So the question on nobody's mind is why did I leave YouTube? The short answer is I just got kind of sick of it and I have a full-time job and coming home after working a full-time job, sometimes three weeks straight with no days off, it's hard for me to want to film a YouTube video. And honestly, doing the research and writing up a script to do a YouTube video is actually the hard part. Filming is the easy part. There's a lot of stuff behind the scenes that goes into making these videos, but I'm not going to bore you with any of that stuff because that doesn't matter. What matters is I'm going to start making videos again and keep it more consistent like I used to. So I guess we'll see you tomorrow.


I have the good fortune besides my good friend Jay Fidel, an eminent lawyer and the head of think tech and many other emblems of notoriety and fame. We have with us today extremely generously and kindly because he's in the middle of a mediation. Jeff Fortnoy, one of my favorite lawyers, one of my favorite people in Hawaii and outside. Not only for his intelligence, but for his community dedication and service. Jeff has been the leading First Amendment lawyer here for decades. He's also done broadcasts of sports events, volleyball, football, others on TV. He has been our president. He has held many offices. He's been elected and voted at a federal bar association here, state bar association and others. So he's not only really, really good at what he does, he is very well respected by people who do it and recognize that he is. Jeff, thank you for being with us. He's a heck of a guy. I really like him. Yeah. How much of that was true, Jeff? Very little. All of it. Read his bio. You'll see it. I don't have the time. Moving on. Okay. So we've got some things happening in our courts, in our legal system that raise some really serious questions about where the heck is the rule of law anymore? Where is judicial independence? Where is judicial impartiality? Where's a fair break? In that phrase, no peace without justice is starting to have real meaning in our courts. Jeff, why should then make a difference to ordinary people? Well, you know, I think most people understand that we have three branches of government and frankly the most important branch and what makes us different than lots of other countries is our independent judiciary. And when the judiciary becomes politicized, which it clearly has become under Trump and Barr, probably more so than in the last 35 years since the period of Watergate, I think we're seeing a very sad transition of the court to becoming not an independent branch, but an adjunct to the executive branch. And that's a very bad trend. Why? What difference does it make for ordinary people? Well, I think for ordinary people, you want to know that when you go before a judge, you're going to get an equal shot, no matter who's on the other side. And when you lose confidence in that, when you think that somehow the judiciary is tainted or corrupted, you really have no place else to go. And that's why you see in many countries that are under totalitarian control, the first thing they do is eliminate the independent judiciary because that's really where you go. I mean, you can vote for a legislator, but that's politics. You can vote for a president, a mayor or a governor, that's politics. But your judges are supposed to be independent neutral arbiters. And when you believe they're not, or when they are not, like we're seeing now, it's a very serious problem. So what shows you that the playing field is totally out of whack, completely tilted politicized, corrupted? Well, I think we have to be careful about what branches of the courts we're talking about. I think we're very lucky in Hawaii. I think there's no question we have a very independent judiciary. Although I was not happy to see the Justice Department through our U.S. attorney filing a petition in support of those who want to overturn the 14-day quarantine, which is clearly a political lawsuit, all you have to do is follow the president and his view that there is no COVID-19 anymore that's of any concern. But short of that, I think our judiciary has been very independent. Well, when you see what's going on in Washington and with the president's cronies, you've got to be really concerned. I mean, just look what's going on with Roger Stone and Flynn. And you've got to go, wait a minute, what's happened to an independent judiciary? Now the other side will say, well, what we're doing now is finally getting a better balance through the heritage society and the federalist society. Trump is already through Mitch McConnell, and the Republican Senate has pushed through 200 young federal judges, most of whom have very conservative, I'll be charitable views. And you have to wonder whether it's becoming too politicized. So Trump and Barr will tell you, no, we're just trying to equal the playing field. We had too many Obama and Clinton federal judges. I think you could think maybe it has become way too politicized, but I blame both parties for that. It started under the Democrats. Fair enough. Did the voting rules in the Senate on judicial approvals, federal judicial approvals, did those change under McConnell? No, they changed under the Democrats. And now they're seeing what they wrought. I mean, they got rid of the filibuster where you need 60 votes. And if you needed 60 votes, none of these judges, very few of them, would have been appointed. But the Democrats fooled around with it the last time they were in power. And I don't think they really believed or understood what the results would be going forward. And I don't criticize Mitch McConnell. I mean, he's doing what those arcane rules permit. And we'll see what happens with the country. But look, all you have to do is look at the Supreme Court, which is bitterly divided between liberals and conservatives. It switches five to four, depending upon what Justice Roberts does. But you know that Trump, since he can't run on COVID and he can't run on race or whatever, he's running on, you know, give me another term and I'll pack that court so you'll never have to worry that abortion will be legal or immigration will be allowed to go on. And so, I mean, that's just the way it goes. And we're just in that frame now. But I do think most observers who are looking at this legitimately believe that there is way too much political influence in the Justice Department. And that is impacting the rule of law. So are there countermeasures or counterforces that could effectively resist that? Or is this a tide that's unstoppable? That's why everyone needs to vote however you feel. It starts with the who the president is. The president appoints Attorney General. I mean, look, Barr has made it clear that in his view, the president is a king. That's my word, but that's Barr's position, that the president can do virtually anything because he's the president and cannot be prosecuted or in any other way hindered. And he views himself, and I think a lot of people believe this, I do, as the president's Attorney General rather than the public's Attorney General. Sure, you can have impeachment. That's never going to happen. Although in the last few days, it's gathered some steam and momentum. You know, I think that's nice. It makes some headlines. But, you know, people who feel that the Justice Department has been politicized, I mean, look at getting rid of the U.S. Attorney in the Southern District of New York just in the last week. Look at getting rid of the independent councils for all the various federal agencies. You've got to really question what's going on and how much independence is there. I don't think there's very much. What do you do about that? I mean, it may not be enough to rely on the election. Everybody says, well, you got to elect these people out of office. But at the same time, there have been a number of articles recently about this mail-in ballot issue and about how Trump's comments about fraud in the mail-in ballots, you know, affect people's confidence in the system. This is going to continue into November. And already, the press is reporting confusion and lack of confidence. I suggest to you, Jeff, that that will increase. And by the time we get to November, we will not have an election in which we are confident. Remember his comments in 2016, I will not contest the election if I win. If I lose, it's all fixed. And I think that kind of thing will happen again. By the end of the day, we'll have a situation where if he loses, and I hope he does, he'll be barricaded in the White House, and it'll depend on who controls the physical force as to whether he leaves. There are all kinds of scenarios about November. Both the Washington Post and the New York Times have scenario groups that are trying to develop what kind of scenarios we will see in November. But one thing is clear, there will be some strange, magical scenarios then. And so to say that it will all work out in November, I'm not sure it will, even if the people want to throw him out of office. Well, look, I think you're absolutely right in what you're saying. And I think Trump has made it clear that he's going to challenge the election in November. He's made it absolutely clear. He's going to do everything he can between now and then, speaking of the rule of law and the rights of people to vote, make it difficult for those he believes would not vote for him. He's already said, if there's absentee voting, he's going to lose. I mean, he's already made that public statement. So I think the only hope is that the election is so one-sided that a challenge will be laughed off. If it's close in a few of these states, which will make the difference, Jay, I think we're in for a very difficult time. And we already saw it in Bush versus Gore and people's views about what happened there and the rule of law there. But I don't think, look, this is so political. And I know this probably, you know, a third of the country that, if they heard what I was saying would tweet me to death. Luckily, I don't do any of that. So I don't know. His name is Jeff Portnoy. He's a lawyer practicing. Don't give out my email. But, you know, look, I just think it's clear. I mean, what's going on? I mean, I said, look, doesn't that concern you? Yes, of course, but the question is, what can we do about this? What can you do? You can't do anything. No, the bar association isn't going to do anything about it. The lawyers as a group are not organized. My brother is involved in the leadership of an organization called Lawyers for the Defense of American Democracy. They write letters. That's the word as far as you can. Doesn't work. You get a nice letter. Well, I will I will tell you this. And, you know, I know the Biden people are putting together groups of lawyers all over the country because they know what's going to happen between now and November and on Election Day. And they're going to be there, hopefully, to make sure that as best you can that the secretary of states in some of these red states like Georgia don't do what they can to manipulate the results. I think there's always going to be some question.  I already mentioned, you know, Bush versus Gore and what some people believe to happen in Florida. Right. I mean, you know, there's all kinds of conspiracy theories about what happened. This isn't this is all fairly recent, though.  