The time is now 6.30 and the July 20th 2023 meeting of the Development Review Board for the City of Nuske has been called to order. The ERB is a quasi-judicial resident volunteer board that upholds standards and procedures as defined in the Nuske zoning ordinance. We review and make decisions on subdivisions, site plans, conditional uses, variances, and appeals of the zoning administrator's determinations. We have authority through Vermont State statute and ensure due process, protect the rights of applicants, as well as the rights of the public to participate in proposals for land development within the city. Appeals and decisions made by this board are heard by the Vermont Superior Court Environmental Division and the Vermont Supreme Court. My name is Matt Basowitz. I'm the chair of the DRB. Harlan Miller is our vice chair. Elsie Goodrich is our secretary. She is not here tonight. Other current members right now, Erin Gayet, who is not here, David Weisberger, who's not here, Jordan Matt and Emily Morse. Votes and recommendations are always cast in closed delivery of session that will take place as soon after the hearing takes place as possible. We ask anyone participating in tonight's hearings to swear or affirm that all testimony is entirely the truth under the pains and penalties of perjury. We will ask you to say I affirm before testifying. Online Zoom participants will be asked to testify after all in-person testimony is complete. First up on our agenda is public comments. Vermont State statute allows for public comment at every public meeting. If you have something that you'd like to discuss that is not on our current agenda, this is your opportunity. Sorry, Erin just joined in online. Also, Matt, you skipped item two, changes to the agenda, but that's okay. Oh, I didn't have it there. We'll make that change to the agenda and make it in three. There's nobody online that I am aware of looking to make public comments. There's one person online, but they're here with the hearing. Okay, perfect. So ironically, next up on our agenda is changes to the agenda. Do we hear or anybody want any changes to the current agenda as it is currently laid out? Hearing none, we will move on to our next item, which is approving our previous meetings minutes. I will be recusing myself. I was not at the last meeting, but are there any changes that anybody would like to see made to the previous meetings minutes? I have no comments. I will entertain a motion to approve those minutes. A motion to approve the previous meetings minutes. And second. I will second. And all those in favor of approving the minutes, please say aye or raise your hand. Aye. Aye. All those not in favor, please say no. All those abstaining, I am abstaining. Next up on our agenda is election of officers. Every year, our chair, vice chair and secretary are elected to one year terms. And we do typically that in July. So it is now time. I don't know if I should be doing this. I think you can if you as the current chair, we typically allow the current chair to facilitate this process. You can look to nominate as a slate or individually depending on how you all feel comfortable. As I mentioned earlier, Elsie, who's not here tonight as our serving was, she is our current secretary. She did indicate that she is interested in serving again as secretary. Okay. When did we just, we just kind of out of cycle picked our officers, didn't we? Oh, when Matt, sorry, when Kevin. Yes. When he stepped down, I believe, no, I think this was, he's been off the board for over a year now, I think. So we would have this current slate, we would have elected at our last. A whole year. July meeting. Yes. But I think there was delay. There may have been. Somebody may have had a kid or something. No, that was in April. That was in April. Okay. No, I thought it hadn't been a full year, but I'm not sure. I feel like this is right. Yeah. These, the current officers have been officers in these positions for the, for the previous year. But you're right. It does feel like we just did this about a year ago. I, so as chair, I, you know, I've mentioned in previous meetings. I don't know how long I'm going to be a Vermont resident, but I am happy to help in whatever capacity, whether that be chair or not for as long as I am. So I'm happy to stay on as chair. There is no firm timeline for anything yet. I'll move that we keep the current slate. Are you guys okay with that? Yeah. Okay. That's a pretty contentious motion has been made and seconded. All those in favor of, was there a second? Oh, you say, okay. Sorry. All those in favor of keeping the current slate for one more year, please say, I raise your hand. And that carries unanimously. All right. Thank you very much. Certainly. Next up is our one substantive item on our agenda, which is a public hearing for believe a change of use at 133 Elm Street. And Eric, if you want to give us some background before we jump on that. Yeah. So this is a conditional use request for a change of use or a, I guess a change of use for a part, a portion of the existing building at 133 Elm Street. Our, our current regulations are land use regulations have a use table that outlines a variety of uses. It's clearly not an exhaustive list. So because we can't come up with everything. So we do have a provision in our regulations that says if something is not included, it can come forward as a conditional use before the development review board. The applicant tonight is requesting to establish a commercial kitchen for the purposes of catering or yeah, basically a commercial catering kitchen in a portion of the space at 133 Elm Street. 133 Elm Street, as you may know, is a about 100,000 square foot industrial building. It's been an industrial use for many, many years. It's in an industrial zoning district. Catering kitchens is one is not included as a use in our use table. The next closest thing we have is a restaurant, which is not permitted in that zoning district. So that's why I advised the applicant to come forward tonight as a conditional use. So it could potentially be a be a permitted use in that location. So the applicant is here tonight. And I believe there's a couple of folks online as well. So that's just a general overview of why we're here tonight and what we're here to discuss. Do you know if the people online are with the applicant? I believe so. Do you have a John B with you by chance? Then there is potentially one member of the public and now a phone number, which I. The ones that you should have that's part of with me. It should be Jagger. Okay, so Jagger may be the phone number. So we can do you know his phone number off hand? It's okay if you don't, but. That's why lately everything is attached to my phone. So I have a mobile number of<PHONE_NUMBER>. Yep. Okay. That's him. So he is on, I will. And he just messaged me too. Okay. So, yes. So we do have at least one additional member with the applicant online tonight. Okay. Well about the applicants, please join us. She's my moral support. Okay. And please state your name. It's Gina. Gina, nice to meet you. Nice to meet you. Would you please affirm that everything you are telling us today is the truth, the whole truth under the pains and penalties is perjury. Absolutely. Thank you. So tell us a little bit about the project. So I have been a commercial caterer now. Just under a year. But I'm growing very, very quickly. It's a good pain problem to have, but it's required me to have my own space. I live in Manuski. So Jagarnetti is my commercial property. He went up and he's like, hey, we have a spot. And it's ideal because it's close to home for me. It's in an area. It's really simple for me to use. It'll allow me to get in and use my timeframe wisely. So this way I can cater to the public, cater to my meals, being able to have things on time and ready. So this way I'm not always falling behind. The current space that I'm in is great. I'm only able to be there three hours a day, certain days a week, and I can get nothing done. Or I'm there all day on Sundays for about 14 to 15 hours. So this gives me a little bit more usage of my time in managing my expectations and managing my customers. And Ganto Kitchen is an authentic Puerto Rican catering spot. I feel that like bringing it to Manuski hometown for me, it adds to diversity that we don't have or that we don't show any substance for. And Ganto Kitchen has grown tremendously today. I had a catering event with Ben and Jerry's that it was supposed to go to two. We ended up at 130 because we had everything already eaten up and taken away. And it's a great feeling to have when you see that happen. Right now I've also rented a spot from the Manuski catering kitchen. But again, it's getting on the calendar, being able to be there to do it. And it's not always feasible, especially when you have people that are like, oh well we have this and we have that. And I can't cater to everybody obviously, but I will love to maximize my time and be able to get out there for people. So that's my project. The project for this site in itself, it's a portion of the kitchen. It allows me a vendor access. It allows me a ramp. It allows me to be able to just have, it's not a restaurant. I don't want a restaurant. I'm sorry. It's not the brick and mortar I'm looking for. But again, what we do is we offer currently one meal a week. I would love to step that up and offer it four times a week to people. But it's an online ordering. They're not coming in. They're just not popping up. They're setting the time. It's both slated. And it's a three hour window. And I will like to keep it that way. Again, managing my expectations. For pickup or delivery? Pick up. For pickup. So no delivery purposes at all. Every delivering agency wants a portion of the delivery charges. Problem with that is, is that they tie into your intellectual property. So the traffic won't be to my website. It'll be through them. I am sorry. It's mine. I built this baby. And everything else, not that I don't mind sharing, but it's again, I'd rather have it come through