Six years of hard training and actual battle experience in Spain and Poland had made the German Army look invincible. Not the British and French. First, let's take up the British. They started from scratch, but both at home and abroad, an army was growing. For not only Britain had declared war, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the whole British Commonwealth of Nations was also determined on victory over Hitlerism and all it stands for. And Britain had one weapon that was ready, the Royal Navy. Shortly after war was declared, it had swept German shipping from the high seas, and units of the British fleet were deployed at Suez, Malta, Gibraltar, in the Channel, and in the North Sea, blockading Germany. No conquest was impossible without running smack up against the rock called Britain. How to strike at that little island? That was the question. Between Britain and Germany stood not only France, but the little countries of Luxembourg, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The people of these small, neutral countries were peaceful, hardworking, and free. They knew they were in the middle and feared violation of their neutrality. Hitler knew this. He also knew that if they united with the Allies, they would form a solid democratic wall against Nazi aggression, and their conquest would be far more difficult. So before striking with his armies, he used another weapon, the propaganda barrage, to confuse, to make them lose faith, to divide and conquer. To lull the fears of the little neutrals, propaganda minister Goebbels told them Germany didn't want a war at all. It was Britain and France that caused all the trouble. Then it was Hitler's turn. In a speech on October 6, 1939, he made the more kinds of specific promises. To the Danes, he said, we have concluded a non-aggression pact with Denmark. To the Norwegians, he said, Germany never had any conflict with the northern states and has none today. To the Dutch, he said, the new Reich is endeavored to continue the traditional friendship with Holland. And to the Belgians, he announced, the Reich has put forth no claim which might in any way be regarded as a threat to Belgium. And while Hitler was making these promises, his generals were cold-bloodedly picking out the first victim, Norway. And why did they pick Norway? It's many steep inlets or fjords would make excellent U-boat bases, from which raiders could prey on British supply lines. Also, it would give the Nazis vital air bases. This is Stappaflo, British naval base, and this the blockade fleet. At this time, the German-based bombers couldn't reach them. Possession of bases on Norway's western shore would bring these vital British defenses under easy bomber attack. But he couldn't take Norway without also taking tiny Denmark, the springboard for his attack. So at dawn on April 9th, 1940, it was the neutral borders of little Denmark and in a matter of hours it occupied the entire country. By nightfall, Denmark is erased as a nation and the Danes go into slavery. Although only six months before, Hitler had announced, we have concluded an unaggression pact with Denmark. The Danes will not forget. Meanwhile in Norway, peaceful-looking German merchant ships like these had sneaked inside Norway's neutral waterway and tied up at all principal ports. That is, they looked like merchant ships. But if the Norwegians had had x-ray eyes, this is what they would have seen. The Trojan horse of ancient Greece brought up to date with new and deadlier weapons. At the precise moment that the Nazis overran Denmark, these quiet-looking ships sprang to life. At the same time, Nazi warships, discovered along the entire coastline, started steaming up the Norwegian fjords. Ships, transports, tanks, men, planes, all flung themselves simultaneously upon a defenseless country. Foreign infantry seized every strategic Norwegian airport. The whole job was made easier by treacherous fifth columnists, led by Major Quisling, who seized power and issued orders to suppress resistance.  This was one of the most amazing acts of treachery the world has ever known. It brought Major Quisling international fame, making his very name synonymous with the word traitor. By the afternoon of April 9th, the Germans were in complete control of all seven ports where they had landed in the morning. First time in more than 200 years, the people of Norway saw an invading army parading through their cities. Many of these Nazi soldiers strutting as conquerors in 1940 had last seen Norway some 20 years earlier, when as refugee German children they had been raised and cared for by kind Norwegians. Now these same Germans were back to repay that kindness with terror and destruction. Once they had occupied the capital, the Nazis quickly fanned out in all directions. But loyal Norwegian troops stopped one German column between Heimar and Elverum. The Germans brought up their bombers. Norwegians were forced to flee to the north under constant and unopposed air attack. It was here that Captain Robert Lose, an American military attache was killed, the first American soldier to lose his life in this war. Meanwhile the Nazis had spread all over the country. Small patrols occupied every strategic village. Parachute troops landed high in the mountains. The Nazis and the Allies sent defenseless civilians fleeing in stark terror, done everything to avoid it. Hoping they could escape the Nazis' scourge, they had compromised and tragically failed to unite with the other democracies. And now they faced the scourge defenseless and alone. Before the Allies could come to their aid, the Germans were in control of all principal ports. Regardless of this, British, French and Polish contingents plunged in and made several landings along the Norwegian coast. They landed forces north and south of Trondheim and attempted an encircling movement on the city, under constant, heavy and almost entirely unopposed air attack. While the scene of action was out of range of British fighter planes. So they brought up aircraft carriers. But these are at a disadvantage when opposed by land-based planes. The Allies therefore were badly battered from the air, only suffering heavy losses they withdrew from a hopeless situation. Further to the north, at Narvik, they met with better success, inflicting heavy naval losses on the Nazis and held the town for nearly two months. First prisoners of the present war. Again the Nazis' overwhelming air superiority proved a deciding factor. They were forced to withdraw under terrific air bombardment. Our regions were left with their quizzes, their ruins, their dead. Even though six months before Hitler had said, Germany never had any conflict with the northern states and has none today. Our regions will not forget.  He had hijacked two more countries. The world wondered and sometimes marveled at this man's efficiency. And here was efficient too. How the nation throws away all regard for the laws of God and man, he is bound at first to be more efficient than his victims. Society had a police force to deal with the gangster, Deunger, but it had no police force to deal with gangster, Hitler. So he clubbed Norway into submission and got what he wanted, bases for use against Britain. Now he had the northern claw of an enormous pincer movement. A drive through France would give him the southern claw. Blockade by U-boats, coupled with mass bombing attacks, would weaken the British for final invasion. Then, with Britain gone, Germany could reach out in all directions for world conquest. His next move must obviously be through France to get his southern claw.


وأقول في القرآن ما جاءت به آياته فهو الكاريم المنزاله وأقول قال الله جل جلاله والمصطف الهدي ولا أتأوله الحمد لله رب العالمين وصلت والسلام على عبد الله ورسوله نبينا محمد وعلى آله وصح به أجمعين السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته كما always you begin with the praise of Allah and by asking Allah to exalt the mention of grand peace to our messenger Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم to his family and his companions We're continuing with our discussion on Bir-Rawadain and this time we've moved on to the sunnah of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم We're going to start with the Hadith of Abi Huraira رضي الله عن أنه قال جاء رجل إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال يا رسول الله من أحق الناس بحسني صحابتي in a narration بحسني الصحبة قال أمك قال ثم من قال أمك قال ثم من قال أمك قال ثم من قال أبوك متفق عليه in another narration أدناك ثم أدناك أدناك A man came to the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم And he said Who is the most deserving of the people of my excellent companionship صحابتي here means صحبتي My excellent companionship The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم The man said The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم replied The man said النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قلت لك ماذا ، النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قلت لك أبي و في مجال آخر يقول ، ثم أدنك أدنك ، ثم أقوى لك و أقوى لك بطريقة كيف أقوى لك هذا الحديث هو حديث فرماني كما يتعلق with بيرو الوالدين و يتعلق with حسنة صحبة و أقوى لك بطريقة كيف أقوى لك وهذا هو why if you look at the speech of the scholars here they don't extract from this that your mother has three times more right to obedience than your father and we talk about obedience later on obedience is a matter of difference among the scholars some of them took this hadith to relate to obedience as well some of them didn't but generally speaking it's not the topic of the hadith it isn't one of obedience it's one of excellence in companionship the way you behave around them and who is the most deserving of the people for you to strive for that إحسان in the way that you deal with them and the prophet Sallism said your mother and that's the first answer and then three times in total he answered your mother meaning that the mother has three times more right to excellence in companionship than the father now the question would be what would make this the case because Allah says generally in the Quran و بالوالدين إحسانة be good to both of your parents and there isn't really that distinction between the mother and the father until we come to this hadith so what makes the mother three times more deserving the علماء they say it is what the mother it has the unique things that she suffered for the sake of her child so first of all the pregnancy and then the labour and the birth and then the feeding and looking after of the child when they're very small these are the things some and there's a variation some of them said the labour and the birth and so on but generally speaking it's these things that only the mother can do only the mother will carry that child for nine months only the mother will have the pains of labour and childbirth and that's why or that's why some of the scholars they put that forward to say that is why the mother is three times more deserving of excellence إحسان in the way that you treat her and the way you are around her and again حسنة صحبة is the way we see the word صحبة being used as it relates to the relationship with the parents in صورة اللقمان وصاحبهم في الدنيا معروفة accompany them in the dunya so there is a صحبة there is a kind of companionship between the child and the parent وصاحبهم في الدنيا معروفة accompany them in this dunya in the best way there's a kind of companionship there's a kind of companionship there and again it deals with all of the different aspects so it can deal with how you speak to them how you behave towards them and if it's the case that the father is deserving of إحسان because الله said وابلوالي دييني إحسانة to both of your parents treat them with إحسان and الله عز وجل said إما يبلغن عندك الكبرة أحدوهما أو كيلاهما if one of them reaches old age or both of them i.e. the father or the mother and yet the mother is deserving is three times more than the father three times more than the father then what does that say about the way that you should treat your mother if the father is the one who is deserving of وابلوالي دييني إحسانة and the father is the one إما يبلغن عندك الكبرة أحدوهما أو كيلاهما if one of them reaches old age or both of them فلا تقول لهما أفد ولا تنهرهما وكلهما قولا كريمة then don't say of and don't repel them or push them away and say to them say to them the best and the most noble of words if that's the father's right and the mother has three times that