Alright the best fat burning supplement by far is creatine. Oh, yeah, I like that. Yes I like that. I know you're going with that. It's true.  I remember that back in the day Yeah, they they their stimulants so they get you kind of hyped up in the short term in the long term They don't because you start to your body starts to regulate Adjust in a dap, but in the short term you get this boost of energy. So it may make you move more There's also appetite suppressing effects. So that's why sometimes fat burns in the short term can help people lose weight but I'll argue in the long term not so great because of the The effect they have the stress response they have in the body. They don't really contribute to muscle building For long-term health not really too many benefits Creatine on the other hand never marketed as a fat burner, but we all know it's a clearly the most effective non hormonal Legal muscle building supplement you can take so indirectly You are going to burn more body fat in the long term with creating because more muscle Equals faster metabolism and a faster metabolism is a wonderful thing to have when you're talking about I love I love the old recomp.  Yeah, and good for you. It's got great health properties. It's good for the brain It's got great properties for the heart. They're now starting to use it with the aging population to prevent atrophy Yeah, it's cognitive benefits arthritis benefits vegans.  Yeah, is that not true or where that's part of it And then the appetite that's a present.     They freak out. Yes realize that yeah Okay, so your body is holding a little bit of water in your muscle doesn't mean that you got fatter Yeah, and by the way water in the muscle is not the same as bloat so you can have water outside the muscle Which is bloat and it makes your body look smoother water in the muscle is a more full Looking muscle. It's a tighter muscle not unlike a pump like when you get a pump Your muscles now have more fluid in them. You don't look like you're you're fatter Your muscles actually might look even more defined, so it's not a bloat on the outside of the body It's intracellular intramuscular They're more engorge and it's a little bit. It's not much. I just wanted to say engorge. That's nice Yeah, I might gain with creatine. I'll tell you my weight will go up like three four pounds You five pounds and I have a lot of lean body mass with someone with less lean body mass It's a pound or two. Yeah, but the fat burning effects over time I don't think anything can really compare, you know over the counter that you can find especially when you look at the Health effects, so you know I'm gonna I'm gonna add to that and take it one step further I would agree with you that I I think Creatine is a superior fat burning supplement for those reasons and then I would even say the next You know series or types of supplements that would be even better than fat burns would be actually just assessing and seeing what nutrients You're lacking.  Like are you getting enough vitamin D? Are you getting enough vitamin? Are you are you missing in some of these vital nutrients or are you low than lower than average and Supplementing to get that up.  I mean, that's a great point if you're You know eating certain foods that are inflammatory your body is just fighting this You know internally as you're trying to progress and lose by fat, you know, you have a hard time So to be able to kind of figure all that out much more effective than taking some fat burning pose Oh, I wish I understood that as a kid like that But you know the fur I remember as a guy spent so much money on What I didn't have very much money either, you know It's making five dollars an hour or whatever and few hundred bucks a month and I'm spending two hundred something on like Muscle-building supplements right because you have meanwhile I'm not even tracking my protein and you know years later find out that I'm grossly under consuming protein simply just you know And that's there's another supplement, right?  It's an appetite suppressant builds more muscle indirectly.  So nutrient deficiencies are that's a medical issue and there's almost nothing more impactful And I've had a few clients like this where we were going down the list trying to figure out what the hell was going on They got their nutrients tested might be vitamins or low or whatever Supplementing with them finding the right dose and then it's like night and day like complete night and day in terms of how they feel Yeah, that's a really big one now. I know the next question is gonna be like what's the best form of creatine Creatine monohydrate the cheap one. That's it That's the one that studied no other former creatine has been shown to be better So you have to explain because this is marketing right? Yeah, but and there's lots of it around creatine and it's and it's continued to evolve and change and I guarantee There's somebody on here right now. That's probably shouting at their phone or what about that? Well, what about this like I've heard this the delivery system on this is so much I work at GNC. Well, or that or they sell a creatine that they and the the reason why that has Exploded all the different types and delivery systems is because the margins have gotten so shitty in creatine creatine is so widely known It's actually pretty easy to get it's relatively inexpensive And so it's no longer what we could make off of it in the you know late 90s and early 2000s Now everybody can get it in bulk for really cheap So we know the next way to get good margins at it is make it You know a delivery system that's different or pair it with something else and sell it on why that is such a Important fact turbo is the yeah where it's splitting hairs If you want to understand the supplement industry read up on the history of creating It's it's a beautiful textbook example of how the supplement industry Evolves and how they constantly shit the bed right so in the mid 90s I don't remember the exact year, but in the mid sometime in the mid 90s Creatine became an available supplement and it was a complete breakthrough because up until then and even since then No supplement has been shown to have those kinds of effects. There's all kinds of supplements problem promising muscle building on stuff Nothing actually works like creatine does you take it and 90% of people that take it are gonna notice an incredible effect So in the mid 90s, I believe it was and I was Bill Phillips company EAS was one of the first ones to market it This is no joke. So this is like 90 9596 probably when I first started taking it a 100 gram bottle of creatine monohydrate. So it's a small bottle Yeah, yes, $45 in the mid 90s. It's how much it costs or you could buy Phosphogane, this was a protein supplement with croat with creatine phosphagen I HP and then they started coming out with with different ones And they really they really kind of own the market on creatine for a little while And it's one of the main reasons why they completely exploded besides the marketing brilliance of Bill Phillips They exploded and so what supplement companies did is they're like, okay as creatine becomes more available How the hell do we separate ourselves from our competitors because it's just all creatine. It's all the same So they first started competing with delivery systems. So this company over here is like dextrose got to have dextrose And then this one over here, you know is talking about all this other thing that you got to take with it And it's carnitine and it's whatever so they started competing with that first Then they came out with different versions of creatine creatine citrate throwing water it fizzes up This is better absorption. It's not right all these different forms coming out This one prevents the bloat that comes from creatine because what they did is they worked off of the false myth around creatine causing bloat in a lot of people and the truth is they've studied all of them None of them are more efficacious than creatine monohydrate. In fact creatine monohydrate Usually is the most efficacious one at the very best. They're about the same if they have a different version So there's nothing that's better. It's the most studies also least expensive Yeah, so really and what you powder just get creatine monohydrate powder pure plain powder It doesn't need to be Micronized although that's fine if it's easier for you to swallow than the gritty, you know powder It doesn't need to be put in a tablet, but if you prefer it that way, you could take it that way It's inexpensive what you want is just something that's got third-party testing to make sure that it's pure because Supplement companies can sometimes pixie dust it or just be dirty like you'll you'll have heavy metals or something like that in there But that's pretty much it and and so they try to find ways to compete with each other by coming up with a new marketing angle And maybe it's a different, you know, we we bound it with an amino acid We did this we did that to increases none of it none of it And by the way, I love that you use that as like this is a great like history lesson for people around supplements Yes, because protein has followed that same pattern pre workouts had followed that same pattern It's like we take a couple things that we learn that are all this There's some value to this like people should how do you put a twist on it? Yeah now now and then every and the first few people that figure it out and sell it make millions and millions sometimes probably billions of Dollars and then then the market gets flooded with everybody trying to jump on it like and then now it's like okay How do we separate and differentiate ourselves from the other the guy next door who's selling the exact same product for about the Same price or maybe even a little bit cheaper. I've got to throw some other things in it I've got to sell the idea that that's so important. It's like it's it's so unfortunate My favorites, I never I'll never forget this I had a female trainer that worked for me and I we were talking one day about supplements and I was telling about cretin And she's like, okay, you know, I think I'll get something she comes in and she's like I got cretin But I got the one for women And she I swear to God it was I don't remember the name I wish I knew the name said love to make fun of this company.  Cuz it's the same thing the multivitamin does. Yeah, and the multivitamin little iron extra iron That's it. They put a little more iron in it and then they throw in a pink label and say it's yeah Yeah, that's exact. That's all the difference of a woman's multivitamin a men's multivitamin is a woman's multivitamin Has a higher dose of iron inside of it.  