Zrpšte, zrpšte... Kaj z nami? S tebe. In kaj... Smo pa... Ok, dobro, se. Tako. Ok, so povedajte v svoju. To se počite. To je pravda, da je dobro doprestvar, doktor Maria Franco-Gavunel. arrow neck's presenter and she will talk about the links between migration and sustainability. Thank you. Thank you for the invitation. Good morning. So today I am going to discuss work that has been developed in collaboration with Professor Neil boarding and Dr Ricardo Safarecampos from the University of Exeter in the v Uniji. This is collaborative work. Before I go through the outline just to introduce myself a little bit. I have a background in economics, but my PhD is in international development, so I normally draw from other social sciences in my work. So today I'm going to present about what I'm going to motivate a little bit in the talk, then I will discuss what we call the Migration Sustainability Paradox. I'll explain a little bit about the role of international migration, so throughout this talk I'm going to discuss mostly about international migration, and then I'll show what the empirical evidence that we have on this and how we got these results, and I'll go into more details, and then I'll conclude. So theories of transformation to sustainability tend to overlook migration, despite it reshapes societies and politics around the world. So by theories of transformation to sustainability, I mean what Ian Schoonz calls these different typologies, such as market-led transformations or state-led transformations, technology-led transformations, and citizen-led transformations. So these ones tend to assume static populations, and do not necessarily incorporate flows across different areas. Whereas on the other hand, migration transition theories tend to see migration as a catalyst of social transformation. So they basically, the work of castles for example, looks at how migration represents a window of opportunity in which people move and tend to change, they not only change their place of residence, but they also then have to adapt, and therefore that means to put a lot of effort and to change attitudes and behaviors. And this eventually scales up to more aggregate, at the more aggregate level. So current migration trends to consider at the moment are the first one, the globalization of migration. So here what I mean is basically that there are more and more flows and these flows are more diverse. So people from more countries are moving around and then there is a change in the dominant flows. So for example, until after the World War, it was mostly Europeans moving to the Americas, but then after that now we are seeing much more south-north movements, like global south to global north movements, and also movement to the Gulf countries. Then we have a diversity of reasons. So it's not only labor migration that is the main flow, but also we have people, refugees, for example, that run away from conflict. We have people that move for family formation and so on, and most of the times these reasons are interlinked. We also see a proliferation of the migration transition. So basically areas that before were sources, and by sources I mean that I have a net migration rate that is negative, so they have more immigrants than immigrants. These places are becoming now more destinations, where it's the opposite. They have a positive net migration rate, which is that immigration is greater than immigration. And in this case, for example, we have Mexico, which is a country that in the past it was mostly an emitting country, but nowadays it's also receiving a lot of immigrants because it's basically a transition place where people from Central and South America move to go to the US, but very often they are stuck there. So then we have the feminization of labor migration, which is that in the past it was mostly male people moving, whereas now we have more and more women, and in some cases women are the majority of the flows. And finally, and more definingly, there is a growing politicization of migration. So it's becoming a security issue. Now borders are militarized almost everywhere and this is something that we didn't see prevalent as before. So the paradox. So basically what we claim is that migration can have two counteracting effects on sustainability. So on the one hand it's one of the three pillars of globalization. So apart from free flow of goods and services and capital, we also have movement of people. So it's one of the three pillars, but that also drive unsustainability. But on the other hand, it's also a potential force for transformative change. As I was mentioning the work that sees migration as a catalyst of social transformation. So here I just want to clarify some definitions. So as I was mentioning migration, I'm going to focus mainly on international migration. So this is defined as people foreign born populations because there are other definitions that take into account nationalities and other things. But in this case, we're going to focus on foreign born. So if someone is foreign born, it's considered a migrant, an international migrant. And then for sustainability, we are looking at the interplay of three things which ties nicely with the previous presentation that looked at the three circles of economic, social and environmental. So here we are taking the definition of the Bruntland report. The Bruntland report, as many of you already know, it was a report in 1987 commissioned by the Environment and Development Commission, World Commission. And it was led by Groharlem Bruntland, the then Prime Minister of Norway. And he wrote this report where basically he defines sustainable development as the already well known definition that it's the development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising of those of future generations. But he didn't say that only. He also talked about the interplay of these three systems, of the economic, social and environmental systems. He was very critical of how countries in the global north were increasingly industrializing and therefore polluting more. And this was affecting countries in the global south. And this also ties nicely with the previous presentation which is basically it's related to the limits to growth. Like how much a country can grow without compromising the environment and even societies. And a third point just to highlight is that although here I'm discussing mainly aggregate flows, like flows at the country level. If you, so we also as part of this project we made, we undertook a survey among around 6000 individuals in six cities and we asked them how do they define sustainability. And the result of that survey is that people also perceive that sustainability can be defined across these three dimensions, economic, social and environmental. So although we tend to talk more about the economic and environmental, the social aspect, the social cohesion aspect is also really important. So what we propose is then given that this, taking on board this definition of the three dimensions, we propose that if migration increases material well-being, reduces inequality and lowers environmental burden, then we would have an increase on sustainability or like the country would be on track towards a sustainable development path. I will park it there for now, but the idea of this project was to test this hypothesis. So just before I go to the results and to the methods, I would like just to go through what is the role of migration in each of these dimensions, on these of three dimensions. On the economic dimension, immigration contributes to aggregate output in two ways, directly in that basically more workers means more output, but also indirectly through innovation and public finances. So basically through innovation because having a more diverse workforce, first innovation, that's what student and colleagues found, and on the other hand, public finances are benefited from migration inflows because migrants tend to pay more in taxes than what they receive in benefits from state benefits. So and these are of course very political claims, but that's what Rothern finds. So then we have the social dimension, where the evidence is mixed. So there's no settlement on which, what's the direction of the relationship. First we have the debate about immigration and social cohesion. So here the political scientist, Robert Patnam, argued that in the US the immigration flows or the excess amount of immigration flows are deteriorating social cohesion. And he argued that these also had implications for political and civic participation and so on. Whereas on the other hand, Alejandro Portes, who is a sociologist, found that he actually challenged this view and he argued that societies like the US or other developed countries have such strong institutions that it's very difficult for a migration inflow to change them because these institutions govern the ways in which societies interact, then immigration does not necessarily deteriorate social cohesion. On the other hand we have the economists, which also do not agree on the evidence about this. So the relationship between immigration and wage inequality has been very contested over 30 years of debate and where, for example, David Card in 1990 found that the inflow of what he called Marielitos, which was an inflow of Cuban migrants to Miami. And this was the setting in which they were trying to analyze whether this big inflow of migrants affected wage inequality. So he found that this was not the case, whereas George Borjas contested this and he basically, it was a very long debate, it was mostly methodological and how the counterfactual was measured. So basically you know that when you compare treatment and control, it really depends which control you are using to see what's the effect that you find. So in this case Borjas challenged this and he basically said that there were some adjustments that had to be made and he found that the relationship here was negative. Finally, we have the environmental dimension where there is very limited evidence, although it's also equally political. So we say, they find that in Liang et al, this study looks at how immigration affects CO2 emissions. It looks at data from all over the world and they find that it increases CO2 emissions globally. So basically because they argue that sender countries are net exporters of CO2 whereas destination countries are net importers of CO2. However, this also has to be balanced with some other studies that find that countries, so country specific studies basically obtain divergent results, like it's not all settled as well. Some of them find that there is an increase and some others find that there is no effect. So now the role of emigration. Now the previous slide was mostly about how migration relates to the destination areas, like how the inflow of migrants affects these three dimensions of sustainability, whereas this one looks more at how, from the source areas, like from the emitting areas, how does emigration affect these three dimensions. So the first one, there are two forces that basically affect emigration and economic growth. The first one was posed by Bagwati in the 70s where he argued that basically there was a brain drain. So there was a loss of talent that had negative externalities at the origin and therefore more emigration meant less economic growth. So it was detrimental for the source areas. On the other hand, more recently in the 90s, Mountford proposed that actually the prospect of emigrating increases investments on human capital at origin. So if I know that I'm going to migrate tomorrow, today I will study more years. Therefore this increases the stock of human capital and therefore this is positive for economic growth. Now the social dimension here. David McKenzie from the World Bank finds that there is an inverted new relationship between emigration and inequality. And the logic behind this is that normally a migration and especially international migration is a very costly endeavor. So when households or individuals want to migrate they have to invest a lot and therefore not everyone can afford it. So at the beginning when migration rates are low, only relatively wealthier households are able to send migrants. So this increases inequality because then they receive remittances and they are even more wealthier. So this is the positive part of the relationship and then the negative part comes when there are social networks increasing and therefore lower income households start also sending migrants through these networks and then the relationship becomes negative. And then finally the environmental dimension. Well here as I was saying