Victor thank you so much for joining us today we are so excited to have you on the show. Molly it's great to be here thank you very much. So right now in the competition our student teams are operating their unique technology and they're demonstrating drilling through our simulated lunar and Martian surface and they're trying to access the water ice that's hidden beneath. I'm curious for you as an end user that might benefit from technology like this what value do you see in competitions like this? You know first of all I have to really just appreciate that statement you know as a potential end user of this technology that it's amazing that we're going back to the moon with Artemis and the goals of the Artemis program and so it's it's actually amazing that our generation is going to to have a moon mission a moon program that's going to send us back and I'm really excited about that effort and so for these students to be working on technology for us to get access to ice which is a valuable resource you know because we can you need it for life but you also need it for propulsion it's it's a great component in rocket fuel and so this technology is going to enable us to to find new ways and new ideas for extracting this valuable resource from these sources that we've actually recently discovered on the moon.  Well you know it's interesting living in space helps you to appreciate the things that we take for granted or at least really just expect to be there like water you know in space we have to reclaim water we actually take you know that I heard someone say once I believe it was Mike Fossum we turned yesterday's coffee into tomorrow's coffee it's because we take the water out of everything if I run on the treadmill and sweat into a wet my face with a towel I hang that towel up in the air conditioning system will will dry it out and pull that moisture out of the air and our air conditioner will separate it take the moisture out put it in our water system that purifies it and turns it into drinking water water is extremely valuable and so it represents life to me I think it's that's the most exciting part the ability to get access to that that resource that is already up there on the moon is is a critical capability a very very neat thing to be able to do and this technology that these students are working on the ingenuity the new idea is I mean they're not all going to take the same approach and that's one of the things I think is really exciting about this type of competition how do you think as an astronaut technology that's derived from competitions like this one the moon to Mars ice and prospecting challenge could directly impact you and other future astronauts as you explore the moon as you explore Mars you know knowing that these these students are creating something that might be the a tool that we use in space one day is actually quite motivating and inspiring and to see some of the ideas they come up with but more importantly I think the ideas they come up with are great but then to see the physical competition where they show their hardware they have a design some of they've had to code for and they they put all of that together hardware and software and they put it out there and then they run it they have to come up with procedures they have to communicate work together as a team and and move this material from one place to another it's so amazing to actually see that idea become a reality and so this type of competition I think is so important to inspire those students to to to dream and create but also for us to to learn about what what ideas are out there because NASA has some very good things that we've done for a long time that are working and they work well but that might not be the best or most efficient way to do things right now as we speak NASA is actively preparing to send humans to the moon as part of the Artemis program so what is Artemis and is it essentially the next Apollo you know I think that's an easy way to describe it but but it's not the next Apollo it's our generation's moon program it is Artemis but but if you're familiar with Apollo it is a similar concept we are building a very large rocket SLS which stands for the Space Launch System it's going to be a very powerful very big rocket that's capable of getting a spacecraft Orion to lunar orbit which will enable us to get humans there and to a gateway which would be like a space station that's orbiting around the moon we'd be able to get humans to the gateway or to a human lander system that then could get human beings to the surface of the moon and then one other very exciting component is Artemis astronauts and so we're starting to identify folks that are going to be a part of it and we call it team Artemis and so we're going to start hopefully in the very near future actually naming folks from team Artemis but also the the greater astronaut office as well as our international partners to these missions specifically and those will be the actual Artemis lunar astronauts that's very exciting very exciting how would it feel to be the next person to walk on the moon what would that mean to you you know I I really I have no idea I mean I just I thought going into space and living on the space station was going to feel a certain way and it did but also so much more than that it blew away my expectations and so I could only imagine not even going to the surface of the moon but actually being in orbit around the moon like or you know before you go down to the surface orbiting the moon and being able to just look out the window and see earth rise I mean think about that that picture that that Bill Anders took you know changed the way people saw themselves and when they see our planet and so for me to be able to witness that with my own eyes or even to be in mission control as the communicator as the Capcom speaking to crew members my colleagues my friends while they're experiencing that it would be unreal and so I really couldn't tell you how it would feel but I would love to go and have that experience and and then come back and describe it to you you know one of the things I love about being a part of competitions like this is you see people come together as the human race and you see all these different walks of life people from different backgrounds they speak different languages and make cases and you really get to see this beautiful picture of our world and of our planet does having a view of our planet like that that you've been able to have has it changed your perspective on what life is like here you know going to space one of the things that it makes you do I believe it would do this for all people is it makes you appreciate life right there on the surface you don't get to see you see the entire oceans you see these countries without borders you see entire continents you it's amazing that perspective and if you're familiar with the overview effect I've got the book sitting right here on my bookshelf if you're familiar with the overview effect I would say this the overview effect in seeing the world without borders and seeing you know what what this planet is really liking its resilience and fragility at the same time I don't I thought while I was in space that it was changing me that that was something profound and new and different now that I've been back for a few months I'm realizing after having time to reflect on that that it really was accelerating some things that were already there my love for human beings my love for our planet it really accelerated the growth and heightened my sensitivity to those things and and that perspective of seeing it from far away 260 miles away all the time really made me want to be back there to do more to take care of it and to take care of us humanity and so I do think that you know that aspect of flying in space is one of the things I love I want to share with people but I also want to share the connection to that you know one of my favorite things to see in orbit was sunrise and sunset and we had the privilege of seeing it 16 times a day from the ISS from the space station and I still will stop and stare at sunrise or sunset here on earth uh because it's still just as special and so my mission now that I've been able to live in space I've had that privilege of living there is to try and share those connections with people so that they can find their own connection to the overview effect because it shouldn't just be the purview of those of us who have the privilege of living in orbit or beyond it's something all people can share and like you said these competitions doing any of these amazing science and technology things like living in space putting humans in space requires us to do our best in just about every science and technology endeavor that we've had life support medical health radiation protection water reclamation waste management and and all of those things drive us to be our best selves and they remind us that we need the best from everyone and that's what's great about these competitions seeing these students from all over the country from all these universities especially my alma mater Cal Poly go Mustangs learn by doing it's great to see all the walks of life all the all the ideas in the ingenuity that comes with all of us doing our best together that's true yeah I like I like thinking about this is more than a competition and it's it's really fascinating like you said to see all these technologies come together a lot of these teams have spent years perfecting them and getting them to this point and then you put them in a really high stress high pressure situation um to perform which you you've trained for this your whole career military to mount an astronaut I'm curious if you have any girls yeah let's talk about that good grief um do you have any mantras or any you know any council that you could provide especially for young people we've been through a lot for the past couple of years I think a lot of folks deal with things that you're in stress how do you cope with it is there any advice you you operate under yeah Molly thanks for bringing that up I think this is such an important topic right now um this this past year and a half has been an interesting time and and for our family it's been interesting in having to train go to space come home and reintegrate and and so some things that that really worked for me and my family I think they worked for us it was keeping it simple keeping things simple you know starting off with trying to be good to yourself so keeping things simple uh and and then knowing that you're going to have to adapt though and just knowing up front we're going to have to be adaptable and flexible uh because we're not going to be able to control every situation whether we're going back to school in person or or whether we're going to school online or whether we're doing some hybrid a mixture of both uh and we just have to be ready to roll with the punches and then I think those two things if you keep things simple if you keep some flexibility those things can contribute to you having low stress and those were my three goals for my mission in space as well my mission my 168 days in space I wanted to keep it simple I wanted to stay flexible and keep things low stress and I think we were able to do that something else that I would share with my kids all the time when we live in Texas and when Texas first opened up after the pandemic you know a couple of waves and then businesses started to open back up I told my kids you know I'm a test pilot my job is to analyze situations look at risk and make risk informed decisions and something I've learned throughout my life as a professional tester is don't rush in or rush out you know test pilots can often be known for doing a thing first but you can best believe they didn't just rush in and go do it they spent time studying everything that there is to know because they're going to then take this thing that no one's ever done this with it before and they're going to fly an airplane first or fly this weapon system fly this new sensor fly this new spacecraft first and so they are going to learn everything they can about the environment before they go do this first you know uh novel thing and so I told my kids over and over you know hey their friends are going back to the movies and socializing and hanging out don't rush in don't rush out let's ease into these things and and that's the best way to to protect ourselves and then I guess I I could talk about this for hours because it's so important to have some some resilience and that's one of the missions or one of the the mantras I try to encourage young folks but I think us older folks need to to remember that too how important it is not just to get through challenging times but to find ways to grow in those challenging times that's resilience you know I used to say be