right then what is the right of the mother how can we find the words to express the right of the mother in Islam then each person according to how close they are so here someone might say well what do we say about the siblings what do we have to say about other relatives the uncles and the cousins then the statement of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم ما أدنك أدنك then the one who is the closest to you and then the next one who is closest to you and Islam didn't just give importance to being good to your parents there is also a huge threat of punishment and a severe warning for those who are not good to their parents أبو هوريرا narrated from the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه قال راغم أنف ثم راغم أنف ثم راغم أنف من أدرك أبوي عند الكبرة أحدهما أو كيلاهما فلم يدخل الجنة رواه مسلم أبي هوريرا ناريت from the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم that he said راغم أنف راغم أنف it is for the nose of a person to be rubbed into dust for the nose to be to be covered or to be rubbed into dust and this is an expression of a disgrace of حوان and ذيلا that a person is disgraced and the person is lowered down and the word he is not necessarily though the nose here isn't just referring to the nose but it's the normal phrase of Arabic is to use one part to refer to the whole and the nose is is used in this expression راغم أنف that may his nose be rubbed into the dust and here it is the apparent wording is the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم is making dua against this person three times may his face be rubbed in the dust may his nose be rubbed in the dust may his nose be rubbed in the dust I may he be disgraced may he be disgraced may he be disgraced the one who finds his parents at old age one of them or both of them and then that person doesn't enter جنة they don't take advantage of the opportunity to enter جنة through being good to their parents and looking after them when they're old that person is prevented from جنة and doesn't go to جنة despite having one of their parents or both of their parents reach old age this is an indication that that person is is a disobedient person towards their parents because they didn't enter جنة even though they had this huge باب من أبواب الجنة this huge gate from the gates of paradise and there are narrations which indicate that it is the middle of the gates of paradise that the parents are a huge are a huge gate from the gates of paradise for a person to enter into and if a person has a parent reaches old age and then they don't enter جنة what does that say about the way that they behave towards their parents and this is not the only حديث which contains a severe warning against disobeying the parents or against making the parents unhappy and we're going to come to more those later on we'll come now to a حديث of عبد الله بن عمر عبن العاصر رضي الله عنهما that he said أقبل رجل إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال أبايعك على الهجرة والجهات أبتاغي الأجرة من الله قال فهل من والديك أحد حي this man he came to the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم and he said I would like to pledge my allegiance to you that I will perform a hijra and jihad and I want the reward from Allah the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said are any of your two parents still alive any of your parents still alive قال نعم he said yes rather both of them are still alive the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said فتبتاغي الأجرة من الله is it that you want the reward from Allah قال نعم he said yes the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said فرجع إلى والديك فأحسن صحبة in another wording ففيهما فجاهد the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said are one of your parents are your parents alive one of your parents are alive any of them he said yes both of them the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said is it that you want the reward from Allah the man said yes the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said go back to your parents and have good companionship with them and his صحبة like we talked about فأحسن صحبة have excellence in the way that you behave towards them in another narration ففيهما فجاهد go and make jihad for them i.e. go and strive to attain their pleasure strive not to upset them and work hard and from this there are two benefits that we want to take out or three the first thing that we want to take out is the importance of as we had mentioned earlier in the sense that the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم preferred it over الجهد والهجرة he preferred it over the jihad and he preferred it over the hijra the second point that we want to take is the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم didn't ask if the parents are Muslim or non Muslim he didn't say are any of your parents alive then he didn't say are they is that parent Muslim ام كافر are they Muslim are they مسلماني ام كافراني are they two Muslims or two kafر and he didn't ask that question the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم he said if you want the reward from Allah go back and be good to them and as we said in his statement فا فيهما فا جاهد there is a Dalil and this is well a point that if I believe if this was the only point we mentioned in this episode it would be sufficient to be of a benefit إن شاء الله تعالى and that is that looking after your parents and being good to them is a jihad it is a jihad it's tough and remember the word jihad in its in its in its original meaning it means to strive and to give the utmost effort and it's used in that meaning sometimes for example الله عز وجل said وجاهدهم به جهادا كبيرة and make jihad against them with the Quran a great jihad but the point here is that in this حديث the prophets like I said described though looking after your parents as jihad ففيهما فجاهد go back and make jihad with those two parents and that سبحان الله shows you how difficult it can be it's not an easy right some people think that سبحان الله like for example some people look at the Salaf al-Saleh and we're going to talk about what they were in Bidr al-Wali Dayn شاء الله in a subsequent episode and they say that well you know like you know their parents were probably really good and you know they don't have to deal with what but ultimately dealing with your parents is hard and doing Bidr al-Wali Dayn is hard and preferring your parents over the things you want this man came he wanted to go and make jihad and he wanted to go for that he wanted to make hijrah and yet the prophet he wanted to go back and make jihad go back and make jihad with those two parents of yours so it's not an easy matter it requires determination and hard work to prefer them over your preferences it's not an easy thing it's not easy at all to give them preference over you to give them preference over your family members and again without you know excluding the rights of others but to give them preference over you is not an easy thing for a person especially in our time we know that we are living in a time of or qulq al-Wali Dayn and the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said that from the signs of the hour and tell it al-amatu rabbata that the in the hadith of jibril صحيه مسلم that the slave girl will give birth to her mistress one of the strongest opinions the mother gives birth to a daughter who treats her mother like a slave and that it refers to qulq al-Wali Dayn being bad to your parents and we're living in that time we're living in that time maybe the time will get worse but we're living in a time where it is it's from the very rare things that you see somebody who does qulq al-Wali Dayn in the sense that the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم described it as an easy thing for a person to do it requires great great difficulty for you to really fulfill qulq al-Wali Dayn and that's why you know that على إن سلعة الله غالية على إن سلعة الله الجنة that the the thing that Allah is selling to you is جنة and it's expensive جنة is not an easy thing to get that you just get the most valuable thing the thing that Allah is selling to you is غالية it's valuable and it's valuable and it means it's not cheap it doesn't come cheaply and if the parents are one of the major gates from the gates of paradise then ultimately you have to realize that it requires some work to get to that level we know that the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said that no one who is disobedient to their parents will enter جنة no one who is disobedient to their parents will enter جنة or قوك as we talked about in the first episode the definition is the opposite of البر so anyone who falls short in their بر towards their parents in their أحسان towards their parents this is عق this is a person who is disobedient to their parents and the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said they will not enter جنة i.e. they will not enter جنة with the people who enter it دخولاً أولياً i.e. they enter into it in the first instance rather they will receive a punishment that will prevent them from entering جنة with the people who enter جنة immediately and as for them remaining in the fire forever then no Muslim who is a person of توحيد and who brings the minimum requirements to remain a Muslim they will not remain in the fire forever so when the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said that they will not enter جنة ever but what he means is that they will not enter جنة when the people enter جنة and they will be held back in punishment والعياذ بالله and we seek Allah's refuge from that because they were bad to their parents and a person might ask well what about the disbeliever how do we what about if our parents are not a Muslim and we know that Allah is the tallest in صور القمان وإن جاه داكة على أن تشرك بما ليس لك به علم وصاحبهما في الدنيا معروفة وإن they compel you to make a partner with me and that which you have no knowledge of do not obey them and accompany them وصاحبهما we have companionship with them معروفة in a good way and this is further explained in the hadith of أسمى بنت أبي بكر صديق رضي الله عنهما أنها قالت قادمة علي أمي وهي مشركة she said my mother came to me she came she came to to visit me and she was a مشركة she was an idol worshiper في أحتي رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم during the time of the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم فاستفتيته رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم she said I asked the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم what should I do قلت قادمة علي أمي وهي الراغبة and my mother has come to me and she is راغبة in some of the narrations it mentions راغمة and she's she's obstinate against becoming Muslim but راغبة this is the majority of the narrations and Allah knows best that she desires from me something she wants something from me and in other words she wants صلى she wants a good companionship she wants me to do the things that a daughter should do for her mother she wants me to look after her take care of her she wants me to give her or to spend on her she wants me to speak nicely to her and it's narrated in this that Asma kept her mother waiting she didn't let her mother come in out of a fear that she would be from those people who made who had a companionship with the non-Muslims that's all she was so scared that she didn't want to be from the people that showed close allegiance to the to the non-Muslims and the ayat which came regarding that so she kept her mother she didn't accept her mother's wish for her mother to for her to sort of behave with her like a daughter to a mother until she went to the messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم she said my mother has come and she is she wants me to she is not a Muslim she is a polytheist and she wants me to look after her or she wants me to keep ties with her أثى أصيل أمي should I keep ties with my mother قال نعم صلي أمك the prophet saasim said yes keep the ties with your mother he said yes keep the ties with your mother and Subhanallah that was in a situation where her mother was in some of the narrations it mentions that her mother was firm upon her shirk upon making a partner with Allah was stern upon it but still wanted the rights of the mother and she said should I give my mother those rights should I look after should I keep the ties with my mother أثى أصيل أمي قال نعم صلي أمك he said yes keep