the obliteration of the nation state as a form of social organization was in sites that that that's you know concept of the nation state was actually inscribed into their own practice so so there was a debate within social democracy about what what should we you know how should we approach the national question and then there were very specific national questions how should we approach the polish question how should we approach the irish question and some people thought it should really be taken on a case by case basis it's argued that this was the approach of of of marx and angles and it certainly was the approach of rosa luxembourg that you had to you had to look at a struggle for national liberation and you had to say you know is this particular struggle on the side of progress in history or is it progressive or is it progressive is it reactionary and and size up the the concrete circumstances on the ground but the official policy of social democratic parties you know led by the social democrat social democratic party of germany let's say before at the very end of the 19th century turn of the 20th century was that nations should have the right to self-determination and then i will talk specifically about an essay called marxism and the national question by joseph stallin from 1913 which is you know significantly before the russian revolution where uh so he was georgian and partly because of that because he was a a member of a of a minority nationality uh lenin called on him to sort of write the position paper for um for what the bolshevik position should be on the national question and and what he said was that nations should have you know reiterated the orthodox position basically nations should have the right to self-determination including secession if they if they wanted they should have the right to uh education in their in their own language uh and if they choose to be part of larger polity such as russia they would have the right to local autonomy but um it should be noted that he saw that as necessarily territorially contiguous so uh in particular the context of his 1913 paper was against this organization called the bund which was a social democratic organization primarily or no no exclusively organized around or for the for the benefit of the jews living in in russia who argued that you know you you could be jewish and live anywhere in russia there was no specific territory to point to um but in this article stalin was saying that that um uh local autonomy should really be tied to a jurisdiction uh and you know everyone in that jurisdiction would then collectively exercise that local economy rather than having sort of an id card that says you know you're a georgian but you're living in i don't know kazakhstan you still vote with the georgians he didn't like that idea at all so that was the the position uh that stalin articulated in 1913 and then that was adopted uh by the communist party of china and um now i should just make a slight digression and say that uh that in the qing dynasty um the uh the the qing recognized and i sort of don't know what term to use here because i don't want to say nation i don't want to say ethnic group right um but the the qing organized itself with a recognition that the the manchus the mongols the tibetans the weigur and the chinese those five peoples all had a distinct constitutional if you like relationship to the state and that was kind of similar to austria and the ottoman empire um so i won't dwell on it but you know the the the managers were in charge and they were organized into banners they lived in special plate parts of town they had a special haircut um uh and they they tried very hard to maintain their linguistic and and cultural identity despite uh being very thin on the ground and and all you know knowing chinese and being spread all throughout china uh the mongols and the tibetans had um a lot of scope for uh local decision-making let's say uh the weigurs had been only recently incorporated into this state and were clearly the sort of um the sort of extra group so just by way of example there's a large dictionary uh uh compiled under the shangshi emperor uh which which gave words in uh in the first edition gave words in in the four languages uh chinese mongolian tibetan uh and uh and manchu uh but then they came out with a later addition that added weigur and i think that's a nice metaphor for how the state kind of conceptualized the the weigurs and then the other groups that we would we would now see as national minorities or or or i should have said minority nationalities uh like the hanyi or the yi or the lisu in mostly in yunnan uh were were really kind of off the jing dynasty's radar and and were were considered as others yeah and and and there's a book for instance it is sort of illustrated book of peoples of the world and it has you know about a hundred um peoples like this in it but also includes you know the french and the dutch and sort of other uh peoples of the world yeah uh then in the in in when the jing dynasty was overthrown those uh chinese nationalists who saw themselves as or saw that as an important goal uh conceptualized in terms of uh anti-colonial national liberation struggle we need to cast off uh the yoke of the chinese sorry the manchu oppressors in the same way that we have to cast off the yoke of the english and the french and then there was a question of course how shall we relate to the other nations that live inside of china and and uh let me just say that in the republican period there were multiple views on that question uh ranging from let them have their own nation states to um to they must all become chinese uh and the the republic of china never really had the the stability the control on the ground to both effectively articulate