Hello and welcome to our plenary session. My name is Alan Abelson. I'm a family doctor in Toronto. And part of the working party on the environment with Wonka. It's my absolute pleasure today to introduce the plenary speaker, Professor Sir Andy Andrew Haynes, who's going to talk about safeguarding human health in a time of environmental change. Perhaps Andy's greatest credential is that he was co-founder of our Working Party on the Environment in 1995 at a meeting of Wonka in Hong Kong, where he and I started the working party. But let me talk about his broader commitment to this discipline. He was Dean of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and his Professor of Environmental Change and Public Health there. And I want to go into great details about his role there. He was a general practitioner in North London for many, many years. And more recently, his work in terms of climate change, he was a member of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC, the working group that worked on the health effects of very, very influential policy work and gathering the evidence for the second and third assessment reports and the fifth assessment report. And importantly, he chaired the, in 2014-15, the Rockefeller Foundation together with the Lancet Commission, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Lancet Commission produced a commission on planetary health that was published and really was the founding document for the whole movement of planetary health. So I want to, with great respect, introduce Andy to talk about safeguarding human health in the time of environmental change. Thank you, Andy. Well, thank you so much. It's a great honour and a pleasure for me to speak to you today. And my title is about how we can safeguard human health in the face of multiple environmental changes. As we've seen in just the last week or so, we've been very much engaged, of course, in climate change and health with COP26 in Glasgow. And that's really brought to the collective consciousness of the world the importance of addressing one of these changes, which is climate change. So in my talk, I'm going to draw on some of the work we did a few years ago on the Commission on Planetary Health, but also I'm going to focus particularly on climate change as the main example of these multiple environmental changes that are confronting humanity. So my first slide really illustrates the scale of the challenges and people have called this the great acceleration because it's acceleration in terms of the human impact on the environment. And on the left, you can see the socioeconomic trends that are driving these changes in the world's environment, the global environment. World population has increased, of course, dramatically, particularly since the middle of the last century. The economic enterprise, the global economic enterprises increased also very markedly since the middle of the last century. So real global GDP is now, this slide was made a few years ago, it's well above 70 trillion, of course. Energy use has increased, it's been powering the economic growth, which has resulted in human progress. We've seen increases in urbanization now with the majority of the world's population living in cities. In order to grow the food to feed this world population, of course, there's been an increase in fertilizer production and consumption. We've dammed about 60% of the world's rivers in order to irrigate the land and to generate hydroelectricity. And many other changes have occurred as well as illustrated on the left side of this slide. So we have seen genuine progress. We've seen reductions in poverty, absolute poverty has reduced, although, of course, there's still a lot of inequity around the world. And in some countries, inequities have actually been increasing, particularly as a result of COVID. We've seen an increase in life expectancy of over 20 years since the middle of the last century, although, of course, COVID has resulted in some countries in a reduction in life expectancy in the last year or two. But this progress, this inequitable progress, has come at a cost. And the cost has been borne by the earth systems. And that's shown on the right side here. You can see how greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, which is a long-lived greenhouse gas, have accumulated in the atmosphere. It's the most important of the greenhouse gases, about 70% of the heating so far has been due to carbon dioxide. And of course, about 15% or more of it stays up in the atmosphere for a thousand years or more. We don't know how to get it out in a kind of cost-effective and efficient way at the moment. So that's a legacy we're leaving to future generations. But other gases as well, methane, which is a short-lived climate pollution, very, very contributes substantially to global heating. It's also increased as a result of changes in land use, increased livestock, gas leaks and so on. Many other earth system trends are shown on this slide. I won't read them all out, but you can see that oceans are becoming more acidified. The temperature of the planets now warmed 1.2 degrees centigrade. We've reached now since pre-industrial times. So there's already been a lot of heating of the earth's surface. There's been more over the land than over the oceans and some parts of the planet have warmed up quicker than others. The Arctic, for example, has heated up more quickly than much of the planet. And we've exploited really about 40% of the world's land to grow food. And so there's really a limit. We can't really exploit any more of the land, particularly if we want to protect biodiversity loss. Many scientists have suggested we're moving into the sixth grade extinction where we're losing biodiversity and unprecedented rate. Perhaps it's 100 fold or perhaps more times greater than pre-human existence. So what we're seeing then is we have said genuine, although in that inactable progress, but that's now threatened by the undermining the damage to the earth systems, which ultimately, of course, I helped depend on these vital earth systems. So this has led to the concept of planetary boundaries advanced by Johan Rockstrom, Will Steffen and colleagues. And this is a paper they wrote in 2015, which shows us these described outlines these different planetary boundaries ranging from climate change, biosphere integrity, ecosystem change, freshwater use, nitrogen and phosphorus flows, acidification of the ocean, loading of the atmosphere with aerosols causing air pollution and so on. Depletion of ozone, the high level ozone, the stratosphere that protects us against ultraviolet light. That's the one good bit of good news that that does seem to have stopped and the ozone hole is is healing to some extent. There are many novel entities, lots of chemical pollutants, many of which we don't understand the full cost of consequences of those pollutants. So you can see these very widespread changes that are impacting on human health now and will increasingly affect human health in the future. I'm going to focus particularly on climate change, but against the background of these multiple environmental changes which interact in ways that we don't fully yet understand. This slide just illustrates how these multiple factors can affect under nutrition. So here are the pressures on the left side here, everything from freshwater use, land use chains, climate change and so on, overfishing. And these are how they affect these states like the climate rainfall temperature, extreme storms and so on sea level rise, air pollutants like ground level ozone, not to be confused with the stratospheric ozone which is high up in the atmosphere and protect us against ultraviolet light ground Soil and so on. These affect loss of biodiversity, pollinators are very important for many crops and they obviously influence food plant diversity, the content, the nutrient content, as we put more CO2 into the atmosphere, the nutrient content of many crops declines. So all of these factors result in declining crop yields, declining nutritional quality of crops, reductions in fisheries and seafood, and all of this can increase the risk of course of under nutrition people crops and obviously fruit and vegetables as well. We know that the causes of this degradation, much as least certainly in terms of climate change are very inequitable. So the richest 10% of the world's population are responsible for almost half of the total consumption related carbon dioxide emissions, whereas the poorest 50% are responsible for only about 10%. So the profound issue of climate justice here, those populations that are going to suffer the most from climate change are least responsible for the emissions that have caused climate change. And that's something we need to bear in mind when thinking about the challenges of climate change. Now climate change has a range of impacts on human health. They're summarized in this slide. It's rather complex slide, but let me take you through it quickly. So these greenhouse gases cause rising temperature, rising sea levels, increasing extreme weather events, and through many demographic and socioeconomic and other environmental factors, these moderate or modulate the way in which climate change impacts on human health. And some of those are summarized in the slide. The climate change then affects a range of different exposure pathways. There are these very direct pathways like extreme heat stress, for example, storms, extreme storms, floods, droughts, wildfires, and these all affect human health through a range of pathways here. But heat is an obvious impact, but also air quality, wildfires affect air quality, of course, water quality and quantity affecting a whole range of infectious diseases here in freshwater systems, but also some extent in the oceans as well, these harmful algal blooms. So food supply and safety, as I've already mentioned, these can affect under nutrition, but also increasing the risk of food poisoning and other diseases related to contamination of food chains. Vector-borne diseases like malaria at the edges of the distribution or dengue or other vector-borne diseases here. There are impacts that are mediated through social economic systems like increasing poverty, displacement or migration of populations, and increased in conflict probably as well. So you can see the effects are quite complex, mediated through a range of pathways, and it's likely that some of these indirect effects will be at least as important, perhaps more important than some of the more direct pathways. So increasingly, thanks to advances in science, we can detect and attribute the health impacts of climate change to human-induced climate change. So they're not due to natural variability, we can increasingly separate the natural variability from the human-induced climate change.  