Why cuz we we bumped an extra 500 milligrams of freaking iron inside there So now we say it's for women. Yeah, you know what they'll do in the men's one like men's multivitamin with you know Lycopene for your prostate or some shit But no, it's thanks, it's completely true plain powder the bloat thing that's a myth If it causes digestive distress that's different very small percentage of people might notice digestive issues with creatine But it's very small. It's like less than 10% You will gain a couple pounds. It's not body fat. It's literally intracellular Intramuscular water. That's the good thing.  You're not gonna all of a sudden, you know have these crazy games But you'll gain about five pounds or two reps on most of your lifts That's a I think that's a great way to do that. Well, isn't what's happening It's speeding up the the the way your body replenishes ATP and ATP and it causes any your body has more ATP So I used to I know this is not Scientifically correct, but this is the way I'd explain it to clients to get my point across as I'd say Imagine you have a hundred of these energy molecules ATP and ATP a hundred of them before you do your set When you do your set your body uses 20 of those when you rest between sets your body replenishes Let's say 15 to 18 of those That's why as the workout goes on you get a little weaker a little weaker because it's you know You're you're constantly depleting and then it's not quite replenishing all of it back He's a closer when you're on creatine. Okay, by the way, it's on sale this month for Replenishes okay when you're on creatine and I said that you know without creating your body naturally replenishes on the rest period I said 18 of those molecules it now does 19 right or 19 and a half or whatever So it's you know as it depletes. It's just replenishing one month that little bit more of energy per set The way it translates into one more wrap now there now that reality is it's more like you normally have a hundred of these ATP molecules and because you supplement with creatine you have a hundred and fifty so your stores are higher and Because of the intracellular Intramuscular fluid or water they believe that to be one of the reasons why you see faster recover and faster muscle growth So you are stronger because you have more muscle energy and you do gain a little bit of water inside your muscles But through that process your muscles actually build faster over time and creatine also is now being discovered Well not now being discovered lots of studies that show this but now you're gonna start to see it get marketed as a health and wellness supplement improving cognition reducing arthritis, you know arthritic pain heart Health like this is a supplement that was advertised the hardcore bodybuilders, you know 20 or 30 years ago, whatever so really excited I know you've been you were did you talk about I know you've been doing this way I brought it up on the last episode. You've been talking to some of our partners I know Organifi's been one of the partners you're talking to did you guys even talk about potentially doing creatine or anything like that I know they don't offer that not really I can't really talk about what we discussed in regards to You know, you know potentially creating new supplements moving forward you can't even hint for us name a little bit We're trying to look at all the other gray market stuff we could still throw in there No, not really we didn't talk about it I like creatine a lot, but I also think it's ubiquitous. It's inexpensive and you can do it and you know, whatever But we're not gonna get rich doing it No, I think exactly and that's why they come up with so many different crazy, you know types of creatine and stuff like that, right? Hey, if you enjoyed that clip you can find the full episode here or you can find other clips over here and be sure to subscribe


My name is Mark Gordon. I am the captain of the US Coast Guard Cutter Hamilton. Today we offloaded, I believe, about 5,200 kilograms of cocaine, a little bit of marijuana, and sent eight suspected smugglers off to our justice system. We've been on a patrol for 67 days. Most of the drugs were interdicted by Hamilton from an alert interdiction, a Coast Guard Cutter Alert, and Coast Guard Cutter Venturist as well. We're using this new national security cutter better than we've been able to use assets in the past. During this patrol we had interdictions where we would simultaneously target multiple GOFASTS, really highlighting the capability of the national security cutter to engage multiple targets simultaneously and then prosecute them. Well today really is the culmination of the cruise effort. From my perspective, this is about the cruise efforts over the past almost 70 days of waking in the middle of the night, staying up for days on end, sending teams out into darkness and rough conditions, and really the time away from their families and the time they spend on the seas, really this is the finish line. This is what many of them joined the Coast Guard for and why they do what they do, and they do it without complaints, and they do it without rest, and they just keep dedicating themselves to this service and this cutter, and really what seeing the contraband leave the ship today really brings this all to a full circle.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session, we will use a table and a graph to compare the changes in linear and exponential expressions as the value of x increases. I also will recognize that as x increases, a linear expression increases at a constant rate, additively, while an exponential function increases multiplicatively. Now let us consider three functions. That is y is equal to 3x, y is equal to 3x square and y is equal to 3 raised to power x. The first function is linear, second function is quadratic and third function is exponential. Now consider this table. Now we will complete the table using three functions and we will observe which column is growing faster. Now in this column, we have linear function y is equal to 3x. Now when x is equal to 0, y is equal to 3 into x, that is 3 into 0, which is equal to 0. Now when x is equal to 1, then y is equal to 3 into 1, that is 3. When x is equal to 2, y is equal to 3 into 2, that is 6. When x is equal to 3, y is equal to 3 into 3, that is 9. When x is equal to 4, y is equal to 3 into 4, that is 12. when x is equal to 5, y is equal to 3 into 5 that is 15. Now in this column we have quadratic function y is equal to 3 x square. Now here when x is equal to 0, y is equal to 3 into 0 square that is 3 into 0 which is 0. When x is equal to 1, y is equal to 1 square that is equal to 3. When x is equal to 2, y is equal to 3 into 2 square that is 12. When x is equal to 3, y is equal to 3 into 3 square which is equal to 27. When x is equal to 4, y is equal to 3 into 4 square which is equal to 48. Now when x is equal to 5, y is equal to 3 into 5 square which is equal to 75. Now in this column we have exponential function y is equal to 3 raised to power x. Now when x is equal to 0, y is equal to 3 raised to power 0 that is 1. When x is equal to 1, y is equal to 3 raised to power 1 that is 3. When x is equal to 2, y is equal to 3 raised to power 2 that is 9. When x is equal to 3, y is equal to 3 raised to power 3 that is 27. When x is equal to 4, y is equal to 3 raised to power 4 that is 81 and 1, x is equal to 5, y is equal to 3 raised to power 5 that is 233. So, for different values of x we have completed this table. Now here you can see in this column that is the column of linear function the values are increasing by a difference of 3 as x increases by 1 in a pattern 3 3 plus 3 that is 6, then 3 plus 3 plus 3 that is 9, then 3 plus 3 plus 3 plus 3 that is 12 and then 3 plus 3 plus 3 plus 3 plus 3 that is 15. So, the values are increasing in this pattern. Now in the column of quadratic function you can see the values are increasing at a higher rate than the values in the column of linear function. Now in this column of linear function you can see when x is 3, y is 9, but in this column of quadratic function you can see when x is 3, y is 27. So, the values are increasing at a higher rate. Now in the column of exponential function the values are increasing at a very high rate, then the values in these two columns they are following the pattern 3, then 3 into 3 that is 9, then 3 into 3 into 3 that is 27, then 3 into 3 into 3 into 3 that is 81, then 3 into 3 into 3 into 3 into 3 that is 243. So, when x is 3 the value of given linear function is 9 that the value given by exponential function is 3 that is 27. So, from these patterns we can see that as x increases a linear expression increases at a constant rate additively while an exponential function increases multiplicatively. Thus from table we can see that the values for y is equal to 3 h to power x are increasing faster than the values for y is equal to 3x and for y is equal to 3x power. Also we see that at x is equal to 1 the value of all three functions is same that is 3 and as x is equal to 5 linear function gives value 15, quadratic function gives value 75 that exponential function give a very high value 233. Thus we see that the values increasing exponentially eventually exceed the values increasing linearly or quadratically. Now, let us see the difference in the graphs of the three functions. So, we have the following graph showing the graphs of the three functions. Now, you can see this pink straight line and this straight line is the graph of linear function y is equal to 3x. Now, this curve is the graph of quadratic function that is this red curve is the graph of quadratic function y is equal to 3x square. This blue curve is the graph of exponential function y is equal to 3 raised to power x. Now, this linear function increase in values at a constant rate and the values of y are not higher. Now, in quadratic function there is an increase in values as compared to linear function. Now, see the exponential curve is lower than or equal to the quadratic curve is equal to 3 but after x is equal to 3 it shows a great increase in the values of y as compared to both the curves. Thus we see that the exponential function increases multiplicatively as compared to linear and quadratic functions. So, in this fashion we have learned that the values increasing exponentially eventually exceed the values increasing linearly or quadratically. So, this completes our fashion. Hope you all have enjoyed this fashion.


