as usual, we'll start off with an acknowledgement of country as well if I can work out how to go to the next slide. There we go. So I just want to acknowledge the traditional owners and their custodianship of the land on which we produce our work, the land of the Ugra and the Turrubal people. We pay our respects to our ancestors past, present and future who continue cultural and spiritual connections to country. We acknowledge their valuable contributions to Australian and global society. I also recognise that I'm not producing this work as a single independent author. I'm drawing on the knowledge, experiences and wisdom of my elders, family and community. I'm privileged to have the opportunity to gain formal education and produce this work under the promise of continuing commitment to community, culture and country. Thanks, Keely. All right. So a little bit about us just so you know who we are before we blab on for 30 minutes. My name is Keely. I actually have pre-now and I have family connections to the Ugra people. I've got an undergraduate degree in science and at the moment I'm working on a master's of public health and a diploma of Oslo in hopes of becoming a doctor one day. So I forever student. And my name's Gean Wheeler. So I'm an incredible man from northern New South Wales, but I grew up on none of our country in Canberra. And yeah, just really happy to share this important project with you today. All right. So we're going to just start off with a little bit about the importance of real flexibility in research. So it's really reflection that's applied professionally and on your practice. So it's not just the mental event and it needs to be invested in action. And Dr. Martin Nakhada, a Torres Strait Islander man and a renowned researcher and academic, defined indigenous standpoint theory, which is that third point here, as a method of inquiry, a process for making more intelligible a corpus of objectified knowledge about us as an emergent organiser's understanding of our lived reality. Now I interpret this pretty simply. It's that our natural and built worlds influence and determine the way we think and act what we value and what we're passionate about. This thinking has links to Aboriginal ways of knowing being doing also means our ways of knowing being doing influence our research and influences the ways in which we conduct and present research. And so I think it's important to start with our own standpoints. Quite briefly, given our 20 minute time limit, I was this gender, you grew a woman and was born on Inungai land in Central West Queensland to my mother and father for Aboriginal Chinese and Irish English descent, respectively, currently live in the land of the younger and two of the people in North Brisbane in a house owned by my parents as such either meant privilege and guaranteed financial and housing security. This part of my identity, like all others, has shaped the way I view and interact with the world. As a direct result of colonial settler activity in Australia during the 20th century, my Aboriginal Chinese grandfather was removed from his family and relocated to reserve. The trauma he endured alongside the physical removal led to prolific loss of connection to culture, community and country. He married a white woman of Irish descent and had two children who both married white men. I've such a very light skin and pass as a non-Indigenous Australian, but I still long for what our family is lost. To gain closer connection with my culture, community and country, I study and work in Indigenous led or focus spaces where possible and will continue to do this while I study public health. And in terms of where I'm coming from, so my family from Northern New South Wales, as I mentioned, and there was two brothers in our family and one of our brothers moved to Logan in Brisbane and lived a very proud Aboriginal life. The other brother, which is the side of the family that I come from, moved to Sydney and pretended to be Spanish and, as a result, sort of worked into a more of a non-Indigenous framework with non-Indigenous partners and things like that. And basically that led to, again, our light skin, as Keeley mentioned. But what that presents to us is leveraging of insider-outsider theory is that we present as both an insider within the Aboriginal community, but on some levels also an outsider because of our skin colour, but also the fact that we do exist in a pretty high profile non-Indigenous organisation, but we are working in First Nations Health to advance excellence there. Keeley? Yeah, thank you, Keeley. And just some terminology, so throughout this discussion, we're going to try and use the term First Nations. This is also in place of Indigenous Australians or Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, but we opt for First Nations because it recognises that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were the first peoples of this land. We've been here since time immemorial with fossil records indicating presence to at least 60,000 years ago. And as for yarning, given the structure of a conference, there's some things we need to have, like a PowerPoint and a 25-minute time limit. So it's not traditional yarning, but at its core, our presentation is a yarn. We're harmoniously communicating and we're sharing our work for the past six months with equal voices. And some people think yarning means knitting or crocheting. And at UQ, I've had a few yarning circles where people have thought they will, but this is just a chat, no knitting required. And as for our partnership, it began with a UQ event called Carpe Futurum, which is lesson four sees the future. So this started earlier this year and we had researchers, so senior staff members submit their projects and a student panel, which I was fortunate enough to sit on, chose which projects aligned with the interests mentioned at this Carpe Futurum event. So we're matching up the interests of youth with the capacity and availability of the researchers. So the process kind of went as a full-time block in the winter break and then one day per week throughout the semester. So we're nearing the end of it now. And I'm going to move in UQ. Yeah, so the project that I actually submitted to the program was based around moving with culture and moving with culture is geared towards co-designing a movement-based program that promotes social emotional well-being. And what we aim to do is embed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ways of knowing, being and doing within the program in order to promote cultural reflectiveness and to give the program greater reach within the First Nations community. The community that we're piloting with at the moment is Yarraba in Northern Queensland and a beautiful community. And I guess one of the things that we found immediately was that clearly when she applied for it, obviously getting her to Yarraba was quite tricky over and over again for multiple visits. So we had to pivot a little bit on the project and we decided that we would either project towards not only the co-design but establishing co-design methodology within a First Nations community and because that was the essential component to this action, to this project. And so what we wanted to do was focus on the co-design and how best to do it so that we could co-design better in the future and get a really good take on what was out there in terms of the research around co-design healing. Yeah, so when this role was kind of advertised, it was things about quantitative and qualitative research but in the context of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health. And that's what really drew me in. It was part of the opportunity to give back to community while also gaining valuable skills and building on my past experiences. I see opportunities like these as an opportunity to connect with culture and community even if not directly with the Yucca people. While distinct cultural groups, First Nations Australians have a shared lived experience in surrounding myself with these people just like I can in work and education environments increases the likelihood of it being a culturally safe environment where we can all thrive. So we might jump into a bit of our project now. Still I've got a hang of flicking through the slide but we kind of started off by defining and looking into the practices of co-design. And there are a few different toolkits and guides that came up across co-design but also ethical research because the way you interact with First Nations people needs to be well thought through and it needs to put them at the centre. So experience-based co-design toolkit brings together existing evidence and resources from the United Kingdom and New Zealand. It has used some Australian case studies for relevancy with various definitions throughout. Some of them are really relevant and others not so much. For one there was one definition that was voluntary or involuntary involvement of users but for First Nations stakeholders we really don't want to be looking at involuntary involvement. For decades First Nations people were researched on not with or by. That's something we're definitely shifting away from. The AIAP says ethical guidelines for research with Aboriginal and Trisha Islander people. It's not explicitly co-designed but it's critical that any research with and by First Nations is ethical. So this informs our co-design indirectly and it's central to our research and the formulation of our co-design framework which we'll look back to soon. The final guide is an approach to co-producing so co-designing in research projects specifically. So it has key features of sharing power including all perspectives and respecting and valuing the knowledge of people working in the team. There's also building and maintaining relationships as well as reciprocity I can never say that. Reciprocity killing. Thank you. You got it. So yeah now that we have a strong theoretical background we could just move into the co-design research but there was actually nuanced issue of knowing what was authentic and actual co-design versus what is just research with or even on First Nations people with co-design used as merely a buzzword and so our project was born. Still can't click and it was effective co-design of health research in partnership with First Nations communities a systematic review to assess key methods and processes. To promote the reflexivity of the current research three authors on our team are Aboriginal researchers with backgrounds in community engagement co-design and Indigenous research methodology. The fourth author has an editing role and was involved to leverage their expertise in publishing. Before beginning this study we were confirming that there were no recent systematic reviews and we worked on some search terms including co-design at First Nations and variations of the latter such as Indigenous Aboriginal Torres Straitology etc as I mentioned earlier. Key and I then independently assessed the studies against the four criteria rubric which was based on the key features of co-design as they applied for First Nations partnership. These features were based on the three pre-existing ethical research and co-design frameworks I just touched on and each study was reviewed and then graded 0 to 3 for each of the criteria for a total max score of 12. We then re-reviewed the top three articles as a case study and this process was conducted through a strengths-based lens as a recommended approach among contemporary First Nations health literature. So our four coded rubric is First Nations self-determination, First Nations leadership and data sovereignty and impact in value for First Nations communities and sustainability and accountability through First Nations governance. So we'll just work through some of these. So the first one is First Nations self-determination. So really it's about giving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people the tools and resources they need to be as strong as they can in their own ways of knowing being and doing. So it's things like informed consent, making sure the partnerships are meaningful and equitable and authentic. There's also a key emphasis on cultural safety, responsiveness and learning. So at the centre of this I would say it's respect. Would you agree with me? Definitely and the word reciprocity comes up again in self-determination but also in empowering individuals and communities to take hold of the research and really promote the research themselves. One of the key principles of course of co-design is that it's not about the researcher owning the space. It's about the researcher promoting ownership of the research by the participants themselves and in that process the participant becomes a co-researcher and should be recognised throughout in that way. And those were some of the things that we really looked for in the research articles and I really like the acknowledgement of power differentials in this because if we start to elevate participants to co-researchers in their own research then you promote self-determination and you break down that power differential. And I'm glad you said that, our word that I can't pronounce because that is essential to it. Our next criterion was First Nations leadership and data sovereignty and it is about