You can see that these lines are diverging, and as I've said, they're about 1.2 degrees centigrade apart now, and that's a global average. You can also see that some events that are happening now wouldn't have happened without a human-induced climate change. So if we look at the Siberian heat and fires in 2020, these were virtually impossible in the climate pre-1900. They wouldn't have happened without human-induced climate change. So we can say with confidence that human-induced climate change is indeed having effects on human health and human societies more broadly now, as well as in the future. A recent study, very important study in nature climate change using data from over 730 sites in 43 countries, showed that more than a third of the total heat deaths between 1990 and 2018 could be attributed to human-induced climate change. In other words, they wouldn't have happened without climate change. But as you can see from the map, there's big gaps in the data. So there's no data for much of Africa and Asia, and we need to fill in those gaps because this estimate could be an underestimate. We just don't know because the vital registration systems in these countries are not robust enough to allow us to make credible estimates. So this is probably a conservative estimate. We've also seen a number of other effects, so as well as causing increased death rates amongst the elderly and so on, when you expose them to extreme heat. There are also effects on other groups. And this is one group. This is a pregnant women's subsistence farmers. This is some work that's just being submitted for publication led by PhD student Anna Bonnell working in the Gambia in West Africa. And you can see her there with Gambian colleagues working literally in the field with pregnant women's subsistence farmers to measure the extreme heat exposure that they're working under at the moment. Of course, ideally you should take shelter. You could work under shady conditions. That's not actually possible for many of these women. And what worried me when I saw this data was the extreme heat exposures. So this is the wet bulb global temperatures is measured by this instrument here. It integrates temperature and humidity and some solar radiation. And what you can see is that some women are already working extreme heat exposure, this orange and red here. If they were elite athletes, they would be told that they shouldn't compete above a wet bulb global temperature about 28. So many of them are working hard in the fields whilst they're often, whilst they're pregnant, sometimes advanced pregnancy, because they don't have any choice they have to feed their families. So they're already at unacceptable levels of heat stress and that can only get worse in years to come so it raises the question of to what extent will be possible for populations like these to adapt to create a heat. We know also that heat exposure is amplified in cities. This slide shows you how the daytime and the nighttime temperature increases over urban areas that can be modified somewhat by green space so green space helps to cool cities. Water to some extent as well in the daytime but in the nighttime, the heat is radiated so it compensates for that with water. But the green space does cool cities in the day and the nighttime and there can be big variations between the city and the surrounding countryside but also within cities as well, depending on the kind of services. So the surface, the road surfaces of course are dark, they absorb the heat and then they emit it again at night. And so painting buildings white for example can help to reflect some of the heat. And there are big socio economic differences so often in poorer neighborhoods. There's increasing heat exposure because they have less green space and that's been shown in a number of studies for example in the US and the UK. We also know there's increasing wildfire risk to health from climate change so those of you working in areas where wildfires have occurred will be aware that these produced large amounts of air pollution. This recent papers in Lancet Pantry Health explored the impact on health of these wildfires you can see that in some parts of the world they cause extraordinary high levels of air pollution with PM levels, even over 200 which is extraordinarily high because in some parts of California, parts of Southeast Asia for example. So big exposures of populations to wildfire smoke which we believe is more toxic than your kind of average urban particulate air pollution has a lot more oxidative and pro inflammatory components and causes an increase in mortality and death rates as you can see for several days following the exposure to this wildfire smoke, as shown in a recent paper led by my colleagues, Antonio Gasperini and Anna Visero-Cabrera, looking at data again from a whole range of different sites. So wildfires again an important risk to health, not just to physical health but also mental health as well. We also know that infectious diseases are changing so these are the effects of climate change which we've already seen, already observed on the two vectors of dengue, EDs in Egypti and EDs albapictus and you can see how their own capacity their ability to transmit dengue has increased over recent years, this is a mathematical models of their vectorial capacity and you can see how it's changed since the middle late of the last late years of the last century, how it's increased steadily for these two different disease vectors, so they're increasingly able to transmit dengue around the world and that's responsible probably for some of the increases in dengue that we've seen. But it's not just the infections that we know about, there may also be some nasty surprises, this has been a couple of workshops and also recent paper in nature climate change, suggesting that as the permafrost melt there could be a number of emerging threats to health. So these microorganisms called Methuselath microorganisms they have adaptations that enable them to survive for many millennia in permafrost as you melt the permafrost these organisms may be released. We don't know what the impacts for human health are we don't fully understand what these organisms could really do we know that some organisms that are dangerous to human health like crostridia and so on, could be released. Also as radioactive waste, toxins like mercury and so on could also be released as the permafrost melts so these are just examples of some nasty surprises that may be ahead. We know that climate change affects not just physical health but also mental health. There are some common increases in common mental disorders. And there's this condition called solastalgia which is the kind of grief due to environmental change when people see their familiar environments changing around them. And for example, Arctic populations that are forced to move their villages because of melting ice, or farmers that lose their livelihoods due to increasing droughts. Some of the reports just recently shown here on mental health and climate change about useful summaries or for state of knowledge. But they do also emphasize the potential benefits of climate action for mental health so we know that many young people are experiencing climate anxiety, and that could simply seen as a rational response to an uncertain and risky future. And these both of these reports raised the point the important potential benefits of getting involved in climate action, which I'll mention in just a moment, these may have benefits for physical and for mental health. So, it's important for those of you working on the front lines in populations affected by extreme events to realize these mental health effects, but also we need to capitalize on the benefits of action. So how are we now up to COP26 well COP26 was a mixed picture wasn't it I mean there were some advances we saw Cole mentioned for the first time many of us expected to see Cole phase out agree but unfortunately the wording was changed to cold phase down which is not sufficient. We do see for the first time acknowledgement of methane as a short lived climate pollutants and the importance of cutting methane quickly. So that's a positive thing. We did see a lot of mobilization of the world community. A lot of mobilization of NGOs around climate and health to a greater extent we've seen in the past and the health community was better represented. But health was still not at the center of the climate change negotiations. In terms of where we're going. Well, we've already experienced 1.2 degrees warming, as I've said or heating, we might say. If we're very optimistic we could get to 1.8 remember the Paris agreement says 1.5 or that's the preferable option the preferable target, but if not then well below two degrees so we could still get there. But the real world action based on current policies takes us well above two degrees and the full implementation of the targets embodied in these nationally determined contributions which the countries have to have to submit under the Paris agreement takes us to about two and a half degrees so we're still well shorter where we want to be but it's still feasible at least to keep us below two degrees if we act promptly and if we build on that some of the contributions of COP 26 as we move towards COP 27 in Cairo. The steps that need to be taken for a 1.5 degree world or read them all out but you can see that we need no, we mustn't have any new coal power plants, we stopped selling fossil fuel powered cars before 2035 have to include aviation and shipping. We need to stop deforestation move towards best practice and agriculture number food and agriculture 30% of emissions, and we need to have all new building zero emissions for 2020 well that's clearly not happening. It gives you some idea of the really the step up we need in order to reach 1.5 we need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 7% every year in order to keep to 1.5 degrees so that's going to be very, very tough very difficult. So in the light of all this we need to build climate resilience we need to both adapt to those changes we can't prevent, but also cut emissions so we need to take actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change by moving towards sustainable transportation clean energy and adaptation which means better flood protection, better infrastructure, better disaster management, more resilient health care systems. These two communities often don't work together, and increasingly we need to integrate mitigation and adaptation. So for example if you just adapt if you just put say put in air conditioning, you increase demands for energy increase burning and fossil fuels, increase air pollution. You just have to put the heat somewhere so you pump it outside and that means your cities outdoors will be hotter. So we actually need to have policies that synergize between mitigation and adaptation. Climate resilient health systems will require action to all these different building blocks of health systems summarized in this slide. The health work workforce will need to become more aware of climate change. We need to reduce the vulnerability of our vulnerable populations the elderly, those living in poor housing for example, those who suffer food poverty. We need to ensure that essential medical products and technologies can be provided at the lower environmental footprint through robust supply chains. We need to ensure that our health systems can withstand floods, droughts, extreme heat, for example, and the health financing needs to be linked to that at the moment, very limited amounts of climate financing actually devoted to health. So the health sector is not being funded through the climate financing, and the climate financing by the way is not enough. So the countries said they would give 100 billion, but they haven't done so, particularly the donor countries. This just gives