Today is graduation day! We're in Birmingham, sim-t-fun-y, did I say it right? I'd never say it right, but we just got here. This is my outfit, didn't know what to wear but I'm comfortable so I'm happy in this. Yeah we just got to go register, get cap and gowns, photos and yeah see where the day brings us. We have got our cap and gowns. We're just in line for the photos now, over there, see how we go, we've got a problem. Becca and Michael, Benjamin Cavers.


Did you know that Jerusalem once had an international airport? Why was it closed? And what are the chances that you could take a flight direct from New York or other international destinations straight to this historical city that serves today as Israel's capital? Today's video covers the former Jerusalem airport at Atarot, what led to its downfall, and what are the chances that low-flying airplanes will once again grace the skies over Jerusalem. Opened in 1924 and assigned the ICAO identifier of LLJR Lima Lima Juliet Romeo, Jerusalem's international airport like Ben Gurion Airport near Tel Aviv actually traces its origin back to pre-state Israel in mandatory Palestine. The former airport was located in Atarot, which is an industrial neighborhood in northern Jerusalem that today, as it was then, is just a stone's throw for Ramallah and the Calandia checkpoint. The airport was also known as Calandia Airport and Atarot Airport. You can still clearly see its former runway on Google Maps. Although the former site of the airport is now fenced off, some intrepid urban explorers have gotten access to show what it looks like inside the disused terminal building and control tower. As you can see, it's a sort of eerie reminder of a bygone day. You can still find former aerodrome charts for the airfield online. The airport had a single runway runway 1230, which was 1,965 meters in length. That works out to be just short of 6,500 feet. If the airport were operational today, a runway of this length would be enough for most narrow-body aircraft landing and departing on short to medium-haul international flights, say to and from Europe, as well as domestic flights within Israel. However, it would not be long enough for wide-body aircraft departing on long-haul flights, say to the US. According to former aerodrome charts, the runway was equipped with an ILS system to facilitate low visibility arrivals and its air traffic control frequency operated on 118.8 and 122.85 MHz. During its period of operating under mandatory Palestine and before Israel's conquest to the West Bank and East Jerusalem in 1967, Cyprus Airways, Royal Jordanian, and Middle Eastern Airlines all operated flights to and from the airport. Middle East Airlines, by the way, is Lebanon's flag carrier. So for a 17-year period, you could fly direct between Jerusalem and Beirut. In 1967, the airfield came under Israeli control, like the rest of Jerusalem beyond the Green Line. During this period, Arkea and Al-Al operated daily commercial flights from the airport until civilian traffic was shut down entirely in October of 2000. The stated reason for the closure was security issues. The airport was closed during the Intifada, and its location literally right next to Ramallah, with departing and arriving aircraft having to fly only a few hundred feet over built up Palestinian areas, was precarious to say the very least. Atarot Airport's location over the Green Line, however, proved to be a significant disadvantage. Although Israeli authorities pushed hard for the airport to be better utilized and connected, most international carriers bought the idea of setting up routes that would land in what most of the international community considered, and still does, to be illegally occupied territory. The former site of Atarot Airport is wedged immediately between the outermost suburbs of Jerusalem, Atarot itself, and Kuffar Akhab, which is in turn connected to Ramallah. Although Kuffar Akhab is technically part of the Jerusalem municipality, at least in part, it's located on the Ramallah side of Israel's security fence. In November 2021, the Jerusalem Local Planning and Building Committee approved a plan to build 11,000 new homes on the site of the former airport, covering a site of some 310 acres, although it noted that the former terminal building at the airfield would be preserved. The housing was to be earmarked for ultra-Orthodox Jews. However, because the site is located over the Green Line, as I mentioned, the plan quickly drew the ire of the Americans, and Israel soon notified the Biden administration that the plan was unfreeze. Recently, the Palestinian Authority suggested that the PA should seize the former airport site and call it Al-Quds Airport. While this might have proven popular on the Palestinian street, the rhetoric failed to take into consideration the logistical difficulty that doing this might entail, given that the site of the airport since 1967 has been under Israeli control. To this day, the site of the former airport remains one of the very few undeveloped open spaces in the Jerusalem Municipal Area. It's thus an obvious site to be developed for housing in some way or another. Under Israel's ruling right-wing government, it seems likely that the site will once again come under pressure to be turned into housing, although the US will likely remain steadfast in its opposition to such a move. With Al-Quds Airport a probable non-runner, a question worth pausing on is whether the airport could once again return to Israeli control and civil aviation operation. Personally, this possibility seems extremely unlikely. Smaller Israeli airports such as Stadov and Tel Aviv have closed down in recent years, and Israel is investing instead in the future of Ben-Gurion Airport near Tel Aviv and Ramon Airport near Elat, which provides it with air redundancy. Furthermore, a fast 30-minute train now connects Jerusalem with Ben-Gurion Airport, meaning that the fact that the airport isn't physically located in Jerusalem is no longer the major inconvenience for residents of the capital that it once was. Given that airports tend to attract lots of noise and traffic to urban areas, it could even be argued that this is an advantage. Finally, we have the short runway, which would require expansion to serve cross-continental air traffic, and we have the awkward location of the former airport wedged right between Ramallah and Jerusalem. Not only does this prevent the possibility of significant runway expansion, there is housing to both the East and the West of the former runway, but from a security standpoint, this remains almost the stuff of nightmares. Do you have facts or historical photos of Atarot Airport that I neglected to include? Feel free to leave them in the comments, and like and subscribe for more videos.


Good evening as friends, welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankara's Academy for the date 9th of August 2022. These are the list of news articles we will be going through today. Now let us start our discussion. Look at this OPAD article. This OPAD article is about launching a tribal health mission for the tribal people in India. Here you should know why this article came today. It is because today is International Day of the World's Indigenous People. The article discusses some of the issues faced by the tribal people and also offers some solutions. This is the crux of the article. So, in this discussion we will see the need for health mission for tribal people in India and we will also see the findings of the report regarding the state of India's tribal people's health. This is the plan today but before getting into the discussion, I have highlighted here the syllabus regarding this discussion. You can go through it. Now let us start our discussion. What comes to your mind when I say tribal people? Hilly areas, people wearing traditional dresses, ritualistic dances, everything, right? But there is a lot of things that we do not know about them. Did you know that 11 crore tribal people live in India as per census 2011? They are enumerated as scheduled tribes. Now we are going to take a quick detour. See, who declares a particular tribe as scheduled tribe? See, the constitution does not specify the caste or the tribe which are to be called the scheduled caste or scheduled tribes. Just remember, the constitution empowers the president to specify the scheduled tribes in various states and union territories which is mentioned under article 342 of the Indian constitution. In the case of states, president issues the notification after consulting the governor of the state consent. Note that any inclusion or exclusion of any caste or tribe from the presidential notification can be done only by the parliament and not by a subsequent presidential notification. See, the reason I am discussing these facts here is because this will help you in integrated preparation. This will be useful for your problems and you can use the points in your means introduction also. See, this is how your preparation and your note making should be. So reading the article as an integrated whole will help you remember points and revise easily. Okay, now coming back to today's article. We saw that there are 11 crore tribal people in India. This is 8.6% of India's population, which is the second largest number of tribal people in any country in the world. This is a proud thing for India's diversity, but there is also a worrying factor. It is given by the Lancet study titled Indigenous and Tribal People's Health 2016. The study found that India is having the second highest infant mortality rate for tribal people and the first place is occupied by our good neighbor Pakistan. See, this is not a proud moment for us. Having said that, now the article has given us some of the findings from the report titled State of India's Tribal People's Health. The report was submitted on the very same day in the year 2018. by an expert committee on tribal health. It was a 13 member committee appointed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and the chairman of this committee has only written this article. Now you can understand how important this article is. Now coming to the findings of the report. The first point is that tribal people are concentrated in 809 blocks in India. These blocks are designated as schedule areas. Now I have a task for you. Go and find out who declares schedule areas in India and take notes of the provisions of the constitution regarding schedule areas. So take this as a homework and after finding the answers, post the answer in the comment section also. Now coming back to the findings. The areas that tribal people live are designated as schedule areas. See, this is not the actual finding here. It is found out that half of India's tribal population live outside the schedule areas. They are living a scattered and marginalized minority and this is making them powerless. This is the first point of the findings. The second point is even though there is a decline in under 5 child mortality rate among the tribal people, the percentage of excess under 5 mortality among scheduled tribes has widened when compared to others. Moving on, the third point is child malnutrition in tribal population is 42%. For others, it is 28%. So the malnutrition is 100% higher in tribal children. What does this data show us? This data shows us that there is a huge disparity between the tribal population and the general population. Moving on, the fourth point is malaria and tuberculosis are 3 to 11 times more common among tribal people. Know that half of total malaria deaths in India occur among tribal people. This is despite the fact that they constitute only 8.6% of the national population. The fifth point is as per the report diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, mental health problems such as depression and addiction and even cancer and suicide are increasing among the tribal population. See, these diseases are more difficult to treat. So these diseases threaten the health and survival of tribal adults. The sixth point is tribal