We have never seen it like this. We have never seen where there's an upswell of coverage in the press suggesting that people are not confident of the judiciary. Legitimately, they should not be confident of Congress. Congress is dysfunctional. They should not be confident of Trump. I mean, he needs the 25th Amendment. He that would be an act of mercy. And certainly, you know, the press, the press, you know what I got? And you're a First Amendment guy. The press is our saving grace, but the press is under attack, too. It depends your definition of the press. But look, we're not. We're in a, you know, we're old guys, all three of us. But, you know, we don't really understand. I don't really understand the impact of social media. I mean, that's really where all this is happening. There are so many people who have the ability to spread false rumors 30, 50, a hundred times a day that that that then thousand hundreds millions of people believe for you and I, the press is and for Chuck as well, probably the Washington Post, the New York Times. Then you get into the CNN, MSNBC, Fox Dilemma. You know, when you talk about the press, Jay, I don't know who the press is anymore because the press is probably a hundred thousand people who are on social media right now, either telling the truth or spreading rumors. You see what's happening with Twitter and Facebook. Twitter finally, finally agreeing to stop some of Trump's more outrageous lies. Facebook is still resisting that. And you can debate free speech or whatever. But, but, you know, that that impacts people's views of the institutions. Look, there's no question, even lawyers, all institutions, if you look at, you know, the Gallup polls over decades are at their lowest ever. Whether it's the president or Congress or the press or lawyers, they just don't trust anybody. And you see what's happening around the country, right? What's happening in the last month? There's been a month of protests, not three days, not five days every single day. And you can argue whether they're legitimate or, you know, whether like in Seattle, they should have stepped in and taken back those six blocks. The country's in turmoil and it's going to get a lot worse in the next hundred and forty days. I agree with you about the demonstrations. I think there were three factors working in the demonstrations. One, of course, is a Black Lives Matter and, you know, racist injustice, for sure. That's one factor. The second factor is that people have been cooped up and they have a lot of what we would call it free energy and they have to spend that, especially young young people. And the third is that there's this kind of growing dissatisfaction with the whole system. I do not believe in the whole system. And so what we really have in our head, and have you noticed that there's increasing violence, little outbreaks of violence here and there? We're playing this out, you know, in a way that suggests the country is on fire. And nobody is in a position to put it out. And Trump loves to throw kerosene on the flames. All you have to do is look at the mask issue. You don't have to go beyond masks. Masks are a health issue, end of story. But they're not. They're a political issue now. My brother lives in Arizona. I talk to him every night about what's happening in Arizona, which has thousands of cases in the last few days. He tells me very few people in his neighborhood wear masks and he's a very devoted mask person, worried about health. He'll stop people and say, where's your mask? And they'll just rip into him that the mask is part of the democratic whatever words you want to use that, you know, the Bible doesn't talk about masks.  That's that's unbelievable. Well, let's go to let's go to testing for a moment. Wait one second, let's go to testing. OK, we got a question on the chat box. So let's let's take a look at that. Is there anything the public can do about the clear voter suppression that's happening in addition to gerrymandering, which they can? What can the public do to resist voter suppression? I think they're just going to have to rely on their legislators and their course, but the problem is the Supreme Court took a position. Are you familiar with that case? I'm sure a month ago, two months ago, where they said that it's not our business, gerrymandering is not our business. Right. But this is on voter suppression. Yeah. And I think what's going to happen is that people are just going to have to be vigilant. I mean, look what's happening in Georgia, where they really are fighting with the suppression. But then look what happened in Wisconsin, where they force people to go out and vote and stop mail and voting. I mean, this is a political issue which is taken over the democracy. There's no question. And it's it's a full court press. Yeah, you have the mail in ballot issue politicized and it's coming from Trump. You have the suppression issue politicized and it's coming from Trump. And if you if you scratch the surface, what you get is we're doing this to beat up the Democrats because we know that they what did he say recently? I'm doing whatever he was doing in order because I know. Yes, it's the mail in votes. I want to squash mail in votes because the people who do mail in votes are Democrats. I want to squash. And he's very upfront about it. But look, let's let's not let's just not blame Trump. Let's blame the Republicans in the United States Senate. Not every one of them. There's a couple like Romney, who have some semblance of independence.  Well, Jeff, people say that. But really, we have never seen this. We have never seen we're we're all ready. We've never seen this in all of our years.   Did the founders ever imagine that every bloody thing would be politicized that the good faith of the country would be politicized? Well, did the founders know about mail and voting?  Yeah, I mean, everybody always likes to talk about the founders, including the Supreme Court.  I mean, they know about the post office. Yeah, they knew about the post office. Yeah, that's happened. The post office is about to be defunded. But you know, Jay, you know, Franklin Delano Roosevelt tried to back pack the court. So, you know, I don't think it's new. I really don't. I just think it's become so pervasive. And a lot of that is because of social media and the dysfunctionality of the federal government. Look, I think we don't realize living in Hawaii, how immune we are to really what what's going on in the rest of the country, whether it's voter fraud or COVID-19, the mask issue.  This goes back to Chuck's first question. Why do we care? Why are the people in Hawaii care? I grant you they don't know. There's no immediate effect about what's going on in Washington on Hawaii. On the other hand, I think they really need to care because one of these days it's coming for us to where part of the country, what happens in November, will affect every man, woman and child in this state. We should care. There are people on phone banks, you know, here in Hawaii who call voters in other states. Yeah, a lot. Yeah. Yeah. I mean, so that's one thing I suppose we can do. But the other thing is, and this goes back to the subject of our discussion today, we could look to the courts for relief. The problem is when the Supreme Court has turned that sort of an overarching concern. No matter what happens below, if the if the other side, the Republicans can get it to the Supreme Court, they can get arguably a friendly, a friendly solution. And so the Supreme Court's lack of independence, I don't know if that's the right word for it here, is really a great concern because it cuts off an avenue of relief we might otherwise look to. Yeah, but, you know, I want to be sure about this because, you know, depending upon who's in power, they try to get judges that have the same views as they do, even though judges aren't supposed to have political or social views. But here's here's a fact, which, by the way, I guess facts now are false, depending upon who you're talking to. The ABA has for decades rated judicial nominees. It's almost impossible not to get a favorable rating. I don't know what the numbers are, but less than 10 over the last 20, 30 years have gotten unfavorable ratings. Do you know that it's only under this administration that at least four, and I'm not sure the exact number, it could be three, it could be five, nominees that have gotten a unfavorable rating from the ABA were approved by the United States Senate. Now, how do you justify that? Now, you know, you may not be in favor of all these federalist society just judges and lawyers who have views that are much more conservative than mine, for example. But at least they have to be competent. If the ABA finds that they're not competent and McConnell pushes them through, how can you have any faith in them when they get on the bench?  There's a guy they put on the court that never once was in a courtroom, never once. And he's going to be a trial judge. Wait till you see who the next attorney general is going to be. Why, what's going to happen to Barth? I'm sorry, Southern District of New York, I meant to say. Well, I know he's going to be. He's going to be head of the SEC and he decided, hey, I'm bored. Yeah, really? Right? He said I'm bored in that job. He said they ran into each other somewhere and he stole somebody. I don't know if it was Barth. You know, I'm bored of being head of the SEC. You know, I'd like to be a U.S. attorney. That's great. That's a great reason to put him in charge of the most important and independent U.S. district court in the country. Yeah. So, you know what? I hear what you're saying, Jeff and Chuck. And it sounds to me like it is a question of degree and that you could find some justification historically or in the Constitution for some of this politicization. But we are we are passing the Rubicon here. We are so politicized that the government is no longer functioning. And this is pretty serious. And what this tells me and I'd be interested in your thoughts on this, ultimately, what this tells me is the executive is corrupt. The Congress is dysfunctional. The courts are no longer independent. Certainly, the Department of Justice only works for the executive as a personal representative. And the press is having problems staying out of the fray here. So, so where does that leave the country? It seems to me we are fractured. We are on a national decline. And there's nothing that we can think of that will actually correct it or even slow the decline. And if he is elected again, or if he sees his power or stays in power by hook or crook, which is more likely, we are going to have more of this. It's going to be more of the same, but in greater degree. What is our what is our future? All of us, all three hundred and thirty million, Jeff. Well, I agree with everybody. I'm sorry, I mean it or two, so let me just let me just answer that quickly. I agree with everything you've said, except I do think we have an independent judiciary. We may not agree with the way it's going politically. But I do think, you know, almost every federal judge is relatively independent. I think it's the Justice Department that's being corrupted. Chuck. No, I think that's right. Jay, you would ask why should we care in a way? Give you two quick examples. One, our environment is our lifeblood, not just tourism, but for our lives. This administration is attacking it without restraint and it's using the courts, depending on the courts, to be able to get away with it. Yesterday, the Department of Justice under bar basically ordered the Hawaii. U.S. attorneys to file. A statement in a suit to stop the 14 day quarantine, to interfere in public health and safety that this state's chief executive and his Department of Health and the medical doctors locally and naturally. Hey, that's what our risk is. They will interfere in every aspect of your life, health, safety, environment, protection, jobs, everything. So the last thing I want to say is that, well, one of you represent me when my taxes get audited now. You know, if he wins, if he wins in November, you're going to need counsel. Thank you. Hey, guys, it's been fun. All right, Chuck, thank you very much. Jeff, thank you very much. Thank you, guys. Appreciate it. You guys are great. Stay safe. Stay independent. You too. Bye.


The prevalence of food allergies and anaphylaxis in children is increasing worldwide, with cows milk, hens eggs, and wheat allergies having a better prognosis than peanuts, tree nuts, and sea food allergies. Recent studies have identified factors affecting the natural course of food allergy, including symptom severity, age at diagnosis, comorbidities, skin prick, test reaction size, sensitization degree, IgA epitope specificity, diet, gut microbiome, and interventions such as immunotherapy. Clinicians should provide relevant knowledge on the natural course of food allergy to patients and caregivers, evaluate its resolution, and offer therapeutic options whenever possible. This article was authored by Kim Baek Jong and Su Yeon Lee.