as the title suggests leading by First Nations people in research spaces. So this is the research with and by rather than on, so in our partnership we are as I said three Aboriginal researchers. So this is a prime example of First Nations leadership. It's also about making sure that people who are non-Indigenous or in positions of power are relinquishing power and accepting of experience and expertise. So this is really about the power dynamic. Yeah and one of the things Gilly at the moment is that there's a real strong emphasis on data sovereignty at the moment and who owns the data and where it's going and what's happening with it. So obviously in the articles that we've reviewed we really wanted to look for the emphasis on the participants or the co-researchers owning their own data and being able to navigate that space with their own data in hand. Yeah which links back into the self-determination. So they're all very closely related and interrelated so it was difficult to split into four but we've done a good effort. So the next criteria is about impact and value which is outlined in these five points are really just making sure the research is benefiting the community that it's happening with. It's also about the strength that partnership can promote and contribute to impact and value. And you'll notice Gilly that many of these sort of assessment criteria relate very closely to the IATSIS guidelines and what we thought is instead of reworking them or reidentifying them or redefining them is that instead we would work with what was out there in terms of ethical research we would combine it with some of the co-design research of good examples and at the end of the day we should come up with some sort of best practice for co-design. So it's only slightly nuanced the IATSIS guidelines but I think with a flavor of co-design run through the guidelines, the ethical guidelines that you can actually start to see some veins of authenticity and co-design coming through the research. Thank you Gilly. Yeah no it is definitely a mixture of all three and others so it's definitely not brand new but it is nuanced. The last criteria and I'll just bounce on it quickly for the interest of time is sustainability and accountability. So it's things like recognizing the holistic nature of health in First Nations culture and making sure the government is strong with ongoing reporting and dialogue. It's also things simple like ground rules but most of these features we'll talk through when we're talking about our partnership. So on time results we had across five databases 492 records identified which was a terrifying number for me who I've never done a systematic review before but it was quite manageable by the time we got down to the inclusion so we ended up in a leading study and they were assessed for eligibility and then included in the review. So this is our Prisma flowchart which I think is quite quite exciting but onto more important things. We've then ranked the articles by their grades for each of the four criterion for a max total score of 12 and then that quantitative data was translated into qualitative data and as you can see in the right hand column it studies of low moderate and high quality and there was quite a diverse mix seven were high quality four moderate and four low. So then in our discussion of our article we chose the top score methodology so all scores of 12 just have as a case study analysis. These studies are shining examples of how to work with and for First Nations communities. Now we could go through our analyses of all of these with you now but this wouldn't leave much of a surprise for our article more over the key features of these co-design methodologies are reflected in our partnership that is the partnership between Key and I on the project and given the topic of this conference reimagining student possibility and responsibility we thought that analysis of our partnership of the possibility and responsibility I have in this project as a student would be more effective. All right so on to our first category which was a criterion it's First Nations self-determination so for us things like yarning it's preferred method of communication everything's really casual and informal while still getting the things done so we didn't have an agenda set we knew the kind of things you want to talk about and obviously our voices are central and voluntary I was not just informed in voluntary consent but I was very excited to be a part of the project and we're learning from each other attributing values experiences there's also the mutual respect and joint decision-making processes and relationships are built on trust and maintained. We've also employed a horizontal partnership while acknowledging there's still going to be power differentials because of the position of power our staff member has over a student and then we have leadership and data sovereignty so as I've said before we're First Nations authors and our other authors are First Nations or the fourth author have an editing role to leverage the expertise there's also the joint ownership of decisions and I was encouraged really early on to make final decisions which was quite refreshing. Keen was very respectful and responsive to the skills and attributes I brought to the team which emphasizes the trust that's needed in a relationship with First Nations people and communities. Keen also relinquished power and I was put as the first author which was pretty exciting and I as I said am able to make final decisions and redirect the research as interested. We also had a flexible working arrangement to suit both our needs and responsibilities for both of us time for family and selves was and so is important so this was something we favored. Impact and value so normally the research would be for the community but in the partnership I wanted to have a look at it in the sense of what I gained so I have had enhanced research skills experience writing and publishing systematic reviews and access to great other opportunities so I've gone on to work and I think three different projects Keen now and they're still in the running that's very exciting. We've also had frequent meetings to catch up and check in with ongoing dialogue and transparency so that's about measuring the impact and value and we've also been reporting experiences to the UQ research forum and events through written statements and experience etc so this is making sure that the funding that UQ is giving us to work is actually producing impact and value and for any research with First Nations communities it's critical that you are measuring the impact and value because it's easy enough to say you're achieving things but to really show it is another. I'll just jump to the next one quickly. On this last one is about sustainability so the relationship to ground and trust and shared responsibility and that word that I can't pronounce and the ground rules and roles are established so I think the sustainability is well demonstrated in the fact that we've gone on to do three other projects even though it's such a short time frame and it's a place where we can both enhance our skills and learn from each other which is central to true co-design. And Keely I'd also like to say that you have as you alluded to gone on for more paid employment not just in my research area but in other research areas with similar skill sets so I think it's led to further employment opportunities for Keely and an opportunity to see her career progress not just as a student but as a as an academic or as a researcher or within whichever capacity. But I think one of the great things for for Keely is we both set high expectations of each other and so Keely was expecting me to bring my best game and I was expecting Keely to bring her best game as well and from my point of view she did that and she engaged fully and and released herself to the opportunities and that early pivot in the project that was required. And then just to finish off because we're running on late our take home messages are the importance of reflexivity and research so that's a standpoint theory and the inside outsider theory so where you stand in relation to your work and how that influences and determines the way you work. Obviously the power of student voices in determining and influencing research and tertiary settings and the fact that we should be including and centering First Nations voices it's research for and by not on First Nations. And finally our point is that effective co-design leads to optimal outcomes for all in bowl. With Keen and I there was a student and staff partnership that co-design is effective with researchers and community and is something we should all be looking towards and that comes to the conclusion so thank you everyone for listening in. Thank you, thanks Keely. Any questions? Thank you. Thank you so much to you both. Does anyone have a question for Keen and Keely? Really quickly I just was wondering if you were able or in a position to I guess give advice to somebody who hasn't approached this area before what would you kind of say to somebody who is about to partner partnership like this and you know do you have any sort of messages like yes or like scalability even you know like bring more students in or you know growing it as a practice. Would you like me to talk on that Keely? Sure. So from my perspective obviously I saw it initially as an opportunity to get a young Aboriginal candidate involved in some research and provide some upskilling. I've had a bit of experience I like it like in that very similar to maybe an honours project or something like that and understanding that the level of research is going to be at about an honours level if you if you can get the right person. So that's how I built the framework around it from my previous supervision experience in honours but what I quickly found with Keely is her capacity to do research is far beyond what an honours student is capable of and so for me much of the time I felt like I was holding her back and and she was just brilliant but how I would approach this is really trying to capture the imagination so for example we we are definitely planning on taking Keely to Yarraba just so that she can meet community and see the community co-design in action and I think that's a big big plus for the program is being able to provide not just a zoom experience but something that is tangible that that's from my perspective.


Good afternoon, I was going to say welcome back folks. Good afternoon. Welcome to the 1 o'clock PM Eastern Time Tiger TV Update. We've got three hours left to go on the trading day, folks, and boy, quite a market right now. You've got the S&Ps down about 43 points. We're off of the lows of the session, which is about an hour and a half ago. Lows of 39.32, we're trading at 39.50. How about folks? If you haven't checked out my program in the morning, I've been talking about 618s everywhere in this chart. Where does it pull back to from the run we had yesterday up to a high of about 4,000 overnight? We make it to 4,009, and just like that, turns out, folks, the banking crisis is not just over yet. First Republic, they're cutting their dividend, but boy, you check out some of these stocks, right? FRC, down 26.7% today, a day after they get $30 billion from all the bank banks out there. And the usual suspects, man, it's not over yet. Back West, down 16%, Western Alliance, down 18.2%, and it's bleeding into the big banks, man, which AP Morgan down 3.5% right now. Bank of America, off 3.7% right now on that number, stark numbers, man. In terms of where we go, you check out some of the fang stocks that had been rocking in higher yesterday, pulling back today, Amazon, negative 1.5% right now, Apple shares off about 3.10% right now, Microsoft was a rocket ship yesterday and still positive in quite a negative market today with Microsoft, up by 9.10%, Tesla shares taking it on the chain off 2.8% right now for Tesla shares. We jump over to the volatility index, 2511, how about Bitcoin, man, pushing 27,000 quite a week. Last week, 19,000. This week, 27,000 crude, a big story as well, trading at 6708 right now, you get the gold contract, up by $45, pushing highs, 1968, you talk about moves, man. Right to the high yesterday, man, I mean, I haven't seen it, folks. From 116 to a handle of almost 113, we got to 114.02, two full points down and up as yields trying to find where supply equals demand. We jump over to the dollar index today, action everywhere in this market as you'd expect. We got a weaker dollar at 103 handle, 103.89, follow off where you were at 105 on Wednesday, just remarkable. And the S&Ps right now, as I mentioned, down about 42 points. So unfortunately, we have a couple of replays right now, folks. We're going to have a replay of my program right now. And then in the two o'clock hour as well, our man, Dave White, not in today. And then Tom O'Brien though, he's coming up, my dad, live from three to four. So stay tuned, folks, three hours left to go in the trading week. And it's options expiration Friday, man. So who knows how these last three hours are going to shake out. Check out the Tigers then. Ten soaks, plenty of good action in the Tiger's Den through the weekend as well. And stay tuned. We've got a couple hours of replays.