there is very limited evidence and I'm going to cite just the same paper as I was citing before, the one from Liang et al in which they find what I was mentioning that developing regions are generally net exporters of CO2 basically because they are net senders of migrants and developed regions are actually net importers of CO2 because they are destination areas. So the work that we have done, we tried to operationalize these dimensions, these different dimensions of sustainability. And so we use as proxies for the economic dimension GDP per capita. This is very valuable as we have seen throughout the presentations but we are still using this as a measure of the economic dimension. We also are interested in the social dimension which as a proxy we use income inequality. The way we are approximating this concept is also debatable but I'll go through this in a little while. And finally the environmental dimension is basically the CO2 per capita. So and we want to test whether migration affects each of these three simultaneously. Well the three of these simultaneously. So we used a multi-country computable general equilibrium model developed by the Global Trade Analysis Project. This is a project based at Purdue University in the U.S. And I understand that there are a lot of limits to general equilibrium models to CGs but still we are going ahead with this method. I'm happy to discuss in more detail later on. So GTAP as it's acronym has also developed a model specifically to account for energy inputs and outputs. And that's why it's called EGTAP. So we use this model that uses data from 2019 for 118 countries grouping to nine world regions. These regions are the U.S. EU just to note that this is in 2019 so it was still including the U.K. Russia and Central Eastern European countries. Japan, other OECD countries that are not included in the previous four groups. Net energy exporters which are basically Gulf countries and some countries in Latin America like Venezuela and even Mexico is there and I'll show how this affects the results. China, India and the Global South. The Global South is very diverse but it was grouped into a single category and this is something that we are still revising but that's the way we had basically categorized this. So then based on these nine categories we group every region into net destinations and net sources. So we look at the net migration rate of each of these regions and whether it's positive or negative we see whether it's a net destination region or a net source region. And then we also classify the flows by high-skill and low-skill migration. So high-skill migration is defined as basically the share of graduate college, sorry, of college graduates in each region and low-skill the complement of this group. And this was, sorry, and the data comes from, the migration flows come from Abel and Cohen and the share of high-skill migration comes from the Kier and Grappoport. So these are the net migration rates between 1990 and 2020. They just have mostly fluctuated for other OECD countries and for the US. They follow a downward trend since 2005. And then we can see that there is a big difference between these two regions and the rest of the other regions which mostly fluctuate around zero. So still, but still it's possible to disentangle like who is a net destination and who is a net source. So the main migration flows. In this exercise we wanted to focus on the main migration flows. So on the largest flows for each destination and for each source. On the left column we have the nine regions where in blue font we find all the net destinations and red font, those are that are net sources and net energy exporters which are fluctuating around zero. So they were partly both. So for example, for the case of the US the top source comes from Mexico so it comes from the net energy exporters. And by the way this table was developed taking into account interregional migration. So we don't account for example moves within the EU which are actually the most prevalent type of flows. So we have that for the EU, Japan and the net energy exporters the global south is the main source. For other OECD countries it's the EU. And then on the third column we have following the same logic we have the top destinations for the net sources, so for all the ones that are in red font. So we have that the top source for the Russian CE is the EU, for China is the global south and so forth for India and the global south for the net energy exporters. So this is basically the table of inputs that we use to go through the simulations and these are changes with, the first panel shows the changes with respect to the labour force whereas the second panel shows the changes with respect to the population. And the use of these two is basically because the model is adjusted per capita so it requires population shares as well as labour force shares which are reflecting the migration flows. So none of these, the range is very low. It goes from, for the positive numbers it goes from 0.32 to maximum 5%. And similarly for the negative ones from minus 4% to minus 0.06%. So from this, so, okay, I didn't mention the most important thing, we had four scenarios. So we created the net destination high skilled, net destination unskilled, net source skilled and net source unskilled. So for each of these scenarios we did these simulations. So each column basically reflects a single scenario. And these are the results for the first one. So for the net destination and high skilled we find that for example in the case of the US there is a 0.7% increase in GDP per capita as a result of these flows. Now the way in which we are interpreting this income inequality that I was mentioning before is actually, so it looks basically factor prices. So for high and low skilled labor we are looking at high and low skilled wages whereas and price of capital. So in the case of the US for example we see that an increase in high skilled migration leads to a reduction in the wages of skilled labor because basically more skilled people means that there is a shift in supply and therefore wages go down. And then we have the opposite effect for the unskilled wages and for the price of capital. Assuming that there is some level of substitutability between high skilled labor and capital. And finally in the third graph we are looking at the percentage change in CO2 per capita which is also great, so it's greater for example in the case of the US and the global south because the US is a net destination. You are seeing that the CO2 per capita moves together with the GDP per capita. So basically more production means more CO2 whereas in the global many of these flows are netted out not netted out but are reflected on the source areas like the global south where this is actually a negative result. Again a negative result on GDP correlates with a negative result on CO2 per capita. And I'll discuss this a little bit like the limitations of this in a little bit more detail. But GDP and CO2 do not necessarily have to correlate or at least positively, but this is something, it's part of the inner workings of the model. So we have similar graphs for each scenario and I just want to show you the summary of the results. So basically for each scenario we have grouped the results for GDP inequality and CO2. In the top left quadrant we have high skilled net destination where we have an increase in GDP and also an increase in CO2 but a reduction in inequality because as we saw in the distribution of income if we have an increase in wages of high skilled people so there is a decrease in the wages of high skilled people and an increase in the wages of low skilled people then we have a compression of the distribution and therefore we have less inequality. So that's the way that we are inferring this. We're not using the GIMI or TALE or other measures of inequality because the model does not allow for that but we can infer this from the changes in the direction of the changes in which the wages and the price of capital move forward. So then we have the low skilled net destination where the three elements go up, GDP inequality and CO2 and then when we look at the high skilled net source we have a reduction in GDP, an increase in inequality but a decrease in CO2. So this is basically the result of getting rid of labor and therefore you lose output. So then you have a decline in GDP and thus a decline in CO2. However, when doing sensitivity analysis what we found is that so in any of these scenarios the three dimensions move in a normally positive way. There is no increase in GDP reduction in inequality and reduction in CO2 at the same time in any of these four scenarios and therefore the answer, the blunt answer for the hypothesis would be we don't find this. However, what we find doing sensitivity analysis is that for the top left quadrant we found that if the parameter is the elasticity of substitution between capital and energy. So this basically reflects how easy it is to substitute or how linked are capital and energy inputs. So the higher the dependence between these two the worse it's going to be for the effect on CO2. Whereas if this becomes, sorry, the more substitutable they are the better it is for CO2 reductions. Whereas the lower the more compliments they are the higher is the increase in CO2. So this is what we call the potentially sustainable scenario and how this parameter is changed is actually a very challenging thing because it basically depends on the structure of the economy and how it's not something that can be just so basically it implies green technologies and machines depending less and less on energy inputs so it requires a transition. So just to conclude, so migration has the potential to change these three dimensions not simultaneously just potentially because this potential depends on two things. The first one is the selectivity of migrants and what we are here just discussing about education but this need not to be the only dimension that is taken into account. Migrants are more heterogeneous in various different ways and also the post migration condition. So like for example the structure of the economy like whether it's a green air economy or not this is going to affect whether the CO2 goes up or down and that's that. Thank you. Thank you and now it's time for questions. Thank you very much for your presentation. I am a bit puzzled by one thing though you've spent the first half of it telling us about flows and highly complex flows and then you told us you were using a general equilibrium model when actually all these flows make me think of a strongly out of equilibrium system. What do you have to say about this? Could you elaborate further? Well when you have flows and complex flows you expect long relaxation times to equilibrium and so I wouldn't go for a general equilibrium model. Yeah, okay I agree. So just like this was discussed in previous days I mean the general equilibrium models have a lot of flows they actually assume many things and frictions are one of those that there are no frictions. So I agree that a general equilibrium model is limited to some extent and I think that actually taking into account all the situations in which migration in particular affects these types of things like the lags or for example the fact that this also assumes competitive markets which are not necessarily the case for labour markets and especially for labour markets in which migrants work. So yes, I completely agree. It may not necessarily be the most ideal but this is like just a first step towards that. But thank you. Well thank you very much for your talk, it was very interesting. I want to make one observation regarding the penultimate slide that you showed, that's it. The GDP inequality CO2 combination and this puzzling. And I wonder whether the following observation might help between the findings that you have, the disappointing findings that you have, disappointing in the ethical sense. So Managi and Kumar in their cross-country estimates of inclusive wealth had one finding which I think is quite very interesting. It wasn't exclusively CO2 which was natural capital but CO2 was such an important part of that in their computer. So let's just ignore that. So the idea was the footprint, ecological footprint of which CO2 is a major component and GDP is related monotonically, because 170, 60 countries in this sample I guess. But the functional relationship between GDP and footprint and GDP was concave, strictly concave, sort of bending like that, which has a following implication that any redistribution, egalitarian redistribution increases the total