Live from Washington, D.C., it's theCUBE, covering AWS Public Sector Summit 2017, brought to you by Amazon Web Services and its partner ecosystem. And welcome back to our nation's capital where we continue our coverage here on theCUBE of the AWS Public Sector Summit 2017, some 10,000 strong in attendance this week here in the Walter Washington Convention Center, just about a mile from the U.S. Capitol, John Walter, John Furrier. John, do you feel the energy of the centerpiece of the political universe? It's hot here in D.C., it's a pressure cooker, the humidity. But it's not global warming, we know that, because climate change is- Climate change is not real, it's from what I heard. It's always been told. The problem with D.C. is it's a data lake that's turned into a data swamp, so someone really needs to drain that data swamp. Well, you know to help us do that, who's going to help us do that? Amazon Web Services. Marlon McFate's going to help us do that. He is the technical leader of the Advanced Technology Group of the Office of the CTO, and Riverbed, and Marlon, thank you for being with us here on theCUBE your first time, I believe. Yes, it is my first time on theCUBE.  Yes, Cube rookie. Good to have you aboard. I appreciate it, thanks. Tell us a little bit first about Riverbed, about what you do there, specifically what you do there, and what the company's mission is overall. Absolutely, so I work for the Advanced Technology Group. The Advanced Technology Group works underneath the Office of the CTO. There's actually two groups that work under the Office of the CTO, my group, the Advanced Technology Group, and another one called the Strategic Technology Group. The ATG Group, the one that I belong to, we focus on being the subject matter experts of our products. There's about nine of us now, and we all focus on different products, right? Riverbed's grown from a company of being just the WAN Optimization Company, to really being the performance company, right? Whether that be visibility, whether it be optimization, whether it be network optimization. Each one of us focuses on a different piece. I predominantly focus on our WAN Optimization, our SteelConnect product, and at times our SteelFusion project, which is the combined edge product. Take a minute about it, please. SteelConnect, yeah, tell us what that's all about. SteelConnect is not actually our most recent product that come to market. We have a couple of visibility products that have come out recently, but SteelConnect addresses the idea that we have been doing networking for the same way, say, you know, 1993, beyond, right? We were still doing it the same way. Everything within our industry, whether you take a look at virtualization, whether you take a look at cloud, whether or not you take a look at storage, right? Everything has changed substantially in how we do it, and this brings that change to networking. The idea is, is when you think about servers, you say, I no longer want to think about hardware. I never want to think about that. I want to think about resources. Maybe I don't even want to worry about operating systems. I only want to worry about containers, right? Now when it comes to networking, I don't necessarily want to have to worry about each individual piece within my network. I want it to be orchestrated and controlled centrally, and what I tell it to do, I want it to do. I shouldn't have to do that. I mean, it's the challenge, we've heard Verner Vogels on stage here at Amazon Public Sector Summit here in DC say, hey, it's a new normal. We had another entrepreneur on just before you from Fugue, who said, hey, it's inevitably the world of the future, and it's inherently different or intrinsically different cloud than it is on premise with enterprises. So the question for you is, what is the use case that you guys are winning at? Because the cloud is impacting federal government and public sector, but a lot of times they have old antiquated systems like back in 1993, 94. So they're moving fast to commercialize, to modernize. That's the focus. How do you guys help them? What's the big linchpin for you guys and that gold mission of the customer? All right, so you're absolutely right. The government has been here, or the government or public sector as a whole has been moving to the cloud quite quickly here recently. We've seen this move more on the commercial side first, obviously, and now in the public sector. One of the very large use cases that we address is the ability to provision for your applications. Some of the characteristics that you find in commercial worlds, such as, I want to use internet as transport, you don't see as much in public sector, but you do see, I can spin up an application in the cloud. If you go to your cloud person and say, how long are going to take me to get application B? They could possibly come back to you and say, well, would this afternoon be okay? Right, can you provision a network like that? Can you get the policy in place for users? Could you get the connectivity? Could you get any of that in place in the same amount of time? That is a use case that SD-WAN addresses. Without having to rip up, take out the network that you already have, which is the physical network, or what we refer to as the underlay, being able to give you that flexibility on top of that network. And the big thing that customers have a challenge on is the other focus that's DevOps trend of programmable infrastructure is another one. So that they want to make it programmable. So how do you guys fit into that? Because one of the things that we hear is, look, I have developers, all they want to do is have infrastructure just works as code. That's all I need for whatever use case. Yeah, we actually see that DevOps is actually one of the probably the first movers to the cloud for the public sector, right? With our, pretty much every single one of our products, whether or not we're talking about SteelConnect, Steelhead, SteelCentral, any one of them, there's a restful API for every single one of them. So you can actually go in and utilizing very easy scripting, a restful API directly itself and spin up whole environments, and then spin them down if you wanted to do that. So it fits very, very nicely into that DevOps world. Do you have SteelEdge yet? SteelEdge? Yeah. Okay, that's my, okay. No, I think, I think- I'll be right on the cube. Yeah. It might be a razor company that might have that. I don't know. Well, the edge of the network is huge, and this is where we're talking about, as you guys deal with SD-WAN, I mean, come on, wide area networks, you can't get any more edgier than that. You guys have a core competency in this. So how do you guys look at the edge in IoT and all these use cases popping around? Well, we do actually have a product that has edge and it was SteelFusionEdge. We can address that in a couple of different ways. I want to make sure that I understood your question, though. Your question was around IoT specifically. Well, how do you guys look at the edge, and the trends right now are simply hyped up right now. If you have an edge, intelligent edge is a big message we're hearing from others. IoT is an edge application with its industrial edge, with machinery, sensor networks, public safety, surveillance. All this is edge devices. It still ends up in the end being, and that has, we've heard the change from people calling it branch to calling it edge, which is probably pretty apropos, right? But really in the end, what it comes down to is connectivity, right? So if I have IoT sensors in a warehouse, whether or not I have an application, whether or not I have a group of users, whether or not I have mobile users in the end, what it really comes down to is connectivity. And we all- And tower. Yeah, and well, yeah. But we all, especially with our cell phones, right? We have come pretty much to the point where we expect our data and our connectivity to be there at all times, right? And that's one of the things SD-WAN addresses. Whether it be directly our SD-WAN products, Steel Connect, or whether or not it works with some of the pieces that move further into the land architecture like our wireless access points are switching, right? So you can imagine here, right? I can provide policy for my IoT devices. I can provide that policy one time at an organizational or an agency level. I can have that policy filter down all the way down to the access point. And now the access point might be my access point to my IoT or to my users. So in the end, it still comes to connectivity. Marlon, what's the, some of the use cases or scenarios you've been involved with with customers where it's been super exciting from an architectural standpoint, where you guys are doing some cutting edge things. Like is it more in the network side? Is it software? Is it edge? I mean, I'm trying to get a sense of, can you share a personal