They're so fun to use, like every time I have them there I just go to my living room and I grab them and I just start to like do these different flow patterns and circles and rolling motions. I think this is really something more people should be using especially if you are a martial artist, an athlete or more like a functional business person like these are incredible tools they're much better than I could have imagined. And I want to try things that really challenge my coordination, challenge my my proprioception, challenge my skills and the strength like all in one. And I found that this tool actually was able to kind of tackle all of those different areas pretty much. So there's tons of different training equipment nowadays like in the gym and error that you can see and you know some of these more popular and other stuff like for example steel maces and Indian clubs are not so popular. Like if you think about you know kettlebells have become pretty much mainstream like you can find them from anywhere where you go to but most of the gyms that I go through there there's some gyms that have like some clubs and you know some some like sledgehammers but very few. And what I've noticed what I've come to or where I've started to use a while ago already are these different type of you know maces and clubs and I have just come to know this how actually very beneficial beneficial they are and I feel like they are an equipment that actually much more people should be using because for some reason or not they're not that popular at least in the west because this actually originate from India and Persia. Like that's pretty much the common origin for this and they have been used essentially I think for thousands of years by Axel the the warriors. So because you know you can kind of emulate the using of Axel maces like battle maces and swords and carrying you know shield and everything and then in India this is for especially popular among the wrestlers like if you look at the Hanuman god the monkey god he is carrying a gada which is the Indian name or the eastern name for steel maces. The gada was his main weapon and then wrestlers were supreme and the wrestlers all wrestlers in India train like that's trained with this gada so I was the thing about is that for the longest time I also personally I didn't I didn't utilize any of these maces as a as a training tool I had a bit of like a different priorities and a different training journey I was really focused on building the foundation and learning this body control with with my body weight and you know more traditional dumbbells and barbells and kettlebells as well so and and I feel like the the steel maces just didn't catch my attention then because it seemed quite a different way of training actually and something that just was not my priority at the time but after a while like some time ago I just realized that you know I actually I wanted to know what these are about like I've seen some people use them and I and I know this that because I have of course used like sledgehammer and for example you know banging the the tires and everything but I realized that the these maces and even the sledgehammer and everything like there's so much more versatile tool like you don't just need to be banging some maces or something you can do like incredible actually flowing beautiful flowing movements like mars large movement movements that emulate this sort of different type of kinetic chains and different force production mechanics and I recognized this but I wasn't still like sure like how good they would actually be so I got myself a steel mace pair of indian clubs and and somebody somebody joined I cut like a like a incredible variety of maces as well like I was surprised I came to Summary and there was like number of maces just on the roll and like okay yeah so we got a bit excited about this and I think we I mean we even added the warrior twin x we already added workouts with both the clubs and then with the maze here this kind of this six six kg maze it's about 13-12 pounds so there are no workouts in warrior twin x with both of these and just started training with them and wanted to talk about our experience and why should maybe more people also get excited about about these maces yeah so like Ero mentioned I really got like six different ones already different weights and different sizes so like this is something that was like completely off my radar like of course I saw this on online and Instagram and YouTube like some people doing and of course there in Iran this is very popular still like all the strong guys and the many athletes use it and likewise in the India as well and of course I saw this and I was aware of this but it was I don't know for some reason it was completely off my radar like I just never even like I got an idea like let's try this but like then I saw Ero doing it then Ero got the maze the big one really big long maze heavy one and I tried it and it felt very different than I expected and it felt really really really good and after that I just got a lot of different stuff on Amazon and then I started playing with it and using the Indian clubs and then using the steel maces and everything and and now I'm like I'm a huge fan and I think this is really something more people should be using especially if you are a martial artist especially if you are an athlete or more like a functional fitness person like these are incredible tools they're much better than I would ever like could have imagined like they because your whole body is just so connected and it really trains you know that the forearms the wrist strength the grip strength but also your shoulders and not just like a shoulder strength but also shoulder mobility because you're using the tools in such a versatile ways and your core is also present in every movement and the most important thing is that many of these movements you do with the with the clubs and the mazes is that they really mimic like actual athletic movements more than anything like way more than any dumbbell movement way more than let's say parples or even like compared to kettlebells like kettlebell is more like a fluid dynamic tool but these are way more dynamic and fluid tools compared to the kettlebell like I think kettlebell is somewhere like it has it's more dynamic than a dumbbell for example but it's still more similar to a dumbbell than it is to a club or maze so if you want the dynamic elastic fluid strength and athleticism then these clubs and these mazes are like such incredible and especially if you're a martial artist or an athlete yeah I noticed like the also the very first thing when I was started to do use the maze first of all was actually the weight of it because for me I was like okay six kilos it's not like it's I curl it I can curl it like easily like this way and then when it's put on the top of the maze like on the leverage of the bar how does this feel so heavy like I was genuinely surprised I just couldn't I was I went to the scale like to actually make sure that this is just six kilos I couldn't believe that it was six kilos but it was and I just realized that you know this is pretty unique equipment and when I first used it it was maybe just like one minute of something I was trying to do the swings wasn't very good but I was like struggling there and immediately when I put the maze down I was like my forearms were like done and I felt them the entire like night and the day and even the next day and you know I did a bit more of the training but that was like you know for me like after after one week my forearms are still you know recovering like after one week like I've been recovering more cuts for seven days or something like this and you know I had like I have pretty strong forearms like they're like already developed like and I just couldn't believe like you know this this kind of maze training would bring so much more more like actually training so I'm just like much more gains from that because now when I'm doing it I don't feel any more that pain or the or the soreness so it's really meant that I grew like some additional like real strength into my forearms by just utilizing that maze which was like already worth the worth the price of the maze and worth the trouble of learning to actually use it I think that was incredible but you know I think as as somebody mentioned there's the integration aspect because this everything is like whole body movements like you you cannot you if you want to swing the maze properly there's no way that you're going to do it if you're not like stable in your core if you're not stable in your legs or anything or you can maybe do it but it will be very poor so in order to like utilize is there's a kind of a I say a bit of a threshold because you need to learn like the skill of actually utilizing that but that's kind of what brings a lot of those benefits because you actually need to learn to to sense the path of the maze and then utilize that path like go with it not against it and learn to like adjust your body to it it's really I found it's just very intriguing and actually super fun training like among like all the benefits someone was explaining just like one thing was that like they're so fun to use like every time I happen there I'll just go to my living room and I grab them and I just start like do this different flow patterns and so circles and rolling motions and it's really the mobility aspect the stability aspect and when you put the arms like they're always rotating somewhere here in this overhead position there's rotation there's extension so you get so much different movement with with with this kind of how to say activity that you're not really necessarily even focused on specifically okay I'm going to train my shoulders now and I'm going to train this motion it just comes with the with the skill with the practice with the art of this swinging this maze so like just fantastic way to I think integrate the body and learn to utilize many things that some people are trying to like teach okay use the core or use the hips or something so when you practice the maze I feel like it kind of forces you in some ways to learn this but of course I'd say that if if you're a total beginner like maybe it will be better to build a foundation with some other training or at least have a basic level of core strength before going to the maze training but but the way you can like flow with it there's literally like you you mentioned about you know there's the dumbbells and kettlebells and everything else that you can utilize also but they're just not so convenient for training these different type of martial arts and athletic movements because I was trying to do this different type of swingings and wood chopper movements and everything with even with dumbbells and like you can kind of do them it's fine but if I would have known about the maze and if I would have known about the Indian clubs I would have used them I would have gotten much earlier actually because it's much more better for those it's like it actually that's really what it's made for it's made for this swinging stuff and and so that you can utilize it for these movements that really emulate very directly different athletic athletic movements I think yeah I think the best part about the mazes and the clubs is that it's actually fun like of course you learn to laugh like training with dumbbells and parapels and you learn to love it because you like just maybe everyone doesn't everyone do not love it