The Tiger financial news network Good morning folks, this is Steve Rhodes coming to you live from the shores of very chilly Delray Beach, Florida this year 9 a.m. Update and currently we have all the US equity futures Trading to the downside the dows off 408 points Nasdaq's down 275 s and peas down 68 Russell down 37 points all nearing the all over 1% the Nasdaq nearing the 2% level Overseas last night you had a mixed bag over in Asia the Shanghai Nikke finishing higher the hang sang off 309 points One hundred quarter percent over in Europe this morning the DAX is down 444 points the footsie off 115 golds up five bucks over down 48 cents out here lights We crude trading out at 83 76. That's off a buck 39 US dollar index up 394 ticks trading out of 96 or 3 I do have a ten minute delay there Let's go figure out what all this means if we take a look at our nine panel market update chart In the upper left-hand side, you've got the ES many you'll see the a to b equal CD pattern that is underway Price has already achieved the 1.618 level the next area or price target is 42 6850 that's the 1 to 2 a to b equal CD now typically if you read Tom's book the art of timing the trade out there I've somewhere in there I know that it tells you that when you do a 1 to 2 a to b equal CD You're likely gonna do something else out there that something else would be some type of a bound So that's the potential but folks a to b equal CD patterns the way they're confirmed is with a bullish reversal candle And not until one of those happens Does it really matter whether it's the 1 to 2 or 1 to 2.618 a to b equal CD pattern to the downside? We'll skip the spot ball of tennis was well above its 50 day expense moving average out here The end queue also an a to b equal CD down pattern it right now It's sitting at the 1.272 level which is 14 092 the next area down a price projection will be 13 570 US dollar index this confirmed to Gartley buy pattern prices above the top of its daily profile which was 9505 this suggests a run higher gold just trading sideways out here It's trading above the top of its daily profile, which is 1833 That's also the B point of an a to b equal CD to the upside that suggests price should make its way to 1861 and I say as long as price stays above 1833 that is like the outcome silver pulling back this morning It has an a to b equal CD pattern has not been confirmed to generate a Gartley sell pattern But price might be targeting a brand new profile That's attempting to form at the 2351 level lights we crude it's just consolidating inside its daily profile Watch for 83 20 to be support out there folks. Stay tuned. Tommy O'Brien is up next with the market kickoff I'll see you tomorrow at 8 o'clock. Well 806. I believe it's won't be begin taping the show have a Magnificent Monday Thanks much for joking


Zelo smo poču vseh, da se bo začeli, da je Sejo, da je Sejo. Moje daneske, predvajete, predvajete, kaj je komitik, da je zelo. Ko je vseh, da je zelo, da je zelo. Zelo se vseh, da je zelo, da je zelo, da je zelo. The numbers about the problem. About 15% of kidney cancer patients develop brain methods. Alpha and alpha at clinical presentation in the following in the following in Neut esse trine. Large parts of this patient are cerebellar and not cerebellar movement and are present with neurological symptoms, while the medium largest size is not slyg, because it's about in medija nr. at presentation is one and this is really, really important. According to the clinical characteristics presentation, we have a large part of this patient presenting within a terminated prognostic class according to the Daniel Eng score system and in the same evaluation published by Vickers of the same group of the international consortium a prognostic performance status less than 80, a this is free interval less than one year and a number of brain meds more than four are associated with both prognosis. What treatment this patient received in a 100 number evaluated for the study? Large part of this patient were treated with sunitinib, while sorry for the numbers that go on left and right on the slide. Large part of this patient were treated with radiotherapy, a little bit number with stereotypical surgery or surgery. This is one of the important messages that we derive from this presentation. But which data we have to discuss about the approach of this problem in our brain like cancer patients? We have a small perspective phase two study in untreated patient, untreated days for local treatment, 16 available patient in a study with overall response rate as primary point. We have no local response, but only stabilization in one third of treated patient. One complete response outside of the several sites and many intent progression on 2.3 months with the medium overall survival that is no more than 6.3 months. Large part of the available data are well derived from studies for bevacizumab and especially from the expanded chest program with sunitinib. What's about bevacizumab? Because of initial negative experience with the fatal cerebral hemorrhage in a patient with liver cancer with an anti-anusy, the brain meds and that have a fatal serbimoji. Large part of the studies involving use of bevacizumab, not only in kidney cancer, but also in colorexal, breast and other studies avoid the inclusion of this patient. And we have very, very few data. For kidney cancer we have only a small number of patients entering in our study led by Bernard who develop cerebral metastasis and no other more. Over all in all patients treated with bevacizumab we have a small piece of brain meds of about 3.3% in respect to one in the incidence of brain meds in respect to patient not treated with bevacizumab in controlled clinical trial. This is the data about the negative event that we talked about before. And the final message from evaluation or the possible negative interference of the treatment of patient with bevacizumab and brain meds is that probably this is a casual event. Treatment decision should not be driven from the increased risk for treating this patient by bevacizumab only, but only by a risk benefit assessment by the physician for a single patient. But they do remain. If as you know bevacizumab is one of the treatment of choice for a patient with primary cerebral tumors and this is a problem to understand in the balance of advantage and disadvantage for treating patient with this type of agent. What's about SORAPANIB? We have the data from the North American ARCCS, the Expanded Charts Program that treat more than 2,000 and a half hundred patients. We have a court of patients of 30 cases that entered in the study. 50 of these patients were evaluated from the resist point view. According to the evaluation that was modified for the study, of course, we have a disease control rate in the 72 percent of treated cases with a pattern of side effects that was comparable with the patient outside, without, sorry, brain meds except for fatigue that was increased in this type of patient, but absolutely no cerebral hemorrhages in this type of patients. Large part of the available data derive, in any case, from the SUNIT, in the Expanded Charts Program, that was a war program with more than 4,000, five rounds of patients treated, the largest database also in the case of brain metastasis, and some minor data derived from retrospective studies evaluation suggesting a possible advantage by treating this patient with SUNIT. We have data for more than 300 patients treated with SUNIT in a band, brain meds. As you can observe from the slide, also in this case, as suggested from the consortium, there is a large part of patient classified as intermediate risk, even if in this case with the memorial score system, not with the N1. We have evidence of clinical benefit in the more than 40 percent of treated cases in respect to the 61 percent of the overall population, and this, in my opinion, is more realistic as a possibility of disease control, but with an advantage in term of medium progression field of survival that was available, and if less than what was seen in the overall population, of course, and the medium progression free of a little bit more, so five months, and an expectancy of life of eight months. The comment by Martin Kepes went to, two years ago, this data at the ESMO meeting was that with SUNIT, but we have a limited, present and reliable activity in patients with brain meds. But the great issue to be discussed in this patient is about radiotherapy, surely not about the selection of TKII or other BGF-active agents, should radiotherapy be performed in our patient with the brain meds, and responses surely yes, because we have a clear evidence of a lower local control with the use of anti- agenic agents alone, even if the study of SHOD was really smart, and possible causes in a model were found in lower microvessel density and vascular phenotype of patient with the brain meds in respect to other sites of involvement. We have evidence of an increased local control with the stereotradiplarius surgery or surgery with a possible training of overall survival when combined with TKIAs, and this advantage could be evaluated in about two months in a smart group of patients that were evaluated for this issue. Similar data derived also from the gamma knife surgery is a type of focal radiotherapy that now is superated from a cyber knife, of course, as a moral type of treatment. But the concept remain that patient treated with focal radiotherapy in a case of an increased local control. What is amazing that I am from this light is that we have a demonstration that local control was absolutely maintained during the years while patients have a negative prognosis during the systemic control of the disease, and they have the edit for systemic progression and not for cerebral meds. From the same study, we have an identification of a chronostic prognostic factor, a number of brain meds and GPA score as the most important prognostic factor for overall survival. What is GPA score? It is an easy tool to estimate overall survival in patient with the brain meds, not only for kidney cancer, but for all solid tumors that was tailored for primary site and treatment, identifying significant prognostic factor that were karnoski performance status and number of brain meds to define as GPA score where four is the best one and zero is the worst one to identify patient with an overall survival advantage that could suggest a treatment that could ameliorate the quality and quantity of life of this patient. This was clearly showed in the cartoon of the study where we have the expectancy of life for a patient with a GPA score of zero versus four and was easily to be understood from the expectancy of life in kidney cancer, what was the QE in the study. And that helps to suggest what was the final message, what we can derive from this very few data of what was an increasing problem in managing with an optimal way, in an optimal way patient with an advanced kidney cancer. If you have a patient with the brain meds that presents, sorry, in the other side, with a good performance status and less than four brain meds, especially if it could be classified as a good intermediary risk according to the end score, but it's the same for the Mozart score, of course. You should treat this patient with a combined stereotactic surgery and TKI to improve both local control with radiotherapy and the expectancy of life with TKI. We have not sufficient data to support the identification of a single agent, in this case, as the treatment of choice for kidney cancer patient with the brain meds. However, the larger amount of data that we have available at this moment is in favor of soon. Thank you very much.