you one example of how we can respond to climate change. This is about heat action plans and a very recent Lancet article. And this shows you how the health sector needs to lead responses to extreme heat needs to be increased surveillance and early warning systems here, working with the meteorological community. We need to have community response plans with cooling centres, distribution of clean water, targeting of vulnerable groups like the elderly, people living in informal settlements, refugee camps, even sporting events, for example, which can put people at higher risk of heat stress and strain. And successful strategies will involve integrating individual interventions, buildings, so having cooler buildings with green roofs or shutters to prevent ingress of extreme heat, and landscape and urban strategies like planting, having more green space in cities. And it's by combining these different approaches, we can have the most effective adaptation systems, but there will be of course limits to those systems. There's also big benefits to human health as we move towards a net zero carbon economy. So for example as we move towards renewable energy we stop producing air pollution from fossil fuels. We think about 3.6 million premature deaths a year are due to fossil fuel burning, the air pollution from fossil fuel burning. Also, there are many other deaths from household air pollution from burning solid fuels in houses about 7 million deaths altogether, about 20% due to pneumonia, 20% stroke, 34% from heart disease, 90% from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a small portion from lung cancer. So when you see patients at high risk or suffering from these diseases, one also needs to think about whether air pollution is contributing and what you can do to reduce exposure to air pollution, including of course moving towards a clean low carbon economy. The food system, as I've said, a major contributor to climate change about 30% of emissions, and the Lancet, the Lancet Commission some years ago proposed this diet, the planetary health diet they called it, which would, if it was taken up, would create a sustainable food production system, reducing greenhouse gases, reducing water demands and demands for fertiliser could prevent, according to their estimates, perhaps 10 to 11 million premature adult deaths a year and lead to a sustainable food system by mid-century. So this diet, some people were found it controversial, it's proposed reductions in animal products, particularly red meat, which of course responsible for a lot of greenhouse gas emissions, but also adverse effects on health. But also, and importantly, increases in the consumption of fruit, vegetables, whole grain, carbohydrates and so on, cereals and so on. So it did involve substantial dietary change. One limitation of course is whether this diet can be afforded.  So that needs to be addressed. But certainly when you're talking to patients, you can emphasise the both the health and the environmental benefits of consuming more fruit vegetables and in high consuming populations cutting red meat. A lot that can be done the cities, a lot of action at the subnational level, and a primary care professionals of course in many cases that can work with local governments to accelerate some of these changes. Using the health argument, accessible and efficient public transport and active travel, walking and cycling. We know many people, many of your patients do not take enough physical activity. So if we can get safer walking and cycling that will help to reduce the risk of conditions like diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and so on reduce also the risks of obesity. And using public transport of course is much preferable than dependence on a private car. So universal access to clean low carbon energy I've already mentioned, safe access to green spaces can improve mental and physical health and of course more resilient housing and energy efficient, better access to water and sanitation. These are all actions that can be implemented at the city level, local community level. Nature based solutions, we're recognising they're increasingly important, not as an alternative to cutting out fossil fuels but as an. They provide perhaps one third of the cost effective climate mitigation by so intact forest for example, take up carbon dioxide. And there are a range of different nature based solutions from minimal intervention, keeping ecosystems intact, moderate interventions such as agroforestry and extensive interventions such as new ecosystem so for example green roofs would be one example of those. So it's important in implementing these nature based solutions that they're done, not imposed on local communities but done with a full engagement and consent of indigenous people, for example, often the custodians of these spaces, forests and other intact ecosystems are a society in a fair and effective way, maintaining biological and cultural diversity and contributing to the achievement of many of the sustainable development goals so they can be beneficial, but how they're implemented is going to be important, and they're not in turn alternatives to cutting fossil fuel emissions. We're also recognising the carbon emissions from healthcare are a really important contributor so if the global healthcare sector was a country, it would be the fifth largest emission on the planet. We know that from the work of healthcare without harm contributing to four to 5% of greenhouse gas emissions and in some countries like the US, it's closer to 10%. So where do these emissions come from well this is the carbon footprint of the National Health Service in England, you can see that more than half of these emissions actually come from the supply chain medicines medical equipment and other supply chain issues, some of it comes from of energy in buildings. Some comes from anaesthetic gases like desflurane or metatocin halers which are climate active. And so some of these are due to the acute sector. As shown in the right side of this slide you can see where the contributions come from, but some comes from primary care. So for example, the prescribing much pharmaceutical prescribing takes place in many countries in the primary care sector. We're seeing a necessary policy poly pharmacy, choosing low impact pharmaceuticals where possible for example, powder dose aspirin halers rather than those with propellants that contain powerful greenhouse gases these can all make make an impact. So this lot we can do through healthcare systems. The NHS in England is committed to net zero emissions by 2045 even for these supply chain emissions and we've seen a cop 2650 countries commit to resilient climate resilient and in some places net zero healthcare systems as well. Moving in conclusion to what Wonka is doing and what you can do. You'll be aware that Wonka has been a leading voice really in arguing for planetary health for the integration of health into the care of natural systems and this declaration summarizes many of these care key points. We all have to learn more about the links between natural systems and health, respond to emerging health challenges communicate with patients preparing practices for possible extreme events, providing patients about important co benefits and benefit their health, their family's health and the climate and planetary health more generally leading by examples.  Be active in advocating we've seen a lot of leadership from the healthcare professions. You may remember that representatives of 45 million health professionals route to the leaders of the of the G seven last year urging them to take a much more active role in climate change mitigation. And of course there's the, there's the Wonka working party on the environment, currently being chair very, very effectively by Enrique Barros and we definitely like to urge you to, to take note of what they're doing and if you feel motivated to join these activities. These are some of the educational resources that are available, the green impact for health toolkit from the Royal College of GPs here. And this wonderful course on planetary health for primary care, launched by colleagues in Brazil, last year with Wonka, and the work done by our labels and colleagues on on the training the trainer around air health, how that can benefit reducing air pollution. So business usual is not going to work, because we are heading. If we're not careful to real serious and potentially catastrophic impact of environmental change on human health and so it's really important that the primary care sector is advocating and taking a leading role in moving towards transformative changes that will take us towards a much more equitable resilient and sustainable economy and health care system of course, as well, rather than merely trying to have incremental change and business is useful so this is my last slide. It's really tries to summarize the role of primary care professionals in climate action as important role in mitigation cutting emissions, both through personal example, also through professional collaboration, working with the health care system. Also talking to patients and community groups and so on about the co benefits. And there's an important role in adaptation of resilience as well by ensuring that practices are more resilient to climate extremes that our patients are vulnerable patients are vulnerable and protected during these extreme events and working with a range of different actors in our local community to increase the knowledge of and the awareness of the impacts of climate change on health, and also what needs to be done about that. And with a positive message, of course, there's great threats and challenges ahead, but there's much that can be done. And the primary care community one curse they can a leading role. The primary care community is really on the front line of this climate and environmental emergency. And there's lots that can be done in primary care integrating this with current practice. So let me leave you with that positive message. There is much to do. But we in primary care can play a really important leadership role in advocating and catalyzing the changes that we need to see to protect our patients, families and future generations. Thank you very much. Thank you so much Andy that that that's, that's what I expected from you because over the years your, your work has been so consistent and so motivating to us. And I think it was again today. I would just like to point out that this plenary, the significance of this plenary happening right now. Wonka has decided, and I want to congratulate them to to have a have a plenary session on planetary health. This is, this is the first time that has happened. It means that the climate emergency that that that has been declared that is accepted has been accepted by the World Organization of Family Doctors and that this issue has been elevated to the point that we should have a plenary and that's that's very significant and I want to congratulate Wonka and encourage the the executive Wonka and the members who are listening and the broad membership of Wonka to to take up this challenge that Andy has has has offered us this challenged us and and to move with it. There's lots that can be done. A couple of points I want to make. Following on my my position. I like, I like the