gritty and I've changed it to be resilient because it's not just about gritting your teeth and burying it I think there's more to it if you learn if you get to the other side and look back on the challenging times that you've been through you can find something in it to appreciate and that's what I think is is all of us have been through something that we can look back on and and if nothing else it's to say we got through it so the next time I face a challenge I know I can get through that because I've done that before I've proven it to myself and the second one is to be a lifelong learner and I think those go hand in hand as well but to be a lifelong learner to learn both the formal inside the classroom as well as on the track in the laboratory in the warehouse demonstrating your challenge hardware and software you know life teaches you lessons constantly and being able to integrate that formal and informal education really gives us a strong basis for handling the uncertainties of life and the last one is to be a good teammate there's so many things trying to divide us in the world right now that for us to take time to recognize how important it is for us to be together is is we can do that the world is going to be in a much better place and that's a challenging one though because at the end of the day you're not the one who gets to grade you on how good a teammate you're being but it's still important for us to put in that effort to take care of those on our left right in front and behind and so be in resilient be a lifelong learner and be a good teammate and I think those will pay us dividends whether we're in a pandemic or dealing with social emotional issues that are society is facing those things are going to help us to get through successfully and come out of the other side not just making it but thriving or in this case drilling through simulated reckless I love that I love that I've been trying to think this year of you know how is this negative situation or that I'm viewing negatively how is it actually serving me and I think that's really helped and it echoes a lot of what you're saying so I think that's going to be really really helpful for young people yeah and there's another and you know we don't have to go down this rabbit hole but there's also another aspect of this that I think it's given us all an opportunity to walk around in other people's shoes it's taken a lot of us from whatever our life paradigm worldview is and put us in a situation where we have had to appreciate somebody else's perspective and I think that's a healthy thing for humanity to do in previous episodes we've talked about how astronauts maintain physical health and space but what do you do specifically to exercise your mental health and space which is an environment that maybe all of us wouldn't perform our best in well it is a challenging environment molly great and that's a great question because the physical piece is so important exercising our muscles and that helps to keep our bones healthy it's also a great motivation for being in space and so it is one of the things that I think is a part of at least my mental health and well-being on the space station is the physical activity but you know the the resources that NASA provides to us while we're on the space station the ability to to call our family we have an internet-based phone and we had satellite coverage through the TDRS network almost constantly that's the same network that we use to get video and commands and communication to the space station so being able to call home almost any time of day every day of the week is great that is so comforting to keep that connection we also have a video conference very much like what you and I are doing right now and I can see my wife and kids faces once a week in addition they give us special ones on their birthdays or any major holidays and that was always a treat and we used ours to play games we would play games my favorite was charades and being in weightlessness allows you to do some really amazing things in the game of charades I won some our team won some some really close games that was awesome but you know there's also just a piece yeah very it's weightless charades awesome games in space in general this is an area I think we need to put more thought into you know really when you live somewhere you bring aspects of your culture music art and I think games is a part of our culture a part of our society that that needs its time and and in loreth orbit we could really do some things in terms of games we make up a lot of things but that's a different show too I think and what I see think this last part is just I whatever it is that you like to do on earth it's going to be changed when you get to space so the ways that you relax recuperate re-energize they might also change and so I think one of the most important aspects of maintaining a healthy mindset in space is to have a whole host a toolbox full of different tools to help yourself in space to help your resilience because it there's lots of research that NASA has sponsored or been a part of about the isolated confined and extreme environment of living in space and we've got years of research and also we work with DOD to see people that you know live in submarines and on aircraft carriers it's similar and it's about having a suite of tools some people like to read they like quiet times some people need to interact with other human beings and on the space station most of what you do is very controlled and very scripted but on earth we're used to bumping into people in the hallway and having random people call us and being able to call random people and there's an aspect of that in our lives that that we like sometimes and if you if you feed off of that you have to think about how you're going to replace it because it's in space there's no random bumping into anybody really everything is very intentional and so it's important to have all these tools because for me when I got to space I would have told you on day one I am an extrovert I love talking to people I love being in a group in a room with lots of people listening to the conversations people watching in space I wanted to be by myself when I had a chance I needed to to be alone and to read and to just you know take my mental journey somewhere else and then come back and go to work because on the space station we worked very hard and so I think the balance of going really hard and being really focused meant you had to really take your downtime and recuperate rest rejuvenate and so for me that was a lot of alone time I spent a lot of time journaling and reading well thank you so much for your time we are so appreciative of having you on the show Molly thank you for the time it was great to be here great talking with you and good luck to all the students and advisors in the competition


Good evening. Complex trauma is a global issue. More than 450 million children are affected by wars, natural disasters and forced displacement. These children are at significant risk of experiencing violence. Some are actively involved in perpetrating the violence themselves. Our work with former child soldiers suggests that children abducted by armed groups are forced to maim, forced to kill and forced into rape. The mental health consequences of violence are devastating. Children transitioning from the warzone to the classroom are often suffering from the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and behavioral issues. So it's vital that we develop effective and sustainable treatments to assist these children. However in post-conflict settings, mental health services are often entirely absent. To address this gap, our team developed a psychological intervention to assist war-affected youth in Sierra Leone. We designed the youth readiness intervention and have published on it broadly with an aim to build resilience, reduce the impacts of trauma and increase readiness to return to school. It's delivered by local interventionists and we've found that our intervention is successful in improving psychological outcomes and psychological functioning, but also a range of other important processes, like creating positive behavior change, social interactions and assisting youth to engage in positive emotion regulation. These outcomes are really exciting for young people who not only experience the horrors of war, but who often live in settings of ongoing instability and violence. Psychological improvements weren't the only changes we saw either. For young people who received the youth readiness intervention, we found that they were more likely to then later enroll in school, to attend class regularly and their teachers rated them as better behaved at school. So delivering a psychological intervention in post-conflict settings not only improves child mental health, but supports youth in engaging in education and secures the economic futures for that community. My lab at UWA is dedicated to improving mental health outcomes for children affected by complex trauma. We're currently working in disaster-affected areas in China, Nepal and in Australia to expand the evidence base and assist children who are greatly in need. My collaborators at Harvard Chan School of Public Health as well as Oxford University, Bristol University and Caritas are vital to this work and I'm grateful for the support of the NHMRC and Australian Psychological Society. Violence can affect children anywhere, whether it's a war zone in Syria or a suburb in Australia, millions of children are caught in the cycle of trauma. Together we're working to ensure that no child is defined by a trauma and that they're given every opportunity to reach that full potential. Thank you.


So far we've assumed the entries of our matrices are real, but we don't need to. A fundamental extension is to assume the entries are complex numbers. Suppose A is a matrix with complex entries. So something to remember is that if Z is a complex number, the conjugate is a complex number Z bar, where Z Z bar is real and equal to the norm of Z squared. So a natural question to ask, can we find a matrix A bar where A A bar only contains real entries? No. In general, we won't be able to find a conjugate matrix in this sense where the product gives you a matrix with only real entries. Now, while there is no conjugate of a matrix in general, it's still useful to consider the matrix of conjugates. And so we'll use the notation A bar to be the matrix where the entries are the conjugates of the entries. And we claim the following theorem. If A and B are matrices of the appropriate size, then the conjugate of the product is the product of the conjugates. And if it exists, the conjugate of the inverse is the inverse of the conjugate. And you should prove both of these. Now, we can find a conjugate matrix in a special case. When a matrix is a row or column vector, then if A is a row vector, then A times the transpose of the conjugate will be real. And likewise, if A is a column vector, then A times the transpose of the conjugate will be a matrix with real entries. Again, you should prove both of these statements. And this suggests the following definition. The Hermitian conjugate of A, written A-H, is the transpose of the conjugate. If A is equal to A-H, we say that A is an Hermitian matrix. The H and Hermitian are named after a French mathematician by the name of Charles Hermit. So, for example, we can find V-Hermitian and A-Hermitian for two matrices. And remember, this is the transpose of the matrix of conjugates. And remember that finding the conjugate of a complex number involves changing the sign of the pure imaginary part. Since two is a real number, the conjugate of two is just two. The conjugate of three plus I will be three minus I. And the conjugate of four I will be negative four I. And then we transpose the matrix of conjugates. And similarly, the Hermitian of A will be the transpose of the matrix of conjugates. So we find our conjugates and transpose. And what's mathematics without a little proof? Let's prove that provided both sides exist, the Hermitian of a product is the product of the Hermitians in the reverse order. So again, we can always write down one side of inequality, and so we have the Hermitian of a product equal to... Well, definitions are the whole of mathematics. All else is commentary. And since we have the Hermitian, we want to write this as the transpose of the conjugate. But this is the conjugate of a product, and so that will be the product of the conjugates. Now, we know that when we transpose a product, we get the product of the transposes in the reverse order. And definitions are the whole of mathematics. This transpose of a conjugate is exactly how we define the Hermitian. So this conjugate B transpose, that's B Hermitian. And similarly, conjugate A transpose is A Hermitian.