a coherent uh let's say position on uh the the national question nor to implement it but the uh the the china the chinese communist party uh when they came to power in 1949 they had made their position clear that that it was the position that stalin articulated in 1913 so the first uh thing they then had to do was figure out how many nations uh they were governing so uh oh and i should say that they they they had already by this time promised that uh that the minority nationalities would be given uh representation in the people's congress according to population uh before they knew how many they they were going to be so then they conducted a census and and in in using a methodology that would be approved of by many people today uh they they left the the question what uh nationality are you open so you could write anything you could say you could answer anything um and the result is that they got a little over 400 different answers now 14 of those uh included uh over 100 000 people uh so uh including things like uh i mean well certainly tibetan but also uh things like mong or juang but as many as 20 of these uh of these answers only one person gave uh and there was also an other you know option that or like you could write anything right so so how many people wrote other yeah or uh it was over 30 000 people who did that uh so when they looked at this and they said well now what this isn't going to work if we give these 20 nations that only have one person in them equal you know proportional representation in the in the uh in the in the people's congress then every single chinese citizen is going to have to sit in the people's congress and that's not it's not going to work so then they uh the state sort of told the ethnographers okay go back and and revise this list to to have fewer yeah and they did that under enormous time pressure and came up with this list of uh 56 that are in use now and um particularly important in doing that in unan was the work of the the british colonial officer and amateur linguist uh hp davies who had compiled uh word lists from throughout uh unan and and had sort of argued that because these people's words are similar to these people you could kind of glom together various um groups into into larger groups so this was a consultative process so it wasn't like the state just said okay you guys you're in this in this minzu uh but uh sorry nation but um but but you know if if if if you if you were to low down on the list of numbers then you basically had to decide which which of the larger nations you wanted to belong to and there are some strange uh results from this um for example there's one village in unan uh where there's a people called the katsu who decided for reasons having to do with their own sense of identity uh and and the history of their of their ruling dynasty that they would be classified as mongols even though uh they lived among people who ended up being classified as ye from a linguistic perspective you can look at the low lowest family of the low lowest language family it has four distinct branches uh some of those branches have multiple nations in them like the honey and the gino but then a nation like the ye actually includes speakers of languages across those four branches and then in those in situations like that one language in this case no su was was chosen as the language for that nation um so so um yeah so uh you know china has over 400 languages spoken in uh but only 56 of them are sort of recognized by the state and even in the in the practice of of um of linguistics in china it's kind of politically correct to to not say that things are different languages than the official language of their minzu to give one example there's a family the the gyaronic family which is spoken there's about seven seven or seven to twelve languages in the gyaronic family um and it's it's manifestly as related to Tibetan as it is the chinese or burmese it's it's kind of part of that same sort of Tibetan family but um but very interesting and divergent but the gyarong speakers are classified as as Tibetan so as the sort of social reality on the ground is that the gyarongs are understood by Tibetans as speaking kind of bad Tibetan uh and quickly depending on where you live in the gyarong speaking area people are switching either to Amdo Tibetan or to Mandarin chinese so just a few words about um how nationality's policy worked you know uh both in theory and in practice there are some there was there have been some benefits to being a member of a minority nationality those in included regional autonomy and and that manifested in things like the the governor of your province or or prefecture would be a member of your ethnicity uh you would be given extra points on the college entrance exam you could also there's a special sort of college preparatory year available between high school and university for um four members of of minority nationalities there are quotas for government jobs in um in uh in uh regional in in in autonomous uh national regions uh and and and the rules about how those quotas are filled uh are set uh at the at the local level so for instance in in in our Mongolia there's you know so many percentage uh that that of government jobs for Mongolians and and they're in our Mongolia they've decided that to qualify for that you have to speak Mongolian uh whereas um in other regions uh there are still those quotas for government jobs but there's no requirement uh to speak uh the local language and then also uh the one child policy was uh was not applied to um to members of minority nationalities um some people will say that uh a lot of these measures are were sort of existed in paper only or um or or I have to put it that um that the the the minority nationalities have not