Have you ever wondered where your chocolates came from? Hi my name is David Gropulsion and I'm a research fellow at the University of Nottingham and I'm interested in understanding the fermentation of cocoa beans and finding ways to improve the flavor and quality of chocolates. Our story starts thousands of miles away close to the equator. Greetings from Colombia. You see cocoa is the principle ingredient used to make chocolate and cocoa is made from cocoa beans. The beans are the seeds from the mature fruits of the cacao tree, a tropical plant native to the Amazon rainforest. Over the centuries humans have brought cocoa to other continents and today it's cultivated in many tropical countries close to the equator. Most of our cocoa about 70% comes from West Africa with Ivory Coast and Ghana by far being the two largest producers. But Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia and Oceania are also important producing regions and about 5 million tons of cocoa are produced globally each year. About 5 to 6 million farmers grow cocoa with more than 90% of the world's cocoa beans are grown and harvested on small family-run farms. Growing cocoa is no simple task. The cocoa tree is a delicate and sensitive plant. It requires high rainfall and temperatures to grow as well as shade trees to protect it from too much light and damage caused by wind. Because the trees are so sensitive to these conditions they only grow best in tropical regions around the equator where the climate is suitable. Farmers must protect the trees from wind and sun, fertilize the soil and watch for signs of disease or distress. With proper care, most cocoa trees can mature to bear fruit by the 4th or 5th year after the seedlings are planted and this can continue for another 30 years. A typical pod contains 30 to 40 beans and a tree can produce about 30 pods every year. Approximately 400 beans are required to make one pound of cocoa. Most countries have two periods of peak harvest, a main harvest and a smaller minor harvest. When the fruits are ripened, the farmers use long handle steel tools to reach the pods and cut them without wounding the soft bark of the tree. The pods are then collected and cracked open to extract the cocoa beans together with the creamy white sweet mucilage covering them called the pulp. After the beans have been removed from the pods, they are packed into boxes, baskets or heaps and then covered with mats or banana leaves for up to seven days. During this time the beans ferment and many of the desirable flavor compounds are formed while undesirable ones are broken down. This process has a huge impact on cocoa quality and taste. After fermentation the beans are dried, usually by leaving them in the sun for seven days. The dried beans are packed into sacks and the farmers would sell the beans to buying stations. The buyers transport the beans to warehouses where they are inspected and stored. Once enough beans have been collected, usually from many different trees and farms, they are shipped to a chocolate manufacturer. Wow, this is a lot of beans. Cocoa is among the most important agricultural crops. However, unlike the large agribusiness farm models that produce many of our major crops, cocoa farming remains a small family enterprise much as it was a hundred years ago. The challenges of low productivity, pests, diseases and low farmer incomes all limit the development of cocoa farming communities. By giving farmers information to make better quality tasting beans, we will give them more control over their harvest and ultimately their livelihoods. So we've seen how cocoa beans are growing, but it's important to realize that at harvest these beans don't taste anything like chocolate. In fact, they're quite bitter, they're astringent and a little bit slimy. Now, whilst all stages of processing have an influence, fermentation, drying and roasting have the biggest impacts on cocoa flavor development. In fact, cocoa that isn't fermented will never develop a chocolate-like taste or aroma. Now, the global market for beans is currently worth around 12 billion US dollars, but cocoa farmers still face problems like low wages and low productivity. If we can help farmers to get the very best flavor out of every single harvest, they can make their beans more valuable and together we make chocolate that is both tastier and fairer. More than 600 volatile compounds have been identified in chocolate, but none of these are unique. And what we perceive as chocolate flavor is really a combination of a large number of different compounds acting in concert. So to understand how this flavor develops, we must start with the chemistry of the cocoa bean. On a dry basis, unfermented beans contain about 50% fat, 10 to 15% carbohydrate, 12 to 18% polyphenols, and anywhere between 9 and 24% protein. Let's take these one by one. Now, fat is vital to the eating quality of finished chocolate. Fat gives chocolate its glossy finish. It's snap. It's melt in the mouth quality. All that is gooey about chocolate, its ability to coat the inside of our mouth when we eat it. All of this comes from fat. However, the composition of fat doesn't really change during fermentation. It's quite stable. And as far as we're aware, fat doesn't really directly contribute to chocolate flavor. However, fat may act as a repository for all of the volatile aroma compounds that we generate. And this may actually protect them from loss during roasting. Now the main change to the carbohydrate content within the beans is a breakdown of starch and sucrose. And this leads to reducing sugars like glucose and fructose. These are vital substrates for the generation further flavors on roasting. However, if we're talking about sugar, we should also remember the pulp. Fresh cacao pulp is a sweet sticky mass. It's an ideal media for a wide variety of microbial species. And it supports three distinct phases of fermentation. In the first phase, yeasts dominate the microbial profile, producing a variety of boozy alcohol flavors. The yeast also break up the pulp gel, which means liquid starts to drain away as what's called sweatiness. And this allows air to circulate between the beans. This in turn allows lactic acid bacteria to grow. This brings flavors like yogurt and then acetic acid bacteria, which bring a variety of sour and fruity flavors. All of these microbial end products will slowly seep into the bean. And as the pH and the temperature changes, this all drives a wide variety of other reactions. For example, cocoa polyphenols are very potent antioxidants. They can protect the plant from UV damage from fungi from parasites. They're quite bitter, which prevents animals from feasting on the plant. But also it's the same compounds that gives dark chocolate, it's bitter and slightly astringent flavor. You know that puckering sensation on the tongue. During fermentation, many of these compounds are oxidized into larger polymers, which reduces the overall bitterness, making the cocoa more palatable, and also gives it a beautiful red brown color. Finally, the protein content of beans is significantly changed during fermentation. Specifically, a globular storage protein known as a vasillin is broken up into a mixture of hydrophilic peptides and hydrophobic free amino acids. These can be converted into a wide range of aldehydes, alcohols, acids and acetates during fermentation and drying, or can combine with reducing sugars on roasting to form an even wider range of flavors and colors through the Maillard reaction. Cacao vasillin is responsible for the heart of what we know as chocolate flavor. And across different varieties of cocoa, the profile of this vasillin is nearly identical. However, when we compare the flavor and peptide profiles from fermented cocoa beans around the world, they can be hugely different, often with flavors that are unique to each farm. We think a big reason for this is differences in fermentation. At the University of Nottingham, we are mapping out how different fermentation practices and profiles influence the flavor of cocoa beans. To do this, a trained sensory panel characterizes the flavors associated with samples from several different farms. We then use next generation high throughput genetic sequencing tools to give us a profile of the microbiome across the fermentation process. We also use a variety of analytical techniques, including high resolution LC mass spectrometry to correlate changes in the chemical profile of the beans with microbial action and resulting flavor. The end result is that we can start to optimize cacao fermentations towards generating desirable fruity and spicy flavors, and we can empower cacao farmers to produce consistent, high value and delicious cocoa.


Experience the enchanting world of Celtic Thunder with their latest live show, Odyssey. Embark on a musical journey like never before as Damien, Emmett, Neil and Ronan showcase a blend of timeless classics and new favorites from both traditional and contemporary Celtic music. Celtic Thunder, Odyssey.


Hi everybody, Joe for jasmiescasebrakes.com with 2023 Panini Prison Baseball Hobby Pack number five. This sells out. Select. Pick your team, too. That's coming up in the next video. We're going to give away these teams right here. But first, let's do the pack break itself. Big thanks to this group for getting in on it. There are all the teams right there. Let's roll it. Randomize names and teams six out of six. 12 times. Two. Three. Four. Five. 12 times. Six out of six. 12 times for the teams. 11 and 12th in final time. Finally. All right, so here's the first half of the list right there. No trades in these filler pack breaks. And here's the second half of the list right over there. That's Alphabet team print rip. Mason Wynn, Drew Gilbert to 199 for Houston. And Gavin Stone, Masataka Yoshida. All right, so nothing too crazy here. But let's see who's going to win those teams. Let's flip back to the list. Let's gather everybody's names one through 30. New dice, new list. Let's put your names in there. And we'll match you up with the team. After three and a four, seven times. So it'll be the top nine after seven. Good luck. One. Two. Three. Four. Five. Six. And seventh and final time. Three and a four. Seven times. We got seven right there. Brian Bartow. Very close, but just not quite. Appreciate you trying. Appreciate everybody trying. 10 through 30. Thank you. We'll get him next time. Top nine. You're in. You've got teams in the next break. Brian is in. So is Chris, Brian, Chris, Brian, Alex, Alex, Alex. And Chris Butler. Congrats to the top nine. Here are the teams that you got. So Chris with the reds. Alexander. You got the Orioles, Mariners, and Cardinals. Brian Crouch with the Brewers, Rangers, and Padres. Chris Butler with the Pirates and the A's. There you go. I'll see you in the next video for the Break Itself. Jaspyscasebreaks.com. Bye-bye.