people are heavily dependent on government-trend public health care institutions such as primary health centers and hospitals. But here the worrying factor is there is a 27 to 40% deficit in the number of health care facilities and 33 to 84% deficit in medical doctors available in tribal areas. So it is clear that government health care faces lack of funds and lack of human resources particularly in the tribal areas. The seventh point is there is hardly any participation of tribal people in designing, planning or delivering health care. This is happening at all levels locally at the state and even at the national level. See, these are the major findings of the state of India's tribal people's health report. See, how is this related to the examination? See, UPSC is never going to ask you to list out the findings of the state of India's tribal people's health report. But you can use the points we discussed in your main sensor. See, consider this in the first paper. There is a question which asks you to list the issues faced by the tribal people and the measures that can be taken to address them. See, in this you can use these points that we saw in the introduction. See, according to me 95% of the people who clear problems and appear to mains examination are of the same standard. Okay, but only some of these people are clearing mains. Why is that? This is because they use data to substantiate their answers. Okay, so some people just write the generalized version of the answer and some people add a little bit of legitimate data to differentiate their answers. See, in this question in the introduction, if you write the points that we saw that is there is a huge disparity between the common people and the tribal people, and this is stated in the state of India's tribal people's health report and right one or two findings, your answer will get a huge traction. See, it will create legitimacy in the eyes of the evaluator. So you will definitely fetch more marks compared to a person who has written a very generalized answer. So this is why these points are important for your mains examination. Okay, so now moving on. So in addition to these points, the report also gives some recommendations to address the disparity faced by the tribal population of the given recommendation that is mentioned in the report. The author has highlighted three important ones. Let us see the important recommendations. The first recommendation is to launch a national tribal health action plan. It has to be launched with the goal to bring the status of health and health care at par with the respective state averages in the next 10 years. This is the first recommendation that is to launch a national tribal health action plan to address the disparity. Okay, the second recommendation is to address the 10 priority health problems such as the health care gap, the human resource gap and the governance problems. For this, the committee has suggested 80 measures. We are not going to see the 80 measures, but this is the second recommendation given by the report. Okay, the third one is allocation of additional money so that the per capita government health expenditure on tribal people becomes equal to the stated goal of the national health policy 2017. See, what does national health policy 2017 says? It says that the allocation to the health sector should be 2.5% of the GDP. So, based on the national health policy, the report also suggests that for the tribal health care, 2.8% of the total health budget should be allocated. Okay, so these are the three main recommendations that is given in the state of India's tribal people's health report. See, these recommendations were given in the year 2018 itself. Government has to take steps to address the constraints in the tribal health system with substantive solutions. Our prime minister has already signaled his intention by electing a president from a tribal background. So, if the problem of tribal health care is realized, then the tribal health mission can be the path to a peaceful health revolution for the 11 crore tribal people. Here, the health minister and the states with sizable tribal population should take the initiative. Apart from this, one more thing should be done by the government. It is regarding the tribal subplan. It is the official policy of allocating and spending additional financial outlay equal to the percentage of scheduled tribe population in the state. But this has not been done by the states. See, in 2015-16, annually 15,000 crore should have been additionally spent on tribal health. But no one knows what happened. The issue exists because there is no separate data on tribal people's health or on the money spent for them. And this also should be rectified. Okay, that's all regarding this discussion. See, in this discussion, we saw the major points mentioned in the State of India's Tribal People's Health Report. Then we also saw the three main recommendations given in the report itself. After that, we saw one of the suggestions given by the author of this op-ed article. So, I hope this discussion was helpful. So, with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this news article. This news article talks about the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956. See, the parliamentary standing committee on personal public grievance, law and justice recently made some of the recommendations to amend the Act. This is why the Act has made news today. Using this opportunity, let us quickly go through some of the important features of the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956. Firstly, understand this. The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, codifies the laws regarding minority and guardianship. Mainly, it considers the welfare of the child as its core. For example, take a minor that is a person below the age of 18 years. Under this Act, they are considered incapable of taking care of themselves or handling their affairs. As a result, they require help, support and protection. So, in such a case, guardians will be appointed to take care of their body and their property. So, this is the reason why the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, is codifying. Also remember, the Act was established to empower the Guardians and Ward Act of 1890 and to provide better right and protection to children. Instead of just acting as a replacement of an already prevalent Act. So, this is the basic introduction about the Act. See, in this Act, two provisions are making controversy. That is Section 6 and Section 7. See, Section 6 of the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act says that, in the case of a Hindu Minor boy and a Hindu Minor unmarried girl, the father is the natural guardian and after him, the mother will be the natural guardian and Section 7 of the same Act provides that the natural guardianship of an adopted son who is a minor passes on to the adoptive father and after him to the adoptive mother. That is, the Act does not provide for joint guardianship and it does not recognize the mother as the guardian of a minor legitimate child unless the father is deceased or found unfit. See, this is discriminatory, right? So, the issue here is, in both the cases, the Act gives preference to the father over mother. This goes against the right to equality and right against discrimination guaranteed under Article 14 and 15 of the Constitution. So, the committee felt that there is an urgent need to amend the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act and accord equal treatment to both mother and father as natural guardians. The parliamentary panel also called for a review of the child custody in case of marital disputes and suggested that the courts should be given the authority to award joint custody to both parents considering that for the welfare of the child and to give one parent's old custody and the other visitation privileges. The amendment also proposed guardianship rights to the differently abled and those suffering from autism and cerebral palsy, people suffering from mental health problems as well as senior citizens. So, that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw two controversial provisions in the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1956. That is, Section 7 and Section 6. Then, we also saw the proposed amendments to the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act. Okay, that's all regarding this discussion. Now, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. See this editorial article. See, in this article, the author basically says that macro variable projections, that is, projections of GDP, inflation, balance of payment, etc, will become difficult due to the uncertain times we are living in. He quotes what are all the uncertain things that is happening in the world right now. This is the overall structure of the editorial article. So, in this discussion, we will see what are all the uncertain things that the author of this editorial has highlighted and how it will make the projection of the macro variables difficult. The first thing that the author highlighted is uncertainty caused due to pandemic associated lockdowns. See, currently, the world is going through a phase of stagflation. So, what is stagflation? See, simply, stagflation means when stagnation and inflation occurs at the same time.  So, during stagflation, economy will slow down and inflation will increase. First, let us see what causes inflation. See, in the present scenario, pandemic associated lockdowns are leading to inflation. China is the world manufacturing hub. Due to severe lockdowns, exports from China has declined. This has affected the global supply chain. So, due to this, inflation is increasing. Due to inflation, people's real income is decreasing. Here, you must know what is the difference between real income and nominal income. See, nominal income is the face value of the income we receive and when this is adjusted to inflation, we get real income. For example, if I am getting a salary of 10,000, it is my nominal income. But due to inflation, I am losing some money, right? That when it is adjusted to inflation, it becomes the real income. So, generally, nominal income will be greater than real income during the period of inflation. Now, coming back. So, due to supply chain disruption caused due to the pandemic, inflation is increasing. And due to inflation increase, real income in the hands of the people is decreasing. What happens when I have little money to spend? I will buy little right.  