is a pleasure and a privilege to be able to do this job and to have the opportunity almost every day to say to young women, if I can do it, you can do it. You can, dream big, aim high and go for it. I thank all the members who have contributed to this afternoon's debate. It is clear that across the chamber we are united in achieving gender parity and we want to see action taken both here and abroad to ensure that women are treated equally and fairly in the workplace, in the home and in society. It is clear that we all want for our future generations what we all want for our future generations. As we have heard, 2018 is Scotland's year of young people. I would like to highlight the uniqueness of this year in being the first to recognise people as one of Scotland's greatest assets. Scotland is the first country in the world that we know of to dedicate a full year to celebrating young people. That is a unique opportunity to show our young people how valued they are and how proud Scotland is of all that it does and all that it can achieve in the future. This is a new, innovative approach and it is only right to welcome the entire ethos of the year, which is that it is being developed by young people for young people. Activities throughout the year will focus on celebrating the achievements, recognising the contribution of our young people and what they do to contribute to communities all across Scotland. In return, we need to ensure that we are creating opportunities for their voices to be heard and, most importantly, for their voices to be listened to. Children and young people should be at the heart of decisions that affect them. That is their right as set out in article 12 of the UNCRC. Now, in the Children and Young People Scotland Act 2014, it is also central to the ethos of the year of young people. To ensure that there is continuity throughout the year, a group of young people communicating have also been recruited. Supported by young Scott, their role is to champion the values of co-design and to ensure that young people's voices are heard and acted upon across activities for the year. We want to ensure that all of our young people feel and believe that they are valued, wanted and vital to our country's future. The Government is committed to giving young people a stronger voice in policymaking and co-designing improvements to services that affect their lives. In doing so, by changing perceptions of young people and changing the country's relationship with our young people, it is our aspiration to create a lasting legacy beyond 2018. I will respond to some of the points that were raised during the debate. Annie Wells, I would say to you on the gender pay gaps that there is definitely no room for complacency. However, the pay gap is narrower here in Scotland than in the rest of the UK. We are taking decisive action where we have the powers. We also have a slightly higher female employment rate in Scotland than the rest of the UK. I hardly need to mention the transformative potential of our expansion in early learning and childcare, which will undoubtedly enable many more mothers to work. Because of our commitment to the living wage, the largely female workforce will all get a well-deserved pay rise. To Rhoda Grant, my colleague Angela Constance has already intervened to highlight the issues around universal credit, a topic that I have spoken very passionately about, as you and I represent an area in which it has already been trialled and been in practice for many years. I would welcome all parties' support in tackling that devastating policy at source at Westminster. On domestic abuse, the Scottish Government has committed already to providing additional funding specifically to train 14,000 officers and staff. That dedicated funding will enable Police Scotland to train officers and staff to identify the new offence. Scottish Women's Age will also receive some funding to develop training to help communities to understand the legislation. To Alex Cole-Hamilton, in a slightly teasing fashion, I am not sure if I understood you correctly, but I do not want you to mansplain me. I am not sure, but did I hear Alex Cole-Hamilton offer to stand down at the next election to ensure that a woman can have his seat, or perhaps his words were intended for some of his colleagues, not for himself? To Michelle Ballantyne, I will put back Christina McKelvie's words right back at you, as they say on social media. Men of quality should not fear equality. I would love to see the day when there is no such thing as boys' jobs and girls' jobs. I am keen at the moment to attract young men and older men into careers in early years. We do not want to undervalue the work that women traditionally do, and we do not want to corral anyone into any job. Of course, people should be able to freely choose their path in life. Can you hear it with the murmurings around the chamber and the people who are trying to intervene? I think that you under-acknowledged the barriers that we face, not least the lack of role models and not least the culture and conditioning, which led, I would say, to someone like me, who was an absolute science geek as a youngster, who has hires in physics, maths, biology and chemistry to not once consider engineering as a career and to train as a health professional—a career that I absolutely love, I have to say. Michelle Ballantyne The point that I made very strongly was that it is the barriers that we need to address. It is not about gender, it is about the barriers. The barriers, in your case, I do not know what they were, whether it was your teachers, your parents or whatever, but it was those barriers because you had the capability to do it, and that is what is important, and it is the barriers that we need to address. Maree Todd So, again, I just reflect—I ask you to reflect on the murmurings that that is causing around the chamber. There is clearly something in what you are saying, which is out of step with many other women in this chamber. I thoroughly enjoyed everybody—many women in the chamber raised and men—to talk about some of the very strong and powerful women that we have seen in Scotland in our history, including Mary Barber, whose statue was unveiled today. I would give a wee plea—I think that both Gillian Martin and Rona talked about these historical women being written out of history. I would give a wee plea for the rioting women from all over the Highlands, who were absolutely integral in resisting landowners' moves to clear them off the land. I understand when I was growing up that it was the women of Coyach just north of where I grew up, who not only stripped the sheriff officer who came to clear them off the land of the summonses that he had brought with him, but they also stripped him of his clothes and sent him packing in the boat that he arrived in. I look forward to seeing that commemorated on her story project. I want to move on to talk about sexual harassment—an issue that a number of people raised in the chamber. Sexual harassment or abuse of any form, whether in the workplace, in the home or in society, is completely reprehensible and must stop. Everyone has the right to live their life free of abuse, harassment and intimidation, and I encourage anyone who has experienced this to report it. We have to tackle the underlying attitudes and inequalities and the culture that perpetuates this behaviour. All workplaces, whether in a political party or in any Parliament, must have robust processes for reporting and dealing with harassment or bullying. Those should be fair, sensitive and supportive to all the parties involved. Harassment is not a problem specific to any one institution. It is the responsibility of all of us in society and for all of us as individuals to take action. This could be a watershed moment in which we could see real societal change in the treatment of women, but we need to seize that opportunity for change.  I also salute those women who were brave enough in the last year to speak up and make a difference for all of us. I commend to the chamber the poem Spartica, which I tweeted today by Pipa Little, and I am going to quote directly from it. I am proud to stand together with all the other humorless bitches, and I quote, who do not tolerate banter either. I will move on to sport, the girl guiding survey that a number of people talked about and which the cabinet secretary referred to highlighted the positive impact of sport with girls, saying that it helped them to be more healthy and feel more confident and positive. The Scottish Government is encouraging more women and girls to take up sport through our £300,000 sporting equality fund. We have established a women and girls sport advisory group to shape future action. It was great to hear Alison Johnstone talking about some of her sporting heroines. I am delighted that that advisory group has one of my sporting heroines, Dee Bradbury, who came from Alison Johnstone's sport of athletics into my sport of rugby and is still forging a pioneering path by becoming the first ever female president of the SRU, first tier one nation female president later this year. On early learning and childcare, our plan to an early double-funded early learning and childcare entitlement for all three and four-year-olds and some two-year-olds will make a vital contribution to our priorities to grow our economy, tackle inequality and close the containment gap. Before I move to my concluding remarks, I thank all the organisations that do a fantastic job supporting children and young people in Scotland in one way or another. Y WCA Scotland, Girlguiding Scotland, Young Scotland, Children in Scotland, the Scottish Youth Parliament and the Children's Parliament, to name a few. Thank you also to our delivery partners for the year of young people. In addition to those already mentioned, COSLA, Sport Scotland, Creative Scotland and Visit Scotland, and a special mention and thanks to Communicating, a group of young people who are co-designing the year of young people activity. One of my favourite writers is the Nigerian author of Half of a Yellow Sun and Americana Cimomanda Angosi Adici. She said, gender as it functions today is a grave injustice. I am angry. We should all be angry. Anger has a long history of bringing about positive change, but I am also hopeful because I believe deeply in the ability of human beings to remake themselves for the better. This afternoon, we have acknowledged that, 100 years after some women got the right to vote, though there has been considerable progress in women's rights, gender equality still eludes us. We have also reaffirmed our commitment to remaking our society for the better to creating a more equal and fairer Scotland—one where young women and girls do not anticipate sexual harassment or being paid less than their male counterparts as inevitable. I do believe that we will get there. There is an energy at the moment. I have met and spoken to too many of Scotland's young women and girls to think otherwise. Their message is very clear. Enough is enough. The time is now. I am going to finish with another quote by a very proud feminist, Barack Obama. Change will not come if we wait for some other person or if we wait for some other time. We are the ones that we have been waiting for. We are the change that we seek. Thank you very much, and that concludes our debate on International Women's Day. The next item of business is consideration of five parliamentary bureau motions. I can ask Joe Fitzpatrick, on behalf of the bureau, to move motions 10839 to 10842 on approval of SSIs and motion 10901 on committee meetings. The first question is amendment 10851.1, in the name of Annie Wells, who seeks to amend motion 10851 in the name of Angela Constance on International Women's Day, be agreed. Are we all agreed? Yes. We are agreed. The next question is amendment 10851.2, in the name of Rhoda Grant, who seeks to amend motion 10851, in the name of Angela Constance, be agreed. Are we all agreed? Yes. We are agreed. And the next question is that motion 10851, in the name of Angela Constance, as amended on International Women's Day, be agreed. Are we all agreed? Yes. We are agreed. And I will put a single question on the five parliamentary bureau motions. Does anyone object? Good. The question is that motions 10839 to 10842 and 10901, in the name of Joe Fitzpatrick, be agreed. Are we all agreed? Yes. We are agreed. And that concludes decision time. I close this meeting.