in the beginning but they learn to love it the more you do it but with the mazes and clubs like it's like immediately it's quite fun like and it's a lot of fun like it's like actually fun it's like hard to explain but it's actually training it's like maybe some flow movements but it's more maybe convenient to do at home as you know maybe not all maze movement but the clubs are very easy to do just like this but it's just it's strange because it's a lot of fun like and and the surprising thing about the maze and the club was that like when I go to the gym and I do some parple exercises or dumbbell exercises or even body weight exercise like pull-ups or anything I don't really get out of breath ever because I've been doing it for many years for for a very long time like it's just very like efficient for my body to do to do those movements even when I do like high reps or heavy weight or almost anything with a good form I still don't get out of breath but when I was training with the clubs like I don't know just my whole body was just working so much harder especially the nervous system that I was getting feeling like not like completely out of breath but even with like some basic squats where I'm holding the club I was like after the set I was like a little bit like out of breath like and it never happens with even with like kettlebells like because I've been doing the warrior with 20x workouts for a very long time and even when I do like kettlebell swings and all these kettlebell movements like with very high tempo I still don't get really of course I can get out of breath but not as easily as with the clubs and mazes but maybe it's because it's a new form of training but but it still works on the nervous system a lot more than than I expected and one thing about why it's why it's also like to go back to the previous fun point is that when you use the clubs and the mazes you feel like a warrior like you actually feel like you're like a like a Conan barbarian or something yeah it's like it's like it really feels like you're Spartan warrior or like you're training for Spartan army or something like this it really like it's the most similar and then you just play some you know music from Conan the barbarian or Star Wars or something and then you feel like you're like an actual warrior yeah but I mean that's that was the original like I mentioned even the beginning like that these are like warrior weapons like that's and it's something that you know what I also thought that okay if these guys have like after I learned a bit more like if these guys have really used this for centuries maybe for thousands of years like the the guys who was like in battles like in ancient wars with like with the mazes and the swords and then even in the like martial arts like the indian and the wrestling and like maybe there's something actually benefit like maybe there's a reason why they're using this like maybe there could be something you know that worth like figuring out and trying out yourself and that that really kept to be true like yeah you feel you feel like a warrior because that's what it kind of meant for and and personally uh it's the the flowing aspects some that I enjoy the most like your creativity is really the limit here like there's so many things that you can do it it is like if you search like some movements for for the for the mazes or the club bells you can find some basic a lot of land you know some people do like they can you can do like squats curls you can do presses you can do almost any movement with them actually that's also one of the great things like this when I have this here like it almost like substitutes dumbbells like I don't have any dumbbells at my home I have the gym in the building but like with this I can do so many different movements like even just like kind of basic strength movements but but for me I enjoy the creativity like it's the same like in movement training I I come up with a lot of stuff I experiment with a lot of stuff and I want to try things that really challenge my coordination challenge my my proprioception challenge my skills and the strength like all in one and I found that this tool actually was able to kind of tackle all of those all of those different areas pretty much and yeah I would say like there the clubs and the mazes it's very versatile like it's like endless possibilities what you can do with it but in the beginning when you pick it up it feels like you cannot do anything with it it's like uses tool like this it really feels like it's just you know like you can do almost nothing because it takes quite a lot of you know like the body intelligence and the kinesthetic intelligence to even come up with the movements and that's the like of course like there's many benefits to these clubs and mazes but the hard part is you know coming up with the movements especially if you don't have the the really high level physical background but that's why we like they're already mentioned we already filmed and added two workouts to word many xx method like one with the maze and one with the clubs and they and they also come with six different exercises per workout and also like additional videos or a video with more information about this type of training yeah and you know it's mentioned like the you talk about for example that you get kind of out of breath with it and that's also one of the reasons why it was pretty perfect for warrior training because it's actually it's conditioning training like the the workouts that are supposed to get you kind of on the what is the deep end of the pool and gets you really uncomfortable and then comfortable with the uncomfortableness of the physical pressure and stress and comes with it and I was just like we got to make a workout with this because it's it's the perfect tool I mean it's a warrior tool for the warrior workouts and on top of that it's just it's like it's amazing conditioning tool it really gets you out of breath and it works like all the right places and it just gets you feeling like pretty much all of your muscles like and and even just you know for the physical development because because there's always there's always that way that we can you can plan your body like you can I train the specific like these biceps or the triceps or the you know the chest something that you're focusing on rather with consciousness but then there's the other type of training that I really love which is also movement training actually one of the benefits and also in this kind of athletic movements and the stillness is that there's there isn't that kind of masterwork plan in your head I'm going to train exactly this but it builds up really interesting definition really interesting details into your body as a result because you're using so many different muscles like your obliques like think about you know all this there's there's so many different details that our mind can even grasp then that's one of the things why I love movement and why I love this kind of stillness training and even the club post it it trains things in your body that you cannot think like even or you you can but not you cannot very easily logically think okay I'm going to train this part of my obliques or this lower part or here or this or that or these lower back muscles or the different stabilizing muscles next to the spine like the smaller ones and QL crottos lumbarums and and then you know the the medial glute parts and everything is if you just do the stillness training really well you get to train so many different areas without having even really this conscious knowledge what you're training and I love the way that it really shapes shapes the physique you know that like warrior training is really made for shaping the physique quickly and it happens to essentially two ways like intensity is one of those ways you know we really push it and the other one is the versatility of the movements versatility and athleticism of the movements so those are two ways that really like rip the body and create some pretty incredible results so yeah it's the intensity and the volume because because with the word for next workout because the more you do the workouts or actually the more you do the exercises during the workout your different muscles will fatigue like more than others so it will like the more you the more your body fatigues the more it goes deeper to you like different types of muscles like for example what I mean is that when you go to the gym you do like a like a push-ups or pen express it will always kind of have like the certain muscles that work the hardest but when you do warrior between next workouts you will do the exercises over and over again and so what happens is that some of your bigger muscle groups that are usually dominant and usually do most of the work they will fatigue first and after that it goes like deeper and deeper to your structure and different smaller muscles as well that's the thing like it accumulates the stress and it's you don't stop when you feel like stopping that's kind of also the thing so you get the intensity you get the versatility you get the volume but you also get to have a structure and me like pushing yourself because it's one thing you know most people I feel like they when they're training immediately when they feel a little bit like I'm comfortable you kind of stop but there's there's a period of time where you can continue still doing and that's where you can make some like serious results and and yeah I think most most people they stop at 10 percent could very well be like could very well be so yeah but yeah with the Macy's there is a like I said and even someone mentioned like in the beginning it's like what you're gonna do about it's like it's hard to use but there's the skill aspect of it you know that you need to learn but uh once you get the basic basic download heats like the basic 260-300 swinging also like that's the fundamental like train mark movement and after you learn that you start to really perceive the movements of that maze you start to perceive the move the head here where it's moving how you can actually utilize it control it and that's where it's all begins but there's also a lot of movements like I said that you don't need that's much skill some movements require much more skill but there are also movements where you simply because it's a workout even just holding it here like like holding the maze here in the center of the body this is a workout and especially the like of course it gets easier as you get better but in the beginning like this was this was like a really it's it stresses the central nervous system like even somebody said it's just it just taxes you and so it's it's I would just say it's it's uh there's the threshold of the skill but it's still one of the easiest and most convenient ways to get a new or build a new stimulus or no no build I would say new attributes into your body very conveniently like it just comes like like that within a week or two weeks of training with the maze you can upgrade your body like on some multiple areas and especially in terms of movement also because like some of these movements like your shoulder and everything it's it's just hard to explain but your body moves in very different ways than with any other tool or you could ever you could never move your body that way with body weight alone because somehow somehow like because you're not just controlling your body you also controlling the the maze which has lots of leverage so how it develops