para invitar-me a fazer esta lectura. Eu irei leer, porque meu idioma não é muy fluente, e eu espero que isso se entende. O Parianic Islands were the target of military expeditions before formal occupation in 902, an expedition was undertaken in the year 707 to the islands of Mayurka and Manurka by the fleet of Ifriqía. This was the first one. At the end of the 8th century, we know that other expeditions were undertaken and in the year 848 another expedition to Majorca and Minorca was organized by the Amnist under Man, because the islanders had broken a pact, a previous pact. The chronicler Ivan Hyen mentions the breaking of a previous pact, indeed, which had probably been established during the expedition of the 707. This pact granted peace to the inhabitants of the Husul, which is the Arab term for fortifications, in exchange for the payment of a very hard tribute comprising one third of their wealth and people. There is no mention of Ibiza in any of the chronicles which describe these expeditions. Infact, there is no archaeological evidence that can be securely dated between the 8th and the 10th centuries in Ibiza. It is possible that there was a significant population decline during this period to the point that the Andalusian chronicles show no need to include Ibiza as part of the pact. Some authors are still recently underlying the fact that there is a very scant archaeological evidence from the 8th and 9th centuries and that is a common future of the three islands. Masluir, Kao and Therrea Barthosa are the latest authors pointing at these evidence. Very few finds have been recorded and it is not yet possible to describe the settlement pattern between the early 8th century and the end of the 9th century. Findings of coins of the 8th and 9th century could be explained according to Barceló and Rotamero by the existence of fiscal relationship as a result of the mentioned pact. After the events in the mid 9th century the islands were not mentioned again by Arab sources until the official conquest done by Hisa Malhaulani in 902. Although the sources only mention the island of Majorca the immigration of tribal groups from the eastern part of Andalus took place on the three islands. Since Ibiza was geographical in the closest to the Iberian Peninsula it must have also functioned as a stopover point for those travelling to Majorca and Norca. A number of governors, Wally, named by the Emir of Córdoba came after the first governor, Hisa Malhaulani. The presence of Amil, a delegate whose main function was to collect the taxes of a district on behalf of the Emir and future Caliph Adalharman shows that the islands were submitted to the Umayyad Authority. A number of individuals with this role have been documented throughout the 10th century. However, Retamero and Moll have emphasised the weak presence of the Caliphate Authority as evidenced in the numismatic record. Again, according to Retamero, the colonisation of the islands after the 902 was undertaken separately from the administrative organisation of the Caliphate as the Caliphate was not able to control the creation of new settlements from a fiscal point of view. Following the numismatic record then it seems that migration has neither administratively directed nor organised. Only in the 11th century was the type of state capable of regular fiscal intervention in the rural networks of settlements. In this context we should also note the insignificance of the development of Medina Mallorca, the main city of the islands before the 11th century. It can be suggested that the establishment and function of administrative districts in Mallorca or of the short collection of English documents in Ibiza occurred after an organised rural colonisation. We know of these administrative divisions through Catalan documents written after the Christian conquest of the Balearic Isles in the 13th century. The Repartiment, the Remembranza in Mallorca and the Memorial Division is in Ibiza. All are written records of the distribution of the newly conquered lands between the feudal lords who participated in the conquest. Written references to the administrative organisation of the islands are so scarce that it's difficult to trace how it works or who held the main responsibilities. But the tribal groups established in the islands don't seem to have been excluded since they were enough influential to give the name to the administrative districts. Barcelona has analysed the toponymy associated with these administrative regions in some of which are related to well identified Berber groups. Arta, nowadays Arta, coming from Yartan, which is the Arabisation for the name of the Berber Aetiraten, cana rosa, from cana rosa, which derives from the word cana that should be related to the Vanuarous, manacor refers to the Berber mancur. Concerning Menorca, no evidence for similar administrative divisions exists. The documents generated by the 1287 conquest divide Menorca into three major portions, Cintadella, the Castle of Santa Agedda and the Castle of Malo. It is unclear whether these terms were based on Muslim administrative divisions. The three castles, named Xum, in the Arabic sources, which we know of in Menorca were already occupied before 902. And were used by the inhabitants of Menorca as a shelter from which they could resist attack as mentioned in several other chronicles in their accounts of the great conquest expeditions and the conquest of Isam al-Haulani. Al-Sufri describes the Isam al-Arum as a large fortress where the room local in habitants hide and resisted over eight years. Ibn Khaldun mentions how Isam al-Haulani undertook the conquest by means of occupying one by one on the issue. Furthermore, the three castles of Alaró, Felanich and Valenza are mentioned by Alidici in the 12th century. And finally, all of them reappear in the narrations and documents of the Catalan conquest in the 13th century. A thorough study of this Khusum has not yet been undertaken. All of these Khusum are located on a big rock platform where there are several cisterns and walls specially where it is easier to climb. In Alaró and Felanich springs of fresh water, humans existed, though are now lost. The documents of the 13th and 14th centuries refer to works completed in the castles, but it's difficult to ascertain without a careful analysis and excavation the building phases and their chronologies. The recent deployment of the castle of Santuari discovered significant remains of Byzantine and Muslim date, specially coins, rings, bows, wightings and documents. Other small fortifications could exist at least where place names indicate their existence. Casteloxan, Castelo, Castelo, El Castellan, Castellich, Castellonion all names that are recorded in written documents. The last one, Castelion should be in Arabic Castil al-Yun, the castle of the springs and was probably located at the end of the island where several dry stones have been identified but not properly studied. The fact that these fortifications have been preserved in the place name of some rural settlements, alquirías is the Arabic name, demonstrates that they were probably peasant structures. In any case, in the 13th century they were viewed in the post-conquest written records as rural settlements as alquirías. Only a small fortified site has been recently excavated in the north west of the islands by Alberto, Garcia and others. The Butch de Naurisca in Calviá is a tallaiot prehistoric megalitic tower against which rooms were built during the medieval deadland. The excavation of the rooms has yielded a number of earths and pottery assemblages. The site has been identified as a hill where according to James, King James Chronicle the Andalusian defenders took a stand against the Catalan invaders in 1229. Most of the pottery found in the excavation has been dated to this period. Although some pieces suggest that the site might have been inhabited from as early as the 11th century. In any case, the medieval rooms are in all respects identical to other domestic structures found as they were on the islands like those excavated in Menorca by Cereth Guelph or myself. The Catalan records concerning the path of Cap de Pera signed by King James and the inhabitants of the island and also concerning the conquest of the island clearly distinguish between the castles Maó, Santágeda and Ciutadena. Ciutadena is the translation of Alcaso, an urban fortification which in the path of Cap de Pera is alluded to as Almirain de Porto Minurica the fortified palace of the port. In a brief description of Menorca mid 13th century even inside Almagribí claimed that the center of the island was dominated by a big fortress of the island of the island a big fortress hism probably referring to the castle of Santa Águela. The toponym Saint Agaín mentioned in the path of Cap de Pera has been interpreted by Rosilo Porto as one of those cases in which Saint or San is derivated of Sanat slope or hillside and Agaín in this case Agaís the plural of Agaín Catalan notaries transformate it in a same place. The castle of Santa Águela is at the summit of the third highest hill on the island the fortification is rather large approximately five hectares in size and can be divided into three enclosures with towers. Different construction phases can be appreciated but the chronology is uncertain because the castle has not been subject to archaeological excavation. A recent intervention carried out by the consen de Menorca the local government institution in order to clean and consolidate a wall a system on the channel has not given you details about the reason. Also a road was built to allow access for the equipment necessary for the walls causing damage to two sections of the wall. These walls were undertaken with no expert archaeological supervision. Quater supply depend on systems some of which are very large the remains of the walls can be appreciated in the interior of the castle and there are large quantities of tiles and pottery that suggest a permanent occupation. There are no fortifications remains in Ilytha apart from the city walls but there is mention in the memory and vision is of two quila located on the boundaries of the districts at present there is no archaeological evidence for this. Tala in singular is one of the terms used in the Arab literature sources to designate the earliest fortifications after the conquest in Alhambra and in Alhambra. So one of them Jebel Alcalá lent his name to a hamlet Caria Alcalá which indicates the loss of its original defensive form the function and location of the fortifications are uncertain. The toponym Sa Cala in Formentera is located on the top of a coastal cliff on the northeastern part of the island. The site has been recently excavated by Ramón and Colomar with the goal of investigating a prehistoric fortification. The toponym does not refer to a cove or a small beach in Catalan Cala there are no coves in this part of the coast. The fact that the site comprises a prehistoric wall and tower to which several rooms where added during the Islamic period similarly to the Namoriska site already mentioned suggests that the toponym is Islamic steaming from Alcalá and that it refers to a small fortification which produced prehistoric structures as in the case of Namoriska in Mallorca the rooms included remains of earths built with refractory clay and pottery assemblages that in this case were heavily destroyed. Again this kind of structures are also found in the 13th century excavation of domestic context in Mallorca. A new batter of settlement was organized after the conquest. The great majority of clans of tribal groups which immigrated to the islands came from Alandrax, the Iberia Peninsula and they established themselves in short shortly after the conquest of the islands by Ismail Haulani in 902 According to Barceló the possibility of colonizing the islands was not considered under the activities of the Barrión groups of sailors with tribal organization provided the necessary information on harbors, roots, naval requirements and settlement conditions. This pre-conquest assessment was essential for the effective organization of the micro groups so the bulk of the organization would have taken place from the 902 onwards. The strong homogeneity in the settlement patterns and the technology that was employed to transform the rural landscape indicates that the colonization was completed in a brief period of time. The skills and knowledge required to do the selection were to build agricultural spaces and settlements would have been acquired and in mainland Alandrax before the conquest and the beginning of the tension. So the process of colonization can be recognized in the spatial decisions made by the groups of micro groups. Irrigated ideas appear to be the access around which all other technical choices were made. The term for these rural settlements used in the documentary sources from Alandrax and in the bulk of Catalan documents is Alquería Gixar defines the Alquería as a rural hamlet of village inhabited by a human group with a common origin whether tribal or clan. This has led some researchers to identify the term as a place of rural residents. However, in Alquería is more than this. It also refers to a territory where there can be more than one residential area, more than one cultivation area including pastures and gathering areas. The boundaries of these lands are not always precise and we do not know how permeable they were. There are cases where within the boundaries of a clan territory there were many other clan settlements. We will see some examples later. The records written after the conquest of Mallorca often provide detailed descriptions of even the smallest Alquerías down to the number of houses from three to 20 houses the