When I buy my personal rig, gusto ko top of the line siya tapos di ko na siya babaguhin for the next 4 or 5 years. So malaka yung upfront cost, pero wala ka ng babaguhin, wala ka ng gagastosin after that. My current PC is almost 6 years old. i5-4 690K, nabalik ko June 2015, tasa actually yung processor na yun, lumobas siya 2014. Yung graphics cards ko, RX 470s na nakakacross fire, second hand pa sila, and my motherboard only supports DDR3 RAM na mga 2133MHz ng ata yung speed. Di na monster yung rig ko, medyo mabagal na siya, medyo matanda na siya. But, you know, I like playing games and I want to see them in all their high-risk graphics glory. So na isip ko, can I make my rig a monster again kong palitan ko lang yung isang part? And we're gonna find out after an annoying ad from us. Ang video na to ay handognicdcoffers.com. Marami kang mahanap na ibat-ibang uri ng software dito. May games, apps, activation codes, or Windows 10. Check out our video on CDK offers in the video description. Mabilis, mura, and, of course, legit dito. Madali lang mag-order, search for the software you need, add to cart, check out, dan ka sa payment options nila, wala pa isang minuto, finished. May legit working CDK ka na sa software na pinilimo. Gamitin ang aming promo code para makakahuha pa ng extra 20% discount sa purchase mo. Kung naghanap ka ng mura, legit, and original software, check out CDKoffers.com. So the situation is, I'm still happy actually with my computer. Yun nga, yung mga AAA games ngayon medyo buibigay na siya and I like playing them at high-risk. So na isip ko, palitan kaya natin yung graphics card. Graphics card lang. I won't change anything else, I won't buy anything else. And thank you to ASUS for lending us top-of-the-line card, the TUF 3080 OC. So papasak ko to si TUF 3080 OC dun sa luma kung rig. And then, tinan natin. Kamusta ba yung performance? Will changing one part let you play AAA games in all of their high-risk graphic gory glory? Just an explanation on why I want to do this experiment. Usually, after your PC is around 4-5 years old, yung yung yung yung yung magsisiks na yung sa akin, inisip mo na ang hirap na mag-upgrade kasi andami na nagbago, andami na mga bagong hardware na mas mabilis. Hindi lang naman RGB habul ko kung bibili ako ng bagong PC, but it's impossible for me to get the latest and the greatest kasi, like say, yung Samobo, yung socket, iba na siya. And probably, I would want to go Ryzen if I were to get a new CPU. So a new CPU, kailangan ng bagong motherboard, kailangan mo ng bagong RAM. Siguro, you can save the storage and you can reuse the power supply, but I would need a new case kasi sira-sira na rin kisko. And that's the point. After 4 or 5 years, you're faced with this choice na kung mag-upgrade ako, kailangan ko nang kasi palitan lahat ng mga important parts, yung mga mahal na parts. Kaya naisip ko tong experiment na to na palitan lang natin yung graphics card. Total yung GPU naman yung pinakamahalaga na part for gaming. Okay, panaman ako sa ibang performance niya sa web surfing, downloading, kahit yung streaming, sobrang okay pa siya, renderings for video editing, okay pa siya. It's just in gaming na medyo nakulangan ako. So can I get away with replacing it with the TUF 3080 OC, which is one of the top-of-the-line cards now? And definitely, there are cons to this approach. Number one, and ito talaga, I'm sure napakamot na yung ibang PC guys watching this, is siyempre yung bottlenecks, but mga gawin yung sa 3080. Yung TUF 3080 OC, sobrang belis na graphics card, pero hindi siya makatakbo at its full speed. Kasi hiniintayin niya yung instructions galing sa CPU, na medyo mabagal na, kasi tanders na si CPU. And ito yung tinatawag na bottleneck. You don't enjoy the full performance of your graphics card because it's stuck waiting for instructions from the CPU. And no doubt magbab bottleneck talaga to. And please don't blame me in the comments. I know magbab bottleneck siya. Pero gusto ko lang makita na kahit may bottleneck, sapat na ba yung performance para makainjoy ako nung high-res gaming, nung AAA games? Number two, since I'm only changing the GPU, andamit pang mga improvements sa PC na hindi related sa graphics card. And hindi ko ma-enjoy yun kasi hindi na compatible yung hardware ko. For example, DDR5, RAM, NVMe SSD. Lahat yun hindi ko ma-bilay, hindi ko ma-upgrade kasi hindi sila compatible sa motherboard ko. PCIe4 is another new improvement na nabibilis yung transfer rates between your different devices like the GPU and the CPU and the SSDs. And that's another thing I can't enjoy because my motherboard doesn't support that. So you're missing out on a lot of the new hardware out there kung yung GPU lang palitan mo. And that's true, that's a downside to this approach. But there are also positives or may pros naman sa approach na to kung palitan mo lang yung graphics card. Number one is, pinapalitan mo lang yung graphics card. So mahal nga yung 3080 OC. I mean, mahal siya compared to the other cards out there pero kyun nga kasi top of the line siya. Tapos yung gastos mo lang is to replace the card. You don't need budget to replace your CPU, your MOBO, your RAM. You're only spending for the graphics card. And so you can actually spend more money imbis na 3070, 3060 Ti lang gilin mo since may extra budget ka na you saved because you didn't need to buy a new CPU, new MOBO, et cetera. You can get a nicer card such as the tough 3080 OC. Number two pro is that sobrang dalilang palitan yung GPU. It's one of those items na tagalin mo yung Lumamon drivers, pasok mo yung bagong GPU, pasok mo yung bagong drivers. Everything will still be okay. Hindi siya kasing messy na palitan mo yung CPU, palitan mo yung CPU cooler mo. If you're buying a modern CPU, you might be tempted to go AIO. So that's another expense. And if you change your motherboard, malamang magre-eclamo si Windows, akala niya na bagong rig talaga siya. So it will ask for a new activation key. Most likely actually if you're buying a new rig, you might as well just get a new version of Windows. So maglilipat ka pa nung mga files mo galing sa Lumamon Windows 10 to the new Windows 10. There are a lot of hassles, complications, headaches involved in buying a completely new rig. Yung kagandahan kung palitan mo lang yung GPU, sobrang simple lang nun. Tagalin mo si Lumamon, pasok mo yung bagong game. And the number three pro is that andami ko na mention ng mga bagong stuff. Pero actually, hindi lahat yun nakakatulong sa gaming performance. For example, yung PCIe4, which is supposed to have faster transfer rates. And automatically you think mas maganda siguro si PCIe4 kasi siya yung pinakalatest, si PCIe3 yung previous generation mas nabilis naman yung transfer rates on paper. Pero actually, may nagtest na nung mga PCIe4 and this was actually last year. You can check it out on Gamers Nexus or you know, those hardcore benchmarking sites like that. Sobrang konti lang nung performance increase ni PCIe4. Yes, sometimes there is a performance increase but in the real world, will you notice that extra one or two frames per second? Syempre, yung mga manufacturers gusto nung gusto nila yan. PCIe4, bago na yan, luma na sa PCIe3. DDR5, bago na yan, luma na si DDR4. And yet, for a lot of these improvements, you don't really feel the speed. On paper, yes, mas mabilis nga sila pero in actual real world conditions, konti lang yung performance increase and it's imperceptible to the user. So you're actually saving your money by resisting the hype and not upgrading to, yes, baka nga mas mabilis siya two frames per second faster but you really need an entirely new computer para lang makainjoy ka nung an additional two frames per second. So there are some pros to considering this approach na lumang PC, palitan lang natin yung graphics card. So tama na Daldal, how did it do? For primary testing, we chose Cyberpunk 2077 because it's supposed to be a AAA game and a lot of people have complained na nababagalan sila sa rig nila when they play Cyberpunk. So this is a perfect test game for us kasi bagong labas, luma na PC ko, definitely kung gamit ko pa rin yung luma kung graphics cards, may hihirapan rin ako sa kanya and I wouldn't be able to play it at max settings. But with the TUF 3080 OC, I was able to play it on full everything, full 2K resolution yung pinakamaksimong nung in-game native resolution niya, ultra graphic settings everything. All of the graphic settings, sinubukan ko na ipasok sa pinaka ultra high performance nila and the game is very playable even though I am using an i5 for 690K. Tutong nga naman kita sa benchmarks na sobrang bottleneck talaga siya. Usually 100% load talaga yung CPU ko, yung GPU ko, hindi 100% nagingintay nung instructions from the GPU. But from a gameplay perspective, I saw the best that the game engine could render. Ultra high settings, 2K, the maximum and it was very playable. On the average, what I could see from within the city with a very crowded scenery, I would be getting around 35-45 FPS. Indorse in an action setting, so indoors, isolated, contained environments but with a lot of enemies, so still a lot of moving characters. I would see around frames of 55-60 FPS which makes sense because the engine has less things to worry about when you're indoors, it's isolated, it doesn't need to render a lot of things compared to outdoor settings where it has to draw the entire city especially when the character looks out onto the horizon. So definitely if you had a much nicer system you can get much higher frame rates. But 40-45 FPS outdoors, 55 FPS indoors is still very playable considering that the graphics were on ultra everything. The game did stutter, noticeably when you scoop in on a site or you zoom in on the gun barrel when you're in a crowded situation. Noticeable stutter there. Noticeable stutter also when you hop on a vehicle and then you have it on third-party perspective. So you're seeing more of the scenery in third-party. Noticeable stutter when you hop on the vehicle. Noticeable stutter also while driving. Again because the game engine is struggling to render everything rather your system and my poor six-year-old CPU is struggling to instruct the GPU on what to render in such a crowded setting especially when you're driving. So definitely there were moments that were very reproducible na hindi talaga na kaya na nulumang system ko and nags-stutter siya. But action sequences were very fluid. When I died, it was my fault and not because I couldn't maneuver in time kasi nags-stutter yung game. And just from a quality perspective, I was able to enjoy cyberpunk. Di ko na isip na di ko ma-appreciate tong game na to, yung kwento na to because ang bagal nung PC ko. At the end of the day, I played it for more than 40 hours and hindi siya sa Krippysho. I mean hindi siya yung parang grave, I want to see how this game goes so I'm gonna play it even though sobrang bagal, even though sobrang jittery. And yung yung I've been able to play it on ultra settings and with very decent frame rates. If the 3080 OC can power my old ass rig to ultra settings at decent frames in cyberpunk 2077, then it's no surprise it can easily do over 144 Hz in less demanding games like Valorant. This is actually my first time playing Valorant and the silky smooth frame rate certainly helped my rusty reflexes pick up a killer too. So at the end of the day, would I recommend this upgrade approach? Yes, but not to everyone. Yung mga purists, yung mga gusto talaga yung pinakamabilis at yung talagang pinipigan nila lahat nung frames per second, nung performance, nung anong kaya nung computer nila, this approach should not be good for them. If you want to get the most performance out of your parts, then definitely naka handicap or naka bottleneck yung GPU if you put it in a very old system. And there are some people and legit concern naman to na na hiyinayang sila. It's like bumili ka nung mabilis na coche pero yung takbomulang 30, 40 kilometers per hour. Eh, bumili ka nung Porsche, bumili ka nung BM, kaya yung 150, 200.  