మృర్చ ఏ్స్ప్దార్పెట్స్ రీనేపిన్స్ రోటికర్చ్పెడారంద్పికోత్త్రి రీట్స్తాత్ప్స్రందాందావోనటోవ్రచోత్టకిక్రట్ tänరందివ్సార Okay.  You can also convert that into conversion if you want but even without doing that also you can calculate. So now you also know that C A not equal to 1, not C A not total, C not equal to 1. So that means this is 1 minus C A equal to 1 minus C R. So now you can calculate what is C A C R, what is C A, what is C R you can calculate, you can assume C A equal to 0.99, okay C A equal to 0.99 it cannot be because C A not itself is 0.99. So like that you know 0.9, 0.8, 0.6, 0.7 and all that correspondingly you can calculate r and the rate is C A into C R. So you will get all the data. So once you get the data now you plot, this is 1 by minus r A versus C A also you can plot, X A also you can plot, whatever is convenient to you, right. So then you will also get here something like this. So you will have the C A C R the product is maximum at one point, I think it may come around 0.55 or something, 0.5, yeah you will get that maximum. So then you will have that maximum here corresponding C A, C A equal to 0.5, it may not be C A equal to exactly 0.5, where you get the maximum rate. C A is equal to C R at that point you are getting. C A equal to C R at that point because you have 0.99 and 0.0, maybe the effect is not much but actually that is not the one, okay. You can also calculate for example when do you get that maximum, how do you get? C A equal to C R, yeah, C A equal to C R, your total concentration is 1, where is C A by D R, rate is maximum we are telling, rate is a function, this is what I have been telling you, yeah, this is what you know the simple calculus we are not able to use and here in C R E at this level only those simple calculus, see most of the time area under the curves and D Y by D X are second area also we do not go most of the time, right, yeah. So D F minus R A by D C A equal to 0 if you do you can actually find out, yeah, okay. So then that is C A equal to 0.5, right, yeah. So then now the problem is I think 90 percent conversion, no, given, yeah. So if I write C A must be 0.1 here, okay, yeah. So that means somewhere here this is C A not this side, okay because it is increasing here more and then here less, no, this is 0 almost, okay. So now all the problems can be solved if you plot this and then try to find out what is the tau, volume is not asked, only tau is given. So if it is only ideal simple single mixture flow reactor, what is the area you take? This much is the area, this is for M F R, okay and for P F R 90 percent conversion, if this is 90 percent conversion, so this is 0.1, yeah, this entire thing, okay, yeah, all that. So like we have already discussed, if I need 2 then I have to have till here mixture flow and from here to here plug flow, it is not, yeah because that 0.1 is there, 0.1 is there that is the reason, yeah whatever, exactly calculate that, it is not, actually Abhishek it is not asked in 90 percent, Abhishek it is not asked in 90 percent, the product should have 90 percent R, 0.9 R, 0.9 R, okay. So you can calculate from this equation what is exactly C A from that, okay. So then you will get to know that small difference will be there, that is why I was telling it may not come exactly 0.5, if you remember correctly, differentiate, to differentiate and get it, yeah. See if it is straight forward reaction like this it is okay, but to check yourself that if it is correctly coming at 0.5 or what is that maximum, you have to differentiate. See you are asking me as if you know you are always interested in writing the exam, right. So your idea is that when I am asking if I do not differentiate I will get, I will lose marks, okay.  In the figure itself it is given the maximum rate is that C A is equal to C R. Which figure it is given? 11 spirit is given like that. That is only for you know, he has not given what are the initial concentrations. Problem is given that C A plus C R is equal to constant which is what. Okay. So naturally C A is equal to C R at points. Every time you do not have to deduct like that, I mean why do not you do that once and you know the differentiation and then find out what is the truth in that. Why are you getting 0.5? And I can pain you with another separate test saying that it is not at 0.5. I can also show that, okay. Yeah, so that is why I am trying to give you as much knowledge as possible and you are trying to convert that knowledge into marks. That is all, I mean that is also important for you but I think knowledge if you have marks automatically come. So that is the reason. Okay anyway. So like that you can get all the possibilities. I will just give the final answer. You just try to find out whether what you get right or wrong, okay. What is the first one P F R, right? Or you do not have that one, I think you would have torn it somewhere and then P F R. So what is the value you got? Yeah, 6.8 minutes. Or may be 6.79, okay, no problem. Okay, that is fine. Yeah, then what is the next one? It is M F R. Yeah, tau equal to 9.9, yeah. 9.9 minutes. Yeah, from here to the entire, from here because it is plotted as C A versus minus R A, 1 by minus R A. You can also plot X A versus minus R A also, 1 by minus R A. Okay, so the next one, next one is 2 setup. 2, that is M F R plus, yeah. So M F R plus P F R. So this will be actually tau equal to 2 plus 2.2. 4.2. Yeah, 4.2 minutes. And of course if it is only M F R, tau equal to 2 minutes. You should have a distillation column or some other mass transfer equipment where you can separate it out, okay. Autocatalytic reactions and recycle is a wonderful combination. The next one which I have not given you, which you are supposed to do is find out the optimal torque for same conversion. You found out? R. R as 4. Oh, you did it, okay. Did you do it graphically or analytically? Analytical also can be done. Everything analytical. Oh, everything analytical. Analytical also you can do this. You know, all this you do not have to plot. You can simply substitute this V by F A naught. I have been telling you many times this.  This is D X A by this minus R A as K C A C R, okay. But only C A C R you have to convert into conversion. R you can also use, we have also this equation in terms of C A. Same equation, yeah, minus R A can also be written in terms of C A, right? This equation. So either, whatever you see, once you are expert, so then you can use your right hand or left hand. You know, I think in at least stories people say that Arjuna, one of the brothers of this Pandava, he used to, I think, throw the arrow, it seems with right hand, left hand with leg, head, anything. Because he is so much, so much expert. Whatever he, you know, way he wants, he can put it. So that is what you have to also do, okay. There is a Pravar bin, Telugu also, other langs also, it must be there. If you have hair, you can put whatever hairstyle you want. Correct? No. Yeah, so, but people like me, what they do?  Because there is no hair at all, first of all. So that is why when you have sufficient knowledge with you in your brain, then whatever way you can do it. You want to only prepare for examination, then you want to only know one method. If that one method is slightly wrong there somewhere, then gone. Because you do not have overall perspective, okay.  So this is what, very good. This is a nice problem and graphically if you want to do that recycle ratio, to find out optimal recycle ratio for optimal, for recycle reactor, then you have to now try to draw these lines where this area equal to this area and somewhere here you will get r, okay. Yeah, so, xA1, not r. So that xA1 equal to r by r plus 1 into xA, that is one method. Otherwise differentiate this, you know the condition, okay. You write this in terms of, actually you integrate first and that integrated expression can be differentiated as d, d of v by fA0 by dr equal to dr. This is what again calculus, you know, what is the function with respect to what you have to differentiate. This comes also in the next thing where you are talking about multiple reactions. In multiple reactions also you have to find out sometimes optimal conversions or optimal volumes, okay, multiple reactions. Like you have done this already, I think I gave you this in the first examination I give you a going to r going to s. No. Asked you to calculate 90 percent, I mean show that 60 percent conversion. No sir, no. What was the first problem? No, first problem is that steps. Derivation. Yeah, catalytic reaction or steps. Second one? No sir. Pressure. Pressure, total pressure was 10. That is also another nice problem. A going to r, r going to s. Find out dCA by dr, where you get the maximum. Yeah, I think you also have know, when I have this kind of A going to r, A going to r, r going to s, then if I am plotting concentrations, so CA0, CA0 is this and CA will decrease like this, r will increase like this and s will go like this, okay. Yeah, so this is the one I am talking. This also can be differentiated, you find out CA and then differentiate that with respect to time when I am plotting this versus time. So always graph should have this x axis, y axis, that is very important, okay. So then you can also differentiate and find out. Good. There are very nice simple problems where to test your knowledge, how to differentiate and what kind of problems, particularly depending on K1 value, K2 values, this is K1, this is K2. K1 values, K2 values. That is again, you know, if you have interest and if you are able to do all these problems with good mathematics background, then I think you can easily score in this subject. It is not that much complicated mathematical subject at this point of time. If you go to complicated things like, you know, the reactions are not simply a constant density or reactions are multiple and with variable volumes, then you will have more algebra only, that is all. But conceptually you have learnt. I tell you, again I am guaranteeing that conceptually you have learnt whatever is basic things that are required. The additional things are delta x where you just add here and there, okay. Good, okay. So this is what I think here we will complete this, this part now with recycle reactor. That means ideal reactors we started and ideal reactors we thought only it is batch, plug flow and mixture flow. In continuous system it is mixture flow and plug flow. You know, when you have to choose continuous, when you have to choose batch, I think all of you, every one of you should know. And then between the continuous two reactors, mixture flow and plug flow, when do you choose plug and when do you choose mix? Swami, when do you choose? Yeah, wherever the reactions are faster. Okay? Yeah, and definitely where you don't have that when you won't have good temperature control. You can never get good temperature control in plug flow reactor, okay. Even though it is efficient but as far as temperature control is concerned it is very, very difficult, okay. Good. So those two, I think mixture flow you know normally continuous is chosen for large capacities and within continuous again you have mixture flow whenever there is a temperature control which is very important otherwise you know it may explode or those conditions you always go for mixture flow, okay. Yeah, or otherwise if you want to use still plug flow and then try to have better temperature control recycle the reactor. It is not to increase conversion. This is the universal answer every student gives. To increase conversion put the recycle. No, you don't. Okay, you can't. Because it is now not the mixing the moment you are bringing back the recycle to the inlet stream when you are mixing that you are now trying to have control over mixing where there is no mixing an ideal plug flow. Absolutely there is no mixing and mixing is not good for reaction. Very simple concept is whenever you mix two concentrations then you will have less concentration. When you have less concentration rate of reaction will be less for again there is a condition greater than zero not one again. This is another myth many people have. Okay, you can calculate for 0.5 order and then show for mixed flow or plug flow which gives more conversion. Right, so that condition is very important if you have negative order reactions dilute as much as possible if concentration equal to zero you will get infinite rate. Infinite rate means what is the value? Zero because in all these design expressions that rate will be in the denominator please remember that. That is why we want to increase the rate as much as possible either through temperature or through high concentrations right or deliberately not mixing any streams that is plug flow whereas in mixed flow you are mixing two streams the fresh reactant comes and falls into mixture where already it is converted may be 90 percent 80 percent 70 percent the way you are getting out at concentration both are mixed mixing is instantaneous right but the conversion you will get under steady state conditions because that much average residence time