perspective? Absolutely. So one of the ones that we're working on right now that I think is probably the most exciting is combining some aspects that you could call it NFV. You could call it SD-WAN. You could call it gray box. What I like to call it is just a combined edge piece, right? Which encompasses both the steel connect piece which handles your firewall characteristics, your identity management characteristics, built into that, some switching virtualization so you can run other products on there. But the customer really wanted to end up doing was they had school systems, a school system that was in a very far away place. And that school system, they were putting in a router, a switch, an access point, all these different little pieces and devices, right? What we did was we were able to take that design and crunch it down into basically one box, right? They have enough switch ports. They have the ability to run virtual machines because they said that they had a server here there. They had their virtualized steel connect gateway which gives them the firewall capability gives them the routing capability. And this is all combined in a box that already has the WAN optimization built in. So they get everything that they would have had on site in one box. Is there something to working to bring up education as an example, but in that space overall and the .gov or .edu space, that's, you know, separate and aside from commercial partners or commercial relationships that different concerns, different priorities, and yet they're using the same technologies. Yeah, most certainly. The only thing that I could really say from using technology, right? I mean, there are some pockets where different technology, like far off weird technology is utilized. But I would say that they are the public sector schools, federal, government, Intel, they're all using a lot of the same technology, right? It's when they adopt it. When do they bring it into their environment and then what are the special characteristics of their environment? So for example, what I said earlier, right? Your commercial customers are looking at utilizing SD-WAN to move maybe completely off of MPLS. It's probably not something that we're going to see within the public sector, right? They want to still use some sort of private networking. I do have some customers that are utilizing public internet, but then they're tunneling in an overlay back to an MPLS entry point to get back into their cloud. We just have interesting requirements, whether that be a trusted internet connection, whether or not that be JRSS. We have different security requirements in the public sector. Well, I love some of what you're doing. Sean, you get all that MPLS stuff there? Yeah. Tunneling. I got the first four. I want to jump in, double down on that. It's this interesting conversation because the whole trend right now is hybrid cloud on the enterprise side. Absolutely. Which is a leading indicator to the government, a little bit lagging on that. So whatever that translates to in terms of hybrid or legacy, it's going to be somewhat similar, I believe. But really multi-cloud is a trend that people are talking about. It's super hyped up, but it's not yet real. The thing that's holding multi-cloud back, not multi-cloud in the sense that I got a workload over here to work a little bit, but about moving resources around the network, data, compute, whatnot, is latency. Huge problem. Yep. You mentioned MPLS and Tunneling. There's still the latency problems. How do you get the laws of physics down to the point where you can actually have those kinds of latencies? What is Riverbed doing? You share some insight to that direction because that's the holy grail right now. That's the last hurdle. Right. And then we'll get it all in silicon. It's still a final hurdle, but latency's critical. So problem number one there, right? Even if it is cloud to cloud in that example, right? Is first, how do I get a WAN optimization device, something that can optimize that traffic for me, something that can affect my latency for me into that environment. Riverbed has worked tirelessly to get that in there, right? But to your point, you can't change how an electron flies, right? Speed of light is the speed of light. You're not going to get an electron to move any faster. So what Riverbed developed, it's still very relevant today, is the ability to, instead of change your latency, mitigate the negative effects of your latency, right? So if I have to make sure- Or program around it, right? Or work around it. Absolutely, and you can do that at the application level. Absolutely, program around it. But there are a lot of protocols out there that aren't necessarily optimized for that longer latency environment, right? So what we do is, or the adage is, the trip never taken, right? The shortest trip. So if I have to, not to get into the weeds or anything like that, but if I have to make 1,000 round trips to accomplish something, right? And I can put something in there that understands what I was getting, right? That data that I was getting each one of those times. And I can take less trips. Well, then that just made that faster. So if I have 1,000 round trips and it takes a minute to do, and now I can do 10 round trips and it only took 10 seconds, or six seconds if we're doing math, right? It's kind of like here in DC, your local, I noticed that coming from Dulles Airport, they have surge pricing on the toll roads. That's basically private networking right there. That's right. Least cost, path routing. Although I was beginning to think it's very responsible. I was in the, you know. I thought Marlin was more like describing my trips to the hardware store on the weekends. 1,000 round trips, be a lot more economical. Yep. But you're right.  Yep, yep. That saves some room for someone else. More traffic, you're more traffic at the higher speeds. Could, so you get two benefits. One is the increase in speed, but the other is the perceived capacity increase of your network, right? And we accomplish these things through compression, which is really, really simple. I think compression is a must, right? But through our data duplication. Data duplication is I've seen these patterns before, and it's the byte level. We're not talking about an object. I haven't seen a file. No, I've seen these byte level patterns before. I don't need to resend them. And in a traditional network or traditional applications that you see pretty much in any organization, right? We typically can get somewhere between 50 and 80, if not sometimes 90% reduction total in traffic. My final question, we're wrapping up the segment here, is share with the folks. Take a minute to talk to the audience about what you're doing here with Riverbed at the show, and what they should know about the current Riverbed. I know you guys are trying to transform each and yourselves. Yes. Give a quick plug, go ahead. Absolutely. What we're specifically doing here, or one of the pieces that is a differentiator for us and our SD-WAN, is we went ahead and we thought, why couldn't we make an AWS VPC or a cloud instance, one of my edge sites, right? Connecting into the cloud, there's many different ways to do it, but why couldn't we make a very simple way of doing that? Why couldn't I take the technology that I'm already putting in place at my data centers, I'm already putting in place at my branch offices? Why can't I utilize that to create a secure connection into my VPCs? And to your point, actually, earlier, one of the things that's also interesting was cloud to cloud. Why couldn't I take that same technology and connect multiple clouds? Whether they be private cloud or two public clouds or two, you know, connect them all together. It's just network. And take the best of all worlds, right? The best from each, and make the best infrastructure that I possibly can. So what we're showing off here from a Steel Connect perspective is our ability to do that. I can take an AWS VPC, actually I can take all, I think there are 16 regions within AWS and I can interconnect them in less than 10 minutes with a click of a button. And then back into my infrastructure. So that and then we also have brought Aternity, which is one of our visibility products, that is basically rounded out our visibility play within the market. We had the network, we had the app, we had the database, now we have the end-users computer. Well, if you could interconnect me to my home in 10 minutes, I'm a client, I'd be sold to be all over. I'm going to be in the same traffic as you later. I'm not that far from here, but it might as well be another day. Marlon, thanks for the time. Absolutely, it was my pleasure. Good to have you on theCUBE, all right? Thanks, hopefully we can do it again. Marlon, a riverbed has joined us here on theCUBE, we'll be live with more from Washington DC right after this.