Due to this, demand is decreasing. So, since demand is decreasing, the production is also decreasing. Due to decrease in production, the economy is contracting. So, here, what actually has happened? Our economy has contracted, but at the same time, inflation is increasing. So, due to this, at the current moment, the world is in the phase of stagflation. But right now, after the second and third wave, the impact of the virus has declined. And due to increasing vaccination cover, our immunity has also increased. But in case of China, presently, the government is severe with lockdowns. Even if there is a presence of one or two cases, severe lockdowns are imposed. So, due to this, still the global supply chain has not recovered. So, this is causing uncertainty. And due to this uncertainty, what the author in this editorial says is that the determination of macroeconomic variable is turning difficult. This is the first point mentioned by the author. The second is regarding the Russia-Ukraine war. See, in our discussions also, we have covered this topic a number of times. Due to Russia-Ukraine war, the world is facing lot of problems. See, due to this war, the western powers has imposed lot of sanctions on Russia. We all know, Russia produces huge amount of petroleum products and natural gas. Due to the increased sanctions on Russia, this production is affected. So, due to this, the price of oil and natural gas in the global market is increased. And this is causing inflation everywhere in the world. And the second is regarding Ukraine. See, Ukraine is considered as the grain basket of Europe. Due to the war, exports from Ukraine like sunflower seeds, wheat and everything are affected. So, this also causes inflation. Not just in India, even in the developed countries like United States and UK and the rest of the European countries, inflation is at the all-time high. This is why the Fed has increased the interest rate in US. Here, when I say Fed, Fed is nothing but the central bank of United States. And when I say interest rate, it is nothing but the reporate in United States. And due to the increase in interest rate by the US Federal Reserve, investors are pulling money from our capital market. But how is US Federal Reserve increasing interest rate results in investors pulling money from our capital market? See, it is very simple. See, earlier US Federal Reserve kept the interest rate very low. So, the US banks had lot of money. That is, they had lot of cheap which they can borrow from the US Federal Reserve. Since they have lot of money, they provided it at a cheap rate of interest as loans to the US entrepreneurs. So, the other investors did not find any takers in the US market. So, the excess fund the investors had, they invested their excess fund in emerging countries like India. But right now, the US Federal Reserve has increased the interest rate. And this has resulted in increased cost of fund for the US banks. So, what they did? They increased the interest rate at which they offer loan to the consumers. Due to this, there is a demand for other source of investment in the US market. So, what the investors see is, it is better to invest in a safe country like US, rather than a volatile market rate India. So, they are pulling their fund from our capital market and investing it back in the states. Since the investors are pulling dollars from our capital market, our exchange rate is affected. So, this is causing some problems. This is also making determination of macro variables difficult. So, Russia-Ukraine war indirectly triggered inflation in the developed countries. Due to inflation in the developed countries, the central banks in the developed countries have increased their interest rate. Due to the increase in interest rate, investors are pulling fund from the emerging markets like India. And this is affecting our exchange rate and this is making the whole situation highly unpredictable. This is the second point mentioned by the author in this editorial. The third is regarding the new Cold War. Even if Russia-Ukraine war ends, there is a condition in the present global scenario that there is two blocks. One block is the western block and it is led by the United States. And in the other side, there is Russia and China. See, the western powers using various methods and groupings like quad, orcas are trying to isolate China and contain its global race. So, China is forming its local group with Russia. So, this is making the global politics very vulnerable and volatile. So, anytime anything can happen. So, this makes the prediction of economic variables in the global market very difficult for our statisticians. So, this makes the prediction and the determination of macro variables very difficult. So, this is the third point mentioned by the author. The last point mentioned is data related worries. The quality of any prediction depends upon the data that it uses. So, presently the data that our statistician use are unreliable and in some places we are not getting enough data also. So, this is making the macro variable determination and prediction very difficult. So, these are the four important points mentioned by the author in this editorial that is making the macro variable projection very difficult in the present scenario. And that's all regarding this discussion. With this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this news article. See, yesterday Lokshaba passed two bills. First is the energy conservation amendment bill 2022. This bill provides for the establishment of carbon credit markets and it brings large residential buildings under the energy conservation regime. The next is the New Delhi International Arbitration Center amendment bill 2022. This bill changed the name of arbitration center to the India International Arbitration Center. So, in this discussion, let us focus on some of the important provisions of the both bills. That is energy conservation amendment bill 2022 and the New Delhi International Arbitration Center amendment bill 2022. Let us start with the energy conservation amendment bill 2022. See, the bill seeks to amend the Energy Conservation Act 2001. It seeks to establish carbon markets. It also seeks to enhance the scope of energy conservation building code. The amendment also has provisions to amend the penalty provisions. And finally, the bill seeks to increase the number of members in the governing council of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency. But what is this carbon market? Before that, you must know about carbon trading. See, in carbon trading, governments set an overall limit or cap on the amount of emissions that are allowed from significant sources of carbon. Here, sources of carbon include the power industry, automotive sector, air travel, everything. Government then issues permits up to the agreed limit and these are either given free or auction to companies in the sector. If a company curbs its own carbon significantly, it can trade the excess permit on carbon market for cash. If it is not able to limit its emission, it may have to buy extra permit. So here, the carbon markets turn emission reduction and removal into tradable assets. Now, coming back to the news article. While replaying to the discussion on the bill, power and new renewable energy minister made it clear that carbon credit would not be exported and it would only be utilized domestically. He also said that India will not permit the export of credits until it fulfill the promises that India made at the Conference of Party 21 and the Conference of Party 26. So, this is about carbon trading and carbon market. The second important provision of the amendment is the bill obligated the use of non-fossil source of energy. See, under the Act, the central government is empowered to specify energy consumption standards. In addition to this, the bill added that government may mandate the designed consumers to meet a minimum share of energy consumption from non-fossil sources. And for this, different consumption thresholds may be specified for different non-fossil sources and consumer categories. If they fail to meet the obligation for the use of energy from non-fossil fuels, then they will be punishable with a penalty up to 10 lakhs. It will also attract additional penalty of up to twice the price of oil equivalent of energy consumed. See, this is very simple. Earlier, some days ago, we discussed about the electricity amendment bill. In that, we saw that power distribution companies are mandated to purchase certain amount of power from the renewable energy sector. Likewise, this amendment, what it seeks to do is, it will mandate the consumers that is us to procure certain amount of power from the renewable energy sector. See, this is mainly done to give a boost to renewable energy production. Only by giving a boost to renewable energy production, we will be able to meet our carbon emission reduction targets. So, this is what this bill seeks to achieve. So, this is about the Energy Conservation Amendment Bill 2022. Now, let us move on to the New Delhi International Arbitration Center Amendment Bill 2022. See, this bill amends the New Delhi International Arbitration Center Act 2019. This 2019 act provides for setting up of the New Delhi International Arbitration Center and designates it as an Institute of National Importance. Now, let us see some of the important features of the amendment bill. Firstly, the New Delhi International Arbitration Center Amendment Bill 2022 renames the New Delhi International Arbitration Center as the India International Arbitration Center. This is the first major amendment. Second is relating to Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism. See, according to this amendment bill, the arbitration center must work hard to make it easier to undertake local and international arbitration and conciliation. The bill expands this by including conduct of other forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution as well. The central government through regulation will specify the manner of conduct of arbitration and other forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution. See, here I mentioned a term called arbitration. See, this is nothing but a judiciary-related jargon. See, it is just a complicated word, but what it means is very simple. See, how we use to resolve dispute in our family? Consider this. If me and my brother is having a dispute, what we will do is we will call our father to come and settle the dispute. I will state my claim and my brother will state his claim. After arguing, my father will come to a conclusion and give a decision. After he gives the decision, me and my brother will abide by the decision. This is what is called arbitration. So, the advantage of arbitration is there is no need to go by the judicial route. In India, judiciary is little bit slow. It takes a lot of time and significant amount of resources to arrive at a judgment. So, to provide an alternative method of dispute resolution, this arbitration is proposed. See, internationally, this arbitration is mainly used to settle disputes in the commercial sectors. So, this is about arbitration and this bill seeks to promote international and local arbitration by making arbitration very easy. And this bill also renames the New Delhi International Arbitration Center as the India International Arbitration Center. So, this is regarding this amendment bill. So, in this discussion, we saw two recent amendments that were passed in the Lokshava. First is regarding energy conservation amendment bill 2022 and the other is regarding New Delhi International Arbitration Center amendment bill 2022. So, with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. See this article here. It says that a cluster of 74 carnelian beads was unearthed on Monday at Kundagai in Shivaganga district. As per the article, this is the first time carnelian beads have been found at this burial site and the beads were found inside and on. And this is the crux of the news article given here. In this context, we are going to see about the excavation sites in Shivaganga district. See, in the year 2013-14, the archaeological survey of India carried out exploration in 293 sites along the Vaigai river valley in Theni, Dindikal, Madurai, Shivaganga and Ramnathapuram districts. Based on the exploration, Keeladi in Shivaganga district was chosen for evacuation. And the excavation led to theories that Sangamera, which was considered to have started from 300 BCE, could have started earlier, that is during the 6th century BCE. One another significance of the excavation is that the Indus Valley civilization in India happened between 5000 BCE and 1500 BCE in the northwestern part of the country. The civilization crumpled in 1500 BCE and it is believed that the people might have moved to the south of India. The pictographic script used by the Indus Valley people is known as the Indus script and historians speculate that the language could have been Dravidian. Now, the recent discovery at Keeladi shows that there is a possibility that these two cultures were connected. And with this info, let us see the clusters of Keeladi. Today, archaeologists work in different villages near Keeladi, which are called Keeladi clusters. These places include Keeladi, Agaram, Kuntakai and Manalur. And the article today is about the excavation in the Kuntakai site. Now, let us see some of the important findings from the excavation, particularly from the Kuntakai site. See, Kuntakai, which is about four kilometers away from Keeladi, is thought