me, rather than go through somebody else paying those fees. So it's easier for them to come pick up. And my clients right now, my customers had no problem with it. They set their time and their meals are ready. I literally left them. Oh, hey, your order is complete. And you say one meal a week. I'm assuming you mean one catered event a week? No, actually. So my catered events are normally two. What we do is we offer one meal a week out to the public where again, they're able to order online. We put out one meal. It's not like a restaurant. It's not like a takeout. It's a set meal that's there. If they want to buy it, they want to purchase it. They just book in going, I will love that. They click on the box. It's there. The meal gets made. It's all clocked. So like if, if all of you came down here and said, Gina, we will love to have your rice and chicken and everything else, you can click us at what time you want to pick it up. They ordered by Wednesday and it's pick up by Saturday currently at the mill market. Okay. So again, it's setting up the timeframe to be able to do that. But I've had a lot more people asking for, do you have any other days of the week other than Saturday? So again, I'm listening to my clients, my customers. I will love to get to that need. So, and that's kind of where that is. But this is the space in itself. So the whole office area. Correct. Correct. It's an old. Nice to work in there for like eight years. They know the things that works for me. So the part to the right is literally what I'm looking for for the station itself where it says office space. That would be more my office space. And then next to it would be a dry storage area. So we're not really doing any major renovations in that spot. What we want to do is, is remove that center wall and create it just a long workspace station and open work plane. The fryer convection oven range top would be basically on the right hand side. The hood would be there, would go over there. The rate, the drop ceiling currently will be lifted up. And then the hood would go out through the ceiling because it's a wood frame. So again, going out through the ceiling, those are the only changes. The onto the left is going to be a three base sink that we're putting in to meet with the health inspection and the guidelines for it. Okay. The fridge and the freezer currently are mobile. They're nothing set in stone. There's nothing in the works right now for development of putting up a freezer. Everything that I do is at use. So again, nothing is being purchased to go off and be stored. It's being used almost immediately. So there is no overhead. There is no waste on our side for it. Now you mentioned the issues that you've been having getting space in a commercial kitchen to work. Do you envision potentially this ever being used in that capacity as well? Or is it will it just be your business and your privacy? I have no problem opening it up to the community. I love Winooski and I know that there's a lot of need and everything else. Again, as long as they understand that there is no cooler and freezer space that's available, them using the time and the space, I have no problem opening it up to other people. It's not on, it's not the priority of my list. Obviously. But again, I'm not opposed to going off and helping somebody else out. Okay. The joys is, is that I have lived in Winooski for about 20 years. My kids went to school here. I have seen this place grow. The one thing the Latin population is so under represented and I will love to bring that to the forefront by doing this. I've had conversations with the city manager's office. I will love to get more involved, bring the food over, connect with people, bring it to a different level and using that as a doorway and just the means for people to understand. Puerto Rican cooking is Creole cooking. It really is, it's a combination of our indigenous, our Latin, basically our Spaniards and our African roots. So there's a lot of things like with our African community, they're like, so how does that work? I'm like, hi, I'm African. I get it. We use this, like people don't understand that the same vegetables we use are the same that are used in our African culture. And I'm getting more and more people that want to learn. What I would love to do is open up like learn how to cook, learn how to do something different. And again, we all talk about hybrid meetings. I have no problem doing that. You know, I want to bring people in to be able to do that. But if I have to go up and do it at somebody else's schedule, it's really hard to bring back to the community. So, and that's not what I want to do. Hence having this spot. It took me, this one catering job that I did for Ben & Jerry, four days worth of prep and all day was my frying. And that's three hours of time to prep in and I have to be there at eight o'clock because I can't get into the kitchen before eight. So again, it allows me the space to come in, get settled and not have to be on somebody else's agenda. But again, bringing it close to home. I guess it just means a little bit more for me. Winooski is home. Winooski has been a lot of their upbringing, what we do, what we've done. Caitlin walked into the community center yesterday and all of a sudden it's like, Caitlin, it's like, it's there. It's family. I can go up and down the block and say hi to people. And it's like, hey, did you hear?  It's the goal. And it's like, let us know we want to be there. I've had more community support of wanting to come over. Aaron is my neighbor. So I love just doing what I do. And that's just bringing the community closer together. The only other question that I had, I read through all this earlier, there was an issue with this property two years ago. And where odors were permeating the neighborhood and it was not food. Do you have a plan in place?  The aromas that I have that come out of the space is nothing to the point of being pungent. It's when you walk in through the doors, you'll see, you'll smell it more. The most that anybody will ever smell because that's what most of it is. But again, if I can do it in indoor space, kind of like the community kitchen and nobody's complaining about it or they don't have a problem with it, I don't think it's going to impact the neighbors that are 50 feet away, 100 feet away. So you're on the Memorial Park side of, is that what we're looking at? Those entrances on the backside against Memorial Park, which has no neighbors on that side. Yeah, it's not because the Hemp Factory had everything blowing towards when you escape. I believe that's right, yeah. Which was an issue. And then with this, the hood is going to go upwards. That's going to be on the roof? Yeah, it has to be on the roof. So fire and city inspectors, state and city fire marshals needed to go through the roof. That's the only way is that. But again, they were there on site because of the project with Cabot. So what I did was, I am sorry, I am a proactive person. If this is to go forward, what do I need? What do we need to do? How is it going to impact me? I know how it impacts the community. So for us, it's going to go up. So it's not going to be like it's... Because they're doing the roof down there right now, I think anyway. So, and like I said, the only thing that's going to change structurally on the inside is the removal of that wall and the drop ceilings are going to be pushed upwards so there's more room to it. Any other questions from our board or Erin? No, I'm going to straight forward. Well, thank you so much. I appreciate it. Stand by because if there are any people that also want to speak on this hearing, we may ask you to come back and respond. Absolutely. Thank you. Is there anybody else that would like to speak on this project? So the only other person online right now is Jagarnetti who's representing the, I guess, the property, I would say. I think it's a fair assessment. Okay. No members of the public online right now. And they haven't raised their hand? No. Try them with anything. All right. Well, hearing that, and having no more questions, we really appreciate you being here. We will talk and go into a live session probably tonight. We're getting through this meeting pretty quickly. So. Are we taking votes to end hearings? We can. Okay. We'll entertain a motion to end this current hearing. So moved. I will second. All those in favor of ending this hearing, please raise your hand. Aye. Aye. That passes unanimously. Thanks so much. I will just say that with the hearing closed, I have exhibits A through J that will be entered into the record. I will be giving a copy of the exhibit list to the applicant so they can see what it is that will be included in the record. And that will be, I'll do that right now. All right. And next up on our agenda tonight are city updates. I have nothing specific to update you all on unless you have something you want an update on. I guess is what I would say. Any projects going on in the city that you're interested in? No. Can't think of anything. Other businesses are next agenda item. The only other business that I have is tomorrow is our deadline for the August DRB meeting. So if nothing is submitted for that meeting, my intention was to cancel that unless you all have a need to get together in August. I'll probably be out of town. Okay. And I know you're out in September. Okay. Yeah. I know. Might be out of town as well. Okay. So if I will let you all know if we are having, if anything comes in, I haven't had any conversations with anybody that has an intention to submit tomorrow. So tomorrow is the deadline though, but I'll let you know. Okay. And last item on our agenda is to adjourn. And we need a motion and a second to adjourn. I'll make the motion. Okay. I'll second. All those in favor of adjourning for the evening, please say aye. Aye. That carries unanimously. This meeting is adjourned. Thank you so much. We will go into the deliberative session momentarily. That will be closed or, we'll talk privately. And Erin, you have the link for that? Okay. Great. All right.