exercised real autonomy I think what is most clear is that the right to secede uh which the communist party was perfectly happy to see out of Mongolia exercise in in uh in I think it was in the early 30s when they did that um that right is is no longer considered uh something that uh that that nationalities should exercise um other than that I I would I would say from my perspective that um the the thing that constitutes the non-freedom of uh national minorities is the one party system which applies equally across China yeah so and that these things these policies like extra points on college admissions you know did have a concrete meaning to to those people who who um who they apply to um a lot of this was sort of not really applied during the cultural revolution because in during the cultural revolution everyone had a lot of other things on their mind but but uh in the sort of late 70s or you know in 79 early 80s uh I think there was a renewed attempt both also in in legislation to to stick by the policies uh from you know implied by the 1913 article of Stalin's uh but uh starting in the in the sort of mid to late 2000s uh when there were sort of ethnic violence in in Tibet and in Xinjiang uh certain members of the Chinese intelligentsia started to articulate the opinion that this framework this this this traditional approach to the national question was no longer fit for purpose and there's two schools of thought there that are that are most worth mentioning uh one is associated with Maron uh who argued that China should have a kind of melting pot uh a sort of civic society where where um national identity would melt away uh in and be replaced with a loyalty to the um to the state and to to a to a new nationality called the Zhonghua Minzu I mean it had been articulated from the beginning of the of the of the republic and and even earlier uh but no one really goes around thinking I'm uh Zhonghua they think I'm Chinese or I'm Tibetan um and that any exercise of of difference would be relegated to your private life yeah you know you can speak Tibetan in at home you can go to your Buddhist monasteries uh you know by without having it interfere with the public sphere the other thinkers were were two people with the last name who who authored articles so they're called in literature the two who's and and they had a more uh let's say aggressively assimilationist stance which was that it would be better for everyone if uh if even in private people would just put away their um their antiquated uh you know backward identities and joined the modern uh Chinese uh identity uh and the the state has never officially uh changed its policy um and in fact reiterated uh a sort of commitment to continuity uh with the sort of framework that Stalin laid out in 1913 but if you look at actual practice uh even in speeches of of Xi Jinping there are sort of phrases that are lifted from articles by the the two who's and the the extra points on on the college entrance exam is being phased out one child policy is already gone so that the special you know exemption from it is no longer relevant the um extra year uh possible year but but after high school and before college that's also on the way out um minority or uh teaching in the local language has been has not been obliterated it still exists to some extent but has been quite radically curtailed and even in kindergarten now all all teaching should be medium of Chinese so um so that's the the state of play at the moment which is more or less let's say an implicit repudiation of um of the the socialist approach to the nationality to the national question but I want to sort of end by saying that that uh my own observation is that this change in uh nationality's policy is kind of linked to a broader embracing of the conceptualization of China as a nation state which is which is part of this contradiction that emerged uh you know from early on in social democracy um and you know Mao clearly thought of China as a nation state and thought that it was important for China to be strong as a nation state and I think Xi Jinping is just applying the logic inherent in the social form of the nation state that that um that one state should have one nation and the way to do that is either like in Austria you break you break up the Austrian empire and you say okay the the Czechs get their own nation and the Hungarians get their own nation or the other thing you can do is you can say everyone who belongs to a minority a nation has to assimilate to the majority nation and that's another way that you can you can get this one-to-one map between um between the state and and the nation so uh you know when we are tempted to critique changes in um in Chinese nationality's policy I you know I would encourage us to understand that uh in that critique should be a critique or or may well be a critique of the nation state as a if you like a technology of social political organization um and that's I think where I will end my talk thank you so much Nathan uh for that most wide-ranging and I have to say uh spellbinding uh tour d'horizon is the only word that really comes to mind because you really plan I mean I did say you were going to be taking us on a on a journey I I didn't I didn't think it was going to be just quite as um as expansive for me I mean it really did certainly expand my horizons so I'd just like to tell everybody that questions are um really warmly uh uh invited and the thing to do is to find your Q&A button on your screen and to type in your question there this is a webinar format so that's the best way of communicating your your question so um I suppose I'm just going to actually do what I should have done already I should have already opened so I'm just opening my Q&A just to make sure that I don't miss any