footprint. So the idea of course the rich are polluting more than the poor, the margin, the rich pollute less than the poor does at the margin, that's the concavity assumption, which means that inequality reduction moves, would need to be compensated by decline in average GDP if the footprint, the aggregate footprint is to be kept fixed. So that's the sort of a, it was to me a disappointing result again. I mean I was hoping it would be convex, that potential notions would all be going together, but that's how life is, at least that's what the data say. And I wonder if you want to use that to see. Thank you. So yeah, I think that there is still a lot more space for improving this exercise. We're still revising some of the things, but this pointing to this study is quite helpful, which reminds me actually to something else that is related to the limits to growth, which is that, and it's the distributional impacts of it, like exactly what you mentioned, that when we compare developed countries with developing countries and who pollutes more, there is, it's not that straightforward to just cut growth for everyone, but maybe at the top end of the distribution and also to take into account the fact that, that if we want the developing countries to actually transition towards a greener economy, there has to be some sort of redistribution there from the developed countries in order to enable this type of transition. Yes. Hi there. Hi Maria, thank you. Very interesting talk, very important subject. I was wondering, you know, in the last few years with COVID, but also with the kind of politics we've been having in parts of Europe in the United States, there have been a decrease, I think we saw, maybe we saw in your plot, of international migration incoming. I think your results would show from the point of view of the recipient country that their advantages, CO2 aside from receiving migrants. There's a long history of documenting that, but I wonder if using your methods or others could estimate the opportunity cost of reduced migration that we're experiencing at the moment in these destinations? Okay, so we are not looking at reductions. Let me just check, no, okay, I see. That might change the landscape. We haven't actually considered that, but yeah, I suppose that that could be an interesting avenue for exploring. With COVID, this data, although it says that it's from 2021, it actually considers up until June 2020. So it does explain partly why there's also a decrease in the 2015-2020 period. So it would be a matter of updating this in the next few years and see how it goes and what happens with the current situation, where we are still not fully over COVID, but yeah, it would be a matter of taking this into account. Sorry, slightly related to this. So my question is whether this is the right exercise in the sense that while in the end one is trying to describe what happens in a particular scenario, but then of course there are a lot of issues with general equilibrium, with other assumptions etc. So would it make more sense to pose a different problem? So given this scenario, given general equilibrium, given CO2, taking CO2 as, what is the best, what is the optimum? What is the optimal thing that an economy, because essentially in the end and what is the optimal, what does the optimal strategy look like? Because in the end I probably want to make suggestions for policy and for institutions to be created to manage migrations, which is essentially something that is completely lacking at the moment. So and of course maybe one could also estimate, as Luis was suggesting, what would be the benefit for society of what could be the benefit with all these limitations of say managing migrations for both the environment and for the economy and for the social. Thank you, thank you for your questions. So I think that if you wanted to go to the potential benefits of migration, okay, first of all... I mean in this setting, I mean there is an optimization problem, which is probably the wrong one. I mean in GTAB there is, so it's a general equilibrium, so there is an optimization problem. Probably it's the wrong problem, this is my question. Is that wrong? It's the wrong problem. The wrong problem. So one should look at the different optimization problem. Okay, I see. Okay, so just to say that given that this particular type of modeling has, I mean I don't want to take the results at face value and derive any policy from as it is at the moment. Because first of all there is one element that we are not taking into account, which is one limitation of this exercise, which is the remittances flow. The remittances flow can alter GDP. There is an increasing amount of remittances being sent from developed countries to developing countries. Okay, there is a whole discussion about whether at the macro level you actually see a positive correlation between remittances and GDP. At the individual level there is a lot of studies that find that there is a positive relationship between remittances and household income. So this could actually talk to this scenario actually to the bottom right where it could increase GDP. So it's not... As it is, I wouldn't want to propose any policy or to be in favor or against any migration policy just to say migration doesn't contribute to sustainability and that's it. But yeah, I agree that this is something that we should eventually take into account. Now the potential benefits, it would be... The way I see it is that it would depend on the weights that you assign to each dimension because in each country is a whole world. So if you want to, for example, if inequality is your worst or your key issue, then you might be happy being in any other quadrant as long as it increases it. So it's slightly context-specific as well and that would be a way to, in a sense, save these disappointing results because migration does not necessarily address the three of them simultaneously in a better way. Thank you. OK, so I've got a couple of questions. The first is that on this schematic, every time GDP goes up, CO2 goes up and with technological advances, that's not necessarily the case, conflating the two of them is dangerous because it will make countries less ready to do things that are increasing sustainability. So my first question is, how do you answer that or factor it into your models better? My second question is a question of scale. So I spent most of nine years living in China and China is an interesting place because domestically you have rural urban migration, you have people who have grown up in the countryside, providing labour in cities, but within rural environments you have net migration from neighbouring countries for low-skilled agricultural pickers, etc. So with countries that have that kind of dynamics, how do you figure those into your models or do we need to better consider sub-national levels of migration? Thank you for your question. I'll start with the second one and I'll go then with the first one. I really agree that the idea of internal migration is a completely different area of exploration. Internal migration is actually more prevalent than international migration, way more prevalent and especially among the global south. So as you will say you have rural urban, but actually the most prevalent flow is rural-rural. So the fact that you have these reallocations and that are not necessarily as the way we are thinking here makes me think that we should separate them, mainly because of the type of selection of migrants. When you have rural-rural, the pre-migration characteristics of these people are way different than the ones that are moving across borders. So that could be international migration. So in the borders of China, you've got very similar populations. So you've got people like the Karen and the Cayenne populations from Myanmar moving into Yunnan. Those would have been autonomous regions. In northern Vietnam, southern China you have the Hamong people. So you have quite similar populations and the borders in some ways have kind of been imposed retrospectively, but it's because the wage in cities is higher. So the rural Chinese are moving to urban areas to work in households, but because you then don't have enough agricultural labourers, you are getting in cheap agricultural labourers from neighbouring countries, which in some ways the preconditions are similar. The only barrier may be language, but because there are also indigenous populations that speak the same language, so where I was, people spoke Dai. Dai overlaps with Thai and Laotians was quite easy for people to actually integrate with local populations in some ways, though they have zero rights, zero healthcare, et cetera. Yeah, thank you. So yes, this latter point touches upon the conditions post-migration, which are like, I absolutely agree, but the situations in which many migrants live, they are not necessarily legal and they are not necessarily receiving healthcare and many other benefits. The case of international migration among neighbouring areas is a very particular one, which is different than going from a Latin American country to the US, for example, like longer distances. The characteristics are different. Just to give one example, in the case of the climate change and migration literature, it's mostly, the relationship holds mostly for internal migration and for bordering states. So people are not going to move like way further, but just if they go for international migration it would be to some neighbouring country. So I do agree, but it has like some nuances to be taken into account. Thank you. Question maybe? Thank you for this talk. I have one question is about, is the model dynamic or static? Static. Static model. Yeah. The second question is, I think that the three variables must be completed by other variables, for example, the average wage, or the share of wages in the GDP, because it is a very important, bring an additional idea about the situation of workers, because it is very important from the point of view of sustainability, from the point of view of the poverty of workers, because it is very important. The second thing, I think that the first, the three quadrants, there is a question of the premium of skilled labour. So you remark that in net destination countries the flows of high skilled workers reduces inequality. That means that the premium of skilled labour in these countries decreases. This is a good thing for workers from developing countries that do flow to developed countries or rich countries. I prefer that because there are some countries of destination of migration that are not developed by rich. The same thing for the net sources for the skilled labour increases the premium of skilled labour. In my country, for example, which is a net source of migration, there is a lot of people that are educated, good educated, they do migrate. That means that the persons that remain in the country, their wages increases, that means increases of inequality. The same thing for low skilled labour in net destination countries, inequality increases. But there is a lot of people of low skilled labour that come. And the supply of in skilled labour increases, that means that the relative scarcity of skilled labour increases, that means that their salaries will increase, that means that inequality increases. The fourth quadrant is, I don't know how to interpret the way inequality in net source for low skilled labour increases, I don't understand. The last remark is about what these guys say. I think that in general equilibrium, we have an equilibrium situation and an inequality situation and all the adjustment have been done by the elasticity stays and the relative prices between elements. Ok, thank you. Thank you. So, about poverty, I agree. The way in which migrants live can definitely not be generalized. We have high skill, low skill, but also conditions of poverty. Even if some migrants are high skilled, but do not have adequate rights. So, I agree that this is an issue. This could be measured, though, that could be inferred. And then for the fourth quadrant, so the net source low skilled, you were mentioning about the reduction in inequality. Is that what you, how does it work? So, basically for the net source, less supply of low skilled labour increases the wage of low skilled labour because of the relative scarcity that you will mention. Whereas, we have the opposite direction for the high skills. So, that's how the reduction in inequality holds in this case. Ok, thank you. I think we should move to the next talk. And I invite Aisha das Gupta to join the floor. We have a lot of demography this morning.