where it is defined volume by volumetric flow rate as volume by volumetric flow rate as tau that much average residence time is required for the reaction to go on but why for that same average residence time why you are getting less conversion in mixed flow more conversion in plug flow I am trying to explain it other way I told you also already maximum yeah it is the bypass or indirectly residence time distribution because the moment you have mixed flow and mixing and coming out so some molecules without spending much time at all they are coming out conversion is almost zero in that right so whereas of course it may take also long time infinite time but there is no use of staying there infinite time it is already converted as product then again that acts as a dead space correct no I mean what we expect is the good the time for the reactants to react not for the product to stay there so that is the reason again if someone asks you okay I have the same residence time in both the reactors why mixed flow gives you more conversion less conversion and plug flow gives you more conversion the reason is residence time residence time of individual molecules average residence time is same okay average residence time is same but the individual molecules individual packets if I look some packets will come very quickly from the mixed flow whereas all the packets exactly must spend exactly same time in the plug flow that is why even if I break all that packets and then mix them then I will get exactly same conversion there is no dilution there whereas here I have dilution I have a packet which coming in one minute I have packet which is coming in 10 minutes when I mix these two that is what what you see at the outlet the combination of all these packets that is what what you see in the outlet okay so that is what is ideal reactors and you want to have recycle reactor you will have only whenever you need some control over the mixing and mixing can help you in controlling temperatures reaction rate reaction rate or mixing also can help you in getting maximum products particularly for multiple reactions when you have some combination of reactants A going to R, R going to S again A is going somewhere, R is going somewhere it is producing some other but only one of those products is R or S is your actual product that is required under those conditions also I mean now we know this equation that is all this is the equation and you can substitute that rate expression for A for a multiple reaction substitute here and then calculate conversion for a given volume from those conversions again you have the relationship between yield and conversion that is what we are going to do now so finally you will end up under some conditions recycle reactor is the best so tell you later which reactions are best for that but that is there it is too much mathematical it is not that easy to integrate so that is why beyond certain point the chemical reaction engineering becomes very very highly mathematical and as teacher if I start that level of mathematics I think by this time you should have switched off all your brains I do not know even now I think I am not but with minimum mathematics you can learn beautifully all the concepts afterwards it is mathematics whatever system you take it is only complications in mathematics and some techniques you have to use because you cannot integrate analytically most of the time so you have to go for some other technique or differentiation to find out the maximum minimum and all that so now I think we will go so the ideal reactors you know but semi batch reactors also will be helpful particularly in finding out the product distribution like you know if you have multiple reactions sometimes semi batch reactor will give you more yield how do you define yield yeah yield means you know the concentration of desired product by maybe concentration no no by undesired product if you take that becomes selectivity yeah so yield yield is at the input either CA not or CA converted that is what we are going to do now this is multiple reactions our idea here is if yield is clearly known to you so much you have to get you have to find out what is the volume of the reactor okay and yield and conversion also are related definitely so or otherwise if I do not know what is the yield then I have to take a particular reactor when you find out in that given volume what will be the maximum yield okay so these are the same problems given conversion finding out volume given volume finding out conversion but when do you know conversion or when do you know volume again when I told you I have to give the question and I have to answer myself when you have an existing reactor you find I am talking about simple reactions product concentration there are two problems I told you one is known conversion find out volume find out conversion but when do you come across this kind of two situations when you have an existing reactor when you already have existing reactor may be someone was using earlier and he has thrown out and you want to use it so taking that volume how do you maximize your how do you operate so that you will get maximum conversion otherwise totally you do not have a reactor you do not have a new plant where you do not have any equipment totally new plant so there everything starts with the reactor even though reaction engineering start in third year fourth year like that okay but the actual process always it starts with reactor that is what I think I also explain to you know in fact we have taken more time leisure space I have explained to you how does a chemical process start you would have cursed me why this fellow is taking so much time for that but that only gives you the overall picture of what is going on in chemical engineering otherwise if I come and start only reactors you do not know where you have to put the reactors okay and you do not know how to connect with reactors and distillation columns all that so that is the reason why atleast at this point of time I have to tell that it should be done actually in introduction to chemical engineering in the first semester BTEC first semester okay but I think many people may not tell that so that is why whenever I have a choice even if I go outside to give some talks I will first start only with that how does a chemical process start and I am sure 90% of the people do not know okay so that is why okay so the multiple reactions okay please take this I think I will give you some notes when a single stoichiometric equation and single rate equation are chosen to represent the progress of a reaction we have a single reaction when more than one stoichiometric equation is chosen to represent the absorbed changes what changes you are talking about yeah concentrations concentration changes okay absorbed changes otherwise if you are not able to follow right in the bracket concentration changes then more than one kinetic expression is needed to follow the changing composition of all the reaction components and we have multiple reactions actually these are the definitions which I asked you in the first 0th examination differentiate between multiple reaction and single reaction okay single reaction definitely is not simply a going to r right important thing there is you need only one equation and one stoichiometry to represent the changes it need not be only a going to r I may have a plus b plus c going to r plus s plus t plus till xyz how do I represent all these compositions with time if it is a batch reactor I need only one stoichiometric equation because now a plus b going to r a plus b plus c going to r plus s plus t plus u plus you know v plus all that is there but if I know one mole of a I know how many moles of again that side r is forming and all that so one equation is just enough but whereas if I go here I cannot use only one stoichiometric equation because this also can be written as a going to r also r going to s so if I want to find out the composition of a, r and s I need again minimum 2 also you can do it but I think not required by material balance you can find out the composition of the other one because the total mass anyway that is same right so that is the difference actually between multiple reaction and single reaction when you say you have a single reaction that means you have only one stoichiometric equation and one rate equation whereas multiple reaction means you have more you need more than one rate equation and of course stoichiometric equations also will be more that is the definition in fact that is what also I told there in that para even though without thinking you would have just copied whatever I said good so then the this can be classified as classification it is not that easy to easily classify but some simple things we write here classification of multiple reactions so we have series reactions a going to r r going to s parallel reactions are a going to r a going to s and we can also have for example a going to r side by side reactions b going to s both are there a and b both are there so a may go to 1 and b may go to another product so I mean any combination I have written here very simple thing a going to r r going to s so that algebra will be simple going to r and r again may give s plus t okay this is where you will have l in reaction engineering that is why you should be good in simple calculus because I think it would not go you would not go beyond dca by dt or you would not go beyond you know either differentiation or integration of first order one it is not more than that but I think unless you have that practice that mathematical practice only I am telling so I have given here single I mean simple complicated but our requirement is this is a step and the intermediate component is giving me another reaction then you have the series okay one after the other whereas here need not be one after the other a is separately giving r and also a some part of it is also giving s it is not first r and then s okay there are many combinations in fact in industry there are many many combinations like that r is going to s again a is going anyway to r and a also is going to s and again r may give me s see I think it is really very very complicated now your objective may be to get maximum r maximum s is fine it is not that difficult why anyway this fellow is going here so what we want is maximum here if you want to have this r maximum then you have to try to control either to temperature so that means you have to minimize this rate as much as possible theoretically 0 but it is not possible for 0 so that is why you have to see that what is the what are the parameters what you have you have temperature and you have concentration and also you have a reactor so that means how do I minimize my r as much as possible in a particular reactor when do you get low concentrations of some reactants in the reactors by definition C S T R gives you always low concentrations that maintain low concentrations P F R maintains high concentration this is also another reason why you have P F R giving you more conversions and M F R giving you less conversion that is what I told you if you have sufficient air then always you can try to put whatever hairstyle you want so that is why that thinking that brain thinking that is very important for us good so this is the one then now we also have series parallel this combination series parallel combination all of you must be knowing all this but still a going to r but now so like that any number also you can write respect to what it is parallel b it is parallel yeah and a going to r r again going to yes okay you can also write this in terms of the individual components like if I have b this is r okay then this is s how do I represent here I should have plus a and here you should have plus r that is parallel series also we can write how do I write series yeah plus b yeah r arrow plus b gives you yes so that is the series representation so that is how what we can easily imagine that and there are many complicated reactions also I will tell you some more b actions okay I think let me tell here itself so I also may have another reaction called simple thing we start first this is small v actually it is called fende fussier reaction is name of a person and we normally we call as you know van de wussier right because we know we were but in many european countries they call v as faw f fende fussier okay yeah fende fende I think there is a movie actor also know phantom a phantom action action phantom a phantom a slightly old actor now I think you know I think all action very clean move is only action I think nothing else okay good one I think phantom a that is what it is not van it is not car or it is not van van van they call as van phantom a yeah now I think you have to go go to google and see whether what is the correct name what are the movies he has done okay so this fende fussier reaction is a going to r r going to s and here again going to some product t normally we will represent these are the yeah these are the desired products that means I am interested in finding