QuickBooks Desktop 2024 unearned revenue monthly invoicing. Get ready and some coffee because we're locking into some non-stop QuickBooks Desktop 2024. Here we are in our QuickBooks Desktop sample company file. We set up in a prior presentation using the enterprise version of QuickBooks Desktop so we can focus in on the new unearned revenue feature. Under the view dropdown we have the hide icon bars selected and the open windows list selected. Open windows open on the left hand side and the company dropdown. We've got the home page open as well. Going to the reports dropdown as we do every time company and financial looking at that balance sheet standard. The balance sheet standard is going to be customized for the date range change. 010127 tab, 123127 tab. Let's go to those fonts, those numbers and change them. Bringing it up to 14 for a little bit more visibility. Is that okay? Yes. Alright then let's do it. Going to the reports dropdown again this time company and financial for the profit and loss otherwise known as the P&L. We're going to then change the range 010127. Let's go this time out to, let's go to, I think we're going to 103127. I think that'll be far enough because I want to see this one on a month by month breakout because we've been running our scenarios on a month by month. The current scenario was in June and then we'll do some of the payments going forward. So it'll be a few months out as I see it now. So we're going to customize this fonts and numbers. Let's bring it on up to 14 as well so it matches the balance sheet. We need matching reports. You can't be uneven. We have it all crazy unevenness. So there we have it. Let's go back to the homepage and recall what we did last time. We've been thinking about the new unearned revenue feature for a subscription type business with this type scenario that being a magazine type of business or a newspaper or more likely these days some online software business where we get paid upfront for like an annual service. In our case, we just did five months out because we don't want to take too much of our time here in the example problem to get the concept.  So the sales order and the estimate aren't going to be recording anything from a financial statement perspective. The estimate being an estimate of like a job or whether we want to take the subscription the sales order basically finalizing that. We didn't have to go up to the vendor side because we're not going to be buying any inventory but we want to get paid upfront in our case for five months of a service like an application we're going to be providing if it was software. So we skipped over to the receive payment. Now normally when we enter a receipt payment and would be the case under the old method under the negative receivable method this would then create a negative receivable because we don't have an invoice to tie it out to but under the new method we basically tied out the receive payment to the sales order which is strange from a financial reporting purpose because the sales order doesn't record anything to the financial statements but it's a nice tool internally to then record the receive payment not to a negative receivable but rather to a positive liability. Now we did that for five months of our service that's going to be whatever our subscription is software let's say and then each month that passes we can now create the invoice the invoice now recording the revenue as we earn it as time passes and reducing the liability of the unearned revenue. That's the classic journal entry. Notice the other thing that we kind of want to see however is this information on the back end in the sub ledgers which we usually see in the sub ledger related to the accounts receivable which is a reason I think that QuickBooks uses a journal entry which will be an added thing. So let's go to the balance sheet and check it out here just so we can see what's going on. Here's the AR if I go to the reports to see the report related to the AR customers and receivable. Let's go to that customer balance detailed report and let's customize it so it's a little bit larger a little bit larger if we could fonts and numbers let's bring it up to 12 14 is a little too big for this one let's go on up to 12. Now notice this new one isn't here yet because we didn't do anything for the receivable side instead we created the new liability account which is down here under the liabilities unearned revenue. So there's going to be a separate report now related to unearned revenue for a liability even though it's a customer which is usually tied out to an asset of accounts receivable. So if I go to the customers and receivable and I look at the open prepayments by customer we can customize that report we can bring it up to 12 let's say okay okay okay so there it is the whole amount is in there as of this point in time to sub ledgers a little bit more complicated but on the plus side properly being reported as a liability as opposed to an asset. If I go into the company dropdown and we go in or customers dropdown and we go into the customer center where our customers hang out we see that here we're working on this five unearned revenue and recall from last time everything looks pretty much the same as the old method from an internal bookkeeping standpoint and the internal bookkeeping if you used a negative receivable was quite fine right because you can facilitate the transactions quite clearly in here here's the estimate then we have the sales order and now the payment the only difference is when I go into this payment here it's a fancy payment because payment usually means it's decreasing the accounts receivable but it's not here because it says prepayment which means it's going to be doing something to the unearned revenue being tied not to an invoice but a sales order so that's a little bit tricky but if that's your business model because all of your stuff is subscription based then you know that'll become fairly clear you might not even use the other payment format in the case so if I go to this other one this negative AR same kind of concept we have the estimate we have the sales order and then the payment but this payment was a normal payment without that added little tag which meant that it made a negative receivable instead of a positive liability but from an internal perspective looks pretty much the same and so if I go up top the next thing that's going to happen is we want to make the invoices as time passes so a month has passed we've done whatever we're supposed to do subscription model let's go into the sales order and the beauty of breaking out our sales order for five separate months is that now we can create invoices from it so let's create an invoice but I want to create the invoice for selected items not the entire thing so I'm going to go to this one and say okay and then I'm just going to say one month has passed and so let's just do that first month has passed boom and so there it is let's tab it out this is going to go into 080127 let's say and so one month has now passed for the invoice what is this going to do it's an invoice so you would think it would increase the accounts receivable and then the other side the other side is going to go to income for the 35 increase accounts receivable 3771 35 going to income and the 271 going to the payable but remember that we had that unearned revenue there as well so the invoice we would like to actually decrease the unearned revenue but the invoice is usually tied to the accounts receivable so you see the problem with these subletters so QuickBooks is going to create like another clearing account to facilitate this transaction so let's see it over here if I say now we're going to create the invoice what would typically happen normally what happens


Okay, oh Hello and thanks for being here tonight. It's the last talk of the day so you can just chill out relax and talk about the dead bodies It's not as sexy as the previous talk but Okay, first nothing to do with Halloween that is coming, but it's it's a sales talk about Facial reconstruction so facial reconstruction is He's working on the skull in order to try to reconstruct the face of the deceased and This is what we are gonna talk about. So First some disclaimer It's a kind of complex process so I may have to simplify Things especially because of my mouth is not able to to speak in English this very complex complex world So for example when I have to say Soft tissue death. I meant just say flesh. Is it good for you? Yeah, thank you Okay, it's still a walk in progress. My job is to make this to speed up the process of making a face and And so it's still a walk in progress and I will try to present you five of different tools I made for this I had to I have to advise you that there is one Graphics slide With real blood on it. So I will tell you so if you don't want to see just Close your eyes if you want to throw up just keep your dignity and don't do it Okay, this This subject may change your life as it changed mine and not in a good way You You may become sad and creepy as I am because when I Actually, I talk with a lot of you guys today And I know it's rude but the only thing I had in mind is to reverse and generating your face in order to See your scar okay, I have to to show you some Some real and beautiful facial reconstruction. I luck to meet with Elizabeth Dainess, which is one of the most famous facial reconstruction artists actually she's a paleo artist and she make this Reconstruction it's like a life-size Statue made of silicone I guess and just incredible runner when you visit her workshop.  Yeah, this is a facial reconstruction of a celebrity. Maybe you I think it's obvious Who is it? The monolith Yeah Just okay to introduce the fact that the facial reconstruction is very controversial Why because it's not a science. It's made of science, but there is What scientists give to the artist and what the artists actually do and one of my my Mission is to reduce the parts The artistic parts and to increase the scientific one. I know it doesn't sound sounds good, but my what I do Okay, how many of you have? ever read on a newspaper like a facial reconstruction scientist founder face of Any kind of king of raise your hand? Okay, I'm sorry. You shouldn't shouldn't have read that Because it's not what we do as journalists. We know they try to make things sexy and simple But we don't find the face of someone we find wine of the possible face that a skull can wear if it's I don't know where and And Yeah, so so when we do facial reconstruction and when we speak about we have to Keep being very humble That's one of the key and that's why Facial reconstruction is not recognized in a court of law for example Okay, so I'm working at the sergi-pontoise university, which is very very famous In sergi-pontoise I mean and So I am in charge of a degree of students working with Blender to make image and animations for science and I'm also doing some research about facial reconstruction and this year by chance a group of archaeologists ask us to Make the face of two people And we are gonna talk about this later. So the classes look like this So it's very fresh and then we go to eat and forget to clean the hands. It's terrible a lot of disease around and This is one of the archaeologists. We are working for and with So what is facial reconstruction about Um, okay, it's we try to remake the face of a DC to be as close as possible as the face was and We are using of course the skull because the skull is the beginning of everything and We are also using some other sources of scientific information like anthropology archaeology Pathology genetic et cetera et cetera But as my job is to speed up the process