If bienvenidos to Hispanic Hawaii, I'm Richard Concepcion, your host. Today's program is about the country of Venezuela. Venezuela is located in South America and used to be the richest country in Latin America. But today, Venezuela is falling apart due to the political, social, and economic crisis that is affecting the government and the people in Venezuela, the regions within the area of Venezuela, the United States, and the Venezuelan residents here in Hawaii. To help us to understand what is happening in Venezuela, we have our guest, Tania Molina. Bienvenidos and welcome to Hispanic Hawaii. Thank you. Thank you very much for the invitation, Richard. I appreciate this opportunity to express what is happening in Venezuela at least for a few times. Well, let's start by telling me a little bit about yourself. How long have you been a resident here in Venezuela, and how the situation in Venezuela is affecting you and your family? Well, I have been here in Hawaii in the island since December last year, so I have around seven months already. And the situation is so terrible in Venezuela, and of course, my life is not normal anymore since the situation is starting in April. So my family is in protest every day, and I have been trying to support them from here, and I'm worried all the time about what is happening there. I keep 24 hours just looking in the media, in the social media, and in Instagram, on Twitter, on Facebook, trying to find information because sometimes I know first what is happening in Venezuela here than my family. So I try to keep them informed and warning them what is happening there because the censorship of the media in Venezuela, the TV stations and the radio stations, they cannot tell what is happening in Venezuela. So I try my best for keeping informed and have or handle the major information that I can so I can keep warning them and my friends and family. So here in Hawaii is roughly about 122,000 Latinos. I know you have a Facebook page for Venezuela in Hawaii. Do you know roughly how many Venezuelans are part of the website or how many of those live in Hawaii? Well, in the website there are around 57 people, but for the next election, the consultant that we are going to do next 16 of July, I am meeting now like a census of the people that is living right now in Venezuela and Hawaii from Venezuela, and there are around 28, 30 people that they are going to express on the next Sunday and they are living right now here in Venezuela. It's around 30. So maybe there are more, but so far the information that I have is just 30, but it must be more. It's a small group. So how did Venezuela get to this point? They are the richest country in Latin America. They had the most oil reserve in the war, but they had the worst crisis, not only political, social and economic. And in order for us to understand what's really happening in Venezuela, we're going to show you a video so people can get an understanding of what is happening in Venezuela. Venezuela used to be the richest country in Latin America, but now it's falling apart. If you've turned on the news lately, you've probably seen stories about protests, food shortages and massive inflation. So how did Venezuela go from this to this? Venezuela has the world's largest oil reserves and oil exports make up over 95% of the country's income, meaning if it doesn't sell oil, there's no money to spend. On top of that, Venezuela hasn't been taking good care of its oil facilities, and the state-run oil company hasn't paid its subsidiaries. So these companies started producing less oil, a lot less. The oil price has also plummeted, which leads us to the next problem, how Venezuela uses its money. Roaches disclaim Nicolas Maduro and his predecessor Hugo Chavez ran the country to the ground. In 1998, Chavez launched a political revolution with a new constitution and socialist economic and social policies, all boosted by high oil prices. He started redistributing land and wealth. He nationalized oil, finance, agricultural and industrial companies. He fixed prices and devalued the exchange rate with the US dollar. These policies helped a lot of people, but with less money coming in, the system collapsed by the time Maduro took over. Now the country is down to its last $10 billion, of which $7.7 billion are in gold and can't be spent in a hurry, and it owes roughly $7.2 billion in outstanding debt this year. Because of all this, the country's currency, the Bolivar, has lost 99% of its value in the past five years. So for example, $100 of currency in 2012 would be worth just 20 cents in 2017. It reached an all-time high with 800% in December 2016, and the IMF estimates it will go up all the way to 1,134%. Let me visualize that. That means that a liter of milk that may have cost $1 before could end up costing roughly $11 by the end of this year, in a country where 80% of people live in poverty, that is not affordable. And it makes things especially hard if you're a country that gets most of its food from abroad. Food and supplies have become so scarce as a result of inflation and price controls that are being sold on the black market instead of in stores. With a large part of the country on the brink of starvation, food trafficking has become the biggest business in Venezuela. So Maduro put the military in charge of managing the country's food supply, but an AP investigation found that the military runs its own black market and takes bribes from food importers. To be fair, there were shortages under Chavez too, but under Maduro, they became even greater. So great, in fact, that three-quarters of Venezuela's adult population lost an average of 8.7 kilos in the past year. People also have trouble getting their hands on life-saving medical supplies. The country is lacking roughly 80% of basic medical supplies, leading to drastic consequences. Venezuela is in the middle of a vicious cycle of bad policies and worse luck. It's been at the top of the World Misery Index for three consecutive years. So then, why is Maduro still in power? Venezuela's poorest haven't taken to the streets so far. They're afraid to lose some of the benefits they gained on the Chavez. And Maduro's support base goes beyond just the poor. He has the military on his side because he's been keeping them happy by providing jobs, food and basic supplies. Empowered by their support, he's been accusing the opposition of encouraging violence and training children for terrorist groups, which is what he likes to call the protesters. Now, he wants to create a popular assembly that can rewrite the constitution and he declared a state of emergency. The opposition is afraid the assembly will be entirely made up of pro-Maduro parties, so they're calling for new elections and Maduro's resignation. Since April 1st, 2017, 67 people have died in the protests. Hundreds have been injured and thousands arrested. Mediating the standoff will be a tough mission, even for the Pope. All right, we're combined. Hopefully, you got a better understanding of what we're on in Venezuela. So, Tania, let me ask you. What was the main reason, in your opinion, the opposition started doing the protests in Venezuela? Well, I think what causes really the protesters just in the beginning of April, it was the first of all the government. They made a strike to the constitutions and to all the laws, because they just say to the Justice Department or the Justice people that take the control of the National Assembly. So, that causes the anger of the Venezuelans. And, of course, Venezuelans are so tired already about all the misery they are living right now. They don't have food, they don't have medicines, and I saw desperate for them. So, the people that is going out on the streets, they just are trying to don't lose the country, and they want a better country. They are fighting for the dreams to have a better country. So, I think the situation started for that, for the strike from the government that they did just violating all the laws and the Venezuelans that they are just tired about the situation, the general situation about the lack of everything. And also, the crime, the crime in Venezuela is so high, we have the statistics say that we have around 20,000 death people, murder people per year in a country that only have 30 millions of people living there. It's amazing the crime there. So, people is tired of the crime and tired of the lack of food and medicines. So, people just want to have a normal life and the human rights provided from the government. That is food, medicines, and security. So, what do you think Maduro, we accomplished by trying to change the constitution in Venezuela? Well, I think he wants to establish the dictator, the dictatorship and make it legal. That is all that I think since he is going or proposing, eliminate the universal elections. That means that we cannot vote anymore. So, we are fighting also for that. We cannot lose our freedom. We cannot lose the few democracies that we have right now. So, Maduro is saying that the protesters, the opposition against his government, they are terrorists. What is your opinion about that? Well, my opinion is that, like I say, the Venezuelans that are right now on the street, they are just fighting for having the things that they lose since years ago, because this situation in Venezuela is getting worse all the time. And the government is not doing anything. The government is just getting weapons and buying and getting weapons and bullets, tanks for fighting the Venezuelans that are protesters on the street. And they are not getting food or buying food because the government, like you said in the video, you show in the video, the government just killed all the internal productions inside Venezuela. So, we were a rich country that we were producing almost everything inside the country. And now, Venezuelans depend on the few amounts of food they are bringing from foreign countries. So, it's a hard situation that the Venezuelans are just leaving right now. It's a nightmare. So, by looking at the picture that we just show, we see, like, it's just a regular people from kids all the way to grandpa, grandma in the street that disagree how the government is running things. I don't see any terrorists. But it seems that it's getting to a point or escalation between riots and between students fighting back and forth with the government because they are tired of all the situations. Yes, but they are not terrorists at all. I think the only terrorists is the state. We have a terrorist state that they are just trying to scare people using the weapons, using the military forces. Just for keep the protesting people out of the street and show them or keep them