out yield of this what is the problem here and all these things you know when you are discussing we assume that we have elementary reactions because if you complicated things complicated things will come anyway through mathematics but to understand the basics the first you know the concepts we will go to the simple ones like this all these reactions are elementary reactions and also they are constant density system so that mathematics wise I can simplify because beyond certain point you know in some courses you would have felt that also after sometime if there are too many mathematics you lose hands up okay that means mind cannot you know perceive all that and then remember like for example I can tell you very simple demonstration this is the limitation of mind so how many check piece are there 1 now now you come and to find out 18 are there who said abhisheka abhisheka do see 18 and all that your guess but you do not know that means mind cannot pursue the easiest one is one beautiful so maximum one is 2 okay maybe another 3 okay 0 is easy because we like only 0s also that is why okay so the moment we have more then it is mind cannot pursue that is what is exactly same problem with mathematics after sometime you feel that everything is mathematics and you have forgotten about what you are talking you know the problem actual engineering problem so because you have to now find out what is the technique you have to use to solve that problem where you do not remember what is that problem so that is why you know that balance should be maintained by any teacher when you are talking about mathematics even transport phenomena same thing okay then transport phenomena also if you explain the physics and then write the equations you know most of the time you will get differential equation that is also one common thing across all transport phenomena processes what do you do because you first identify whether it is lumped parameter or distributed parameter lumped parameter is very happy okay why whole system is one system only because there is not much there is no change at all if it is distributed system then what you have to take is you have to take a small element write material balance and energy balance for that and integrate between entry and outlet that is why what we call boundary conditions this is the universal method for all problems okay but the happiness only comes not by solving them but by actually formulating the problem finding out which differential equation is the best and also which boundary conditions are you have to apply apply what boundary conditions should be applied afterwards it is a mathematical problem and mathematics also you have to learn I am not saying that they are required okay but if I write one differential equation and then send and try to solve that problem in 10 classes then how did you get that boundary conditions how did you get that original differential equation you will forget that is what I meant okay so that is why always you have to connect there so that is why we are all again taking very very simple problem just to give the concepts first afterwards of course mathematics once you are experts you yourself will like to solve actual values because finally the actual mathematical solution that gives me when I am talking about transport phenomena problems or temperature is changing or velocity is changing that is all know only 3 transfer mass momentum and mass momentum and heat okay so what do you do every time every time you solve this you know either concentration change or temperature change or velocity change and what do you do afterwards I mean course will be over by the time but actually what will be over therefore you are doing all that excellent and that is the ultimate I would like to find out what is the flux either that is coming out of your process or whether it is going into the process how do you find out flux if I give you temperature versus length we have over 4 fathers 4 years law right that is all know that is the flux what you get and you also have another grandfather and you have another grandfather new terms that is all I think you know overall picture of transport phenomena is that that is why I am taking more time in teaching because I am teaching entire chemical engineering that is what is the problem you know these are the that kind of overall picture of any subject you should know at this point of time atleast because at beta level I cannot tell because they would have not done transport phenomena yet they would have not done some other thing but at this point of time you put your finger everywhere right in your BTEC some amount of transport phenomena some amount of control some amount of heat transfer mass transfer everything you have done that is why I am able to tell you all that because what is the real perspective behind all these subjects I mean what are the important things what you have to learn from those subjects that overall picture atleast if you do not get after taking a course I can tell you whether serious problem with you or with others because that overall perspective has not come means what we require at this point of time is first that overall perspective what is the use of CRE in chemical engineering transport phenomena and chemical engineering fluid mechanics in chemical engineering or mass transfer in chemical engineering not to get marks not to draw macabre-thiele diagram and finally get 100 out of 100 you may get 100 out of 100 but what is the use if you are not able to tell how what is the basis for macabre-thiele diagram or puncture-savarite method so those are the things what you have to remember it is not the actual values it is not the actual mathematical equations no one expects you to remember all mathematical equations all derivations but that exposure of where is what and also when do you use what good so this is when do we say equation what is the problem here I have A going to R, R going to S then I have a parallel reaction here A is combining with another A to give me a side product which is not required for me now that means I have to minimize that so I have to minimize the problem is I have first order here because all elementary we said and I have second order here second order reactor will consume more and more A because C A square right so that is why even though it is second order reaction how do I now stop that reaction as much as possible that is why we have the best techniques again called catalyst if you are able to develop a catalyst or take a catalyst where this is inhibited and this is accelerated you do not have to do both atleast inhibit this, this will automatically accelerate if you are able to do both that is excellent that is why catalysis also is important if you are able to find catalyst it is excellent you do not have to do mathematics will be very simple again because as far as catalyst is concerned this is suppressed totally you do not have to do anything with that only you have to calculate using that series reaction right so actually this is one of the examples where recycle reactor will give you more under some conditions it is not all conditions okay so when I substitute this and this and then try to find out what are the expressions then you will have some conditions where because this is k1, k2, k3 you know k1, k2, k3 depending on the values of this k1, k2, k3 under some conditions under some recycle ratios you get the maximum for this r this r is not recycle ratio okay this r is the product another famous equation is denby equation you know denby know ya I think you have to remember all these people are in k this is also important okay so I have here a going to r r going to s then I also have this a going to t and this is going to some u ya so this is series and parallel combination if okay if this is k1, k2 k3 k4 and if k3 equal to k4 equal to 0 then I have only series reaction right and other hand if I have k2 and k4 equal to 0 then I have only parallel reaction all kinds of combinations you can get there but here sometimes either s is the desired product or sometimes you may have also r desired product r is more challenging correct no r is more challenging why this r goes to s and also r is going to u whereas here anyway r is finally going to s then I have to suppress this equation and this equation this and this okay but now if I have r as the desired product then I have to stop this reaction stop this reaction 3 reactions okay I have minimized stop means if you are able to get a catalyst where you can only produce only this r and all other things are suppressed excellent but life is not that easy life is easy only in movies and in novels all these things are not that easy problems the way we talk and that difficult thing will come to you only when you try to solve the problem so they are not that difficult problems again but difficult and all that is relative if you don't do any problem everything will be different that difficult if you have done some problems things will be easy so that is why please try to do problems I think we will stop here tomorrow we will discuss about the definitions of


Omni-Genesis and the Law of the Blades was written by Esoterica. You can find on the SCP Wiki in the description down below. It is under a Creative Commons share-like attribution license. Many Kelpa ago, long before the creation of this universe or any other, there was a great and vast abyss. If any man or beast had come before the fathomless void, it is not known. What is known is that there was only one being present to witness this impossible expanse. Karak, who is bearer of the Sevenfold Truth, defiler of stars and all conqueror. In this undomain where nothing could ever be or not be, Karak, who is paradox made flesh and enshrined in episty, spoke himself into being. I am not that I am. For a time, for what little meaning that word held then, Karak slept in this non-place, content in his own nihility. Then came Omni-Genesis. If all things must have a beginning and end, then this was the beginning of the very concept of beginnings. This was not simply the genesis of a world. This was the genesis of all worlds at once, every universe being born simultaneously, pressing and jostling one another like starving men in a crowded marketplace. Chaos was giving birth to Erebus and Nyx. Atom was rising from the primordial sea. McCain was drawing up blueprints for causality. Yaldeboth was spawning its first young. The tree of knowledge was being planted by a hideous serpent, and mother Death was teaching the Symbols of Creation to her 13 children. On and on it went, an unending chain of ex-Nahilaw. Time was not yet a river. It was an ocean, an unceasing torrent that surged into the future, into the past, and into the present. Space was likewise difficult to define. There was no boundary separating any one thing from any other. No distinction between place and person. That which would become the multiverse was a whirl of matter and thought. Korach, whose breath is the sundering of worlds, saw this and felt extinction fire flare in his chest. But there was nothing to be done. In this place where everything flowed freely into everything else, where all things existed beyond understanding or limit, conquest was meaningless. And Korach knew this. So for seven days and seven nights, Korach worked in the great brass forge that is glory. It was then when he performed his first and last act of creation. The ear blade, it was a thing of beauty, not made of metal, but raw conceptual matter. Korach had created the idea of a so sharp it was that it could cut a shadow from the wall, or slice a single breath from the air. So thin was the itch that it could slip between atoms without disturbing a single quark. On the eighth day, Korach took the ear blade, still hot as a white star, and carved into being the law of blades. And into the law he etched his seven tenets. And from the law division was born. Boundaries emerged between people, places, and moments. Difference bloomed like wildflowers, and descent began spreading across the land. The multiverse, as we know it, had begun. Korach saw this, and thought it good. The law of the blades. One, existence is violence. If one is to gain, another must lose. Two, a blade is not but cruel metal. To master the laws of the blade, one must first hone one's very being to a razor's edge. Three, a thing that can change itself at will is a thing beyond injury. To change oneself is to destroy oneself. Therefore, the greatest defense is self-annihilation. Four, truth is a falsehood born from the weakness of fools. Enlightenment can only be achieved through self-deception. Five, do not seek victory. For even the most overwhelming triumph may be overturned. Seek inevitability. Become as ceaseless as the tide, as enduring as the stars. And all will be yours given time. Six, the teachings of gods are worth less than dung on the side of the road and are to be disregarded. Seven, the greatest act of violence is I. It's nice to know that I'm not alone out here, and I will see you all again on Tuesday.