to be the burial site of the Keeladi civilization. So, various urns and skeletons are found from this site. Let us see what are the excavations that are made in Kuntakai. One of the urns found was intact with the lid. Others contained skeletons in them. One urn contained single skeleton, while the other contained two skeletons, which could have been a married couple. But the experts have to find the gender. One of the burial urns contained a small sword, vessels and terracotta ring. The presence of the sword may be indicative of the fact that the skeleton belonged to a male and he might have been a warrior or a soldier. Next, a human-sized skeleton surface in a trench was excavated in the site. And experts say the skeleton is 183 cm in length and 35 cm in breadth. Apart from this, archaeologists also stumbled upon a skeleton measuring 75 cm in height. It was found between two urns and it may belong to a child. The latest skeleton was found at the depth of 1.5 feet. So, all these indicates that different types of burials were practiced. Pit burial, urn burial, surface burial, etc. Experts say that some of the urns contained ashes also. So, this might indicate that person may have died elsewhere and after cremation the ashes must have been brought to the burial site to perform rituals. Also, experts say that skeletons were found in seated urns. So, it is believed that people might have lowered the urn when the person was still alive because placing a dead body into a urn in a seating position is very difficult. It is also found out that people from that era offered food that is called as padayal in Tamil in pots along with the burial urns. Experts say that from the remaining sediments of the food particles in the pots we can trace the food culture of the Keeladi people. So, that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw various excavation that is made in the Kundagai site which is part of the Keeladi cluster. So, with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this opad article titled, The Fight for Fiscal Autonomy. This article is written by a spokesperson of the DMK government. So, it is obvious that this article will criticize the central government. But we can extract some data and some relevant points from this article which can be used in our main censor. See, this article essentially states that important schemes and programs that will satisfy the basic necessity of the population are implemented by the state government. But the tax structure in our country is such that the center has the autonomy. This affects the state government's ability to implement important schemes and it also affects the fiscal federalism in our country. So, this is the basic structure of this article. In this article, the author highlights two facts to say that the fiscal nature in our country is biased towards the center. The first thing that the author highlights is regarding cess and charge. See, we all know, cess and charge can be only implemented by the union government. The revenue realized from the cess and charge goes into the Consolidated Fund of India. On the side note, Consolidated Fund of India is mentioned in the article 266. The other point regarding cess and charge is the revenue realized by the union government from these are not shared with state. And in the present trend, the union government has been imposing more cess and charge. So, the author says the states are losing their revenue and the revenue that the center gets from the cess and charge are not shared with state. So, this is the first point he mentions. The second point what he mentions is there is substantial erosion of state's fiscal anatomy due to faulty distribution of revenue between the states. He basically claims that developed states are spending more money or losing more money and the not so developed states are gaining more money. Here, he quotes a data. He says that only 30 paisa returns to Tamil Nadu for every rupee it contributes to the union. But in case of states like UP and Bihar they get 2 to 3 rupees for every rupee they contribute to the center. So, there is a bias here. He counters this bias also. He says this affects the fiscal autonomy of the states and thereby affecting the state's ability to make useful expenditure for the public. So, these are the two points he mentioned in the op-ed article. So, these two points can be repurposed in our answer in our main examination also. Other than that, he criticizes our government's revenue structure itself. See, of the total tax revenue realized by the union government, 50% come from indirect tax. See, this is faulty at base because we know that direct tax is progressive and indirect tax is regressive. This is because a poor person and a rich person pays different amount of direct tax. See, if a person is earning only 5 or 10 lakhs he will pay a particular amount of direct tax. If a person is earning 5 to 10 crores he will pay more tax. So, direct tax is considered progressive and with direct tax, economic equality in our country can be ensured. But in case of indirect tax, both the rich person and the poor person will pay the same amount. This is leading to increased inequality in the country. He substantiates this point by quoting two data. First is regarding World Inequality Report 2022 and other is a fact provided by World Poverty Clock. According to World Inequality Report 2022, in India 1% of the population hold 22% of the national income and 10% of the population hold 57% of the national income. What this fact says that economically India is highly unequal because while 10% hold 57% of the national income, 90% of the population rely only on 43% of the national income. So, there is huge economic disparity in India. And the other data that the author mentions is regarding World Poverty Clock. According to the World Poverty Clock Report, India has the second highest number of extremely poor. See, these two data can be used in our answer. Consider in means you are getting a question about raising inequality in India and what are the steps that the government can take to address them. In the introduction and in the first part of the answer, to highlight that India is becoming highly unequal, you can quote these two data, that is data provided in the World Inequality Report 2022 and the report of World Poverty Clock. So, this is how you have to use the data in your main answer. And like I already said in the previous discussion, only by quoting data, you can realize more marks in the main answer. I hope this discussion was helpful. With this, let us conclude the news article discussion and take up the practice problems questions. We have four practice problems questions today. Let us see them one by one. Let us take up the first question. Which of the following are related to alternate dispute resolution mechanism? First one online dispute resolution, second one arbitration, third one mediation, fourth one neutral evaluation and fifth one conciliation. See, the correct answer here is option B 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. All the mechanisms given here are alternative dispute resolution mechanism. In this arbitration, we discussed today. And online dispute resolution mechanism we discussed on our 6th August discussion. So, today we will see the rest of the alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. First, let us take conciliation. Conciliation is a method in which an expert is appointed to resolve a dispute by convincing the parties to agree upon an agreement. This is conciliation. Then there is neutral evaluation. It is also called early neutral evaluation. See, in this process, a neutral third party hears the presentations of the parties in dispute and then provides his opinion regarding the dispute. This is neutral evaluation. And the last one is mediation. See, in mediation, the neutral party does not have any power to make decisions. But what the neutral party does is it allows the two parties at dispute to talk and come to their conclusion by themselves. This is called mediation. And the common phenomenon among all the five given mechanism here is in all these disputes are settled out of court. They are mainly used for settling commercial disputes. So, once again, the answer for this question is option B 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Moving on. See, this is a four statement question. Four statements are given. We have to find the correct statement. See, these four statements, they are asking which among the four statements are advantages of carbon markets. See, here the correct answer is option A 1, 2, 3 only. Because carbon markets effectively encourage less carbon intensive lifestyle. And the second statement is also correct because carbon market incentivizes entities to reduce emissions beyond their mandatory limit. Because when there is a well functioning carbon market, these entities that reduce their emissions can sell the unused permits in the carbon market and make money. So, the second statement is also correct. Let us take up the third statement. It will spur innovation in energy efficiency. This is true because when a carbon market is fully functional, the unused carbon permits are monetized. So, to enjoy the monetary advantage, more energy innovations will be spurred. So, statement one, statement two, statement three are correct. The fourth statement is wrong. It does not enable greenwashing. But here, what is greenwashing? Greenwashing means a process in which companies falsely market their green credential. For example, misrepresentation of climate neutral products or services in the market. If you can eliminate this statement, you can also arrive at the answer here. So, once again, the correct answer here is option A 1, 2, 3 only. Let us move on to the third question. This question is about the archaeological survey of India. It is a two statement question. We have to find the correct statement. Let us take up the first statement. It functions under the Ministry of Education. This statement is incorrect because archaeological survey of India functions under the Ministry of Culture. Let us take up the second statement. Maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance is a prime concern of archaeological survey of India. See, this statement is correct because it is one of the stated objectives of the archaeological survey of India. So, the correct answer here is option B 2 only. Moving on to the last question. This question is in regards to Hindu minority and guardianship at 1956. It is a three statement question and we have to find the correct statement. This is a quiz question for you. This question can be easily addressed by our discussion. So, find the correct answers and post it in the comment section. Moving on. Let us take up the main question for today. Let me read the question. The tribal healthcare system is sick and tribal people need more substantiative solution. Substantiate. State what can be done to improve their situation. See, this is a very straightforward question. Here the keyword is substantiate. The statement itself, it says that the tribal healthcare system is sick. So, you have to substantiate this statement. That is, you have to give evidence from reports and findings that indeed tribal healthcare system is sick. So, for this part, you can write the findings of the state of India's tribal people's health report that we saw in our discussion. And in the second part of the question, they are asking us to suggest the ways to improve the tribal healthcare system. See, this part also we discussed in our discussion. So, as a way forward, you write the steps that can be taken to address the sickness in the tribal healthcare system. So, this is the structure for this question. Interested aspirants, write the answer and post it in the comment section. So, with this, let us end our discussion. If you like today's video, like, comment and share it with your friends. For more updates regarding UPSC preparation, subscribe to Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.