afraid. But, Venezuelans, they lost the afraid. And there are many Venezuelans that they prefer to die instead of still living in that way, in the miserable way that they are living right now. Well, we can see with the pictures that no terrorist is just people like you and me, but we are about to take a quick break and we'll be returned after this commercial. Welcome to Sister Power. I'm your host Sharon Thomas Yarbrough, where we motivate, educate and power and inspire all women. We are live here every other Thursday at 4 p.m. And we welcome you to join us here at Sister Power. Aloha and thank you. Welcome back to Hispanic Hawaiian. We're here with Tania Molina talking about the situation that is happening in Venezuela. So talk to me about the food crisis and the lack of supply for medication. And I heard that Venezuela food trafficking is the biggest business in Venezuela. Tell me about that. Well, yes, right now the few food that the people can find is coming from the black market. So the prices are just so impossible to get. So that is why there are more than three millions of Venezuelans eating from the garbage because they just don't have enough money to handle that. And the situation in Venezuela with the lack of food is so bad right now. The country, the government is trying to control everything and they are trying to import some time of food that is called clap, some time of food and they put in a box and they are giving that those food or selling that food to the people. But those is not enough for the quantity of people. So they make you buy what they want to do that you eat. So you cannot buy or you cannot get food in the time that you want to. Okay, if you want to go right now to get rice, you cannot get it. So it's impossible to live like that. Just living from the misery that the government wants to give you. That is unacceptable. So what is the opposition fighting against the government and who else? Because looking through the research I see that it's all the people supporting material government. Do you know anything about that? Well, I think the government of Venezuela is supporting from Cuba of course. It's the first supporter of the government, the Cuban people. And it looks like according with some witnesses that they have been going to the protests, they say that they listen how they speak and they sound like Cuban. And it looks like people from Bolivia to some people that the president of Bolivia is sending to Venezuela. And there are people that say also that they have been leasing like kind of another language that is like so everybody's supposed that is like people from Iran that is forces from Iran that are just fighting inside Venezuela trying to stop the protestants and trying to keep the people afraid for don't go out and express. So who is the collective, the support material that he paid in to be part of the government and create confusion within the protest? Well, these people is like a kind of guerrilla that the government is supporting. They pay civilians and they army them. The government gave them weapons and they supplied them with bullets. So these people just create terrorists. Terrorists inside the protesters in some areas of some cities just to create like panic. That people fell in panic and they don't go out and they cannot express something that is in the constitution that when you are free for protests. So, but these people is like a guerrilla that the government just is supporting economically for sure. And there are people, there are says that say that also that these people is also criminals that they are in jails. So say they sometimes put them out and give the weapons to just try to scare people and kill people. There are so many students and people protesting that they have been killing for this guerrilla that is army from the government. So that's the reality is the government, the collective and all the civilians supporting the government. So I want to show a video real quick and this video is going to show the reality that the people is facing in Venezuela fighting against the government. This video show you the reality that is happening in Venezuela every day and fight is not going to stop and we are afraid that might be coming to a civil war. So what are we doing in July 16 that is so important to the Venezuelan people in Venezuela and around the world? Well Richard, the democratic people inside Venezuela, the National Assembly and all the the people that is working for save the democracy, we are calling to a consultant. It's like a place beside but it's a consultant to all Venezuelans inside and outside the country. There is just three questions about if we want the new constitution that is proposal for Maduro and the other question is about if we are agreed that the military forces support the constitution that is actually right now because they are out of the constitution. They are supporting and they are just taking care about the government and just fighting for the government not for the people for the Venezuelans. And the third question is related about if we Venezuelans if we want transitions government and if we want a new justice department and if we want a new electoral department too because these people they were named in a very suspicious way and they are not legals right now. So those are the three questions and it's very important because we want to show Venezuelan and we want to show the world that we are majority, that the Venezuelans we want peace, we want a change, we need a change in the government to become a better country, to become the richest country that we are. So the call is for all the Venezuelans that are inside and outside just to go and just be part of this act that we are going to make next Sunday. Are you afraid that Maduro might stay in power and win this election and allow to change the constitution? I'm not afraid because I am sure that our country is democratic, the majority of people is we are Democrats and we want to keep the democracy and there are so many surveys that say that there are more than 85-90% of the people Venezuelans that we don't want the change in the constitution. So these are surveys that they have been handling inside the country but we want to show the world and the country and these people that is handling the government that there's not only a survey. That is great. So what's the Venezuelans resting in Hawaii are doing here in Hawaii to help with the situation? Well here in Hawaii the best way that we have been going to some area located in Waikiki Beach and we go just to show is kind of a protest but it's more like a give information to people and there are so many receptive from foreign people and from local people that they are interested to know what is happening in Venezuela like we want to know what is happening and how we can help and that gives us a lot of you know a lot of faith and a lot of happiness to know that there are people that is interesting to know what is happening and trying to know how to help. So that gives us a lot of power and believe me every time that happens some murder in Venezuela some kill for these students they are just dreamers. They are people that they just want a future. They want a better future. So every time that I feel like oh my god I need to do something so that is my way for release. So what did you find a message?  Don't give up. The freedom is closer. The freedom is closer than ever and we are a great country and we are a great people. We deserve better and we will have the better. Well I want to say thank you for coming to Hispanic Hawaii and thank you for helping us to understand what is happening in Venezuela and the best thing that we can do is keep ourselves informed and inform others. So if you miss the show you can watch this show at Teen Tech Hawaii. You can send me an email at richconception.gmail.com. Thank you. Gracias.


it is just one simple trick that has to strike you then it becomes very clear. So, we have this h is a proper subgroup by the way I think I have yes I have made a mistake in stating of the g r h or the consequence of g r h when I say q square root x log square h this is not true the q is here square root x log square q x may be this is what stop you from proving it yes what. So, h is subgroup of that q star is the proper subgroup. So, let us define a character or not define there are characters already defined pick up a character which is one on entire h, but it is not true such a character always exist you just h is a subgroup you send h to 1 and then define you get these two will have many possibilities of choosing the character this character group size is same as this h q star. So, fix this now consider this quantity this is sum of 1 minus chi n whole times lambda n n less than equal to x. Now, let us think about this quantity for this sum for a moment and what we are interested in knowing is when is this sum all 0 or let us put it slightly differently suppose between 1 and n all elements of z q star are in h 1 n x intersection z q star is of that. Then what is this sum 0 right whenever n is in z q star chi n is 1. So, this is 0 whenever n is not in z q star and lambda n is 0 lambda n is non 0 only when n is the prime power if n is not in z q star it does not trivial g c d with q yes and we are saying that x is less than q q is smaller than anywhere else. Now, so this is 0 if this happens now all what we want to show is that in the range 1 to log n log q to the 4 there is an element which is not in z q not in the group h. So, if we can show that this sum is non 0 when x is log q to the 4 and then clearly it is less than q right that is the condition we want to ensure this will be there. So, if now to the 4 q. So, now let us see what this is equal to we already know what this is equal to what is this the first quantity the first sum equal to what first of all it is psi x and the second one is psi of x of chi that is by definition and now use g r h. If g r h is true then psi x equals x plus order square root x log square x and the g r h is true then y to psi x of chi. So, chi is non trivial for trivial character it is the same quantity x plus order square root x log square q x, but if chi is non trivial then this is simply order square root x log square q x which is x plus order square root x log square q x. Now, this would be 0 when this error term is equal to the principal term and it has opposite sign, but for certain see, but asymptotically the principal term is much bigger than the error term. So, at what point does it become bigger and stays bigger forever when x is less than square root x log square q x you can only if x is bigger than log to the 4 q x. So, if x is bigger than let us say c