Hello everybody, welcome to my first vlog of 2024.  It feels like it was just 2020 and now knowing that that was four years ago is actually terrifying to think about. But anyway, I just finished my morning routine and I'm just getting back into things. I'm just trying to get back into the swing of going back to work and filming vlogs. I have a main channel video that I'm filming today which I haven't done since like honestly, probably mid December, it's been a while. So I'm just, I'm feeling good, I'm feeling refreshed.  We actually ended up staying in Arizona until like the 29th or something like that. Maybe the 30th? Like we stayed a really, really long time and it was just needed. I canceled my birthday party.  I wanna stay in Arizona and I just wanna have a chill, low-key birthday and that's what I did and it was great. We had an amazing New Year's. We celebrated with our friends, Josh and Noel and then we were promptly home by like 12, 10 and it's been great ever since. I've been trying to get back into like my joyful movement, exercise, fitness, whatever you wanna call it routine. And yeah, oh, I thrifted these things, these little things that I've hung up that are definitely not straight so don't look at them, it's fine. But I thrifted these when I was back in Arizona. I had to obviously and it goes so cute in here.  I've seen quite a few people doing videos like these and honestly to me personally, they're very inspiring and they make me feel motivated and like encouraged and all that kind of good stuff but if these types of videos aren't for you, that's totally fine. You do not have to watch it. I know that for some people, resolutions can seem kind of like pointless or you already are happy with where you are in life and like same, but I just, I don't know. I am always really inspired by like self-improvement kind of stuff, I am a capricorn. So anyways, I thought we would sit down and like have a little chat.  I watched a few of these videos and I was like, you know what, yeah. Yeah, I'm feeling that. That feels inspiring and so yeah, if you are also on that kind of like new year bettering myself type of vibe, then maybe this will be inspiring to you and make you wanna do your own cause I was definitely inspired by other people to do this. So I'm already talking more than I have in weeks and I'm out of breath. So I am just like a person who loves a new year. I feel like it's a fresh start. It's like a fresh chapter. I don't ever wanna feel like I'm like completely abandoning the previous year's version of myself. I think it's just a nice practice of letting things go, leaving some things in the past and looking forward to the future. And something that I feel like people have done in the last couple of years specifically that I've seen is having a word of the year and last year my word of the year was balance. I really wanted to strike a balance between work and life and I do feel like I did a pretty good job of that. I will definitely roll that into this year as well. It's definitely something that I need to continue to work on but like I outsourced for a few different things. I hired management which helps me a lot with like, you know, brand deals, facilitating things like that, emails, et cetera. So I feel like I did a pretty good job and I was like sitting here thinking, okay, what would my word of 2024 be? I think I talked about this in like a vlogmas Q&A and I was kind of going back and forth between a few different things and what I actually decided I'm pivoting, what I actually decided I want my word for 2024 to be is prioritize. I want to prioritize myself in a lot of different areas of life and that to me is like the best umbrella word. So like prioritizing my health and putting myself first in like moving my body and advocating for myself in doctor's appointments and prioritizing myself in like social situations. A lot of times I put other people's needs way before my own and I'm just gonna try to like focus that on me this year. And yeah, we'll go into kind of some more details of all that kind of stuff, but yeah, just prioritizing myself. It's a concept I know but for me and you know, a lot of people I'm sure for people-pleasers it actually is a lot more difficult than it sounds. So that was my word I have written down a couple of things. That was my word for 2024 and I feel good about it. I haven't vision boarded it yet. If you missed my vlogmas Q&A here, I'll show you. I did make a vision board for 2023. This was my balance. You can see it right there balance for 2023 and I'm actually meeting up with my friend tomorrow night and we're gonna do the same thing for 2024. So I haven't like vision boarded it yet or anything but I'm feeling good about it. I'm feeling just like inspired and hopeful and ready to just take control of my life in some areas. You know what I mean? I don't know, I'm sure a lot of you can relate to that. Okay, so I've like broken down some of my resolutions or goals or whatever you wanna call it into different categories. I've seen quite a few other people do it like this and this is gonna be like in no particular order and not really any kind of like organized manner but we're just gonna go for it. So the first one that I wrote down was fitness slash health slash joyful movement goals. This is one of my biggest priorities. See priorities, prioritize. For 2024 is just like taking control of my life and my health and you know, I went to the doctor a lot this year. We'll talk about it but just feeling like I don't have a bajillion different health things going on that I need to worry about. So the first one that I said is that I wanna get stronger this year.  I wanna lift weights. I wanna like feel a lot stronger. I do feel like I don't have that much endurance at the moment. I have strong legs I guess but I want to just like get stronger. That's just something that like really is like inspiring me. Like I just wanna be really strong. I am trying to commit to moving my body almost every day just simply for me anyway. I found that that works best because I don't know if this is like my ADHD thing but like having a routine is just a lot easier. So I've noticed that for myself particularly having a routine where I just like know I'm gonna move my body every day. I know it's just gonna be like a quick 20 to 30 minutes is a lot easier than being like, okay, if I work out three to four times a week then which days am I gonna do it? And then like it's today gonna be the day that I do it. Maybe today is not gonna be the day that I do it. I don't really feel like doing it today. So I'm just gonna sit here and stress about it all day long and then not do it. And just like I don't wanna deal with that.  So for me it's easier to just be like every single morning it's part of your morning routine. You just do 20 to 30 minutes of movement whether that's like going outside for a walk or doing a quick workout video or whatever it may be. I just wanna do that every single day just because it makes me feel my best. I feel like I have just like a clear mental space in my head. It just makes things a little bit clearer and more pleasant up there. Speaking of my health issues this year I really wanna take control of my SIBO. I'm taking like a natural supplement at the moment that's supposed to help and I'm gonna give it probably like a month or so and see how that goes. Today is actually the first day that I'm starting that. I kind of started it and then I forgot about it. So I'm trying to be like more diligent and start that today. I would really, really love to make a video like this at this point next year and be like, yeah I do feel like my SIBO is much better or in fact to like completely under control, whatever. I know it's gonna be something that I deal with but yeah I would really, really like to feel like I have a little bit more of a grip on that because it is miserable. It's not fun, it's uncomfortable, it's unpleasant and I'm tired of having gas all the time let's be honest. I would love to get my ear issues under control, my station tube dysfunction whether that means like getting tubes in my ears whether that means just feeling like I'm in a better place with that, that would be great. I also would love for this to be the year where I finally get some sort of direction in like figuring out what's going on with my menstrual issues. They've been a problem in my life since I was like 15 years old is probably when I really noticed things getting kind of gnarly. So it's been 20 years of this and I'm tired. I'm really tired and yeah I'll open up more about that in the future if and when the time comes but I would really, really love for this time next year to just feel like I took control of my health and really prioritized my health and just felt a lot better overall, physically. Okay the next category I have is home because this year my lease is up so I have no idea what we're doing. We don't know if we're gonna stay in this apartment. We don't know if we're gonna move somewhere else in LA or if we're gonna move to the valley or if we're gonna move to Orange County. Like we truly have no idea but we do know for sure that we're gonna stay in Southern California. We are leaning more towards just staying in this apartment but it's insanely expensive and it's just gonna go up and in fact it was at the tippy top of our budget last year then our landlord raised our rent so now it's even more and now he's gonna raise it again and it's just like, it's just, it's insane. So I don't know, I would love to feel like I have some sort of like answer and I would love to stay in a place for several years. Like this place would totally work for that but it's just the price, you know what I mean? And so we'll see about that but that is definitely a thing that is in the back of my mind for this year is like, hmm, are we moving? That might possibly be a thing that we need to look at and sort of figure out. Another thing is making my bed daily. I am gonna be so honest. I have never been making the bed girly. I have never really made my bed ever except in childhood when I had to when I lived at my parents' house or whatever but I don't think I've made my bed regularly ever. I've heard people say that it just like puts you in a better mental state and for me, I was just kind of like, I don't see the point. Like I'm the only one seeing it, blah, blah, blah. But I've been doing it for about like a week or so now and I actually do feel like it's nice, you know? My room is much more put together. It just kind of, I don't know, it's one of those things you just like check a box, right? Like you're like, okay, that's done for the day and it just kind of feels better overall. And it's just a way to take care of yourself and your space. So I'm trying it out. We'll see what ends up happening but so far we're like a weekend and I think I've made my bed every single day. I mean, Drew does sometimes too but this is more like a me thing. Like I'm just like, I wanna do this. So we'll see. We'll see next year if I keep up with that. My two other things on this home list is cleaning my apartment more frequently. Whether that needs to be like outsourcing, hiring someone to come in like once a month and deep clean this place or whatever it may be, just to like free up mental space, to free up mental space, to free up mental clutter. It just stresses me out when I don't have a clean space. And a lot of times I feel really like overwhelmed and too mentally busy to clean. And so then it just gets put off and then it stresses me out more. So maybe like having someone that's able to do that would help, but I also just feel like I can just do it myself. So I don't know, we'll see about that but just like making it more of a priority to clean my actual apartment. And then also leaving less dirty dishes in the sink. I am so bad about this. Like I will just like rinse a spoon and then just leave it in the sink. When the fricking dishwasher is right there, like I have no excuse. It's not like I have to hand wash it later or anything like that. Like I can just throw it right and I just don't. It's become a problem. Both Drew and I actually have gotten really bad at that. So having some sort of system where like as soon as I'm done with dishes, putting them in the dishwasher would be really cool. Okay, next we have some personal goals. This video is already so long, but it's just, this is going to be a chatty one. You know what I mean? What I have written down is that I want to be more sure of myself. I just want to like have that self-assuredness that I see so many people have. And I do feel like it definitely is improving the older I get, but I just want to have more of it. I just want to be like, no, this is who I am and this is how it is. And like just be so sure of myself. I would like to be more confident just overall. I would like to be able to walk into a room and just feel like I have my head held high and I just know who I am.  