Hello everyone, I once again welcome you all to MSP lecture series on Interpretative Spectroscopy. In my previous lectures, about 8 lectures I gave focusing on UV visible spectroscopy and of course, I am giving more emphasis for inorganic molecules in particular DD transitions. That means 3D, 4D, 5D metals having D1 to D10 electronic configuration show different type of absorption depending upon the nature of the ligands and also the nature of the metals and their oxygen state and also under which ligand field they are situated. So, based on all those things lambda maximum varies and also I showed you how we can simplify all electronic configurations, all metal complex having different electronic configuration into simply 3 or 4 categories. One is D0 and D10, D0 do not have any electrons and D10 is completely filled, unique cases for example, you can consider potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, in case of D10 you can consider mercury ciodate and then the remaining ones D5 is a unique one, then the remaining 8 electronic configurations are D1, D4, D6 and D9 and then D2, D3, D7 and D8. And there is some similarities I showed you, for example, if you take D1, D4, D6 and D9, one electron is there and one less than half field electronic configuration and one more than half field electronic configuration and then D9 is one less than completely filled electronic configuration. So, these 4 electronic configurations those metal complexes which have invariably show one DD transition and then the second type is D2, D3, D7, D8, the similarities you can conclude in this manner, 2 electrons 2 less than half field 2 more than half field and 2 less than completely filled. So, these show 3 bands in their DD spectra and then of course D5 what happens when you look into selection rule, D5 high spin complexes have 5 electrons in T2G and EG in case of octahedral complexes and in case of tetrahedral complexes we have here 2 and then 3 in T2 system. So, in these cases what happens since the selection rule says delta S equals 0 and delta L equals plus or minus 1 and strictly speaking none of these DD transition should occur they are all prohibited from LePold rule, but what happens when we look into metal complexes, metal ions under the influence of ligand field they lose the degeneracy of D orbitals and some of the orbitals will be lower in energy, some of the orbitals in higher energy because of extensive mixing of D orbitals with S and P characters. As a result what happens they are no longer pure D in nature as a result LePold A allowed transition could be seen and hence we will see DD transitions and selection rule as I mentioned delta S equals 0 and this is quite opposite to what we see in case of nuclear transitions. Nuclear transition if you recall it is a delta S equals plus or minus 1.  So, delta S equals 0 here when you look into D5 they are spin fernan and especially when they have center of symmetry the colors are very very weak, but when we look into tetrahedral complexes they do not have center of symmetry as a result some mixing is there and hence we see some of these compounds having D5 electronic configuration with weak fielding and would be little colored, but why D5 octahedral complexes of having high spin still in the color what happens if we look into the ligands ligand to metal bonds are not rigid, but they will be vibrating with respect to the mean position. So, because of this vibrations at what happens often some of these ligands come out of the equilibrium position as a result these complexes lose center of symmetry and hence mixing would take place and hence they show color. So, this is all about UV visible spectroscopy and again for D1, D4, D6, D9 we can have conveniently one diagram that is called Argyl diagram to explain electronic spectra for both octahedral and tetrahedral complexes similarly we can have another one Argyl diagram to explain spectra of octahedral and tetrahedral complexes having D2, D3, D7, D8 electronic configuration, but when you go to Tanube-Sugano diagram every electronic configuration we have a we should have a separate Tanube-Sugano diagram, but that includes the entire band of ligands that means whether it is a weak field ligand, there is a high field ligand everything is included and, but we should have one Tanube-Sugano diagram per one electronic configuration and also we saw in case of D2, D3, D7, D8 when we have there is a drop in the observed frequency of one of the bands are increasing there because this is due to nephelacetic effect and that can be corrected using Rackha parameters and another important thing one should remember about UV visible spectroscopy is how to write term symbols ok term symbols you should be able to write by simply knowing L azimuthal quantum number sigma L that gives capital L and L can have anywhere between 0 to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and then corresponding terms we have SpDFGHI and then 2S plus 1 is called spin multiplicity and then we have J you can take values anywhere between L plus R minus S and here what we should remember is when we identify the ground term that should have highest multiplicity when we look into highest multiplicity maximum number of unpaid electrons will be there. So, the one state which is having highest 2S plus 1 value will be the least energetic and ground state and then due to some reason if we have two terms both having the same multiplicity value 2S plus 1 then we have to consider the L value highest L value will be the least energetic and then let us say we have multiplicity is same and then L value is same in that case we have to consider the J value when you consider J value we have to consider L minus S for substance having less than half electronic configuration and then L plus S for those which is which are having more than half electronic configuration. Then the other one is microstate microstate will give you ground state along with several possible excited states and formula is very simple n factorial over R factorial into n minus R factorial. So, n factorial will tell you the total capacity of the sub shell which we are considering for example, if we consider d orbital total capacity is 10 electrons. So, hence n factorial means 10 factorial if you consider f orbitals we have 14 electron capacity. So, it is 14 factorial and then R is the total number of electrons we are considering. So, d 2 system n factorial is 10 factorial and R is 2. So, this is how you should be able to calculate the microstates and all possible microstates are actually do not show transitions and it is much simplified because we are bringing Lapporte selection rule again and hence it makes understanding and observed spectrum much simpler compared to what we could think of considering all possible microstates. So, this is all about UVS spectroscopy and I would come back again at the end with more interesting problems to make you familiar with solving problems as far as UVS spectroscopy is concerned. Now, let us move on to IR spectroscopy I am sure you are all familiar with infrared spectroscopy. So, here infrared spectroscopy is a very important tool to commits to identify what functional groups exist in unknown samples or samples you have made in the laboratory. The light our eyes see is, but a small part of a broad spectrum of electromagnetic radiation in the visible region I would say and the immediate high energy side of the visible spectrum lies the ultraviolet and on the lower energy side is the infrared. So, you can see here we have visible spectrum here and infrared is here and microwave radiation comes here. So, this is the region we are going to focus as far as infrared spectroscopy is concerned. So, on the having a wavelength range of about 2500 to 16000 nanometer the infrared region is capable of revealing information not easily uncovered through basic means. So, that gives vital information about different type of functional groups present and also the characteristic bands due to the different bonds present in the molecule. The preferred method of infrared spectroscopy is FTIR that means Fourier Transform Inferred Spectroscopy commonly used. Nowadays IR can aid in the identification of unknown compounds and also it can determine the quality or consistency of a sample if it is in the large production industrial scale production. Then how it happens when infrared radiation is passed through the sample some of the radiation is absorbed by the sample and some of the radiation is passed through are transmitted. The resultant spectrum is nothing but the plot of percentage transmission versus frequency in centimeter inverse of the radiation that is passed through in the infrared region. So, the energies of photons associated with the infrared region are not large enough to excite electrons, but they are still strong enough to induce vibrational excitation of covenantly bonded atoms and groups. That means energy is the of photons associated with infrared radiation is so small it cannot really excite an electron from E 1 level to E 2 level higher end level, but on the other hand they can induce vibration of the bonds. That means when we consider a molecule we have covalent