the body is very unique in many ways but but that being said it's not the magic tool it's not like something that replaces all the other tools because it it's the I think it's the one maybe the best tool like maze and clubs there may be the best tools for this dynamic elastic strength where you are like controlling your center of mass and controlling some external object object with your body weight for that type of dynamic strength and mobility and athleticism it's probably the best tool I've come across but if you want to fix your body and develop the foundation then all these different types of training with dumbbells with body weight are much better ways and much more effective and efficient as well but but I think the more higher level higher level athlete you are the more useful these clubs and mazes actually are because if you consider like a high level physical individual he should already have all of most of his foundation built he should already be like pain-free he should be very strong almost everywhere so after that when you already have everything then the maze and the clubs I think like right now I don't feel like doing almost any of the type of training other than animal movements and mazes and clubs like everything else is it feels like I've been already doing it for a very long time so so that's where the most growth and the most progress is for for me at this point but I think even like beginners of course they can also experience the benefits immediately but but how much you like focus on different tool depends on your level like a beginner should focus on the foundation first and then all this extra fun and cool stuff that is more dynamic but if you're already like a more intermediate and higher level advanced or elite then this for I think for elite athletes this should be maybe one of the most I the most effective ways to like improve their athleticism sorry to like like I explained already in the beginning I just don't think all these cable machine movements and these barbell power moves they focus too much on they just don't they just don't build the dynamic strength what you actually need on the field or in a cage or in the in the ring or anywhere else because because real athleticism is very dynamic in most sports and it's not like you just once export like this most sports are like are not like this so for that type of track the maze and the clubs are just like significantly better than the what most tools are used by the athletes today yeah exactly like I explained in the in the beginning that like there were many years that I had completely different priority like I had seen like and I had followed some people who did the mainstreaming and something but I knew that it's just not for me at that point I wanted to build a foundation like you explained it's it's more useful after you have some sort of background like beginners can use it but yeah definitely the people who have a bit of an idea of their body or maybe they train with movement to next or added to next will be like better just will have a better base to actually master master the the maze because I think it's yeah yeah like if you solder is broken I don't think you should not use the maze at the club yeah like because of course maybe it can help if it's very light may lightweight it can probably help a lot but most likely you should be focusing more on the very surgical precise athlete 20 xx method style of training that's really focuses on strengthening the whole area like with very specific exercises it's very true like these which weight like two pounds like they can be and they are often recommended for like if you have shoulder pains or injuries but but it's not like if you have really like a bad case you know poor control in scapula or some postural thing they're not necessarily the I think the most effective for the tool for that although they're often recommended but personally I've in my experience throughout many years it's much better that you actually train control movements and very slow and and actually you know without actually even any equipment that's the first thing you need to even learn to control your body without any sort of equipment this is already enough for fixing and healing your body you don't really need any of these kind of things but the other thing that you mentioned suddenly was that you know the like okay the athletes for example they I saw a video where some guy was like well the back squat or no no the deadlift is not good for the athletes but the power like the power clean and that's that's the good movement and it's like it's not that like much different it's like very one that one dimensional movement where you just use explosiveness but it's very and you have like with the barbell you have so limited options if you have the maze you can do you can use that explosiveness you can use this to any direction you could use it in any plane like and on different diagonal movements on different rotations like that's what we already talked about there's so many different possibilities so for athletes and for like me or already experienced in training and and doing a lot of athletic stuff and Mars large and all this like boxing and boxing and MMA stuff it's it's been fantastic so yeah another thing another thing about the Mason club is that they can be adjusted to your sport also like you can actually adjust the maze to mimic or represent many similar movements you have in golf for example but but for example the power the power snatch or power clean it's just it just doesn't at this point like we used to believe in that stuff but we don't believe in such that stuff anymore because it just feels waste of training yeah it's no way to like really individualize for the sport make it sport specific like you mentioned so but yeah I think this was pretty comprehensive unless you still have something I can't really think of much I think we covered a huge amount of things and this is all really stuff that now training already for a while with this just really in love with this stuff actually I needed to now keep a bit of a break because I had like this bit of skin came off from the arm so and I'm just like missing the training already because I can't use my left arm really for that so really good tool if you want to really have an equipment that is great for all sorts of physical athletic sports equipment is like adjustable for those and just train your body in a holistic integrated way and and if you want to then even take it much further and do creative flows even it's it's really quite limitless training if you have a good solid foundation under you so that's that's what the Macy's and clubs are for yes


In this discussion, we will discuss the discussion question of discuss how to track and report the flow of labor in a process cost system. Support accounting instruction by clicking the link below giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website broken out by category further broken out by course. Each course then organized in a logical reasonable fashion making it much more easy to find what you need then can be done on a YouTube page. We also include added resources such as Excel practice problems, PDF files and more like QuickBooks backup files when applicable. So once again, click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it. So if you see a discussion question like this or an essay question like this we want to pick out the key topics here. We want to track and report the flow of labor. So we're looking at labor and we're looking at a process cost system. So when we consider a process cost system, we're typically thinking of a system for a manufacturing type company. Usually manufacturing companies that will be producing or making inventory usually use one of two systems or a hybrid of both the process cost system or a job cost system. We hear focusing in on the process cost system, process cost system, a way that we're going to be tracking the raw materials that will then go through to the finished goods that will then be sold in the process cost system for a manufacturing company. We're also going to be focusing in on the labor. So we're considering how do we track labor related to a process cost system. So when considering labor for the process cost system, we kind of have to start with the raw materials because that's the beginning point of the process cost system and think about the flow or visualizing the flow of the materials as they go from the beginning to the end process where they're in finished goods and then ultimately sold where we finally make income on it or report it as cost of goods sold. So the first thing we do of course when we make things is we're going to buy it. We're going to buy the materials. We buy the materials and then we process that material into the work in process typically. So now we have the work in process. We're starting to work on our stuff on our inventory and then we have to include on that the things that are going to be conversion type costs, which will include the labor. So labor is going to be a conversion. It's going to be us converting the raw materials to the finished goods. So we're going to be working on the raw materials in the conversion process. And as we do that, we'll track the amount of work that's being done by process. So we'll be in the process and we'll track the work by process. We'll process payroll. So you can think of the payroll being a similar process, but normal payroll you would think that we would debit payroll expense and credit the payroll payable or cash that would be simplified not talking about payroll taxes or anything here. But if we're talking if we're making inventory, then the work the direct labor when we process payroll isn't going to debit payroll expense, it's going to be put into the inventory, into the work in process. So that's going to be the key point here. So the inventory, the labor that's direct to a process, we're going to debit and increase the work in process to the applicable process that the people are working on. So that's going to be an increase to work in process, credit cash or with a debit and then we'll credit cash or wages payable. And then any indirect items that we don't know which process to put it in for labor, we can then debit the overhead account and then apply out the to the proper location for from overhead for indirect labor. And then of course, once we're once we've completed the process, it's going to go from to however many processes are there. If there's more than multiple work in processes accounts, it's going to go out of one work in process to the second work in process. And then finally, at some point, it'll go out of work in process altogether and go into finished goods at that point in time. We'll have three items involved that we think about in inventory, typically the materials, the labor that we've included, the conversion of the labor and then using the conversion cost of labor and then the factory overhead. And then we'll move that out to finished goods with a credit to work in process and a debit to finished goods. So now it's like inventory, it's ready to sell and it includes at that point, of course, the labor in the finished goods inventory. Then we finally sell it at some point and we take it out of the finished goods, crediting finished goods and debiting cost of goods sold as we make the sale. The other side, of course, being sales increasing, revenue increasing and the debit going to the accounts receivable or cash.