idea in terms of encouragement to talk about outrage and optimism. Optimism yes we must stay we must stay positive we must be active. We must stay hopeful, but, but, but mixed with that, we must stay outraged we must use our, our outrage our anger, our despair to motivate us. This is a wonderful combination. And I think we will be pushed the young doctors in Wonka the young doctors of the world will push us will make us respond with both outrage and optimism. I want to pass the microphone to Enrique, who's been sharing the working party over the last number of years very very successfully and very lots of energy. In fact with outrage and optimism I would say, and just ask him to say a few, a few words, and then we'll open to questions and comments from the audience hopefully. Enrique. Thanks a lot, Alan, and thanks for everyone watching. It's really a pleasure to have Andy Haynes with us, who's been working so hard on these issues and bring his bringing his family doctor experience when addressing these environmental changes. I also want to thank Alan for being the provost of our working party for so long and making all this possible, when many times we only have two or three people in the room. It seems that the times are calling for an environmental look for family doctors around the world. So I just want to make a few comments. When we started talking about planetary health as a central issue for family doctors. I remember having a meeting with President Hoey at the time, and Andy Haynes and Dr. Hoey said she was very pragmatic, which I think is is a very important aspect. She said, well, Enrique, yes, this is important, but family doctors are already very overburdened. And I gave a lot of thought on that. And my answer was that, and please Andy and Alan correct me if I'm wrong, but my answer was that basically family doctors that practice the good medicine, evidence based medicine are already doing planetary health care. Because we need to be highly effective, highly efficient with the energy and the supplies that we have. And perhaps primary care can be one of the most effective ways to promote climate change mitigation as we reduce the more high energy intensive services from hospital-centric services. As in my country in Brazil, that's quite easy to see. We need to move away from a more hospital-centric model. And it's one of the most important ways to promote equity, health equity, as Barbara Starfield used to point out. So I think we need to be very pragmatic. I think we need to make sure that the climate change community, the international community that fights climate change, they must understand the role of primary health care, the role of universal health care, and the role of family doctors in promoting mitigation, adaptation, and resilience. And of course, one of the questions is, what is the role that Wonka wants to play in this? I see there's a major role. It seems that Glasgow COP, the recent COP, I think it's 26, sorry if I'm mistaken. It's seen more and more a central issue of the central issue of health for climate change. And I think that in the future, we may see health as perhaps one of the center issues, one of the center motivators to mitigate and adapt to climate change. So I want to leave it there. And I would love to hear some questions from the audience and further comments from Andy Haines. Thanks. Thank you, Enrique. I am waiting for somebody in the audience to raise their hand and pose a question. But I think what I will do in the absence is ask Andy to talk a little bit more about his experience at COP26 and the health community and where he thinks Wonka should fit into that community. Thanks very much, Alan. Yeah, so I was at COP26. I've been at a number of COPs now. I would say that this was the conference of the parties which the health care community was the best represented. So there were large numbers of health care professionals from many different countries. And there was for the first time a pavilion, rather small pavilion, compared with some of the others, but there was a pavilion run by WHO, which had a whole series of I think over 40 meetings on health during the 10 days or so of the conference of the parties. That was definitely very welcome and much higher profile of health. There were many other health events as well outside that pavilion. And also there was a conference. WHO hosted a conference offsite at Glasgow Caledonia University with the Global Climate and Health Alliance and with other key players as well on climate change and health. I think that conference was certainly was available online and maybe still is. So there was a lot of activity that that's on the plus side. But on the negative side, it was my impression that the health community was often talking to itself was talking to each other. There was a lot of attempts to lobby delegations to get them to include health in the final communique and to raise the profile of health, of course, in the nationally determined contributions in the negotiations more generally. At the end, I think health, the word health only appeared once in the final community for a communique if I remember rightly. And that illustrates the fact that although there was a gradual appreciation that health really should be at the center of climate change negotiations, it still hasn't penetrated to the heart of the negotiations. And that was certainly done in the run up to COP 27 in Cairo, particularly working with our colleagues in Sub-Saharan Africa, well in North Africa as well, to ensure that health is much more embedded in COP 27 than it was in COP 26. And I think there are the two areas that we know about of course climate change adaptation is going to be really important. Many of our African colleagues, very concerned about adapting to the climate change that we can't prevent. There's not climate funding climate adaptation for health, much more emphasis on the resilience of health systems in the face of climate change so that's going to be important. But of course we can't forget the importance of those high emitting nations, decarbonizing their economies so rapid decarbonization, moving towards clean energy moving towards net zero health care systems and so on these other sectors that I've mentioned. So I think we can move forward on these twin paths really the adaptation and the mitigation, working in tandem working in an integrated way together. And hopefully at COP 27 we can have even more impact than we did at COP 26 and and health will really be seen much more at the center of discussions and negotiations. I'll stop there but I'm happy to answer further further questions. Thanks Andy. We do have a question from the floor. And the question is wanting to know about changing prescribing habits and what family physicians can do. And I'll just pick up on the, the one topic that Andy mentioned which is is totally within our grasp right now, which is switching from a meter dose inhalers for asthmatics and COPDs to dry powdered inhalers. The MDIs or the puffers that that we prescribe every day have a significant footprint carbon footprint, which would, which would be significantly reduced if we switched over. There's some concerns about in many countries with funding of dry powdered inhalers. They often not funded they're not on on the formulary. So that's a problem but that's definitely easily accessible and a significant thing that that we could do. Let me ask Andy and there and I'm aware of articles in in recent family physician journals just about to be published in Australia and the UK and in Canada on this so this is this action this is this is starting and it's, it's one thing easily within our grasp, but Andy can pick up on and take that that idea and then the idea of further prescribing further. Yeah well I'd also like to bring in Ricky and as well because you know he's seeing on a patient's on a day to day basis so I know he tackles these kind of issues in his consultations but so one of the issues is of course wasted medications and we know that many medications are just not taken as prescribed. So, ensuring better adherence to medications stopping the prescribing of unnecessary medications are important reducing polypharmacy, where that's potentially hazardous to patients but also damaging to the environment. Do our patients always need to be on so many medications particularly those elderly people, often adherence is a problem anyway so looking rigorously at that prescribing habits and trying to reduce unnecessary prescribing is really important. And then I think, perhaps collectively we should be doing more to work with the pharmaceutical industry. Because we know that procurement policies are really important and certainly the NHS in England is going to be working with the pharmaceutical medical equipment industries to support them in decarbonizing their supply chains. So incentivizing that kind of action through procurement policies which would maybe bring in climate impact assessments, as well as kind of cost the routine standard issues around costs of medication which of course are very important. I think that could that could be really useful and we are seeing an increasing number of pharmaceutical companies getting interested in this area and working even working collectively to try to develop better standards better metrics for measuring the environmental footprint of pharmaceuticals, but also working with their supply chains and I was sitting next to a very senior executive in a well known pharmaceutical company actually at a dinner in the periphery of COP26. And he informed me that that company, they get their supplies from 55,000 other companies so they have extraordinary themselves, they have extraordinary diverse supply chains. So they can't work individually with each of those companies but they need to establish guidelines good practice support for their supply chains to incentivize them to decarbonize their activities so they have a big multiplier effect potentially. And we can work with them I think constructively to promote much lower environmental impact pharmaceuticals and of course emphasizing prevention may mean that we need to less use less pharmaceuticals in the first place if we can get people walking cycling eating reduced air pollution exposure, etc. But let me hand over to Enrique because he has a lot more recent experience in this than I do. Well thanks Andy. I guess there isn't much to add, except for perhaps mentioning that I've been successfully trying to introduce some some talks with my patients about planetary health. And it doesn't take long, perhaps we can do a workshop about that in the future. I would just mention, try to comment on the on the on the word that you said about the health talking to the health sector, talking to each other or to its own audience in Glasgow. And, well, that may be the case but only in Glasgow I don't see that happening around the world. And I think that family doctors still have a long ways to go to understand fully what that represents the threat, and what they can do. I think there's a large role for the grassroots movements, sparking from family doctors. And once doctors around the world understand this issue, it would really spark a very powerful movement. And COVID is very is a very good example for what the health sector can do to to advise on, I mean, even even lockdowns, which