I have to focus on what is important in a face and There is a study that point out All the discriminant features of the face Including the here really who cares about the yeah, okay So there is three features for the eyes three for the lips and Which is much more important seven for the nose seven out of 22 So the nose is the most discriminant feature on your face and If for example, I change your nose or I have your nose wrong Well, nobody will recognize you nobody. It's so discriminant That's why I changed the nose of these two celebrities and it's impossible for you to know who they actually are Don't try Just bear with me. It's impossible and Tata I Made my point. Okay, let's move on Okay, so what? What can we have what can we found on On the skull we need a lot of information to make to make a face right and there's a lot of things that We will find on this skull Do you know for example, you can raise your hand after the question? Do you know for example that we we know the your gender With your skull Raise your hand even if you don't believe it was I feel better about myself Well, actually it was a tricky question and almost nobody Res the end so in fact now it's not really working. There is a lot of a lot of indications a lot of hints but By themselves, it's not enough to make her a good prognostic but at least they tell us if you are the kind of robust person so like American actors or Graciel person like French actors and Woody Allen and So there is a lot of them Let's try okay, don't be shy, please You will have to touch the person just in front of you We'll try to okay We just try to find this little bump here at the back of the head on the knuckle crest It's called the Oxypital protuberance And okay touch it maybe some of you have a big one You can probably raise your hand So you are very robust Yeah, it's good. Maybe maybe some of you don't have anything It's it's good also You can also touch some others to see the difference Okay, no, let's talk about the master it process the master it process is just behind you here It's like a rock like like a reverse pyramid. Yeah, just touch it Feel it. Okay. Same if it's big American actors otherwise It's French Okay, good So the master it process is here and this is but there is no nothing Okay, oh Okay, another one this one I like it because it's dangerous and painful So grab the person in front of you and try to to put your finger between the orbit and the eyeball and feel the bone If it's rounded That's robust if it's thin and sharp. Mmm.  Okay So I have a face to make I have a face to make and well I have this in my hands. So let's try to Have the eyes right so to attach the muscle of the the eye we have One a little Holy here that is called the lacrimal canal or the lacrimal for sides here and On the other side you have the witness tubercle. It's just a little dense little bump here on the side and this give you The inclination of the eye but also the deepness of the eye inside the orbit so it's a good information and We have some other information here that we'll talk about the the eyelid Okay, let's talk about the mouse now We'll try also we'll try on you Okay, we have this line the midline where the lips meet in the sorry in the middle of the mouse, okay, and this should happen at the level of At this level One-third of your teeth font teeth incisive And see so yeah, just try put your finger here and raise your hand if I'm right. Oh Yes, thank you Bear with me until the end Okay, now the upper lip should arrive At this level and on the downside at this level fill it with your finger Okay, try your neighbor And I'm sure I'm right. I don't even ask okay And the philtrum is here in the in the middle of the mouse and should happen in the middle of the two incisors Here and here and of course we all have different mouse rights. So Regarding the inclination of the the mandible we will guess if you have Strong leaps and the shapes and everything so it is it could be complicated But still we are all very overwhelmed about this. So let's talk about the nose The nose is very very difficult To predict why because first it can be big. I know what I'm talking about and it's only 20% of bone and all the rest is muscles and I don't know the word in English This should be cartilage cartilage cartilage. Okay. Thank you But we do have some information actually if you look This way you can already See the nostril here that goes up and they find the side of the nose Actually, well everything belongs to the same blueprint. So it's there is a logic in the nose The only thing that remain uncertain is the tip of the nose. That's the most difficult Let's talk about it later. The next slide is graphic and disgusting, but I have to show it first Why the nose the tip of the nose is so unpredictable because of this This is a cartilage the our cartilage and it's unpredictable it can be big little and if you cut Only one millimeter so you the shape of your nose is completely different and This we don't have any information on it. So Searcher found a lot of different Equations in order to predict the nose. This is an equation that predicts the Projection of the nose the the size of your nose But this is complete Complex, so I have something much more easy to memorize It has been found last year by a Brazilian team So here we have on the bone the renewal Renew here at the top of the nasal bone and here we have the Prostia just at the beginning of the teeth and Look, I don't know how to explain. So just look 90 degrees and you have the nasal projection 92 degrees for woman Okay, so how do we do is very easy um Very easy. No, it's not it's not and it's long and painful So you have a bone and you will put 50 markers on on the on the skull 50 markers all around and That will give you this the flesh The the deepness of the the thickness of the flesh on the bone and Once you have done this You will piece by piece add all the muscles and cartilage And after two days of work or two weeks depends You have the face even without the skin you can see the face of the person and Okay, the markers Okay, the markers I am talking about Let's say you okay you take In a population, let's say, I don't know Switzerland you take 100 person male 20 years old 100 person male 30 years old 100 person male 40 years old Okay, and you make measurements on the flesh and then you do the same with woman and then you can add some criteria like the Body the body fat for example if the person is strong or not and Then you put everything in charts and this is what I Pretend to work on and then you put the marker on the skull and the marker give you three information the mean value to the average and the two extreme minimum and maximum and For example, if you know that okay, you are working with a scientist and topologist for example, and he tells you this person is robust Okay, so at the at some area you will go maybe higher to From the main from the mean value because he has right on strong joe Oh, I don't know once you have done that. Well, you can take the grease pencil and Begin to draw the face of the person so it's very fast very easy and Once you once you you have done that. Well, you know the which face you are working on makes things much more easy and It looks nice for the presentation Yeah, I told you that I I have 60 slides for 20 minutes. So Okay, it'll be a one-hour presentation. Thanks for your understanding Okay, so one of the first thing I did with Blender is just to put all the charts online on the same database and makes Blender connect to the database and adjust Dynamically all the markers So here I can choose a male in his 20s Etc. Etc. Okay That's the first tool the second one is Generic fashion mesh so it's a mask but with a rig so it can deform itself and be wrapped to In order to to make any kind of face we want So this is a boring and No charm no personality whatsoever for abuse reason, but with strong facial features like the nose, etc and This face should be able to be shaped in any kind of face first thing there is three key key shape key sorry in order to align with the skull the Orbits and the eyes the nose and the mouth and Once this is done we can begin to deform the face So there is only a few bones actually But the topology is Done by the book. This is very important because we are not doing muscle by muscle. So the topology Plays this role when I move a bone The flesh is driven driven on the face Okay, well, that's boring. Let's try to push Some extreme faces out of this mesh. So at least well, maybe you will never do facial reconstruction But maybe you can use it to know character design or you can go crazy So it takes one minute to do the face and three hours to do the drool Okay. No, I have these tools. I can Well, I just have one minute left really. Oh my god So, okay, I drive test all these tools and get this face this face belongs Well is one of the possible face of this skull Okay Interesting things when we change the charts. So this is a woman charts and this is a man charts So we don't stock the grass the fat on the same area on the face. Okay, let's move on And then the nose machine. It's complex. I I said that already. So I made something That build the nose for us. We are moving some little object on the score that give information and then Blender will produce the Nose accordingly. So here I move in real time all these markers and the nose is changing like that Okay, and I should tell you a very long story I call it the tale of Lauren and the bicycle. Lauren is one of my students, but I will make the story much more shorter Okay, Lauren in the summer She was drunk and she drove a bicycle And a long story short. Well, she she fell and broke a jaw in three pieces Very peace very painful blah blah blah and she got a city scan and that's for us is the Christmas gift the city scan The city scan can produce a 3d object of the skull, but also of the face of everything we like This is the object and when we export it into blender We have separately the bones and the face so we can walk and make some experimentation Which leads leads us to this one Nobody ever seen this experimentation you will see you won't sleep It's so good. Okay Here is How can we call it? A distance map the distance on the skin from the skull if it makes sense. Yeah, I guess Yeah, so this is the skull of Lauren. So I take the skin of Lauren I put it onto someone else's skull and I wrap it with the shrink wrap modifier and then I use this map to decrease the influence of the shrink wrap and This gave us the face of this person if this person had The flesh of Lauren see Okay, so let's try with something that makes more sense. Let's try with a neanderthal Okay, this is with a little bit of cleaning. Okay, I add the nose with a machine and some eyes and stuff and Now with the neanderthal So this is not almost apiensis neanderthal and this is Lauren I have to align of course the features and in a few seconds you will see The face of neanderthal like you never seen it. Can you feel it? Okay, and I couldn't resist and I go crazy with the skull tools and Yeah Sorry, I was drunk and riding a bicycle Okay, I Was about to speak about the materials, but I won't do it because we don't have time hand-painted and procedural and Smurf That was a good joke Okay, and then the two missions of the archaeologists so one day the archaeologist knock my door with a box and a big smile on his face and Inside the box was the head of this person. It's a Man from a man from the medieval ages and With some information here. So he's robust see features and The the head was still with all the mud and The archaeologists explained to me if I clean up the mud The skull with fall apart and it will be like a puzzle. So don't do it. Don't touch as the mud As the mud just scan it as it and try to do the face so this is a 3d scan and So I spend a full night trying to recompose pieces by pieces all the skull Thankfully, it's symmetrical and With this girl I did the face of this medieval man Well, it's just a draft because the archaeologist told me actually when he died He didn't have any teeth. So I have to change the face That's funny and another day the archaeologists come back to me knock the door with a big box and big smile on his face The smile was different We are talking about a woman that is 6500 years old and The archaeologists says this time I cleaned the bones perfectly. What? the box was Okay, full of pieces and it's like a puzzle that will take at least a year to recompose. So see you next year Thank you very much