THE BETROVED by Alessandro Manzoni read by Nicholas Bolton for Naxos audiobooks CHAPTER I That branch of the lake of Como, which extends towards the south, is enclosed by two unbroken chains of mountains, which, as they advance and recede, diversify its shores with numerous bays and inlets. Suddenly the lake contracts itself and takes the course and form of a river between a promontory on the right and a wide open shore on the opposite side. The bridge which there joins the two banks seems to render this transformation more sensible to the eye and marks the point where the lake ends and the adder again begins. Soon to resume the name of the lake where the banks receding afresh allow the water to extend and spread itself in new gulfs and bays. The open country bordering the lake formed of the alluvial deposits of three great torrents reclines upon the roots of two contiguous mountains, one named San Martino, the other in the Lombard dialect Il Resegone, because of its many peaks seen in profile, which in truth resemble the teeth of a saw so much so that no one at first sight, viewing it in front, as for example from the northern bastions of Milan, could fail to distinguish it by this simple description from the other mountains of more obscure name and ordinary form in that long and vast chain. For a considerable distance the country rises with a gentle and continuous ascent. Afterwards it is broken into hill and dale, terraces and elevated plains formed by the intertwining of the roots of the two mountains and the action of the waters. The shore itself, intersected by the torrents, consists for the most part of gravel and large flints, the rest of the plain, of fields and vineyards, interspersed with towns, villages, and hamlets. Other parts are clothed with woods, extending far up the mountain. Leco, the principle of these towns giving its name to the territory, is at a short distance from the bridge, and so close upon the shore that when the waters are high it seems to stand in the lake itself. A large town even now it promises soon to become a city. At the time the events happened which we undertake to recount, this town already of considerable importance was also a place of defense, and for that reason had the honor of lodging a commander and the advantage of possessing a fixed garrison of Spanish soldiers, who taught modesty to the damsels and matrons of the country, bestowed from time to time marks of their favor on the shoulder of a husband or a father, and never failed in autumn to disperse themselves in the vineyards to thin the grapes and lighten for the peasant the labors of the vintage. From one to the other of these towns, from the heights to the... Sample complete. Ready to continue?


H2K Infosys provides world-class online IT training, staffing and software testing solutions to customers worldwide. H2K Infosys supports 100% job-oriented training, hands-on project work, cloud test lab, resume preparation and review, mock interviews, rubber syllabus. One-time pay, lifetime access to live classes and videos. H2K Infosys has won the trust of thousands of students worldwide. For free demo class, visit H2Kinfosys.com Hi guys, welcome to H2K Infosys. Myself Ankit Reddy, I'm having more than 6 years of experience in IT industry as well as in teaching field. Here I'll be taking the classes for .NET. .NET will be covering C-Shop.NET, ASP.NET and SQL Server database. So in order to complete an application, it is required to have database as well. So here, as part of this course, we'll be covering C-Shop.NET, ASP.NET and SQL Server. There are other databases also there, but we'll be taking SQL Server database for our course. Here, we can develop with .NET many kind of applications. One is a console application. The other one is a Windows application, we call it as. The other one is a web applications. The fourth one is mobile applications. So these many kinds of applications we can develop by using Visual Studio. And if somebody asks you that, which language are you learning? Please do not go and say that I'm learning .NET. So .NET is a framework. Please remember that .NET is a framework, not a language. Under which there are many languages that are supported by Microsoft Visual Studio. Examples are C-Shop.NET, VB.NET, J-Shop.NET, like many other languages are there. Under which languages which are got famous is C-Shop.NET and the next famous is VB.NET. So according to your choice, you can choose the one which you wanted to learn. And in the market, more requirement is there for C-Shop.NET. Organizers are expecting that a candidate should have experience in a C-Shop.NET, along with ASP.NET. The combinations are like C-Shop.NET plus ASP.NET. And VB.NET plus ASP.NET. So whichever you are taking, ASP.NET will be a common. Why is this ASP.NET common is this ASP.NET for developing a web applications. So whenever you hear the word ASP.NET, you think that it is for web applications. So whenever you want to create a web application, you learn about ASP.NET. So you think about ASP.NET, that is for web application purpose. And SQL Server is required. Why it is required is it is a database whenever you wanted to frequently use one application or a website like social networking or such. Nowadays we are using Facebook, Gmail, Twitter, whatever it is. So today we have registered into that social networking site. And tomorrow we wanted to login to the same website, how it is possible. So at the time of registration, we will be storing data into our database. And whenever it comes back and login to the same application, we are checking that is credentials are existing or not. If it is existing, we will be allowing you to login to that particular website or application. So that a database is required. Here, this console application will be as same as our command prompt. Let me show you that command prompt, how it looks like. This is a CMD command to open a command prompt. A console application will look like this. So console application will be used to know about more about C shop.net. We will be learning more in this console application about the logic, what we are going to implement and the basic things. Very basic things you should start from here. The thing is, if you start learning directly web application, you will not understand the basic things and your base will not be strong. So whatever it is, whatever the language you are learning, basic things are very, very important. So we will be starting with the console application. Once you understand the console application concepts, then it is easy to understand the web application. And I am skipping these Windows applications. Why? The other name for Windows application is a standalone application. This means a name is a self-explanatory stand alone. It doesn't require anything. And as how a C shop.net got famous like compared to VB.net, same way web applications are famous compared to Windows applications. Organizers are expecting a candidate should be possessed experience with a web application but not a Windows application. Yes, I agree with Windows application experience is also required but percentage wise very less. Maybe out of 100 people required 5 to 6 resumes from Windows application. The remaining 90% resumes in need from the web application experience. Why? Why is it not got famous and why it is so much famous with web application? What is the advantages of web application? What are the problems with Windows application? Let us see in a quick source. I have an application that says Windows application. Here I said that Windows application is a standalone application. A standalone means applications which we will be running like example. Let me tell you that. Calcium. So it is a calculator. This is a calculator which had come along with the operating system that we have got installed into our computers. So this doesn't require anything to run this application. Means that it is independent from all the things. So when you install something into your computer, then that will be a standalone application. So you don't want to have to connect to anything like it should not be in a network, it should not be required internet access. So this is called a standalone application. And remember that your client is asking you to prepare or you to come up with an application that is a standalone application. Example I am showing this one. Maybe this kind of application your client is asking to develop. So today you have developed this and given to him. A standalone application or a Windows application will be having .exe files. You would have seen this .exe files. Whenever you are installing something into your computers, you should double click on this .exe file. You will be running this file. So after you developed an application accordingly as per the user requirements, you will be giving .exe file. Suppose it is a calc then you will be distributing to his customers. Say 1000 customers are there or 2000 customers are there for him. The client will be having customers. He has given this .exe to his 2000 employees. After some point of time your client feel that he wanted to add some additional features in it. Suppose in this place of calculator he wanted to add his company name or some other features he wanted to add. How to do that? So your client will come back to you and ask you to do the changes for the existing application. Yes. You analyze that and you feel that ok we can add it to this existing application. You agreed for the terms and conditions. What will happen? After 6 months of time or 1 month or 1 year time, you have added the new features for the existing application. Then it will become calc 1.0 version .exe has given to the client. So what will happen? After sending you these requirements you will be creating this new application. Then you have to hand over this new application to the client. Then client what we will do is again he will take this new .exe file and he has to submit to the 2000 employees. Then what those 2000 employees need to do is they should uninstall this one and then they should install this one just because they need to see the company name here. There is a small change. So this is very cumbersome job. The maintenance will be very tough and this kind of additional features added taking to the all the clients is very much a tough job because it is a calculator and it won't take much space in your computer. In reality the applications will also be taking much more space in your project, I mean in your computers. If you don't have space again you need to delete something else to provide required space for this application. That's also a problem. So the web applications in the case of web applications you don't need to provide any .exe files to the clients. What will happen is after creating the web application we will be keeping that in a server. So server will be a physical thing. It will be there somewhere else. We will be hearing these words. Server is done for some point of time. So server is not reacting. Whenever you are trying to access any web applications on your own maybe server is done for this particular time. This kind of message will be seen. So what is that? Actually server is a web server we call it as. After creating your web application instead of having this .exe funda what will happen is we will be keeping a web application in a web server. Keeping a web application in a web