bonds these covalent bonds are not rigid sticks or rods, but are more like stiff springs that can be rotated provided it is there is a single bond and they can be stretched or they can be bent. So, these different types of vibration motions are characteristic to a molecules component atoms. So, this information comes directly from infrared spectroscopy. So, all organic inorganic compounds will absorb infrared radiation that corresponds in energy to these vibrations and infrared spectrometers allow chemists to obtain absorption spectra of compounds that are a unique reflection of their molecular structure. So, that means an IR spectrum can be considered as a molecular fingerprint of the sample as no two unique molecular structures produce the same IR spectrum. So, this is very very important it may not be possible to understand all the peaks present and one need not have to worry about interpreting all the absorption peaks that are seen in that region, but what one should remember is this fingerprint region is characteristic of molecules. So, what is the theory involved behind this infrared spectroscopy? So, IR can provide information about the presence of particular functional groups say whether OH group is there, whether CO group is there, whether amine group is there or whether there is a C double bond whether P double bond O or C triple bond N C double bond N all this vital information one can extract from simply by looking into IR spectrum of a given molecule. IR data along with NMR and mass spectrometric data can provide the structural features of a compound without any ambiguity. So, minimum information about the theoretical aspects of IR is sufficient to use in structural analysis. So, I am not going into the details of theoretical aspects as I had mentioned since my attention is to focus on interpretation with minimum theoretical background I try to make you familiar with interpretation of data from various spectroscopic methods that we use routinely while characterizing organic or inorganic molecules. So, IR absorption band of a compound indicate the presence of functional groups this is the most important point one should remember. IR absorption bands of a compound indicate the different type of functional groups present in that molecule. So, narrow and sharp bonds seen in the spectrum are called peaks. So, peaks we are band positions are given in wave numbers as unit of reciprocal centimeter that you know in the IR spectrum IR region between 400 to 4000 centimeter inverse is very important most of the functional groups have absorption in this region of 400 to 4000 centimeter inverse. The frequency divided by C the speed of light provides the wave number this one should remember this indicates for example vibration of frequency 6 into 10 rise to 13 has a corresponding wave number 2000 centimeter minus 1 that is equal to you know simply takes 6 into 10 rise to 13 over velocity of light 3 into 10 rise to 10 centimeter per second. So, that would give you about 2000 wave numbers. So, this is how you can simply calculate the frequency to wave numbers. So, band intensities are reported as follows. So, by looking into the spectrum we have to identify and we have to give a term depending upon the type of intensity we come across for example, if it is strong we have to denote it by S and if it is medium we have to say M and if it is weak we should say W and if it is a sharp we have to say sharp SH. A fundamental vibration is one in which an atom sets a simple harmonic oscillation about its equilibrium position. So, each atom if you consider has 3 degrees of emotional freedom along 3 axis such as x y and z directions. So, that means n atoms have 3 n independent motions, but in a molecule the motions are not independent and motions within the molecule are not independent of each other due to having the bonds with the other atoms present in the molecule. So, as a result 3 motions becomes translations of the molecule. So, where all atoms move simultaneously in the x y and the z direction. So, another 3 are rotations where all atoms rotate in the same phase about the x y and z axis. So, this is very important. So, all atoms move simultaneously in the x y and z direction and all atoms rotate in the same phase about x y and z axis. So, these points are very very important one should remember. So, this leaves now 3 n minus 6 motions in which bond angles and bond distances without altering the center of gravity. That means, it is 3 n minus 5 motions for linear molecules. These are referred to as fundamental vibrations of the molecule and are of 2 types. One is stretching and one is bending.   So, something like this. So, let us consider a triatomic molecule such as water which contain 3 into 3 minus 6 3 fundamental vibrations. What are those 3 fundamental vibrations? One is this one symmetrical stretching and then of course, here the stretching frequency nu comes around 36 52 centimeter minus 1 and then the second one is asymmetrical stretching and here we refer this one as nu s and here asymmetrical stretching is referred as nu a s o h or one can also say something like this. So, this indicates we are considering the asymmetrical stretching of o h group and here we are considering the symmetric stretching of o h group and asymmetric stretching value comes around 37 56 centimeter minus 1. The other one is scissoring. So, focus towards scissoring. So, here this is again represented delta s here. So, delta s o h means it indicates the scissoring frequency corresponds to the o h molecule o h group in water this comes around 1596 centimeter minus 1. So, this is a typical example where you can see how 3 n minus 6 equals 3 fundamental vibrations are seen. So, now let us consider a triatomic molecule which is linear we consider triatomic molecule such as water bent of course, the shape is bent still oxygen geometry is tetrahedral, but let us consider a triatomic molecule having linear geometry such as CO 2. So, here if you use the same analogy 3 into 3 minus 5 equals 4 fundamental vibrations are possible. So, what are those symmetrical stretching comes around 1340 centimeter minus 1 that is designated as nu s CO and then asymmetrical stretching again very similar to what we saw in case of water. So, you can see symmetric stretching the directions given here and in asymmetric stretching. So, one is here one is in this direction other one is this one. So, this asymmetrical stretching is there not uniform this is also designated as nu a s CO 2 this comes around 2350 centimeter minus 1 and then we have scissoring, scissoring bending we have here it comes around 666 centimeter inverse and designators as delta s CO 2 and then we have scissoring bending is there. So, you should know the difference scissoring bending this one scissoring bending and here this comes around. So, both are identical. So, they come around 666 centimeter minus 1. So, this is how you can identify 4 fundamental vibration modes in case of triatomic linear molecules such as CO 2. So, now let us consider a CH 2 which is part of a molecule for example, if you consider ethanol, propanol or any aliphatic molecules where we have CH 2. So, in this case what we have is a 3 n plus 6 root does not apply here then we have to see what are the possible vibrational modes for CH 2. So, one is symmetrical stretching that you can see in most of the molecules around 28 53 centimeter minus and designated as nu s CH 2 and then similarly we have a symmetrical stretching we should focus your attention also when I say symmetrical stretching how these atoms are stretched in what direction and then a symmetrical stretching. So, one is in this direction one is in this direction one is in this direction. So, this is called asymmetrical stretching and here it comes around 29 26 centimeter minus 1 and then scissoring we have delta s equals 1465 centimeter minus 1 apart from these three fundamental vibrational modes we also come across wagging. So, here wagging is referred to as gamma s this comes in the range of 1350 to 1150 centimeter minus 1 and then another one is twisting in the twisting it is a sto A s it is called as then this comes around 1350 to 1150 centimeter minus 1 and then the other one is rocking both in the same direction this is rho CH 2 then that comes around 720 centimeter minus 1. So, often the theoretical number of vibrations are not observed and this may be due to symmetric reasons or due to degenerate vibrations what is degenerate vibrations? Vibrations of the same frequency. So, that means although we have clearly seen six possible vibrational modes for CH 2 groups present in a molecule sometimes we may see only three of them and this is the theoretically predicted ones, but on the other hand due to some reason and that is clearly shown here often the theoretical number of vibrations are not observed and this may be due to symmetry reasons or due to degenerate vibrations that means vibrations having the same frequency in that case we might miss one or two and then that might result in the increase in the intensity of few bands. So, let me stop here and come back to you again in my next lecture more details about infrared spectroscopy. So, thank you so much.