biggest one. A document, for instance, a document from 1281 describes three hamlets in the valley of Alru. Benaugir was made up of eight houses a vegetable garden two vineyards and two olive tree groves. Yenfan had four houses two plots of four cereals and two gardens comprising an irrigated area of less than one hectare in size. Banyons had three houses a mosquí two plots cultivated with fodder three vegetable gardens a vineyard and a plot of land which the document describes as uncultivated comprising an irrigated area of three and a half hectares in size. So, very small size settlements. Other Alquerías are somewhat bigger and are generally found in association with larger irrigation systems. Umiola, for example, must have had a maximum of 20 houses and 10 irrigated hectares while Almaró had approximately 10 houses and 15 irrigated hectares. It is more difficult to establish with any precision the function of the rows in other rows. The definition provided by Dixar refers to a private exploitation usually located on the outskirts of the towns. However, this description would only fit the rows located in the immediate surroundings of Madina, Mallorca where there are a number of them some of which belong to people with a public public role. In the rural areas in contrast, the Raghals seem to have constitute peasant workplaces that played complementary role to the Alquerías. Raghals were area areas of passión, cultivated plots farms. Some had groups of houses similar to those found in Alquerías. In the documents produced after the Catalan conquest which record the size of Alquerías and Raghals, they later are said to be comparatively smaller. There are a number of documentary examples where Alquerías are mentioned with their Raghals or Raghals. The relationship between the Alquerías and the Raghals reinforces the interpretation of Raghals as complementary areas of work linked to the Alquerías. Some of the Raghals evolved to a more stable settlement similar to the Alquerías. Some of them are called Alquerías in the Christian freedom record. For instance, the Raghals who are called Alquerías Raghals showed that Catalan coqueros didn't see a significant difference between Alachal and Alquería. Probably what originally was only a subsidiary working area had become a distinct and stable settlement by the 13th century. Alquerías and Raghals were organized in networks of settlements established around irrigated areas and in large clan territories where meadows, woodland and scrubland allowed for livestock farming, hunting and nothing. Irrigación would have enabled the people to be independent from rainwater which is especially important given the rainfall is rather scarce but at the same time irrigation would also have determined the size and the shape of cultivation areas to which the water was delivered. The largest irrigated areas could have been shared by several groups and the smaller ones were usually exploited by a single group but in general we deal with very small irrigated areas from less than one hectare of surface for the smallest ones to a one around 15 for the biggest one being the average size of one hectare as well as the central option of irrigated areas complementary strategies suggest stock breeding and dry agriculture were developed but they are less no, the peripheral groups dedicated to the breeding of livestock or the growing of crops are dependent on rain the networks therefore not format by settlements which had the same demográfico or the same opportunities as many as 31 settlements were located in the valleys of the southern slope of the main orchestra mountain range many along the primary and secondary streams some of the toponyx in these valleys refer to berber plants several of which are known to have founded a number of settlements in the islands we can see three examples of them the Banuagil, the Banuforanic and the Banuaroos are both examples of segmentation and redeplication of the place the 31 settlements exhibí a close relationship with the points where water was obtained for irrigation through the building of cannons the largest hydraulic systems were constructed along the central waterways in the valleys of this part of the Traumontan mountain range for instance the systems of Honola covered around 10 hectares those of Juanegra almost 8 hectares and the one of Amaro 15 hectares these systems had the most abundant supplies of water also the water mills were concentrated in these places these systems were often shared by several alquerias we can see the example of Juanegra and it was also here that most of the mills were concentrated situated in the small tributary valleys of the central waterways there were other settlements which were also associated with irrigated arellias but were much smaller with irrigated surfaces of less than 2 hectares and one share only in exceptional cases they had mills in other regions of Mallorca hydraulic systems are not so abundant such as in the part of Manacol studied by Sages and the Terra de Calanis studied by Perfello and myself in the southeast part of the east island where water collection did not exist and irrigation depended mainly on natural springs this means that a large number of settlements were not linked to irrigated areas but rather relied on semi-wild and domestic husbandry taking advantage of scrubland and marshland pastures non-irrigated agriculture which was principally based on cereals probably developed in the outskirts of these wet areas in the Terra de Calanis the Banforanic built an irrigated space using the most powerful spring in the region which measured around 8 hectares the Banfarer touched water for irrigation and a series of small springs situated on the southern slope of the hill where the heath of the Elaniche was located Other settlements named after tribal rules are mentioned in the written record as being associated to stop breeding and secondly to dry family As in the case of the Terra de Calanis in the area of Manacol studied by Sages was also around and irrigation depended mainly on natural springs the Manco in this case built the largest irrigated area spread over almost 7 hectares and with two water fields what is interesting of this case study is the central settlement called Cariat Assop which is the Catalan Natural Transformation of Cariat Alchique the market of Caria was probably a rural market that produced a stable that finally produced a stable settlement notice that all the road point to this place in the eastern sector on the island another network settlement was formed around the berber group of the heath Iraten the name of the juice Yarden is linked to this group which also had other alquerías in the island the alquería Almudaina of Artano Almudaina is an Arabic word for fortification fortified palace located in a hill in present day artan most have been inhabited by the Iraten and is associated with one of the largest hydraulic systems in the region approximately 8 hectares in size and two watermills the territory was settled by both berber and Arab groups including the Banuamira, Banuachen, Banuara Banuainan, Banujamila Banuatinda this region has been studied by Archimere the map of Ibiza highlights the association of settlements with the cultivated areas not the irrigated spaces, the wet and drainage areas near the madina of Ibiza the aluvial lands around the final stretch of Cuscastel stream the area of the plain of Cessalinas which is also drainage and finally the colleges of Corona and Abarca in the north which were probably used as pastures the map shows that the irrigated systems are concentrated around the basin of the Santa Blamia river the short streams which flow towards the northern coast of the England the streams of Fuiterra and Yavanera which flow into the bay of Ibiza that of Cuscastel which flows into Pornman Bay and several lesser streams on the southern coast there are extensive areas with no drainage spaces in both the western part and the northern eastern part of the island the absence of streams or courses that could be used for irrigation corresponds with a lower density of ceramic mines as well as depth of preserved, of documented and the lucid place names Special mention should be made of the area near the Madina in the Plada Vila where several groups alongside the inhabitants of the town built an orchard area surrounding an extensive area of Huetland Amongst them there were the pervers banal ager who have already seen them in Mallorca and the Sumata This orchard area was mentioned in the Memorial Edition and over the documents written after the conquest mentioned is also made in the Liber Majorikinos a chronicle of Catalan and Pison attack and the saking of the Balearic islands that occurred in Tuadxentri The humidity of the water flowing from the drainage channels would have been sufficient to guarantee the crops However water wells are mentioned in text and several wells for supplying them have been found Another good example of a network of settlements is the group of four berber settlements in the valley of Buzcastell the Banofarga the Banukarbo and the Banukawara built and managed an irrigated space two and a half hectares with four mills the channel begins in a spring and runs along the valley In Menorca settlement networks were organized around irrigated spaces built at the bottom of sea ravines in the south of the islands studied by Barcelona and Retamer These were small irrigation systems less than one hectare in size The settlement was located at the upper end of the ravines less than ten minutes walk from the irrigation systems There are also a large number of toponyms with berber roots Benifemíres Benifemíres Benifepalsits Benisegarra Some of the toponyms also refer to Arab groups such as the Yemeni I only do a short reference cites in order not to extend too much my legend. There was no continuity between Roman and Islamic cities, although the islamic Martina Mallorca reused the Roman defensive structures. In Poland several beats, a few structures, plundered stretches and assemblage of pottery demonstre following Orphila and Riera Ruina and the occupation of the following area between the 10th and the 11th centuries. The chronology for the necropolis placed over the former Polandia, obtained by radiocarbon dating, places between the 9th and the 12th centuries a series of burials that didn't follow an islamic rhythm. Following Kao and Overs, the interpretation of these burials and their chronology constitutes an unresorbed issue for the world. Iberjaldun's account of islam, if Issam Al-Hawlani's conquest includes the earliest illusion to the urban organization of the islands, probably referring to Madinuilka. According to this account, Issam Al-Hawlani ordered the construction of mosques, inns, fundos and baths. Riera Fraud thinks that during the period of the Caliphate, the city of Madinuilka does not appear to have extended beyond the Roman limits. The city wall was already built in the early 12th century as demonstrated by the accounts of the Catalan peasant expedition. The libero maioliquinos contains a detailed description of the city, which is prouled on either side of a tomb and has been constructed and was surrounded by walls. This description also mentions the channel that broke water from a canal, built extrafeso 8 km north of the city. This channel is related to us in El Amir, a term which has been interpreted as a Latinization of Ein Alamir, the Emir's String. The course of the wall has been reconstructed by Riera Fraud, who claims that the main factor in the desing of the wall was not the number of people to be sheltered, but the presence of the channel and its lateral branches. All the streets are taken account of these water branches. According the documents, right after the feudal conquest, at that time the city had around 3,500 houses, 60 mosquitos and 5 public maps. The markets, including those specializing in coal, silver, tools and pottery, were located near the gates. These urban developers did not crystallize the water until the 11th sheet. Yavisa was considered a small city by the Andalusian chronicles. Per Idrissi states that in Yavisa there is a good city which, despite its small size, has all the amenities required by civilization. Alcimiali describes it as a good small city which has all the things that one finds in a big bubble cities. The Catalan referred to this urban center as Castro, and those they appear not to have considered it a proper city. Again, Libero Majoriquinos conveys a detailed description of the city, especially the walls, which comprise it in three circuits, that are on the cars that run around the city and one that encircle a suburban area or urban. This account also mentions the moat, which is described as a channel flooded with wet water from the marshals. The excavations undertaken in Yavisa all town have discovered several of the sections of the walls and towers and a part of this suburban mansion in the Brighton sources. Very little is known about Madina Manulica. There have been some excavations, but these have only been partially published. The reconstruction of the Islamic city proposed by Retamerro Anmol chiefly depends on the documents generated after the Christian conquest in the late 13th century. According to these authors, Madina was in the late 13th century and was bigger than five hectares in size. Inside the city, written documents, mentioned houses, pipe furnaces, two corn markets, bread oens near the mosque and gardens and fodder fields, which occupied the unbuilt spaces. There was also a castle, the residence of the rise of Manulica at the moment of the conquest. The Balearics, then urban centers, were chiefly promoted by the Caliphate and especially the Tifa Kingdom. The numismatic