cube log to the 4 cube will that be sufficient log to the 4 cube or instead of c cube we can say it from 10 c square that is not very important and that is it. That means, if I look at the interval 1 to x where x is order log to the 4 cube I am guaranteed to find an element which is outside any sub proper subgroup of any proper subgroup of z cube star. So, on any side the sum should be 0 the elements for which n is the n as sum g c d with q and still it can be a prime power and attack the c d cube. How do you handle this? If n is a prime power and the entire prime this for this prime power to divide q that is the requirement. So, it will have a non free e to d and therefore, lambda n is not 1 chi what is chi n then chi n is 0 chi n by definition is 0. So, then this is not that is certainly the sum with v non 0. So, then I will have to count number of such occurrences. So, the sum will not be 0, but what one can see the sum is going to be very small. The x is only going up to log to the 4 cube. So, we are only looking at prime divisors of q which are very small and for each such prime divisor lambda n is log of that. So, if you sum it all up the sum of logarithm of all prime divisors of all small prime divisors of q that is going to be a very small quantity. It has to be a prime power. So, there are a small prime number and we are going up to only log to the 4 cube. So, that will let us say prime p divides which is prime p itself is very small it divides q. So, we will go up to a small power of p. The power of p we go up to is log of p and actually it does not matter what power of p we go up to because that is only log p we get counted. So, log p. So, p itself is less than equal to log to the 4 cube. So, log p is log log q and how many such primes should they be? They can be at most log q such primes because their product is going to be q. So, log q times log log q is the maximum value of this sum and then we go here and again do the same thing. So, 0 is not that important because this gap is going can be made fairly large. For an appropriately chosen constant here, this gap would be log to the 4 cube which is way beyond what is allowed. But that is a good point that we have to be careful. So, corollary of this is that you look at all elements of the q star less than equal to log order log to the 4 cube they must generate the entire group because if they do not then there is a subgroup and then that is important. And there are other many many other corollary like a quadratic non residue model of a primes. That you want to find given a prime p you want to find a quadratic non residue model of p which is used in factoring quadratic polynomial. If a if you have to factor polynomial like x square minus a over f p then the one convenient algorithm is that if you have available one quadratic non residue then using that non residue you can polynomial factor polynomial. Now, how do you get a quadratic non residue? You use this theorem start searching for 1, 2, 3, 4 and checking if a number is quadratic non residue. You know how to check a number if a number is quadratic non residue raise it to p minus 1 model of p and see you get plus 1 or minus 1 that is correct p minus 1 by 2 p minus 1 is always get here raise it p minus 1 by 2 and you get a plus 1 by 2. So, you keep checking now one of the first log to the 4 p number has to be quadratic non residue because set of quadratic residue form is proper subgroup of z p star.  It is polynomial time and it claims that the g r which is true and the reason for the claim is that again tries to do the same thing it computes a subgroup of z p star or the number say z n star the n is the number if you want to check it is prime or not. So, it looks at the z n star then identify the subgroup proper subgroup of z n star and looking for an element outside this subgroup. If that element is available then the algorithm becomes polynomial time and this is the way to find that element.  So, any questions? No, without g r h the best known is square root q. So, there are lots and lots of problem which will solution will become easy if g r h is true in all kinds of diverse fields. For example, finding say we know that between n and 2 n there exist a prime for every n, but what one would like to do is to shrink this interval and show the n and 2 n. Obviously, there must be a prime and there must be able to shrink this interval and say that between n and n plus something there must always be a prime. Now, if g r h is true then you can show that between n and n plus n to the 1 plus epsilon if I remember correctly there must be a prime for n and n plus n to the epsilon. So, the interval the gap is only n to the epsilon, but in fact g r h is not strong enough actually to fully satisfy us here because here what is believed is between n and n plus order log square n there must be a prime, but that does not follow from g r h, but it is believed to be correct. Now, of course I have said already much about the Riemann hypothesis, but one final thing I want to say is that it has some part from its fundamental importance to mathematics seems to have very curious connection with physics. There is a theory called quantum field theory in physics I do not know about that anything but what I have read it basically models the quantum phenomena and in that there is a particular governing matrix which is huge matrix and the Eigen values I say infinite matrix by the way and Eigen values of that matrix are precisely the 0's of the zeta function. So, that connection was discovered not too long ago and it was quite a remarkable insight that zeta function has something to say about the physical theory. So, anyway if you are interested feel free to read that up I still have time which is good because now I want to change track I have about 4 lectures and in this I want to like to do the following I will give you an example of zeta function of a different kind of zeta function that is an example is over elliptical and let me create a new template. So, in fact there is a full theory of this zeta function can be defined over many different objects in particular over all two dimensional curves and there is a corresponding Riemann hypothesis associated with it and that hypothesis I actually been proven and in fact I will prove the Riemann hypothesis for elliptic curves and if the Riemann hypothesis there also is the same that all the 0's non trivial 0's lie on the line real zeta equals 0. Now, elliptic curves are interesting for many other reasons as well and that is why I thought I will do this because once I prove this I will show you the connection between the zeta function for elliptic curve and not just zeta function elliptic curve actually any Dirichlet series Dirichlet series is the zeta function original expression of the kind sigma. So, we have that is for example, this one over. So, this such infinite sum is called a Dirichlet series and the reason it is called well because it was defined by Dirichlet but it is a infinite series and then there is another quantity called power series. This is a more familiar quantity corresponding to this the power series would be e of z equals sigma n greater than equal to 1 z to the n. So, z to the n is the familiar infinite power series. The Dirichlet series is a it is n to the z. So, it just flips the thing and takes it in denominator and in general there would be coefficients here like in case of L function we have chi option there. So, whatever coefficients are here we can stick those coefficients here. So, this Dirichlet series and power series you can create this duality between the two. And what has been shown is that if Dirichlet series has a certain structure which is that it is meromorphic over the entire complex plane whatever the function it can be extended to a meromorphic over the entire complex plane and it has satisfies a functional equation like the zeta function does and one more property I think the size of the coefficient should not be very large. Then the corresponding power series becomes what is called modular form and vice versa. So, again maybe I should not jump into this all the right away. Let us forget about this I will come back to this with me first focus on zeta function over elliptic curves. But eventually in the last lecture I want to connect all of this up to the Fermat's last theorem and how that was shown using the ideas from elliptic curves modular function zeta function and so on. So, now what are elliptic curves do all of you know the definition you know two of you. So, elliptic curves are cubic curves we all know completely the quadratic curves cycle parabola hyperbola ellipse these are the four types of quadratic curves. And the simplest next curve is elliptic curve typically given by equation y square equals A x y y square equals x cube plus A x plus B. And there is another condition we attach to this 4 A cube minus 27 B square should be non-zero that is essentially to ensure that the right hand side which is a degree 3 polynomial in x. So, it is a degree 3 polynomial in x it will have three roots. So, I can rewrite right hand side as x minus alpha x minus beta x minus gamma. So, this condition is equivalent to saying that there are the right hand side does not have repeated roots because if you have repeated roots in the reclip the curve is sort of degenerate. And we do not want that situation to occur that is all. So, it is a very reasonable condition to assume.  