What's up everybody, James here for Jazzy's Case Breaks.com. 2022 Panini, flawless baseball, one box break. Ran on teams number one, just sold out. This is a one box break out of a two box case. So the second half will be for number two. 30 teams in, all teams in. And again guys, you get seven autos, two memorabilia, one gem card in every box. Here we go guys. So here's the dice roll, here's the customer names. From Dennis, down to William Bodden, straight up. And then Tristan, none of Tristan got him from those HTA choice breaks, one and two. There's the teams right there, the names. Let's roll, and it is a, sorry guys, it's melody. Six into three, nine times, here we go. One, two, whoa, what the hell's going on here? No, no, what's going on? Bad gateway. Oh man, I'm gonna do it again. Sorry guys, something's going on here. All right, so that was nine times. One, oh no, something's wrong with our internet. Two, three, no, come on. Of course it's gonna start right now while we're freaking doing this. All right, if it happens again one more time guys, I'm gonna have to try to use another website or it's just our internet. Two, three, four, five, six, and seven, eight, nine. All right, that one worked, thank God. Tristan, down to Johnny. I don't know, it was either round.org or us, but most likely round.org. Six into three, nine times, nine times, Tristan's going nine times here. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. Yankees down to the White Sox. All right, so Tristan, you have the Yankees, Dennis with the Cubs, Timothy with the Podges, Brian with the Phillies, Craig with the Astros, Timothy with the Red Sox, as well as the Mariners, Cardinals, Steve with the Braves, Timothy with the Rays, Brian K with the Blue Jays, Craig with the Rangers, Dennis with the Rose, Damien with the Angels, Douglas the Orioles, Nancy with the Rockies. Tristan with the Mets, William with the Guardians, Steve with the Twins, Joe with the Nationals. Huh, Joe, looks like you did make it in, man. Eric with the Reds, Tristan with the Brewers, Rex with the Diamondbacks, Tristan with the Giants, Dennis with the Dodgers, Nancy with the Marlins, as well as the A's, Tristan with the Tigers, Zach with the Pirates, and then Johnny with the White Sox. All right, well, I'll give you guys a quick trade window if you guys want to trade. That's a great hall. That's a really cool hall. Oh my goodness, what should we do?  Look at your view, this is why I'm not gorgeous. I've left my door over here, it's like I'm walking on the side of the wall. This is where that hall is supposed to be. This is where my wife's gonna stay this weekend. This is where I'm supposed to go all the way, and look at this view. This is where I'm supposed to go all the way. This is adventure, and the water is alive, gorgeous. Let's see that master bathroom. All right, over to the zone, I'm probably gonna regret this with Carol, but I can trade the D books for the pubs. Oh, you probably didn't, I didn't change the second half part of it, hold on. All right, so then we're not gonna trade them, all right guys, trade when I close them. All right, so, I'm gonna move them the way they should be actually. Top or bottom, one, two, three for the top, four, five, six for the bottom. All right, right here. I'm not sure if he is or isn't. One, one, two, three for the top. So this one here at the bottom will be for number two. I mean, I don't know if you would call it garbage. I mean, you want to tell it to Joe Pizzle? You want to tell him that Rex? Yeah, Corbin and Carol would be a rookie in 2023, not 2022, so. They wanted to have some type of prospects, they could. Oh no. This is baseball? Yeah. Football is soon, not yet, but soon. All right, here we go. We got Riley Greene to start us off, three out of 25. That's for the Detroit Tigers, by Tristan. Let me actually show you guys your list really quick. Bar continue. We have, wow, look at that. Look at that high kick right there. Bob Feller to 10. That is for Cleveland. William Laspalmojo. We have a two out of five that is Jesse Winker for Seattle. Seattle Mariners, that's Tristan. Triple Relegant Autograph, Jerman Rosetta is to 20. That's Chicago White Sox. White Sox is Johnny Moyn. We got Gabriel Reyes, nine out of 10, Momentus. Autograph for Cleveland, another one there for Cleveland going to William. They have a quad relic in Autograph. Tim Hudson to 20 for the Oakland Aids going to Nancy. The price was just reduced for $600,000, $4.95,000. We have a Denny's Accuracy Back-to-Back Hits for the Oakland Aids out of 25. That's another one there for Nancy. The last one, Steve Carlton for the Phillies out of 20. Philadelphia Phillies, that's going to Brian Crouch. All right, let's go to the two-in-case price. This one's gonna have a third, which is usually like a spike, but it did have two cards. Let's go with the right side first. I feel like that one might be a monster. This one here is a nice Javier Baez Diamond. Six out of 10. Detroit, Tiger's going to Tristan. All right, here we go, good luck. Is that sideways, yeah. No, crazy hair. What's crazy hair is that? Mike Piazza, wow, look, he looks super young there. I thought that was a patch of some type of old school player, but six out of 10, nice quad relic there for the New York Mets. So, Mets, that is going to Tristan. So, again, guys, not a big rookie here on this side. More of a vet case here, so I expect it to be a bigger hit, hiding potentially in the second briefcase, so you guys are interested in running that back. A lot more veterans here on this one, besides like that German. But there you go, guys. Thank you guys so much. Again, nothing here in the middle. Again, another one's in the store, but you guys want to run it back tonight. So, jazzbies, casebricks.com, guys. Thank you.


At the first Quebec conference, Allied chiefs were planning new strategy. Expecting European victory in a year, the Allies now marshaled their forces against Japan. The President knew that distances had put a premium on long-range air power. To strike Japan, he had a new weapon. Roosevelt promised 200 B-29 Superforts by March 1944. Inside the Chateau Frontenac at the Joint Chiefs Conference, General Arnold proposed to pierce the inner zone of Japan's homeland with the unbuilt bombers from bases to be erected in China. It was a bold plan. At the time of the Quebec conference, we only had 11 Superforts. Haparno's motto was to become famous. He announced, the difficult we do immediately, the impossible takes a little longer. There were only seven months to keep the promise. It was a race with time. We aircraft workers came from all walks of life. A few of us had built planes in World War I. We were a part of the strength of America, now working for Boeing, Bell and Martin. Their factories had sprung up across the country, in Georgia, Kansas, Nebraska, in the state of Washington. Things had certainly changed. In 20 years, America's aviation industry had come of age. Unskilled workers became highly productive because the cranes and gigs and tools were so designed. Boeing engineers helped us make a new wing that could carry more weight faster and higher than any we'd ever built. In each plane, there were 55,000 numbered parts. Thousands of miles of wiring, a million rivets. From its transparent nose to its tail, this was a complicated machine. Nevertheless, the Air Force ordered the assemblies like pieces for a giant jigsaw puzzle. By December, only four months after the President's promise, we put together 35 superforces. Then, every hour of every day, identical miracles of modern machinery were brought together. We workers witnessed an inspiring sight. A welling of vision and reality. Of free men and their need for peace. Of national defense and American industry. Building the superfort with the climax of the history of man's conquest of the air. We had helped bring to reality the dreams of Billy Mitchell and Frank Arnold. The plans of Hap-Arnold and two-ey spots. Thus, a 99-foot-long aerial giant spreading 141-foot wings was born. By the end of January, 142 superforces were accepted. Three-quarters of America's promise and our pipelines were full. Here were 65 tons of fighting fury, the biggest, fastest and most powerful bomber in the world. Now our sons and brothers could take the B-29 to war. In sharp contrast, halfway around the world in China, the other half of the superfort miracle unfolded. Armies of laborers were building a network of airbases almost by hand. Lean sinewy Chinese, measuring their work by the remaining earth pyramids, wrote a magnificent chapter in the saga of the superfort, 2,000 years after their ancestors had built the Great Wall for the defense of China. Here were the same primitive methods, baskets and holes, muscles and goodwill, and wheelbarrows which squeaked to keep imaginary devils away. With the machinery of only their million hands, stone by stone was patiently set. A modern Chinese wall was taking shape. Under the direction of 26 American officers and enlisted men, and at a cost of $150 million, 1,000 men gangs, following their own flagmen, rolled out four great airbases. April 24th became a day for us in the 20th bomber command to remember. General Saunders and Colonel J. Karman led the B-29 parade into Chengtu. Nearly all the immense airfields were ready for business. They had been built in only three months. Here was our superfort. It had hopped the Atlantic, Africa and India. It flew from Kansas to China in a week. It didn't seem possible, but only a year and a half after the first experimental B-29 was flown, a fleet of American aerial dreadnoughts were arriving in China. Next stop, Japan. It was 130 superforts. Directed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff because of our long range and power, we were the first units of the 20th Air Force. The President's promise was being kept. With more superforts on the way, the runway builders never stopped. In China, a land of miracles, unskilled hands were pounding out a path to victory. 