those ties with with your mother now some of them asked a question about أسماء being the sister of عائشة رضي الله عنه how did that work because أسماء she went to عائشة and she told عائشة to ask the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم about the question and she asked عائشة to find the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم so she could ask the question here we have to understand that أسماء she was the half sister of عائشة the mother was different but the father was the same أسماء her father was أبو بكر and عائشة her father was أبو بكر they were half sisters and that's why this hadith here that her mother came when she was when she was a mother of عائشة accepted Islam before that رضي الله عنها وأرضها ورضي الله عنهم أجمعين so the next topic that we have to deal with is the topic of obedience to the parent and this is quite a big topic and it has many different aspects to it so I'm going to actually stop the episode here إن شاء الله و تعالى we'll resume next time where we'll talk about طاعة الوالدين and we talked about the fact that the word بر in linguistically refers to الطاعة refers to obedience so there's no doubt obedience to the parent is a major major part of بر الوالدين but here we need to understand where are the limits and what happens when they ask us to do things that for example might be harmful to us or things that might be haram or things that might not be haram but might be difficult for us to do where are the limits and where do we draw the line and where do we understand the guidance of Islam as it relates to obedience to our parents that's coming up in the next episode and Allah is the best والصلاة والسلام على نبينا محمد وعلى آله و صحبه أجمعي السلام عليكم if you're enjoying these videos and you'd like to keep up to date with all of the courses we're going to be running make sure you head over to amauathome.com


Just to reiterate, on Inauguration Day, President Biden said he would fire anyone that treat another colleague with disrespect, talk down to someone, and he would fire them on the spot. No ifs, ands, or buts. So what is the White House's message to people that work in this building and throughout the federal government that took the President at his word and don't understand why Dr. Lander has not been fired? Our message, and thank you for your question, is that the President has crystal clear expectations with all of us about how we are to treat our colleagues, treat people who work for us, and that is what he expects for people across the building. It is because of those comments that he made early on, in part, that we put in place a safe and respectful workplace policy that it was the mechanism for which this thorough investigation went forward. And it also, it is based on that, that thorough investigation from that came the meeting that Dr. Lander had with senior White House officials where it was made clear what steps he was required to take and that we will be complying and watching for compliance with those steps. And our objective is, of course, to prevent any of this behavior from happening again in the future. That's the overarching objective. But those were our comments, those were our promise. Absolutely, that's why we put in place a policy to ensure there is a mechanism for investigating and a mechanism for preventing this type of behavior from repeating itself. He promised to fire people that did this, and he hasn't fired. The individual that the White House found violated what he said. I understand it, and again, let me just reiterate. Nothing about his behavior is acceptable to anyone here, at all. Quite the opposite. Let me be clear about that. But there is now a process in place that was not in place at the time to evaluate and determine what the next steps should be taken in the event that any behavior like this occurs to prevent it from happening in the future. That is exactly what happened in this case. Is that what our employees shouldn't expect? That people will be fired if they treat colleagues with this respect? Again, I think I've outlined very clearly what the process was. Go ahead. Two questions for you, excuse me. It's more than that. I think it's clear that we are putting in place, we put in place a process, an internal process, to ensure that there was a thorough investigation, that it was evaluated, that steps were taken for this individual, Dr. Vlander, to meet with senior officials, to make clear that there were requirements that would be put in place. And he was expected to comply with them to prevent this behavior from ever happening again. Go ahead. I don't know about you all, but I'm not convinced. Yeah, it's pretty crazy watching her sit there squirming and trying to respond to what is clearly a broken promise of Joe Biden's that he would instantly fire anybody who he found working in the White House that was being demeaning to women or sexually harassing them. And here we have an official who is accused of doing that very thing. And according to Sockier has been investigated, but will not be fired. Because we all know why that is. I mean, it's just different when they do it. But I'm not joking when I say this. If you're ever working with me and I hear you treat another colleague with disrespect, talk down to someone.  On the spot. No ifs, ands, or buts. Everything, everything. Is in try to be treated with decency and dignity. That's been missing in a big way. And what did you all expect? Joe Biden himself has been accused by women of being inappropriately touched or sexually harassed. And you all just gave him a pass on that. But then you believed, for some reason, that if people in the office and his office were doing that very thing to women, that he would fire them on the spot.  It's pretty clear that the Democrat Party's only concern in any of that stuff is what it can do to benefit them politically. If it can't benefit them, then they're just not interested. It's like I always say, the only legitimate scandal is one involving the Democrats' political opponents. All right, folks, that's all I have for this one. Just a quick one. If you enjoyed it, please hit that like button and you can really help the algorithm by leaving a comment to let us know what you think.


Our first speaker this afternoon is Judge Andrew Napolitano. I'm sure many of you know him as a Fox News superstar and from his great, great show, Freedom Watch, which we all loved a couple years back. He's also, of course, a very distinguished jurist serving as a judge in New Jersey and also a longtime law professor. But I'm just going to say this is for him is that like Ludwig von Mises and Murray Rothbard, two of our namesakes, the judge has always been insistent on refusing to moderate or temper his message even when it might have made his personal road easier. So on that note, we welcome him and thank him for being here. Thank you, my dear friends. Sometimes I don't even realize how my reputation has sunk. Since my master's killed Freedom Watch, but the other day I was at the U.S. Air Terminal LaGuardia waiting to take a shuttle flight to Washington, D.C. and I saw a Secret Service agent. I recognized my newest face and I knew the gizmos that they wear and he sort of smiled at me and before I could say anything, he said to me, good morning, Justice Alito. Before I could respond, a voice behind me goes, that's not Justice Alito. That's the other Italian judge from Jersey, the one that works for Fox. And then the same voice says to the Secret Service agent, and let me tell you, it's a long road from Fox News to the Supreme Court of the United States. What did I do to deserve this? I turn around and it's Leon Panetta. It's amazing the people you meet in this business gives me a big hug and kiss and I said to him, what are you doing with Secret Service agents? You're out of office.  I said, bull blank, you're selling your books. He goes, you're right. Don't tell anybody. Alright, I'm obviously here to talk about more serious events. Well, I'll tell you another crazy story. It is unusual the people you meet in my line of work, but the most unusual was Benjamin Netanyahu, who I had met many times over the monitors. The first time I met him was a hallway of Fox just by coincidence. I didn't know he was going to be there and he wasn't expecting me. So I go to embrace him and the Mossad pushes us apart. And he says to them, no, no, let him say hello. Now you'll know when this was by what he says to me. Judge Napolitano, so nice to meet you in person. This is what the Jewish people want to know. What's he going to ask me? Is Michael Jackson innocent or is he guilty? Mr. Prime Minister, this is an only in America. He is profoundly guilty, but will be found profoundly not guilty. All right, two more serious trials of guilt or innocence and to my topic, which is the natural law when Thomas Moore had his last opportunity to address something for posterity and knew that his effort would be futile. He was defending himself in his trial for treason. So he's the defendant and the lawyer. The alleged and proven act of treason was silence. The refusal to assert affirmatively and in writing that the king was the head of the church on earth. He made the following argument to the jury. Now he knew the jury had been handpicked by the king's judges and the king's judges had been handpicked by the king. He knew that he was going to lose this. He knew he was going to be found guilty. He knew he would be executed and the execution method was beheading. Some men say the earth is round and some men say it is flat. But if it is flat, could the king's command make it round? And if it is round, could an act of parliament make it flat? Now when he was making that argument, he of course was not only appealing to the jury's common sense. Of course the king couldn't make a flat earth round and of course the parliament couldn't make a round earth flat. He was appealing to their understanding of the laws of nature that restrain even the government at the time. Henry VIII was about to have him beheaded in the parliament which was the facilitator in his beheading. So his choice between remaining mute at his trial and being convicted or taking a stand for something as affirmative as the limitations on the government he exercised that choice by giving this now classic statement of the natural law. Fast forward to the present day. When Moore said that, this was not a novel argument. He is not the originator of the argument of the natural law. The modern day, it's 800 years ago, but the modern day originator is St. Thomas Aquinas. Still the best explainer of the natural law. But John Locke picked up on this and Thomas Jefferson picked up on it when he wrote the Declaration of Independence and James Madison picked up on it when he was the scrivener for the Constitution. Jefferson's version of Moore's phrase is this, we are endowed by our creator with certain inalienable rights and among these is life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. So if Jefferson's correct, if this isn't just some musing and by the way the Declaration of Independence is a statute enacted by the Congress, if you go to the first book of the US code and go to the first page, you'll see there the Declaration of Independence. Probably the most violated statute by the government that we have even though it's the first and the oldest. But it articulates the view that our rights come from our humanity. What are these rights that come from our humanity and if they come from our humanity how can the government trample them? Well the concept of natural rights articulated by Aquinas is this that there are areas of human behavior for which we do not need a government permission slip in order to make free choices in those areas. So things like the freedom to develop your personality. I told O'Reilly he should be grateful for that freedom. The freedom to develop your personality. The right to think as you wish. The right to say what you think. The right to publish your thoughts. The right to worship or not to worship. The right to assemble in groups. The right to refuse to assemble in groups. The right to petition the government for a redress of your differences. The right to defend yourself, I must tell you. The right to defend yourself. The right to keep and bear arms. Does not protect your right to shoot deer. It protects your right to shoot at the government when it is taken over by tyrants. These are the quintessential American right. I'm going down the Bill of Rights. The quintessential American right. The right to be left alone. Codified in the Fourth Amendment. Today called the right to privacy. Codified in the Fourth Amendment. We all know what has happened to privacy. Let's see, how many of us have these in your pocket? Keep it on.  