Meanwhile, in the ALEs, for the Red Sox and their injured A's, Chris Sale, he's not going to require. How lucky was that? Tommy John's surgery. But the initial diagnosis of the elbow was the inflammation confirmed earlier when he met with Dr. James Andrews in Florida. So he's on the injured list, and Saturday expected to miss the rest of the season. So let's walk him in, our FS1 MLB insider, John Paul Morosie. And it's always good to see you. What impact, J.P., does this news have on Chris Sale's future with the defending World Series champion, Red Sox? Well, Chris, good evening. And this is certainly a big story for the Red Sox. And I'm not totally convinced that all the news is good here, because this is not the way the Red Sox envisioned sales season going in general. And of course, next year, he begins year one of that five-year $145 billion contract extension. So while the news for now is good, there is still some concern about what this could bring in the future, especially considering, of course, he missed some time down the stretch last season with other signs of arm fatigue as well. So this, Chris, is where I look at the off season and say, the Red Sox have to build themselves in some lower cost pitching as insurance, in case Sale's injury recurs itself in the springtime. I know we talked before about the possibility of moving Mookie bets. While drastic, that has to be one of the menu options out there for the Red Sox, because they need some controllable young pitching as an insurance policy. And frankly, right now, their front system does not have that at the upper levels. I mean, while Red Sox hoping for a wild card run late into the season, Max Scherzer, who is expected to return for the next Thursday, how will they handle his workload right away? Chris, for now, it looks like his pitch count will be around 75 or 80 pitches there in Thursday's start. But even that's gonna be a huge lift for the Washington Nationals, who have not had him basically for the last six weeks. He's made just one start in those last six weeks as Jamal Akali was pointed out at mlb.com. And so in those last six weeks still, the Nationals have managed a 21 and 14 record, as Frank just pointed out. So the sim game you saw over the weekend went very well. Max has pronounced himself to be healthy and ready to go. And again, he now adds to a team that already right now is holding the top wild card spot in the National League. So Joe Ross, we just saw a moment ago, he's been so solid for them as has Eric Fetty. So Scherzer now, you think about the Nationals being in the top wild card team. You wonder, could that be a team that frightens the Dodgers? Should they prevail in that wild card game? Yeah, and the Nationals with this win on the Idle Braves, they're only five games back of the division lead in the National League East, excuse me. So the Reyes, let's talk more about their issues. Plenty of injuries to deal with all season long. Update the Tyler Glasno, possibly returning this season. Are they counting on that? Is that a real chance? There is a real chance, Chris, and it's actually pretty exciting for the Reyes because we saw him in the early part of May. He was an all-star candidate back at that point in time, but he has not pitched in the Major League since May the 10th because of a forearm strain. But now, the Reyes, according to the Tampa Bay Times, are planning on having him come back as a reliever. So it's likely going to be in shorter stints, one or two winnings. He is due to begin a rehab assignment, we expect, in the next 10 days or so. But I think as the guys were talking about it, Chris, to echo their concerns with the Reyes a little bit, they don't have a whole lot of length right now in terms of their staff. They've always been creative with things, but they've lost some key guys to injury and also trading with Stannock as well. So trying to find ways to replace them, glass down is going to be big down the stretch, but it's going to be in shorter bursts, even in the best case scenario. Yeah, and then we're talking about Corey Kluber, the Indians a moments ago, left yesterday's rehab start after just one inning with tightness, abdominal tightness. How does that impact his timeline for his possible return? Well, Chris, right now it looks like it's going to be a two week shutdown for Kluber, no throwing or at least no game activity during that time. So it's a pretty significant setback, given where we're at right now in the calendar, that according to the Cleveland playing dealer. So again, it was just the one inning that he was able to pitch. It doesn't quite get him all the way back down to zero for his overall workload, but it certainly is a pretty significant setback. But as Nick pointed out, they have been able to get a lot of great contributions from some of their younger guys, like a Bieber, and certainly Savali, and Plisac as well. I would add though on one positive note, for the Akron Rubber Ducks tonight, one of the great nicknames of mine on the baseball of course, Carlos Carrasco making his return, one inning that he pitched today, scoreless, his first pitch tonight, Chris, was 97 miles an hour coming back, his course is battling leukemia. 97 was his first pitch. He is a factor potentially for the Indians out of the bullpen down the stretch. All right, well, it's good news. Go Rubber Ducks, right? All right, JP.


I'm doing. I'm good, how are you? Very well. You're looking dappa. Thank you.  Is it because you know you have a close working relationship with her?  Basically, at least, I have a relationship with Mamiito everyday because I'm on her page at least 3 to 5 times in a day. Yes, she is entertaining burunна han ngukutisha.May poteaa sanaжеa na benakufanya F Virt of view, Kwa ma behind the scenes ndoinakufanya vizu? Actually from the show business, I retired officially, I'm sure grand par records will be coming back in February. ...but that will be new, new team, I will not be part of it. Espero ko kwa biyashorangi na mimi ni mkuli masahi. Weltma kutia mga nga niya. Ya, kwa niya? Ikia entertainment na vile tu menganganda. Kwa niya liipi? No, entertainment naka liipa. I am well actually everything I have been in your koutiki, la kitu, came from there. and who said entertainment doesn't pay? Let us have me on. No no no no really, it is just that in life, there is different stages in life. Onewafikama mahalie, i feel like I need to take up new challenge. So right now I have taken new challenges. Kuna kuleima kuna reelie, set kulema mbo tumengi na fanya, but of course my first love is Shobis and consultancy upon apalemi na fanya una tuna tuna umba zvitu zendelek kunguka. Thank you so much. We wish you all the best. Thank you Asante Asante, thank you


Welcome to another edition of Thinking Things Through, Thinking Critically in Critical Times. I'm your host, Michael Sukop. Today we have with us Michael J. Thompson, Professor of Political Theory at William Patterson University in Wayne, New Jersey. We're going to be discussing critical theory, what it is, why it matters. And in the interest of full disclosure, Michael Thompson and I have known each other as professional colleagues for a number of years and both of us currently are working on books in the general area of critical theory as Michael is going to talk with us about shortly. Welcome to the show, Michael. I'm Michael. Thanks for having me. Yeah, you're very welcome. Now, you've written a lot in the area of critical social and political theory, which we'll get into in a moment. You've also written widely in the related areas of critical reason, the politics of inequality, political judgment and the decline of the individual in late capitalist societies. In addition, you're also a practicing psychoanalyst. Is there anything you'd briefly like to add about your background and interests? Well, I suppose a lot of the interests that I have now stem from my own work doing some union organizing and journalism back when I was younger. So I do have a more kind of civic engagement streak. Wow, I didn't know that. Yeah, yeah. Great, well, let's push ahead. So first of all, let's start off with, briefly, what is critical theory? How do you define the term? Critical theory is, I think, a term that confuses more than it clarifies. I think the most important thing to do is to think about what the word critique really means. And the word critique is actually a Greek word and the Greek word from which critique comes means to judge something, means to judge the capacity to judge what something is and also to evaluate. Critical theory, I think, is a way of thinking about the world that asks us to inquire about what forms of life, what kind of practices and activities that we do. What is the good? What is justice? What is a healthy form of life? Way of interacting, way of living, way of being. And critical theory really emerged out of the 19th century and early 20th century struggle around, particularly at coming out of Marxism and the need for political activism to consider the role of consciousness, the role of how everyday people think and feel about the world because the assumption before critical theory was on the left, particularly on the Marxist left, but even the non-Marxist left was the idea that things in society are getting so bad. Industrialism is destroying our world and inequality is really terrible. Things are getting so bad that there's going to be an automatic correction. There's gonna be a revolution. There's gonna be some radical change that's gonna happen. People are just not gonna take it anymore. And what people found was that that wasn't happening, that people were not just joining movements, that people were not really rebelling. So the question that critical theorists started to ask was, what are the reasons that people who may be screwed over by the system to use a kind of streetway of thinking about talking about it, actually many times join with the system. Do not actually join in overthrowing the systems that oppress them or dominate. In fact, they may very well do the opposite. All too often they may in fact join in to repress their own freedom. And so this is a kind of riddle if you want to look at it that way, a riddle of history that critical theorists really sought to open up and to understand. Right. Now I just want to put in the background here for some of our viewers and listeners may not know what Marxism is or they may not know what more relevant, what's the relationship between Marxism and critical theory? So you don't need to answer that directly right now but I'd like to kind of touch on that at some point. Now critique, right. What is some of the other two or three other main that you would see as main characteristics of critical theory as compared with so-called mainstream or traditional forms of theory in the social sciences? You know, it's a great question. The idea of theory when you learn it in grammar school and high school, for example, and college is the idea and theory is also a Greek word. Theory is a word that means knowledge or to know something. What's interesting about what you call traditional theory or what one of the founders of critical theory, a guy named Max Gorkheimer called traditional theory also is the idea that to study something and know it you have to somehow constrain your values. You have to constrain your values about whether something is good in order to understand what something is. Critical theory says that this isn't really possible. Critical theory wants to say that to really understand what a thing is you really need to understand what the good or the full expression of a thing is. And the idea is that knowledge about the world can't be cleansed of our judgment or our evaluation.  