Hello and welcome to the NPTEL course on an Introduction to Programming through C++. I am Abhiram Ranade and this lecture is about arrays and recursion. The reading for it is chapter 16 of the text. So recursion is very useful for designing algorithms for data stored in arrays and as we saw for data stored elsewhere as well but also for data stored in arrays. So we are going to talk about two very useful recursive algorithms for which we work on arrays and these are the binary search algorithm and a sorting algorithm called merge sort. So let me begin by discussing the notion of searching an array. So the input to this is an array of length n and then we are given a key or an element and a value x which is called which is often called the key and say it is also an integer and we want to know whether x is present in A. We may also know things like at what position it is present but for now just for simplicity let us say we just want to know whether this x is present in A and if it is present we should return to otherwise we should return false. Now this is not a new problem when we did the marks display problem we already did this. So we were given a roll number and we went through our array of roll numbers and tried to check, tried to find if the roll number was present somewhere. So this is just a simpler version of it and I am doing this primarily to jog your memory as to what we have already did but then we are going to do something more interesting with it. So the natural algorithm that you have already seen is to scan through the array or go through every element starting at the beginning and return true if you find it but if you go to the end without finding it then you return false. So here is the algorithm or here is the program. So as argument we take this array name A I could have written this as int A square brackets but I can also write it as int star A then we are going to start at 0 and n is assumed to be the length of the array over here and so we are going to go through all the elements. If we ever find that x is one of the elements then we return true otherwise we just continue going through the array until the end of the array and if we get to this point then that means we have not seen x in the array at all and therefore we return false. So you have seen this a number of times actually but as I said just to set the context that is why I am saying this and this is called linear search I think we have also used that term. So I just want to observe that this is somewhat time consuming. To decide whether x is present we essentially have to scan the entire array we certainly have to scan the entire array if the element is not present and say on the average if the element is present we will scan half the array. So our time might be small if the array if the element is present at the beginning it might be large if the element is present towards the end but say on the average it takes us we have to go through half the array. So if the array is large this can be this can take quite some time. So let us now consider us a different problem that of searching in sorted array. So what is the sorted array? Again you know it but let us just let me just define it because we are going to use it over here and sorted when we talk about a sorted array there can be two orders one of two possible orders. So the non-decreasing order is a 0 is less than or equal to a 1 less than or equal to a 2 and so on until a n minus 1. So there are so the elements are increasing but with equal elements allowed. So that is why this order is called a non-decreasing order. We could have a non-increasing order and that simply means a 0 is greater than a 1 and so on until a n minus 1. So now we want to search in such an array say whatever non-increasing or non-decreasing we know of course what it is but yeah so we want to search in it. So the interesting question of course is that does the sortedness help us in the searching and if so how much and naturally if it helps us a lot then maybe we will say that look let us keep our array sorted because if we are doing searching then that our searching might happen very fast. So let us consider the problem we are searching for x in a non-decreasing sorted array a 0 through n minus 1. Now here is the key idea we are going to compare x not with a 0 as we did in the case of linear search but our very first comparison is going to be with the middle element of that array. So let me draw a picture. So this is my array a so this is 0 and this is n minus 1 in linear search we compared x to this then to this then to this and so on. The new idea is that we are going to compare it to this middle element well what is the middle element this is the n by 2th element with index n by 2. Now this is not exactly the middle element if say n is even it is sort of on the right side but we want here I am talking about an approximate middle and of course division is integer division so we get an integer. So x is compared to this element now let us see. So what if x turns out to be smaller than this element what do we know? If x is smaller than this element then x is also smaller than all of these elements so why because these elements cannot be smaller than this these elements can only be larger and therefore it means that our x must lie only on this side must lie only in this region. So x can be present only in this region and therefore our subsequent search can be restricted to this region. So the first half again half I am using approximately what if x is bigger than or equal to n by 2. So if x is bigger than or equal to n by 2 then we know that x must be present in this region including this n by 2. x could be present here also but never mind that if x turns out to be bigger than or equal to this then we know it has to be present in this second half and therefore again we can say I will ignore the first half and I just restrict myself to this half because if x is present I am going to if at all it is present I am going to find it in this region as well. So x if present will be present in n by 2 through n minus 1 and if it may be present but I am going to ignore that and in the rest of the algorithm we will only search the second half. Now how do we search the halves? This is the beautiful answer so we are going to recurse and I have really told you the entire algorithm well I will tell you the exact function in a minute but I have really told you whatever I really whatever the ideas are and let me just make one observation that I have only done one comparison but in one comparison whichever way the comparison turns out to be I have eliminated half the elements. So in one comparison I have sort of reduced my problem to half the size. If I do linear search I will do 1000 comparisons but now even if I do linear search after this one comparison I will still only do 500 but that is not what I am going to do in any case I am going to recurse so the savings that I have will be enormous. So let us sort of develop this idea so what is our plan? So we are going to write a function B search it will search a region of an array instead of the entire array of course the region could be the entire array but in general it would search some region and the region is going to be specified using two numbers the starting index S and the length L of the region. So maybe I should draw a picture here as well. So this is my array again and this is 0 this is n minus 1 and let us say this is some starting index S. So the length of the region that I am going to search is going to be some L over here so there are L elements in this entire thing. So what is this index over here? This is S plus L minus 1. So I could have specified the starting index and the ending index but I can give the same information by specifying S and L. So both are really equivalent we are just happening to use L over here. So B search is going to be given S and L and of course X which is the element to be searched and B search is going to search this array but not the full array it is going to search only within this region. Now if L is 1 then what happens? What is this array? So if L is 1 then these two elements really become the same element so L equal to 1 so these two elements become the same element. So we are really the region that we are talking about is really a single element region. So searching a length of an array or a single element region is very easy. So we just check whether this A of S is equal to X. If it is we return to otherwise we return false as simple as that. Otherwise what do we do? So just as we compared X to the middle element over here we are now going to compare X to the middle element of this. What is the middle element? So the middle element is somewhere over here and this has index so I will write the index over here. So this has index S plus L upon 2. So remember this was N over 2 and this was 0 so it was 0 plus N over 2 and this is this has index X S plus L over 2. So I am going to compare X with this and again the idea is going to be that I will eliminate either this side or eliminate this side. So the middle element is S plus L by 2 and the algorithm is called binary search because the size of the region to be searched gets roughly halved at each step. So here is the code. So the search is going to take the starting address of the array and the region is going to be given by the index S and the length of that region is going to be given by L and X is going to be the element that I want to search. So we are going to search for X in A of S through S plus L minus 1 as we just said. So if L is equal to 1 we can check whether A of S is equal to X. So what does that mean? We are returning the result of that condition. So if that condition is true then we will return to otherwise we will return false. Then we are going to look at the middle element and that middle element is L by 2 So the half, the half way point or the half of that region, half of the length is L by 2 and so we are going to check whether X is less than or equal to S plus H. So in this picture is this is S plus L by 2 or it is also S plus H. So this element is A of S plus H. So we are checking whether X is less than this element or not. If X is less than this element then what happens? If X is less than this element we have to search which region? Well we have to search the region starting at S and going to S plus H minus 1. So that is what we are searching and indeed if I write search the region S, H, H is the length so that is indeed saying S through S plus H minus 1. Now this has to be written carefully because you do not want to miss out on these minus ones or you do not want to write an unnecessary one. So you have to do this, you have to do this somewhat carefully. Otherwise what do we have to search? Well otherwise we have to search this part. So starting over here we have to search all the way to this point just as in