1500 miles to the east, other hands had forged a modern war machine. Feared for war since 1928, their production rolled on. Like the Germans, they believed their empire invulnerable. Since Pearl Harbor, steel capacity had doubled. One-third was hammered into ships, ships to exploit conquered lands, ships to support far-flung military forces. Though suffering from shipping sunk by the Allies, Japan maintained the world's third largest merchant fleet with continued launchings. Manchuria, connected by an efficient merchant marine, formed an industrial empire three times larger than Germany. Ground forces had expanded to five million fanatics, nearly four times their strength at the time of Pearl Harbor. As the conquerors of half a billion people, they had to be stopped. By June, our bases in China were working around the clock. The Joint Chiefs of Staff had ordered an attack gun Japan. How many bombers could be sent? Our answer was 50. Not enough. Get at least 70. The maximum effort was necessary. It would relieve enemy pressure in East China, without the invasion of Saipan, our future Pacific base. Our target was Yawata, Japan's heavily guarded Pittsburgh. Yawata, which made one-fifth of all Jap steel. General Wolfe was winning the big gamble. His idea to train our crews while we tested the experimental B-29 was putting both men in planes in combat six months sooner. We were doing the impossible. The ports become airborne. Almost the entire force ordered for this historic mission. Andy Saunders and his pilot Colonel Howard Engler. We followed them. We headed out high over the Yangtze River. We began the long hop across the Yellow Sea in the Japs. Jimmy Doolittle had said we'd be back. In the dropped bombs through clouds on Yawata, damage was done to the Kokura Arsenal. The punishment to the steel industry was not extensive, but the B-29 Blitz was underway. A global bomber and a global air force were in operation. The beginning of the end of the Japanese Empire was underscored in exploding bombs that reminded the Japs of Pearl Harbor. The growing systematic waves of destruction had started. From China and later from Saipan, the Allies were forging a huge nutcracker to crush the enemy. General Arnold's determined order, make him the biggest, gun him the heaviest, and fly him the farthest, was carried out. He warned the enemy, no part of the Japanese Empire is now out of our range. No war factory too remote to feel our bombs. The battle for Japan is now underway with full speed ahead.


How the Grinch Stole Christmas by Dr. Seuss Every who down in Whoville liked Christmas a lot. But the Grinch who lived just north of Whoville did not. The Grinch hated Christmas, the whole Christmas season. Now please don't ask why no one quite knows the reason. It could be his head wasn't screwed on just right. It could be perhaps that his shoes were too tight. But I think that the most likely reason of all may have been that his heart was two sizes too small. But whatever the reason, his heart or his shoes, he stood there on Christmas Eve, painting the Who's, staring down from his cave with a sour, grinchy frown at the warm, lighted windows below in their town. For he knew every who down in Whoville beneath was busy now, hanging a mistletoe wreath. And they're hanging their stockings, he snarled with a sneer. Tomorrow is Christmas. It's practically here. Then he growled with the Grinch fingers nervously drumming, I must find some way to stop Christmas from coming. But tomorrow, he knew.  And then, oh, the noise, oh the noise, noise, noise, noise. That's the one thing he hated, the noise, noise, noise, noise. Then the who's, young and old, would sit down to a feast. And they'd feast, and they'd feast, and they'd feast, feast, feast, feast. They would feast on who pudding and rare who roast beast, which was something the Grinch couldn't stand in the least. And then they'd do something he liked least of all. Every who down in Whoville, the tall and the small would stand close together with Christmas bells ringing. They'd stand hand in hand and the who's would start singing. They'd sing, and they'd sing, and they'd sing, sing, sing, sing. And the more the Grinch thought of this who Christmas sing, the more Grinch thought I must stop this whole thing. Why for 53 years I've put up with it now, I must stop this Christmas from coming. But how? Then he got an idea, an awful idea. The Grinch got a wonderful, awful idea. I know just what to do, the Grinch laughed in his throat, and he made a quick Santa Claus hat and a coat. And he chuckled and clocked, what a great, grinchy trick. With this coat in this hat, I look just like Satanic. All I need is reindeer, the Grinch looked around. But since reindeer are scarce, there was none to be found. Did that stop the old Grinch? No, the Grinch simply said, if I can't find a reindeer, I'll make one instead.  Then he loaded some bags and some old empty sacks on a ramshackle sleigh, and he hitched up old Max. Then the Grinch said, get up! And the sleigh started down, toward the homes where the hooves lay a snooze in their town. All their windows were dark, quiet snow filled the air. All the hooves were all dreaming sweet dreams without care, when he came to the first little house on the square. This is stop number one, the old Grinchy Claus hissed, and he climbed to the roof, empty bags in his fist. Then he slid down the chimney, a rather tight pinch, but if Santa could do it, then so could the Grinch. He got stuck only once for a moment or two.  When the little hooves stockings all hung in a row, these stockings, he grinned, are the first things to go. Then he slithered and slunk with a smile most unpleasant, around the whole room, and he took every present. Pop guns and bicycles, roller skates, drums, checkerboards, tricycles, popcorn and plums, and he stuffed them in bags. Then the Grinch, very nimbly, stuffed all the bags one by one up the chimney. Then he slunk to the icebox. He took the hooves' feast. He took the hooves' pudding. He took the roast beast. He cleaned out that icebox as quick as a flash. Why, that Grinch even took their last can of hoo hash. Then he stuffed all the food up the chimney with glee. And now, grinned the Grinch, I will stuff up the tree. And the Grinch grabbed the tree, and he started to shove when he heard a small sound like the coo of a dove. He turned round fast and he saw a small hoo, little Cindy Lou hoo, who was not more than two. The Grinch had been caught by this tiny hoo daughter who got out of bed for a cup of cold water. She stared at the Grinch and said, Santa Claus, why? Why are you taking our Christmas tree? Why? But you know, that old Grinch was so smart and so slick. He thought up a lie and he thought it up quick.  So I'm taking it home to my workshop, my dear. I'll fix it up there, then I'll bring it back here.  And when Cindy Lou hoo went to bed with her cup, he went to the chimney and stuffed the tree up. Then the last thing he took was the log for their fire.  On their walls he left nothing but hooks and some wire and the one speck of food that he left in the house was a crumb that was even too small for a mouse. Then he did the same thing to the other hoo's houses, leaving crumbs much too small for the other hoo's mouses.  Three thousand feet up, up the side of Mount Crumpet, he rode with his load to the tip top to dump it. Poo poo to the hoo's, he was grinchously humming. They're finding out now that no Christmas is coming. They're just waking up, I know just what they'll do. Their mouths will hang open a minute or two, then the hoo's down in Hooville will all cry, poo poo. That's the noise, grinned the grinch, that I simply must hear. So he paused, and the grinch put his hand to his ear. And he did hear a sound rising over the snow. It started in low, then it started to grow. But the sound wasn't sad. Why, this sounded merry, it couldn't be so, but it was merry, very. He stared down in Hooville, the grinch popped his eyes, and he shook. What he saw was a shocking surprise. Every hoo down in Hooville, the tall and the small, was singing without any presence at all. He hadn't stopped Christmas from coming, it came. Somehow or other it came just the same. And the grinch, with his grinch feet ice cold in the snow, stood puzzling and puzzling. How could it be so? It came without ribbons, it came without tags, it came without packages, boxes or bags. And he puzzled three hours till his puzzler was sore. Then the grinch thought of something he hadn't before. Maybe Christmas, he thought, doesn't come from a store. Maybe Christmas, perhaps, means a little bit more. And what happened then? Well, in Hooville, they say, that the grinch's small heart grew three sizes that day. And the minute his heart didn't feel quite so tight, he whizzed with his load through the bright morning light. And he brought back the toys and the food with the feast. And he, he himself, the grinch carved the roast beast. And while you're at it, spread the darkness by sharing this video with someone you know who loves all things strange and macabre. If you want to listen to the podcast, you can find it at WeirdDarkness.com.