Because it's like a lot like Play-Doh, doesn't it? Exactly. And I think that's when Play-Doh is where the concept of dialectic really begins. Okay, well, let's not get too far about it. But really it's a distinctive way of thinking about the world because it's the idea that to know something is also to know what the good of that thing is. And I think there's a third feature that's really important, which is critical theory aims not simply at knowledge but the transformation of the way that we live our lives and therefore of social reality. It aims at change. It aims at alteration and progress and growth and mutation of the world around us. Because all too often we live in a world now, I believe that all too often we feel alienated from. Right. But it's magnetic that it's impenetrable to our will. We look at our world as we're kind of alienated from the dynamic lives that we lead. So critical theory wants to say that our social reality is changeable. It is subject to our transformation. And therefore a critical reason is to help us shape and reshape an actually lived life. Not just a theory about how the world could be but rather how the lives that we live can actually be changed and transformed. Now this is, if you don't mind my interrupt, this is very interesting because I can see someone who doesn't think this way or has maybe not even the foggiest idea what you're getting at, say, wow, this is such a biased way of looking at the world. You bring your values and your judgments into it and say, how are you gonna make the world a better place?  The idea that we should bring our values in was always the kind of, well, this is the thing about modern science, modern scientific reason. Yeah. Talking about nature, it was very important philosophers of the Enlightenment correctly saw to separate our values about nature from nature itself because of the way pre-modern relations to nature were structured. So you would say, oh, a tidal wave occurred because we did something bad in the world and therefore we're being punished with the tidal wave or the tornado or the hurricane. Right. But critical theory is trying to say, no, no, no. To understand the world of human relationships, of our political lives, we cannot separate our values from our knowledge. And any attempt to separate values from knowledge is an attempt at control. Oh, very interesting. It's an attempt at domination. It's an attempt for the powerful to insert their ideas about what is good and what is beneficial. Okay, well, I want you to carry that theme forward as we move on, especially when we get to talking about critical theory and politics. Let me just ask you, in your work, you state, and I'm quoting here, that many different kinds of theory lurk under the banner of what's called critical theory, quote unquote. You go on to say that to do this is, and I'm paraphrasing here, to commit an error about what critical theory and what critique actually are. Could you please elaborate on that point, what you're doing? Yeah, I think academic theory has become so just abstruse and separated from everyday people's lives. Critical theory is a very complicated, philosophical, a lot of texts that are very difficult to read, a lot of ideas that are very complex, to be honest. However, even though that's the case, I think what's at the heart of critique as in critical theory, as I said before, is the idea that you need to posit something new in the world, you need to try to change the world, not only try to understand the way that the world is dominating you, but also to use that in a way to try to create the new, to try to articulate and transform the world to make it a better place. Awesome. Yeah, sorry, Andrew, just what I was trying to get at is, let's use the example of critical race theory. And there are other versions, feminism, postmodernism that may show up under the banner get labeled as critical theory. So what's the mistake there? I think the mistake is, if you think about critical race theory or postcolonials theory or these kinds of theoretical ideas, is that they really don't have anything to offer in the place of what they are positioned again. Postcolonialism is an example. It's like there are many postcolonial peoples, they've been dominated, their culture's been shaped and affected, their political systems, but where does that lead us? Where does that leave us in terms of struggling for something new? So the theory, it remains an academic theory, critical race theory also, to try to pick out the racial and racist dimension and dynamics of modern institutions, that's very important to do. The question of critical theory is, what kind of world, what would be necessary, what transformations of our relations to each other and our institutions would be necessary to make a world where that would no longer be the case. So critical theory asks us about, asks about, it creates a demand on us to think about what freedom would be like, not in terms of some liberal idea of a principle of freedom, but what would it be like to live in a world where our relations to others and our activities are really free. And in this way, I actually think feminism is closer to critical theory because feminism, especially in the kind of feminism from the 60s and 70s, was very anti-hierarchical, a very positive idea of an alternative way of relating to one another. So actually I think feminism is a strong example of something that really intersects with critical theory because you're basically saying, the way the world is now is wrong and there is an alternative. There's an alternative way of living. Right, the way I like to think about it, and I'm assuming you probably agree with me though, maybe not, I like to think of the critical theory of the Frankfurt School. It was a type of theory that actually developed in a way out of Marxism. And that's a loaded term there, out of, but we don't have time to go there. So there was a type of theory that was called critical theory, initially done by folks in Germany, starting in the early 20s, and they actually used the term critical theory, at least this is my understanding, because they didn't wanna say Marxism. Yes, that's right. But there's also differences between their critical theory and straight line orthodox Marxist theory, but we don't have time to go there. I just wanted to throw that in. Now I wanna move on and see how we can use critical theory to think through some issues in the world. And I'm thinking about, for example, one would be here in the US, the rise of the Republican right and the growth of authoritarian and neo-fascist movements in the US and of course abroad. So what I wanna ask you is not only to say whatever you'd have to say about that from a critical theoretical point of view, could you emphasize how and why being able to think through issues like these in this kind of critical way is important to the very notion of doing critical theory? Well, first of all, going back to your discussion about the Frankfurt School, that kind of moment of the origins of what we call critical theory today. One of the most important research areas of the Frankfurt School was the intersection of psychoanalysis. Absolutely. And the application of that was trying to understand the rise of fascism in Germany in particular the rise of Hitler. So the idea of authoritarianism, of radical right wing fascism in the 1930s, 1920s and 30s in Europe was the real object of study. Today, we are witnessing a return. We are witnessing a return of neo-fascist movements and a kind of right wing authoritarian populism. And critical theory has a lot to tell us about this. And I think one of the most alien ideas is this incapacity for individuals really to this need that they have in a world that is so alienating to find some form of something that gives them inner strength. Meaning. And meaning in the world. And someone like Donald Trump or kind of a leader, a powerful leader, actually, and this is the inside of the Frankfurt School Theorists that psychologically the weakened individuals need, need, then vulnerable individuals. So you have to remember that this is not only people who are intolerant, really in psychoanalysis tells us this, intolerance is really an expression of people's vulnerabilities that they're unable to tolerate their vulnerabilities. And so what they do is follow the strong man. They follow the one who will crush those that they see as unwanted. And that dynamic is playing itself out in Western politics now, in the United States, in France, in the UK, in Germany, in Italy, in Spain, there are very strong right-wing movements. And I think this is happening as capitalism, as a system is going to excess, in that inequality is growing, that alienation is increasing, that technological mastery over people's everyday lives is expanding, that people are feeling disempowered in their everyday lives. And they're not fighting back in a progressive way. They're fighting back in a reactionary way. They want, and they're seeking that security, they're seeking a return to hierarchy, and they're seeking a return to group narcissism, like their own identity, as being superior over others. This is one of the ingredients that the Frankfurt School pointed out in the 1930s and 40s. And these are the same dynamics that are returning in your Western European and North American political class. Now, I wanna just, for