Thank you, Janus. Great to see you guys. And thank you for watching the Cube's continuous coverage of AWS Storage Day. We're here at the Spheres. It's an amazing venue. My name is Dave Vellante. I'm here with Mylon Thompson Bukovac, who's vice president of Block and Object Storage. Mylon, always a pleasure to see you. Thanks for coming on. Nice to see you, Dave. It's pretty crazy, you know. This is kind of a hybrid event. We were in Barcelona a while ago, big hybrid event. And now it's, you know, it's hard to tell. It's almost like day to day what's happening with COVID. And some things are permanent. I think a lot of things are becoming permanent. You, what are you seeing out there in terms of when you talk to customers, how are they thinking about their business, building resiliency and agility into their business in the context of COVID and beyond? Well, Dave, I think what we've learned today is that this is a new normal. These fluctuations that companies are having and supply and demand in all industries all over the world, that's a new normal. And that is what has driven so much more adoption of cloud in the last 12 to 18 months. And we're going to continue to see that rapid migration to the cloud. Because companies now know that in the course of days and months, the whole world of your expectations of where your business is going and what your customers are going to do, that can change. And that can change not just for a year, but maybe longer than that. That's a new normal. And I think companies are realizing it, our AWS customers are seeing how important it is to accelerate moving everything to the cloud to continue to adapt to this new normal. So storage historically has been, I'm going to drop a box off at the loading dock and have a nice day. And then maybe the services team is involved in a more intimate way, but you're involved every day. So I'm curious as to what that permanence, some people call it the new abnormal, but it's the new normal now. What does that mean for storage? Dave, in the course of us sitting here over the next few minutes, we're going to have dozens of deployments go out all across our AWS storage services. That means our customers that are using our file services or transfer services, block and object services, they're all getting improvements as we sit here and talk. That is such a fundamentally different model than the one that you talked about, which is the appliance gets dropped off at the loading dock. It takes a couple months for it to get scheduled for setup and then you have to do data migration to get the data on the new appliance. Meanwhile, we're sitting here and customers storage is just improving under the hood and in major announcements like what we're doing today. Take us through this sort of, let's go back. I remember vividly when S3 was announced, they launched this cloud era and people would do a lot of experimentation. We were storing maybe gigabytes, maybe even some terabytes back then and that's evolved. What are you seeing in terms of how people are using data? What are the patterns that you're seeing today? How is that different than maybe 10 years ago? I think what's really unique about AWS is that we are the only provider that has been operating at scale for 15 years. And what that means is that we have customers of all sizes, terabytes, petabytes, exabytes, that are running their storage on AWS and running their applications using that storage. And so we have this really unique position of being able to observe and work with customers to develop what they need for storage and it really breaks down to three main patterns. The first one is what I call the crown jewels. The crown jewels in the cloud. And that pattern is adopted by customers who are looking at the core mission of their business and they're saying to themselves, I actually can't scale this core mission on on-premises. And they're choosing to go to the cloud on the most important thing that their business does because they must, they have to. And so a great example of that is FINRA, the regulatory body of the US stock exchanges where a number of years ago, they took a look at all the data silos that were popping up across their data centers. They're looking at the rate of stock transactions going up and they're saying, we just can't keep up. Not if we want to follow the mission of being the watchdog for consumers, for stock transactions. And so they moved that crown jewel of their application to AWS. And what's really interesting, Dave, is as you know, because you've talked to many different companies, it's not technology that stops people from moving to the cloud as quick as they want to. It's culture, it's people, it's processes, it's how businesses work. And when you move the cloud jewels into the cloud, you are accelerating that cultural change and that's certainly what FINRA saw. Second thing we see is where a company will pick a few cloud pilots. It'll take a couple of applications, maybe one or a several across the organization and they'll move that as sort of a reference implementation to the cloud. And then the goal is to try to get the people who did that to generalize all the learning across the company. And that is actually a really slow way to change culture because as many of us know, in large organizations, you have some resistance to other organizations changing culture. And so that cloud pilot, while it seems like it would work, it seems logical, it's actually counterproductive to a lot of companies that want to move quickly to the cloud. And the third example is what I think of as new applications or cloud first, not new. And that pattern is where a company or startup says all new technology initiatives are on the cloud. And we see that for companies like McDonald's, which has transformed their drive-up experience by dynamically looking at location orders and providing recommendations. And we see it for the digital athlete, which is what the NFL has put together to dynamically take data sources and build these models that help them programmatically simulate risks to player health and put in place some ways to predict and prevent that. But those are the three patterns that we see so many customers falling into depending on what their business wants. I like that term digital athlete. My business partner John Furrier coined the term tech athlete years ago in the cube. That third pattern seems to me, you're right, you almost have to shock the system if you just put your toe in the water, it's going to take too long. But it seems like that third pattern really actually de-risks it in a lot of cases. It's so sad, people who's going to argue, oh, the new stuff should be in the cloud. And so that seems to me to be a very sensible way to approach that blocker, if you will. What are your thoughts on that? I think you're right, Dave. I think what it does is it allows a company to be able to seed the ideas and the technology and the cultural change of cloud in different parts of the organization. And so rather than having a one group that's supposed to generalize it across an organization, you get it decentralized and adopted by different groups and the culture change just goes faster. So you bring up decentralization and there's an emerging trend referred to as a data mesh. It was coined, the term coined by Jebac de Gany, a very thought provoking individual. And the concept is basically that data is decentralized and yet we have this tendency to sort of shove it all into one box or one container, you could say one cloud. Oh, the cloud is expanding. The cloud is decentralizing in many ways. So how do you see data mesh fitting in to those patterns? We have customers today that are taking the data mesh architectures and implementing them with AWS services. And Dave, I wanna go back to the start of Amazon. When Amazon first began, we grew because the Amazon technologies were built in microservices. Fundamentally, a data mesh is about separation or abstraction of what individual components do. And so if I look at data mesh, really you're talking about two things. You're talking about separating the data storage and the characteristics of data from the data services that interact and operate on that storage. And with data mesh, it's all about making sure that the businesses, the decentralized business model can work with that data. Now, our AWS customers are putting their storage in a centralized place because it's easier to track, it's easier to view compliance and it's easier to predict growth and control costs. But we started with building blocks and we deliberately built our storage services separate from our data services. So we have data services like lake formation and glue. We have a number of these data services that our customers are using to build that customized data mesh on top of that centralized storage. So really, it's about at the end of the day, speed. It's about innovation. It's about making sure that you can decentralize and separate your data services from your storage so businesses can go faster. But that centralized storage is logically centralized. It might not be physically centralized.  