questions that that are asked and of course I have one ready myself um and it's it's this question uh Nathan I'm just wondering I think it might be a little bit from left field but still I go ahead I'm just wondering nowadays do you think there is what could be called creolization going on um in in China um and I'm not really thinking so much of languages as you know nations or cultures and um and sort of identifications and belongings and that's I suppose that's one half of the question and the other half is well there are two other there's third there are three thirds if you like so that's the first question first third the second third is is there you know is there is this would this be linked to mobility I mean I know there are a lot of migrant workers in in China and I'm just wondering you know about but I understood that that migration of workers was just for one year and then you would have to go back to base um that you wouldn't be allowed to kind of migrate and settle so to do it's got to do with maybe internal borders between these different languages and identification groups and I did have there was a third element oh yes it's to do with visible difference I mean so people have in their heads what you described as you don't let's say home languages which don't really get um you know which don't really which they don't really necessarily associate with that much in the public sphere but is there is there also you know um a sort of a visible difference element to all of this I'm sorry for throwing three at you oh no that's fine I've I've got it covered okay so um I'll just start even though you said not to take it from a linguistic perspective I will start with the the linguistic perspective on realization which is that you know yeah even at the sort of height of um of um what to say generosity on the part of the state vis-a-vis um local languages like sponsoring publications and having local language education straight through university uh it was a social reality that you know to get ahead in life uh no good knowledge of chinese would be helpful and for for for um for certain kinds of interactions with the state or with commerce a good knowledge of chinese was necessary so um under that context uh you started getting lots of loan words uh and when I was in lasa in in uh 2001 it was clear that uh you know although although there was there was no question that that the Tibetan was a thriving language that that all of the vocabulary of of modern life was sort of the default was chinese and um and I'll just give an example that I remember which is I was talking to to someone just you know the coffee shop or something and then and then she turned to someone to ask what the Tibetan in Tibetan she asked what the Tibetan word for dictionary was using the chinese word for dictionary and that's a funny one to me because of course as a as a learner of Tibetan that was certainly a word I knew yeah um so that so that's so so crealization as a linguistic phenomenon certainly going on and then particularly in Amdo there has been a sort of reaction against that uh of like we we must you know not use uh chinese loan words and we must always find a Tibetan word to use instead uh and and that um actually one thing to point out about that particular let's say manifestation of nationalism has has not I have not seen any uh sense in which it's uh threatened considered threats to to to to the nation to well to the state and maybe that's just because people people who don't speak into bed and don't even notice that it's happening but uh but anyhow that there is that sort of met that very typical you know like uh like German in the in the early 19th century uh let's get it rid of all the French loan words uh so so that is going on specifically in Amdo in in in Tibet now the now onto migration that the that you were referring to this um so back in the day one of the ways that so the the economic policy of during the Mao period was to basically extract resources from the countryside and to spend them on heavy industry in the cities and that was done with with fixing prices to to sort of make sure that happened you know keep agricultural products cheap keep industrial products expensive but then what kept farmers from just moving to the city well they had you were you were registered everyone had their local registration and and your work group leader had to approve you know your marriage all sorts of things right so uh that system is currently still in place uh a lot of the powers associated with it have been loosened but for instance actually an amusing case is um you oftentimes hear about how good math education is in Shanghai well that math education is only measured on those people who who have the right to live in Shanghai who go to these these the actuals who are allowed to go to school in Shanghai uh who are really an elite group at this point right uh so so you get this this situation where people do migrate to the cities and they work as a kind of urban proletariat without any kind of legal standing and then they have to go home to the countryside for all of their or certain kinds of interactions with the state now in the old days one of the ways you would you would encourage uh let's say Chinese colonization of peripheral regions is by uh giving the people the right to change their locality of registration if they serve for a while you know in out west and and this was I talked to some some people in in the early 2000s who were Chinese who were taxi drivers or construction workers who availed themselves of this opportunity everyone hated all the Chinese people they hated living into that they thought they didn't like the altitude they didn't like the climate they hated it um but if I think you had to work there seven years and