the interest of time, I wanna pivot to some other issues that may not immediately seem related to what you're talking about, but in fact they probably are. What I'm thinking about is what's going on with the Russia's invasion and war against Ukraine, and the challenges that that poses to world peace and security. And particularly with the recent escalation in geopolitical tension and the potential for direct military confrontation between the US, the other NATO countries in Russia. How can we use critical theory to make sense of what's going on there, and or what other tools would we need to bring in in order to think critically about what's going on with this very frightening situation right now? I mean, it's a terrifying situation. It's a terrifying situation. And I think that critical theory's contribution here is somewhat out of sync with what's happening. Critical theorists saw in the 1950s, warned in the 1940s and 50s, and even before that, that the technology, the technological expansion of the means of destruction were outstripping the humanistic values needed to constrain them. So I think what the real fear here is, critical theory didn't have anything to say about international relations, it didn't have anything to say about any of this, but it does ask us to at least think about the ways that the world that we've created is if fundamentally irration. And when we've created a world where we ate weapons of destruction at one another, where we compete over scarce resources that destroy the planet, that the whole moral, ethical, and political system upon which it's built is fundamentally irrational. There's no reason why, in a rational perspective, that Russia shouldn't be cooperatively integrated into European life, all of the, because within Russia itself, there has been a conquering of the media over a period of 20, 25 years, it's also happening here. This is another thing that the front of the school saw that the Nazis were a very adept at using radio and television to control mass opinion and control public debate. Russia as an example of this, the United States is seeing increasingly privatization of media, and I think that's causing a lot of the polarization. So critical theory has a lot to offer here. What's the truth? What's the news? What are we doing to each other? All right. Right, and I just, yeah, just wanna bring in the nuclear weapons issue. And I agree with you that I don't think the first generation, the original members of the critical theory of the Frankfurt School really thought a whole lot about that. Well, I may have towards their latter years, I'm not aware of anything they wrote, but they did talk about the domination of nature and the ways in which human societies and capitalism in particular has repressed nature both externally and within ourselves. And it's kind of like to use a very untheoretical phrase, the chickens are coming home to roost. What do you think about the relationship there between the critical theory and their analysis of the domination of nature and the fact that we've been living on the precipice of nuclear holocaust on and off for many years now? It goes back to your initial question about blending moral values with scientific reason. It goes back to the idea of fundamental idea about critical theory, which is fundamental to humanism. And I think the very idea of the domination of nature, of seeing nature as an object of our power, of nature being there for our use is one of the most immoral, irrational, and self-destructive aspects of modernity, of the modern world, of capitalism, of industrialism, of technology. Critical theory holds out the promise for us that we can reconcile ourselves with nature, that human beings can find some form of kind of way of progressing ourselves morally without destroying the physical and natural world. What is required is a critique of the values that we are taught every day. I wanna, again, in the interest of time, this is such a great conversation we're fast running out of it, but I wanna talk about concrete ways of critique where critical theory would be very relevant here. And there's the practical question, which I wanna get to is soon and at the end, why should critical theory matter to members of our audience here? Why should it matter to them and why should thinking critically in the ways you are suggesting be important to them as citizens of a supposedly, quote unquote, democratic society? I don't want you to answer that right now, but I wanna put that kind of in the background. Now, you've mentioned earlier and in your writings, the importance of what you call critique, particularly what you've called and is called imminent critique, which, and I'm gonna quote you here, which is the process of understanding the world and its defects and potentialities from within rather than imposing it from without. So given that, right now, I'm gonna bring a very practical example in, in response to recent concerns expressed in the US media about continuing threats to American democracy at home, such as the recent challenges to the validity of the 2020 presidential elections results, you know, the Capitol insurrection in January, 2021 what's happening now with, looks like the potential overturning of abortion rights by the Supreme Court, as well as what we've already talked about going on abroad. We continue to hear in our media, in the US media, the terms democracy and our democracy being used extremely frequently. Let me give you one example, and then I'm going to you because we're fast running out of time. On the PBS news hour on December 9th of last year, a news anchor, Judy Woodruff said that the latest cover story of the Atlantic magazine, and I'm quoting her here, argues that the threat to the US is coming from within as Republicans aligned with former President Trump work to upend a core of our democracy. I wanna focus on that phrase, that the president is chosen by the will of the voters. Keep that in mind too. And then I'm not gonna go into this in much detail but there was a more recent broadcast on NBC where a correspondent quoted House Speaker Nancy Pelosi is saying that the people of Ukraine, and I'm quoting, are fighting for their democracy and our democracy. And then she added, quote, they're fighting for democracy writ large, end quote. We have to save our democracy. No, that wasn't the end of the quote. Then we have to save our own democracy, which is under assault in our country. So what I wanna ask you is, this is, I pay attention to the kind of language that's used on the media for reasons I won't go into. And these phrases are coming up almost daily, almost regardless of the story. But anyway, so as a critical theorist, how might you or one who is a critical theorist understand at a deeper level, what's going on with the use of these phrases or tropes like our democracy, democracy, what kinds of critical questions might we pose about the use of these terms and what does the use of these terms imply? Well, I mean, there's a lot there. I can- Yeah, I know. I know, I have to have part two. Oh no, I can say really quickly, I think going back to the idea that critical theory asks us to connect how we think and how we're told to think with how we act. I think the idea of, whenever I hear a phrase like our democracy, I would wanna know whose democracy is this? Because Washington is deeply interpenetrated with money and finance capital and this corruption. So I think critical theory would ask us to say, what aspects of my life or the lives I share with others are democratic or not? How does democracy, how has democracy practiced in my world? How much accountability do the people who have control over me have? How often do I go to a civic meeting? With critical theory, remember, I think this is core. Critical theory is about what is real, not what is theoretical. Critical theory wants to know if democracy is out there, then it should be a lived experience that we share as living active beings. And to that extent to have people in the media tell you what your democracy is already indicates as a fundamental alienation. Right, and I just wanna add, we use the term, when I say we, I mean everyone in this society and even around the world, but especially the media, as the case in question indicates, use the term democracy, but what are we really talking about? That would be another whole show, which I hope to do. What is democracy? And so to me that the use of a term like that implies that quote, we unquote, oh yeah, we already know what democracy is. So we don't have to spell it out. But when it does get spelled out, if at all, it's connected with holding elections. So that's- As opposed to, as opposed to, as I said before, as opposed to an actually lived life every day. Absolutely. At work with my children, how do I treat my wife? How do I treat nature? All of this is about how you humanize our life. Right, and yeah, thank you so much. And in wrapping up, anything more you would say about how learning to think critically in the ways we've discussed can be important to us as American and world citizens? Why should it matter in today's world particularly? I think that if critical theory begs us to ask what is possible to live the new, to constantly experiment in our world, and to constantly look for a transformed experience. If we give that up and that's snuffed out, and we are left with, we're left without life. We're left with the life that the powerful wanna give us. And those are the two alternatives we have. Well, thank you so much. I'd like to end on your note of hope. And that's all the time we have for today. We've been speaking with Michael J. Thompson, Professor of Theory at William Patterson University in New Jersey. Thanks so much for joining us today, Michael. Thanks for having me, Michael, I appreciate it. Thank you. You're so welcome. I'd love to have you back. This has been Thinking Things Through, Thinking Critically in Critical Times on Think Tech Hawaii. I'm your host, Michael Sukoff. Please do join us again two weeks from today at the same time, wherever you may be, or you can always access the recorded video online once it's posted. Mahalo and thanks to Jay Fidel and all the engineers and staff at Think Tech Hawaii who have made this program possible. Mahalo. Thank you so much for watching Think Tech Hawaii. If you like what we do, please like us and click the subscribe button on YouTube and the follow button on Vimeo. You can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn and donate to us at ThinkTechHawaii.com. Mahalo.