Now, I started by saying keep it on. Here's the sad thing. It doesn't have to be on for them to listen to us. When I used to say this about Blackberries and iPhones a couple of years ago, people would say, oh, there he goes again. He's off his meds. He's hanging out with Le Rockwell too much. But today we all know this is true. Today we know that our popular elected government has such profound disregard for our natural rights that it tramples them to extremes beyond which even George Orwell could have imagined in 1984. Without getting into the NSA, another topic for another time. If Aquinas was right and if Jefferson was right and these rights come from our humanity and not from the government, things like thought and speech and privacy and travel, how can the government trample them? Well, the theory of our government is that we have surrendered some of our rights to the government so that the government will protect the rights that we have not surrendered. That's the idea of the government derives its powers from the consent of the governed. Does anyone in this room know anyone now living who consented to the government? Well, the answer is no. It's inconceivable that anybody still living was around when the Constitution was enacted and consented to it. So right off the bat, the idea that the government derives its powers from the consent of the governed is like government itself, a fiction. The fiction is that we have consented to the surrender of our rights. The reality is that our rights have been stolen from us because the government monopolizes force. It's a sad and terrible reality, but it is a reality. In theory, in theory, when the Constitution was enacted and there's a typo in the Constitution, I get in trouble for saying this, the third word is wrong. It says we the people. Of course, the Constitution was not enacted by the people, it was enacted by the states. But that was never corrected. Nevertheless, what surrendered to the federal government was limited to 16 discreet, unique, separate, stated, articulated powers in the Constitution. And then the Ninth Amendment says, just because we've listed a bunch of rights in the first eight, doesn't mean that there are many others. It would be impossible for us to list them all. And the Tenth Amendment says, just because we've given some power to the federal government, we the states, doesn't mean that we kept the rest of it for ourselves we have. That's the concept of limited government. The government must stop when it wants to touch our natural rights and the list of natural rights. Whatever you think our natural rights are, give me the list, I'll add 30 or 40 to them. Because these are the things we all yearn as human beings to do, free from interference by the government. If they belong to us as human beings, like my fingers belong to me, then they cannot be taken away by majority vote. They cannot be taken away by legislation. They cannot be taken away by the command of the executive. They can only be taken away if I give them up myself. I can give them up myself by robbing a bank. I rob a bank. I violate the natural rights of the depositors of the bank. I can then be prosecuted and have my freedom of movement taken away because I have surrendered my natural rights when I gambled that I could get away with that loot from the bank. I could also sign a contract in which I give away some of my natural rights and I've done that with my bosses at Fox. Theoretically I'm supposed to say only what they want me to say. In return they send me a check every week. You know the checks keep coming even though they don't always say everything they want me to say. So you can voluntarily surrender your own natural rights for whatever good you choose to surrender them for. But you can't surrender somebody else's natural rights because natural rights are owned by individuals, by persons, not collectively, not by groups, not by the government, but by individuals. That is at least the theory of the Declaration of Independence and the theory of the Constitution and was at least the theory of the framers, the founding generation of the United States of America. Regrettably it is no longer the theory today and this assault on natural rights began immediately. In the presidency of John Adams the government suddenly had this bizarre fear of the French. I know this sounds incongruous today, but the country was afraid of the French so they enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts which basically said if you want to become a citizen here, come. If you own an acre of land you can become a citizen immediately except if you're French you have to wait 14 years. By the way, if you criticize the president, the government, the Congress or the courts you can go to jail for two years. How could the same generation that wrote Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech? In some cases the very same human beings who wrote that in fact abridged the freedom of speech because the world looks very different when you're on the outside trying to acquire power than when you have power and you've forgotten about those promises you made to get there. In this room after I finish is the Thomas Jefferson of our day who never forgot his promises. Sadly, sadly an exception because today the government tramples natural rights. Today the government to which none of us is consented claims it has the authority by majority vote to assault those liberties that are a part of our humanity. You don't have to believe in a traditional truine God as I do in order to accept this. You don't have to believe in any God in order to accept this. If you believe that humanity is the highest and best virtuous good on the planet then you believe that humanity, each human being is the source of his or her own rights. If you believe as Jefferson and Aquinas and I that we are creatures of an all knowing, all loving God who made us in his image and likeness and as he is perfectly free, we are perfectly free and our rights come directly from him in either way the rights are ours and not the governance to be taken away. The Constitution was written to prevent the government from doing that except when it does it by due process. Due process means if I rob the bank and they want to take away my freedom they have to give me a jury trial and the full panoply of protections that come with it. The governor can't just arrest me as the governor of New Jersey did, not me. He'd like to. Two weeks ago with a nurse who got off the airplane at Newark Airport because she had been treating Ebola victims in western Africa before she could get on another plane to Maine they locked her up. They put her in a tent in a parking lot in downtown Newark they gave her a bottle of water a granola bar and a porta potty. If she had been charged with murder and had been lodged in the Essex County jail a mile away she would have had better creature comforts in a more secure environment than a parking lot tent in downtown Newark. And I made the argument that the governor of New Jersey has flipped natural rights. You see natural rights you can summarize them in three words. Forward the presumption of liberty. The presumption of liberty. Meaning we are self-directed. We make our own choices. It is not our obligation as New Jersey claimed was the case for the nurse to prove we are unworthy of incarceration. It is the government's profound unique obligation to prove that we are worthy of incarceration and it must do so before a jury of our peers an imperfect system but the best system that we can come up with. In fact when the governor of New Jersey was told there's not a federal judge in Newark that will fail to give her a hearing and we have no evidence that she's contagious at the hearing you better let her go now because if you're losing court your friend at Fox News is going to make sure everybody knows that you knew the law and didn't follow it anyway so we let her go right then and there and then his buddy the governor of Maine tried the same thing and there they went to a federal court who released her because the government could not overturn presumption of liberty. The presumption of liberty says the rights that we did not surrender to the government we retained for our self and they can never be taken away from us by popular vote or majority legislature or or a command by a governor or a president. Now if the government recognized the concept of natural rights it would know that virtually everything it has done certainly since the progressive era at the beginning of the last century and perhaps even since the alien and sedition act virtually everything it has done and to protect natural rights has been wrong. Question is there any legitimate activity government has in a free society? Answer yes to protect the natural rights of the people in that society meaning instead of assaulting my freedom my life my liberty and my property protect it that's what we have a government for and a government that believes in natural rights will limit itself to those behaviors do you know have you ever heard of anywhere in the universe today of a government that limits itself only to the protection of natural rights that of course would be our Rothbardian, Jeffersonian, John Lockean Thomistic as in St. Thomas Aquinas ideal. Will this happen tomorrow? No. Will it happen in the lifetime of anyone in this room? Maybe within the lifetime of the youngest in this room and that's why we're all in this room today we need to understand the force of darkness among us and that force of darkness is the very government we have elected and empowered to impose the darkness upon us the better we understand it the more we understand it the sooner we can be free from its shackles I expect that when I die I will do so peacefully in my bed surrounded by people that love me and faithful to first principles that will not happen to everybody in this room some of you particularly the young people must be prepared to die in a government prison and some of you particularly the young people must be prepared to die in a government town square to the sound of government trumpets blaring when the time comes you'll know what to do because freedom lies in everyone's heart but must do more than just lie there thank you and God love you


Hello, welcome to this short video with topic measurement of the STN32WB output return loss on Vector Network Analyzer. We assume that the VNA is calibrated, if not, calibrate first. Then connect the measuring cable to DUT and tighten with a torque range. Now we set the markers for reading impedance values for wanted frequencies. We set the markers to outer frequencies of the Bluetooth band and in the middle. Press the marker button, select markers and press mark 1. Set the frequency point to 2.4 GHz, set the marker to 2.45 GHz and marker 3 to 2.5 GHz. Thus we will see an impedance variation over the band. This displayed plot doesn't correspond to the operating state. For the first, it is necessary to turn on the output power. In this state, the output impedance should be measured because it varies in the presence of the high frequency output power. A return loss is usually measured at the maximum power level, but you can select one what is your interest. Now we can switch the tone power on. Open the SDN32CubeMonitorRF and press the BLE operation. From roll down menu, click on the appropriate comport, click on connect and choose RF test bookmark. In dialog menu for transmitter, click on PA level and set the requested output power. We choose the maximum, the most used state. Then we set the frequency. We will use the middle of the band, so channel 19. Other parameters have no meaning at this moment due to tone mode usage. Then click start tone to activate the output power. We can observe the output reflection change. The peak represents the output power and we can neglect it. It could be suppressed by setting of number of points. The important thing is that hardware is put into operation. It is possible to read out output impedances in individual frequency points from the Smith chart. Thanks for watching, bye.