This paper proposes a novel approach to diagnosing tinnitus using machine learning. The authors use meta-learning to improve the accuracy of diagnosis across multiple data sets, even when they have different characteristics such as age, gender and data collection methods. Additionally, the authors incorporate ear-side information into their model to enhance its performance. Their results demonstrate that this approach outperforms other existing methods with an accuracy of 73.8 percent. This article was authored by Zhilu, Yunli, Li Niao and others.


This paper proposes a hybrid model combining spectral clustering, random forest classifier, convolutional neural networks, and alternative voting to diagnose disease from gene expression data. The spectral clustering algorithm is applied to identify clusters of mutually correlated and differently expressed gene expression profiles. These clusters are then further analyzed by the random forest classifier and convolutional neural network, which use gene expression values as features. Finally, the alternative voting method is used to make the final decision about the patient's condition. Simulation results show that the proposed technique achieved high accuracy in identifying objects, with the convolutional neural network having a much higher data processing efficiency compared to the random forest algorithm due to its shorter processing time. This article was authored by Sergey Babyshev, Lyudmila Yasinskidamri, and Igor Lyek.


And there was peer pressure there especially among salespeople salespeople just drink themselves under the table usually What do you do in this situation like that where you're like, okay? I'm not gonna drink or you know I'm gonna choose something else Like how do you approach that now? Yeah, you know, it's the it's the biggest question that I get funnily enough when people learn about the fact That I don't drink when people come into the 30-day no alcohol challenge They're always saying hey, how are you socialize without drinking? You know, how do I how do we do this because I would I just feel I'm comfortable out in a group of people and I'm the only person not drinking Here's what I do First thing I just commit that I'm gonna have the most fun and be the most personable person at whatever Social function or gathering I'm about to attend and I'm gonna do it while sipping on soda water or water ice in a Piece of line. So I just make a commitment. It is as simple as that


Susan Strohman is one of America's most prolific and innovative theater directors and choreographers. A consummate storyteller, her work is truly multidimensional and multidisciplinary. In addition to being deeply musical, Susan's work is consistently hilarious and spans musical theater, ballet, opera, and film. She's won too many awards to list, but among them are five Tonys, two Lawrence Olivier Awards, and a record four Astaire Awards. We honor her today as the first woman to be commissioned by the New York City Ballet to choreograph a full-length ballet. Ladies and gentlemen, Susan Strohman. Well, thank you so much. I thank you, Elizabeth, and to the Sackler Center for this recognition and for including me in the company of these extraordinary women. I am truly, truly honored. And I have to thank Peter Martin's for giving me the chance to create the ballet double feature for the New York City Ballet. They are extraordinary dancers. When I create for them, I'll say, turn three times, and then they turn eight times, and I'll say, I meant that. Or they'll, you know, I'll have them leap in the air, and I'll say, come down on the count of eight. And up they go, they hover, come down on the K-13, and I say, I meant that. So I went to dancing school when I was five. I've been in dancing school since I was five, and I spend every day still like I'm heading for class trying to learn. Growing up, I was influenced by many choreographers representing all different types of jazz, tap, ballet. And they all inspired me to dream, but it was women I admired and inspired me to try, like Martha Graham and Agnes DeMille and Ginger Rogers. Dance has the power to transform, sitting in the theater. What we see on the stage reflects back to us who we are as a culture. Sometimes what we see allows us the chance to laugh and to feel the joy and the pleasure of laughing together. Other moments in the theater challenge us to examine what we believe. And if we find ourselves lacking, it can give us the courage to act. That is what dance can do, and that is what art does. It connects you to the world. It emboldens you to act. I know I stand on the shoulders of the women choreographers that came before me. I am very lucky to be where I am today, to be doing exactly what I want to do. I love it so. And to have the chance to create and what it is that I want to create, I am very, very fortunate. There's a step that I know that you've all seen when a dancer leaps up in the air and into the wing and blackout. The lights go out. And it's very exciting for the audience. But for the dancer, you're wondering, am I going to land properly? Am I going to land on top of someone? And am I going to make it for my next entrance? So that moment is very thrilling and very scary, but it makes you feel so alive. And there's a quote from Agnes DeMille. She said, the artist never entirely knows. We guess. We may be wrong, but we take leap after leap in the dark. And we hope for the best. Supporting the craft of others like you've done tonight, it gives the future of women artists the strength to take these leap in the dark. And feel like we're alive, very alive. I thank you so much for this honor. Thank you.


Hello and welcome to NewsClick. Today we have with us Professor Vijay Prashan from Trinity College, Connecticut. Vijay, good to have you with us back. Thank you. There has been a lot of reaction to the Andrew Brevik massacres in Norway, particularly the fact that he was initially talked about as only as a mad lunatic figure and not as a Christian fundamentalist or as an extremist or a terrorist. While if it had been an attack by any of the Islamic groups, then of course it got the terrorist level easily. Do you think that there has been any reevaluation of this or is it still the dominant media image that Christians cannot be terrorists like in India? Hindutva forces argue that Hindus cannot be terrorists? Well, exactly. After the 1995 bombing of Oklahoma City's federal building, many reporters said that the odds are that this was done by, at that time they quite plainly said Muslim terrorists. Today they generally use words like Al Qaeda or Jihadis. But even after 1995 when it became clear that the perpetrator then was a member of the Michigan militia, a sort of racist organization that believes that the country is being taken over by the United Nations. Even though it was pointed out that he had conducted the act, still some reporters said that what at that time Timothy McQuay, what he had done was followed the grammar of Muslim terrorism. And indeed after Brevik's action where again initially people said this is a jihadi attack, now some people are saying that what Brevik has done essentially is follow the model of what the jihadis do. In other words Brevik simply followed something like the Mumbai attacks of 2011. So I don't think any lessons have been learnt here. There's very little soul searching particularly in the Atlantic media over the question of the growth of the far right and its propensity to violence. No lessons as far as I'm concerned. Do you think that this larger issue of the far right whether it is the United States, whether it's Norway, other countries in Europe or it is India or it's the West Asian scenario. Do you think the far right has a similar kind of ideology in terms of what it perceives and also the methods it wants to use? Well the far right particularly if you just look at Brevik for a minute, Brevik and his section of the far right are much more incensed about what they consider to be immigration that's ruining their culture. In other words they don't necessarily have a big global analysis. I've tried to go through some of Brevik's manifesto. It's very large, it's very flabby, it's a largely cut and paste job including large sections from Hindutva writers. But at the base of Brevik's anger is against the fact that what he considered his Norway is being ruined by immigrants. And by immigrants he means asylum seekers from Sri Lanka, he means asylum seekers from Iraq, he means immigrants coming from Asia and Africa. What he doesn't of course reflect is that the bulk of immigrants into Norway come from other parts of Europe and they are not coming from Sri Lanka and Iraq. But the animus is that how dare my Norway, his version of Norway, a sort of white Norway is getting destroyed by these immigrants.  