That's correct. But to a developer, it looks like it's in one place. That's right. And so that's not antithetical to the concept of data mesh. In fact, it fits in perfectly to the point you were making. I wonder if we could talk a little bit about AWS's storage strategy. It started, of course, with S3 and that was the focus for years. And of course, EBS as well. But now we're seeing, we heard from Wayne this morning, the portfolio is expanding, the innovation is accelerating, that flywheel that we always talk about. How would you characterize and how do you think about AWS's storage strategy, per se? We are dynamically and constantly evolving our AWS storage services based on what the application and the customer want. That is fundamentally what we do every day. We talked a little bit about those deployments that are happening right now, Dave. That is something that idea of constant dynamic evolution just can't be replicated by on-premises where you buy a box and it sits in your data center for three or more years. And what's unique about us among the cloud services is, again, that perspective of the 15 years where we are building applications in ways that are unique because we have more customers and we have more customers doing more things. So, you know, I've said this before, it's all about speed of innovation, Dave. Time and change, wait for no one.  Let's, I mean, if you look at some of the launches that we talk about today and you think about S3's multi-region access points, that's a fundamental change for customers that want to store copies of their data in any number of different regions and get a 60% performance improvement by leveraging the technology that we've built up over time, leveraging the ability for us to route to intelligently route a request across our network. That and FSX for NetApp on tap, nobody else has these capabilities today and it's because we are at the forefront of talking to different customers and that dynamic evolution of storage, that's the core of our strategy. So, Andy Jazz used to say oftentimes AWS is misunderstood and you're comfortable with that. So, it's helped me square this circle because you talked about things you couldn't do on-prem and yet you mentioned the relationship with NetApp. You think, look at things like outposts and local zones. You're actually moving the cloud out to the edge, including on-prem data centers. So, how do you think about hybrid in that context? For us, David always comes back to what the customer is asking for and we were talking to customers and they were talking about their edge and what they wanted to do with it. We said, how are we going to help? And so, if I just take S3 for outposts as an example or EBS on outposts, you know, we have customers like Morningstar and Morningstar wants outposts because they are using it as a step in their journey to being on the cloud. If you take a customer like first Adu Dhabi Bank, they're using outposts because they need data residency for their compliance requirements. And then we have other customers that are using outposts to help dish networks as an example to place a storage as close as account to the applications for low latency.  For us, Dave, we think in the fullness of time, every customer and all applications are going to be on the cloud because it makes sense and those businesses need that speed of innovation. But when we build things like our announcement today of FXX for NetApp on tap, we build them because customers asked us to help them with their journey to the cloud, just like we built S3 and EBS for outposts for the same reason. When you say over time, you believe that all workloads will be on the cloud, but the cloud is, it's like the universe. I mean, it's expanding. What's not cloud in the future? When you say on the cloud, you mean wherever you meet customers with that cloud, that includes outposts. It's the programming. It's the programmability of that model. Is that correct? That's what you're talking about. In fact, our S3 and EBS outpost customers, the way that they look at how they use outposts, it's either as part of developing applications where they're eventually go to the cloud or taking applications that are in the cloud today in AWS regions and running them locally. And so as you say, this definition of the cloud, it's going to evolve over time. But the one thing that we know for sure is that AWS storage and AWS in general is going to be there one or two steps ahead of where customers are and deliver them what they need. I want to talk about block storage for a moment, if I can. You guys are making some moves in that space. We heard some announcements earlier today. Some of the hardest stuff to move, whether it's cultural or maybe it's just hardened tops, maybe it's governance edicts, are those really hardcore mission critical apps and workloads, whether it's SAP stuff, Oracle, Microsoft, et cetera. You're clearly seeing that as an opportunity for your customers. And in storage, in some respects, was a blocker previously because of whatever, latency, et cetera. And there's still some considerations there. How do you see those workloads eventually moving to the cloud? Well, they can move now. With IO2 Block Express, we have the performance that those high-end applications need. And it's available today. We have customers using them and they're very excited about that technology. And again, it goes back to what I just said, Dave. We had customers saying, I would like to move my highest performing applications to the cloud. And this is what I need from the storage underneath it. And that's why we built IO2 Block Express and that's how we'll continue to evolve IO2 Block Express. It is the first SAM technology in the cloud, but it's built on those core principles that we talked about a few minutes ago, which is dynamically evolving and capabilities that we can add on the fly and customers just get the benefit of it without the cost of migration. I want to ask you something about just the storage, how you think about storage in general, because typically it's been a bucket. You know, it's a container, but it seems, I always say, the next 10 years aren't going to be like the last. It seems like you're really in the data business and you're bringing in machine intelligence. You're bringing in other database technology and this rich set of other services to apply to the data. That's now, there's a lot of data in the cloud. And so we can now, whether it's build data products, build data services. So how do you think about the business in that sense? It's no longer just a place to store stuff. It's actually a place to accelerate innovation and build and monetize for your customers. How do you think about that? Our customers use the word foundational. Every time they talk about storage, they say for us, it's foundational. And Dave, that's because every business is a data business. Every business is making decisions now on this changing landscape in a world where the new normal means you cannot predict what's going to happen in six months in a year and the way that they're making those smart decisions is through data. And so they're taking the data that they have in our storage services and they're using SageMaker to build models. They're using all kinds of different applications like lake formation and glue to build some of the services that you're talking about around authorization and data discovery to sit on top of the data and they're able to leverage the data in a way that they have never been able to do before because they have to. That's what the business world demands today. And that's what we need in the new normal. We need the flexibility and the dynamic foundational storage that we provide in AWS. And you think about the great data companies, those were the trillions in the market cap. They're data companies, they put data at the core but that doesn't mean they shove all the data into a centralized location. It means they have the identity access capabilities, the governance capabilities to enable data to be used wherever it needs to be used and build that future. Exciting times we're entering here, Mylon. We're just at the start, Dave, we're just at the start. Really, what do you think we have? So how do you think about Amazon? It's not a baby anymore, it's not even an adolescent, right? You guys are obviously major player. Early adulthood, day one, day zero, wait. Dave, we don't age ourselves. I think if I look at where we're going for AWS, we are just at the start. So many companies are moving to the cloud but we're really just at the start. And what's really exciting for us who work on AWS storage is that when we build these storage services and these data services, we are seeing customers do things that they never thought they could do before and it's just the beginning. Now I think the potential is unlimited. You mentioned Dish before. I mean, I see what they're doing in the cloud for telco, I mean telco transformation, that's an industry, every industry there's a transformation scenario, a disruption scenario. Healthcare has been so reluctant for years and that's happening so quickly. I mean COVID certainly accelerating that. Obviously financial services have been super tech savvy but they're looking at the FinTech saying, okay, how do we play? I mean, there isn't manufacturing with EV. It's just, it's government, totally. Oil and gas, thank you. There isn't a single industry that's not a digital industry and there's implications for everyone. And it's not just bits and atoms anymore. The old Negra Ponte, although Nicholas I think was prescient because he saw this coming. It really is fundamental. Data is fundamental to every business. And I think you want for all of those in different industries you want to pick the provider where innovation and invention is in our DNA. And that is true not just for storage but AWS and that is driving a lot of the changes you have today but really what's coming in the future. You're right, it's the combinatorial factors. It's not just the storage or the data, it's the ability to apply other technologies that map into your business process, that map into your organizational skill sets that drive innovation in whatever industry you're in. It's great, Milan, awesome to see you. Thanks so much for coming on theCUBE. Great seeing you Dave, take care. All right, you too. And keep it right there for more action. We're going to now toss it back to Jenna, Kanal and Darko in the studio. Guys, over to you.