then you had the the right to live anywhere in China so then you would move to Beijing so that that that's kind of that let's say to the extent that there was a policy of of demographic replacement and I don't know whether there was or not but it has been sort of successful but not super successful right um and now what you see happening especially in Xinjiang is that if you uh so so most people let's say most people have been released from the vocational rehabilitation centers um and are either back home or are in actual prison and many of the the the the internment centers have been turned into prisons but also if you if you're unemployed in Xinjiang if you just sort of turn up at the you know the job center and say oh I'm unemployed they'll say well here's a bus to work in a factory in the east yeah um so there there is an attempt specifically with with Uyghurs I don't know about other people uh to to encourage let's say uh migration out east um and and then the who's definitely promoted sort of international mingling as one way of withering away national identity and so I think that well let's say one perspective on on both moving or incentivizing on or Chinese people to move to the west and incentivizing westerners to move back east might be let's say at the ideological level this this inter uh international mingling but uh you know other people we had this uh this webinar a few months ago and this question came up around this around the Uyghurs other people would say it's it's partly a way of in in the context of rising wages in China overall it's a way of maintaining a kind of proletarian working class by by let's say ethnicizing that class so and then that kind of turns nicely to your third point which is kind of the the meaning of phenotype where let's say and I haven't heard much discussion about this in China but I have one friend whose prediction is that or or he says look at the US in the US we were we were able to take people from another continent and and strip them of their language of their religion of of any kind of continuity of culture and and treat them as property yeah and and yet they have not you know fully assimilated into the majority group yeah and and that might to some extent have to do with a sort of phenotypical uh uh identifiability but I think it's also just clearly really useful for for for capitalism yeah um so so my friend's prediction is that is that a consequence of this approach of everyone speak Chinese everyone you know stuck being your your buddhist or muslim or whatever you have to be you know be Chinese speak Chinese eat Chinese food it doesn't it won't necessarily obliterate a national identity yeah I mean I would be tempted to say of course that Ireland has some experience with this vis-a-vis the UK you know we're speaking English right now and why is that you know um but but you know the UK despite uh you know spending a thousand years and a great deal of time and effort and money on on uh facing the Irish nation they weren't uh successful right so uh and and let's say again using a sort of you know uh Marxist terminology I would say in a in a dialectical way the more heavy handed your efforts uh to to a face uh national identity are the more likely that that will provoke dialectically a an assertion of of difference thank you so much for that for that wonderful answer Nathan and I see that there is a another question you're not going to get much rest um so this is a question from uh and now Nori Kodate so it's uh China's approach to the national question to what extent has it been shaped by globalization in many western nations the nation state model has been challenged in recent years due to globalization and so we have the erosion of national autonomy um in uh the shaping of domestic economy uh for example and uh now is wondering if there is something different and unique happening in China you know due to its position in the world so that's his question so we might have to kind of you know sit around and have a beer to to scratch under the surface of that question but it it seems to me like the there well there there are two there are two things that are well yeah no well here's a here's a few thoughts certainly um immigration uh has an effect on the national question you know so like in in ireland now you have a lot of Brazilians and you have a lot of Nigerians and whatnot and and I think that that implicitly is a challenge to to the notion of a nation state I think it's generally understood that newcomers should assimilate somehow yeah that there's some that's the kind of American model that Mao Rong was promoting uh of course you know with people who who have not chosen to move somewhere but have always lived there like like the the Mongols in Mongolia um that's a different question and and actually some American scholars think that we should not talk about Chinese nationalities policy but but instead talk about indigenous peoples and indigenous rights I sort of feel like the discourse of indigeneity kind of accepts the inevitability of one particular nation winning and and the other one's not winning in a way that I'm a little uncomfortable with but I understand which is why I've tried to really tell this story from from the perspective of you know China's own ideology which is a social democracy uh the the other thing that you know that could be being mentioned is that um is that I think it's clear that uh I don't know let's say the Bretton Woods institutions are used to constrain the sovereignty of post-colonial nation states uh in in some kind of Erzach's colonialism uh that we call globalization uh and it's clear that that China is is is smart about interacting with that regime let's say and and the way I think of it is that that western governments think that the