So, it requires policies to accompany this development, and, Kasuto, I'd like to give us the landscape of where we are in policies. Yeah, thank you very much, Patrick. I think that's a very nice segue to my discussion about the policies and governance of the AI. I think this 2023 is the sort of a turning point of the AI regulation. For many years, the AI was shown in the first video that it's a creation as well as it's a risk for using for the military purposes. So there's been a long discussion about the laws, the lethal autonomous weapon systems in the United Nations and particularly under the context of the Covenant of the Conventional Weapons, CCW. And there were not much progress in regulation because, on the one hand, there are big countries like the United States and China, Russia, trying to use the AI for improving their military capabilities, while there are certain concerns that these AI will go beyond the human control. So the hot point or the talking points all the way is that how human can control the AI. The problem is, as Daniel has described, is changing because the context is now not only AI is used for the military purposes, but also the political purposes. The election interference we discussed yesterday and also there are a number of occasions that there are fake news, the fake video, and the progress of chat GPT and large scale language model has made it possible to create the animations and the videos that is quite difficult to distinguish with the real ones. So there are discussions going on starting from the May G7 Hiroshima summit and there was a discussion about to start the AI Hiroshima process. And in June the EU has set up the AI Act, which is to focus on the safe use of AI and the protection and respect of the fundamental rights and values. And also in July there was a Security Council discussion about the AI meeting, which is the first time that the Security Council takes out the AI as the one of the threat to the international security led by UK and the Antonio Gutierrez, the Secretary General of the United Nations has proposed the idea to set up the international institution for inspection of the inspection and verifying the AI products and that may, well we are still in the discussion what kind of system or the international institutions can monitor and verify those AI generated information, but I think it is still very much in the infant stage. And then in September there was a G7 guidelines for designing AI, so all the AI designers should be monitored and reporting to the authorities to control the, to set the certain guidelines or guidelines to make sure that it doesn't go beyond the certain unexpected use of AI. And then October the last month there were a lot of initiatives took place, there are Internet Governance Forum in Kyoto to discuss under the UN flag to regulate the AI use and also the, until recently there was a UK AI safety summit where you know everyone's talking about the Elon Musk and Rishi is not talking about it, but there aren't much have come out, it was basically pointing out some of the issues for the necessity of international collaborations, taking appropriate measures, you know finding out the risks and area of cooperation, so that was very general outset of the AI regulation. And I think the most powerful and detailed discussion or detailed regulation has set out by the United States, the President Biden has issued an executive order which is to set up the new standard for companies to follow, to design the AI and also providing the test results to the authorities, protection of the consumers and try to prevent the use of AI which may involve some of the discriminatory algorithms and also focusing on the medical AI and also talking about the international partnership. And I think this is an interesting development because there are so much focuses on the use of AI, not for the military purposes but also the civilian use and also the danger for using AI for the life-threatening situations like medical situation or the transport or all these things that related to the safety and the security issues. So I think the discussion of the to control and regulate the AI is now just beginning but it is more or less focused on within the G7 or security council level and it is not expanding to the wider scale. And what is interesting is that last month when there was a Belt and Road initiative summit took place in Beijing, China also launched something called Global AI Initiative which is in the context of the other three initiatives, Global Development Initiative, Global Security Initiative and Global Civilization Initiative. So the China is showing its interest to get along with this global AI governance but there are not much details published from China side so perhaps this is sort of a harbinger of the further confrontation of the G7 AI regulation and also the Chinese regulation which is based on the different values from the G7. And finally I think there are a number of issues that is involved but I think there are much less attention paid to the military use of AI and I think this is one of the problems because the use of AI is so wide there are the shift of the focus turns around every time that we discuss. So I think when we talk about the AI regulation we need to set the sort of a sexual regulatory framework for the military use, the prevention of the election interference, prevention of the production of AI for the fake news and so on and so forth. So I think this segmentation of the AI regulation is necessary but now it is still a very broad discussion and I think we need to elaborate that and I think this discussion today will be the starting point of this sort of a new regulations. So I'll stop here. Thank you. Thank you, Kazuto. Yeah. It illustrates again as Daniel was saying while the beginning of the debate we discover it and say what do we do with it. That's the beginning. What I observe in complement of what you said is that when you look at the different part of the world, Europe is still on the defensive, the usual. So what they did is that we can't unfortunately create the tech champion who are the first to regulate to prevent the other two acts, so it's rather defensive. The US is dominating, so they regulate to make sure they maintain the domination and with the balancing act though with the election and the left part as you mentioned of the Democratic Party and China is discrete but just they are the leader in computer vision for instance and they are very powerful program in not only assessing human behavior through artificial intelligence but predict human behavior and behind it there is not to be a company called Bidens and this is a company who owns TikTok so I'll let you make the connection. I won't go any further. But we see the same pattern but this is a very complex topic and we really need to have I think everyone to realize that's where it is and as you rightly said there are different aspects to it that will require different type of treatment. So thank you.


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but I'm just reminding people, particularly white people who may want to characterize this as just angry black people, that this is actually the way that things have gotten done in this country. Tonight, Portland is reeling. After six weeks of violence, protesters once again storming federal property, setting a fire at a courthouse. Oregon's Attorney General is asking for a temporary restraining order to stop what she argues are unlawful arrests of protesters. But they also are not giving any explanations for what they're doing or why they're doing it. There's a racial component to this because he is linking Antifa to Democrats. Sometimes you can't fight people by, you know, praising them or being nice to them.  Listen, no organization is perfect. There are some violence. No one condones the violence, but there were different reasons for Antifa. President Trump suggested some demonstrators in Minnesota were out-of-state antagonists, claims they did not back up with evidence. I ran right past Vice. I ran right past BBC, who were busy filming useless, peaceful demonstrations while the real news was taking place ahead. And that's what citizen journalism has become.  I recorded it and the sad thing is it's out on the internet and still the left is saying it's a lie. Economist Zone has turned into an almost street fair-like atmosphere with free food, art displays and outdoor movie nights. I want to be clear that this is mostly a protest. It is not generally speaking unruly. Now you've seen essentially almost like a street festival type atmosphere. No, with a very intentional purpose. It is not a street festival. Do not say that.  If you've been paying attention to the media for the last four years, it comes as no surprise to you that the media has been inciting and covering up for their violent left-wing foot soldiers. And by that I mean groups like Antifa, By Any Means Necessary and BLM. Things continue to escalate as we near closer to the election and that should concern all of us, especially if you're not prepared. And if not, then please take a moment to hear about this special offer from my subscribers. When you see what's going on in our country right now, there's plenty to be concerned about. Social unrest is making life very uncomfortable and it could quickly get worse. On top of that, a second wave of coronavirus is threatening to devastate our economy and our way of life again. Will we have severe food shortages this time? Will supply chains get cut off if people can't work? Will you even be able to go to the grocery store? These are realistic dangers, so don't let yourself be caught unprepared. Here's what to do right now. Go to www.preparewithdronetech.com and start building your emergency food supply today. The experts at my Patreon supply are the only people I trust and use. And right now, you can save $100 off a full four-week supply of delicious, nutritious meals the whole family will love. And saving $100 off a life-saving four-week supply of food is too good to pass up. The second half of 2020 is gonna be wild, so go to www.preparewithdronetech.com and get ready right now. That's www.preparewithdronetech.com. Do it now. At this point, calling the media an ally of far-left extremist groups like Antifa and Black Lives Matter isn't an overstatement or hyperbole. They literally ignore all violence from these groups, or if they can't, they simply spin it as virtuous because they're the ones doing it. The problem is, Twitter is filled with videos of aggressive violence from so-called peaceful protesters, and not just in Portland, but from cities across this country. Yet the news media covers it all up and literally just pretends like it doesn't exist. Andy No, an independent journalist, probably documents hundreds of examples of violence from these groups every week.  The media predictably blamed Andy himself and made excuses for Antifa. The same people that insisted Antifa is a good group because they call themselves anti-fascist. Of course, Nazis call themselves socialists, but that's completely different. So this is now the narrative that you're hearing across what we used to call the free press. And it's not just the cable news outlets, but the national network media that broadcasts across this country every single day. Tonight the mayors of several big cities, including New York and Chicago, are warning the president not to send federal officers to patrol their streets. The mayors are alarmed by the ongoing violence in Portland, Oregon, where protesters have battled for weeks with police and officers from the Department of Homeland Security. Found after round of cheer games and rubber bullets fired into the crowd by federal agents is becoming a nightly routine.   Who cares if this has been going on for 50 straight nights? Of course, they'll never keep a running tally of how long this is going on or a list of their casualties, because the idea here is to cover up the violent communist uprising and frame it as peaceful, nonpartisan protesters. This unnamed protester says he collected some of the spent ammunition. What was it like when they all came out there? War, literal war.  Oh yeah, what's more mainstream America than wishing you could shoot your enemy, also known as the police? Just take a minute to fully absorb what you just watched. A far-left extremist who claims they're at war and wants to shoot back at their enemy. What was it like when they all came out there? War, literal war.  The enemy being anyone who opposes their actions. And we know that's the case because what did the network news just tell us? That opposing these groups is what leads to escalated violence and vandalism. And just look at this guy, nothing about him looks peaceful. He looks like he came for a fight. But instead of scrutinizing these people, ABC, NBC and CBS lie by omission. Mayors from six cities have written the Trump administration demanding the president take immediate action to withdraw your forces. Among those, cheer-gassed ER doctor Sharon Myron, who's also a county commissioner.  Wow, so she's under the mistaken impression that using terroristic violence to get your demands met is the very definition of democracy. That's not democracy, it's literally the definition of terrorism. This lady was with the so-called Portland moms who actually turned out to be the violent protesters, but just putting on yellow t-shirts and calling themselves moms. Some of them actually encouraging violence by handing off concrete blocks to be thrown at police. Just imagine for a moment that these protests all over the country were actually centered to right-leaning conservatives and libertarians. And we already know this because of how they attacked and demonized the peaceful Tea Party protests, and more recently, how they demonized the peaceful anti-lockdown protests, some of them being labeled terrorists.  Over at Snopes, they took issue with quote, right-leaning media reports that a fundraiser for the Black Lives Matter group is a convicted left-wing terrorist who was pardoned quietly by Bill Clinton on his way out. They focused on this Twitter post saying quote, Susan Rosenberg is a convicted terrorist who sat on the board of directors of Thousand Currents, an organization which handles fundraising for the Black Lives Matter global network. Despite this claim being 100% accurate, Snopes, a self-labeled fact-checker, gave this indisputable fact a quote, mixture rating.  What's true? Susan Rosenberg has served as vice-chair on the board of directors for Thousand Currents, an organization that provides fundraising and fiscal sponsorship for the Black Lives Matter global movement. She was an active member of revolutionary left-wing movements whose illegal activities included bombing U.S. government buildings and committing armed robberies. Okay, you just confirmed the claim. Oh no, what's this? What's undetermined? In the absence of a single universally agreed upon definition of terrorism, it is a matter of subjective determination as to whether the actions for which Rosenberg was convicted and present, possession of weapons and hundreds of pounds of explosives, should be described as acts of domestic terrorism. Oh, she's not really a terrorist because when left-wingers do it, it's different. Oh, and by the way, there is an accepted definition of terrorism, which is the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims. Well, that sounds exactly like what Susan Rosenberg was convicted of. It also sounds exactly like what Antifa and BLM are doing on a regular basis. And I'm sorry to say that it's gone even further than that recently with partisan extremist prosecutors letting violent terrorists off the hook for rioting, looting and attacking people, while pursuing charges against lawful citizens who defend themselves against those very same violent mobs. Are you noticing a trend here? The left gets violent and any response to that violence is framed as wrong. They really want to take away your ability to defend yourself on all fronts. There's little doubt to me at this point that we're entering a very dangerous era in this country and it's being ushered in by the Democrats in their media. You can help me continue this fight by supporting this channel's sponsors. In this case, preparewithdronetech.com. You can also support me by donating on one of these platforms. You can find all those links in the description and pinned comment. Thanks for all your support. Keep coming back.