records suggest that the fiscal structure of the island became consolidated in the Tifa-Penet portion. And it is therefore not surprising that the urban development of the three main cities did not take off until the 11th century. As I'm already concluding, as pointed out above, the initial process of colonization must have happened over a short time span and involved sufficient numbers to guarantee the success. Barceló suggests the first half of the 10th century for this process of establishing the cave features of rural settlement and the agricultural systems upon which they depended. The observed homogeneity shows that any later modifications of this type of settlement had never significantly changed the initial system and they are difficult to recognize because they still use the same technical knowledge and the same selection criteria. To date, however, it has been difficult to identify this process archaeologically. We have detected the network of settlement in the agricultural area than to say that the Catalan invaders in the 13th century when they reached the peak of their development. We have identified traces of the processes that followed the initial settlement. For instance, the conversion of rations originally subsidiary working areas into arquerias or the building of new irrigated areas next to the original ones as a way of expanding the initial agrarian space. However, our knowledge does not extend to all phases of colonization. We still lack of georchaeological studies and precise dating of these agricultural areas. Besides, there are very few excavated rural settlements in the Balallaric Isles. Only recently have the Islamic strategic context been paid attention. But most these are risk-rescue excavations or are related to projects whose goal is not to investigate the endangering settlement but rather a reused prehistoric site. There is no ongoing long-term excavation project that aims to analyze rural settlement patterns. Thus, the settlement distribution has been analyzed mainly through archaeological survey, idroric archaeology and the analysis of the place names. By enlarge archaeological surveys have not yielded material that predates the 11th century and very few excavated assemblages have been dated to the 10th century. From Mallorca, we should note the collections of the small jars found in the pre-used rehistoric of late Roman settlements. In Mallorca, no archaeological context dating to the 10th century has been found to that. In Ibiza, in contrast, the analysis of the material held by the Museum of Ibiza and for Mentera and the small pottery assemblages coming from the castle excavation has led to the identification of a local ceramic tradition and that could be under way as early as the 10th century. If there is something peculiar about these peasant groups that settled in the Balallaric Isles the technical means by which they undertook the colonizing and there from the overseas transport of people, animals, plants, seeds and tools to the selection and construction of agricultural spaces. They created a peasant-based network of settlements that was to determine the settlement pattern of to the modern age. In any case, in its initial configuration during the caliphate the state played no substantial role in the formation of agricultural spaces on which the livelihood of the peasant groups depended. Pro-search carried out over the last 30 years in the Balallaric Islands has not only allowed for an accurate description of the migration process and the technical means with which the following colonization was affected but also has shown the scale of the process. The average surface area irrigated by the hydraulic systems in the Balallaric is relatively small around one hectare in average. Expondent out by Redamero the small size of the agricultural units was not only related to the technical limitations of the hydraulic systems but also to a deliberate policy. Despite their small size these agricultural systems had a substantial ecological impact. The migration of peasant groups in the 10th century resulted in the emergence of a new agrarian landscape with no direct local precedence that may have conditioned the colonization pattern. The excavation of agrarian structures that were used before the arrival of muslim colonists for the processing of agricultural and animal products has not provided evidence for the previous land use structure. In any case, pre-islamic settlements which provide little evidence for continuity after the 7 or the 8 centuries were not usually do you get after the 10th century. The explanation for this lies in the following facts. The settlement of the Berber and Arab immigrants was heavily conditioned by the selection of appropriate spaces for cultivation and the agricultural model imported by the new arrivals was entirely novel both in technical, irrigation systems and landscape terms occupation of the valley, bottoms and some terracing slopes. The re-occupation of some Roman settlements especially Pama and the abandonment of others like Polencia or Sanicera in Menolca also resulted in the emergence of a new urban model. Even if the survival of Christian groups at least in Polencia with roads that stretch back to late antiquity after the 8th century and 9th century and even in the 10th century is finally ascertain. It do not undermine the enormous impact that Berber and Arab migration had from the 10th century onwards. And finally the new agrarian landscape that emerged from the Berber and Arab immigration was to have a crucial impact on the colonization instigated from the 13th century onwards by the feudal conquerors. The Catalan colonists led by the feudal lord encontred rigid irrigation spaces which they tried to adapt to a new production regime based on the collection of feudal rents. Thank you for your attention.


Wednesday morning everybody. It's actually not that frosty. It's only minus 14 this morning. Nice! That's nine Fahrenheit. Isn't that awesome? You see that's why we have those really, really, really bone-chilling cold weather days where it goes down to minus 30, minus 40. We have those days so that we appreciate the better days. Because there wouldn't be any good days without bad days. If there weren't any bad days, what would we have to compare the good days to? They would all just be normal days and they'd all just be mediocre. Not that exciting. You have a couple of bad days. Now you have something to compare the better days to. Now the better days are good days. There's a lot of good days out there. Okay, because there's only a few bad days. I have bad days too, believe me. Even though I say I'm going to have a good day, sometimes I have a bad day. But you know what? That makes the next day even better because the next day is not as bad. I don't know. I heard this. I think I heard this on a podcast somewhere. This, it's not my quote. We couldn't have good days without bad days. But let's hope for good days all the time. Let's try to make the bad days as good as we can. But when the good days come, they're great days. There we go. There we go. Now that's mine. Trailer 79009. It's supposed to be empty and waiting for me. Turning in here. This stay cab looked that nice. Wow. A lot of traffic and tool on today. What's going on people? Everybody's busy. A rush hour. That guy's turning and that guy's turning. Okay. Wait, where are you turning though? You're turning there. You have your signal on. Okay. My turn. Trucker Josh's turn. Let's get on the road. That drives those around all the time in the summertime. That sounds like a pretty nice, nice, relaxed way to spend the summer. Sitting inside an air-conditioned cab. Bringing dirt from one side of the pit to the other. I think you've met him before. I've showed him in the, his name is James. I've showed him in the video a couple of times. A couple of years ago. And he drives those big dump trucks. I think that'd be a lot of fun. Go up here and turn down this road. That is where my freight is waiting for me. Go in here and try this food. I've heard it's really good. It's called Fridays. One of these days. It's a nice little small town diner or restaurant. Warmer weather today but that also means that we're dealing with messier roads. They're finally moving house trailers into this lot here. This is a new development here for mobile homes. They just put in all the infrastructure for it this summer here. You can see other ones that are already installed there. They're making it bigger. Nice. Getting loaded a little later than I thought. Just fine. I'm here for my appointment and there's two trucks in front of me here yet that are getting loaded. One's getting loaded right now then there's another one in front of me and I'm the third in line now so fine with me. Lots, lots to do obviously. So this will just have to hurry up and wait. Play the waiting game. It's also called trucking if you want to know the same thing. We're already all buttoned up. Less than 40 minutes. Wasn't the same hurry up and wait that I have to do other days. Usually here it's pretty quick. We got that's this pretty simple freight and it's going to South Carolina. Once again I wish I could be going with it. Make sure you send back some warm weather all right. Other places when I say hurry up and wait usually you gotta hurry and get there just to wait all day to be loaded. Here there is two trucks in front of me and I'm still out of here in 40 minutes. That's not bad at all. The guys here are really good. What do we got going on here? Uh-oh somebody's getting a spanking. Gonna have to wait for oncoming traffic to pass. Mr. Day-O-T. M-O-T here in Manitoba. It's spankens. I hope it's not a two for one day I'm out of here. Never seen them on this structure road before. It's probably why he's here. The element of surprise. Can't win in Manitoba winter. We finally had a warmer a couple of days right and you get the warmth. You're all excited but then you get the snow. Look at this mess. Look at this mess. Huh? What's that? Every time. It's okay though. It's okay. That's what we expect. I'd rather have the snow than the cold. If I had to pick one. I mean if I had a choice I'd pick none of them. Christmas and New Year's are over. I have no more use for snow. None. We can truck it all away. Load it all up. Take it away. Someone out there I'm sure wants it. Oh boy. How do I move this seat? Ah there we go. Okay let's go home. So I don't think we're getting too much snow. Let's just check real quick. It's just supposed to snow tonight. It's not that bad. But that's how it is in Manitoba though. Right in the winter time either it's super cold. Clear skies. Super cold. Not snowing. Or you get warmer temperature which raises the humidity and the humidity's got to come back down. It's not going to rain in winter so what's it going to do? It's going to snow. So when the temperature gets around melting point or below minus 10 Celsius it's going to snow. If you think about it it's almost spring. We're a lot closer to spring 2020 than we are to winter. If you think about it it doesn't have to make sense. You just have to see. Well we're closer to spring than we are to next winter. There you go.  There you go. Just keep that in mind. The next winter is far away yet. It's only supposed to snow till 6 p.m. Around 7 it's going to slow down or stop. And tomorrow 12% chance of precipitation. Today we had a 99% chance of precipitation. Wow they got that right. That means 1% of the territory within that weather broadcasting range, 1% of that territory is not getting snow. And I think what they mean by that is 1% of the territory is not getting snowed. So the land between where the snowflakes fall. You get one snowflake that falls here, one snowflake that falls here. Right here it's not snowing. See? That's how they get it. I want to go home. Let me get it going to get on the treadmill again tonight. Yesterday I walked an hour on the treadmill. I actually got 3.6 miles in or something. Not bad, not bad. If I say so myself. I felt really good after that. So I want to do it again today and I want to try doing it every day. It's too cold to go walking outside. I prefer to walk outside. But when it's this cold, we got the treadmill and I'm going to put it to use. I really, really want to get, get this belly down a little bit. I'm turning into a little bit of a tub. Okay. I realize that. I want to do something about it. I'm going to try, all right? I'm going to try. Got to stay healthy. At least I can say I tried. Walk myself in so I can't get out. It's getting a little bit colder for night again. Still doing a lot better than we were before. A couple of days ago.  You ready? I got my other jacket on. Sweet. I can't be seen. No, not working. I'm working on it. Okay. Wiener, come on little guys first. Come on, front of the line. Wiener's first. Okay. There we go. Diesel, you're leaving your cow inside. Sorry, buddy. Sorry, buddy. We're just going to leave them there. Okay. Come on. Let's go. Go to the yard. Go on. So the Christmas lights have come down, except for that red and green strand there. But that's because that's where the icicle lights go that are hanging on the front of our house right now. So when I take them off the front of the house, I put them there. I disconnected the red and green on the back here and also around the house. It's not special when you light up your yard for Christmas, if you leave the lights on all year round or for too long, right? It's supposed to be a special season. I already light them up quite a bit earlier than a lot of people. So usually after like Ukrainian or Eastern Orthodox Christmas on January, what is it, seventh or eighth? Somewhere in there? Then I turn them off and then next year is another year. It's coming.