No worries, no worries. Like just be like, yeah, some people are for me. Some people aren't for me. And that's literally that. So being more confident is a huge one. Being more assertive, I'm not very good at that at all. Like I have a real problem with being assertive and I'm sure it boils down to being a people pleaser. I do feel like in some situations I have no problem like popping off. But then in other situations I feel just like, if that's okay with you, no worries, if not, but like just kind of being more comfortable being more direct. Feeling more comfortable advocating for myself was one. That's kind of something that I mentioned before, especially in like medical situations. This is probably one of the biggest ones. This one says stop questioning every single thing I say after any social interaction. Oh my God. I have made it an Olympic sport to like sit in a spiral after every single social interaction and analyze every single thing I said. Think about everything that I could have done wrong. Review every single conversation and be like where did I go? Did I cut that person off? Was I supportive enough? Did I say X, Y, and Z correctly? And I think a lot of this comes from a place of like in the past I have had friendships where people didn't speak up and tell me how they were feeling about me in the moment. And then I found out after the fact that they like were talking behind my back or didn't like me or whatever. And it just made me go inward and question every single thing I ever, ever said or did and be like where did I go wrong? Like what happened? And so that's something that I definitely need to work on but like, oh my God, it is so exhausting questioning every single thing you do or say after you hang out with someone and I have got to stop doing that. And then the last part for my personal goals was feeling more comfortable saying no without guilt, without feeling guilt. I mean, fingers crossed for me on this one but I just like I feel like I need to give so many different like contexts and explanations and I over-explained why I'm saying no instead of just being like, no I can't. I'm trying to get better about that and like not feel the need to over-explain but yeah, I would really love to continue working on that. Like if I don't wanna do something, I'm not gonna do it. Okay, for reading, I have a goal, maybe possibly of reading 20 books this year. I don't know, that feels like a lot. I think I read like 12 or 13 last year. I am much more of a read for 20 minutes before I go to bed type of person, this construction. I'm so sorry, we're just gonna have to ignore it. Anyway, I'll try to talk loudly over that. I'm much more of like a read 20 minutes before I go to bed type of person. I don't really like spend my weekends reading. It's just like not, I don't know, I just like enjoy it as a way to relax and unwind before I go to bed. So I'm not reading as much as like the average person and I know that like a lot of people I see are like my goal is to read 60 books, my goal is to read 100 books and good for you babe, like if that's your thing, amazing. I love reading, I think it's so relaxing. But I think for me, yeah, like a manageable goal would be 20 but it may be less than that. It's honestly not that deep. I have some financial goals for myself. I don't wanna like obviously put them all on blast but I would love to have like an even better year. Like I would love to just continue having better years on the trajectory of my business, right? I would also love to continue to invest in things like my retirement, in stocks, things like that but also be more intentional about saving this year. I would love to really have, you know, money set aside for like, I mean, God, in this market who knows but like a house someday maybe or just having like a good chunk of change set aside for saving. I've never been good at like intentionally saving. So maybe just like buffing up, building up my savings a little bit more would be great. I would like to gain more financial literacy this year. I do feel like over the last few years I've gotten a lot better at that because I work with like an accountant and a financial planner and all that kind of stuff but I tend to spiral every time I speak with one of them because I don't know what's going on. I feel really confused.  And it feels really scary for some reason. So I would love to get more financially literate. That would be really great. And then also just feel more comfortable and like confident when I'm speaking to these people in my life about money because it causes me a lot of stress and anxiety. I'm like, what does this mean? Anytime I interact with like a financial professional I feel like I'm eight years old. Like I genuinely feel like a infant child. And I'm like, I don't, can you please explain this to me like I'm five because I don't understand. So maybe like putting in some more work and learning some more will help me with stress in that department. So that would be, I would love to get to this point next year and be like, yeah, I do feel like I've gotten there. And my last category is YouTube slash social media. So I would love to have a consistent posting schedule on both of my channels this year. And maybe this will be the year that I can finally feel, I do feel like I definitely got there a little bit last year but I want to feel just so comfortable and like sure of the direction that I'm going in like both of my channels whether that be like, you know, feeling like I have a set posting schedule and I'm comfortable with that. Like I'm always just questioning like, ah, what do I do with this one? What do I do with this one? Do I get rid of this one? Do I get rid of that one? I just want to feel like so confident in where I'm going with that. So having like a consistent posting schedule, obviously growth expansion for both of my channels would be amazing. I would love to continue to just tap into my own creative well when I'm looking for what to make on YouTube. Cause I think sometimes you can really fall into the trap of like the trends and what everyone else is doing and being inspired by other people is amazing. And I will always do that. But sometimes I feel like I'm, we're all making the same videos over and over and over again. So like trying to tap into my own creative well would be really amazing. And then lastly is just doing what I want to do instead of what I feel pressured to do because that's what everyone else wants or whatever it may be. Like for example, I stopped doing review videos on my main channel, my sort of like trying anti-chafing shorts, trying strapless bras, et cetera, because I was genuinely trying to help but people would get so unbelievably angry because I didn't think to do X, Y, and Z. I didn't think to do this particular thing. And like genuinely, I don't know, I'm just figuring it out.  This is your job. You are so lazy and entitled and like the least you could do. And it was just, it was like so insane that I just decided I don't want to do this anymore because people, it gets great views and great, fantastic, happy for the people who do it. But I just like, it doesn't make me happy. And so I just want to make the things that I want to make and not would just like other people expect me to make or whatever. So I just kind of like, I stopped doing that. That's an example, but I want to continue doing that this year. And then finally, I would love to maybe find an editor for real. I just haven't found someone that I feel like is the perfect fit that fully gets me and like my vibe and where I'm trying to go with it. So maybe that'll happen in 2024. That would be really, really great for like either channel, honestly, or both would be fantastic as well. But if it's me watching this video in like December of this year or January of next year, you know, how's it going? How are things? Do you still live in this apartment? What's going on in your life? How many books did you read this year? Did you prioritize yourself and your health? All these other things that you mentioned, do you still have all the same friends? You know, all the hard hitting questions. So maybe we'll have to answer this in a future video. But yeah, I have talked enough. Oh my God, I have said so much, but I just kind of felt like sitting down and chatting about this. So hopefully you enjoy it and it will be something that you can use in your own life and maybe have you make your own list of things that you want to do. And if not, at the very least, hopefully you just enjoyed it. Maybe you put it on while you were folding your laundry or doing dishes or cleaning your house or sitting on the couch or whatever. Thank you so much for watching. I'm so excited for 2024. I don't know what it is about this year. It just feels like it's gonna be a good one. It feels like it's gonna be a really good one for a lot of us. So fingers crossed. Because 2023 had some amazing moments but like some really low moments as well. So I would love for this to just be much more of like a chill vibe. So we'll see. Anyway, that's gonna do it for me today. I have to tackle this entire pile of clothes. I don't want to talk about it. I have so so much to do. I have a lot of main channel stuff to film. It's only 10 30 in the morning. So I'm feeling accomplished. But the next video you see will just be me getting back into my regular vlogs. And I'm just gonna like kind of play around with it this year and see what I feel like I want to do. Like if I want to mix in some other videos like this in my vlogs or what I want to do. So we'll figure that out. But thank you so much for watching this vlog. And I will see you very soon for more 2024 vlogs. I can't believe it. Bye.


Okay, so the title of this talk is Great Developer Steel, and I'm sure all of you are familiar with the quote from the artist's version, one of which in carnations is here, right? The Bad Artist of the Great Artist of Steel by Pablo Picasso, also by Maxi, and by anybody else who wants to say it, in any form, language, phrasing is possible. And I think that the reason that this quote is interesting, and the reason it gets longated so often, is because we have these intrinsic associations with the words of you, right? Stealing, we think is bad. So if it's a great artist's part, are they stealing? Is it plagiarizing? Is it straight up copying? Is it hordery, right? The interplay between what the words mean in common usage and what they imply in this particular structure is what makes this quote exciting. And I think that, well, I hope that after this talk, you'll get a sense of how that applies to us in software development. But before I get there, we need to talk a little bit about music and how stealing works in music, okay? So I think there are three main ways of stealing things in music. There's sampling, there's influence, and there's covers. And we're just going to go ahead and click on sampling first. Sampling is pretty much as close to stealing in music as you get, unless you actually want to steal somebody's digital masters and install them in your own. Sampling is practice of taking a chunk of a piece of music and putting it into another piece of music, right? The current, one of the current masters of this would probably be Girl Talk. I don't know if you guys saw this infographic. It was in Wired about a year ago, maybe a little more than that. And it breaks down by time signature, what, or time, a lot much, right? What samples we're using, Girl Talk's song, what it's all about, okay? So you can see that Beyonce is used from zero to 11 seconds, and D.J. Paltz-Simmons is fewer than 21, and Overlap's and Bill Collins is very, it is an amazing feat to take all of these works from other people, just tiny snippets of them, and assemble it into a new, original piece of art. But if you look at it, right, there's actually no sound in this song that Girl Talk himself came up with. All of the sounds in it, everything that makes up the piece comes from somewhere else. He's stolen these little pieces from elsewhere, and there are all sorts of legal issues to say I'm playing that we won't talk about. But it's just sort of a phenomenon, and a feat in itself. So that's the most direct version of Schumann. The least direct, I think, is influence, right? And you look at artists