Good morning. Good morning. Good morning. It's time to rise and shine. Good morning. Good morning. Good morning I hope you're feeling fine. Good morning.  Get out of bed. It's time to wake up. You sleepyhead Gup is a brand new day and we can't miss out on that day to decay Get your day planned out to be at your best and you got to make sure you got the right back test like this Sleep away make sure you're awake cuz we don't have time for fat finger mistakes and ratio condo Good morning. Happy Friday everyone today is the first day of March We've got the S&P unchanged NASDAQ up 850 Russell up six and a half Dow down 40 Golden silver slightly green notes and bonds slightly red 10 year yield up a quarter percent Oil up one and a half percent now to guest on one and a half percent Grains a little bit mixed euro and the pound Slightly green Bitcoin up three-quarters of a percent hanging out a little above 63,000 VIX at 13.29 so with the VIX contracting Looks like a day for Rick. We've also got a boatload of FOMC members today talking about what they do talking about talking 9 15 a.m. These are all central time 9 15 a.m. So in about 45 minutes Waller 9 50 a.m. Bostick 12 30 p.m. daily To 2 30 p.m. Cougler Cougler So hey Steve, I got a question for you. Yep So these Fed speakers, you know, we talked about this a lot recently Did they always like I'd never paid attention to them and except for those FOMC days where they have their you know That we have their meetings and then usually drone power speaks that's you know That's one time I really ever paid attention to it Do they has there always been this main speakers throughout the month? Well, you know, I mean with when interest rates were just dead flat low for a while It you know, it wasn't that really big of a deal But then when interest rates started going up and there's more anticipation around the meetings I think it put a little bit more weight on them. And so basically what happens is after the You know Fed decision comes out the main FOMC meeting then following that is You know for week, you know, usually a few two three weeks You'll see these Fed speakers and I think it's just a I think it's just a payout for them They have all these. Yeah, I just that pay them to come talk and yeah So it's it's definitely become more of an issue more of a thing than it used to be. Okay. That's what I wanted. Yep but It is what it is All right, so we got the ring opening bell here in five seconds So I'll be entering a Rick. I'm gonna do my early Rick and late Rick Just go half position size on each I'm actually gonna do it in my Trader your account because I've got some strikes on another position They're kind of in my way. So I'll do this this This what am I doing here selling that one? There we go. I don't know what I was doing wrong User error just trading for about 12 85 Well, 80, I have filled it 12 80. All right, so there's my Rick my early Rick And then I'll do a late Rick as well. And then I got filled on my Indie X My daily Indie X play got filled on that at 453 So max profits 884 max loss is 1116 Expected move in Indie X today one oh six point six approximately so I said my price slices at my breakeven. We've got on Indie X approximate Upsize 18 176 should be about right here on the downside 17962 should be about right here so pretty normal covers vast majority of the expected move for the day. Yeah, so my shorts are on a The 980 puts and the 160 calls and then SPX expected move Anybody catch the expected move in SPX at the open. I had it. I think it was 25 25 I looked at about well 30 minutes ago. Yeah, I thought it was low as 23 Yeah, this might have been like 8 a.m. What I looked yeah, so about 23. Oh, yeah, Krish always posted Yeah, Maro, but what you see is not always what you get filled that On the Indie X as you know Create a duplicate order to see what it's trading at right now, but I'm sure what's going on Okay, I got filled at 453. No, I always go 25 Delta SPX little bounce little pullback So I got filled on my Rick at 1280 So that's 1730 would be my exit I was just something dark vendor. I've been experimenting with I may start increasing my size Just want to let it play out for a while.  I'll probably go bigger on it on Monday Monday, there's no news. I Like those we might have a normal Monday Like a normal Monday. Yeah, that would be nice Let's see Next week Yeah, so nothing on Monday Tuesday 30 minutes after the market opens ISM services PMI Wednesday, we've got pre-market ADP non-farm employment change 30 minutes after the market opens we got bed chair pal testifies and jolts Due to testify about the semi-annual monetary policy report Before the house financial services committee in Washington, DC So Wednesday could be a little little sloppy And beige book that afternoon at 1 p.m. Thursday unemployment claims pre-market 30 minutes after the market opens pal still testifying Mester later that morning And Friday pre-market employment data SPX coming down below the first five-minute bar low Yeah, you can do that. You can do the same thing tomorrow in SPX. I just you know, my SPX gets a little crowded So that's the only reason I really moved to NDX and the fact that I was like, well, I'm not using a stop so it's actually a decent Decent trade to use on NDX so I wouldn't want to use stops as wide as it can get El Piero only Rick today in the morning. Why? Yeah, as I put on my trade plan My Rick is discretionary because Vix is below 14 So it technically is not That's why I put discretionary if I put discretionary that means Something doesn't qualify, but I'm gonna do it. Anyway And the reason I did it today is just because we got all these Fed speakers, so I'm hoping Or I'm thinking not necessarily hoping but I'm thinking that we get some Decent price swings. Yeah, and all the all the details of the strategies are in the trade plan. El Piero So you can see, you know, the different filters with the Vix contraction My premium selling doesn't qualify my NDX here that I'm trading it. It doesn't have any filters So I just do that every day. Let me go ahead and let my VXX vertical Still see if there's any more contraction in that before I take any more off corn premium pretty well centered netty gas pretty well centered MES is one of them is Breach to the upper side that one's got 49 days left. So I'll probably take that one off by next week So the first Fed guy today starts at Well, we've got we've got ISM manufacturing and consumer Senate here in about 15 minutes So we'll stay on here till after that and then we'll The Chicago Fed speakers at 9 a.m. Central. I'm assuming these are eastern times Are you looking at Forex factory? I'm looking at market watch. Okay. Yeah, I don't know. I'm Forex factory. You can set your time zone Gotcha. Gotcha. So I got online at central times are in Eastern. Yeah 15 minutes Is anybody has everybody I should say Gone on to the new membership portal To see where the courses are and all that stuff if you haven't make sure you do that in each of the they used to be the Course channels. We just changed them to be called resource channels. So like the zero DTE resources Just go to that link that navigation trading comm slash slash dashboard that will redirect you to the Back-end platform. It's called WAP So don't be surprised if you see WAP and trying to kind of confuse about what that is that's just the name of the platform and Then it'll ask you to put your email in so as long as you put your email in and it matches, you know Your navigation trading membership email You'll get an email. You'll get a code emailed to you. So there's no passwords You'll get a code emailed to you and then just put that code in and then you'll be in and you'll see the See all the courses and all that stuff all the everything that you have access to and then And then once you do that with the code one time as long as you don't log out You're always you're always logged in. So there's so all you got to do is click on that link and it'll take you directly there So instead of having all the videos You know in discord, which was kind of clunky to begin with hopefully this is a lot better user experience for that for that piece and then you've also got On that plot on the dashboard you can manage your memberships So if you need to update your card or change memberships or whatever you can do that all Right there. No, I'm not sure what you mean Chris. It's not the same as discord Nothing changes for discord. We'll still continue to keep discord But we're just not gonna have the all those course videos in there in the channels. That's not really discord was designed to do so this is a better way to manage that S&P Dipping into red territory. I mean, we're just a skosh away from all-time highs 5111 expected move to the upside today is 5121. I Mean it seems pretty likely Yeah, thanks Dark Avenger and by the way, there's a there's a section in there, too that where you can leave a review would love for Everyone to leave a review that just kind of helps with our People finding us and stuff too. So If you get a chance much appreciated, I haven't actually looked through the futures to see any potential futures trades today Russell looks kind of interesting to the downside that big pop-up above those recent highs kind of blush back down a Little bit weaker this morning could see some continuation lower. I'll give it a little bit the Dow Elliott the Dow today is the weakest of the bunch You're wondering I'm not sure if Elliot's on here Also, if you leave a review and you're someone that I did a zoom call with Don't hesitate to mention As other people read that that hey you have questions look a zoom call with Chad Appreciate that as well 10-year yield up about 1% The euro looks like it might be interesting to the downside So the euro and the Russell short might be potentials Yes, Suresh. I posted it in this channel but it is also in the Courses when you go to that new dashboard in the zero DTE courses Oh, yeah, the zero DTE channel. Thanks white tiger SPX is trying to stay green here keeps bouncing off of yesterday's close the Little data release here in about seven minutes seven and a half minutes Yeah, I'm about 80% done with that one Dale So what'd you guys think of the magic Mahomes? strategy Like it don't like it For you not for you. What do you guys think? So yesterday was interesting because well, first of all because the Decent range leading up to it. I never did get filled at two bucks Uh by the time I wanted to but if you look at um If you look at the price action so I mean, this is Really good price action for it because If if I would have gotten in and gotten filled at say 95 Uh or actually I'm sorry. So somebody uh a couple people got filled at the 5100 strike But it was too late in the day at that point. So I just I didn't I just canceled my orders I didn't I didn't get in And then price moved up almost to 5105 And had the the vertical spread gotten filled there and then come back down that took like it did that is Actually the most ideal price action now.  It did not set up Well, I didn't even get in For those of you that were on the on the stream, but um I'm just kind of reflecting back on What happened here? Up for dollar. What do you mean templates? I you really don't need any templates. In fact, I mean I prefer no templates for this particular scenario All comes down to position size Suresh Any quick question for you steve. Yep Uh Trying to trying to find my tlc Is it in the zero dke with the new platform? It's in the trade plans all the trade plans staff are Those aren't really core. So I mean yours is but we just kept all the trade plans in discord Okay, so I'm trying to find that dark avenger. Is there a question about two-factor authentication or are you just Making an observation. It's optional if you want to have to Enter your phone number or use an authenticator app Every time you log in Huh, I can't find the trade plans On my dashboard In discord Oh, no, you okay. You kept it in discord. I was on that looking at the new wop Yeah, no, all the trade plans are still in discord. Yeah, she got you got you got you. Okay I figured because there's I just figured that was a little bit more of an efficient way to keep those here Just think I know people are gonna ask me where that's courses at and so I thought it might be in the new net dashboard. So, okay So first speaker starting in two minutes. Is that right? No, not the first speaker. It's the uh ISM manufacturing PMI and revised university of michigan consumer sentiment brain busters Magic Mahomes criss get it right Oh, it's the chicago fed president austin ghoulsby tv appearance Oh, I don't have that one on my calendar. I have that on market watch Dynam That's px bouncing back up into green territory Or she probably still have a little jet lag. How was uh, how was india? And we got a little pop coming out with the news Little poppy pop spx all of a sudden that S and p are all set up 11 Popped through yesterday's high Came back down now back in the five minute First five minute bar range So See if we got a little that was a little fake out A little head fake to the upside Well, glad to see you're okay krish. That's not Yeah, that's no fun Check out the uh individual stocks here plug power Looks like it's down after earnings about 10 and a half percent Tesla down one AV go up four Looks like semiconductors amd's up three and a half Metas up two Biden up two NVIDIA up one and a half Roblox So yeah, I didn't Yeah, I didn't have a big volume bar. So I'm sure what what you saw there at jba trade, but Yeah, the uh, the baba one I saw that and didn't I didn't I wouldn't have traded that here's why It's just something to look at Baba's range on that was like See about a Not even that. I mean The pullback was Yeah, maybe I guess like 50 cents. It's just really tight range. So It's hard for those to pay out It's one time one thing we one thing some people forget to look at is what's the range look like on the movement Vic's trying to come up My toss is fine Yeah, I'm not having any toss issues All right, my friends.   So All right, all take care. Have a good day. See you in power hour. Cheers