So, I am just writing it in this form of course, this if you multiply this out it is in this form. So, it is x square minus 1 times. So, how does this curve look like. So, I am not over real I am not over complex. So, real how does this look like. So, clearly at x equal to 1 y is 0 x equal to 0 y is 0 and x equal to minus 1 y is 0 y is 0 at all these three points. For x between minus 1 and 0 what happens I should ask for the first one for x less than minus 1 what happens for x less than minus 1 this negative this is negative and this is negative the product is a negative number. And then y square equal to a negative number on over real there is no solution it does not exist solution. So, the curve does not exist to the left of minus 1 what about between 0 and 1 same it is the product is negative. So, again the curve does not exist between 0 and 1. So, do a little bit more thinking about it. So, we will find that the curve will look like something like this. So, this part is a closed curve and this part is an infinite and this is the general form of an elliptic curve. There is one piece which is closed curve and one piece which is an infinite curve. Now, these look like ellipse and parabola, but they are not these are cubic curve. So, this is not really an ellipse, but it is symmetric along x axis because it is y square. Now, elliptic curves are just probably the most remarkable curve in the whole of mathematics it is just unbelievable the kind of properties there. And they all arise because of a group structure which sits on this curve one can define. So, we look at let us see. So, let us say e of that is our real. So, we can say take any q is set of this notation e of q to denote the set of rational point lying on the elliptic curve given by when I say rational point I mean a point here with coordinates of r. So, this of course, can be generalized to say e of r. e of r is the entire curve all the points e of q is a subset of those points which are right. So, the remarkable property of elliptic curve is that e of q or e of r or even if you want e of c we can even read this equation over complex numbers and look at all the complex solutions. So, those are the complex points lying on the elliptic curve. So, these form a group under addition and the addition is not this is not usual addition. And actually this is also slightly cheating because e of q does not itself form a curve we have to throw in one more point to this. So, I should say pointed infinity along with all three any of the three basically look at the points here and then throw in one point which is pointed infinity. It is an abstract entity we have I will make it precise later on, but to sort of intuitively just imagine it being a point lying on the curve, but which is at infinity. So, now let me say what is the addition operation for the elliptic curve for that let us draw the curve which I described earlier. So, this is the elliptic curve and to add two points let us say this is point a this is point b you want to add n b to add n b the process is draw a line through n b this line is going to intersect the curve at the third point and this is the guaranteed why is it guaranteed because it is a cubic curve. So, it is guaranteed to intersect the equation of line is y equal to some c x m x plus c. So, plug that in for y into y square equal to x cube plus a x plus b we get a cubic in x it has three solutions one has to be either it has three solutions or it has one solution these are the two possibilities if it has three solutions. So, because it is this line is running through two points we cannot have one solution it has to have three solutions that is a guarantee third point must like this. So, that is the third point let us call it minus the reason I call minus t is we will be clear in a moment and now this is symmetric along x axis. So, there is a reflection of this point below which will call c and this point is the addition of a plus b equal to c. So, this process can be followed there are some degenerate cases one has to worry what if this point is here or let us say that the point is I want to add a with itself let us call it a prime. So, a prime plus a prime because it is a group addition it has to satisfy for all pairs. So, then again the geometric answer is simple draw tangent on a prime this tangent again is guaranteed to intersect the curve at a second point again reflected. So, these are three intersection scenario, but there is also one intersection scenario. For example, you take this point here a double prime and if you add a double prime to itself by just now what I defined you draw tangent at a double prime which is going to be a vertical line. So, it intersects the curve exactly one point which is a double prime there is no third point it intersects right and this is where that point and infinity comes to our help because this is a vertical line going to infinity which pretend that it is intersecting the curve at that infinite point. And this will only allow when the line is vertical the line joining two points is vertical then we say that the third point is because any line that joins that is vertical is not going to intersect the third point on the curve. So, that we pretend is intersecting at that point at infinity. Here a double prime itself is infinity. No a double prime is equal to minus a double prime. Yeah, but it is not infinity. So, a double prime minus infinity the point at infinity is unique. Point at infinity actually for this group acts at the identity element. So, a double prime is also equal to minus. A double prime is its own inverse. So, one can easily verify that infinity is the identity. Because if you take any point a and add infinity to it you should get the point a. So, how do you add a with infinity? Now, since infinity is associated with the vertical line. So, if you want to add a and infinity you draw a vertical line at a. Now, see what is the other point it intersects. It will intersect it at this point which is minus a and then the algorithm will tell us a reflected back reflecting it back you come back to a and that is the sum. So, a prime plus a plus infinity is a and same thing you can verify. Infinity plus infinity how do you visualize that? Infinity plus infinity must be infinity. Yeah, you just can just visualize it any way. It is like a point which never intersects a line here which is not intersecting it anywhere. So, that is you just pretend it is intersecting infinity at three times. No, intersect. Yeah, three times over as many times as you want. So, that these are all degenerate cases which you can just fix. And this geometric realization is just for our own understanding really. One can give a much more precise and rigorous algebraic definition. And there because some of these things seem to be after you which I am giving tell you but if you look at it algebraically it all does. So, this is the group that sits on an elliptical. In fact, there are lots of groups which sit on elliptical. I already identified three of them. The group over complex number, the group over real number and the group over rational. The group of rational point, the group of real point and group of complex. And one can go further and define elliptical over finite. Again, this is simply y square equal to x cube plus a x plus b a cube minus 27 b square is non-zero. What? Not necessarily, we can close the algebraic. So, we can get different groups on the field on the curve as we proceed towards closure. Just like as in case of real and complex. For real also these are defined. That is not algebraic. But I can close it to complex number and get another set of point. And those set of point also are common. Similarly, this is over field f of characteristic and p is I do not want p to be 2 or 3. Because p is 2 or 3 then this form of equation does not quite exist because you see that this discriminant gets messed up. The y square and x cube these are all get messed up. So, there are alternative forms of the curve which hold for characteristic 2 and 3. But for the sake of simplicity we will not consider. So, let us just concentrate on that. Note that f cube need not be the base field. Q must be the algebraic power of p. And now we can define. So, this is a caliptic curve over this field. Now, we can define talk about the set of point which are points on e in f cube. And not only f cube again as we already said we can consider because not all points may have not all values may have solution in f cube. That is you plug in some value of y. Now, you get a cubic in x. You get three roots. Not all those three values may be in f cube. They may lie in the higher field extension field. They will certainly lie in the algebraic closure of f cube. So, in general we can talk about extensions of f cube which are of the form f cube to the k. And points lying on the curve which are belong to f cube.  Let me just close by saying that the Riemann hypothesis which I am going to show. In the next class tomorrow. And I will prove it in the next class. It is not too difficult. We will have to assume some results about electrical, but that is not enough. We will be about the elliptic curves over finite field. And we will show nice the data function for the this such curves and the nice functional equation and lots of functions. Elliptic curves over rational are a different field. They are not very well understood or at least not as well understood as this. In fact, we do not even know there is a corresponding Riemann hypothesis there, but we do not know that Riemann hypothesis. We know something now. Thanks to this result of Andrew Weis and others, we know that the zeta function does have a functional equation, but that is about it.


Wood storage or lumber storage in a really small one-car garage workshop can be very problematic. I have a solution that might work for you and it might not. So stay tuned and let's see what it is. Hola woodworkers, Paul Carlson here, a small workshop guy. A very small one-car garage workshop. One of the things that's most difficult is having a place to store a lot of lumber. So I've got a number of different solutions but here's the primary one and this might be possible for those of you with small one-car garage workshops. You've got a garage door opener here and that obviously comes up and goes along a rail and there's a couple rails on the sides. If you have any space at all above that rail up to the ceiling and I've got about four foot or so then it's possible that and what we did was we put in a mezzanine level if you will or a storage level and that's nothing more than two by six boards going around the perimeter and then using joist hangers and then putting I've got one two three four five well four four joist going across so again three around the perimeter four joist going across and then just plywood on top of it and that gives me an area of about six feet five feet six feet wide and maybe 12 feet across so I've got quite a bit of storage up there so then I have to use a ladder to get up here but that's no big deal but actually I've got a lot more room up there than I'm utilizing and I tend to only buy what I need for a project and not keep too much of my off cuts and stuff I try to just avoid that habit. This really solves my problem. If you haven't utilized the area above your garage door rails and below your ceiling maybe that's an idea for you as well. Real quick before you go just a few requests how about subscribe to the channel hit that notification bell otherwise you'll never know when I produce new videos give me a like and very very important to comment on the videos I believe that will help out with my YouTube analytics and also I would really appreciate if a few of you would go to my Patreon link and give me a little dollar or two a month for a few months and help support some of the overhead of this channel. Small workshop guy hoping you'll be safe in your workshop. I'll see you next time. One last plea. I love it.