political exists inside of the economic so that that kind of the relations of production you know cannot be politically questioned this is the the the the sort of thatcherite you know there is no alternative right uh whereas in China they may they may love their international capitalism but they know the political is the wider circle and the economic exists at the at the leisure if you like of the political and and and we'll use the economic as a political tool thanks very much Nathan um I don't think there are any other questions in in the chat and it is uh one minute past seven I was just wondering if I could just ask one last question and it's it's it's a sort of fairly um limited one but it's just it it really is uh sort of pressing on my mind um is there do you do you think that there is a sense in China that you know being multilingual is sort of in any way a positive thing and if so what would be the languages that it would be really good to be multilingual in you know the answer is unambiguously English yeah that um uh you have to study a foreign language in in high school uh in in China and there's a limited list it's something like English German French Spanish and Japanese but uh you know effectively everyone chooses English there there is some indication really just in the last year that um that let's say if China is really going to be a kind of systemic rivalry the United States then then then English can't be as important as it has been in in China so so in particular I forget whether it's grade school in in Shanghai you know no longer they're no longer teaching English and that's considered a sort of uh you know a a sign of the changing winds there's been a discussion for a long time about uh not requiring it for university entrance exams but I don't think there's any there's any sign that let's say that discussion has gotten more active and more loud but I don't think there's any sign that policy will be changing on that right and would you see any the sorry a follow-up question but just would you see is there any sort of natural competitor in that out of that list to English you know no it's Chinese if it's not English you know there's there's I think there's yeah I don't want to sort of fall into a certain kind of discourse it's becoming quite common now but it's clear that that that Chinese is as China becomes more important economically politically in in in academia you know let's I'm just talk personally you know when I decided to learn Chinese or Japanese first I chose Japanese because the quality of scholarship coming out of Japan at the time was much higher than that that was coming out of China and the quality of scholarship coming out of Japan has not gone down but the quality of scholarship coming out of China has gone way up and and also way up in quantity so so I think that um you know China as China becomes a more important country on the global stage Chinese becomes a more important language on the global stage but on the other hand actually if you look at like like really in the hard sciences kind of 15 years ago people still wrote in Chinese maybe because they just didn't have the knowledge to write in English whereas now the language of publication of academic work especially in the sciences is is English but I mean I think that's comparable to Germany for instance whereas Germany doesn't see it as a particular threat that English is the lingua franca of of the global thanks for that um so I don't think there are any more questions so I think it really just remains for me to to free you Nathan after you've really given us enormous value for that was that was an extraordinarily illuminating an extraordinarily illuminating talk and it kept going it just kept going right through the the answers to those questions so I really want to thank you so much for having accepted that invitation though all those months ago and all I can say is it was worth the wait oh thank you so much so thank you thank you so much and of course I'm just


Nesmith threw a switch at the side of the room, opening the bulkhead, maintained direct eye contact with the object at all times. A buzzer sounded, and the locking mechanisms of the bulkhead clicked in word. F***ing finally, said D-42-749. Once the door was locked behind them, D-42-749 and Dr. Henderson found themselves face to face with the good ol' concrete and rebar god of destruction itself. Due to a recent cleaning operation, the floor was mercifully white for a change. Dr. Henderson sighed and tightened his grip on the box. Excuse me, 42749, would you do me a quick favor? D-42-749 grunted. Close your eyes, give your eyelids a rest.


Good morning everybody I'm Tommy O'Brien coming alive from TFNN headquarters in St. Petersburg, Florida. It's Tuesday 9 a.m. Eastern time 30 minutes to go until that opening bell and we got markets right around flat territory right now. Dow futures up five points right now that's after a record close yesterday in the Dow Dow Jones futures trading 27,065 S&P futures flat trading at 3087 Nasdaq futures positive by three trading at 82 53 we got the note in the bond market back open today after being closed yesterday for Veterans Day notes and bonds flat the tenure yield yielding 1.93 percent right now we've got oil up 30 cents at 57 17 we got the gold contract right now down $4 and 20 cents at 14 52 gold actually making it with a 14 49 handle yesterday we'll start things off we'll jump over the charts we'll start it off with the indices Dow Jones trading 27,670 actually made it up to a high at about 1 a.m. of 27,715 there's your Nasdaq 100 trading at 82 55 the high at a similar time of 82 73 just after 1 a.m. Eastern time S&P 500 trading at 3,088 reached a high of 3,093 87 the high on that future intraday even or overnight not