the previous case we searched over this entire region. So what is that region? So that starts with S plus H so that is what is over here and we go to the end of the region. So that is what the region which I have marked over here and in fact by specifying the length in this manner I get exactly this. So why is that? So the final index of the region is going to be S this plus this minus 1 just as the final index over is this plus this minus 1. So this plus this is S plus L minus 1 is exactly the region that I wanted. So I have written exactly the analogous code of what I had of the algorithm that I described at the very beginning. And what is the main program? So say it is given some input like this. So this is a sorted array and in this sorted array I want to search for 11. So my call is a 0 8, why 0 8? Because I want to start at the 0th index and the length that I want to search through is the entire array or 8. And then X is 11 so that is the call that is the value that I am searching for, the key that I am searching for. So this will print a 1 or 0 depending upon whether 11 is present or not present in the array. In this case 11 is not present so it will print a 0, it should print a 0. Now this is our function and its recursive function and we said earlier that the recursive functions have a certain format. So we should check whether that format is there in this case as well. So for example one question we said that we should be asking is there a base case and is the correct answer being returned for the base case? Well let us see this, is there a base case over here? Yes, so L equal to 1 is certainly a base case. This is the case when the program returns without recursing further. In this case does it return the correct answer? So if L is 1 then that means we are searching an array of length 1 and therefore and the array starts at S. So this A of S is the only element in the array. So if we want to know whether X is present we should check whether that only element equals X. So indeed we are doing that correctly. So that takes care of that first question. Then you have to check are the recursive calls valid? So let us go back. So we are making this as a recursive call. Now as I said earlier we have to be sure that the indices are given correctly. So for example this L minus H is crucial you should not, I mean at the very beginning for example certainly you should not give a bigger index than 8 over here. So similarly you should make sure that these indices fall within the range that we want. These are actually the indices, these actually define the region that you want searched. So we did this check and yes these are the correct regions that we want searched. No matter what the arguments are, no matter what these S and L are. So that is also done. Now here is an important question, when we are recursing the recursive call should be solving a smaller problem. If they solve the problem of the same size then we are not making progress. Then we are likely to run into infinite recursion. So we should be checking this. So this is perhaps the most important check. So here the size, so there is a notion, there is a natural notion of the problem size over here. In this case it is captured quite nicely by this argument L. So we are searching in a region of length L. So what we need to be sure about over here is whether our recursive calls are searching in a smaller region. And of course if we keep on doing that then eventually we will get to a region of size 1. Certainly not go below 1 and in this case we will hit the base case. So we have to make sure whether this call is searching a smaller region and this call as well. Well what we want to know is H smaller than L. So what is H? H is L by 2. Is L by 2 smaller than L? Well this is integer division. So L by 2 is truncating division. So L by 2 is always going to be smaller than L. So this is going to search a smaller region than what we started off. Well we have to be careful. So L by 2 is smaller than L provided L is bigger than 0. So we have to also make sure that we are never asking to search a 0 sized region. When will that happen? So it will happen if L is 1. So if we happen to run this for L equal to 1 and if we come to this point then we will be asking to search a 0 size region. But that is not happening because if L is 1 then we are actually returning right here. So if L is 1 then this is never reached. So this is reached only if L is bigger than 1 and therefore this is always a proper call. So a proper call is that this is always larger than or equal to 0. But now we have also checked that it is smaller than L. So earlier I said that this call is proper but it actually requires this argument that this H has to be bigger than 0 and this will be bigger than 0 because if we start with L equals 1 then it will be returned right over here and therefore here we will come to if L is bigger than 1 so therefore H will always be bigger than 0. Now is this always going to be a valid call well here can H be equal to L well L by 2 is always smaller and therefore H cannot be equal to L provided H is bigger than 0. So this will always be smaller than L and will it always be greater than 0 well it will always be greater than 0 because H is going to be smaller than L.  So we said that if this is a recursive program then there has to be a base case and a correct answer must be returned for the base case. So clearly in this program the size of the region being searched if it becomes 1 then we are returning directly. So this is where we return directly and so that is happening so we have a base case and are we returning the correct answer for it yes we are returning the correct answer. Then the next question is are the recursive calls valid do they stay within the region. So what does this mean so this requires us to check whether these numbers are valid. So this number is a valid index because we started off with a valid index over here so that is not a problem. Now when can it not be a valid index well this could this is potentially a candidate for not being a valid index. So what do we want this index to be we want this index to be always bigger than 0. So will it always be bigger than 0 well we are doing H equals L by 2. So if L was 1 over here there is a danger that this index will become 0 but note that this will never happen because over here we checked whether L is equal to 1 and we immediately return in that case. So if we come over here we know that H is always going to be bigger than 1 and therefore this will never be 0. So what we have checked is that this call is a valid call in the sense that these indexes stay within that region. Now what about this index in this call so is this going to be a reasonable index well what do we know about the value of H. So H is L by 2 so this could be something like S plus L by 2. So since L is going to be when we come over here L is going to be at least 1 so H is going to be certainly non-negative and therefore this index is going to be bigger than S but can it be too big can it go past the end of the array well it will not because L by 2 S plus L by 2 is going to be within this region always. So this region goes from S to L S plus L minus 1 and you can check that this index will always be within that region and therefore that is a perfectly fine index as well. What about this index S plus L minus H so H is L by 2. So this index is going to be smaller than L because if H is bigger than 1 then this index is this index is going to be strictly larger than 0 and therefore L minus H is certainly going to be smaller than L and so in this case we can already say that the length is going to be length is going to be shrinking but it will not go down below 0 go down to 0 and therefore again this is going to be a valid call this is also going to be a valid call. So the next thing is are the recursive calls solving smaller problems well again let us go back and if we look at this you have to argue that this is going to be smaller than L. So why is that well H is L by 2 so L by 2 is always smaller so therefore this is going to be smaller L minus H is it always going to be smaller it is going to be smaller if H is always going to be bigger than or equal to 1 is that going to be true well H is L by 2 and L is at least 1. So therefore H is going to be at least 1 and therefore this is going to be strictly smaller than L so yes so both of our calls are going to be dealing with smaller regions. Now the only reason to go over this so carefully is because these truncations introduce sort of some surprises because we are familiar with doing ordinary division where division is sort of exact division the integer division sometimes is does things which we do not expect and therefore it is better to check all these things. The final question is if the answer to the recursive calls is correct then will it produce a correct answer for the top level call. So again if you look at this if this answer is correct then it should be a solution for this region and that is exactly the region we wanted to search because X was greater than or equal to S plus H. Similarly this was exactly the region which we wanted to search if X was less than or equal to S plus H. So if these answers are correct then we will get the correct answer over here. So we have run over basic checks and in fact they seem to be okay so now we can sort of run. All right so what did we discuss? We discussed the search problem then we said that if it is the array is not sorted we will do a linear search then we say if the array is sorted we do a binary search and next we are going to do an execution we are going to see how this program executes and then we will also analyze that program. So we will take a quick break.


everybody for Serpent 2022 NT football hobby four box full case number eight pick your team style. We got Andrew M. Cheeps Brandon I Eagles Chris M. Falcons Dan M. Seahawks Jets and Giants Daniel L. Saints David D. Cowboys Dennis F. Chargers Denver with the Broncos Dio Browns Edward with the Colts Eric W. Washington Felix Packers Harry Niners Jacob Vikings Jeff M. Bears Jeffrey R. Cardinals Jeremy T. Panthers John A. Dolphins Jonathan G. Rams Jonathan L. Buccaneers Josh D. Bills Kevin F. Texans Kevin B. Raiders Kyle S. Pats Titans and Steelers Michael B. Ravens Michael G. Bengals Sean M. Jaguars Ted L. Has the Lions. Good luck everybody Let's go ahead and get started The last three teams are Seattle the Saints and the Eagles in the next case everybody again last two daytime cases with spots or next it's only the only PYT's I see the PYT's tonight, but uh Random style tonight with Sam as well got a modern masters 34 or 50 is Jerry Rice Sam Fran Jim Otto for the Raiders 8 of 25 Triple jersey for the Cowboys going to be CD lamb Michael Irvin and Drew Pearson 35 of 99 Nice one there just missing Des Bryant really Patch card is tremendous treasures to 25 Devin DuBernay Ravens Lane's boy patch card Rams to 25 Matthew Stafford Eagles cool one here quad patch Jalen Hertz Michael Vick Donovan McNabb Randall Cunningham 7 of 10 That's really cool Hertz of Vic McNabb and Cunningham. That's awesome, man. They call their franchise QBs right there They're past like 30 years or so Marshall Falk on card Otto 26 of 49 for the Rams Cheap team hit right there national archive signatures like that one Hall of Fame bust a Fred Warner Otto for the Niners to 99 Patch Otto 17 of 25 for the Dolphins Dan Marino Sweet Hit Dolphins two color patch Lions jersey number green rpa 26 of 97 Aiden Hutchinson Heck yeah, Detroit Two color on the rpa green to 97 jersey numbered Version of a parallel That's pretty solid right there's decent box Pretty well spread out. There's some neat hits though. All right. You got Emmett Smith number to 99 for Dallas a Ray Finkel rpa Got to 25 Justin Jefferson Vikings. Oh, it's funny. Uh, William. I was watching, uh, what nature calls last night Ace Ventura too. So I was watching the second one last night Jumbo jersey to 49 for the Jets is sauce Gardner the rookie. I just love the part was like Why don't we just do all the things that you want to do? I love that jersey to 90 the 99 is Joey Bosa chargers Pretty comparable.  