Hey, this is Brett and this 2021 Ford F-250 Crew Cab Short Box XLT FX4 is stock number 12684Z. We're here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy-duty truck headquarters. This 2021 Ford F-250 has the 6.7 liter power stroke diesel engine, 475 horsepower, 1,050 foot-pounds of torque. This truck has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop for the State of Wisconsin inspection process. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off, and this truck is 100% ready to go. We're going to go all the way around inside, start it up, take a look under the hood. In this video, anti-matter blue, metallic is the color of my new favorite color on the Fords. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p, 60 frames per second. If you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, or television, I highly recommend turning them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition, and cleanliness of the truck before seeing it in person. If you like the video and how we do things here at Summit Automotive in the upper right-hand part of the screen, is a subscribe button to our YouTube channel. Click that, and then click the bell notifications, and you'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. This one comes with 20-inch BMF painted and polished aluminum rims, and it has Open Country Toyo RT tires. These are 37x12.5R20LTs, and they have probably about, I'd say, 50% to 60% of the tread left on them, maybe a little bit more. It has a ready lift. I think that's like a 2-inch or 2.5-inch leveling kit on it. Framing on the body is an exceptionally nice condition, and the front fender, I didn't see any dents or dings on there. It looks really good. Headlight lenses are nice and clear, and it does come with the factory fog lights, but it comes with LED fog lights. Somebody put those in there. Front bumper and lower valence are in excellent shape. I didn't see any major dents or dings on there, and the chrome trim grille is in really nice condition as well. The hood is very nice and clean. Didn't see any dents, didn't see any dings on there. Passengers' side front fender is in excellent condition. And the passengers' side rim. No major scuffs on there. Looks pretty good. And anti-matter blue. It's got a lot of metal flake to it. It's got some purple in it. Really a cool-looking color. They just came out with this color, I believe last year, or the year before, so really new color for the Fords. Really a good-looking color. When it's dark out, it looks black, so... Anyways, as you go down this side of this 2021 Ford F-250, take note of how clean that body is, and how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. And we take these HD videos, so if you are far away, or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down, you're still interested in purchasing the truck. You can see the truck, hear the truck, and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at. Before you even get here, so when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises, and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. And if this video helps you make that decision, let your salesmen know that you saw the video, that it was helpful, and that Brett sent you. Back rims in nice shape. Back tires have just as much tread as the front tires. Very little to no corrosion. Has all the remaining factory exhaust, and it's very clean all the way underneath here. Cab corners, lower rockers all look good. It has the wheel-to-wheel side steps. They're chromed out. And the passenger side box. I didn't see any dents or dings on there. It does come with the FX4 off-road suspension package, and you get chrome-tipped exhaust as well. Coming around to the back of the vehicle, rear bumper is in excellent condition. Full towing package, of course. Does have the backup parking sensors, receiver hitch, 4-pin and 7-pin wiring. The tailgate is in very nice condition as well. Has a forward roll-up tonneau cover. The bed does have a little bit of light-duty usage, but it is a truck, and that sort of stuff isn't expected. Nothing a bedliner couldn't fix. Tailgate shuts nice and solidly, and as you go down the driver's side, just as clean as that passenger side. No dents or dings on the box. Looks really good. And for full disclosure, this back rim is in very nice condition as well. Down the rest of the side of the truck. Doors look really good. This one does have the driver's side door code entry. We do have the code for this truck, and if you ever want to figure out what your code is for your 2017 to 2022 super-duty in the upper right-hand press screen, I've got a video showing you how to do that. Has the blind spot monitoring. These power scope out, power fold in. I'll show you that in just a second. Inside the XLT package gives you the gray cloth interior. You get the power driver seat. Both of these front seats are heated. No rips, no tears on the seat. Driver's side lumbar factory floor mats. It does have auto headlamps, tilt, and telescopic steering wheel. Power windows, power locks, and power mirrors. So you can see these mirrors do power fold in like so. I always like showing both sides so that you know that both sides are working properly. And then that telescopic feature, you can see that they go out nicely and in nicely. And once again, both sides working good. We'll hop inside, check out the miles, radio, and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior. You can see that this one has 25,465 miles. You get an outside temperature display. You can also have digital speedometer and all that good stuff. It does have a compass display as well. On the steering wheel you get your cruise and information center controls. And on the right hand side you get your Bluetooth and audio controls. It does have the 10-speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift. And this one comes with the sync 8-inch radio. You get AM, FM, and Sirius XM radio capabilities, as well as Bluetooth capabilities. It does have factory exhaust brakes, stability control, and downhill assist control. Your settings right here, you have all your different apps and stuff, including Ford Pass Connect, Android Auto, Apple CarPlay. So while this and Bluetooth, of course, so while this radio doesn't have a factory nav on it, you can project your cell phone with Waze or Google Maps right to the screen, and then it's like you have nav right on the screen. Down here you have turned-off four-wheel drive, factory brake controller, climate controls, heated seat buttons. Down here you get a USB and a USB-C, 12-volt PowerPoint, and then a 110-volt, 400-watt max plug-in. So I do have a magic trick. There's two cup holders, now there's four cup holders. So that's kind of a neat thing. Nice storage area there as well. The underside, floor mat, and seat are in excellent condition. No rips or tears, and the headliner is in very nice condition as well. This truck smells very clean inside. I don't think it's ever been smoked in. And you do get six auxiliary up-fit switches right there. Map lights, and we'll take a quick look at the back seats, and then we'll start it up and take a look under the hood.  No rips or tears back here. It does have the latch child safety system for any child car seats. You may have fixed glass rear window with the built-in rear defrost. And those seats are in excellent shape. They do fold up for extra storage. And then you also get a locking storage bin back here. So this folds up like so, and then it also folds down like that. Factory floor mats, and carpeting is very clean back here. And then you do get another 110 volt 400 watt plug-in, a USB and USB-C, and then another 12 volt power point right there. Very nice and clean back here. Those seats come down like so. And you do get the child safety locks on the back doors. Bottoms of the doors all look really good on this truck. And we'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that. There is your backup camera, which is working nicely. And you can zoom in over your receiver hitch to get hooked up to your boat camper or trailer. The first time, every time, also does have the tire and loading information and your VIN sticker right there. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. And hopefully from this HD video, you've been able to verify the quality, condition, options, and cleanliness of this truck all the way around inside. Now it does have LED headlamps as well. They are very bright. And to get to check out my favorite color on the New Ford's, anti-matter blue. Under the hood we have the 6.7 liter power stroke diesel engine. Engine bay is very clean, runs very smooth. Once again, this truck has been fully safe to be inspected by a service shop. Has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this truck is 100% ready to go. There is your emissions sticker. And I would highly recommend this 2021 Ford F-250 Crew Cab Short Box XLT FX4 from a quality and condition standpoint. And to see more pictures of this truck, or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, half tons, three-quarter tons, one tons. You name it, we got to go to that website right there, www.SummitAuto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at SummitAuto.com. If you'd like to check out more HD videos, you can go to YouTube.com slash SummitAuto. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. Click the bell notifications, you'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. In fact, in a second, you'll see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on the upper left. A link to more F-250 videos like this one, the upper right. A link to this vehicle on our website on the lower left. And a link to one of our latest YouTube videos on the lower right. Click those, check us out. We're super excited to help you with this Ultra Clean 2021 Ford F-250 Crew Cab Short Box XLT FX4 in anti-matter blue metallic. Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe, and share.