After all Norway gave us the Vikings who themselves went on pillaging in Ireland. So it's not as if Norway is some isolated place cut off from the world and now is being invaded by Sri Lankans and Iraqis. But the base of this form of hard-right anxiety is immigration. And in that sense it's different from organizations like Al Qaeda and other jihadi groups who don't actually worry about immigration as a phenomena. If you look at it Vijay, the other part of it that they also look at the West sort of changing their culture, changing the way they live. So in that sense that anxiety is not very different from the anxiety of a Bravik who also looks at his Christian Norway being overrun by quote-unquote Arab and Middle East religions and people. Well yes, in that sense, in the civilizational sense, Bravik shares a great deal with Osama bin Laden and interestingly with Samuel Huntington. Because after all they reflect Huntington's thesis that the cultures of the West and the cultures of the Islamic world and the cultures of the Confucian world etc. should remain separate, that they should not overrun each other and they also reflect at least the anxiety that Europe's culture is getting tainted. One way or the other in that the so-called bin Laden and that kind of Islamic civilizational crisis thinkers worry that Europe is tainting them and that they should go back and create another Andalusian kingdom or something like that. They have that idea in their head. On the other side of it people like Bravik and Huntington greatly worry that the fortress of the West is being damaged. Before he died Samuel Huntington wrote a book on the so-called Browning of America where he worried that with more immigrants coming from Central and South America the Anglo-Saxon culture, what he considered the Anglo-Saxon culture of the United States was being destroyed. And of course one always wants to go back to Samuel Huntington, now certainly he's dead. But at that time go back to Huntington and give him that old joke which is where they say the Native Americans say who's the real alien here. This was our land, this was not an Anglo-Saxon land and you came from outside. Nonetheless this is a widely shared thought in the far right and in the so-called normal right that the immigrant problem is destroying the culture and as far as the Jihadis are concerned they say the entry of American troops in Saudi Arabia is destroying the culture and so is American cable television. One thing I must say is that the Norwegians after this incident have had a number of large protests. The king recently said that this is going to strengthen our tolerance, strengthen our democracy. The mayor of Oslo I think very carefully says we are going to punish Bravik by democracy and love. We are not going to turn Norway into a garrison state. We are going to strengthen the institutions which indeed bring in asylum seekers. We are not going to cut off and follow Bravik's ideology. And I think that says a lot about Norway, how Norway is in some ways a model for how to deal with these kind of toxic actions. This in fact would be quite different from the way the United States has reacted to attacks on itself, 9-11 being the example. When it virtually turned into Islamophobic and much more intolerant than it was in the past. Well yes indeed the crown prince, the prime minister, they all directly confronted the issue of Islamophobia. In fact this is not a new problem in Norway. In 2002 a neo-Nazi group called the Good Boys killed a young man whose name was Benjamin Hermansen, whose one parent is African. And when Benjamin Hermansen was killed, this one act of killing in Oslo 40,000 people out of just over 4.5 million Norwegians. 40,000 people came to a demonstration led by the prime minister and the crown prince. And this was in 2002. What's very interesting is Bravik has asked as his lawyer the man who was the lawyer for Hermansen to defend him. When Hermansen's case came up, that lawyer then who spoke for Hermansen, Bravik has asked for himself. So Norway has had a long history of very I think strongly condemning actions of the right wing. And the 2002 incident is important because one man was killed, 40,000 people came on the street. And I would say with the killings of this year, the country has come out on the street. There have been very large demonstrations in all the major settlements including in Oslo. And in the parliament yesterday, the king spoke I think quite strongly about how Islamophobia is a danger. We never saw this in the United States. Indeed, what one saw after 9-11 was people coming out in vigils. And at many of these vigils for the dead, there was a language of revenge and retribution spurred on by the language from George Bush himself. So these are two very different models of how to react to violence. And I hope that the world watches Norway and follows Norway's example. It's also interesting that Bravik though his real angst was Islamization of Europe, but his real enemy for him were really the multiculturalists or those who were preaching tolerance and secular democracy. They seem to be his major enemies the way he turned his gun on them. Well, you know, it's very interesting how the media talks about this as a tragedy. And, you know, links to other tragedies where innocent people were killed. But in a sense, the people who were killed by Bravik were not, you know, just any ordinary people. These were important political actors in Norwegian social democracy. This was the AUF, the youth league of the Labour Party. Indeed, the current Prime Minister of Norway, Jan Stortenberg was the head of the AUF, this youth league when he was younger. This youth league has taken the lead in fighting for a tolerant multicultural Norway and has taken a very strong position on having Norway be a leading actor on the world stage for issues such as fighting against the occupation of the Palestinians. So, you know, when Bravik chose his target, he didn't pick anybody. He didn't go to a circus and just shoot randomly. He went to the youth camp where the AUF, you know, Carter were just about ready to have their next event and he struck against them. And, you know, when they say youth camp, the AUF, you know, young people were not there simply canoeing and going on hikes. They had held a rally on behalf of the campaign called Boycott, Divest, Sanctions, the BDS campaign against Israel on behalf of the Palestinians. They had just had a very good meeting with the Foreign Minister of Norway to discuss strengthening the BDS position as far as the Norwegian state was concerned. They were congratulating the government of Norway for deciding to support the Palestinians at the United Nations. So this was not just an ordinary group that was struck. This was the leading edge of Norwegian social democracy. And of them, 90 young people, including many of them, children of asylum seekers from Iraq and Sri Lanka, were killed. And so in that sense, Bravik, his analysis was not so much that, you know, the asylum seekers are the problem. But why are there people like the AUF and why are they in a sense allowing the ideas of the left to become dominant in Norway? So he went after the left. He conducted political murder. That's why I don't believe this is simply a tragic act. This was a calculated political action that he took. It's also interesting that the extreme Christian right today is also Zionist in its understanding of West Asia, Palestine and Israel. And Bravik really clearly brings that out.  Fascism is not always the same as it was. It also morphs. I like to call this the tendency of Eurofascism. This is a fascism that is not going to come in jackboots and, you know, with Hitler pictures. It has its own character. It has its own dynamic. And certainly because this sort of Eurofascism is so obsessed with a particular Islam and migrants coming from North Africa and the Middle East into what they see as white Europe, because Islam is the principal enemy, they have made an assessment that therefore their friend in the Middle East is Israel. Now it's a slightly different situation in the United States where the Baptists have a theological link with Israel. The Baptists believe, given their reading of the Bible, that the Jewish temple has to be rebuilt in Jerusalem. And when that temple is rebuilt and the land of Palestine is in the hands of what it considers a Jewish control, at that point the Messiah will return and then bizarrely will kill everybody who is not a Christian, including the Jews, and the rapture will arrive. You know, that is their view. They have made an alliance with Israel, but it's not an alliance with the people of Israel because by their logic, once the rapture comes, the Jews will be killed. It's a very peculiar, I think barbaric kind of thinking that they have. But the European groups or the Eurofascists are much more invested in the fact that they are at war with Islam. Islam has come in, minarets are going to come up in European cities. You know, what some people are calling Europe is going to become Arabia. So their vision is that their ally in the Middle East against Islam is Israel. They have a sharper, more real politic analysis of their link with Israel. It's not so much this sort of theological, millenarian idea that is there among the far Christian right in the United States. By the way, using terms like far Christian right gives the impression that this is a fringe position, but actually it has a mass basis in the churches of the Southern Baptist.