Hello everyone, welcome to this session. I am Dr. Asha Tharangi and today we are going to learn differential phase shift keying demodulation techniques. At the end of this session you will be able to explain differential phase shift keying demodulation technique and state advantages and disadvantages of DPSK. These are the contents we will be covering in this session. Now, before moving ahead let us recall what is the major difference between BPSK and DPSK modulation technique. Well, as discussed in the previous session in DPSK the information of input bit stream is present in the difference between the phases of two successive bits. Whereas, in BPSK the information is present in actual phase in that bit slot only. In the previous session we discussed DPSK modulation technique. We know that in DPSK modulation input bit stream is modified to a new bit stream such that the next bit depends upon the previous transmitted bit. It is represented by the expression D of t is equal to B of t x naught with D of t minus t b and to this modified bit stream, PSK is applied which gives V DPSK of t is equals to plus or minus a cos omega ct. Let us now see how this DPSK signal is demodulated. Figure shows the block diagram of DPSK demodulator. The incoming DPSK signal D of t is applied to one input of the multiplier and to another input of the multiplier the incoming signal delayed by one bit duration is applied. Thus the output of multiplier is the product of the incoming signal with its previous received signal. This product is then applied to low pass filter which blocks the high frequency components and gives DC component at the output say L. The DC value L is positive when the incoming signal in the current bit slot is in phase with the previous received signal and the DC value is negative when the incoming signal in the current bit slot is out of phase with the previous received signal. This voltage is then applied to the decision device whose threshold value is set to 0 volt. Thus at the output of the decision device the original bit stream is obtained. The output extracted bit is 1 during the bit slot if L is positive and the output bit is 0 if L is negative. Let us see this in detail. Now there are two possibilities. First when the incoming signal and its previous received signal both are in phase and the second possibility is when the incoming signal and its previous received signal both are out of phase. Let us consider the first case. Now again in this case two combinations are possible. When the incoming signal and its previous received signal both are plus a cos omega ct or the incoming signal and its previous received signal both are minus a cos omega ct. In both these cases the output of multiplier is a square cos square omega ct which on passing through the low pass filter gives positive DC voltage a square by 2. As this voltage is greater than threshold voltage the decision device thus outputs logic 1. Thus whenever the incoming signal is in phase with the previous received signal output bit extracted is 1. Let us now consider the second case when the incoming signal is out of phase with the previous received signal. That is the incoming signal is a cos omega ct and the previous received signal is minus a cos omega ct or the incoming signal is minus a cos omega ct and the previously received signal is plus a cos omega ct. In both these cases the output of multiplier is minus a square cos square omega ct which on passing through the low pass filter gives negative DC voltage minus a square by 2. Now this negative voltage after comparing with the threshold value gives logic 0 at the output of the decision device. Thus when the incoming signal is out of phase with its previous received signal the output extracted is logic 0. Let us understand this with an example. Consider the given input bit stream B of t that is to be transmitted using DPSK. This is the modified bit stream D of t for the given B of t which is actually transmitted through a noise free channel and is received at the demodulator input. The D of t minus tB is the incoming bit stream delayed by 1 bit duration at the demodulator. Let us see how it works. The phase angle of the transmitted bit stream is as shown. The incoming bit stream delayed by 1 bit duration D of t minus tB and its phase is as shown. Thus as discussed whenever the phase of the incoming bit and its previous bit received is same the demodulator produces bit 1 at the output and whenever the phase of the incoming bit and its previously received bit is out of phase the demodulator produces bit 0 at the output. Also it can be seen that the extracted bit stream is same as the original information bit stream used for modulation. Now pause this video and complete the table for a given input bit stream B of t. Assume the initial transmitted bit as 0 during DPSK modulation. Also after completing the table compare this extracted bit stream B dash of t with respect to the bit stream B dash of t of the previous table for which the initial transmitted bit is 1. Well the answer is as shown. It can also be seen that irrespective of whether the initial transmitted bit is 1 or 0 the reconstructed signal is same in both the cases. Thus we can say that in the absence of noise the receiver can reconstruct the exact binary bit stream as used in the transmitter. Also reconstruction is same whether the initial transmitted reference bit is 1 or 0. Here no synchronous carrier is recovered from the incoming signal nor it is generated at the receiver side for demodulation. Due to this DPSK can be treated as non-coherent type of DPSK demodulation technique. With this let us now see what are advantages of DPSK. As discussed for DPSK demodulation no synchronous carrier is needed. Thus it reduces the circuit complexity as no additional circuit is required for local carrier generation. Also the bandwidth requirement of DPSK is less compared to BPSK. Let us see what are disadvantages. In DPSK previous bit received is used to extract next bit. Hence if error is present in the previous bit the next bit detected is also wrong. Due to this error propagation is more and also there is a tendency of errors appearing in pairs in DPSK. Therefore compared to BPSK it has higher probability of error and higher bit error rate. This is all about DPSK technique. These are the references used. Thank you.


Hello, everyone, and welcome to this last session of the conference. Okay, so we have three talks for this final session and our first talk is Unveiling the Unhidden, Applying Western Style Crime Survey Approach to Eastern Europe. a dyna'n amser Dan, Llyfrin, Mila, Alex, I hope I said that right. So, I've just got some information about them to read out, and then they can start. Dan is the senior lecturer in criminology at the University of Huddersfield in economics at Dorgersfield University Latvia. His main research interests are quantitative criminology, immigration, repeats, victimisation patterns and crime seriousness judgments. Dan has been asked to present his research at a number of invited seminars and sessions at the Home Office, Neighborhood Watch and other organisations in the UK as well as at international events. In his spare time, Dan is an avid martial arts practitioner and proponents of healthy lifestyle. Llyfrin Mila is a doctor in economics, associate professor and head of department of economics at Dorgersfield University in Latvia. Her main directions of research are regional economics, smart growth, social and economic aspects of multi-helix. Since 2016, she has been an expert in Latvian council of science and economics. She has more than 40 publications, two monographs and has participated in 10 projects, including the ESF, Erasmus and Latvian national research programmes. Okay, so time to go over to Dan and Llyfrin Mila. Thank you very much. I will start sharing my screen in a second. I believe that has worked. Could anybody confirm that I've succeeded at that? Yes, that works. That's already a success. Yes, thank you very much for having myself and Llyfrin Mila here today. I've been a very big fan of this conference, as some of you will know. I've tried to present every single year for, I believe, the last eight years, with the exception of last year. So it's great to be back even though we are in an online environment, but it's better than no environment, isn't it? What we are presenting today is a paper associated with the research grant provided by Douglas Pills University and just a little bit of background. I was working on a sabbatical in Douglas Pills University just this year in the Department of Economics with Llyfrin Mila here. The article which is being published from this and, of course, this conference paper, they stem way beyond just the use of surveys. They stem way beyond what the data shows here. And I've kind of split this presentation really into two things. There's the data implications, which we will discuss, of course. And then there's the bigger theoretical implications. So at some points, if you do lose me a little bit, because I've been relatively creative with this one, don't worry about it because it will all make sense at the end, hopefully. So unveiling the unhidden, that's how we call this paper. And really the idea is that we know so much which is true. And yet sometimes we just sort of prefer not to look there or we pretend like we shouldn't. And we sort of start quite easily actually with the Tower of Babel and the biblical story about that.  But the idea in the story was that humans very much were able to progress quite far while they kept the same language, while they kept speaking in the same language and understanding each other. So the presupposition here is that when we don't speak the same language and it doesn't have to be like a linguistic language as well, it can be simply a matter of categorizing things, then of course we don't understand each other and we can't benefit from each other's knowledge. And that's exactly what's happening unfortunately in much of criminology. In fact I will even discuss whether criminology is really criminology. That's how creative I've been. But let's start very easily. So I looked for basically an old Russian proverb and I found one. And it basically says, where's the duck, there's a ditch. And if you're an English speaker and I'm assuming most of you are English speakers as opposed to Russian speakers here, think just in your hearts and minds right now is there. Do you understand it? Do you understand what that proverb means?   