like Jimi Hendrix, or Beatles, or, you know, Aldous Gerald, or Snotter, or whoever that have influences on large sloths of the music landscape. I don't know how many amazing guitarists you can ask, and they won't say that Hendrix is one of their influences. Someone from whom, by whom they were inspired, someone who they played their solos over and over again, I was talking to a friend of mine, he mentioned that jazz musicians still will try to replicate the ridiculous improvised solos that other jazz musicians do, just to sort of get at the feeling underneath, and make it their own, and make it part of their own unique style. So it's not really stealing the essence, like it's not stealing the object, which is sampling. It's more stealing the underlying style and trying to make it your own. And then the last one I want to talk about are covers, right? The covers are weird, so we're going to talk about them a while. In fact, this isn't extended, kind of, or, so I'm still a little upset. So covers, right? Covers are kind of hard to define, right? We all have an instinctual understanding of a cover is a song that was made popular by somebody, and then somebody else forms it, right? But if you look at different covers, they differ in all kinds of things, right? They have different melodies, they have different lyrics, they have different styles, they have different themes. I think when you dig through all the examples, usually the lyrics are closest to the same, but just as an example, the exact same words don't necessarily mean the exact same things are here in their set. Who here knows Pierre Menard, author of the Cajune? Yes. Okay, so this is a short story by Borger, and it's actually, it's written that don't follow reading it, right? It's written as an academic dissertation, a study of this guy, Pierre Menard, who rewrote Don Quixote word for word, not copying Don Quixote, but he tried to get himself into the same mindset as Cervantes was 300 years earlier when he was writing it, and he tried to recreate it, but with his background, which meant that every word meant something completely different than what Cervantes wrote. It's this crazy, like, only word that could have written this, right? It's insane, but it's the same words meaning something completely different because of the context in which they're created. I think you can do that, you can look at that as a way of looking at covers too, right? So you look at it, easy listening cover, or easy listening song that's covered by a death metal band, right? Same exact words, totally different meanings. I can't talk about covers, I'm talking about bad covers. I can't talk about bad covers. It is lonely up here in space. Yeah, okay, so that was just a sample of that cover. And you should be grateful that it was only up here. I am the only one who ever really had to suffer for it, except for, like, Jeff, I'm sure he has this album, so. That's true. Yeah, so, so bad covers can be bad in one of two ways, right? They can be bad aesthetically, which I think this one is. Or they can be bad because they don't make enough of a difference to the song. Good covers, on the other hand, I think the best covers are those where you really have a genre of it, right? I think you can have great covers, you can have a great jazz cover by another jazz artist or a great pop song covered by another pop artist, and they can be fantastic. But the really interesting ones are where you cross genres because different genres are good at expressing different things, right? You don't listen to easy listening when you're in a suicidal mood, right? You listen to death metal, not that everyone who listened to death metal is suicidal. But that's just the idea, right? So it's really useful to pay attention to genre. And this, again, is where you get the same song expressing something completely different. This is Frank Sinatra's version of, well, not his version, right? But this is Lucky Lady Night, which Frank Sinatra's saying in Guys and Dolls, covered in 1993 by the Tony's before they got big. It's obviously very different than Frank Sinatra ever would have sung it. And actually, I think that because in 1993 I was running a movie theater, and this guy brought in a 2CE album set of covers of Frank Sinatra by punk and alternative rock bands. And it was filled with really good covers, like this one where they sort of make the song their own, and they used it to express emotions that Sinatra would not have. And it was filled with really bad covers, too, where you actually had punk bands trying to prune Frank Sinatra's songs. I did not actually include any of those covers. So you can all think of it. I can't really talk about covers without talking about one other way of stealing, but this is even less like stealing any of them, like standards, right? And covers only came into existence in the 50s. Before that, and in certain genres, songs don't really belong to people as much, legally they do. But in the parties, an impoverished song would immediately be re-recorded by 18 different other artists. And you would go to the record store and say, I want this song, not I want being Crosby's original song. It was a very different way of looking the world. And jazz still has that, right? There are tons of jazz standards that every jazz musician who worked their song has recorded because they want to make it their own, or it expresses something fundamental about communication, or whatever. Standards are sort of their universal in an interesting way. So that's it for the diversion, the digression, the metaphor of music, except it'll pop up back up. In soft war, in soft war. In soft where, I think we have exact analogs for each of those, sampling, influence, covers, and standards. And those are libraries, influence, ports, and patterns.  And you're reusing it in a new context. You could, like Girl Talk, create an application entirely composed of other people's code. That would actually be really cool. And I'd love to see a Rails-Rumble like competition where you didn't get the right name and code of your own. You just got to glue together pieces that other people would build. Does that exist? That's great. It's Rails. It's Rails? That's pretty much what we're seeing. Ah! All right. So other than pointing that out, I don't think library usage is just dealing with this particular interesting. Influence is a little more interesting because we see it a lot, a serious example, X unit, the X unit pattern. It started way back when Kent Back was working with small talk programs. He'd come into a team. And the first thing he would have them do is write their own test program. Every team wrote a different version of this S unit. And it was good. Kent looked upon it and thought it was good. But there was no, there was no one S unit. Every single team had their own different version of it. One storm unit. I went to a storm unit in Hawaii. Kent Back and Eric Gamble were sitting next to each other on a small plane flying across the Atlantic journey. And they decided, as they were going to do two programs today, so they wrote J unit, which was a distillation of the ideas in an S unit written into Java. So they didn't actually take any code from S unit. They didn't look at the code in S unit and point it over it. They just took the ideas, moved them over and moved them in for Java. So it was a very clear, actually it's kind of self-influenced. If you ever had written it by yourself, it would have been pure influence with Kent Not Evolved. I'm classifying that as influence. So ports, I think, are the most thing you have to copy the two covers. And as we'll see, there could be good covers and bad covers and good ports and bad ports. Keeping with the X unit example, we've got S unit influencing the development of J unit. And then you've got N unit. Here's the N unit, version one. Okay, so I haven't. But it is my understanding that N unit at version one was a line by line port of J unit in translation in the C sharp to the extent that there were lines of code, there were chunks of code that only actually applied to Java programs and would never be executed in any situation in .NET. So I would classify it as a bad cover. Because they took the artifact and they just translated it directly over into this new artifact that was good but it wasn't idiomatic .NET and it wasn't useful for all .NET and it had all this crux in it that they just didn't do it. A better cover of port is Michael Feather CDD unit. So he knew J unit. He was working in C++ and he ported it but not by copying it line by line across. He just took the ideas and possibly clearly not code because it's Java in C++ but implementation details he translated directly across. And I think just as we look at covers and genres, different genres are good at expressing different things. Different languages in programming are good at expressing different things. I think language can do everything. Any other things language can do. But tell me that you wouldn't rather write telco software in Erlang than you would in JavaScript. They're good for different things. They make certain practices expressive or not. We're here writing Ruby. Does that stretch your question? Stretch. If they were all completely equal then it wouldn't matter what we were all doing independently. We could still come to every single conference and get the same amount of it. So that equivalent to standards are their patterns. These are things that you're not necessarily copying but you either arrive at independently before the game or before their book. All the patterns existed and they were being used up and they were well. They were just codifying and identifying. They were making a dictionary not writing your research. Does that make sense? That's something like the data mapper pattern. For my friends who think it's only one word and I use the number to indicate it's actually the pattern. You look at the data mapper pattern and you can see it in the wild in various contexts. There's also data mapper one word in PHP which they didn't know about until last night. There's one bit of mapper and there's esophatomy which the ORM part of it is the data mapper pattern. They're all illustrations of the same pattern though it's not necessarily the case that any developer or one of them was looking at the code that the ORM they were just looking at the pattern itself. With that sort of structure I want to look at the genealogy of some software and show you where things have been influenced or where things have been stolen and where things have been covered. We can start with VDD. In the beginning there was JVHA conversations that Dan North had with various other people and Dan North saw it and it was good. From conversations around JVHA and being near the development of it and talking to all the important people Steven who spoke earlier wrote the first version of RSpec which then sort of took those principles in a slightly different way. Dan North actually came back into the picture and wrote RVHAVE which was a groovy port of JVHAVE that eventually grew into a sort of urban cucumber. Then you got PHPSpec that was derived from RSpec and Jasmine which drew from at least four different frameworks to provide VDD for JavaScript. And this is my corporate slide. So at the top you've got the CEO or the idea which is VDD that sort of led to JVHAVE where JVHAVE was the first emergence of it. That influenced the development of RSpec and RSpec then splintered and actually there were way more than just these three. The two that comes from PHP one, it influenced the development of all of these and they came back into form Jasmine. RVHAVE itself grew into Storyrunner which then was rewritten, I think this is actually two rewrites. So RVHAVE was rewritten into Storyrunner which was included in RSpec and it was rewritten into cucumber which we all know and love. So I think for most software you can probably create a crazy corporate work chart of its history like this. I'm not going to do any more of those and no more of these slides. Rails clearly has been ordered or copied or maligned as you like it. These are Rails, KPHP. So I think a round version like 0.8.2 or something of Rails, KPHP came up with hey that's a really good idea, let's do that in PHP. And for a while, Rails released a new feature and a month later KPHP dropped a new version that included that feature. It was like popular. It was really kind of sad for the KPHP folks. I guess they were happy they were ready to be created. Yeah. But since then it is my understanding KPHP has evolved in some direction but for a while it was a very direct cover and I would