Item number SCP-3008 Object Class Euclid Special Containment Procedures The retail park containing SCP-3008 has been purchased by the Foundation and converted into site all public roads leading to or passing by site have been redirected. The entrance to SCP-3008 is to be monitored at all times and no one is to enter SCP-3008 outside of testing as permitted by the senior researcher. Humans exiting SCP-3008 are to be detained and then debriefed prior to the administration of Avanestics. Depended upon the duration of their stay in SCP-3008, a cover story may need to be generated prior to their release. Any other entities exiting SCP-3008 are to be terminated. Description SCP-3008 is a large retail unit previously owned by and branded as IKEA, a popular furniture retail chain. A person entering SCP-3008 through the main entrance and then passing out of site of the doors will find themselves translocated to SCP-3008-1. This displacement will typically go unnoticed as no change will occur from the perspective of the victim. They will generally not become aware until they try to return to the entrance. SCP-3008-1 is a space resembling the inside of an IKEA furniture store, extending far beyond the limits of what could physically be contained within the dimensions of the retail unit. Current measurements indicate an area of at least 10 square kilometers with no visible external terminators detected in any direction. Inconclusive results from the use of laser rangefinders has led to the speculation that the space may be infinite. SCP-3008-1 is inhabited by an unknown number of civilians trapped within prior to containment. Gathered data suggests they have formed a rudimentary civilization within SCP-3008-1, including the construction of settlements and fortifications for the purpose of defending against SCP-3008-2. SCP-3008-2 are humanoid entities that exist within SCP-3008-1. While superficially resembling humans, they possess exaggerated and inconsistent bodily proportions, often described as being too short or too tall. They possess no facial features and in all observed cases wear a yellow shirt and blue trousers consistent with the IKEA employee uniform. SCP-3008-1 has a rudimentary day-night cycle, determined by the overhead lighting within the space, activating and deactivating at times consistent with the opening and closing times of the original retail store. During the night, instances of SCP-3008-2 will become violent towards all other life forms within SCP-3008-1. During these bouts of violence, they have been heard to vocalize phrases in English that are typically variations of the store is now closed, please exit the building. Once day begins, SCP-3008-2 instances immediately become passive and begin moving throughout SCP-3008-1, seemingly at random. They are unresponsive to questioning or other verbal cues in this state, though they will react violently if attacked. SCP-3008-1 is known to have one or more exits located within, though these exits do not appear to have a fixed position, making it difficult to leave SCP-3008-1 once inside. Using any other besides the main entrance to enter the structure or breaking through the walls of the retail unit leads into the non-anomalous interior of the original store. Since containment began, individuals have managed to exit SCP-3008. Following extensive debriefing, all individuals have been administered amnestics and released. Incident 3008-1 At 12.37 am on 2000 a human male exited SCP-3008, followed 10 seconds later by an instance of SCP-3008-2. SCP-3008-2 caught and killed the man before itself being terminated by armed response personnel. This incident represents the only time an instance of SCP-3008-2 has been seen exiting SCP-3008. A full autopsy on the corpse was performed. See 3008-2 autopsy log for more details. The man was carrying an IKEA branded journal seeming to document his time in SCP-3008-1, transcribed below verbatim. Transcription of journal recovered from incident 3008-1. So, I'm writing this to document what I can only assume is my sudden descent into insanity. I can't possibly be that bad a navigator. And yet, as I write this, I've been trapped in IKEA for two days. I haven't seen another person in the entire time I've been here. I thought it was a prank at first, turn the place into a maze, get all the people out and see how long it takes me to get lost. Then everybody has a good old laugh. Realized that wasn't the case when I tried to backtrack. Everything had changed, so I ended up lost. Instead of the exit, it was just row after row of bookcases. So, I'm trapped in IKEA. Sounds like the setup for a bad joke.   So I found a bed and went to sleep. Spent most of the next day trying to find my way out with no luck. Did find a restaurant serving those meatballs though, so at least I won't starve. That's probably the punchline to that joke. Anyway, they were still warm and fresh, but I haven't seen anyone around who could have cooked them. Made my way back to the beds before lights cut out again, since it's too dark to search with them off. It's 9-10am now, the lights came back on a little while ago. I'm sure I've searched the entire area around where I came in now, but the exit obviously isn't here. So I'm gonna pick a direction and hope for the best. Day 3 of my magical Ikea mystery adventure. If I wasn't sure that there was something seriously weird about this place before, I am now. Walked for 3 hours in a more or less straight line, insert Ikea joke here, before I came across a ladder next to one of those huge stock shelves that they have here, climbed up to get my bearings, and it looks like this place just stretches on forever. Like that scene from The Lion King, except instead of trees and grass, it was all shelves and tables and crap. I did see a person moving not too far away though, so I headed over. Thought it was a member of staff at first. It was wearing the uniform. In hell, maybe it was. Maybe freakish 7ft tall monsters with long arms, short legs, and no faces are just the kind of thing that they want working. It's super Ikea. Damn things completely ignored me though. And with no eyes or ears, I can't even be sure it knew I was there. Thought about shoving it or something to get his attention, but its hands were big enough to crush a watermelon, so I decided against it. It just kept moving along and eventually I lost sight of it, so I decided to carry on the way I was going. Anyway, no comfy bed for me tonight. Looks like I've entered the improbably hard and pointy table section of the store. Guess I'll have to make do with some bunched up tablecloths. Phone battery died during the day too. Didn't work anyways, like I've just lost some vital lifeline. You ever see one of those cartoons where they're just going through doors in a hallway and they just pop out of another door in the same hallway? That's how I feel right now. I've seen nothing but the same identical bookshelf for two days now. Just row after row after row of them. I mean come on, I love books as much as the next guy, but this is excessive. I'm obviously still moving forwards though, I can see the signs hanging over head passing by. Too bad none of them say exit. Not sure who I was addressing that question to. Let's just say it was practice for the autobiography I'm going to write when I get out of here. I'll call it my perfectly normal trip to a regular old Ikea. If I ever get out of it. Finally found some other people.  Lucky for me, I guess. My sixth night here, two of those staff things came at me in the dark. Not from the first one I saw, but still messed up. Heard them coming. They were saying that the store was closed and I had to leave the building all nice and polite like. I'm not sure which part of that was weirder. That they don't have mouths or that they were apparently trying to kill me while they were saying it. Came at me like rabbit dogs. So I liked it.  I saw it when I cleared another stand of those giant stock shelves all lit up with torches and floodlights. They built a whole town in here. Got a massive wall built out of shelves and beds and tables and whatever else. I swear to God it was the most beautiful thing I've ever seen. Anyway, I guess they saw me coming or maybe they heard my girlish manly bellows of fear because they had a gate open and two people were there waving me in. Heard the staff things slam into the gate behind me after it closed still politely informing us all that the store was now closed. They wandered off eventually though. They called the town exchange because that's what's on the sign hanging from the ceiling directly above it. Exchanges and returns all lit up against the night using lights they found and plugged into the power lines. And their beds and food and people over 50 wonderful people with regular sized limbs and a full set of facial features. It's now my seventh night here and the first one not spent in darkness. A full week of living in Ikea. There's probably a TV show in that somewhere. Now that I'm around other people I'm starting to feel more normal. Maybe normal isn't the word. But after a week with only the sound of my own footsteps for company I was becoming increasingly sure that I'd just gone nuts. That I was tied up in some padded room somewhere banging my head against the wall. But no, I feel quite sane now. Thank you very much. Apparently there are other towns out there. Some with more people, some with less. I found that fairly mind boggling. How can that many people go missing with no one noticing?  Or maybe it's not everyone. Maybe we're just the lucky ones. The people here just call those staff monster things the staff. Apparently they are fine during the day minding their own business walking the aisles.  So during the day people go out to find food, water and whatever else they need. Apparently there are restaurants and shops around it randomly get restocked. No one knows how. Maybe the staff do it. Apparently they aren't very good at their jobs though because the restocking sometimes takes a while which means the food needs to be rationed. Maybe they weren't so busy chasing people around in the dark they get more done. Anyway when the lights come up the staff go nuts and everyone holds up inside the walls. Apparently it's the same everywhere in this place whatever this place is. The Ur Ikea from whence all other Ikea's spraying. Or maybe we're all still just in the regular Ikea and this is all some fever dream brought on by mind numbing boredom. Who knows. Been here for 10 days now most of the people I asked said they stopped keeping track a long time ago and one guy Chris said he's been in here for years. Years. Apparently there are rumors of people who do manage to get out and of people who see the exit only to have it vanish before their very eyes. I get the feeling that everyone believes that but I do. Explains how we got stuck in here in the first place sort of. I mean come on staff monsters row after endless row of high quality Swedish furniture. I don't know why they would find a disappearing door so hard to believe in. Anyway I went out scavenging for food at a nearby shop with Sandra and Jerry today. Once you learn the landmarks of this place it's not so hard to navigate. The overhead signs help a lot but there are others. Not too far in the distance a huge section of those giant stock shelves is collapsed against each other and way off in the east we all assume it's the east anyway. Apparently Ikea doesn't sell compasses. It's some kind of tower that looks like it's made of wood reaches all the way to the ceiling. Maybe they're trying to break out through the roof. Lights up at night so there must be people there but it's apparently a few days walk which means it must be miles away. So no one here really knows for sure. Apparently I got incredibly lucky sleeping out in the open for a week without getting ripped to bits by the staff. That's me. Lucky lucky lucky. We found some food in the shop. Guess the staff restocked during the night which was nice of them. There was a telephone on the wall so I figured I'd try it out. There was a voice on the other end but they were just talking nonsense. Random words strung together with no real meaning. You ever see a video of someone with aphasia? Kinda sounded like that. Didn't answer me when I spoke to them anyway. Sandra says all the phones in here are the same. Oops. Asking the journal questions again. I was thinking last night. The ceiling on this place is pretty high and as far as anyone can tell it goes on forever. Shouldn't there be some kind of weather in here? I'm sure I read about some NASA building that was so big it had its own weather patterns with clouds and stuff. This place is definitely bigger than that but now that I think about it there's not so much as the temperature change in here.  