And that's the fun part about it. With the translation software available to us and Google Translate is one of the big things which another article is actually being written on right now. We should be able to convey the meaning of and across the languages in criminology and in other social sciences as well quite well while keeping the original intention. So if we can understand a Russian proverb from the 15th century while never having spoken Russian and I'm assuming that's the case for most of us, maybe that's, maybe we can move past that problem. Maybe we genuinely are speaking the same language after all. So on the language part we can discuss things like the superior worth hypothesis and the idea that obviously the strong and hard version of the hypothesis is that we fully categorize things differently based on the language we speak. And the soft version is that we simply adjust the understanding based on the language which we use, the ideas of linguistic positivity and overall our progress associated with that. We sometimes think that sort of we are on board with basic things in criminology. We sometimes like to believe that certain concepts just make sense. We all think crime is bad. We all think that offenders shouldn't be just punished for the sake of punishment. We think that all of that makes sense. Then again we also think based on majority of publications that people fear crime and I've published articles which say that people don't fear crime, they're angry about it. And we also think that crime harm is relatively understandable and simple enough because most western countries now use it. And yet I've published papers on that as well explaining how many of those judgments of harm and seriousness aren't actually measuring harm and seriousness. So the problem really is whether our progress is hindered by the language separation and social sciences which we have. And it certainly is exacerbated by the anglo-centric nature of social sciences publications and journals and research in general. Simple example will be a majority of European slash international academic journals. They all accept publications. Well, not all of them. Okay, a couple of them don't, but most of them accept publications entirely in English and in the guidelines for the authors. It says very clearly. If you can't write an English well, get help and only submit after that. So it's quite interesting to see journals which are called European journals and there's more than one language in Europe and international journals and there's more than one language internationally which accept articles entirely in English and there's no leeway about it as well. So of course articles can be denied for use of bad language, English language. Not any other language. So here's where we stem into the actual field of criminology and while working in Latvia I was looking, I was trying to actually get a job in criminology because I'm a criminologist as many of us here are. And I found myself explaining a lot to people what actually is criminology because criminology doesn't really exist in Latvia. And that was an interesting thing to encounter. How come I have a European PhD in a discipline which I got in Europe which actually requires a lot of explanation. And again in here we have that linguistic difference. So in much of Latvian and Russian literature as well we have these two concepts. We have criminology, criminology and we have criminolistica almost, criminolistica and there are two different things. One of them, the theoretical part, the criminology part is sort of a theoretical science looking at the regular things which criminology looks at. And it's usually viewed as a Western concept. In many European countries altogether there's no such course as criminology. Latvia is one of them, there's no such course. There's modules, there's lessons and kind of lectures on it but there is no course as such in criminology. There's criminolistica, which is a practical science. Basically combination of crime science slash forensic science slash phenology and I found myself explaining to people quite often what is actually criminology. And that really baffled me because if we assume, which we do that there are so many things in criminology which we all have in common and we all understand as the baseline principles for us to succeed in that fight in crime and yet even in Europe sometimes we don't even have a clue what criminology is. It's really quite baffling to be fair. So what's the necessary solution? The necessary solution is ability to facilitate information exchange. There's a lot of things which of course we do in Western countries which Eastern countries could borrow and not just Eastern countries there's plenty of countries in the West that utilize things like victimization surveys. It's sensitization to data applicability as we will show in this presentation many if not most findings which we can take from British crime survey or crime survey for England and Wales can actually be found exactly almost exactly in the same manner in Latvia which by no means is a Western country not in this perspective. The basic principles and basic policy issues they can actually be extended into other countries quite easily. It's not a matter of criminology being a Western discipline at all. In fact much and most of what was found is just about that and in many cases it's not about looking the other way intentionally and there is a need for this criminological ignorance in Eastern Europe and hopefully with a better result for the actual person who takes that role however. So victimization surveys we are here in crime surveys user conference which is exactly about that and of course we all largely agree that victimization surveys are a good thing. They are common practice in the West ICBS crime survey for England and Wales and it's plenty of equivalents which are now used all across the world including the local victimization surveys. They are emerging across the rest of the world and again it's the Western world and it's the English speaking world it's not the rest of the world as such and this function very often is fulfilled in other countries by completely different things different random websites and online tests but we all agree that they're good. So here's a little example which I found about Latvia which sort of looks like crime perception survey it's a random website it's not hosted by Latvia it has no relevance to Latvia but it's sort of fulfilling that function and we see that in its lifetime it's had 475 participants which well that's not allowed for a whole country and it has these sort of you know typical regular questions so problem is we don't have a victimization survey in much of Eastern European countries and certainly we don't in Latvia where much of this research has been carried out so the research which we're about to present very quickly comes from Latvia, from Latgala region which is roughly your eastern part of Latvia and mostly Douglas pills which is the city I was born in it's the city I really love and the survey was carried out in three years 2018 and 19 in person and 2020 online but it was the same survey carried out we had a total sample of 322 participants and pretty much all surveys were almost fully completed very very few missing values the ethnic sample was as described on the slide and just over two thirds of the people had Latvian citizenship we looked for four little simple things just to test out if we emulate CSEW in an Eastern European country without amending it much the whole point was not to amend it much the point wasn't to specify culturally a lot of things the point was to keep it largely as it is will we find the same stuff and we looked at four basic concepts which have been analyzed extensively using victimization surveys in general so the first concept, unequal distribution of crime we know using plenty of victimization surveys that crime isn't unequally distributed victimization specifically but crime as well we know that victim characteristics have remained roughly the same in the UK as well as in the western world in the last 20-30 years let's try to see what happens in Latvia so in here we have displayed in the top 30% of our population how much victimization they experience and we see that just 1% of Latvian population experiences pretty much a third of all vehicle victimization and sort of roughly 15% of the rest which already says that just 1% of people experience a huge proportion of victimization we look at top-decile of course that top-decile experience is way more than anybody else because once you move past the point of 90 everything else looks roughly roughly the same so again top-decile of population experience is a huge proportion of crime same as in the west then we look at average numbers of victimizations and these average numbers are really huge the one thing which we know about the west is even though the victimization is unequally distributed the average number is dropping well in Latvia the average numbers of victimization are roughly like that so we have numbers of 50 for vehicles in top percentile and we have numbers of roughly 78 for total victimization in top percentile those are not low numbers the west top percentile numbers were roughly 3 for vehicle and roughly 7 for total so we are speaking tenfold the victimization reported for the top percentile now sure you might say top percentile isn't very representative okay but top-decile will still be huge compared to everything else so if we average out these numbers we still see that it's nowhere near the second or the third so the problem remains but it's just actually even worse in Latvia than in the west how about victim characteristics again your typical characteristics are here on the left and significance levels associated with victimization vehicle related, property related, personal related, total related again the victim characteristics of the typical repeat victims are exactly the same in Latvia as they are in the west with a couple tiny amendments so I could speak about them but I don't have the time I'm well aware that I have less than 10 minutes left so point is the points are exactly the same in Latvia victimization is unequally distributed there's a huge proportion of victimization attributed to one percentile let alone one-decile and we know who the victims are second point crime seriousness and the victim we know that victimization by repeat victims is perceived as more serious we know that ethnic minorities perceive victimization is more serious than the natives I've published on that the references are available so what about in Latvia if we look at just the distribution of seriousness scores from one to 20 which is exactly how CSEW does it as well we see that majority of all types of crimes besides for regular property crime are largely rated as 20s in fact the crimes rated mostly as 20s are vehicle related crimes so about 62% of vehicle related victimization is rated as most serious that is not the same as it is in the west and the west vehicle victimization is rated as least serious so there is a cultural difference however if we do look at the top deciles again I'll repeat victims which form the top three most victimized deciles they experience 15.7% of seriousness each and they all have rated all of their victimizations as 20 so the point remains people who are repeat victims they rate their victimization more seriously and there's a fair bit of them that needs working with point three non-reporting to the police we know that people who cooperate with police like it and who don't don't like it you need to cooperate with police first to have a good experience and we know that ethnic minorities report victimization to police less hence have less trust in them hence cooperate with them less what about Latvia? there are two things I mean there's a lot of things on the screen and of course feel free to look at them later once I'm not limited by the very short time I could speak about this for very long I'm very passionate about this subject but two things just to look at if we split Latvian population by