would be, I would never imagine that such things could could exist. We should not underestimate the need to talk to ourselves. I know you're doing a great lot, Andy, but I think we cannot overemphasize this. And just talking about prevention and the role of family doctors again, I've been talking a lot to students about polypharmacy. And the Brazilian doctors look a lot to the US as a role model. But sometimes we forget that one of the leading causes of death in the US is the excess use of polypharmacy and medical errors. And we should move more to primary care integrated approach, at least in Brazil and probably in other developing countries as well. So again, here's a key role for primary care, avoiding polypharmacy and avoiding the footprint of procurement, health procurement. So, if you want to comment again or Alan, if you have any more questions. Yeah, I just, I just wanted to pick up a professor Bob mash, who's at Stelenbosch University in South Africa who's actually hired a lecturer in planetary health in his department, and a professor asks the question, which I think you could you could pick up on Enrique and Andy. Is there a difference between strengthening primary health care in Africa and building climate resilient plant, planetary health care systems in sub Saharan Africa, which is very much in line with what you were saying so please carry on and comment on that Enrique and then Andy. Oh, okay. Well, I remember talking to Andy, perhaps in Wonka Rio a few years back, and we were discussing about about how this issue of climate change is central, and how how we should be very proactive in talking about climate change. And I remember a very important warning that Andy said to me he said, Well, listen, Enrique, we, we have to really understand that when we talk about climate change when we talk about planetary health, we're really talking about the core here that is health equity. And I think that's, that's the main message that family doctors can understand and can be proactive about. So when we talk about developing countries. Of course, that one of the most important issues to make a better climate resilient population is having a strong primary health care based universal health system. And I see that in my practice. So a lot of vulnerable people would be would be much better off if they if they have a family doctor even with low resources that really can help a lot with blood pressure or with good evidence based advice like taking, taking good hydration when they have diarrhea. Sometimes I have patients here that are not very clear on that. So sometimes very simple advice evidence based advice can make a huge difference. So maybe, maybe we can research more on that and make more clear cold benefits for climate resilient populations and more primary health care, stronger primary health care. And yet, would you like to also comment on this. Well, just very briefly, I know we're running out of time but and I do see that developing strengthening primary health care in sub-Saharan Africa has to be integrated with climate resilient primary health care systems but you can't have a climate resilient primary health care system if you don't have a functioning primary health care system. So the two need to be integrated very much. And many of the things we need to do to create greater resilience of primary health care systems to climate change are going to be good in any event so it's about strengthening supply chains. It's about having a resilient energy system so that you don't get disrupted by grid breakdowns of grid so using mini grids to provide renewable energy and so on. And so so many of them are kind of win win strategies that would benefit primary care if we didn't have such a thing as climate change. So integrate it rather than considering it as something separate. And then the other point which I wanted to address because Rick Patelio asked a very important point was COP26 a cop out. So in the questions he says, you know, there are more fossil fuel participants than almost any other group at COP26. I think it's very important to be realistic. And the cops are very imperfect processes you know they affect the kind of political structures of the world as we know it. And we know that many of the fossil fuel industry has strong vested interests and they have a lot of political power. And the COP the conference of the parties reflects that reality. So if you're looking for a perfect process you won't find it at COP but the question is, is it better to keep negotiating or not and my view is, it's an imperfect process but we have to keep it going. We have to hold countries to account as far as we can, but we shouldn't put all our eggs if you like into the COP basket in other words we shouldn't think that the COP is going to solve all our problems because it won't. And so what's really important is to continue much of the work that's going on at the community level from primary care professions professionals for example, this work around the decarbonization of the health sector, reaching out to other sectors cities for example working with local governments to support them in implementing policies cleaner transport systems, clean energy and so on. These are all important. So don't abandon the COP process because it's imperfect certainly is imperfect and we have to lobby for a better process, and less of these vested interests, but we won't be able to prevent them completely from having some influence. And it's really important to supplement or complement the COP process by other activities from from the ground up if you like, working mobilizing healthcare professionals, working with local decision makers working with local communities and influencing of course our national governments. Thanks Andy. That's a perfect way to end I think I think we're running out of time. And I want to thank Andy and Enrique and all of you and end with this with the note about Andy's Andy's call to action. There are imperfect, imperfect structures, but within our own countries, we can organize as health professionals to influence the politicians and their, their commitments to the nationally determined commitments which they will have to review every year and that's to be done within our countries, and as an international organization within Wonka organization of family doctors, please please please keep your energy, keep your outrage going keep your optimism going. And let's work together please be in touch with the working party and the environment. The youth, the young doctors movements the rural movements, the education groups, let's work together and and make changes in our practices in educating the next generation of doctors, and in influencing the policymakers as a health community. To end I want to thank Wonka for introducing Andy, but I want to thank Andy for responding and coming and delivering such a powerful focused and practical challenge to us all. So thank you everybody for for attending and let's keep the good fight going and at the next Wonka International in two years time, we will be back and we will see where we are. Thank you everybody.


We all know water pollution has become one of the biggest issues of the 21st century and among all the pollutants of water, the worst is oil. Every year, tons of oil from various sources are dumped into the various water bodies which not only destroys the ecosystem but makes the water unsuitable for any productive purposes. So one day when I was 12 years old and I was just watching my TV and I was switching from one channel to another, there in a renowned news channel for the first time in my life, I saw the harmful effects of water pollution caused by the oil influence and therefore the first time I thought that something must be done in order to prevent this water pollution and so I was in search for some easy and inexpensive ways to control this water pollution caused by the oil influence. So one day as I was recollecting my childhood memories, all of a sudden I recall that when I was a small child, my mother used to put oil in my hair which I absolutely disliked because the oil used to get stick to my hair and it was very irritating. Then all of a sudden something struck my mind that why the oil used to get stick to my hair? Therefore human hair must have some kind of property because of which oil gets stick to it. So what I did, I got a beaker from my school laboratory, I poured some water and then I poured some oil. As you can see everyone, the oil has formed a layer over the water surface. The next thing what I did, I got some waste human hair. I put that in this water containing the oil influence. Now we'll see what happens after sometime. Moving on, one day as I was just browsing in the internet, I came across a newspaper article which stated that during the Gulf War there was an accidental oil spillage in southern Kuwait because of which tons of oil was spilled over the Persian Gulf which led to the death of thousands of migratory birds that visit the Persian Gulf every year because the oil was stuck to their feathers which rendered them unable to fly and eventually led to their death. All of a sudden another thing struck my mind. Why the oil got stuck to their feathers? Therefore bird feathers also must have some kind of property because of which the oil gets stick to it. So I got a beaker, poured some water, poured some oil. And then I put some bird feathers in it. Now moving on, one day a carpenter in my house he accidentally spilled some oil on the floor and then he cleaned it using some sawdust. When I observed the sawdust carefully, I saw the oil was stuck to its surface. So I thought that sawdust also must have some kind of property because of which the oil gets stick to it. So once again the same experiment, poured some water, poured some oil. The oil has formed a layer over the water surface and then I added some sawdust. Now I'm going to remove each and every ingredient one after one. So let's move on to our first ingredient, waste human hair. As you can see everyone, 95% of the oil effluents are removed in the very first attempt itself. Now moving on to our second ingredient, that is bird feathers. Just like the previous one, 95% of the oil effluents are removed in the very first attempt itself. Now to our final ingredient, sawdust. Once again 95% of the oil effluents are removed in the very first attempt itself. So in this way, I found three ingredients for cleaning the oil effluents from water. There are many advantages of this idea because all the ingredients which I have used for removing these oil effluents from water, these are all wastes themselves. So this process involves cleaning one waste with another waste. This is a very easy, inexpensive and hassle free way to remove the oil effluents from water. And now I'm trying to give this idea, the shape of technology by creating a machine that is going to use all these ingredients for removing the oil effluents from water and that very same machine is going to use the residue that has been left out over here to soak the oil from them and that oil can be reused once again by the industries and by the refineries. Hence it is going to make oil a useful source of energy. And I plan to work more on pollution and environment because I want to save this world and to save this environment where we all live in. Thank you very much.