And that is a legitimate criticism of this approach. If bottlenecking bothers you, if you're the type na sobrang optimized ng system, then definitely this approach is not for you.  Kasi aaminin ko sayo, hindi naman ako ganun na super gamer. I mean I'd love to be but there are so many games I'd love to play but not all of them are triple A. Actually, a lot of them are indie games na di naman kailangan na sobrang bilis na computer. And even if I wanted to play all of the triple A games, andaming adulting na kailangan gawin, kailangan patakbo si Hardware Sugar, kailangan kong mga nung videos for YouTube and there's so many other things personal and professional that I need to do that cut into my triple A game playing time. So na hinayang ako bumili nung bagong computer kasi iniisip ko, di ko rin naman siya may enjoy fully. Right now, I'm happy with my setup. It does what I needed to do and if I want to play triple A games, then changing the graphics card does that for me. Tapos yung mga dapa dito, since top of the line naman yung graphics card, I can use this as an extender. Bilin ko to, I'm happy with it for the next one year. Next year, baka bumili na ako ng bagong system, sobrang okay pa rin yung top 3080 OC or any of the higher and graphics cards nowadays. They will still be very good one year from now. So kong baga, na enjoy mo na yung graphics card ngayon, you're able to play triple A games at ultra high rest. You didn't need to spend to buy a whole new computer. Tapos next year, pag comfortable ka na, pag ready ka na bumili na bagong computer, pwede mo pa naman gamitin itong top of the line GPU. So I can see some people such as myself na bibilin ng top of the line graphics card, pasok natin sa lumang war machine natin and let's see the old girl ride again. Thanks for watching. And thank you to our top fans, Ashur Gabe, Anima Mundi, Mark Anthony Palanya, Christian Espinoza, John Ruben Otsha, P-Priation, ITX Addict. Your support literally makes the channel possible and for everyone else, please keep watching those ads. Thanks and stay safe.


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Personal Finance PowerPoint Presentation Stock Funds Prepare to get financially fit by practicing personal finance. Most of this information can be found at the Vanguard website, which you can find online at investor.vanguard.com. In prior presentations, we've been taking a look at investment goals, strategies, tools, keeping in mind the two primary categories of investments, that being the fixed income, typically the bonds, and the equities, typically the common stock. Also keeping in mind the different tools you might be using, such as mutual funds and ETFs, possibly in order to be able to diversify with less of an overall investment than if you invested in individual stocks, individual bonds. In prior presentations, we've been diving into the different kinds of mutual funds. Here's a quick recap of some fund types. We looked at the money market funds. We looked at bond funds. We looked at balance funds. Now we're going to be diving into the stock funds this time. International funds we'll look at in the future sector, and specialty funds we'll look at in a future presentation. Remember that as we are investing, the key word is typically going to be that diversification. We want to have some in the stocks, some in the bonds, and we typically then are going to want diversification within, of course, the stocks and the bonds. How are we going to do that? We could buy individual stocks, individual bonds, but that's typically not the best strategy for individuals. We're typically going to need some tools such as mutual funds, such as ETFs, where we're going to be putting money in, pooling it with other investors so that the fund manager can take that pooled money and put it over more diversified investments. If that's the case, if we're looking at mutual funds or ETFs to help us to diversify, then the question is, do I want to say get one fund? Can I just put my money in one fund possibly for saving for retirement? For example, as we saw in a prior presentation, looking at like a balanced funds, which invest in both stocks and bonds, which might even change the allocation as I get closer to retirement. That would be one of the easiest ways to go, although there are restrictions to it because you can't, you don't have as much leeway to then rebalance if you think a different balancing strategy would be better. Another way you could look at it is you could say, well, I'm going to use mutual funds, but I'm going to invest in different index funds, for example, or different bond funds, for example, and different stock funds in that way. And I'm going to rebalance. I'm going to have more control over my balance between them by investing still in mutual funds or ETFs, but doing so on a sector by sector kind of basis, different mutual funds for stocks, different mutual funds for bonds. And then within those sections, we could have a bonds fund that spreads over many different bonds. So we might have different bond funds that are going to go specifically towards US bonds or government bonds or international bonds, depending on how much diversity we want to put in place, still using, in essence, mutual funds and ETFs. Also, remember that when we're saving for retirement, we often use retirement savings accounts like IRAs, like 401K plans, for example. And those things you can think of as, in essence, an umbrella over the investment, which is typically kind of like a mutual fund. So the mutual fund still acts the same, but now it has this umbrella, this added restriction, because that's what you're doing typically when you put money into a retirement type of account. You're restricting your money, which you would not do unless you got a tax benefit. So that's why you do it. It's not a different investment. It's not a different kind of thing altogether. You don't have to think of a different whole vehicle that you're using. It's basically a mutual fund, typically, under like an umbrella of a retirement account, which has tax implications that you have to consider. Okay, so now we're diving into the stock funds. This is probably the most common kind of mutual fund that people think of when you say, hey, I'm going to put money into a mutual fund. We're typically thinking, okay, well, I can invest in individual stocks, or I can invest in a mutual fund, which is going to diversify, pool my money together so that the portfolio can invest in multiple different stocks. When we think about the stock funds, however, we have a huge array of different kind of investments within the stocks, because now we've got all these different kind of companies. We can classify the companies in different areas and so on and so forth. So now that we're on the stock side of things, we've still got to kind of dig in and say, how exactly are we going to diversify over equities, over stocks, even using mutual funds? So considering stock funds, if you want to increase your chances of growing your money over longer periods of time, so they're going to be more volatile typically than the bonds, more volatile than money markets, certainly, but over a long run, they typically have the higher capacity for earnings, for growth. So these funds expose you to more risk than typical bond funds. That's why you want the diversification between the two, but you can limit some of that risk when you pair stock funds with bond funds as part of a diversified portfolio. So there's the key term. Any financial planner worth their salt or worth whatever is going to use that term a lot. Diversification.  