their ethnic identity in Latvians, Russians and people who are of other ethnicities we see that people who have cooperated with the police rate their experiences as roughly at a 10 out of 20 so we ask them if you rate your cooperation with the police after reporting your victimization to them from 1 to 20 what would you give it? and they basically give it roughly a 9, 10 slash 8 but their expected scores if they did cooperate for people who didn't are actually super low we see that for example for people identifying as Russian if they did not work with the police if they did not report the victimization to police their expected score was 1.2 so they don't go to police because they think that's the worst experience they will ever have now they don't know whether that's true or not it's their expected score and the ones who went actually enjoyed their cooperation they got a 10 out of 20 which is kind of okay but they expect it to be a 1 so that's an important point and the second important point is the difference in reasons for non-reporting if we look again at the ethnic belonging we see that Latvian people don't report because they believe police couldn't help so they're on the side of police whereas people of other ethnicities largely don't report because they think police doesn't care or they have other ways of dealing with it and I'll mention again later on I have to hurry up I know .4 emotions experience after victimization we know that usually we're told that people are afraid of crime but they're actually angry or annoyed so if we look at the distribution of emotions after victimization which we did analyze for this population as well we see that it's not associated with whether they're a single or repeat victim or how seriously they rate their victimization in most cases they're angry they're not afraid of it however if we split it by ethnic belonging there's a huge difference for Latvian ethnicity people are mostly afraid of crime as opposed to angry about it for Russian and other they're mostly angry now of course a fight response means we speak about self-policing anger is a fight response disappointment, annoyance there are fight responses they mean self-policing they mean not relying on somebody else and fear and weakness are fight responses they imply working with the police and reporting the victimization to them so again this point kind of explains the third and that's our data conclusions we know that victimization in Latvia isn't equally distributed we can identify the super victims quite easily seriousness ratings again they are much higher for repeat victims so those two points work very well together one with the other three and four do as well so ethnic and national groups they are not represented in police in Latvia you have to be a Latvian citizen to be represented in Latvian police forces and the same groups are less likely to cooperate with the police less likely to have trust in the police less likely to work with them and more likely to find their own ways to fight crime which is directly associated with the emotional response which they have on the point as well thankfully my final slide but most important slide theoretical conclusions why did I speak about the bible and everything else before that because I think and I strongly believe in this that we need to integrate the rest of the world in criminological scholarship specifically criminological scholarship and the only way we're going to do that is by stemming beyond the differences in language which we assume to be so serious which this research shows are not serious at all we still do speak the same language because victimization is just as bad for anybody for a British person, for a Latvian person I'm sure the same applies to the rest stemming from that stemming from this research I mean these are just preliminary findings sure it's not a huge research it's not a huge survey but it shows that there's plenty we can learn from existing practices in the west and I'm sure from existing practices in the east as well we don't need to reinvent the bicycle victimization surveys are as they are they work, I've given it a shot I've tried it and they worked and the point is really also to unite this divide between criminolistica and criminology because if we think in the eastern countries that criminology is this western theoretical concept which we don't need and all we need is the practical solutions it's hard to have the practical solutions and understanding the bigger picture I did make it on time so these are my references and these are our contact details thank you everybody and I hope that was ok yes our next speaker is talking about testing the association between household profile and burglar alarm effectiveness and this is Daniel Robinson so Daniel is currently a PhD candidate at Nottingham Trent University after being awarded Vice Chancellor's Scholarship and prior to this Daniel undertook her undergraduate degree and master's degree in criminology graduating with first class honours and distinction respectively and Daniel's research interest line the field of crime reduction with special interest in burglary reduction so hello everybody my name is Daniel Robinson and I'm in the second year of my PhD studies this is some research that I've been working on with my supervisor, Professor Andromachi Soloni my PhD is entitled understanding the mechanisms of situational crime prevention initiatives and measures and as part of my PhD there will be a chapter that is dedicated to the association between household profile and burglar alarm effectiveness and that is going to be the focus of my presentation today so just a quick overview then I'm going to speak briefly about previous research in this field hopefully that will just help to justify and place the research that I'm working on currently I'll speak a bit about what I've done so far the data that I've used the approach that I've taken look at some of the findings and obviously acknowledge some of the limitations in the data and then I'll speak a bit about where I plan to go with it and what I'm going to do next so I should just acknowledge here before I go on to speak about this research that there is an extensive body of literature which investigates security device effectiveness in relation to offender target selection falls in burglary rates effective security combinations the context in which they're most effective and like I say it is extensive but I'm going to just speak briefly now about some of that literature that actually utilises the crime survey data just to keep it really relevant for this conference so Solonia Tal in 2014 and 17 carried out research into which security devices are most effective in the prevention of burglary and they found that some combinations were really effective and some were much less effective but it led them to develop the mnemonic wide which is window locks internal lights on a timer double locks and dead locks on external doors and external lights on a sensor and that was found to be the most effective security device combination when taking value for money into account in-depth research into burger alarms by Tilly et al in 2015 found that the presence of a burger alarm appears to increase the likelihood of burglary victimisation so those findings were counterintuitive and he did state that the findings needed to be treated cautiously and I know that there's been research in the field that is ongoing and this obviously fits in with that as well this research that I'm going to speak about and most recently research on burger alarm impact in isolation and in combination with other security devices has been carried out by Solonia et al in 2021 and that was with the Home Office and College of Policing Safer Streets Fund toolkit some of the findings that I'm going to be speaking about today are my contribution to this research and my research and this research is both ongoing so my main research question was does the presence of a visible burger alarm increase or decrease burglary victimisation risk amongst various population groups so my real interest was is there a higher or lower risk of any type of burglary with particular groups of people in order to answer that question I merged four sweeps of the Crime Survey from London Wales from 2014 and 15 to 2017 and 18 I used a non-victim form for this first for this first set of analysis the questions and the variables that I wanted to look at were all available on victim form so I just used that to begin with which gave me a sample size across all four sweeps of 125,150 so when I was looking at choosing which questions I wanted to use and what I actually wanted to gain from this research I thought that the question which of the following are visible at the sample address was a really good question a list of 10 security devices that you can look for but I was interested specifically in whether or not there was a visible burglary alarm on the property and it's worth mentioning here that this was not a participant question this was actually on the electronic contact sheet for the interviewer and this was actually aimed at the interviewer so it asked them whether they see a burglary alarm on the approach or when they get to the property I thought that was appropriate because if the interviewer can easily see that there's a alarm that is visible then it stands to reason that a potential burglary would also see that alarm and this will help us answer how burglary alarm effectiveness might differ across population groups so I'll speak a bit about the findings now some of these findings were really interesting so before I go on to speak about the findings this is a comprehensive list of the household characteristics that I analysed you can see here that there is quite a big list of different characteristics that was looked at I chose to look at the household representative person for the individual characteristics because I thought that they are usually the head of the household they usually have the biggest income or if it matches they are the oldest so they tend to have a bigger influence on those wider characteristics of tenure and accommodation type due to you know they've usually got the highest income and that's why I thought it was appropriate to use the household representative person and I should just make a note here that the following findings I'm only sharing today the results only results show where risk is higher with the presence of a visible alarm than without across these different characteristics so how was it calculated? for this data analysis I simply did odd ratio of risk of burglary victimisation for the given population group with a visible alarm compared to without one so if we were going to use males as an example here you could get the result that males are 1.5 times more likely to experience attempted burglary with a visible alarm than males without a visible alarm so there's no comparison within those different population groups it is just within that group so males with an alarm or without an alarm so this is my first set of findings so this is odd ratio against burglary victimisation risk with a visible burglary alarm compared to without one across individual characteristics and wider household composition this the bars that are solid pink they are the ones that are