Cheers to the ninjas. We got an injured yesterday. Our video on 519 Pokemon returning in Pokemon Scholar and Violet got taken down because of the imagery in that video. But today we are going to look at the 119 Pokemon returning that are going to be transferable in from Pokemon home once we get compatibility between that and Pokemon Scholar and Violet. But before we get into today's video, please subscribe to the channel. Remember, you can always unsubscribe later if you would like to. And just a reminder that there is going to be spoiler information within this video. If you don't want to be spoiled, turn away, go watch another video on the channel. I'll link something up there that hasn't got any spoilers in. So we are going to use macchio.it. It'll be linked down in the description. Great resource for everything you need Pokemon Scholar and Violet. And we're going to look at the Pokemon that are going to be transferable in from Pokemon home once we get the compatibility. These Pokemon aren't accessible in the games as we know from the data mines. This might change due to events, special events that we might get in game, like the Charizard event that we are getting in early December, where you're going to be able to access this before compatibility with home comes into play. We're going to just go through each and every Pokemon that will be returning in the Pokemon Scholar and Violet games. So we're going to have that Charmander line. Of course, it is going to be transferable in from home. But like I've just mentioned, we're going to have that event in early December, where you're going to be able to get it in those Black Crystal Terrorades. We're also going to have the Mii Outline. And that goes for the Alolan Mii Out, Galarian Mii Out. And it's respected evolutions with Alolan Persian as well. So you're going to get Galarian Mii Out, Alolan Persian, Hissuian Growlithe and Hissuian Arcanine are going to be available in these games. Transferable only from home, obviously from Pokemon Legends Arceus. And then we're going to have Galarian Slowpoke and Galarian Slowbro as well as Galarian Slowpoke King, which makes sense. Alolan Grima and Alolan Muck are making a return. Very happy to see both of these returning. Hissuian Voltub and Hissuian Electrode. Then we're going to get the Cantonian birds and the Galarian birds, the Articunus, Aptos and Moltres, all going to be transferable in from Pokemon Home. Mii U2 and Mii U are going to be able to be transferred across as well as Cyndaquil because it makes sense because we're going to get that Hissuian Typhlosion and obviously regular Typhlosion as well. Because we've got Paldane, Woopa and the Clodsire, that new evolution of Paldane, Woopa. We do get the original forms as well from Johto, Woopa and Quagsaw. There's the Galarian Slowking. We're going to get Hissuian Quilfish, Hissuian Sneasler, Kyogre, Groudon and Requaza are going to make a return in these games as well compatible from home as well as Uxie, Mesprite and Azelf. Now interestingly enough, Dialga and Palkia are going to be able to transfer over into these games and you're also going to be able to get their origin forms in games. It has been rumoured that there is an item in the games that you're going to be able to turn them into their origin form so you'll be able to access these in the games. Hitran, Origin Form, Giratina and Normal Giratina are going to be in the games as well as Cresselia and Arce is confirmed to be in the games as well transferable across from Pokemon Home. Oshuot Duot and Samurot as well as the Hissuian form are going to be in these games as well so able to transfer across. Hissuian Lilligant and Basculin as well as the Hissuian Zoroa and Zoroac. We've seen those in the trailers though so we know these two are going to be transferred across to Hissuian Braviari. Then we're going to get Tornadis, Thunderous and Landerous both there and Cornet and their Therian forms are going to be accessible to bring across in these games. Melaweta and then the Chestnote line is going to be transferable as well as the Delphox and everyone's favorite, Gerninja is confirmed to be accessible from Pokemon Home. Going to get Carbink and then Hissuian Sligu and Hissuian Gudra. Hissuian Avalok, Dianse, Hooper Unbound and its regular form as well as Volcanian, Rowlet, Dartrex and Decidua as well as that Hissuian form. So very nice to see these making an appearance of course more down to the Hissuian form I would imagine than anything else. Megena is going to pop in as well as the Rilla Boom line, the Cinderace line and the Intellion line from Pokemon Sword and Shield. So we're going to get those three starter Pokemon available in Pokemon Scholar and Violet when we do get that compatibility. Pazurka is going to be there as well as Zamazenta and Azashian and Eternatus. Kupfu, I didn't expect Kupfu to come across with Urshifu in its two forms but we are going to get both of those in the game. It would be interesting to see if we do get any nerves to the ability of these Pokemon because they're pretty broken. Zerud coming across as well as Regi Alecki, Regi Drago, Glastria, Spectria and Calyrex as well as its respected forms are going to be available in the game. I'd imagine an item like the Rains of Unity will be accessible in Pokemon Scholar and Violet. Nothing confirmed yet but as we know how Calyrex and its Shadow form and Ice Rider form have trade limitations on them. Then we've got Weardier, Cleaver and Ursulana. Those Susuyan forms are going to be in the game as well as Basque Allegiant both forms of that, Sneasler, Overquill and Enamorous as well as its Therian form. So they are all 119 Pokemon that you're going to be able to access through Pokemon Home Transfer. Let me know down below which Pokemon you are looking forward to transferring across when we get compatibility with Pokemon Home into Scholar and Violet. Obviously this video is still going off a day to mind information. Hopefully because we've got no new Pokemon in here, this video stays up and the other ones do go back up once the release of the games come out. Hopefully you've found this useful. Thank you so much for tuning in, friends. Have a great rest of your day and I'll see you all in the next one. So until then, take care. Bye bye.


Going on everyone, Sam here with late in sports cards. We're ripping 2022 Pinini Daunras Elite football hobby, three box break, number 10, random team style. Here's a look again at your random results. As always, you can find these on the website under the results tab, as well as the link in chat. Good luck, next break, Bill. Tycoon, what's your, or no, I guess once you get your random, you'll know kind of what your situation is. That's awesome, man. Thanks for jumping in, appreciate it. Hopefully pull you something big, man. That'd be awesome. Tycoon. Tycoon, baby. Good luck, everyone. Rookie on deck, Derek Stingley. Kind of just breeze through the back two base. Again, it's always gonna be base, base, insert, hit, base, base. So we'll just breeze through the back two. Biller. Zemir White to 399 Raiders. JK Alda, base. What's up, Frank, Joshua? What's going on, guys? Frank A. Frank M. Joshua J. What's up, Josh? Bill's in the house, Bill. Jamar Chase, playmakers. Billy. Elite deck, Matt Stafford. Let's go Dolphin. Famous Dolphin, Matt Stafford. Moxie, Chris Godwin, going to Tampa. Nice one there for the Bucks. Zach S. Chris Godwin. That is Elite, Derek Henner. Yeah, Falcons wouldn't be bad. He got, what's his name? Ritter and Drake London. Nice pen pal of one of them would be sweet. Romeo Dobbs to 999 Packers. Pins up, baby, let's go, Bill. Let's go, Bill. That's my boy, Bill, right there. That's my boy, Bill. High life, Devonta Smith. I knew Bill was cool. Yes, sir. Do we have some Dolphin stuff here? No, no, he's in on the Falcons. He wants the Falcons hit. Pierre Strong for the Patriots, the 399. Joe Burrow, nice one there. Spellbound, six of 10. There you go, Bengels. Nice one there, Chris F. Congrats, Chris. Nice, Joey B, can recap that one. Yep. I gotta pick a baseball player I don't like because I've got David Ajabo to the Ravens 999. So I've got Burrow and football. I've got, what's his name, and Julius Randall and basketball. I gotta pick a guy I really don't like in baseball. Oh, currently working on a rainbow field, it's nice. Good luck. Can you pick it, rookie on deck?  