So what are equity or stock funds? So this is Vanguard talking here. So equity, mutual funds and ETF exchange traded funds invest in a diverse mix of stocks. That's going to be basically the point. We're trying to get diversity in multiple stocks instead of investing in, say, one company, for example. Give your money to a higher potential to grow over the long-term. Stock mutual funds and ETFs aim to provide long-term growth unlike bond funds which focus on income. So when we look at the bond funds, they're usually going to be less exciting. They're usually not going to be jumping up as the market goes up or anything like that, but we're looking more stable income there, which means that when the market goes down, the bond funds are kind of exciting at that point because you're like, I'm getting killed, but at least my bonds haven't gone down in the hole. So that's kind of the play there. The stock, of course, can have more volatility. On the upside, that can be fun. On the downside, it can be painful. So in exchange for more growth potential, however, you're likely to experience more ups and downs in the value of your investment. So you've got to ride the roller coaster. Remember that in the short term, you're going to see the stuff bouncing around like this and you've got to not have a heart attack because in the long term, you're hoping that it's going to be basically an upward kind of growth potential. So if you're saving for retirement, that's kind of where you're looking. You're looking long-term here, and if you make your decisions based on panicking, based on fear, you will usually make them at the wrong time. Unfortunately. So reduce your investment risk. So a stock fund could give you access to hundreds, sometimes thousands of stocks with spreads out risk more than owning individual stock. So how to choose a stock fund? Here are a few questions to ask yourself when considering Vanguard stock funds for your portfolio. Similar kind of thing could be if it's not a Vanguard stock fund, but this is our Vanguard information that we're getting this from. So how do stock mutual funds differ from one another? When looking at a stock fund, consider two characteristics. We got the investing style in general stock funds invest in value stock, growth stock, or a blend of the two. So now we're going to try to categorize and we might dive into this in a little bit more detail in future presentations, the different kinds of funds, right? So now you're in the world of stocks now, and now the question is, well, can I group these stocks? I can group them in different ways, like by sector or by the idea of stock funds of value, growth, or a blend, for example. So capitalization stock funds also choose investment based on the size or capitalization of a company. So we can also think, you know, in terms of investing, how big is the company? You would think the bigger they are, the more kind of established they might be, and that might have less risk oftentimes, but that's not always the case, you would think as well. So companies are considered either small, mid, or large caps. So these are other kind of classifications in terms of the size, which we might define a little bit more in future presentations. So how much risk am I comfortable with? So different types of stocks will expose you to different types of levels of risk. Now, when you're thinking about risk, obviously we have our risk tolerance and whatnot, but we're also trying to match the right risk level with the time horizon that we have. So if we're saving for retirement, we have a long time horizon. We should probably be taking on a diversified portfolio, but maybe more risk because we have potential for growth over that longer time horizon, and the idea being if we get closer to retirement, then we might be on more stable stocks, which might be more the larger cap stocks, right? The ones that are going to be more stable growth, ones that possibly give out more dividends at that point in time. So knowing the general terms used to describe specific stock characteristics can help you assess how comfortable you are with the risks involved with investing. So for example, you can choose stock funds and ETFs based on the average size or capitalization of the companies they invest in. In general, smaller companies' stocks can be riskier than larger company's stocks, but smaller companies can reward that risk with more potential for growth. So in other words, if you think about a growth cycle like this, you're saying, okay, this is a company's growth cycle if they kind of succeeded, right? It's going to look something maybe not exactly like that, but it's going to go up and you would expect that you're going to have this period down here with a huge increasing rate of return. So if you bought like Apple down here or something when they were growing, well, you're not going to get a lot of dividends at that point in time, but the value of the stock would go up greatly and you would be doing quite well, so many stocks are going to die, right? They're not going to get up to the top at this point. They're not going to be at the same level as Apple is at this point in time and so on. So you have the potential for growth, but you have the more risk that's going to be involved there. Once you get up here, like Apple's kind of up here, or typically like a utility company or something like that, then you would expect they made it. They're already huge. So if you're like a utility company, they've already invested for the phone company. They've invested in all the phone lines. They've won the monopoly basically, or they have the capacity. They're not building new phone lines and stuff like that, typically as much, and they're just kind of marching along and you would expect them to keep on doing what they're going to do, because they're basically stable at that point in time and possibly giving out more dividends. You can think of a similar kind of curve, by the way, with countries as well. So if you think of the United States, we're kind of up here, so you would think that maybe overall, there wouldn't be as much giant spurt in the growth. And a lot of times we think about those developing countries, which you would say, man, if they could just do a little bit, like if they were just able to use a little bit more of their human capital, for example, more efficiently, possibly becoming a little bit more capitalistic, then their growth would spike. And then if you're investing there, you'd have huge growth there. But again, just like with this individual stocks, there's also risk that that's not going to happen. That's not the way it's going to go. So you have the potential, but it may not completely play out. So would I prefer index or active funds? So this is going to be huge within the stocks as well, because this comes down to your thinking on active management. Do you think that an active manager can beat the index? Remember that the index is kind of like the average of whatever sector that we are currently looking at. You can think of that similar to a sample of a population. So for example, if we're trying to get the opinion of a population, we're not going to ask the whole population. We're going to ask a certain group that we hope are representative of the population and then take those results and basically apply them to the entire population. Similar thing with the index. We're going to take a sample of stocks within a certain sector that we hope are reflective of the entire sector and use that as kind of like the average. When we are investing, we could try to have our mutual fund tied to the index, which would be kind of tying the hands of the manager, which hopefully will be cheaper because now they just need to tie it to the index. We're betting on the average of the sector, or we could try to have an active manager that in essence is going to try to beat the index. So if you have an active manager that's managing within the confines of whatever sector that they are in, you would think by definition to justify their active management, they're going to need to beat the index, and they're going to need to beat it enough that they're actually justifying their salary to be actively managing. So whether you want indexes or active management will depend on your personal outlook about how well active management can perform in the long run oftentimes. So a combination of index and active strategies can help you meet your goals. Many people start with a core portfolio of index funds and then actively manage funds for certain market segments. And I think that's pretty much a good idea because the index funds means you're kind of investing on the average, on the market as a whole going up over time. And then you might want to be pretty picky about your actively managed funds because you want to pick the actively managed funds where you think someone can actively outperform for whatever reason, rather than just picking a general active manage fund that has some active manager that you don't know a whole lot about. You might want to be more picky about the types of active management funds you want to put in considering they cost more. So index mutual funds and ETS, you have a chance to keep pace with market returns because index funds try to mirror certain market segments, but not all index funds are created equal, actively managed funds. So or you can try to beat market returns with investment handpicked by professional money managers. So here's what they're trying to do. They're trying to beat the index within the certain areas that would be the general idea they're going to cost more to do so. So you may be surprised by our active funds performance. Discover our active funds quite success stories. So what to see a side-by-side comparison of the two types of funds. Compare index funds versus actively managed funds. So you could, they're going to try to give you the comparison side-by-side. Again, the question is, you know, they should be able to beat the index fund by a substantial amount after paying for the added costs in order to think about it. But remember that when you're looking at the actively managed funds, if you're trying to consider a particular fund manager, for example, that is saying that they can beat the market, oftentimes it's hard to determine that because you really have to look at their whole career to really determine if they're able to beat the market consistently over the long run because there are going to be winners and losers no matter what, even if we just randomly picked a bunch of people that were actively managing just because you have so many people, just that's the way the chance will work. Someone is going to look like a genius even if everybody was not a genius. We might have some situations where an active manager, whatever their investment strategy, whether it be conservative or very aggressive just happened to fit the market at that particular point in time 10 years later when the market changes and the other side of things would look better, that manager, the question is can they change to reflect the changes in the market appropriately? Again, that's kind of tough to tell unless you're looking at a very long time horizon. But in any case, do I want domestic or international stocks? Investing in both U.S. and international stock funds can add another level of diversification in an already well-balanced portfolio. So note that, again, if you're investing in the U.S., you can kind of think of the U.S. kind of like that business cycle. So the U.S. is basically up here. So you would think that you're going to get lesser potential for returns than you could in like a growth area of the world. Because again, if they just did a couple things and maybe became a little bit more capitalistic and have a little bit more use of the human capital, you would think that the growth would be huge. But again, they might