argue that cover of Rails. Perhaps even worse is Groovy on Rails. All they did was put a stick in G in front of it and said hey we've got our own thing but in fact it obviously is just a port. Right on Rails was written by Steve Yeggy it's a JavaScript version of Rails which is, I don't know why you do that. And then the first time I started talking about this stuff I was talking to one of my friends who's a .NET developer, I didn't call him my friend an acquaintance who was a .NET developer and he said oh my god ASP.NET stills everything and he proceeded to list off you know hibernate, yeah we have in hibernate and whatever we have in whatever et cetera. In fact yes? You omitted the wheels framework which is Rails on Coalfusion. Meals is Rails on Coalfusion. Yes! You think that was an act of hill-on-mission? Okay. So ASP.NET MVC came out like a year and a half ago maybe two years ago and in fact it took a lot of its ideas from existing frameworks whether they're officially MVC or not it re-implemented a lot of its ideas. Some of that I'm sure is tradable in the same pattern some of it is just straight up popping. Whiskey, do you guys know Whiskey? A couple? So Whiskey is from Python there was a guy, actually we heard about it earlier right, we had Papo up here, I don't know where he went but yeah. So Python programmer was reading several APIs and said hey that sounds cool except it's Java and I do Python. So he wrote the Whiskey spec. Whiskey is itself a spec, it is not executable code. The first Python framework that implemented it was paste, paste a since it's been decorated, now they have web-album which is a fun word to say because web-album is much more fun to say. Crucian records you saw the Whiskey spec say hey that's awesome I want to make it Rack and it's in Ruby and it blew up, right? We'll talk more about that in just a second because it is awesome. In JavaScript you have Giskey and Jack and probably you have Giskey and Plack and it has what we have Hack 2 which is actually the successor to Hack no number which is what I like to call that. So Whiskey is a spec this is the code example that is included in the PEP, the PEP URLs all the slides will be on the web and you can see that the URL is important. This looks fairly familiar right if we're all familiar with Rack this looks pretty similar we have headers and we've got a body it's a little different, there's this weird start-response thing I don't know web-album so this is the current implementation of Whiskey that most of Python uses apparently I think it can improve high levels but it looks identical right the environment, the start-response is just smooth down Rack we all know and love here we get the start-response we just have the environment hash and then we return status, headers, body Jack actually has changed since the last time I get to talk he used to be in an array, now it returns a drop-script object ready to status headers and body let's erase them all to Rack Plack looks identical to Rack except being in Perl which is a cracker only sorry to whoever liked it earlier but second I kid, I love Perl when I can read it so in half we have you know a drummer too so Hack is in Haskell, actually I find this harder to read in Perl but you can see what's going on there's a response, 200 status, headers and string so we have a clear pattern here we also have a pattern in the naming, so a quick interlude on naming notice that most of these were called acts, Jack, Plack, Hack 2 I'm sure, actually I'm not a knack there would be if I didn't have a server built in that's node node? so they're all named after Rack whereas some of them we have some things named after Whiskey when I gave this talk the first time there was no jizby so it was just whizzy and jizby also if I'm a worser to say so the idea here is that you can trace genealogy by looking at the names people use so I've met you that Plack was written by someone who was not being inspired by Whiskey but was being inspired by Rack at the end of that interlude so Sinatra, we all know a lot of Sinatra Sinatra also has I'm going to make this claim and I have no evidence to back it up but if you're not going to, yeah whatever Sinatra is the most copied web software in the world, that's my claim because if you look at any language there at least half a dozen clones of Sinatra most of them are like somebody started to do it because it looked easy and they stopped look at these wrap pack flasks from the Nancy I could have put twice as many on there without a crumb Sinatra we know so you can write your template you can pull up RAM out of the URL and you can process post it in, you can have across the body wrap pack is the groovy version shocking weight, it looks so much like a groovy version except you have to set a template root flask is the Python version it's a little more cruffy and it's got four spaces between it because it's Python but it does the same stuff Slam is the APHB version I think or more APHB version than anything else oh that's probably a mistake it shouldn't be slim, cool, cool, or RAM but yeah it looks like the HPB Nancy, this one's shocking this is the .NET version of Sinatra this is all, there's not like eight screens of configuration in it this is all it is they actually did a really good job of this with Nancy so again on naming again notice we've got flask clear associated with Sinatra, Nancy, Sinatra slim which I guess is anything for one of the wrap pack wrap pack, there's also Fitzgerald there's BlueEyes which is a skull framework there's, what? SammyJS, yep so a lot of them are named according to wrap pack members or Sinatra himself the first skull framework that was a port of Sinatra, does anyone know what it was called? so there's BlueEyes now which is more popular but the first skull framework was named Skalatra I think they kind of missed the boat line the source of the name is there but yeah, okay so we've seen lots of examples of people actually stealing why should you therefore go out and steal everybody else is doing it I told you everybody else was jumping off the bridge what I expected you to there are three reasons to look at taking ideas and code from other languages and other places and making them your own the first is opportunity so you're out learning language, you see something awesome say, hey, that's cool shit I wish I had that cool shit in one of my work in at work you steal it you guys know Web Machine yep, I know Steve knows Web Machine so Web Machine is written in Erlang and it's awesome it's super cool and Sean Cropes and he used it in Erlang a lot saw it and saw hey, I wish Ruby had something like that so he created Web Machine which is awesome if you like Steve's talk on hypermedia guys, Web Machine is where you should look the second reason to steal stuff is to educate yourself this is kind of a reversing thing it's not you find something to copy in this case I want to learn Python for a lot of other reasons because I don't want to learn it by implementing something in it that I already know how to implement and this is the blogging everybody has to write a blog so when you learn a new language or web framework you go to write a blog in it in real life in non-software in non-software or language stuff when I needed to refresh my Italian I got the Harry Potter books in Italian because I knew Harry Potter was really really well and so I was able to actually learn some Italian and read it I knew that now this is a great strategy I highly recommend it if you're trying to learn a new language pick a book you know really well get in that language and read it on tape if you want to speak it, I actually don't like talking to people so the reason I think the most interesting reason is need driven it's like I need to feed my family so I'm going to steal some bread or I need to solve a really hard problem in my language I'm going to go out and look for a solution and steal it from somebody else so a case here would be like I did some iOS work a while ago and this was before testing was easy in iOS so somebody said, I have a need to I'm going to test the crap out of my iOS projects there's no answer to that in Cocoa right now so I'm going to look around and there's no good answer and I guess he was familiar with Ruby and he looked at RSpec that's really cool I wonder if I can work that over and again and now there's a project called Cedar that is RSpec like testing for iOS it's really cool does anybody hear you Cedar? somebody knows iOS go out to you Cedar and tell me how cool it is powerfully varied but moderately would be acceptable so you have a need how do you then proceed with your thefting beefing that's the word therving I like bergling I don't like actually bergling I like the word bergling scare quotes make everything better we're going to look for something to steal so I think in Ruby we're sort of blessed in that we can look to a lot of different languages to steal things and it will be relatively easy to steal we can look at functional languages we can certainly look at object-oriented languages we can look at prototype languages if we want to do something crazy and just use onion classes and you know and I think I just made Evan cry a little bit was it because of the word or because of the suggestion that people should do it this is a suggestion don't look at prototype languages unless you're stealing stuff from JavaScript is that okay? I'm going to stamp Evan's approval on that slide so where do you look once you've decided I want to look around GitHub, Bitbucket, Google code and if you're desperate source for it the Sinatra examples if I recall correctly I found that by typing Sinatra into GitHub and just skipping over all the Ruby ones even though I could have done it the entire slide I'm just Ruby port of Sinatra which is Sinatra but apparently people didn't think I was kidding the other place there are places for specific languages to look there are places for good languages that you can look from work so if you're trying to steal the Ruby go look at RubyGames if you're trying to steal the Python, Peps and PyPy C-Pan obviously is a great idea all package repositories I bet you for any given language other than like some language I don't know you can find a repository of all the packages and look at it once you see stuff how do you know if it's any good well you can look at the activity of the repository the edge case testing that means that somebody's actually get the edge cases which means that somebody's using it the citations are being used in other projects are a good way to tell if it's worthwhile documentation and history are extremely important when you're looking for ideas because they document the ideas and they show you how things evolve over time so you can perhaps avoid potholes in your stealing and pouring it into your own language the strong opinions is an interesting one I hate Hamel Jeff Jeff loves Hamel I like to excuse my call projects that incite strong opinions and people are interesting and worthy of discussion current and final interlude, the mathematics of beauty you guys know okCupid? the dating site? so they have a blog called okTrans which is amazing they take their greens of data and they analyze it and tell you cool stuff the mathematics of beauty where they show that profile pictures one is ugly and one is hot pictures of people that are rated uniformly high like average of 4 and most of the ratings are 4 they get x amount of messages per week pictures where they average 4 but they're split between 5s and 1s they get like 3x and there are lots of reasons why 3 proposals are super cool but we're drawn to things where people have the working opinions and it's there, it's profitable to look for deeper understanding of those places and software ok so almost done what to do? you found your project how do you steal it? well you can steal it line by line like in unit version 1 I do not recommend that that gets you, that's like carnival I'm going to do exactly the same things they did translating syntax over to my language and think it's going to be good it's actually not going to be good, you're not going to understand so what I do recommend is acceptance testing, we're talking about fairly large codes that have definable inputs and outputs so it should be relatively easy to write acceptance tests in whatever language you like, cucumber, whatever run it against the original code run your acceptance test against that code and then you write your Ruby version to make maps the same as us so what you're doing is you're copying the intent of the code, not the actual mechanics of the code and that's it, thank you