Get after that one, Chris, for sure. Come on, there you go. Devonta Smith, another number to 10. This time, going to the Eagles. Six of 10, jersey number. There you go, Thilly, Darren D. Any Astro, Bill? Oh, that solid gold was amazing, dude. Joe Burrow. That was pretty cool. I was freaking out on that one, man. Pretty cool. It's the biggest disaster this year in the NFL. Like, team that was supposed to be good. The Broncos. George Carl Aptis, going to the 75, going to the Chiefs. I have to agree with that. That is, yeah. I thought for sure it was gonna be something. Yeah, Broncos might be the way to go there. Cardinals were kind of a disaster. Frank, let's go, baby. Drake London, pen pals. There it is. Heck yeah. Spoke that one into existence. Boom. There we go. Frank, congrats, buddy. Frank. Frank M, baby. Elite deck, CMC. Yeah, it's gotta be the Broncos. I agree with that one. It's gotta be the Broncos. Don't have a lot of money in that, dude. I mean, Bay is pretty trash, too. That is Kyron Williams on the... I forget what these are called, but they're... Oh yeah, 23 out of 25. It's just the... Oh, it's you. Frank the Tank. Yeah, Rams kind of employed it. Rams did get hit with a lot of injuries, though. Like, the Broncos are just bad. Yeah. Same with the Packers, aren't very good. Whoa, whoa, right. You get McWanoo? It's a 9.99. The Broncos are a disaster, too. What? Let's go Dolphins. I'm trying to think. I'm going to use, like, every team, too. Buccaneers. Aiden Hutchinson, rookie elitist. Can make a case for the Buccaneers. Aren't very good. Crazy. Yeah, Wilson is just a walking meme at this point, honestly, though. They paid him a lot of money to be a walking meme. They did. Cooper Cup, Super Bowl MVP card. 60 out of 75. Oh, Bill. Cool one there, man. Nice short print. Yeah, Colts are. Colts, yeah. But I didn't, you know, I don't know. I was going to say, did we? I didn't get that Ryan quarterback. I didn't expect too much. Yeah. Got another Dolphins fan. Let's go. Cast for all. Cast for all. Got Roy Williams. Nice one there. Impact Impressions, 84 out of 149 for the Cowboys. Nice one there. Congrats. Dallas. JK, all day. The 3.99, right? Bass. All right. Yeah, Mattie Ice was a total no show. He's been trashed for the last few years. Yeah. I didn't expect anything less. Garbage. All went downhill after that subway commercial. After the Broncos country. Let's ride. Oh, man. Oh, my God. Let's go, Dolphins. Let's go. Let's go, Dolphins. Josh, you all in here now. Joe Burrow Elite deck. Love it. Yeah, no. Bengals are good. Bengals are good for sure. Just what they did last year.  And then turned it on. Yeah, it turned it on. They just got hot at the right time. Yeah. That's all it takes for anybody right now. Yeah. Matt Stafford to 25, 17 out of 25 playmakers. He got some Dolphins in the house tonight. That's what I'm talking about. We got a couple more speaks. What do you got? San Fran. Ooh, yeah. San Fran. Ooh, yeah. That's going to be a good game, though. Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah. We're going to win it. We got this. Yeah, they do still need more online help. Nice. Kenny Pickett, 11 out of 75. No, it's George Pickett. George Pickett is 11 out of 75. Oh, hey, hey, hey. Oh, boy. Slow down a little bit. Did I put change? Baby. What are you three? What are you three? Face. What the?  That is Taekwon Thornton to 25. What are you throwing on the ground over there? Fumble him. Fumble in the bag, dude. Honestly, don't think Zack Taylor is a very good coach either.  Derek Stingley to 999. But I really am very skeptical on Zack Taylor if he's actually a good coach or not. Yeah. Playmakers, Michael Parsons. Field Vision and John L. way to 349. That's pretty cool. Broncos. That's going to be Jake Plummer etching time signatures. Three of five. Going to the Cardinals. Dominic S. Jake the Snake. Good three boxes, man. Yeah, Tyree Kill. That actually is a legitimate reason to say it. Not just random. Mark Andrews. Good prey. Ross, basketball. I don't know what the market is, to be honest, right now. I would just go and compare on a couple different sites. Traylon Burks to 399. Check ours out. It's really good. Yeah, we got a pretty solid price on it, I would say. For Black Friday, we had a really good price on it. Now it's back to normal. I'd say a Spiller. He very well could be shorts. Highlights. Super cup. That quarterback to go down. Yeah. I don't think Mike White's on the longest of leashes, though. I think if they go and drop two games and he looks terrible, then I think they'll be like, all right, we got to get back to it here. JK Dobbins, Moxie for the Ravens. I think they're trying to tighten them up right now. Probably, yeah. Light of fire on there, right? Yeah. Yeah. Nice. Brees Hall. Pen pals. Going to the Jets. Congrats, New York. Jets, Ray G. Congrats, Ray. Chris Olave, rookie elitist. Jalen Petray to 999 for the Texans. Base. Well, it's got 300 viewers tonight. I mean, we're at 230 right now. We're at 290 at one point. Pretty solid. Garrett Wilson, rookie on deck. Oh, yeah. A few packs to go here. Alec Pierce to 399 for the Colts. Devonta. Josh Allen to 999. Oh, ski ball, yeah. That's where it originated from, yes. Bailey Zappi to 999. I don't know why that just triggered in my head, but that's the OG. That is true. You know. That is very, I forgot about that. It just came in my head.  Yeah. You're like... It's like a light while you see the light. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Yep. Don't happen too much. Last box, guys. Good luck. Let's feed. Chris Olokhan to 999. Steelers. Sauce Gardener, rookie on deck. Razzle Dazzle. Jalen Petray on the case hit. Going to the Texans. Congrats, Houston. Starter in that secondary. Where you say you hate which one? Those crappy ones. Cooper Cull. All of them. I mean, trust me, for playbook, those are going to be useful. We're going to have legitimate boxes full of those. Moxie Mack Jones on the jersey. What's up? No, there's just so many back there. Is that a spiller? Move them, they fill up again. It's not a bad idea, actually, Bill. I'm just going to be interested to see what the Niners do. Alec Pierce, 11 of 12. Interesting one there. Nice one for the Colts. They were smart, not getting one to go out the wall. Yeah, I know, honestly. They didn't do it in the back of their mind. Well, I think they probably kept them in case Tray Lance went out and sucked. I don't know if they were being like, oh, he's going to get injured, you know? Maybe it was for like insurance, but... Another Alec Pierce, this time to 999 for the Colts. But yeah, I'm sure it was there for insurance. High life, Deandre Hopkins. Got Roquan Smith, Raven's legend. It's 75. Bears. That is a just... No, a Sam Howell. 69 out of 93. Did I have fun with that one? Is it the other ones that are bad? Yeah, the other ones that are bad. The ones out of 24. That's a Calvin Austin, the third. Penn Pals rookie auto for the Steelers. Congrats again, Pittsburgh. Again, guys, we are a little behind, but we'll be able to catch up. Collar Murray to 349. We'll probably end a little bit after 12, but still have plenty of time for Christmas tonight. Which I'm very excited for. Sam Howell to 999. Commanders. Bears. Antonio Gibson. Elite. Jeez, these packs are brutal. The cards are like in, so like, are so packed together. Josh Allen on the field vision to 99. Turn of the Century, Jalen Tolbert. Purple, 13 out of 49, going to the Cowboys. Cowboys with two autos now. Luis Sine to 299. Vikings. Elite deck. Jamar Chase. Yeah, it was that pristine baseball box that caused us to be behind from earlier. Jonathan Taylor for the Colts to 399. Yeah, it was strictly and no other reason but that one box of pristine that kept us back. Aaron Donald, the playmakers. Such a weird topic before, dude. In football, Georgia, Michigan, TCU, USC. Like, no Alabama, no Clemson, no, like, wild dude. Mark Andrews, elite deck. Base. And last pack of the break. Good luck, everybody. Beletus, Tom Brady. And base. Still a quick recap, guys. That'll do it for the break. Got our jerseys. Mack Jones, Patriots, Moxie. Jalen Petrae, Razzle Dazzle. J.K. Dobbins-Ravins. George Pickins for the Steelers. Devonta Smith, Jersey number 6 of 10, High Life Eagles. Joe Burrow, 6 of 10, Spellbound. Yeah, Chris Godwin for the Bucks. Jalen Tolbert, Cowboys. Calvin Austin Steelers. Reese Hall Jets. Jake Plummer to 5 for the Cardinals. Roy Williams, Cowboys. And Drake London for the Falcons. That'll do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for the fill. Next up, we've got certified.