not do that. And so there's going to be more risk involved there. So typically on the U.S. market side of things, you usually have more trust and whatnot in the system, some more transparency. And so that's why a lot of times the money still floods into the U.S. exchanges and so on because of that more transparency, even though there may not be as much potential for that rapid kind of growth. So then the question is, well, how much more exposure do I want outside of the U.S. possibly? And what are the tools that I could use to get exposure, to get exposure to other areas of the world to add to diversification and possibly getting access to some higher returns? So in any case, get a list of Vanguard U.S. stock mutual funds and Vanguard international stock mutual funds. So as individual investors, if we're investing in mutual funds, our options could be, we might say, hey, I want to get, say, one mutual fund that covers all bonds, all stocks and so on, or we might try to break out the bonds from the stocks. And then on the stocks side of things, we might try to get a mutual fund, for example, that covers all the U.S. stocks, for example, or multiple mutual funds that cover different segments of the U.S. stocks. And then we might want mutual funds that cover all of the international stocks, to give us exposure there. Or we might want multiple index funds that are going to help us or mutual funds or ETFs with exposure to the international market, depending again on how much complexity and how much control we want in our investment strategy. So we've got the Vanguard U.S. stock ETFs as well. We're not going to get into the difference between the ETFs and the mutual funds here. We've talked about that in prior presentations. Vanguard international stock ETFs. So should I focus on a specific industry? You could choose a fund that invests solely in a specific sector of the market like healthcare technology or telecommunications. So we've talked about breaking out our investment strategy in the stock side of things. So we're going to break out, we could think about bonds and then we're going to think about stocks and then on the stock side of things, we can break out by the size of the company, for example, or we might want to break out by a specific area like healthcare technology, telecommunications, and so on. Now remember, you don't want all of your money typically in one of these areas as your sole kind of place to be, even though you're somewhat diversified within that area because if there was a downturn within a particular area like healthcare or telecommunications, then you would have exposure to that. You wouldn't have diversification to safeguard against that. But you might want some more leeway to put money into say these particular areas if you think that would be the best thing to do within the current market situation. So you might be saying, hey, I think healthcare is the safest place to be in this particular environment. I would like to be more heavily weighted in healthcare at this point in time. So whatever my other strategy is, if I have a balanced portfolio or I have different index funds that are covering my stocks, maybe I also have this healthcare fund that's going to be betting on this particular sector because I think that would be best for this particular point in time, allowing you a little bit of leeway to more heavily invest in one area or another, for example. But remember, these funds have a very narrow focus and expose you to more risk, meaning if you just invest in them alone, you're not diversified, and therefore you're exposing risk in that case. You want to use them in conjunction with other strategies. Sector and specialty funds should only be used to supplement an already diversified portfolio. Get a broad exposure to stock markets. You can use just a few funds to complete the stock portion of your portfolio. Each of these investments give you access to a wide variety of stocks in a single diversified fund. So we've got the Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund. Holds more than 4,000 domestic stocks. We've got the Vanguard Total International Stock Index Funds. Holds more than 7,500 non-U.S. stocks. So your strategy could be, I want to have a diversified portfolio. So I could try to get one index fund that has both stocks and bonds and diversifies over everything. But that's going to be somewhat restrictive, although the easiest thing to do or I might want to have different funds, say for the bonds and for the stocks. And then on the stock side of things, maybe I want to have one mutual fund ETF that's going to cover all of the total stock market, say U.S. stock market, for example, giving me diversification, hopefully a broad diversification there, and then another one for international. So now we're breaking it out a little bit, but not too much. Or we can get more specific still and say within the Vanguard stocks for the U.S. stocks, maybe I then break out by caps. And so I'm going to say the size of the company. Maybe I invest based on the size of the company, for example, and use those index funds or mutual funds. Or maybe I try to get more specific into different segments or industries, for example. So there's questions on how, even using the mutual funds, on how much strategy we want to give to one specific fund and how much ability do we want to vary things up by having basically multiple funds focused more narrowly on specific areas. So Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund, so Stock Market ETF, I'm sorry, Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF holds more than 4,000 non-U.S. stocks. We got the Vanguard Total International Stock ETF.


So I recently purchased a couple of products on Amazon, one being Amla oil hair oil. And I also purchased a scalp massage you guys. I love these things. I don't know what happened to my other one maybe JB is using for a puppet or something girl. I don't know. But I purchased two of these. I love these scalp massages. I typically use these in the shower. The one I had before was almost like a tangled teaser. The pointy things I'm going to call these the teeth were smaller than this. This is ideal for a scalp massage and I like to do my scalp massages in the shower while I'm cleansing my hair. I'm going to do that too today. But in addition to that, I'm going to be blowing out my hair because it's going to be time to set my hair in a protective style. And once my hair is done and it's blown out, I'm going to be taking my applicator jewelry that has a mixture of hair oil. I will be putting everything I have in here below in the description box, apply a little bit and then I'm going to be using my scalp massager.  So today I'm going to be like I said, washing my hair.  You got to be gentle because it is your scalp. And so I'm going to be taking my time and massaging my hair. All right. Hey, y'all. How are you guys doing? I'm back today with another hair related video. And this time we're going to be doing a scalp massage. We're going to be using Amla oil that I recently purchased from Amazon, a couple of months ago. Now it's been about two weeks or so, and this is what it looks like. It has a dark evergreen type color. To me, I know a couple of people don't like the scent, the smell of it, excuse me. But to me, it smells like old school blue magic hair breeze. So that's what it smells like. So I'm going to be applying this directly to my scalp. I wish I could show you my scalp up close, but it's really hard, girl. It's really hard to get through. So I put the Amla oil along with, I would say, like five or six different other oils. I'll be having everything below in the description box, at least the ingredients I use for this particular, the products I use for this particular oil mixture. And this is what it looks like. It's fairly, fairly thick. So let's go ahead, y'all, and take down my hair. Now I blew out my hair. When was it? Oh, gosh, it's been. I did it on Saturday and now it's Monday. My hair is very, very, very, very healthy. All I did was blow it out and I put it in these medium sized twists just to get it out the way. Just most so so it won't also get any type of shrinkage. It's going to get some shrinkage because it's just the weather here has been a little all over the place here in Texas. And so I'm going to take down my hair, all of it completely down. All looking like it feels really, really, really good. This past wash day, I took my time to detangle my hair. I also cut my hair a little bit. Can you tell? So this is what the back is looking like. This side. So this is going to be very, very, very simple. Like I said, I wish I could show you, you know, some people when I've seen the videos, they can get right into the scalp and show you. But what I can do is I'm going to show you how to scalp. We're going to get to the scalp. We'll get to it. Girl, can you see it? It's there. This is a good problem to have. I'm not complaining. It's a good problem to have.  I didn't even know it was there. It could have been there for the past 10 years. All right, y'all. So I don't need a lot. Even with this amount of hair, I'm not trying to add a lot to my scalp. OK, so I'm literally am going to be doing this much. Going to the side there in the back, really focusing on the crown, too. Then I'm also going to do the edges. All right, so now I'm going to take the scalp massager and lightly. I'm going to actually I'm going to start in the crown first. I would use my nails, but I want to do this for now. It feels good. And as I mentioned earlier, I typically do this in the shower with the shampoo. I also prefer to use peppermint oil. Now I'm going to go in with that was the start. And I'm going to go in with my hands. My nails and lightly do it. Oh, yeah, that feels good. I'm about to fall asleep, child. It's so relaxing. Oh, I'm going to also kind of do some pressure on my neck. And that's it, you guys. That's it. That's all I'm going to be doing now. As I said before, I'm tired, y'all. I typically do this in the shower, but I'm going to start doing this right after I'm done washing my hair. I typically like to put my hair in big twists. And so I'll be doing this out of the shower and in the shower. But the main ingredient is going to be the Amala oil. OK, so that is it, you guys. Just a quick scalp massage video that is it. I'll be doing this long term, at least for the next six months. OK, so thank you so much for watching. Thank you as always. So all of my subscribers, take care. Bye.