Hello and welcome to this presentation of the STM32 Serial Audio Interface, or SAI. It covers all the features of this interface, which is widely used to connect external audio devices. The SAI integrated inside STM32 products provides an interface, allowing the microcontroller to communicate with external audio devices such as amplifiers, ADCs, DACs, or audio processors. This interface is fully configurable and supports most audio standards, allowing easy connection to existing audio devices. Thanks to internal synchronization features, the amount of IO pins is reduced to its minimum. The SAI can be programmed in four different modes. Free protocol mode gives access to the adjustment of several parameters, allowing the SAI to support standards such as I2S, PCM, TDM, etc. Thanks to its flexibility, it is possible to customize the serial interface if needed. SPDIF protocol mode allows the SAI to transmit audio samples using the IEC 6958 standard. PDM interface mode allows the SAI to connect up to six digital microphones for beam forming or simple speech capture applications. And AC97 protocol. The SAI supports all the usual audio sampling rates, according to the crystal frequency used for the application. In addition, the SAI supports the master and slave modes in half-duplex or full-duplex communication. It is also possible to synchronize several SAI interfaces together. The SAI also provides a FIFO buffer of eight samples and up to two interrupts and DMA interfaces. The SAI is composed of two independent sub-blocks, sub-block A and B. Each sub-block has its own APB interface, clock generator, FIFO buffer, DMA interface, and interrupt interface. Each sub-block can be configured in receiver or transmitter mode and in master or slave mode with its own protocol. Internal and external synchronization allows two sub-blocks to be synchronized or two SAI interfaces to be synchronized. Each sub-block can handle up to four IOs. For each sub-block, FS is the frame synchronization, SCK is the bit clock, SD is the serial data, and MCLK is the master clock. In addition, a PDM interface allows the connection of up to six digital microphones. The STM32WB embeds one SAI instance. The SAI can receive a kernel clock or SAICKX. From DIVP output of system PL, the SAI can receive a kernel clock or SAICKX from DIVP output of system PLL, from DIVP output of SAI PLL, from HSI oscillators, or from an input pad, SAI1-EXTCK. The kernel clock is used by the SAI in order to generate the timing of the serial audio interface when configured in master mode. The free protocol mode makes it possible to emulate most of the common audio standard interfaces thanks to the flexibility of changing the behavior of several parameters, such as data justification, data size and position, frame size, frame period, frame polarity, sampling edge for the clock, and number of slot. The following example shows some of the possibilities of the interface for the I2S-like protocols. In an I2S-like protocol, each edge of the frame synchronization, or FS, is used to align the slot positions. The frame length, the duty cycle, and polarity can be adjusted. The clock data strobe edge can be selected as well. The position of the slots with respect to the frame edges can be selected. The size of the slots can also be adjusted. There must be an even number of slots per frame in I2S-like protocols. The following example shows some of the possibilities of the interface for the TDM-like protocols. In a TDM-like protocol, only one edge of the frame synchronization, rising or falling, is used to align the slots position. The frame length, the duty cycle, and polarity can be adjusted. The clock data strobe edge can be selected. The position of the slots with respect to the frame active edge can be selected. The size of the slots can also be adjusted, and the amount of slots per frame, up to 16. The SAI is able to handle up to 16 slots, and each slot can be individually activated or not. The inactive slots can be set in high impedance, or high Z. The slot size is always bigger than or equal to the data size. The SAI allows control of the position of the data inside each slot, and to set the unused parts of the slots to high Z if needed. This function can be helpful when the data line is shared between several devices. In master mode, the SAI can generate the master clock or MCLK, depending on the audio system configuration. The master clock provides a reference clock to the external audio codecs. In master mode, the SAI generates the frame synchronization signal or FS and the bit clock or SCK. The data line SD can be either input or output. In slave mode, the MCLK signal is not used. In slave mode, the SAI receives the frame synchronization signal or FS and the bit clock or SCK from another device. External or internal. The data line SD can be either input or output. In master mode, it is up to the SAI to generate the appropriate timings to provide the correct sampling rate. In slave mode, the sample rate is provided by the external audio device. Note that it is possible to generate a master clock to an external device even when the SAI is not enabled. This feature can, for example, provide a clock to an external codec during the configuration phase. The clock generator is needed for master mode communications. It is used to adjust the sampling rate of the serial audio interface. The clock generator provides the root frequency for the MCLK, SCK and the FS. When the master clock or MCLK is generated, the frame length must be a power of 2. The ratio between the FS frequency and the MCLK frequency is set to 256 or 512 according to the OSR bit. The clock SAICK is provided by the STM32WB RCC block. When the MCLK is not generated, the frame length can take any value from 8 to 256. In this case, the frequency of the SCK bit clock is directly given by the clock received on the SAICK input, divided by the MCK div value. The internal synchronization can be used for communications needing two data lanes, such as full duplex I2S. All the sub-blocks synchronized together must use the same protocol characteristics. One of the sub-blocks can be configured in master mode while the other is in slave mode, or it is possible to configure both sub-blocks in slave mode if the master device is external. In order to reduce the data size, it is possible to insert in the datapass an ALaw or microlaw compander. Note that ALaw and microlaw are not lossless compressors. Compending modes are generally used in telephony. The small values are amplified and the big values are attenuated. The SNR tends to be identical for strong and for weak signals. The SAI also provides a mute function. In transmit mode, the user can choose to send zeros on muted slots or the previous transmitted value. The previous transmitted value is limited to configurations having one or two slots per frame. Note that in transmit mode, the TX-FEFO pointer is still incremented, meaning that the data which was present in the FIFO and for which the mute mode is requested is discarded. The receive mute mode can be helpful to detect an amount of consecutive slots having all data reset to zero. The anticipated or late frame error detection function increases the interface's reliability by detecting unexpected frame synchronization misalignment. A status flag is set and an interrupt can be generated as well. The application software will then have to restart the SAI interface. The SAI guarantees the data alignment even if an underrun or an overrun occurs. The SAI supports the Audio IEC 60958 standard in transmit mode when configured for the SPDIF protocol. The SAI generates the preambles and the parity bit according to the transmitted data. The software has to handle the CS, U and V bits. In the IEC 60958 specifications, the block structure is used to decode the channel status or CS and user information or U. Each block contains 192 frames. Each frame contains two subframes. The SAI automatically generates the B, M and W preambles. Preamble B detects the start of a new block and the start of a channel A. Preamble M detects the start of a channel A when it is not a block boundary and Preamble W detects the start of a channel B. Each subframe contains 32 bits divided into three fields. A synchronization preamble allows the detection of the block and subframe boundaries, a payload of 24 bits and status bits V, U, CS and P. The FSAICK frequency must be adjusted in order to generate the proper audio sample rate or FS. The data inside the transmit FIFO must be aligned as shown in this slide. The MSB of the data must always be at position 23. The PDM interface remaps the bit stream received from the digital microphones into TDM frames. The PDM interface waits for the reception of 8 bits from each microphone before sending a new TDM frame. In addition, the PDM interface offers an 8-bit delay line for each microphone stream. These delay lines are working with the resolution of the bit stream clock provided to the microphones. It enables beamforming applications and removes constraints on microphone placements. When the PDM interface is enabled, the serial interface of the subblock A cannot be used to connect an external device. This serial interface is connected internally to the PDM interface, and the subblock A must be configured in TDM mode as an RX master. The figure shows an example of connection of four digital microphones. Note that each data line D1, D2 or D3 can be connected to one or two digital microphones. The subblock B is still available for other applications, and can be used to connect an external device using TDM, PCM, I2S or any other supported protocol. With this PDM interface, the bit clock frequency has to be adjusted according to the sampling frequency and the number of microphones. The frame length is also adjusted according to the number of connected microphones. The SAI is able to work as an AC97 link controller. When this protocol is used, the frame length, the slot number and slot length are set by the hardware. Several events can be enabled in order to generate interrupts. The WCKCFG event can be used in order to inform the user that the frame length of the SAI has been improperly programmed. This feature only makes sense in master mode. The following table shows an overview of the SAI activity for the various possible power modes. The SAI is active in run and sleep modes and frozen in stop, standby or shutdown modes. The SAI needs the bus interface clock or APB clock and the kernel clock or SAICKX to work properly. For a full duplex master mode, two data lines are needed, so two sub-blocks need to be used. The master sub-block A provides the synchronization to the slave sub-block B using the internal synchronization feature or IO line management. Note that in this example, the sub-block B only uses the SDB. The amount of IOs is reduced to its minimum thanks to the internal synchronization. This is another kind of full duplex mode using the TDM protocol. Slot 1 is inactive or not used for sub-block A. Slots 2 and 3 are inactive for sub-block B. For both sub-blocks, the frame structure has four slots. Sub-block A will generate three samples per frame. Sub-block B will receive two samples per frame. This example shows the most important SAI settings in order to capture the samples provided by four digital microphones. In typical applications, the microphones receive a bit stream clock frequency 64 times higher than the wanted audio rate. If the application needs to handle a 16 kHz audio stream, then the bit stream clock provided to the digital microphones must be 16 kHz multiplied by 64, which corresponds to a clock frequency of 1.024 MHz. As there are four data streams, the bit clock SCKA must be four times higher than the bit stream clock provided to the microphones, which results in a bit clock frequency of 4.096 MHz. Using this configuration, the SAIA writes into its RX-FEFO and 8-bit data every time a slot is received. In order to reconstruct the 16 kHz audio signal, the software has to perform a low-pass filtering of each microphone stream followed by a decimation by 64.