That's awesome That's a clean-looking card right there. I like that That'll look good with some platinum. You know, like a little laundry tag action or something like that pretty card there rookie auto rams kyren williams 13 of 35 Chargers with a charlie joiner auto to 99 beautiful Nike swoosh one of one A treasured impressions rpa Titans treylawn berks The red color match as well Great-looking swoosh tennessee. Congrats tennessee casey kyle s kyle has to have it himself a day. Oh, yeah This one doesn't quite compare to the other hit he had today, but still that's awesome, man That's a beauty love that red it matches the swoosh That's pretty. I like that updated design on that. That's a that's just a new set. I think And redemption rookie material signatures rps chris olave. That'll be the horizontal rookie relic auto for the saints Him and um gary wilson Oh with the sleeve yeah I was telling you don't have to do it. There's like an acetate. That's golden But again, that's just It's my own personal Layla's look at the cards Uh, gino to 99 seattle thomas moments treasure moments Got shack thompson to 49 panthers dual jersey to 99 is going to be dan marino mark duper Super duper to 99 dual jersey dolphins Dual patch some rookies here jamison williams and john michi ran him out at the end So the service jersey I think for the lions Nice stuff. That's random at the end jumbo patch treasured patches to 10 nazi harris steelers No, nothing. I think it's just more so like there's some more It's a little thing. I think it's just there's more thicker cards in this one like a multitude of them quad jersey Trevor lorenz christian kerke travis edsian and ebb and ingrub to 99 Jags is a nice one the quad I like this quad design. There's some pretty cool names on some of these too Some pretty cool combinations rookie auto for cleveland perry and winfrey 88 of 97 CJ 2k jersey auto 31 of 49 titans material treasures And it's a player worn that's local legend Went to olympia Yeah, nice one titans True rpa number 37 of 99 is of wandale robinson go into the giants G men nice hit Yeah, that's right david cj 2k That's a four to legend And there's a true rpa Brock purdy There we go 73 of 99 Harry has the Niners Yep That'll do That'll do by the way, that's his hand on the foil on the frame. There's not like damage his hands Oh god We've got a hot case here, maybe we'll see And oh man, that's how big you guys make sure you get insurance for your hits Ensure your packages Buy insurance anytime of late in sports cards.com. We don't provide it. We have the free shipping anyway Um bigger cards like that will automatically require signature from us, but Um, you'd like to insure it so if anything were to happen to it In transit and It's never a bad idea No matter the matter how big the hit is you can insure for $10,000 $15,000 you can insure for a hundred bucks Got paid into 50 on the modern masters. Yeah, these are these are really cool inserts by the way. I like these a lot I like those the brady was nasty Anything brady paths is awesome friend taylor one of one For the jaguars dude vaughn's gonna faint if he sees this vaughn's gonna faint Sean m one of one fred taylor that's patriots legend, uh fred taylor That's beauty dual jersey. We've got stingly and sauce We're at the end sacks and jets. We have one of those last case, right? Two randoms coming up at the end jumbo patch tremendous treasures jaylon waddle out of 25 at the dolphins This is a pretty bizarre case like it's not a bad way. It's just like all over the place Different one-on-ones like the purdy dual patch is dolphins paul warfield to 10 A couple of three color patches warfield Clare warn dolphins throwbacks here get that uh duper as well quad jersey jags laurance kirk etienne and ingram the 99 the future rookie auto jamison williams on card 20 of 25 Yep, that's we love the future insert autos. Those are awesome. Congrats. Detroit. Detroit hitting well here past couple cases That's a beauty jersey auto fred warner to 99 49ers silver rpa alec pierce cults five of 25 They were one of the last several teams taken congrats to the cults That is awesome. All right. What's the next on number nine? seattle, that's it seattle at 299 Here's a link No, no cut autos And you've got nfl gear dual rally crookie auto to 25 matt corral for the panthers corral Didn't well with us today You bought the panthers in every case so far with us today.  Exactly Somebody's probably just used to dump all the junk out of the toaster dude. Come on All right. There you go. Just seattle up in the next case Okay, we have two multi-randoms decent rookie duels Texts could hit two here. We'll see what happens the other randomizer goes for you Uh, good luck. We'll randomize both of these. You got jamo and michi for lions texans and then you got stingley and sauce for texan's jets 25 on the receivers to 49 on the db's So good luck. We'll randomize both of them five times Reverse up top get some one two three four and five So the texans get the um dual receiver with the lions or the texans get that card And then five times on the db's one two three four and five Jets get that one start three cap here. We've got some more cards coming though Uh quad jersey jags there pretty cool one. Got jalen waddle a What am I doing here? Warfield another quad there. There you go side by side 77 and 68 of 99 Najee harris marino and duper One more jackson's a cool one Kyle hamilton joey bosa sauce gardener quad eagles qb's is very cool actually seven to ten hurts vick mcnav and cunningham I like that a lot Very cool matthew stafford devon duverna triple cowboys receivers lamb urban and pierce Start the autos here. We got a Oh, that's frank gore. I called that. Uh, I called that person fred warner earlier There is fred warner in this. I know I that is frank gore by the way Someone probably called that out earlier. That's frank gore. Well winfrey chris johnson charlie joiner chyron williams dan marino patch autos a nice one There is a fred warner. I just got used to saying fred warner. I think And marshal folk start the one touches here the silver rpa alec pierce. Very nice It is awesome one dale true rpa for the giants Of what? Yeah Uh, you've got an olave rookie material signatures rps redemption for the saints A One of one nike swoosh treasured impressions patch auto for the titans is trail on berks That's one of the cool looking cards you've hit today jersey number parallel 97 or 20 60 97 hutchinson lions green rpa And a true rpa brock purdy Got two more cards to show that's an absolute monster hit, of course And then we've got the uh future rookie auto is jamo for the lions of 25 lions. Dude, you killed it And a fred taylor one of one Super cool really good case actually uh, thanks again everybody nine's coming up


It is the NeoPixel Goggles kit, these Lars. So there you can see we have the goggles. I put a little diffusion material and then we have the two NeoPixel rings that are spinning there doing some cool patterns and picking different colors and Embedded right inside, thanks Lars, right inside of there You can see we have all of the parts and goodies. The costume goggles and tinted lenses These are RGB NeoPixel rings ribbon cable so that you can connect all of the Connections you need a lipo battery that we'll use to power it a little JST Battery connector that you'll connect to the underside of the trinket M0 and you can use Arduino or circuit Python We also give you a lipo charger that you can just plug into a USB port plug your battery in there And you can charge it in any port that you have. So my product pick of the week this week is the NeoPixel Trinket M0 LED Goggles kit


Welcome back, everyone, to theCUBE's live coverage. Day two of Red Hat Summit 2023 in Boston, Massachusetts. I'm John Furrier, your host with Rob Stretcher, breaking down the analysis. We're here with HCL Tech. We're going to unpack business transformation, talk about CloudSmart, Red Hat, all the action happening in Cloud. We've got two great guests, Kajinya Kumar, Dharma Varapu, also known as DK. Now you got that right, you got a great long last day and a title. Global Go-To-Market Professional Services, head of IBM Red Hat Ecosystem at HCL Tech. Welcome to theCUBE. Thanks, Tom. Mitch Gordon, Global Go-To-Market Head for IBM Red Hat Ecosystem for HCL Tech. Guys, thanks for coming on. Pleasure. It's a pleasure. You guys are exposed to a lot of use cases, a lot of customer and big deals, a lot of integrations, transformations, lift and shift, refactoring. AI's wave is here, Cloud is right sizing or cost-optimizing, whatever word you want to do. I won't say repatriation because I don't think it's actually that. I think it's more cloud operations. That's my opinion, but a lot going on. What's going on with you guys with Red Hat here? Talk about what's happening in your world here. I think it's a good intro from Europe. Thanks a lot. From an HCL standpoint, right, HCL Tech standpoint, hybrid cloud is about the capability. It's not about an end state, right? And it's not about having this percentage on a public cloud, private cloud, or a bare metal, it's all about the ability and the capability to move, adopt, adapt and adjust as you see how it fits best upon your needs actually. So that's the main element. And just moving forward from there, when I say ability, right? Ability is about the technology competencies that we're going to have. And we feel that the Red Hat gives that portfolio which is comprehensive for us in hybrid multi-cloud with the platform approach around the enterprise Linux, OpenShift and Ansible. And that's the new announcement yesterday, even more amazing in terms of the AI ML infusions actually, right, Rob, that's amazing. And the second piece is on the capability. Capability, the way that we look at HCL Tech is that how do we expand the digital leadership for ourselves by differentiating our services and offerings and the software portfolio. And we want to be one of the leading digital partner for the global 2000 enterprises in all our chosen markets. And then if you see the latest transformations that are going on, sustainability becomes an important thing, right? So we are going to view that one into the stuff. So when I bring these elements, HCL has the capacity capability to bring the knowledge of the client, the domain expertise, the resources that are required and the IP and assets from various parts of this field together. So that is the crucial element for us as we look at this whole hybrid multi-cloud digital transformation story. And what's your role at HCL Tech? You've got professional services and the ecosystem. What specifically do you work on? I think as we look at the market, right, that's why we use the word competence and capabilities that we need to have both the things coming together. Right, and why, what we've viewed is that as we build the go-to market strategy around the hybrid multi-cloud, the most important thing is how do you help the client through this journey? That is why the professional services and the GTM goes together for us. Mitch, what's your take on the strategic nature of Red Hat? Obviously, they've checked the box on hybrid, pretty strong. Absolutely. You got Roso with AWS. You got Edge developing. I mean, Ansible, those guys are gods, the way they can do that, configures now they're at automation coming into the mainstream. I mean, Ansible engineers, they're loyal. They're strong. That's scaling into the mainstream. They're on the keynote. That day one was dominated pretty much by Ansible so that AI has got traction. Well, there's certainly a buzz here that it's not at every conference. Red Haters and Red Hat developers are super passionate and you can feel it. You can really feel it. The way we're structured at HCL tech, it's quite a differentiator in the way we see it.  