statistically significant and the patterned bars they are findings that I still found interesting but they weren't statistically significant you can see here that all of these characteristics have an increased likelihood of burglary with a visible alarm than without one across these characteristics but the headlines here would be that Asians are 50% more likely to be burgled with a visible alarm than Asians without one at 1.5 times you've got both owners and private renters show a higher risk of burglary with a visible alarm they both had 1.5 times more likely than those in the corresponding categories with a visible alarm than without one and same again for categories 8, 9 and 10 of the index of multiple deprivation income deprivation they all have a significantly higher chance that which is 1.6 and 1.5 respectively and it's worth noting here that that obviously then includes the least deprived 10% of the population that have quite a significantly higher risk and it's interesting because there is there is research that backs some of this up or seems to correspond with this so you can see that two or more adults on here so research by Soloni and Thompson in 2018 found that two households with more than two adults or specifically shared households made like shared accommodation and places like that they did show an increased risk of burglary victimisation and that it was likely due to the fact that there was more devices in the house so there'd be multiple phones, multiple laptops and things like that and they also found that households with children also had heightened risk by almost 50% but after 1996 you can see here that households with children here they have a heightened risk although wasn't statistically significant in this case and lone parent households had a heightened risk of 75% in Soloni and Thompson's findings and again that was the same as this but it wasn't statistically significant but still really interesting findings so this here is exactly the same but this is with attempted burglary victimisation risk with a visible burglar alarm compared to without one across the individual characteristics and wider household compositions there were definitely less statistically significant findings with attempted burglary and there was less that sort of had any any risk either way but you can see here that the most heightened risk here is when you have lived in the address for 1-2 years and that shows a significantly heightened risk of 1.6 times more likely than those who have lived in their address for 1-2 years who do not have a visible alarm it's worth noting here as well that you can see that homeowners and private renters are both on this chart and on the previous one so although a lot of research actually shows that social renters do have the most at risk type of type of tenure that homeowners on private renters are both on this with quite a heightened risk for this research so it was just worth noting that it's definitely worth acknowledging some limitations or caveats for this research this obviously doesn't tell us if the burglar alarm was installed at the time of the first experience of burglary victimisation or if it was installed as a consequence of the victimisation I just want to point out at this point that where I said earlier that these findings were my contribution to the Soloniatel research in 2021 that the rest of the research absolutely does account for the existence of a burglary alarm of a burglar alarm and when it was installed it is just my contribution that currently doesn't account for that and the rest of the research does account for that so because it doesn't it doesn't show the true risk across the population types as burglar alarm might have been installed after the victimisation so this is recorded at the time of the interview so the interviewer goes and approaches the property sees a burglar alarm ticks that there is a burglar alarm but they have absolutely no idea when that was installed so they will then go and do the interview and if the participant says that they are a victim of burglary they will have it shows that they have an alarm and that they've been a victim of burglary but they may have had that installed after their victimisation so there's obviously a limitation there that needs addressing because it is quite important that it is quite an important piece of knowledge that we need to know so obviously this research is in its infancy this is really just a preliminary indication of burglar alarm effectiveness across population groups however I think but I think these findings are really interesting and with that in mind moving forward firstly and foremost I really think that the most pressing issue here is that we need to find out when the burglar alarm was installed and whether it was before or after the victimisation is the first problem that I attend to address and that will involve merging the non-victim form with the victim form so all of that really good information that I've already got from the non-victim form I'll keep and I'll merge it with the victim form which has all of the information about when the burglar alarm was installed I'm also going to add an extra two sweeps to take it up to 2020 so then it will be across the six sweeps and and I will analyse all the security combinations all of the possible combinations that include a burglar alarm so any combination from all of the different security devices that there could be that are available in the crime survey all of those possible combinations will need to be looked at individually so as you can see this is quite a time consuming process which will be the merging of the victim and non-victim form across those sweeps and then analysing the possible combinations is all quite time consuming and quite honestly time is the only reason that this hasn't been done up until this point just with different PhD responsibilities and things like that I also intend to add a qualitative aspect to this which will involve interviews in the newly refurbished and neighbourhood in Nottingham and it will look at the impact of the refurbishment in the area so it will be semi-structured interviews hopefully with community agents at the newly refurbished neighbourhood I'll be interviewing neighbourhood WAP representatives local victim support representatives which can obviously offer insight into the types of population groups that approach them for help PCSOs I also have access to interview the architect for Nottingham City Council who has designed the refurb and I will be interviewing various people who actually live on the estate as well and I'll be asking them about not only about how they think burger alarms are whether they think they're effective and whether they think make them feel safe but also about social cohesion and so this will feed into my wider PhD project as well and whether area type and area context also affects the impact of burger alarms so this will really combine burger alarm impact with individual feelings of safety in context with social cohesion and the impact of burger alarms in the St Ams neighbourhood and when that is all done I am hoping that we will have a much deeper understanding of which population groups have an increased or decreased risk of burglary or attempted burglary or not. Thank you for listening any questions So this is a talk about when do businesses report cyber crime findings from a UK study and our speaker is Dr Stephen Kemp who is a postdoctoral researcher in criminology at Pompa Fabra University in Barcelona in Spain and he's previously collaborated with the criminology department at the University of Manchester as well as several Spanish universities and his main lines of research focus on cyber crime, fraud, crime reporting and sentencing. Okay perfect, so thank you very much for the introduction Sarah and also thank you more generally to the organisers from the perspective of a participant all that is all done very smoothly also the idea of the conference is something that's really interesting in Spain we don't have anything similar so it's definitely something that we might be looking to copy in the future so I'm going to be presenting a paper that is out to come out soon which is titled when do businesses report cyber crime findings from a UK study this has been offered by myself together with David William from the University of Manchester and Milo Llanarys from Miguel University in Elgi, Spain and also with Nicholas Lord from the University of Manchester so just to give you a little bit of context to begin with as many of us are aware cyber crime poses a growing threat to organisations in the United Kingdom and in Spain and around the world we published a few months ago that there were quite steep rises in certain types of cyber enabled fraud against organisations at the beginning of the pandemic I came to ties into some of the one of the presentations earlier on data from the crime survey in the Wales regarding individuals also we action fraud publishes data on the losses that have been reported by organisations and we find that in the last 12 months the losses are probably 500 million pounds or a very very high amounts of losses and importantly cyber crime is not something that only affects large organisations small and medium sized organisations also have relatively high probability of suffering cyber incidents in any case it's also worth noting that even these incidents affect larger organisations that might have more resources to mitigate the impacts a lot of the times they're not going to be assuming the cost of the breach but these costs are going to be passed on to customers so it's really something that affects everybody so that's the main context of rising threat regarding cyber crime against organisations and in this context it's quite surprising that there's very little research certainly from the social sciences and criminologists and there's very little research on cyber crime against organisations and this has been put down to the fact that there's generally a lack of data which is related to low levels of reporting now this is problematic because reporting is key for the prevention and responses if we want to understand the most pertinent threats at the moment and I want to design strategies to try and mitigate those threats and evaluate those strategies then reporting is really important so on that basis what we wanted to do here in this paper is basically understand reporting a little bit better with the aim of being able to improve reporting processes and then get better data so it's quite an explorer to the study so what do we know about crime reporting by businesses more and more generally because like I said there's not really very much about cyber crime reporting there's a little bit more about crime reporting against businesses more generally the existing research has found that crime reporting by businesses can be predicted by certain factors for example it can be predicted by the type of crime and it can be predicted by the impact the greater impact is associated with higher levels of reporting the characteristics of the organisation can be relevant and particularly relevant is the perceived efficacy of reporting reporting is believed to be able to produce some kind of benefit like I said there's very little research on cyber crime