Proudly we hail. New York City, where the American stage begins, here is another program with a cast of outstanding players. Public service time has been made available by this station to bring you this story as Proudly we hail the United States Army. Our story today is entitled Four Find a Target. This is the story of the enterprise and initiative of four soldiers, members of the great team of America's hard-hitting armed forces. Our first act curtain will rise in just a moment, but first did you know that you can get ahead, enjoy your work, have security and a steady job, all when you enlist in the United States Army? Why you'll get your first promotion when you've been in only a few months. There's a wide variety of jobs available, but most important, you'll be helping to preserve the national security of our country. Why don't you check at your local recruiting office and let them tell you how you can make the most of your life in the United States Army. And now your United States Army presents the Proudly we hail production for find a target. Okay, Ted, we're next. Okay, Bill. Right. Gunner, Mack, take over, it's all yours. Right, ready. Going, going, goes that. Oh, Lucretia scores again. Right on the nose, has another hit. Looks like if all of us keep it up, our tank battalion is gonna win that gunnery competition for sure. That's a hit. I hope we can swing it. The old man set on us winning so we get picked to go on the maneuvers. Yeah, I hear that he and Colonel Garrett have side bets on whose outfit will go. That could be, but I guess it's more than that. Seems like they've been sort of rivals from clear back in Europe when they were both with General Patton's Third Army as company commanders. Oh, it goes further back than that. When they were second jugs, they were both sweet on the same gal and Colonel Garrett got her. Well, whatever it was, it'll all depend on the score we get here. Hey, how was that one, Sarge? On the button. Okay, there's a ceasefire signal. Let's get old Lucretia going. That's all for today. Hey, when are we gonna get a driver for this buggy, Bill? I can't do two jobs, driving and gunner when we're out in the field exercise. Well, counting our chickens, eh? Don't worry, we got a guy coming in tomorrow from school. From school? Gee, I thought you could get one of the guys from another crew. Where's your influence? Don't worry, he'll be broken in before we go. We can all help him out. Yeah, I guess so. Okay, let's go. Hey, someone's looking for you, Sergeant. It's over there in the shop. Know who it is? Ah, some PFC, never saw him before. Okay, I'll take a look. Thanks. It's okay. You're looking for me?  I am? Who are you? The name is Flynn, bright-eyed and bushy-tailed Flynn. That supposed to mean something to me? Oh, I beg your pardon, PFC Michael Aloysius Flynn reporting for duty. I can't, it's soldier. Be civil. We'll get along fine. Been in to see the captain yet? Have I? Wow. What do you mean, wow? You didn't pull any of that bright-eyed stuff on him, did you? Well, no, I was only wishing to inject a note of cheer and an otherwise dull morning. It's much too nice a day to be cooped up in the hot office. Come with me to the Kasbah. Maybe you don't like the Kasbah, huh? How about the snack bar? I buy you this, sir, dear? Oh, really? Isn't that big of you? Well, you know, if I made corporate, I could buy a malt. Oh, what a beautiful voice, almost as pretty as the face that goes with it. And that figure. Well, good day now. I'm afraid I have to leave you. A regretfully, of course, but this is my office. Office, office. Isn't it a shame a beautiful girl like you must slave away in a dingy old office why you should be in Hollywood? There are enough wolves around here, thank you. Goodbye. Even a single, it's the old wall game. Well, we got a good team this year. Looks like we got a good chance for the post-championship. Hey, speaking of championships, what about the results of the gunnery competition? What are they gonna post them? Well, I got the word. Strictly on the grapevine now. We're in. No kidding. Straight stuff. How about that? We win the target shoot, get a chance to go on maneuvers, really show what we can do. We're stuck with that long-haired Flynn. Ah, give the guy a chance. After all, he's been here only a week. What do you mean a chance? We got only two weeks to get ready. You're not kidding. Yesterday, he almost takes the corner of the maintenance shop trying to park. It's one of the boy Flynn. Give him credit for good taste and fast action. Look who he's dancing with. Huh? Sally Munchiepers, what's she doing here in the service club? This must be her night as a volunteer hostess. He'll never get any place with her. Every guy in the post is interested in that girl. All she's interested in is a slide rule and a variation on the quantum theory, whatever that is. Yeah, I danced around one night. She talked like my algebra book used to read back in school. Ah, well, he's trying anyhow. Up to the other afternoon, I was asking you the meaning of your slaving away over a hot typewriter when you should be out on a soundstage somewhere whispering sweet nothings into the ear of a handsome leading man. I assume you do slave over a hot typewriter. I do not. Oh, well, what then? I sometimes slave over an old IBM machine. I do statistical analyses. Merciful heavens, what's that? Well, if you have about three or four hours sometime, maybe I could explain it to you. Well, how about now? I'm afraid the present atmosphere wouldn't help you in grasping the subject. I'd love to grasp the subject any time, any place. How about out on the terrace? May I cut in? Oh, well, oh, Dick, how are you? Thank you so much, Mike. Well, don't think you're going to discourage me. I'm a very persistent character. I'm sure you are. Hey, that's a treat. Watch it. Oh, must. Well, beat's sakes, Flynn. You got the easiest job in the whole crew. Can it, Mike. Flynn, look out for that ditch. Yeah. I made it. I'm sure you got an eye testing you came in the army. He made it. Bill, he made it. What do you look right for the box? We almost hit those folders back there. Hey, yeah, I'm really getting the hang of it now. Everything has to start in the middle of the night, but that's the way it is, yeah? This time it's for something. At least these maneuvers are a break from the same old stuff. Yeah, I heard the old man's going to give three-day passes to the whole company that's first to carry out its objective. Well, how come? I thought when we won the battalion competition, we were picked for this. He made his point with Colonel Garrett. What's he steamed up about now? Well, didn't you hear the word? The maneuvers. Garrett Salford is going to be the defending army. Oh, I get it. He and the old man are still fighting it out on the same old line. That's right. Hey, you guys, come on. Where's Flynn? Oh, I don't know. He was around a minute ago. Well, he'd be better off without that guy. I can't. Well, yeah, I got troubles enough. I'm going to look for him. I'll meet you out with the parking area. Okay. Good morning. Who's this? Why, Michael Aloysius Flynn? Who else? What? You have your nerve? It's two o'clock in the morning. Oh, and what a morning. Of course the sun's not out yet, but I thought you might like to be awake, and it'll be sunrise in exactly three hours and eight minutes. I have nothing to say to you. Well, I thought you might like to say goodbye. Good, but... Oh, I'm going. Where? Sounds encouraging, anyway. What are you talking about? Hey, you must care. Oh. I'll be back anyway, so don't fret on me. And you called me up in the middle of the night to tell me that. I don't care if I... No, no, I know you don't mean it. Hey, here you are. Don't you know we're late? Come on, get going. Oh, I gotta go now, darling. Be good. Oh. Who in Tarnation could you find a talk to at this hour of the night? My heartthrob. Who else? Boy, you really know how to win friends and influence people. I sure do. Well, I thought you said we were in a hurry. Come on, let's go. We'll be on the march plan, but I want you to get this straight. We've got a long day ahead of us, especially you drivers. Now, you won't run into any difficulty if you'll keep the prescribed distance between you. And don't fall back too far, either. There's always a screwball motorist who'll try to cut in. And I want you to watch for him. Any questions? Okay, good luck. See you at the front. Oh, it's Watson. Yes, Captain?  I can depend on you not to struggle. Yes. Oh, yes, Dustin. You've got a new driver. How's he making up? He'll be okay. Right. A little easy on the intercom. He's always griping about something, except when he's out on the baseball field. Yeah. How are you doing, Flynn? Okay, sir. It's okay. Really got this old iron horse running smooth now. Yeah. Creeping up on the guy ahead of us again. Proper back ten feet. Okay. That was some picture at the movies. Dog gone thing drives you crazy.  