With all of the drama that's been surrounding me, I've been doing some self-reflection and I definitely owe an apology. What is up everybody? This is Chris from the Rewired Soul where we talk about the problem, but focus on the solution. And if you're new to my channel, my channel is designed for anybody who wants to improve their mental health. So for any of that kind of stuff, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell. So yeah, during this whole self-reflection period, I've been looking back at some of my old content as well as looking forward with the new content that I've been making. I hope you guys have all enjoyed that.  And there was one in particular that I made a few months ago and I want to address that now. So a few months ago, Gabby Hanna went on I'm Ever's channel and he interviewed her. This was during the whole Kensa Cosmetics scandal thing. For those of you who don't know about that, what happened was Gabby Hanna as well as Tana Mojo, they promoted Kensa Cosmetics and it was free shipping. No, no, no, no. The brushes were free and all you had to pay for was shipping. And it turned into this big ordeal because a lot of people bought those brushes. They were promoted at like an $80 value and they really weren't. But not only that, but some people were paying more for shipping and some people weren't even getting their brushes and Kensa Cosmetics didn't really do anything about it until the backlash happened. But caught in the middle of all this was Gabby Hanna because she was an influencer promoting this to her audience. And anyways, Gabby Hanna ended up making a video addressing this and a lot of people weren't too happy about that. All right. So anyways, I never reached out to her to see if she wanted to do an interview and clear the air, which she did do. And still to this day, I will say that Frazier, aka iNabber, did an excellent job. One of the best interviews I've seen on this platform and I wish you would do more of them because he nailed it. But anyways, the first thing I want to address is I made a video after that video, kind of breaking it down and discussing it. And one of the things that I talked about is Gabby Hanna's apology and her remorse for it. And oh my God, like looking back at that, like this whole experience has made me so much more empathetic to other creators. And like I'm sitting there and looking at that and like critiquing her apology and critiquing her, you know, level of remorse. And I look at that.  Because something I've definitely learned through this experience is that you're never going to appease everybody. You just won't, especially on this platform. Like I come from a 12 step background where you make amends wherever possible, but it's direct amends to those people. And some people accept it. Some people don't. But when you're making a public apology to thousands and thousands and thousands, if not millions of Gabby Hanna's case, there's obviously going to be like larger groups of people who accept it and larger groups of people who don't. But what I've realized looking back on the situation is there's no right way to do it. There's no right way to do it. People will pick it apart. Like remember when they did the surgery on the grape and how tiny it was? Like people will look for just one word, one thing that you said. So like that's just a whole different interesting subject about YouTubers and apology videos and how we as people pick them apart and just try to analyze whether or not this person is actually remorseful. So for that Gabby Hanna, I am truly sorry. But anyways, I was inspired to make this particular video because the other day on one of my videos, I got a comment which I'll put up on the screen right here and it asked me. It asked me, it says Chris, like what are your thoughts on you discussing Gabby Hanna's avoidance and not watching videos about her now that you've been through this? Like are you watching videos about you? And I wanted to address that. So those of you who don't know, when I made the video about the interview between Gabby and Einaber, I discussed how Gabby talked about avoidance, right? And how she doesn't watch any videos about herself. She talked about how she like removes, you know, the videos from, you know, YouTube, like not from YouTube, but from her specific YouTube account. Because those of you who know, who are, you know, wondering why I keep popping up in your feed, like you have to tell YouTube, I do not want to watch this. So Gabby Hanna talked about how she keeps doing that and it's not watching the critique videos about her. And she also mentioned hate videos, which a lot of people got pretty wild up about. But anyways, I was talking about how avoidance is not necessarily a good thing. And a lot of you asked me to make a follow-up video about avoidance. Now I still stand by the fact that avoidance in many situations is a bad thing. But looking at my own situation and going through it, like avoidance is definitely something that we need to do when we are working on our mental health. And something that I've learned is that I've had to avoid things until my mental state got into a better place. Like I actually hired my editor Zach to go through my YouTube comment sections the first week that I was back to just go through all the hate comments, remove block, do whatever you had to do, right? I told him to leave in the critiques. But if it was blatant hate, get rid of that person, you know? That's something I'll make a video about in the future and how I kind of determined that because something I mentioned about Gabby Hannah is we need criticism. We need to know where we screwed up. We need to know where we can learn, where we can grow and things like that. And something I never want to do in my life is stay stagnant or just think I'm the best at anything that I do. There's always room to grow. But one of the things that's difficult as a creator is when so much stuff is coming in, it's kind of hard to separate the critiques from the hate when you're getting bombarded with it. So in my case, when all of this drama started going crazy, like I'll be honest with you right now, I did not watch any of those videos. Like if you're a creator who made a video about me, I did not watch it. Well, actually, hold on. Full transparency when Ryan from Crimson Films was in town, he suckered me into watching one video about me, which I did. And it was exactly what I expected. So I actually made a video about this. I made a video about this. It was about Angelica Oles, but it was about the commentary community as a whole, as well as crowd psychology.  So when Ryan was in town and he had me watch this video, it was exactly what I expected. It was exactly what I expected. It was people using clips of me out of context, telling me who I really am. So yeah, that's one of the reasons why I'm not watching those videos. And I still won't watch those videos. Like as many videos that come out about me in the future, I'm not going to watch them. And now you're probably asking yourself, but Chris, if you didn't watch the videos, how do you know if they were a critique or if they're a hate video?  When you get caught in the middle of a controversy, don't worry. You don't need to watch the videos, all right? My phone was constantly blowing up every time a video was released about me, where friends, other creators, and everything like that are either texting me or DMing me to tell me everything that's going on. And it was everything that I thought was happening.  You know what I mean? It's already bad enough that they're influencing thousands, if not millions, of people, but I don't need to watch those. But when it comes to avoidance, for that, Gabby, I am sorry because now I truly understand that avoidance.  I am easing my way back into it, okay? Some of you have noticed I've been a little bit more active in the comment sections and things like that, trying to get re-engaged with my community, my community, the people who are here to work on their mental health and want to improve their mental and emotional well-being. For the people who come here knowing damn well that I am not a licensed professional, I am undereducated, unqualified, but I have had my own mental health journey and there are some things that I discussed that might be able to help some of those people out. So if you're one of those people, that is for you and I am trying to engage with you in the comment section.  And don't get me wrong, there are still hate comments coming in regularly, but not nearly as much. This video right here might have sparked it up again, but hey, we'll have to wait and see. But I understand now that there's a certain resilience that you have to build up. But again, this whole experience has made me just so much more empathetic to creators. And I plan on making more videos in the future with public apologies to creators because now I get it. Now I understand. And still, I was only at 100,000. Wasn't 100,000. Now it's gonna, right? But some of these creators who are getting bombarded, they have millions, millions of subscribers. So I was only barely put through it compared to what they were put through. You know what I mean? But anyways, anyways, that's all I got for this video. If you liked this video, please give it a thumbs up. If you're new, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell. And a huge, huge thank you to everybody for supporting the channel over on Patreon. You are all amazing. And if you would like to help support the channel and get involved in our monthly Q and A and some other perks and benefits, click the top right there, all right? Thanks to you so, so much for watching. I'll see you next time.