Hi, I'm Hannah and hi, I'm the founder of the Kaia Method. I want to start by asking you all a few questions. So, does your body tell you when you're hungry? Does it tell you when you're tired? Does it tell you when you're hurt? Does it tell you when you fall in love? Awesome. So, the real question is, do you listen? Like, do you really listen? And I ask that because most of us don't. And this is the problem. Not listening to the body and the mind-body disconnection is a global epidemic that hinders humanity's growth in numerous ways, three of which I focus on. It hinders the healing of personal, collective, and transgenerational trauma. And it hinders our ability to expand our personal and collective consciousness at the level of embodiment. And it also hinders our ability to connect at the level of our shared humanity, which is why I developed the Kaia Method. And the Kaia Method is a somatic methodology that harnesses the power of dance to transmute trauma, expand consciousness, and bridge cultures. So we'll start with the first one, healing trauma. So trauma is actually not just primarily stored in the mind. It is stored in our cellular memory and our bodies on a neuropeptide level. So in order to fully transmute trauma, we actually have to work with the body. And secondly, expanding consciousness. When we're in states of embodiment, we actually change our brain frequencies from the beta chatter of the mind to alpha and theta frequencies of understanding, compassion, and deep creativity. So I like to imagine a world where every entrepreneur creates from that space. And the projects that they put out into the world from that space is one of integrity, honesty, and depths of truth. And lastly, cultural bridging is where this all began. I traveled to Oman under the Obama administration to bring together American and Omani youth through dance and movement and ritual. And through that, really grew to understand the healing power and potentialities of dance. And I took it to Israel and Palestine and I worked with the youth there, Israeli and Palestinian youth, bringing them together through art, dance, meditation. And I'm a big believer that this is what the world means especially among youth, especially in conflict areas in the world. So where I see Kaya in New Zealand is facilitating workshops in communities with lots of collective and transgenerational trauma and also certifying Kaya instructors so they can have the tools to perpetuate that healing and continue that healing far beyond this generation. And I also see opening Kaya studio spaces across New Zealand to make dance healing and exploration accessible to the general public and an integrated component of everyday life. And so Kaya works with a unique combination of meditation, visualization, intentional dance sequencing and structured improvisation, all targeting very specific chakras, meridian systems and brain frequencies.  So if you would all do me the honor and close your eyes, sit nice and tall in your chairs and just take a really deep breath and just start to scan the energetic and the physical body. Notice any kind of discomfort, tension, closure. This might be physical pain, it might be emotional angst, maybe in the heart or closure in the throat or solar plexus. Just take a moment to feel into the part of your body that is speaking the most loudly to you. And when you've identified it, place the left hand, the receiving hand on that part of your body that is asking to be acknowledged. Thank you for acknowledging the part of your body that is asking to be heard. And I know it's a really, really, really tiny, tiny taste. I am gonna be facilitating a workshop here if you guys want to investigate this further. Thank you so much.


Okay, let's see what is a Kerogram. Kerogram basically it is a software tool to assess the caries risk of a patient. So we can assess caries risk by using various methods. Usually we conduct examination on patient's salivary flow rate, its buffering capacity, the amount of plaque, the exposure to fluoride, the brishing frequency and the sugar exposure, the frequency of sugar, consistency of sugar. Since dental caries is a multifactorial disease, the prediction of this risk is a bit complicated. It is not easy to predict because there are many factors involved in caries development. So Kerogram is the, so a Kerogram will look like this, it looks like a pie, it is a pie chart basically with five colors, green, yellow, light blue, red and dark blue. Each color represents a certain section of predictors that is the components of caries formation and the green one is a different thing that I will tell you later. So it is invented by a scientist named D. Brathal. So D. Brathal invented the Kerogram to estimate the caries risk of a person. So Kerogram is the most accurate tool to predict the caries risk of a person. So it is a risk estimation of dental caries. Since caries is a multifactorial disease, it is not easy to predict a caries development. So all these sections, that is all four sections, so we just keep the green section apart. The rest four sections are the components or the factors which involved in the caries formation. So it includes all the multifactorial components of a dental caries. So by asking the questions related to caries formation, we will quantify it, that is we will give numbers for each questions, answers and we will add up the numbers and we will compute it because it is a software and finally we get a percentage. The whole pie will be 100% so each part of the pie will be certain percentage. The green will be certain percentage, yellow, light blue, red and dark blue. All becomes percentage. So finally what we have to find is the percentage of green section. So that is what important. So green section will not be created at the first because we are asking questions related to the other four sectors that is yellow, light blue, red and dark blue. So depending upon the answers, it may become a big section or a small section, ultimately produces a smaller green section or a bigger green section. So here we can see the all five sections, that is five parts of a pie chart with certain percentage. This is just a hypothetical example. So let's see what is that green color. Green color is actual chance of avoid new cavities. The green color indicates that the percentage protective power of person against caries. If the pie chart is entirely green, that is 100% that means the person has zero chance to develop new carries. If the person's green section is zero percentage, instead of 100% the person has no protection against tender carries and he may have a lot of carries. So green section says the protection against tender carries. So how the green section is getting into that percentage depends on the all other four percentage other sectors. So let's see the dark blue sector. So the dark blue sector is diet. So in this section, we ask questions about diet content, whether it is sticky or not sticky and the frequency whether patient consumes more carouselic food less frequent or more frequent. So depending upon this answer will give marks or will count the response that is dark blue is diet. So we ask that content and that frequency. So since it's a multifactorial, the carries are multifactorial disease carries are multifactorial disease. So we highlight all the components that is diet, microbes, personal host factors, Asian factors and environmental factors. So the dark blue is diet, then the red sector is bacteria. So we have to count the amount of plaque by using any plaque indices and mutant streptococcus. Okay, we can take a swab and count the bacteria or we can use any indices to count the plaque. So the red sector is bacteria. So we count the amount of plaque by using any plaque indices and the amount of streptococcus using in a swab test. So the next thing is light blue, which is of susceptibility where we assess the fluoride program, salivary secretion and buffer capacity. So as we were seeing in dark blue, if the patient diet content is more karyogenic and diet frequency is more karyogenic, the dark blue sector will be more. Similarly, the patient's amount of plaque and the colonies of micro bacteria is more, the red sector will be more. It will be a bigger size. And similarly, the light blue, which is seeing the fluoride program if patient is taking any fluoride toothpaste or any other supplements of fluoride and patient's saliva flow is adequate or inadequate and buffering capacity is adequate or inadequate. If it is going inadequate or less amount of fluoride patient is taking, the more chances of kary is that is the light blue sector will be more. Okay, if the patient is having a good amount of fluoride exposure and good salivary flow and good buffering capacity, the light blue sector will be less. So the last one is yellow sector, which is circumstances. So we check the past kary's experience and other related diseases which can cause which can cause dental kary's. So we check the past kary's experience by using any DMFT indices and any other systemic diseases which can cause which can create chances of dental kary's. So we ask all these four sectors questions, not the green sector. The green sector will be made out of these four sectors answers. Okay, so you can see a k-dogram software. So it is a software in a computer. So you can see the questions like on the right side here kary's experience related disease, diet content, diet frequency, plaque amount, streptococcus, fluoride program, saliva secretion, buffer capacity. So all these are different questions of the four sectors we were talking about that is light blue, dark blue, yellow and red. So we can say that the diet content and frequency related to dark blue, the black amount and mutants streptococcus related to red sector and the light blue susceptibility that is saliva secretion, buffering capacity and fluoride program belong to the susceptibility light blue, the yellow section that are circumstances that is past dental kary's experience and related disease. So all we ask questions so you can see the numbers which is put here 023 and 022 similarly. So you can see here the numbers 023 you don't worry about this because we are not going to write in detail about the software. We are going to write about the concept and the five colors. So just to give a much insight to this kary's software. So we have this option 023, 022. So we enter all the values related to the questions, responses. So we get something like this. This is a hypothetical example. So after putting all the values we get something like this. You can see the response to one, two, three like that. So we get percentage. Ultimately, we get percentage. We are getting 32 percentage of diet, 26 percentage of bacteria and 13 percentage of susceptibility and 12 percentage of circumstances. How we get this percentage depends upon the patient's response to questions related to each sector. The green sector is not by the result of questions. It is how it is because we are adding all these four sectors that is 12 plus 13 plus 26 plus 32 it becomes 83. And we subtracted from 100 because the all pie chart will be 100 percentage. So 100 minus the remaining four sectors that is 83 becomes 17 percentage. So this patient has 17% chance of avoiding new dental cavities. The patient's carries risk is high because the red section is pretty much very narrow compared to the entire pie chart. Center pie chart is 100 percentage. When it is 100 percentage, patient has zero chance of carries. Since it is 17 percentage compared to 100, the patients has more chances of carries and patients carries risk is high. So this is all about K-reogram. So it is what we have to do an exam. We have to draw the pie chart with five colors and you can hypothetically give some percentage and each four sectors apart from green you have to mention the questions and you have to write it as the green sector means chance to avoid of dental carries or the carries risk because the green sector less carries risk lesser the green sector more carries risk. That is chance to avoid dental carries. That is all about K-reogram. Okay. Thank you.