Gee, Bill, there's nothing else to do. Well, start a game of rummy, then. You and Michael, make it quiet, huh? You got all the brakes. At least you can get some air up there. Us, we might as well be down in a coal mine or something. I'm gonna get me a canary so as I'll know when I'm about to keel over. Okay, okay. I wish we'd get into some action. This is the next of the last day, and all we've done is hang around battalion headquarters. You'll get action, all right. Get a move on. Let's get this buggy wash. I can't see the idea of washing. Everyone, it's gonna rain. Okay, okay. It's being done reserved. Gets me a pain right where... Hey, sir, say, everybody. I just heard that dog company was ambushed and knocked out. What? Hear that? There's your action. We'll be moving tonight. Meantime, hurry it up. Let's get the job done. You are listening to the proudly we hail production for Find a Target. We'll return in just a moment for the second act. Young man, be honest with yourself. Have you reached a standstill in life? Is each day just like any other? Are you worried about your future? And most important of all, are you feeling dissatisfied with yourself and your personal development? Well, if this description or any part of it fits you, it's just about time you investigated the opportunities waiting for you when you enlist in the United States Army. Every man in the Army has a skill. And more often than not, the Army taught him that skill in one of its fine schools. The Army offers an interesting present and a secure future with plenty of promotions along the way. And above all, the Army molds you into a man, a man whose family, friends, and country are proud of him. If you think you can measure up, stop in at your nearest recruiting office and see if you can qualify to wear the mark of a man, the uniform of your United States Army. You're listening to Proudly We Hail. Now we present the second act of Four Find a Target. Colonel's orders are to stay off the radio. That's how we lost Dog Company. Remember, the enemy is monitoring. There's been too much chatter. I know this rain's not very comfortable and we'll get going in a minute. Tomorrow's the last day. Now, things don't look so good for us. But if we can get this bunch of armored infantry through to the objective, we might still qualify for those passes that Colonel promised. Okay? Now, you, Dodson. Yes, sir.  There's always a chance of being encircled, so watch out. Yes, sir. Okay? Let's get going. Now, let's see if we can keep from getting proud of action like the others did. I thought it was stuffy before, did you? No, I'm kidding. I don't know how good I had it. I can't see a thing in this confounded rain. It's as black out as the inside of my hat. I feel just fine. Nice and warm and cozy in here. What are you guys kicking about anyway? Oh, come on. Can you see anything ahead? No, can't see a thing. Now, speed up a little. We must have dropped back too far. Right. Hey, hold it. Not too fast. This rain, if we catch that, we'll run over them before we can stop. It sure is black out. Brother, I'm glad I'm not driving this buggy. See anything yet? Not yet. Shall I go a little faster? No, you better not. Hey, how about getting on the radio? You heard the captain say to stay off it. But this is desperate. We don't want to go against orders. If you don't mind my saying so, Sarge, I think we'd have passed them by now if they were anywhere within a mile ahead of us. We weren't traveling over 15 miles an hour. I'm afraid you're right.  There was an intersection back there, Sarge. It might have gone down that road. That wasn't a plan. Well, something must have happened to change the plan. How about going back, taking a look anyway?  I guess we'll have to take a chance. Okay, turn around. Come on, Lucretia, baby. Get around there. Hey, turn on the radio and listen on the frequency. If we hear them, we'll know they're around somewhere, huh? Okay. There's nothing on it. Here's that side road. Which way? All we can do is flip a coin. Take a right, Flynn. Okay. Does anyone know where we are? Oh, don't ask silly questions. We may still be in Texas, but at the rate we're going, we won't be long. Well, anyhow, it's a big state. How long has it been since we left the convoy? Well, since we knew for sure we'd lost them... about an hour. Stop a minute. I want to open up the hatch and take a look around. Right. Don't forget your umbrella, Bill. That's better. There's a row of trees along the ridge over there. That mean anything to anybody? Hey, you sure it's a row of trees? On a ridge? Yeah, why? Well, the briefing this afternoon, you remember on the map? Boy, if we're where I think we are, wow! Wow what? Wow, we're about five miles behind the enemy line. Okay, take her up with the trees. Higher ground up there. Maybe I can see something.  Yeah. I can just make them out. You think it's all guys? Yeah, there's four tanks. And a jeep. Hey, the jeep's got a white flag. They're umpire. Well, let's let them have it. They've got a good position. They'll never see us until we open up. Well, wait. They won't see us. But if we try to ambush them, those umpires will allow us one or maybe two hits, but then we'll be knocked out. Yeah, this way if we lay low, who knows how much damage we can do before we get caught. All right. Be ready to fire in case they discover our position. Right. Ready, Mike? Oh, brother, what a beautiful shot. If I could just let go, I could pick them all off. One, two, three, four, like sitting ducks. Hold your fire. We go from here. We're going to keep away from the roads until we find out what the score is. I'll try to watch out for mines. Hey, Flynn, stop them in a minute. I see something. The telephone cable. We just cut it. I hope it's one of theirs. One thing, we don't have to worry about being seen only heard. Let's stop and cut the engine, Flynn. I'll see if I can get a line on where we are from that artillery. Hey, there's two guys coming across this field, signal people, looking for that break. Let's get my car by. Let's knock these characters out of the game. Okay, whoever you are, you've had it. I'm going out to settle. I can't see from here. What's going on? Well, like you said, it's a couple of linemen. Hey, it looks like they're giving them some lip. Hey, there's a jeep stopping. Oh, umpires. That'll take care of the lip, I guess. Yeah. Come on, move over. Let me take a look. They're taking down their serial numbers. Yeah. They're pinning on the white out-of-action badges. Oh, good enough. Straight ahead. Right. Surprise. Seems surprised to see us. Well, then we must be heading for something hot, sir. They turned around. They're following us. That's right. I wonder what the idea is. They had dropped us. They didn't think we were heading for action. That's for sure. I hope so.  Blast it, Sanders. When is that phone coming back in? Well, they sent out two men, sir. They haven't returned. Well, pull back Abel Company, the infantry. We'll have them contact a vision. We've been cut off too long. Right. And guys there. You think they'll allow us all 10? Tell you in a minute. Well, the umpire is coming over now. Looks like some kind of a map. Wonder what it is. Look at this boy. The map of all the minefields in the area. You know what that stands for? Headquarters. I think we're going to be soon eligible for some three-day passes. What is this fool report here? Tanks breaking through. What tanks? The only tanks the other army has are all down in this section. I don't know what it means, sir. Are you sure they're all down there? Well, obviously they aren't. It doesn't look like it, sir. Let's see. There's that mine laying platoon, two lines of men. And now this report. The man got back through from Abel Company. They're virtually wiped out. The umpire is countered 51 dead, 23 wounded, and the rest demoralized and dispersed. Very strange situation. Was there anything else, sir? No. I'm trying to get a messenger through to division. I've got to warn them of this new development. But that's where Abel Company was going. I know. Sir? Yeah? Are we... Well, that is, don't you think... No. Confound it? No. We'll stay here until we're ordered back. But, sir, if we're cut off, we can't be ordered back. Then we'll stay. Look at that old barn over there. It looks deserted. What about it? Well, a minute ago the door opened and someone came out. I think this is it. Right. Get up as close as you can without racing the engine. If I see anything, I'll shoot. Oh, I wish I could be there to see old man Garrett's face when we open up. Sanders? Sanders? Yes, sir. All right, come here. Uh, this is the message to send back to division. What? What's that? I'd say it was a tank. You'd say. I know blasted well it is. This is outrageous. This is battalion headquarters. Now we're busy here. You're way outside. I'm sorry, sir, but I'm afraid I have to drop on you. Of course, you might take it up with those umpires over there in that jeep. Umpires? Where? Blast it. I'd like to know how you did it, Sergeant. And so, Dotson, I want to congratulate you, as well as McGuire, Dixon, and Flynn. That was a wonderful job. As a matter of fact, that's not quite strong enough. It was stupendous. I still don't know how you manage it. One thing, Captain. We got the best driver in the business. And that goes for me, too, sir. Well, here are your passes. Oh, Flynn, just a minute. Yes, sir? You'd better stop by the first sergeant's desk on your way out. He says some girl's been calling you every day since we left. Sally's something. Wow! It shall not happen here. That is the unspoken prayer of every man in the United States Army. That is the unspoken reason for our growing military might. But the time has come to speak. The time has come to tell of that small phrase, those five words, it shall not happen here. Let us speak only to those young men of America who have not taken pause to think. Let's shout it in a voice that will reach into every city and village across the length and breadth of this great land. Young man, you are needed. You are needed to help preserve the peace. You are needed to serve in the United States Army to ensure for your loved ones that it shall not happen here. And while you serve, you'll be building a rewarding career for yourself. Everyone who wears the uniform of the United States Army is sharing in a service that is vital to our country. To each belongs the individual dignity which has characterized Army careers since the birth of our nation. In the Army, opportunity is open to all on an equal basis, affording its young members of today a chance to become technical specialists, instructors, leaders of tomorrow. You are urged to visit your local United States Army recruiting station at your earliest opportunity and ask about the technical careers in the United States Army. Remember, the need is urgent. This has been another program on proudly we hail, presented transcribed in cooperation with this station. Proudly we hail is produced by the Recruiting Publicity Center in New York for the United States Army. This is Mark Hamilton speaking, inviting you to tune in next week at this same time for another interesting story on proudly we hail.