More than 600,000 medical collaborators from Cuba have worked in 165 countries over 6 decades. On May 24, Cuba marked the 60th anniversary of its unique medical brigades. Next story, we discuss China's two-month investigation of U.S. chip company Micron Technologies, which has ended in a ban. And finally, a hectic week in Brazil's Congress, fault lines between far-right and center that controls Congress and President Luis Ignacio Lulada Silva's supporters came to the fore on Wednesday night. More than 600,000 medical collaborators from Cuba have worked in 165 countries for 6 decades. On May 24, Cuba marked the 60th anniversary of a unique international collaboration that began in 1963 in Algeria and has provided healthcare and health services around the world since then. China from the People's Health Movement discusses why this has been an important work by Cuba. I'm not great to have you on the show and it's an important sort of anniversary being marked by Cuba. Now the international outreach of Cuban doctors has actually meant a lot to global health movements. It's meant a lot to people's health movements. Can you tell us why it is so significant? I think it's significant for many, many reasons. So just a couple of days ago, the Cuban Minister of Public Health was at the World Health Assembly and he was giving a speech where he mentioned that Cuba, despite all the problems, was actually able to achieve health for all. Health for all is an ideal that the WHO boasts for decades now that it strives to achieve but very, very few members of the WHO can actually say that they made significant progress towards this goal. And one of the reasons why Cuba was able to do that is because of this very specific understanding of health, of what health should be and how it should be achieved. So it's not just a technical part, it's also the revolutionary impact that the right to health should have and that the role of the health workers is actually to help people to achieve the best health that they can. The way that they approach this is, again, very different from what the Global North sees and for what the Global North pushes on a global scale. It's based in the community on primary health care. So actually on collecting the experience and addressing the problems of the poorest of people and making sure that the poorest of people have adequate access to quality health care and that quality health care isn't only available in cities as it is in many, many other parts of the world. And inside this whole story, the specific story of the Cuban Medical Brigade is very specific because it kind of undermines the whole narrative about the health worker migration and it undermines the approach that the world has had to how we can support other countries in times of crisis but also at times where just the health system doesn't work because of lack of funds or something like that. Right, Anna. So a very local approach to solving the immediate health problems so that they do not snowball into giant crises which we see in many parts of the world as well as an international outreach. Why did Cuba decide to go with both these approaches and how has it made a difference? Well, the community part, it's actually something that's recognized at least formally as having a good impact. So, you know, if you talk to a very mainstream group of health policymakers, they will say, oh, of course, you know, primary health care community outreach, that's the way to go. But we haven't seen that implemented in many places. Also because it's the community-based, the primary health care-based approach, it actually reduces the amount of space that you have for the private sector or at least it reduces for a bit the profit-driven logic that's behind many, many health systems in the world. So that's on the one hand. But the international part is something very particular, I would say, because it really draws from how Cuba approached other countries very, very short after the revolution. So one of the first mission that was sent was to Algeria in 1963. And this was, you know, it was something that was a bit unplanned. So if you read the interviews from the people who went there to Algeria, they said that it was mostly unknown. So they didn't know what to expect. They didn't know what they would find when they arrived to Algeria. But this drive to actually go and help and build a health system in a country where it needs, it's something that comes from the revolution. I think that one more thing that's important to underline is that, you know, when we say, when we usually talk about medical aid, international medical aid or international humanitarian actions that approach health also in a way, it's something that's very, it's something that comes from the outside. And then when it leaves, it just leaves health systems as devastated as they were before. This is not the case with the Cuban international health brigades. So their role is actually to come there to help build the health system. So it's a health system that stays there. They're also not there to stay forever. They're there to stop the health system until the country in question has trained its own health workforce, which can then drive the health system further. And it goes a step beyond that because Cuba actually offers medical training for people from the global south, for countries from the global south who cannot afford that. So for any country who doesn't have the money to support public training of its own health works, the Latin America School of Medicine is there free of charge to train hundreds and thousands of health workers who then go back and actually stop the health system. So it's a very particular, it's a very positive story in global health, a bit unusual, unfortunately, but it's really, it's really an important anniversary that we have marked this week. Right, it's not just unique, but also unusual, which is a sad part that it hasn't spread as widely as perhaps people like you in various health movements would really want it to.  This is, you know, it's an enormous reach. And let's remember also that among these countries, we should also count some global north countries like Italy, who weren't able to cope with some health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning. So it's, in this way, the Cuban health brigades have reached a tremendous, you know, part of the world. The problem is that they're often not talked about as much as they should have. There was the initiative to, of course, award them the Nobel Peace Prize because of the work that they did during the pandemic. But then if you look at how they're painted usually, especially in the corporate media, it goes in a very different direction. So it's even tried to use as a way to discredit Cuba and the work that it does internationally. But what we know is that it's a program that has tremendous potential that, you know, it makes an incredible difference. So Cuban doctors and nurses and dentists, other health workers, they have treated millions of people. In the last 60 years, they helped deliver 2 million babies, over 2 million babies were delivered by Cuban health workers working abroad. So it's something that's, you know, really building towards strengthening international solidarity and showing that socialist health systems actually work. They work better than the ones that we have in capitalism. Right, Anna. Thanks a lot for joining us with that. Thanks. Late at night on Sunday, China announced it is banning micron technologies a U.S. company. Chinese companies won't be able to buy the company's chips. And China has cited relatively serious cybersecurity problems as the reason. According to reports, these problems were identified after a two-month investigation in China. It's important to remember at this point the Joe Biden administration's banning of numerous Chinese companies throughout last year. Vapa Sena joins us in the studio with some possible outcomes of China's steps. So Vapa, it's been a while since we discussed the chip wars between the United States and China. What's also different this time is that it's China which has barred a U.S. company. How did this come about? Why does it matter? Yeah, so just I think this week China banned micron from providing chips to Chinese infrastructure providers. Right, so it's not a full-fledged blanket ban. It's meant for only that target segment which is the so-called infrastructure providers. Micron is one of the leading manufacturers of memory chips and NAND chips which go into SSDs. So this is clearly seen as a retaliation for the various chip sanctions which U.S. has done against China. U.S. has been ratcheting up the so-called chip wars against China for a while now. It started during the Trump administration in 2018-19. It first targeted Huawei which is a leading manufacturer of telecom equipment and smartphones in the U.S. So they banned Huawei from getting access to high-end chips. Like cell phones have fairly high-end chips. So if you want to be competitive in the cell phone market, you're competing with the likes of let's say Apple or Samsung, you need the latest chips, right? And so Huawei was banned. But then when the Bush administration, sorry, when the Biden administration came, there were much more blanket bans which were not targeted at particular companies but the latest of these bans, of these sanctions happened in I think last year when basically the Bush, I keep on saying Bush, basically the Biden administration said limited Chinese access to all high-end chips and manufacturing equipment for high-end chips. So they are effectively trying to starve China from access to any high-end chip. They're defining it as 16 nanometer and less. See the most advanced chips today, the chips which Apple uses in its, let's say, computers and cell phones, they are at 5 nanometers. So 16 nanometers is really two, three generations behind the highest-end chips and US is cloaking in this in language of they want to deny Chinese military access to the chips. But really these high-end chips are meant for everything, right? I mean, a very small fraction of the chips actually get used by the