We're very much a matrixed organization just like Red Hat is, just like IBM is. We're both ex-IBMers. You fit right in then. Yeah, yes. So we have our vertical sales teams, four verticals, financial services, healthcare. We call it Mega LT, which is manufacturing energy utilities, logistics transportation, then we have TMT, tech media, telco, retail, CPG, and then we have our horizontals that practices that deliver for those vertical sales teams. We're pretty well known for infrastructure work so we call that digital foundation. And we have digital business, which is application layer data analytics growing really fast. And then we have engineering and research services, which is also quite a differentiator. We're quite famous. You get the horizontal scalability of the infrastructure. So you have the horizontal. And the vertical specialization where the AI is now doing extremely well and so balance that out has become, that's the big wave. Absolutely. Absolutely. Where I think where we are super unique is where DK and I belong in the ecosystems. We actually have ecosystems. Of course, IBM, Red Hat is where we belong. We have a Microsoft, a Google, AWS. How many ecosystems are out there, right? We have the three hyperscalers, IBM and Red Hat, and then we have Dell, we have Cisco. We have- There's VMware in there? VMware, yes, absolutely. And Intel has an ecosystem with us too. Wow. Red Hat's got an ecosystem. Well, we're special, of course we're special. But we're really special because we work with all of them. And that's largely because of Red Hat. And so that gives us a special and unique position at HCL to really collaborate with everybody. That's an interesting- I know Rob wants to get a question and I want to jump in here. I will say that open source, we're just at the open source summit and the conversation we had there that was dominating, that was new, we've been covering it for decades, is that the ecosystems are forming in open source, which is like at the Google Memo that was leaked a couple of weeks ago. If you saw that, they're saying these moats are developing within the projects. So it's a whole nother level of action. Yeah. And you're right, Rob. I think that requires the 360 degree approach when we go in this digital transformation. That's where ecosystems become so much important. Every mile has to be covered. Right. Yeah, and I think what's interesting about the whole CloudSmart initiative is really about right place, right time. Is it cloud-native? Is it not cloud-native? Things of that nature. And I think that how does Red Hat and IBM play into that? How do you take advantage of the openness of this ecosystem? I think it's very, very important, I think. I'll just connect it to the, if you analyze the market, right, the top three tech trends that are going on, right? The ability to build a new business capabilities at speed, right, the clients all looking at speed. And we need to use hybrid multi-cloud to drive that one. The second one was that cloud-native is a new language of really addressing the digital business. Third trend you're seeing is that the ability to observe, analyze, and act on customers generated data. Right, these three becomes very important trends. And so when you take those things, we at HCL Tech have realized that we need to have a unified approach as a side, like an ecosystem, to solve these challenges that the clients are going to face. So CloudSmart is like a consultative led approach to provide one HCL Tech cloud industry solutions for clients by having an approach from innovation and it focus on continuous modernization. And then what happens is that CloudSmart is actually an industrialized services which are more like an outcome driven, which are highly automated and repeatable processes, but built on standard products and platforms so that we can build a scale with it, actually. Then at HCL Tech, the way we look at the CloudSmart strategy is that we have almost 100 plus industry cloud solutions and 20 plus type of horizontal offering solutions we already built. And this really drives and mitigate the risk that the clients will go through actually, right? So. And you're also working across hyperscalers as well, like you said, so with Red Hat, you're doing Arrow with Azure, you're doing Rosa with AWS. And that's all part of that ecosystem, even though they have their own ecosystems onto themselves as well. I think the reason why it becomes so important for Red Hat to be at the corner of this important point you raised was that Red Hat is like, the way we look at it is like, the way it was articulated in Switzerland of this whole hybrid multi-cloud digital transformation story. They glue, they are the digital transformation element that really glues this various hyperscalers, right? They able to bring the physical, they're able to bring the public cloud, private clouds, or the bearables, anything we talk about. So that's why they're uniquely positioned for us. And Red Hat becomes a core part of our CloudSmart strategy. And what we really look at is that, how do you modernize the digital core with CloudSmart with Red Hat? The reinvent the client experiences with the new way the things are happening and then you maximize the business value, right? And it really accelerates in terms of the various factors, the factors around the continuous innovations that we can bring in with CloudSmart or a comprehensive cloud culture that is required in the clients or create a sustainable future actually. So that is the reason when this question came up, it became so much important for us that Red Hat being the center of this whole strategy that we are evolving. DK and Mitch, talk about the customer use cases and also the time it takes. We seem to be in an accelerated world. Matt Hicks came on day one saying about this AI wave and this new next-gen cloud and people building these super clouds are going to accelerate super fast. The old days was like, hey, transformation is going to take 10 years. Now it's like 10 months, now it's 10 days, it's a 10 hours. The shrinkage on time. So talk about the time it takes to get these projects going, how you guys scope those, how you take customers through that and give a use case of a customer, take us through the day of life of, what's changed just going a few years back to today? Yeah, well, I'm a sales guy and a sales cycle is still rather long. HCL is really good with RFPs and when there's an RFP, that typically means there's a pretty long period of time even from RFI, RFPs, short listing and then doing the final pitches and getting, you know, final decision. So it is short and every one of our customers is in this journey, whether it's in the beginning or in the end, nobody's done, right? So I wouldn't say it's like over and done. The pre-sales is obviously, they got to pay attention to the requirements. It's like building a product. Absolutely. But on the delivery side to the value, time to value, has that changed at all? How do you see, or can projects be broken down differently or how do you guys attack that versus that? We do break down day zero, day one, day two. And our team, we cover all of that. Our ecosystem, we even have a Red Hat day zero team in India. All they do is proof of concept, proof of value, proof of technology. It's a big differentiator for HCL because we have these real kind of Navy SEAL folks that really know the technology. That's probably the quickest period of time when they're doing those tests. But the day one and day two, that's, those are very long. Yeah, I can, I'm totally imagining that. Business transmission not going to happen overnight. Yeah, it's like. Yeah. But the thing is, is that with Red Hat, you're seeing a lot more, no use cases. I guess my next question would be, what are some of the hot areas right now with the Red Hat in the ecosystem side of it? What's the hot, low-hanging fruit, some of the key things that people are jumping on right now that's notable? Yeah, so I think it's, the hybrid multi-cloud is the biggest opportunity we see. And part of that one will be that the application modernization, transformation stories, very strong actually, what we observe. Then the clients are looking for automation. So it means that the AI ML becomes important. The second is the runbook automations, the events-driven automations is very important, right? So if I correlate this one, it connects to what Matt was mentioning yesterday, if you see, right? I really liked the way they brought the OpenShift AI. You could take the Ansible part of the evolution that is happening, right? So those are the really hot areas that we really look at actually. Yeah, and it's exciting too because it is hyped up, I will say that, but it's legit next-gen action. Papers are being published, I've seen more great academic papers that have a lot of good beat on the bone. And it's legit, acceleration's happening. So, super exciting. Really appreciate you guys coming on, as we wind down day two. With the last minute that we have left or so, since you're sales guys, let's go hear the pitch. You have me sold, HCL Tech, give the pitch. What's the differentiator? Why should folks work with you guys and why Red Hat Ecosys IBM partnership? What's the pitch? Go ahead, Mitch. DK has been with the HCL. Like I said, we have day zero, day one, day two. We are very, very well-known in infrastructure space. We have engineering service, research service, very well-known. The DNA side, we are expanding rapidly on the application level. We are a 360 degree ecosystem team. We work with IBM and Red Hat. We actually do work for Red Hat as well. So, it's a really deep, deep partnership that's getting really deep. You asked about our meetings. We've had such great meetings. Red Hat is really, really accessible. And we have a great alliance team that supports us and we're really an extension of them. Red Hat's high-quality people and their transparent. DK, what's your pitch? Go. I think for us, HCL Tech is an end-to-end digital transmission partner for the clients. For us, the CloudSmart is one of our strength points. Actually, it's a consolidated approach. We bring the one HCL to solve the client's challenges as he wants to get on to the hybrid, multi-cloud transformation journey, actually. So, as I said, the digital cloud and the engineering services will be able to bring all these three things together to solve the client's problems using CloudSmart. Yeah, I tweeted yesterday that the multi-cloud is really going to be the big opportunity. Hybrid right now is where people are landing. Absolutely. That's their base camp. Correct. And then multi-cloud will be the action. That would include edge. I consider edge in that whole phenomenon. Absolutely. That's the enabler for all of that. Yeah, I mean, I can see their moves. It's an operating system play. It's like, I get it. I can see it. Distributed computing's here forever. Gentlemen, thank you so much for coming on theCUBE and rounding out our day two. Yeah, thanks a lot. DK, Mitch, HCL Tech here on theCUBE. I'm John Furrier, Rob Strecce. We'll be back with our closing summary after this short break.