server. So what will happen? Why do we keep it in a web server? When you keep your application in a web server your clients or your customers, whoever it is they can access your application called a web application via web browser. What is that web browser? Web browsers are Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, whatever it is. Web browsers we are using. So to access the web application user required a web browser with internet connection. That's it. So he no need to install anything and he don't need to provide some space also of comparatively very less space. So you require some KBs to open a web browser. That's it. How big the application is doesn't matter. You can access from the website from your web browser. And here the enhancements for the current application you no need to give every time this EX is. What will happen? Via internet only they can access the new features. And if you observe in a banking application sometime they will be giving some messages saying that our application is under maintenance. Please come back after so and so time. Otherwise they'll be providing some timing before the maintenance taking place from 3-4 days before only they will be giving some messages saying that on particular day on particular time our application will be down. These and these services will not be available. The other services will be available like that. And you will be wondering that some social networking websites like Facebook, Twitter, whatever it is. They are also coming up with everyday new new features. But have you ever seen that a message is saying like this in a social networking websites? Definitely no. How it is happening again. I said that we'll be keeping a web application in a web server. A web server is there and for a time being to have a backup to make application as robustness what they will do is instead of depending on a one server they'll buy that another web server. So in these two places your applications will be there. What will happen is users can be accessed first from the web server one and they will be making changes in a web server too. So as long as you are changing or you are adding some enhancements to the web application the current web application that will be taking part in a web server too. So users will be connecting to the web server one. They will be accessing that application without any interruption. Once they feel that all the applications enhancements is done they'll be testing that after they feel that everything is working fine then they'll connect you to the web server too. That time immediately they can see that new features. Once they log off and login they can see that new features. So that way the maintenance is very easy the comfort and user friendly for customers with this web application. So only nowadays whoever develop an application they wanted to be on the go. Nowadays it is like not only web application they wanted a mobile application. They wanted to hold in their hand and they wanted to take it wherever they want to go. So standalone application means you'll be installing it on a computer and you cannot get this online updates because it doesn't require to connect to the internet. But with web application it will be connecting with the online updates. So there are more advantages with web application projects compared to the windows applications. Still there are requirements are there with windows applications as well but comparatively very low with this web application. So people will be preferring to learn and organizations also preferring to recruit the persons who is having web application experience. So that's why we'll be covering most of the times with web application and console application. And let me take one a practical example instead of telling this everything theoretical. I'm having visual studio 2012 that's ultimate version. Let me open a project. How to open it? After clicking on it you can just click here and choose a new click on project. Let it load. We'll take a few seconds. Let it load. See here. The console application is there. Now let me take this sample program. So this is our project name. Click on OK. It will be creating. Let it create. See this. Once you have created your application the 15 lines of code has come automatically. You have not written anything. Now what I'm going to do is I'm going to write a program. The program is we are going to check that dividing a number. So we require a numerator and denominator. The conditions are like if you ask a user to enter a number suppose please enter a number if I ask he may press 5 or 10 or there are chances that somebody ping me we need to familiarize the Java or is this a question or a statement? Sarita. No. It doesn't require to have any knowledge before joining this .NET. I'll make you people that in a site flows a non-IT background guy also can prepare or can create an application or a project on his own at the end of the course. Today if you don't know anything what I need from you is you should understand English language and you should follow my instructions and you should do the assignments what I'm giving and I'm there always to help you if you are getting anything trouble from the technical thing. I'm always there to help you via technical things. So if you attend my all sessions without fail and if you follow that sessions and if you do the assignments simple simple assignments that I'm going to give definitely you'll be in a position at the end of the course you can create your own project that's my promise from my end. Okay. And suppose if you enter a number by mistake like this and this is not a number so the first condition is if he type anything other than a number we need to tell him that the program should let the user know only numbers can be added and one more thing is if user enters a very large number at that time also we'll be telling that large numbers are not allowed then we'll be giving some range. So first condition is if the user enters some alphabetic number suppose if I ask you to enter a number you may press like 10 so that time the program should let the user numbers are allowed so if the user enters 10 instead of 10 actually the number I'm telling instead of number 10 if you type like this 10 then the program should let the user know the program should let the user know only numbers are allowed this is the first condition and then one more condition if the user enters very large number if the user enters very large number that time also the program should let the user know about the range allowed the program should let the user know only the range is allowed and when you're doing that division the denominator should not be 0 should not be 0 that is this one I guess if you have a denominator 0 what will happen suppose let me show you 10 divided by 0 see cannot divided by 0 so if any of these things happen we wanted to show this kind of messages if user enters 10 digits like this alpha characters we need to show these are not allowed if he enters a very large number again we need to show this large numbers are not allowed and we'll be giving some range within that range only you need to enter and denominator should not be 0 like that also we can take this so let me take this an example with this visual studio so this is of a console application with this we can have this program by using cshop.net see you can see .cs this stands for cshop if you have selected visual basic here you can see .vb at the time of installation only it will be asking you whether you need cshop or vb.net there will be a checkbox if you choose cshop then your program or projects will be under cshop if you choose vb at the time of installation you can be seeing the programs in a vb only now in a console application he had told that we'll be asking please enter a number so how to write to a console something here we have seen already the command prompt normal command prompt how it look like so as similar to this visual studio also will be looking the same way how to write to console a console class is there and we'll be using a method called a write line method do not worry about this class what is that I'm talking a console is a class a program is a class it's a namespace in a regular class we'll be discussing each and everything in a simple simple terms what and all these main method is scheme what is this void means what is this args means this method right line is what are this why is these lines are required we'll be covering all the things in our regular classes as of now just concentrate on that how we are achieving these things ok just follow me and just see that how the visual studio is and how the cshop is and how the console application is ok now we have a class called console and a right line is a method cshop beautyness is if you just mouse over on it it will be giving the information see I told that console is a class you can verify it by mouse offering on it it will be then the first word itself a class system.console what is that system again system is say this one namespace if you remove this suppose how to remove this let me delete it see immediately we are getting another message so this is the beauty of this visual studio it will be teaching you more see what is telling the name console does not exist in the current contact so to avoid that we can give here only the system a fully qualified name we can call it as see now it is not throwing error and not only in one place will be using this console class in our program will be using most of the places console class so instead of typing every time system.console we can type only at one place then onwards we can use it wherever we want that console class so that is the reason we will be keeping in this place system so we are given a tool on top of this application you know to give every time you can directly use a console class wherever you want so how to write to console is by using console class write line method please enter a number for numerator he will be typing then how to read it how to read from the console then again we have read line so by this we can read the number ok we can read it but we wanted to store some other place for our calculations how to do that as the person will be entering a number right so we have data types in our visual studio again do not worry about the data types word data type means it will be holding the data accordingly accordingly in the sense numbers will be stored somewhere else names will be storing somewhere else so as it is a number I will be taking integer numerator that is equals to this one again here it is throwing error why is this error is coming it just moves over it and you can read that error message at the end cannot implicitly convert type string to integer so this is of type integer and this is of type string it just moves over on it and read the first line it is showing string console.readline what we are trying to do is we are trying to convert type of data to other type of data that is why it is throwing error so we need to tell that please convert into some data type called integer 32 before assigning the value will be converting into the integer then we can assign it to the another integer in the same way we need for other number also denominator also will be required please enter number for denominator then again here it is numerator here it is denominator here it is denominator so we have two