closing the high overall 3097 so right up near those highs for the S&P crude oil market $57 and 19 cents right now there's your gold contract actually eeked into a 14 49 print at 1 a.m. gold trading at 14 55 right now and the euro us dollar trading at 1 10 21 terms of what else you have happening today big day for disney and their future as they launch their disney plus streaming service so that launching today they're going to have a plethora of different titles from their history betting big on the nostalgia for disney plus they also have the bundle that you can get for hulu and ESPN plus pretty affordable pricing whether it's 699 i believe for disney plus your package them all together you get 1299 jumping over to the disney chart this morning this is an hourly chart we're looking at and you see disney looking open at about 138 closed yesterday at 136 74 actually hit a high of 14184 overnight after their earnings other news tyson foods out with their earnings looking to open lower 81 75 and you also got dh horton out with their earnings as well look an open higher 5407 closed at 5265 stay tuned folks larry pesavento coming up live with trade what you see at 9 a.m i'll be back at 10 o'clock with tom live programming all day at tf net we'll be right back


What's up, everybody happy your release day guys 2021 tops tier one baseball is here and it sold out This is a 12 box case for a figurines number one So let's get this rolling guys Here we go So we have the case right here A little top snipe also guys here is the list of customer names in the break itself Here are the customers that are part of the R&B That R&B includes the Orioles the Angels the Dodgers and the Texas Rangers We got like this new like huge monitor, but we got rid of the second monitor. So So usually tier one has like two autos and one relic there's times where there's an extra hit Just depends All right, there we go. We got a Ken Griffey jr. It's a 2.99 That is Cincinnati Reds Edition Ken Griffey Alex Gordon That is number to 300 for the Kansas City Royals And Joey Bart to start us off 9 out of 25 For the Giants That's like little bronze ink San Francisco Giants that is Jeremy R to 2.99 the big hurt Frank Thomas to 157 Chicago White Sox, that's Raymond Also, too, I don't think we've hit any R&Bs here, right? And here's a redemption guys. Good luck you're due to receive a breakout autograph of Jonathan Razu Boston Red Sox Rose Sarn Arose Boston Red Sox though that is Howard for Nano Tatis To 1.99 little junior there for the Padres Ethan with that one Tristan McKenzie to 300 Cleveland and Tim Hudson Alright next one Brandon Woodruff John Crook to 300 and Jordan Alvarez That is to 173 out of 100 for the Here's an actual going to King D. That's two more bottom. Oh, sorry. What do we have eight boxes left including this one? Also guys for flawless. We're that much closer now We're down to five left in the Chargers R&B and we are down to two left in the Vikings R&B That's all close. We are guys Try to get that done. I already brought that case out of flawless guys trade Turner To 2.99. We are Johan Moncada 300 Chicago White Sox and Alex Burdue go to 300 for the Boston Red Sox White Sox then Red Sox Powered about Andy Pettit. We got Nick Heath to 10 for the Royals Robert Montgomery Johnny Damon for the Red Sox a lot of hits for the Red Sox so far 190 at 300 Will Smith Keston to 300 and Monty Harrison for the Miami Marlins to 300 I with that one for the Cubs sorry, I was just looking at the Thing right there David Boat who tea comes David champ to 300 That is for the Minnesota Twins Why I say dang it for rebel was that a guy you're chasing and Dylan Carlson for the St. Louis Cardinals Ben Young Wow nobody none for the no good to you for the R&B teams Am I trippin out? Oh wait, I'll just did have one This is 30 Zero that's going to Brandon. Just that one just that one relic for our boxes Gotcha, gotcha Clark Schmidt to 300 for the Yankees Louise Castillo to 300 since Eddie Reds and three autographs in this one Scott Rowland for the Cardinals we got Jose Altuve Houston Sicto Sanchez to 300 For the Marlins there you go and Reese Hoskins two out of ten For the Phillies Philly's is gonna dare it. All right to laugh guys. I'm French. I was going at two relics now this one William McCovey 35 out of 149 legends relic That is San Francisco Giants and Xander Bogus at 299 and Starley Marta to 300 for the Marlins. I already got his last box man I'll try to remember what the case is would be but don't remember Tony Gwynn 24 to 25 R&P. Oh, is it that tier one? Did I already pull that pull one of those tier one autographs? Derek Jeter Relic. Oh, gosh. I think that Frank Thomas was one of the tier ones Yankees Derek Jeter Relic little pinstripe 24 at 299 going to Hank and the last one guys is a Gary Sheffield to 300 for the Florida Marlins, which would be going to Miami Marlins Going to I There you go guys. Unfortunately. There's only one hit for the Baltimore Orioles angels Dodgers and Texas Rangers But still a lot of nice names though sick though Sanchez dude, what is that? But Some nice stuff still coming out of here guys, you know tier one's a big hit or miss it isn't pretty nice product and pretty affordable But it is tougher to get some of the bigger bigger hits, but you could get some really really nice stuff out of here though I know they have bat knobs and stuff like that. I Think that Frank Thomas is right I think that was one of those tier one autographs Yeah, Joey Bart in the beginning as well So I appreciate you guys that was tier one picotin number one number twos in the store jaskies case breaks.com