Good afternoon. You have heard in the last two days, an astonishing series of original and forward-looking papers that confirm seabed prehistoric research as a mainstream intellectual component of archaeology. In every paper there's been a description of recent discoveries, a promise of rapid future technical growth, and improved intellectual understanding. In this summary, I will try to fit these developments into a model of how the subject has developed over the last hundred years, and how the curve of growth and increase of knowledge continues onwards and upwards in a logical way. Several of the speakers have expressed well-founded views on the future priorities, so I'm going to focus a bit on predictive methodologies. The argument to be presented will be an outline of the growth of the subject in the last hundred years, my previous attempts at forecasting in different disciplines, examples of various forecasts, then evidence from the present papers and my final conclusion. I'm not going to read the details on this slide, you can browse it yourself and look at it later if you want to. The early 19th century has been quite well documented just in terms of recognition of submerged terrestrial landscapes. Then in the second half of the 20th century, the discovery of seabed in situ stratified deposits, especially in the Baltic and the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Then increasing collaboration until we get to the splash cost project and discovery of sites pre-last glacial maximum involvement of research in Australia and the USA. And then finally, very significantly in the last year, the ability of teams to work consistently in multidisciplinary research to identify seabed sites in areas where there were no previous sites known. That is to say, they were able to work from first principles, not from the clues given by chance finds previously. Forecasting development in different subjects, I have some previous experience. In the sixties, I worked on the protection of marine technology for commercial groups and then the UN law of the sea conference. I did some work on prehistoric archaeology, the geological society, and then various other assessments up to the European Marine Board strategic framework in 2014. The forecasting techniques vary from trying to fit to the existing trends, either a linear straight line, power law, log law, the exponential S curve with growth of flattening and so on. And to extrapolate this into the future to an extent which you think is reasonable to identify various technological and social factors which may cause nonlinear jump. I should explain for the younger members of the audience the shake your money factor. In the 1970s, when shake your money was a representative of the OPEC oil cartel, he was being quizzed on the extent eventual exhaustion of oil and therefore people moving to other resources. He admitted that oil would eventually cease to be our main source of energy, but pointed out that the Stone Age came to an end, not because people ran out of stones, but because they found other technologies. And that's a very important point when trying to extrapolate curves into the future. My first and probably most important experience of trying to make technological forecasts was for a group of large British companies in 1966 to 67. I predicted at the time that manganese nodules would not be exploited for many decades. This was a complete contradiction of what everybody expected at that time. They really thought they would be exploited within a few years. I got the rate of growth of depth of oil and gas exploitation about right, fish farming about right. I predicted the increase in depth and duration of diving excursions extremely accurately and even predicted the exact time and date of John Bevan's deep dive. I won't read all the details here, but there were plenty of failures as well. I didn't foresee subsea fiber optic cables at all, but they didn't come until the 1980s, which was really beyond the 10-year horizon that I was working to. I thought that container ships would grow beyond 500,000 tons, but they didn't. It stopped around 200,000 or 300,000. I saw that satellites could be used to measure marine weather, but not the seawater and oceanographic properties. I didn't foresee an autonomous underwater vehicles, though I didn't see ROVs coming. My next operation was in the law of the sea, where I was the scientific advisor to the British delegation to the law of the sea committee. Picking up the data from the previous commercial study, the United Nations at the time hoped that the exploitation of manganese nodules in the international area of the sea could be licensed by the UN, and that this would produce sufficient funds to support the costs of the United Nations as a whole. I had to point out that this was not going to be the case, and it was a rather unpopular prediction, but absolutely correct. Deepwater hydrocarbon production and manganese nodules, I've already mentioned, the coastal development of mangrove forests was in farce continental shelf-free histories concerned. I had several examples to describe. The first pretty was what called nowcasting, that's to say analysis of the present friends and then stopping at the present, but attempting to guess what's going to happen next. Then an analysis for the Council of British Archaeology and for the European Archaeological Association and the European Marine Board Strategic Friends. This was my nowcast for Jollsoc in 1998. It's a prediction or rather a plotting of the increase in age of sites over the years. It starts in the 18th and 19th century finding classical towns submerged in the Mediterranean and then goes into prehistoric sites deeper and deeper and finding older material back to a Shirley and Hand axis and so on in Table Bay. And obviously this is going to come to a stop. I mean, once we found material in the early Paleolithic, the curve doesn't go on into millions of years. So the curve itself plots what's happened in the past, shows that the age, all the ages are periods within which tools can be found and then comes to a stop. If we look at increase in depth, you get the same sort of phenomenon. The curve continues from the 18th and 19th century deeper and deeper to 50 to 100 meters and then comes to a stop. And obviously we're not going to go off the edge of the shelf. So the absolute maximum is going to be about 130 meters. Mark Twain said that prediction is a dangerous game, particularly about the future. And this is one of my most adventurous attempts to make predictions for submarine prehistoric archaeology. In 2010, I gave a paper to the Council of British Archaeology and I plotted a curve which goes on the Y axis from date from 1900 to 2015. And this is the number of sites, prehistoric sites on the sea floor which has been discovered on a long scale, so 100,000, 10,000. You can see that by 2050, I predicted over 10,000 sites would be known and that in just after 2000, I've got over a thousand sites, which is probably about right. But I don't really know why I put this strange bend in the curve. A straight line through there would really have fitted quite well. Nevertheless, it does show that the increase in number of sites should continue on a long curve, at least for a few more years to come, 10,000 sites, possibly more. For the European Archaeology Association, I did a table of benefits in 2009 actually before Splashcos. This isn't a prediction as such, but it's a list of all the different subjects which 169 agencies said were of interest to them in studying submarine or offshore prehistory. And it shows that we have an enormous resource base of skills and capabilities which could be deployed in Splashcos and future research. There's a key factor which has become clear to me in the last few years about the change in hominin adaptability and intelligence as it might be applied to water crossing. There's always been some doubt about pre-modern, pre-Sapiens human beings being able to cross large water masses because they wouldn't be able to communicate, collaborate, plan the building of boats and rafts, or even plan the number of people working together simply to swim as a group. But what's become clear in the last few years is that modern homo sapiens genetics includes DNA components from Denisovans, Deanderthals, and other unnamed species which have interbred through interagression with successive waves of migrants from Africa. The proposed unique genetic mutation which produced super intellectual homo sapiens therefore may not be necessary in order to explain the ability which is needed to plan water crossing. If we look at the genetics, I apologize for the mixture of this slide a bit. It is a fundamental research paper by Omar Gokumen on the crossover integration of genetics which actually has a much better graphic in the economies on October the 3rd of 2020. But what it shows is the crossover of genes between the various subspecies of human beings going back 100,000 years or more. And to my mind this suggests that pre-homo sapiens are quite likely to have had much more sophisticated ability in planning executive function and so on. If these different species had been so different that they could not breed and produce fertile offspring which themselves were seen as potential mates then this sort of development would not have occurred. The different species must have recognized each other as being very closely related. To develop this idea even further been a very very interesting paper by Dylan Gaffney on Pleistocene water crossings and adaptive flexibility and effectively it's pre-homo sapiens. I found this paper a real revolution and a relevation which shows that the potential for crossing water channels more than 30, 40, 50,000 years ago is really quite high. Paradoxically this means that the crossing into Australia or into the Australian Papua New Guinea landmass and the crossing of Beringia into the Americas are not really the greatest challenge. Some of the most interesting research now involves the diffusion in the islands of Wallacea and even the crossing from the Middle East across the South Aegean and into Northern Europe by pre-sapiens subspecies. I'm going to show you a graph which arose from discussions about the rate at which human intelligence technology and coordination might increase through time. And it's a graph which was worked out by my son Peter Fleming and I hope other people in the audience may sometimes have to rely on the next generation or to do programming for them. Later you'll be able to download the graph if you want to by using the QR plot here. I'm going to show you the graph in the next slide. This curve arises because of a conversation I had with Geoff Bailey some years ago, tried to suggest whether there was a law of technological growth which could be extended from the paralytic to the modern period. What I was concerned with was the idea of a graph which had a doubling time of capability of perhaps half a million years or more in the paralytic. And that that doubling time reduced by some constant factor so that it got shorter and shorter until you got to something like Moore's law with a doubling time in two or three years. Peter worked on this and came to the conclusion that the best way to represent it was a family of curves based on the reciprocal of X, one over X. And you can see here roughly speaking what the curve looks like in a general way and the way it tails away this is time going back into the past year. And as you can see as we come up the future it gets faster and faster until it's asymptotic to the present. But one can vary the key constants here which determine the shape of the curve so that you can make it steeper or you can make the rate of curve into the past so that it enables you to model a system where people are still