military. So this is really an action by the US to try to cripple Chinese access to high technology. And eventually, I mean, in the world we are today where it's very dependent on digital and tech products, effectively trying to cripple Chinese economy. So this has been going on for a while. Now, for the first time, we are seeing China-Italian. That's right. Now, this is actually China saying that, look, we have the companies that use chips and we can deny you access to our market. But there was also, you know, Bappa, there was a two-month probe. What made the probe necessary into the activities of Micron? What did they really find? What do we know so far? See, apparently they did a security review and they're claiming that Micron did not pass the security review. And this is exactly what the United States says about say Huawei. They accept that consistency. About, this is the exact language US uses to ban access to Chinese companies or China access to Chinese companies access to these chips. So, see, China holds, it's not that US holds all the cards. So, US sanctions are defined in such a way that not only US products, but any product anywhere in the world, which touches US in some way, right? So, if you see these are complex products, they require design equipment, manufacturing equipment, testing equipment. So, any place in the supply chain, if your product touches some US technology, then it gets covered by the US sanctions, right? Okay. So, if the chip part of it is made or designed in say any country in Europe, so China can't access it. Right. For example, see, some of the most advanced chip manufacturing equipment comes from a company called ASML in Holland. Right. Now, some, so this is a very complex product and it uses different technologies from all over the world. Some of the technologies are patented in the US and so then US says that you can't sell the product to China, right? Okay. So, US does hold a fairly strong hand in this thing, but the Chinese retaliation comes from the fact that 40% of all semiconductors manufactured worldwide, the end market is China. So, by denying access to that market, China can really cripple the chip providers. And so now, this is the first step, this kind of Chinese thread that if you continue to do this, then we will, I guess, escalate the retaliation. So, micron is 11% of microns revenues come from China. Now, they've carefully chosen micron because the chips which micron produces, they are produced by other companies around, micron is not the sole supplier of this, right? Okay. So, for example, the Korean companies, both Samsung and SKIONX, produce memory chips which are as good as whatever micron produces. So, they can easily source it from them. Also, Chinese companies, like there is a company called by MTC, which has technology on the NAND chips, which go into SSDs, SSD drives, their NAND technology is at par or better than microns. So, this is also going to basically promote their own companies, right? And so, like, for example, US has now asked Korea, like Samsung and SKIONX, to not replace the micron, the amount of chips they are going to lose, like the vacuum that is created because that 11% of microns revenues, chips worth 11% of microns revenues, we are going to come into China and now most likely go to Korea. And so, US is trying to stop that. But the Koreans are hesitating. Clearly, it's a market share. They want, it's a very hyper competitive market and the margins are very low. And you really can't afford to let go of these opportunities. Papa, thanks a lot for joining us with that update. Indigenous movements and environmentalists in Brazil have declared strong opposition to legislative proposals by the conservative, dominated Congress in the country. Congress is pushing for an early vote on some proposals, including one to annul Indigenous claims on land older than 1988. It is also pushing for a draft law that would allow the Justice Ministry to delimit Indigenous territories. A commission of inquiry into the MST or landless workers movement has also started in Brazil amid accusations of political motivations. Zoe from People's Dispatch discussed the heated debates parked in the country by these moves. Well, it has been a tumultuous week in Brazil, in the Congress. There's been many different investigations, many different votes that have happened that is really bringing to light this kind of battle between the far right and the center, which controls Congress. And of course, Lula, who's in the executive and many of his supporters, which are in Congress, which are the minority. So one of the key areas and the kind of attacks that happened this week was about different regulations regarding access to land, regarding what is considered as Indigenous land. So to talk specifically about this, there has been a bill on the table for several years. That's the bill 490. This bill essentially, it's called the time framework about Indigenous demarcation. Indigenous demarcation is essentially the reference point, which says what counts as Indigenous land and what does not. So essentially this demarcation, this bill that far right and centrist are trying to pass in Brazil, it essentially says that what was considered Indigenous land and where Indigenous people were inhabiting in 1988 is the only land that counts as Indigenous land. And this has been opposed very, very strongly from Indigenous movements, from environmentalists. Essentially, this has been a bill that's promoted by large landowning class, the, as they call it in Brazil, the ruralist caucus in the Congress. Many Indigenous organizations say that in 1988, that's not really when Indigenous history starts. And of course, this is discounting 400 years of dispossession, of displacement of Indigenous people that occurred during colonialism. So essentially this week, it was, this bill wasn't passed, but it was on the night of Wednesday, May 24th, the Chamber of Deputies ruled to have an urgency motion and say that this should be voted on next week. And essentially, they're trying to have the vote on this bill 490 before it gets seen in the Supreme Court, which will happen on June 7th. They essentially are probably guessing that it will be ruled unconstitutional and that this time framework regarding Indigenous demarcation of land will not pass. And so they're trying to pass it in the legislature where they have control, where they have a majority in order to pass this. And it's really bringing to light, as I said, this major dispute between the legislative body and the executive and the judiciary. Again, this is promoted by the ruralist caucus, the large landowning class, that essentially sees the Indigenous demarcation as protection over land that they should have access to in their eyes. They want it for illegal mining. They want it for logging and all of the other activities which are attacking the environment. And so this again has been met with widespread rejection. Even the Minister of Environment, Martina Silva, made a very, very strong statement in the Chamber of Deputies while this was happening and saying that this is an attack on those who defend the environment. It's erasing the history of Indigenous people. So this is going to be a very, very hot issue. The voting again is going to happen next week. Of course, there's many stages that it needs to pass there before it becomes a law. But Indigenous movements have raised the alarm. They're saying that this is a direct attack on their rights. They have called for mobilization in the capital of Brasilia. So this will be a very important story to follow. And we'll definitely be containing it to follow as people dispatch. So just to briefly review some of the other major developments that have been happening this week in Brazilian Congress. As we've been covering the Commission of Parliamentary Inquiry against the Landless World Workers Movement, MST began this week, very, very intense debates about less about the kind of subject of the inquiry, which is essentially or says that it's trying to get to the bottom of who funds the MST, what's its motive, etc. Again, this is, as the MST has pointed out, this is very easily accessible public information. It's not something they hide. They're funded by the people who are part of the movement, etc. But there has been a lot of debate within this Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry more about the nature of the movement itself. And so a lot of the left-wing groups in Congress who are participating in this, in this sepe, have been questioning the validity of the inquiry, have been questioning the motives, specifically the political motives of the far right that is actually promoting this. And several members of this inquiry commission have even been implicated in the other major development just happening in Congress this week, which is the beginning of the investigation into the acts that happened in Brasilia on January 8th, where hundreds and hundreds of Bolsonaro supporters invaded the capital and destroyed several government buildings and wreaking a lot of havoc there. So an extremely active week we'll be following then on, you can check out on our website and also on our partners website, Brasil de Fato, who's covering this very meticulously. Very important to follow. We're really seeing this clash between the far right and the center that has been able to be empowered under Bolsonaro, under Michel Temer. And now they're being threatened, of course, by Lula's presidency, who's threatening their interests, threatening many of the things that they were doing very happily under Bolsonaro, destroying the environment, having access to more land, engaging in environmentally unsound activities. And so this is all coming to a head and it will continue to develop over the coming weeks. And that's all we have for today. Thank you for watching Daily Debrief. Do come back to us tomorrow and do follow us on our social media channels and keep watching. Thank you very much.


I've got the alumni over there and this is the challenge to you alumni. This is my class, 2019, and my family is making a grant to eliminate their student loans.