The staff attacked the exchange last night. Must have been like 20 or 30 of them all just asking us to leave the store or call them as you like while trying to smash the walls down with their bare hands. Apparently this happens pretty regularly so everyone is prepared for it. Knives from the restaurants, lawnmower blades made into hatchets, a fire axe. One guy, Wasim, even made a functional crossbow. Anyway, the walls of holes in them which I hadn't noticed before specifically so we can stab out at the staff when they attack. Took a couple of them down myself. They don't seem to bleed which is weird but they go down as easy as a regular person once you start sticking holes in them. We had to haul the bodies away in the morning. Apparently the dead ones will attract more during the night so we had to get them away from exchange. We had a couple of those trolley things they used to move big boxes around so we loaded them up and took them over to pick up. Apparently people just name everything in here after whatever sign is hanging overhead. Pick up was grisly. There were hundreds, maybe thousands of dead staff all piled up. There was no smell which was a blessing. Apparently in addition to not bleeding these things don't rot either. My curiosity got the better of me while we were unloading them so I took a look at one of the more cut up ones. They're just skin or something that looks like skin all the way through. No muscle, no bone, no organs. Are they even really alive in the first place? They certainly seem like they have bones when they're moving around, pounding on the walls. And I'm sure I felt more resistance than just skin when the knife went in during the night.   Something occurred to me after the staff attack the other night. Every time you see a situation like this on TV like it's the end of the world or everyone is trapped on an island or whatever once groups like R start to form people always seem to turn on each other fighting for food or dominance or whatever else. That hasn't happened here. Apparently people from other towns come by from time to time just to check in or occasionally to trade if they are short on something but everything is always cordial friendly even. Maybe it's the threat of the staff or perhaps the constant restocking of supplies in the shops means there's nothing much to fight over. Maybe people are just better than they are generally given credit for. That's a nice thought. I think I'll go with that one. A dozen people showed up at the gates this afternoon from a town called Trollies. Apparently the staff broke through the walls and tore the town apart during the night. These 12 are the only survivors out of over 100. We let them in obviously. One more point in the human decency column. Later I asked if anyone knew how many of these towns there were out there. Between us and the new folks we managed to find 20 names. 20 towns filled with people. And who knows how many be on that. The motto for this place should be How is that even possible? Surely someone somewhere must be looking for the thousands of people that must be in here. I've been here for a little over two months now. Not that much changes as it turns out. A couple of new people showed up and same story as the rest of us. Nice little trip to Ikea and suddenly they're trapped in Billy Bookcase's House of Faceless Weirdos. The staff attacked the exchange once or twice a week.  Sometimes they hurt some of us first. They killed a guy called Jared a couple weeks back. It was awful frankly. Turns out regular humans still bleed in here even if the staff doesn't. We tried our best but none of us are doctors. Jared was a good guy. He deserved better. We all do. It occurred to me a couple days after that. None of us were really looking for a way out of here. They don't even know where we'd start. One of those quadcopter things with a camera attached buzz past exchange today. I thought I meant that someone was finally looking for us that help was on the way. Apparently it's not the first time this has happened though. Same thing happened a few months ago and everyone is still here. No idea if it saw us. It didn't stop if it did. Just kept flying until we could no longer see it. Note, based on recovery time of the journal, this entry appears to line up approximately with our first successful test piloting a drone inside SCP-3008-1. Analysis of footage shows a walled settlement under a signed label exchange in Returns. Attempts to relocate the settlement failed. Origin of previously sighted drones is unknown. I start talking to people about the stuff they miss from home during dinner today. Probably not the best idea I've ever had and everyone seemed pretty down after.  Franklin apparently has a pet llama though I'm not sure I buy that. But apparently some of the people here have some seriously odd gaps in their knowledge. Three of them have never heard of the International Space Station. Two of them seem to think was the prime minister and one of them had apparently never heard of the Statue of Liberty. I believe them too. They seem just as confused as the rest of us. The more I thought about it though, the more I started to explain a few things. What are the reason no one is looking for all of us missing people is because we haven't all come from the same place. This is going to sound weird. I mean, maybe that should be the motto for this place. But what if all the people here have come from different dimensions? Realities? Whatever you call it. I've seen enough TV shows to know the drill. Sarah comes from a place where there is no Statue of Liberty. They didn't launch a space station where Wasim is from. If everyone here came from different places, even from ones that seem identical, there'd be no huge missing persons panic. No mass search. We'd just be a blip. A single missing person in a world of non-stop news. Well, that was a fun train of thought. Just realized that yesterday was the six month anniversary of my arrival here. I wonder if IKEA sells party hats. The routine around here has remained more or less the same. More new folks show up. One every couple weeks or so. Food supplies go up and down, but we've never actually had a major shortage. Occasionally we get a visitor from one of the nearby towns, usually checkouts, or IL-630. We check in with each other from time to time. Occasionally trade supplies if someone gets particularly low on something. It's comforting, in a way. A reminder that we aren't alone in here. Some small glimmer of civilization. Sometimes they bring medical supplies. Apparently there's a pharmacy a few towns down from checkouts that gets restocked every now and then. So they share out what they can. I've never heard of an IKEA with a pharmacy before, but at this point I wouldn't be surprised if someone stumbled on an IKEA organ harvesting lab. I would certainly explain the staff. Speaking of our faceless jailers, their attacks have been getting worse lately. Three or four times a week now, with twice as many staff as there used to be. No idea where they all came from or why the attacks have increased. We tried following one of them during the day a few weeks ago, me and Sarah. I wanted to see if they lead back to a staff room Didn't seem to go anywhere though. Just randomly walked through the aisles. We had to turn back before we found anything. We've been reinforcing the walls trying to arm ourselves better. Certainly no lack of materials to use. Well, seem has been making more crossbows, but it's pretty slow going. Too bad IKEA doesn't sell guns. Note, no new personnel have entered SCP-3008 at site in the time span indicated in this entry. The attacks are getting bad now. Almost every night. And with so many staff that the bodies almost pile high enough for others to climb the walls. I think we're in real trouble here. Exchanges... I think exchange is done. We got hit pretty bad last night. Not many casualties, but the wall is wrecked. We finally figured out why the attacks have been escalating too. A box of supplies had a chunk of one of the staff in there. No idea how it happened, but apparently a piece of one will draw them as well as a full body. Too late now in any case, there's too many bodies for us to haul away instead of time to fix the wall before night. Candice is called a meeting. I suspect there will be talk of abandoning exchange, maybe try to get shelter at checkouts or something. It's already getting late though. I don't think we'll have time to make it. Maybe some of us will. I was fine for that first week out in the dark, after all. But then, how often can I keep getting lucky? How often can I keep getting lucky? I'm only writing this for a sense of closure, I guess. For me, or for anyone who finds us. If this is the final entry here, I hope whoever is reading this is doing so from outside this place. My biggest fear?  Note. This is the last entry. It is assumed that while attempting to reach the checkout settlement, he was separated from the rest of his group by pursuing SCP-3008-2 instance and happened upon the exit.


Good morning friends. I am Purva and today we will work out the following question. Find the angle between the following pair of lines. x-2 upon 2 is equal to y-1 upon 5 is equal to z-3 upon minus 3 and x-2 upon minus 1 is equal to y-4 upon 8 is equal to z-5 upon 4. Now the angle between two lines in Cartesian form is given by cos theta is equal to mod of a-1 a-2 plus b-1 b-2 plus c-1 c-2 upon under root of a-1 square plus b-1 square plus c-1 square into under root of a-2 square plus b-2 square plus c-2 square. And here a's b's and c's are the direction ratios of the given lines. So this is the key idea behind our question. Let us begin with the solution now. Now we are given the two lines as x-2 upon 2 is equal to y-1 upon 5 which is equal to z-3 upon minus 3 and line 2 is x-2 upon minus 1 is equal to y-4 upon 8 which is equal to z-5 upon 4. Now the direction ratios for the line 1 that is a-1 b-1 and c-1 are 2, 5 and minus 3 and the direction ratios for line 2 that is a-2 b-2 and c-2 are minus 1, 8 and 4. Now by key idea we know that the angle between two lines is given by cos theta is equal to mod of a-1 a-2 that is 2 into minus 1 plus b-1 b-2 that is 5 into 8 plus c-1 c-2 that is minus 3 into 4 upon under root of a-1 square that is 2 square plus b-1 square that is 5 square plus c-1 square that is minus 3 square into under root of a-2 square that is minus 1 square plus b-2 square that is 8 square plus c-2 square that is 4 square and this is equal to mod of 2 into minus 1 is minus 2 plus 5 into 8 is 40 minus 3 into 4 is minus 12 upon under root of 2 square is 4 plus 5 square is equal to 25 and minus 3 square is equal to plus 9 into under root of minus 1 square is equal to 1 plus 8 square is equal to 64 plus 4 square is equal to 16 this is equal to mod of minus 2 plus 40 minus 12 gives 26 upon under root of 38 into under root of a-1 and this is further equal to 26 upon under root of 38 into 9 so we have got cos theta is equal to 26 upon 9 under root 38 and this implies theta is equal to cos inverse 26 upon 9 under root 38 this is our answer hope you have understood the solution bye and take care