quite clever back in the paralytic. Or you can adjust it that way so that it looks as if people are going to cut off quite early in the paralytic and don't have many skills before that. The tangent has been put on here which you can also play with because it shows how dangerous and misleading it is to look backwards down the curve and project it quite steeply into the past. Which gives the appearance that people were really not very clever quite a short time ago. Anna Beertal addressed the first item here talking about the Neanderthal material from the North Sea. And I should add that the Dutch dredging onto the beach supply has produced many Neanderthal bones completely out of context but at least confirming that there are more out in the North Sea. On item two Finlay and Ben Sharada produced an excellent paper and what I'm hoping in the medium term is that the rate of processing can speed up to the point that one could take multiple cores and develop radiance around sites much more quickly and focus in on the source of key DNA. If we look at item three the acoustic resonance of blades is something that's been studied by several research groups now in Denmark and the USA. I know the technique has not been proven but if it works it's really going to be quite a breakthrough. In item four the pre-Sapiens expansion in the islands of Wallacea and around the Sundar arc are really absolutely fundamental and if we can establish that pre-Sapiens seafaring was already active it will confirm some of the ideas of Robert McNaughton who's been treated as something of a maverick up to this point. In item five Jeff Bailey has been very keen in promoting the submergence of shell mittens and if more of these could be found underwater it would be a great advance. Item six has been terrific progress in North Australia both Helen Farr and Jonathan Benjamin separately who've reported on major projects there and I'm a great enthusiast for this as I was involved in surveys of the Kuta Mantra Shoals in the 1980s. Not surprisingly item seven has attracted most of the papers and has been reports by Kenneth Hardinger, Tal Pex, Walker Tal, Cottrell, Momba, Gaffney, Bino, Tissart and so on. All describing phenomenal advances in our understanding of the prehistoric archeology of all the sea areas around the British Isles. The submerged analysis on the global scale Jeff Bailey has touched on this is fundamental now because the continental shelf of the entire world was occupied by Hermosapiens and as I pointed out above the pre-Sapiens exploration of Southeast Asia is particularly important. And item nine and Harris and Bat described the social research and again I hope that the increased speed of work and quick analysis will enable more rapid gradient analysis across critical sites. Item 10, the computer models. There's all sorts of ways that this could go, but Merger tried to tell have shown the potential for improvements here and I'm sure there's going to be massive advance in the next few years. Institutional collaboration is something that Jeff Bailey and I have discussed at several meetings and Jeff has pointed out several times that the different disciplines, the representatives tend to stay within their comfort zones. I know this sounds a bit critical, but people tend to come from different institutions for different disciplines, attend and listen most intently to papers on the subject they already know and then go back to their home base. They don't spend enough time studying disciplines of which they're not familiar. Item 12, new courses and institutes is something which we hope to come out of splash costs. I think that economic problems of recent years have made that problematic, but I hope that meetings like today's will help promote the commitment of institutions to setting up courses which will endure in future. Item 13, Jeff referred to migration along the north coast of the Mediterranean, the near the thick, and there's been quite a few papers in the published academic literature of this subject. The paralytic occupation of the southern Aegean is something that Dmitri Sakalario has been looking at and his archaeological colleagues in Greece. The resolution of the crossing of the southern Red Sea is something which will take time. Both the evidence from our land and the evidence from the sea will gradually accumulate to establish whether a crossing really did occur there or not. Item 16, this isn't something which is the responsibility of our community, but the range of studies of skull type, hearing ability, speech analysis, social structure and so on, of presapiens, hominins, all supports the idea that there could have been a competence in seafaring, both building collaborative crossing of sea channels and so on, more than 50,000 years ago. And item 17 is somewhat the same, but there have been several papers recently, not only Gafnis on the social dynamics of water crossing. What did people have to do to collaborate to get a sufficient number of people onto the far side to create a stable and continuing population? There's been very little discussion of automatic underwater vehicles at this meeting, but they do have terrific potential for surveying in a very boring and monotonous way on a closely spaced grid close to the sea floor in such a way that might reveal anthropogenic materials of a prehistoric nature. And finally, although it may be completely chance, there's the potential for discovering of early rafts, log boots and so on, which would help us understand the crossings and marine exploitation of resources in prehistoric time. I hope that this list gives you some ideas of the potential for growth in the future, and I hope you will all be involved in the most efficient and successful research in those areas. Thank you very much for listening.


Item number SCP-262, Object Class, Euclid. Special Containment Procedures. Currently, SCP-262 is undergoing review and research to see if it is capable of being used by field agents in the acquisition of other SCPs. Monitored use by commander-level authority is preferable. It is inadvisable to allow agents unsupervised usage of SCP-262 at this time. When not in use, SCP-262 is kept in a climate-controlled room at site guarded by at least two level two security personnel. Description SCP-262 is a light brown European military style great coat from a period between the late 1500s to the early 1900s. It is without any specific designations or markings, leading researchers to believe it was an original archetype sample, intended to be submitted to military officials for approval as part of a new uniform design. The pattern was either rejected or lost because it was never implemented. It is made of wool and extends below the knee on most individuals. Carbon dating of the coat fibers has been inconclusive, placing the age of SCP-262 in the range of 6,200 to 6,400 years old. One explanation is that the wool used to create SCP-262 is perhaps thousands of years old, but the coat itself was cut, sewn, and assembled recently. SCP-262 is capable of manifesting numerous arms from within the dark in her lining. When worn, any subject wearing SCP-262 needs only to open the coat to materialize hands and arms which are somewhat under the subject's control. Most limbs are human in nature and vary in skin tones, length, and strength. A noted few include a reptilian-like scale tentacle some 4 meters or 13 feet long, four semi-transparent arm-like appendages made of cellulose over 10 meters or 33 feet long with four fingers, two elbow-like joints, and no wrists. The clawed paw of a large cat, possibly a cougar or mountain lion, several feet and legs that appear randomly. The space under SCP-262 is considered to be non-uclidean in nature and the coat itself divergent from normal dimensions. In one instance, test subject 402M was told to put SCP-262 over his head. Upon doing so, SCP-262 fell to the ground as the class D personnel disappeared under it. Sometime later, fingerprinting of objects that have come into contact with the limbs of SCP-262 have identified one of the arms as that of subject 402M. Subjects properly wearing SCP-262 are able to manipulate these arms, with a varying amount of control. Test subject 301F was able to perform multiple tasks at once, even while unaware and blindfolded, leading researchers to believe that SCP-262 has both perception and awareness of its surroundings, even when the subject is not. Some believe SCP-262 to be fully sentient, due to observing SCP-262, playing a piano with two or more hands, though the test subject has had no formal training in music, defending itself and subject from multiple attackers, several limbs fighting one another or even going against the subject's will.   Acquisition SCP-262 came into the Foundation's care when the Administrator relinquished his ownership of the coat in the late 20th century. Because of his status, the Administrator has granted special rights which effectively allow him to remain silent about the origins of SCP-262, how he came to possess it, and how he has used it in the past. The Administrator released SCP-262 to the Foundation, stating, in the right hands it could be extremely useful. In the wrong hands, it could be extremely dangerous. In my hands, it was becoming extremely dusty and moth-ridden and taking up far too much space in my closet. Addendum 1 Selected notes from further research regarding the properties of SCP-262 Case Study 262-11 Inversion of SCP-262 Trial 7 After putting on SCP-262 properly, subject 722-M attempts to turn the right arm's sleeve inside out as he removes his arm. Many disembodied voices cry in apparent pain. Subject 722-M is instructed to continue inverting the sleeve. Multiple arms emanating from within the lining of SCP-262 reach out and attack subject 722-M. In an attempt to remove the coat, subject 722-M tries to retract his arm, but in doing so, inverts the sleeve of the coat. A long cellulitic arm appears from the opposite inner lining, reaches around and up through the inverted sleeve, grasps subject 722-M's caught hand, and pulls violently, the force of which dislocates the subject's shoulder and amputates the arm at the elbow. With SCP-262 in typical position, all emanating arms retreat and audible wailing of voices cease. Subject 722-M's wounds are treated and his condition is inconsequential. Case Study 262-42 Placement of SCP-262 on a mannequin Trial 1 SCP-262 was placed on an anatomically correct human male mannequin, dressed in typical SCP personnel attire. After several minutes, a single human arm emanating from the inner lining of SCP-262 reaches up towards the mannequin's face. After several prods of apparent curiosity, the arm retreats, and no further movement is recorded for the duration of the test. Trial 4 SCP researchers place SCP-262 over the head and shoulders of a similar but different mannequin. After a few moments, SCP-262 fell to the ground, with the entirety of the test mannequin disappearing below it. Addendum It has been noted that a rigid wooden arm resembling that of the test mannequin has been witnessed emanating from SCP-262 since this trial. Case Study 262-307 Placement of SCP-262 on a recently deceased human being Trial 1 Research personnel put SCP-262 onto the body of a recently deceased Class D personnel, recently terminated in an experiment with SCP-expunged. The body is whole, unscathed, and mounted into a seated position on a chair. After a few moments, a single human arm emanating from the inner lining of SCP-262 reaches up towards the body's face. After several prods of apparent curiosity, the arm retreats. After several more moments, the body which SCP-262 is on begins shaking violently. A popping and snapping sound is heard, and the deceased's hands, visible at the end of the sleeves, suddenly retract. The body then stills. A human hand reaches up the back of the deceased neck from the collar and pulls the head up into an upright position. Numerous hands and arms crisscross the chest and abdomen and straighten the body. Two cellulitic arms reach down the body's legs and grip the ankles. SCP-262 pulls the body into a standing position as other arms of cellulose come down each sleeve. SCP-262 continues by breaching containment and overpowering security. At the time, MTF Epsilon-9, aka Fire Eaters, were present in the facility to provide reinforcements. Discharging their flame accelerators in an aggressive fashion, members of MTF Epsilon-9 were able to corner SCP-262 in a blind hallway. When cornered, a hand from within SCP-262 pulled the coat up and over the head of the body it was using. SCP-262 collapsed to the ground with the body of the Class D personnel disappearing beneath it. It is unknown if the incident was caused by the will of SCP-262 or the will of the body of the recently deceased Class D personnel used. Lesson complete. If you missed the previous orientation, go watch SCP-261, Pan-Dimensional Vending Machine, right now. Or for the complete course, watch this playlist.