numbers one is numerator another one is denominator here it is there what we can do we wanted to store or we wanted to calculate that numerator by denominator that will be integer integer result is equals to numerator divided by denominator now here we wanted to display this to the user whatever user is entering we wanted to display to the user about the result now to write something on a console again we will be using console.writeline here result is like this console.readkey see I will tell that why I wrote this console.readkey till now I told only two methods under console a write line is to to display something on a console so I wrote here how to write to a console and how to read from the console your user has given one number then how to read it by using console.readline how to write it is console.writeline then this is our logic we have created integer result is equal to number divided by numerator divided by denominator and then how to display the result to the end user whatever he has asked he asked the division of this number by this number now how to run this program there are two things for all the programs in visual studio one is compilation other one is this one execution so compilation will be doing like this build, build solution this is called compilation then execution is you can click on this start button or else go to debug and you can click this one this can be done from your keyboard also please press F5 keyboard if I use keyboard you cannot see it so most of the 10s I will be utilizing the options which are there on the screen so I am clicking on start let me use the font size so it is asking please enter a number for numerator suppose I press 10 please enter a number for denominator sorry I am spelling 2 now result is 5 find it application is working fine now what for concept we need to have these conditions to verified if user enters 10 what will happen for that let me check it that also suppose by mistake instead of 10 like this I pressed this is the one it is showing see this kind of error messages will be irritated to the normal customers they do not understand what is this error about by mistake they would have pressed like this and if you are showing like this message users will get frustrated and they cannot understand the error message also and handle the exception first of all this is technical term what is the exception you do not understand it here it is showing input string was not in a correct format how to handle this kind of exceptions let me show you that how to handle instead of showing this big error messages will be showing some user friendly error messages to do that we always need try catch block helps all the thing we have kept in a try catch catch we have format exception console dot write line what my intention is instead of showing this technical errors to the end users we require to give user friendly error messages so that users can understand what happened or what went wrong so that you can rectify that error message when next time execution please enter numbers only now let me execute it what will happen see compare to that earlier message and this error message which one is good definitely this kind of error message to end users is always preferable instead of showing technical error messages it was showing unhandled exceptions that time so this is how a good way of showing error message to the end users now next thing is if user enters very large number the program should let the user know only the range is allowed how to do that first let me type very large number suppose the numbers only I am pressing sorry only numbers if I press by mistake like this see again what we are getting unhandled exception system.overflow exception where you say the two large are too small for integer 32 how to make it understand that users should understand what has went wrong sorry again we will close this now we will have something called overflow exception so that number should be not less than or not greater than that number whatever user is entering let me take this help catch then here it is overflow exception please enter numbers in this range otherwise we will give some other meaningful error messages like only numbers between this and that are allowed only numbers within some range we can mention only numbers between are allowed and then which numbers those are here let me mention that integer dot min value is there comma integer dot max value is there so what will happen is if you enter big number it won't allow you or if you enter less than this number it won't allow you what are these numbers first let me show you that sorry so before picking this and be taking this minimum values here it is maximum value this one so your value should be within this range either minimum value and maximum value whether how it is allowing the minimum value should be this one and maximum value is this one not less than this number and not greater than this number suppose if I enter let me enter the big number now see only numbers between this it is showing so you cannot enter a very large number as it is smaller than this number or greater than this number now let me show that as it is minimum value right suppose if I go with minus 2 1 4 7 4 8 3 6 instead of 4 8 I am giving less number 4 9 so in minus it is there right 4 9 so 4 8 is a bigger value 4 9 is a smaller value if I press enter it will be showing error message only numbers between this is the one is allowed the program is logically following the conditions whatever client had put user enters very large number the program should let the user know only the range is allowed and suppose if I enter a maximum value more than that specified what will happen this is the one 2 1 4 7 4 8 3 6 4 8 again it is throwing message so this will be showing only the numbers between this range now another condition denominator should not be 0 how to achieve that let us take another catch let me take help from this divided by 0 exception here we can so if I don't have this first of all what will happen let us see that so before putting this catch we need to do something called 50 then second number is 0 see what's happened and I had an exception so instead of showing this kind of error message to the user will be catching that exception and then will be showing that user friendly error messages instead of showing this kind of error messages close it and let me this denominator cannot be 0 meaning user should enter only the numbers here it is if he enters something else than numbers will be throwing this error message and users are entering numbers only but if they are entering very huge numbers then only I am showing this error messages and he is enter number only and he entered within a range only because 0 again that is also not allowed because we cannot do division by 0 whatever the number it is suppose 8 is there if I divided by 0 it cannot be divided by 0 so that exception also we are following now let us see that number is there and if I press 0 it is showing that denominator cannot be 0 understand all the conditions that the client had put for us and sometimes you cannot expect that maybe you can get other exception also apart from these exceptions console dot something else we can put at other message like let me take here es dot message this error message we cannot predict so whatever the error message comes at the time of execution it will show that particular message example like when you are dealing with a database and when you are connecting to the database and you are getting the data that time the database server also may be down we cannot predict it so that type of error messages will be covered here and remember that this exception is the final exception that can cover all the exceptions and the remaining exceptions should be there before this exception suppose if you have this exception after this exception it will throw error message immediately see a previous catch clause already catches all exceptions of this R of super type means that this exception will be there under this format exception so let me comment this sorry let me comment this thing also now still this program will work let us see this suppose if I press like this input string was not the correct format still this is not in a user friendly error message what user can understand input string so always think from user perspective you don't aware of this what is this string called is you don't know what is this string so we need to give user friendly error messages so only we have given please enter not here in catch only please enter numbers only so this is also a good error message but compared to this error message like this kind of error message will be always giving some more information to the client to enter his valid input understand like in the same way if I give this one input was either too large or too small for into 32 still you cannot understand it we are giving a big clarity of this information so only we will be using this kind of error message will be showing end users hope you understand this hope you understand how to catch exceptions and how to deal those exceptions instead of showing this technical error message to the end users please follow that showing a meaningful error messages to the end users please let me know if you have any question here with this program and to conclude there are many opportunities for this .NET resources who are having .NET resource their skill set like c-shop ASP.NET and this SQL server there are plenty of job opportunities you will be getting and for that H2K Infos will be always helping you to get jobs as well and they will be providing some mock interviews also please contact them for this more details and from my end I will be helping you for all the technical related questions whatever you have for the subject and my promise is that when you join today or when you join any day you don't need to have any knowledge in any of the course if you have some interest then that will make you to understand .NET you should have something like you need to attend classes regularly and you should follow the instructions what I am telling and you should do the assignments what I am going to give simple simple assignments definitely it is not a school or a college it will be following you everyday like have you done or not it is like if you have problems you should approach me then I will be helping you it's like not a micro management will be doing whether I have done it or not it is depends on your interest so you will be reaching me do you have any questions via email call this one at the rate of gmail.com not only in the class if you feel any hesitation to ask a question in a class you can always reach me via this email and sometimes you may not get a question in the class after having the class you may be getting the question anything which is related to the technical things you can please approach me via this email area I will be there always to help you guys if anybody have any questions please let me know so with this a demo class is done if anybody have any questions please stay back otherwise you can log off for the day one question from the other student it may be helpful for other students also the question was how easy is .NET compared to Java the thing is learning perspective it is very easy compared to the Java you need to write all the things in .NET you don't need to write so