reporting by businesses there are a couple of surveys and one book chapter published and what they find is that in general there's lower reporting by businesses to police rather than non-police organisations the reporting can depend on the ability of the organisation to resolve the incident internally rather than reporting it the impact is relevant with regard to cyber crime the impact can be relevant in the sense that sometimes reporting is necessary to be able to file an insurance thing and we find that the issues regarding reputation are particularly relevant with businesses and organisations that there may be a little bit of a reticence to report organisations or businesses don't want to be associated with security breaches with loss of customers data with loss of money able to protect their customers so reputation is something that is relevant to reporting as well so what we look to do in this paper what we were aiming to do was to answer three research questions firstly to whether the characteristics of businesses for example the size, sector and digital activity of businesses were associated with cyber crime reporting secondly to see whether the attitudes of businesses towards cyber security and their cyber security practices were associated with cyber crime reporting and finally we want to analyse whether the characteristics of the cyber crime event or the cyber incident were associated with that so as you can see it is quite an exploratory study thanks to the research that exists so to answer these questions we obtained data from the cyber security breaches survey we obtained the data from three waves of the survey from 2018 to 2020 which gave us a sample of approximately 4,500 businesses in the UK in this survey they used disproportionate sampling so when we merged the three waves of the survey reweighted the sample again so that it was representative of UK businesses in terms of size sector and then we filtered this sample to obtain a sub-sample of those companies that said that they had suffered at least one incident in the previous 12 months so that's approximately 12,000 UK businesses and we're looking at two types of reporting we're interested in two types of reporting on the one hand reporting to the police and other public authorities and on the other hand reporting to any external organisation because obviously businesses can report cyber security incidents to cyber security providers to the bank to internet service providers to clients to customers as well as public organisations like the police or the national cyber security so just to give you a quick descriptive overview of some of the most important elements the typical incidents that companies were suffering in first place the most common was phishing attacks there were 34.5% of the weighted samples that they suffered these types of incidents then in second place people impersonating organisations and emails online for identity in third and fourth place we have incidents related to malware, viruses or ransomware then in fifth place incidents related to hackers from external actors followed by DDoS attackers was 3.4% and finally hacking of online bank accounts which was reported by 3.3% of the weighted sample and then importantly we looked at the result of the data for the reporting rates for the most serious incidents so a number of organisations would obviously suffer multiple incidents and then in the survey they asked them about reporting the most serious incident that they suffered so we find quite a contrast here in on the one hand 39.5% of the weighted sample reported the incident the most serious incident to someone external in the organisation but only 8% reported to a public thought we'll discuss a little bit the implications of this later with regards to our variables and our methods the two dependent variables as I've mentioned before whether they reported incidents to someone outside of the organisation and whether they reported it to a UK public authority and then with the independent variables that we're looking at characteristics of the organisations of the businesses like size, sector online activities whether they hold personal data by clients whether they have an online payment system in their online bank account if their employees could work from home then cyber security variables for example whether they consider cyber security a high priority if cyber security is outsourced or whether it is managed internally whether they have some form of cyber security insurance whether it's specific policy or it's probably a wider policy also if the businesses carry out some type of risk identification and whether they have sought government advice on cyber security issues and then we looked at the crime type of incident type and whether there was a negative impact from that which could be loss of money but it could also be loss of working hours of employees to deal with the incident now in the 2018 and 2019 waves of the survey there were two questions that we thought would be interesting regarding whether the business considered that it was prepared to deal with cyber security issues and whether they carried out any type of training with their employees this wasn't included in the 2020 survey so what we've actually done is we've estimated four binary logistic regression models so what we've done is for each dependent variable we've estimated two on the one hand a model with all three waves of the survey and on the other hand a model that only has the 2018 and 2019 waves but includes these variables of preparedness and training so for each dependent variable there are two models that we've looked at with regard to the results first of all I wanted to talk about the results for reporting to somebody outside the organisation so this is reporting to anyone outside the organisation that could be police, national security centre but also financial institutions cybersecurity providers et cetera so what we find is that the crime type is relevant as we would expect fishing is reported less than other types of incidents like hacking or identity theft the negative consequences are also relevant as you would expect when there are greater negative consequences reporting is more likely we also find that when businesses consider cybersecurity a high priority there are more likely to report incidents to someone outside the organisation and when they have an external cybersecurity management system the more likely to report to somebody outside the organisation is driven by the fact that they are reporting to external cybersecurity providers in contrast those businesses that internalise their cybersecurity management reported less to somebody outside the organisation and interesting we found in one of the models evidence that businesses that hold electronic data but customers were also less likely to report cybersecurity to somebody outside the organisation now with regards to reporting to the public authorities we find some similarities and some differences that could be quite relevant so we find similarities in the sense that the crime type is relevant fishing is reported less than other types of incidents the negative consequences increase the likelihood of reporting as does considering cybersecurity a high priority but in this case we find that those businesses with internal cybersecurity management are more likely to report to public authorities which contrasts with what we found regarding reporting to anyone outside the organisation and now we also found some weak evidence that those organisations that allow their employees to use personal devices for work tasks were less likely to report cybersecurity incidents to public authorities so I wanted to just finish by talking about the implications of these findings so regarding research question 1 we find limited evidence that the characteristics of businesses that are associated with cyber crime reporting but there's some particularly associations with regard to some activities such as holding customer information electronically or mobile working and the question of mobile working is particularly interesting in terms of companies the guardians of companies insurance system when performing work related tasks on personal devices who's considered the primary capable guardian who's responsible for reporting in the year of teleworking regarding research question 2 on attitudes and practices the association between considering cybersecurity a high priority and reported could be related to the perceived benefits of reporting in terms of making society in general more cyber secure and then the questions of the differences between external and internal cybersecurity management structures I'm going to come back to them in just a moment and finally regarding research question 2 the cyber crime content is related to reporting and negative impact and crime type are significant I think it's important to mention here mandatory reporting what types of crime and impact generate mandatory reporting because one would imagine that that's very important to the reported decision future research would analyse the dynamics created by mandatory reporting and its effectiveness so just to finish up the key takeaways in the discussion I think our findings generate discussion regarding above all the role of private cybersecurity companies and the criminal justice system in the prevention of cyber crime only 8% of the most descriptive incidents suffered by businesses were reported to public authorities 39.5% were reported to someone outside the organisation this ties in with previous research it could indicate that private entities prefer a private model of cyber crime control regarding cyber crime low levels of reporting to public authorities could be the result of a lack of confidence in the capacity of authorities to provide a suitable response perceptions that are taxed to be dealt with internally concerns about potential reputational damage or not wishing to share internet or business activity in case today with public authorities so this disparity between reporting to public authorities and reporting to anyone outside the organisation may exemplify the rise of private policing that has been documented with regard to cyber crime and this links in with our results that point to businesses with outsourced cybersecurity management reporting more to organisations but not to public authorities could this be an indication that cybersecurity companies either directly or indirectly discourage reporting to public authorities due to a lack of confidence in your ability or is there potentially an economic interest in reducing involvement of public authorities cyber security industry is privatised competitive and this could discourage involving public authorities with more cyber security work with greater economic benefits and then on the other hand do in-house cyber security teams trust public authorities more are they less driven by a direct profit motive and thus more inclined to seek external public help I think these questions advocate for future research this decision making process with regard to reporting cyber crime how this relates to organisation security regimes and how this relates to crime prevention and the role of criminal justice systems in the digital many thanks for listening you have my contact details there