and internally encoded white box implementations. This is a work by Junwei Wang and myself, and Junwei will give the talk. Thanks for the introduction. So we are talking about a white box security model in which an adversary is giving a software implementation of some cypher, and he tried to extract the underlying secret key. So the adversary could represent small errors or call hosted applications where the cypher is deployed, and it could be user themselves. So in this setting we don't limit the power of the adversary. We assume we can do whatever he wants. He could statically or dynamically analyze code. He could monitor on the memory, and he could also interfere a normal execution. So after about 20 years of research, we still don't have a sound solution for white box crypto. So but in practice, we need a white box crypto in many applications. For example, the digit can send the distribution and host the card emulation application in which the cypher can be only implemented in pure software and they are deployed in a hostile environment. So hence in the practice, the solution provider can only think about heuristic solutions and the security is mainly realized on the security of their technique. So white box crypto is proposed in sec 2002. And the first kind of mirror is called the internet including and it's still a mainstream components in many recent publications. So we first represents the cypher into a network of random operations. Each rounder has a different round key. If we are able to recover one or several round keys, we can fully recover the cypher key. So internal including trying to obfuscate this sequential transformation by applying some invertible transformations on to any pair for connecting the rounder functions without affecting the functionality but hiding the round outputs somehow. So then the included transformation is composed into many small lookup tables. So this talk is talk about the attacks against this kind of mirror, including the differential competition analysis and cleaner attack. In the people we also look at the mutual information analysis but it's not included in this talk. So differential competition analysis actually just the adoption of DPA techniques into white box contest. So the difference between the side channel attack and the DC attack is in the side channel case, we use the noisy leakage like power consumption and electronic magnetization. But in this white box setting, we use what exactly processed during the execution. We call this leakage a computational leakage. It could be the memory values we accessed or the registered values, for example. The principle is the first to collect the many traces for different inputs. And then we select some key dependent target function and make a key guess based on the prediction of this target variable. We can divide the traces into two groups. For each group we compute an average trace and then finally we do a differential trace for these two groups. So if this technique works, it's implying that there is a strong linear correlation between the targeting variable 5K and the leaked simple in the traces. So DC attack is a generator attack. Since it's published, it has broken many different implementations without knowing the underlying plan. However, people don't know very well why it would work. And the follow up analysis also has some limitations. And besides that we think if we got the computation traces we can do much more than what has been done. For example, we can attack in some variables in the inner rounds and we can use different attacking techniques. So the leakage in this setting is modeling in this way. We have an N-bit input and N-bit output selection function 5K, K-dependent. And N-bit random direction is applied onto this selection function. And the composition of Y and 5K is leaked in the memory as probably several deep blue cups. And to use this leakage we need to, it's necessary to have a big N. Otherwise the composition is independent of the K. We couldn't get anything but K. So our analysis is based on Boolean correlation and we look at the correlation between one bit of the selection function and one bit of the included value. So in order to make this a success it requires that the correlation for the good K-guest, K-star, should be bigger than all the incorrect one, K-plus, a K-cross. So the analysis is down under the ideal assumption that all the 5K are mutually independent N-bit output function. And the result is that for the good K-guest the result is 222 minus M plus N-star minus one with the N-star as a half-dramatric distribution and the formula only depends on M. For the incorrect K-guest everything is the same except that we replace M-bit. Here we don't have to understand what is distribution. It's a well-defined distribution because of the time we can skip. So the analysis is based on a simple line that if we have balanced Boolean function and we select the independent Boolean function the balancedness of their sum is four times N minus 22N and here N is a half-dramatric distribution and with the definition of correlation we can easily have the analysis. So to have a detailed look of the distribution so for the sighting when N is equal to eight and M is equal to four where N is the number of input base and M is the number of output base. This is the typical sighting in the similar work and in many attacks afterwards. So the original points is the correlation distribution for the good K-guest and the blue one for the incorrect ones. So we can see that for the incorrect ones almost everything is centralized around zero while for the good K-guest it has the highest chance that the absolute value is big then and equals to one over four. That's why we can easily distinguish the good K. So we also did some simulation by using ESS box as a target function and we can see the simulation result is match the theoretical analysis very well. So we also have a close formula for the success probability. So M is the output bit and A is the input bit for the select function. So M is decided why are we generating the red box so better when we do the attack we have flexibility to choose N. If we increase N up to two times M plus two the success probability will converge. And this is the same for the other possible including sites. And it's interesting to observe that if we increase the including size actually we have a higher chance to break the implementation. That mean a wider including not necessarily more secure. So we applied this attack into an open wet box challenge of ES here the M is eight it's a bad including protection and the DC is filled to break it because they are targeting select function N equals to M equals to eight. We already mentioned that N should necessarily be greater than M. So what we did is we target an output bit of mixed column in the first one. So the pink, so this is a ES state. So we only changed the pink cells and then we fixed constant the blue cells. After the ES computation only the pink shells depends on the inputs and we have this is the red shell, the formula. And the last part is some constants. So that means we are targeting such a select function that is 16 input base and M eight bit outputs and the key searching space is two to 16. So not surprisingly it works with the out to 108,000 traces to extract two key bytes. And we applied the similar attack on other red box implementation dedicated to resist the DC is still work. Okay, then the second attack is about collision. So again we collect the many traces for different inputs and for each pair of inputs, we calculate something called the clearing protection and the clearing trace in the sense that if we say the prediction are the same, we get the clearing prediction equals to one. But if they are not the same, we put zero. We do the simple, the trace simple also in the similar way in the clearing traces, there is only zero and one depends on whether they are equal or not. And finally we do a correlation between this clearing prediction and the clearing traces. And this works based on a very simple principle. If for the good guess the prediction are the same, they include the prediction only and only, if and only if they include the prediction are the same. And this attack with the very efficient trace complexity is just the two to M over two. And to understand it, imagine key is the key, a key one is key guess and the boards here are the inputs and the buckets are the prediction for each input. So we define the one element called collid. If we find that there is bucket that has more than one boards. For example, key one is collid. Then we define that the second element isomorphic for a pair of K, if we were sharp, we sharpen the position for the buckets, we can make them exactly the same. For example, key one and the key two are asomorphic because we can reshuffle the position for the bucket and we can make them identical. But the key one is not asomorphic with the key four. Similarly, key three is not collid. So the clearing attack works when these two elements happens. For the good guess, it collides. But for all the incorrect key guess, the good key guess is not asomorphic to the incorrect ones. And by looking at the probability of this event, we can deduce the trace complexity. So for the same implementation, we look at the same target variable that is the first one that makes column out of the bed. We can use only 16 traces to extract the two key beds, which is much efficient than the B3 we've done before. And it's interesting. It's not surprising that the peak is one because the correlation for the good guess should be one. But it's interesting to observe that there are many peaks. It means there are several different collids late during the execution. So to conclude, so in this work, we analyze the differential combination in depth. And this allows us to attack in wider includes instead of only four-bit includes. It also allows us to attack in some variables in the deep rounds. And we also further exploit the computational traces. For example, we can use a simple clear and to break this internal including. So it means to protect the cipher with the internal including only in the out of rounds is not efficient. That's all, thank you. Any question for Junoé? No question? So let's thank Junoé again.


Today I'm going to demonstrate a simple way to patch a lay flat header pipe. When a leak occurs the first thing you should do is identify exactly where the leak is in the lay flat header pipe. If you identify a hole in the lay flat you will make a cut directly over that leak point. You will cut it completely in half so you are working with even edges. We are going to use a coupling or bob splice fitting to join the two parts back together. Take two clamps and insert them on both sides of pipe. They can go in either way but we are putting them on so that we can easily reach to tighten the clamps. Insert the bob splice fitting into one side and then the other. Push both sides of the lay flat together over the fitting. A little Vaseline or vegetable oil will help the lay flat slide on the fitting. Move the pipe clamps just past the barbs and tighten them with the screw drive. Now the leak is fixed. Turn the water on and make sure it worked. We hope this video was very useful. Please check out our video series to learn all the steps in installing a simple irrigation system on a small hole. Thank you.