Before we get into the video guys, I am giving away 11,500 Apex coins every single month to being with a chance to win them, make sure you are subbed to this channel, drop a like on the video and leave a comment down below. More details are in the video description. What is going on guys, welcome back to the channel and I appreciate you being here. Today I bring you another Apex Legends video and today I bring you more news going forward with a game via new in-game data mining files which have been found which indicates some possible new exciting mods coming. But before we go any further guys, if you do enjoy the video and would like to show your support you can by hitting that like button and if you are new around here and want to stay up to date with all the greatest and latest Apex Legends news, be sure to subscribe. Ok guys, so this information comes from real Apex Leaks or from Twitter whose link can be found within the video description. Ok so a few new mods have been found and today we will check out what they offer. Well firstly through the data mining file seen on screen now we can see a new mod called Classic. Now firstly one would ask, how is a game that's been out less than a month have a game mod called Classic? Well I feel this is response way of implementing something from a past game which is set within the same gaming world and that is Titan 4. Titan 4 is the only classic game which I feel could be a part of what's meant here, especially as like I said they are part of both the same worlds. Notice it says Junkie enabled as well as Warrun enabled. I mean people, it's pretty obvious what this means. Also important to mention these data mine files come from newly updated game files which were not in the game when it first launched. These game files have been added a lot like many of the data mine files I have covered and will cover over the next few days. These have been implemented into the game files as possible future features. Now I have made many videos covering all the leaks we have seen drop and that playlist can be found linked within the video description if you do want to check it out. Some great exciting modes seen there like raids, solo's, duos, 12v12, 24 and 24 team deathmatch and so much more. But yeah guys this classic game mode does sound fun especially if Warrun and Jumpkits are a part of it. But we will see people these early stages at the moment so this information is super new. Well if any new information drops I will have you guys covered right here on my channel. So yes a Titanfall classic game mode coming to Apex Legends. That sounds epic. Let me know what you think about this down below in that comment section. Okay so let's move on to another game mode coming to Apex Legends which also sounds amazing. No doubt like most new game modes we have seen it will be a limited time mode and this new mode is called Recruit. So it seems as though this recruit mode will be something entirely new as far as I am aware from any battle royale game. And from what I can gather from these deathmatch files are this recruit mode like the standard battle royale mode is a three-man squad based game. But when you dan an enemy you can revive that enemy and recruit them to your team. So if you are facing off against another squad your squad ends up taking them all down you can then revive them enemies and they will become a part of your squad. We will then continue on doing the exact same to other squads or them doing it to you. And it also seems you can have a max players of 12 in your team. Now previously under this recruit mode I saw they'd say 20 but that could have meant something else. But here within this deathmatch you can see on the screen. Now it does seem as though the max teams in the whole mode of 4 and max players per team is of 12. So it seems as though the rules going into this recruit mode will be either start as a solo player or start in a team as 3 enter this recruit mode kill enemies revive them recruit them to your own team get a max team number of 12 progress further into the game mode killing other squads until your last squad of 12 remaining. Pretty interesting and for sure if any more information drops on this again guys I will have you covered right here on my channel. So it seems as though with all these leaks of new modes new legends titans vehicles and so much more we spawn I definitely listen to what most people want and will be including many more ways to play apex legends and I do look forward to the future. If you want to be a part of the ride subscribe if you are new around here. But yeah guys a classic titan 4 mode would be absolutely amazing. I mean if you play titan 4 if you haven't you are truly missing out but if you have you will know how fluid and how great that game feels much like apex legends. But imagine apex legends with all running and double jumps and so forth. I mean it's hard to imagine but I can actually see right now. And also this recruit mode definitely knew as far as I know when it comes to battle royale games. I mean I haven't played fortnite massively didn't really play round real or whatever the hell it was called. Nor blackout as apex legends is the one that got me hooked. But yeah if I'm wrong let me know down below in that comment section. Have any of these other battle royale games had a game mode like recruit let me know. Either way people I look forward to more information on it and as soon as that arrives guys or have you covered right here on my channel. But guys on that note we have come to the end of the video. If you guys enjoyed it leaving a like really helps out. If you are new around here enjoy daily apex legend videos like guides, top fives, gameplays, news just about everything make sure you subscribe and if you never want to miss a video I upload you can turn notifications on by hitting that bell button. But again guys thanks as always for stopping by and hopefully I will see you on that next one.