Hello everyone, thank you for coming and especially thanks to the G-Bone guys in the opportunity here to give you this representation. First of all, a few words about the speakers. My name is Rafi, and I'm a senior researcher of the Union Land. And my co-speaker is Kranchi, he's the director of Red Intelligence of the Union Land. The introduction of my team, Union Land, is the one of the seven Tencent security land and land tree. We pay attention to the construction of the Tencent cloud security system. Those are the authentic and defensive research and security operation of the cloud network environment. And a few of the cloud security products based on cutting-edge technology, such as machine learning. So here is our topic. We will tell a story about height and thick. First, this is the first part of our story, the method to detect malware. We have two ways to detect malware, static analysis and dynamic analysis. The first method ahead of your mind is signature based on five Tencent. On the right side is the malware name, and the orange color is the pattern, and the next is the hash. The third way is the previous six, and it's a set of rules, and it's a more flexible way to detect malware. Dynamic analysis, we always put the malware to the sandbox or virtual machine, and analyzing the software in motion, but it has some shortcomings. It's slow compared to the static analysis. It's too slow, and it needs to detect the virtual environment by the malware. And specifically for the malware, it needs some input patterns. It's difficult to see these things. So how much time does an antivirus product to detect a new malware? Here is an example, the most famous malware last year, Bonaparte. In the 12, 25 am, just 16 antivirus products can detect it. And nine hours later, just 16 more antivirus products can detect it. During the nine hours, thousands of computers infected with the Bonaparte. So some technologies to bypass the detection of antivirus products. There are two ways to bypass the detection of antivirus products. Just change the signature and hide the signature. We use the CCL or the Mac CCL to slice the file into pieces, and we can find which pieces have the signature. Even if we can't find the signature, we can just hide the signature. We can hide it, or use the polymorphic, metamorphic of a filtration. Almost 60% malware are present in our monitoring. Here is an example of the polymorphic malware. This two code is the same malware. The parent is the same malware, same function, but different code, and hard to find the signature. You can do this technician yourself. You can find the antivirus service anywhere. On the darknet, you can buy a diamond fox, $370. And in China, under the brand, about $260, you can buy the service. It's a big problem for the antivirus products. There are more and more antivirus products to embed machine learning in their product line. But why? Because machine learning can produce the big data. Sometimes, for this example, even two features, for the handwriting rules, it's difficult to write the rules. But for the machine learning, it's easy to find the boundary here. Here are two examples of our laboratory to detect malware with machine learning. Here are three polymorphic malware. The first is the polymorphic malware. The parent, the variant, and the strategy. We return the malware directly to the malware image. We can easily tell the difference between the image and the difference between the malware family. This is our procedure. We return the malware to the image and then we can detect the malware. It's easy and convenient. The second way is the struggling truth. Because the parent malware and the metamorphic malware is a big problem for the antivirus products. For this example, the blue line is the original file. It is the structuring trophy of the original file. And the green line is the structuring trophy of the package file. We can easily tell the difference between the different package files. We can even learn to unpack them. We can tell the difference. So machine learning has some advantage to the traditional way to detect malware. The traditional way only detects no threats, rely on no rules. But machine learning can do it automatically. And 100,000 features are needed to detect the new malware and not to bypass it. But it is not readable. The answer is no. We use a machine to beat the machine. So our method is the same. Here are the generative adversarial networks. Here is the image of Canada and some specific noise. And that's why you're confused and recognize it and keep it. Because machine learning models always have overfitting problems. It has blind spots. Another example, we just changed one pixel of the picture. It can't handle the model. This is a frog. After changing one pixel here, it turns to the cat. But it's difficult to apply this technique to the malware generation. For the image, with some noise, it's still an image. We can again tell the cat to change which pixel, how to change the pixel. It's still an image. But we change the bite and structure in the P file. It will be a broken file. It can't handle the run. Here are some jobs from previous work. By the cantering, they did great interface attacks to the mobile code. But the attackers required full knowledge of the model, structure and weights. But most of the time, attackers have no access to the architecture and weights of the neural network to be attacked. The second way is that some state-of-the-art neural network attacks. Attackers can be black box neural network. Attackers can attack other machine learning operations. If you don't know the models they use, the anti-vacuum products they use. If they use the linear regression or the SVM or the neural network, it's all the same. Here is a job by WinWin last year. They attacked the black box detector in the game method algorithm. They can download the TBR from 100 to 0. But they assume the feature is a malware detection algorithm. They know and know these features. Actually, we can't exactly feature the algorithm used. Our goal is the design machine learning process to change the both and change the human. We plan to attend the black box machine learning and maybe bypass the malware analysis. Here is an example. It's a standing feature, but we can see the dotted moving. Our human has the same, has a blind spot. We will camouflage malware to be a binophile with high-specity. Here is the P structure. The P file has the header and the section. The header, for example, the P header, the dot header, for the section, has some data. For example, strings, imports, codes. Here is the architecture of our B9 malware gang. Our gang name is B9 malware gang. The structure is almost like a normal gang structure, but the difference is generator. We use autoencoder as our generator. We train the autoencoder with a binophile. And then we put the malware into the decoder. It will generate like a binophile, deny malware. We use autoencoder. This image is generated by a deep fake. It's also an autoencoder. In this film, we know the cage is not active in this film. The avengers are here. It's a fake picture. It will change the human and confuse us. The process of this technology is that we train the autoencoder with a person A's face. And then we put the person B's face into the decoder. We generate a face of person B.  We train our generator with a binophile. And then we put the malware and random noise into the decoder. This is our generator. We will generate a deny like malware. For the malware, we will tear the malware apart, the strings, codes, symbols, and headers, and put the path to the game, generate the new screens, new codes, and new imports, and new headers. And we will recombination this path to a new file, deny malware. And the result, we put some tests. And this is an example for the crack. 50 to 1 antivirus product can detect it. And now after one epoch, just six, can detect the malware. And the result we can see is the signature matches the signature. How can we defeat this attack? Defend this attack. You can attack your model to discover the blank spot, and then you can fix it. And then I don't want to show the spot outside. For example, for the crowd-strike-foken e-gap-beat mess, they show the spot outside. You can bend this spot. You can find which feature is suitable. And then take the most stable signature, you can defend this attack. Thank you. I think I have a question. Go ahead. You said you trained the model with the nine files to generate the code that overlaid on it. Did you just use random files, or did you use Microsoft libraries, things like that that seemed benign? Random file. For example, we used the Microsoft file. It will compare with Microsoft's file. It's still a normal file. Did you generate a file run? Did you unitest on it to make sure that they have all the test cases and they ran exactly like the original file? You changed them on a thrice and now can't be detected. But does it do the same things now? Does it do the exact same things or has something changed in its code? For example, if you change the wrong fit in there and it hits an incorrect web address, then the file is going to be useless now because the malware is not going to be able to hit its command control interface and it's going to go, okay, I can't do anything else. The combination, by hand.  So you run it in a sandbox to check the malicious. Yeah, yeah, yeah. And adding to that, so we also did some similar thing for the benign files. You input to the discriminator, so it looks like the benign. Those benign files I think can be random, right? Any benign files, it's not necessary to be, because it approximates the distribution, so it's benign file. And for the malicious one, actually we did something like if you are generating on the binary code and you keep the ones and only change the zeros, so that it's kind of like you only add function but you don't delete things. So that presumably you will be able to preserve the malicious functions and behaviors. Yeah, but still need to check. Just a side question. Did you guys try, did you try any of the other GANs or did you just use the auto controller? Like, I'm sure trading GANs has been like a difficult endeavor for everybody. Yeah, I think he used GANs, not auto encoders, right? You use GAN, not auto encoder, right? Yeah. He used a gender identity discriminator instead of the auto encoder, which is encoder and decoder. Washing GAN or just a regular GAN? That I don't know. Washing GAN? What kind of GAN are you using? I think one, my understanding is for GAN in image, it's hard because it's very hard to generate high resolution images. But for the malware, the binary case, it's relatively easy because you don't need to care about this high resolution and realistic features. But again, it is hard, but you can look at the gender identity discriminators loss and I think, yeah, but I don't know what kind of GAN you are using. But I think with a GAN it's better. Questions? Okay, let's thank the speaker.