many things all the things are already there you just need to use the things you will be having toolbox you need to use the things what are there suppose if you wanted to write or if you wanted to display a textbox you don't need to type anything a small line of code also you need to take that just there are many applications are available I mean many controls are available you just drag and drop there is the biggest advantage with any of the other technologies compared to .NET yes the other question is what are all the .NET topics are covered if you take this course that's a good question I will show you that the syllabus that is there in a H2K website only here you can go to the courses in Microsoft.NET come down then you can see this course highlights and deep syllabus is written here topic wise Microsoft.NET course details these the syllabus will be covering not more than this and not less than this till final project work I guess nobody is there in this class students you don't need to submit a project in your colleges I guess and then what is the difference between console application and web application a console application will be looking like this we have seen here and web application is like we have this one this is a web application one kind of application example and facebook is a web application and another question is duration of the class and how long that's correct question let me tell you that every day Monday to Friday I will be taking the same time I think 8pm to 9.30pm that is 90 minutes of the class every day and duration is 9 weeks to 10 weeks it's like 2 and a half months Monday to Friday I will be taking 8pm to 9.30pm it's a 90 minutes class 9 weeks to 10 weeks I will be taking the class it's like 2 and a half months another question another question from another student could you explain if .NET is server or client-side programming these are server-side programming only client-side is javascript, html whatever it is it is pure server-side programming sheshop.net, asp.net we are going to discuss that is a server-side programming still we will be taking help from the javascript it is a client-side programming it is required as well for our anything we are doing validation still that and also we will be discussed as part of this syllabus that you can see here in syllabus we mentioned that also introduction to web technology javascript is there here we will be discussing about javascript as well as part of the course any other questions the entire class or entire course asp.net when is this course going to start other question it's already started only one or two classes done if you can join then it will be easy for you to pick up the classes so that one or two classes I will be taking you guys separately then we will club into the regular class please ask me if you have any other questions other question is do you teach basic programming definitely from basic to advanced this course will be covering these are all basic things we will be covering see here when you look at the syllabus these two chapters will be discussing about theoretical part and from here only we will be starting a programming thing from five windows ones hello world compiling anything why do we need to study all the things are very very basic things I will be giving examples for each topics then I will be making you to understand then only I will be moving to the next topic everybody in the class should understand then only we will be moving to the next topic thank you Sarita any other questions please let me know so that the question which you are asking it will be helpful other students also yeah you are welcome Polina yes the next question is how is the dotnet market I know java is open source but dotnet is not exactly the one is correct but these two are very much competitive in the dotnet market java and dotnet definitely you will be getting jobs in the market of dotnet more because there are many options are available if you learn java only java will be there in dotnet you can learn shishop, asp.net, vb.net any other languages also you can learn so there is more chances for you to get jobs under the dotnet still there is a big debate will be there java and dotnet in the internet some guys will say java is good some guys will say dotnet is good forget about that it's up to us that which one to select and it is depend on our interest as well which one we want to learn there are more jobs available for dotnet thank you yes the other question is does dotnet need to be upgraded periodically in terms of knowledge skills yes I should agree for this correct not only dotnet whatever the technology you are taking whatever language you are learning everyday or every time you need to upgrade yourself being it is a software industry it should be in a position that it should catch the new things which are getting everyday otherwise you will be not treated as learner or the things which are getting you are not taking into the world resume yes that is the first level is junior developer and again in organizations in different organizations different positions will be there that name will be different sometimes some organization called junior developer assistant engineer like that it is like a fresher kind of jobs you will be finding forget about the name they had given it is like entry engineer how do you get experienced as a senior I did not get your question how do you get experienced so as yes say if you want to get experience you should work in something else so only you can get it and again it is depending on the performance you are providing in your company and you will be there reviews of your performance depending on that performance reviews will be promoted to senior developer it is not like fix number of years to get senior developer it depends on again in your organization sometimes some guys wanted to make you to put in a senior developer position they can make it you after 2 years or 3 years what is the toughest part where you see students struggle a bit the toughest part is logical thinking say some students will be lacking logical thinking those who do not have logical thinking it is a toughest part the only thing in this IT industry for a developer is to have logical thinking if you have any more questions please drop an email to here for technical things will always be helpful you welcome thank you for attending we will meet again if you are going to join the class thank you bye


Lots and lots of you are seeing false positives for spam.  And I bet more and more of you are experiencing this, but are unaware of it. And that's even worse. Yeah. Get in your junk mailbox now and look. Yeah, because it's what's weird about this, Pete, is to our knowledge, Apple hasn't changed anything in Apple Mail. Like Ventura has been out for a while. The people that are experiencing this, I know, like anecdotally, I know that they all have been on Ventura basically since the release day, you know, ish, right? So, you know, when that's why when I first heard about this is happening, sort of widespread, I thought, oh, something on the server changed.


Lawn Clark was born January 12, 1911 in Frost, Minnesota. His grandfather had emigrated from Norway and founded the town. After his father died in World War I, his mother remarried and the family relocated to a farm near Lake Field, Minnesota. While in high school, Clark involved himself in the music and drama departments and once took second place in the Minnesota State Music Contest, playing the saxophone. He won several dramatic competitions and once won competitions for both drama and comedy. After graduation, Clark found himself at the McPhail School of Music in Minneapolis where he met a private music teacher who would greatly influence his life. She agreed to teach him without charge as she recognized him as a student who truly loved music and was eager to learn. His first radio appearance was as a soloist in the McPhail School Choir during a Christmas program in 1928. He and a friend teamed up to do musical programs for the local radio stations in Minneapolis. Soon after, they joined a tent show that would move to a town, perform different plays for a week, and then move on to the next town. In 1930, the director of that tent company encouraged Clark to move to Chicago where he transitioned to radio. He auditioned for station after station but with little success. One radio director even told him, radio can do very well without you. But after some time at various Chicago stations, he received an offer from WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio to join a stock company of 10 actors. Here he had the opportunity to play many roles, earning nice reviews for his work. To further his career, he was faced with a decision, moved to Hollywood with a chance to break into films, or to New York where he could do legitimate theater. He chose New York and he and his wife moved there in 1941. He earned close to $1,000 his first month an unusually large sum for an aspiring actor. Clark would be in great demand on the New York radio scene. In 1943, he received a call to audition for the Mutual Broadcasting System in a new production based on the Nick Carter dime novels. There were about 50 others auditioning for the role. Producer director, Jock McGregor called him with the news that he had won the leading role for the series. Nick Carter, master detective, started April 11th, 1943 and lasted until September 25th, 1955, a total of 722 episodes. At one point, Nick Carter was placed in a time slot next to Jack Benny. Although he never beat Benny in the ratings, Nick Carter was the highest rated show against Benny. Clark also appeared in several other roles in many different shows. During his peak, Clark appeared in an average of 20 radio shows in a week. These included 2000 plus, The Thin Man, The March of Time, Lights Out, Mysterious Traveler and Report to the Nation. He also garnered the leading role in the Comic Weekly Man, although he remained uncredited for the role and by his choice. He did all the voices except the female voices, doing many different dialects and accents, as well as writing many of the scripts. One role that stood out in Clark's mind was a program that aired during World War II, which was sponsored by the Catholic Church. It featured programs about men in the service. He was asked to portray Lieutenant O'Shea, who served in the Navy and whose ship was sunk with him on board. Prior to the voyage, Lieutenant O'Shea had written a letter to his son, which was published in newspapers across the country. Lawn Clark was very emotional while he read the letter for the broadcast. The director approached him later, thanking him for saving the show. Ironically, this was the same director who had told the young Lawn Clark that radio can do without you. In 1956, Clark would return to the stage replacing Jason Robards in the Broadway production of Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night. He would continue to work on stage and in television until the 1960s. He remained active on the radio in episodes of CBS Mystery Theater in the 1970s. Clark was married to Michelle Trudeau-Clark and they had two sons, Lawn Jr. and Stephen, all who would survive him. Clark would pass away October 2nd, 1998 in Manhattan, New York. He was 86. For Old Time Radio Researchers, I'm your announcer, Patrick Andre. Thank you for listening.