Okay, yeah. So welcome everybody. Today we are delighted to have Sami Asaf from USC speaking about an insertion algorithm for multiplying super polynomials by super polynomials. Please go ahead. Thanks. Thanks for the invitation to speak. The slides, I think the link to the slides will be posted in the chat. So if you, if you like spoilers, then you can go ahead and look ahead at all of that. Most of what I'm talking about today, oh, hang on, I'll put the chat up right in front of me. So maybe I'll see if you have questions in the chat. Most of what I'm talking about today is joint work with my amazing collaborator, Nance Alabair-Jaron. So here's the plan of my talk. We'll have a, we'll have a break right here, which is actually the halfway point. So the first thing I'll tell you about is what I did during COVID. I played around and found a rule for multiplying a super polynomial times a sure polynomial. And then in the second part of my talk, I'll tell you about super polynomials that most of you here just judging by the names, no more about super polynomials than I do, but I'll tell you my way of thinking about them because it leads to the second half of the talk where I'll tell you the insertion algorithm that proves the conjecture up here. And this part here is all joint with Nance Alabair-Jaron. So that's the plan. We'll get started. The first part of this talk should be very easily accessible. So if there are any questions, then feel free to chime in. It should be pretty understandable. That's sort of the goal. So I'll start by telling you the problem. I'm not defining a super polynomial yet. Somehow I don't need to. There are these polynomials that are a basis for the polynomial ring. They're a basis. So I can multiply them and I can span back in the basis and I can look at the structure constants that we get. So the fundamental problem that I'm trying to solve is I want to have a combinatorial formula for these numbers. Okay. So, okay, here's a combinatorial formula for these numbers. These numbers count flags in a triple intersection of super varieties. That's a combinatorial formula. I can't use that because literally if you give me U, V, and W, I can't compute that number. So I don't count that as what I'm looking for. I'm looking for something simple. I'm looking for something I can explain to a child or a computer and have either of them do it correctly. So the rule that I'm looking for, which I mean, I think this is open, but I've been told that it's been intrinsically solved and I don't really know what that means, but I don't think this exists. So I'm looking for a simple, positive combinatorial rule for these numbers. And the gold standard here is the Littlewood Richardson rule for shore polynomials. It's skew tableau that satisfies simple conditions. And it's something that you can just write down and check and you can work with. And that's sort of the standard that I'm aiming for. So this is the problem. So maybe we can debate whether it's open, but if you put this word in here, maybe we can. So I'm going to be doing a special case today because everyone does special cases. So here's my special case. I'm looking at this guy and I'm going to let the indexing permutation there be k gross monion. So what's a, what's a gross monion permutation? So it means that the permutation has a unique descent. So here's my example here. One, three, six, seven. Those numbers are increasing. And then at position four, where the seven is, I go down after that. This is a number two. Seven is bigger than two. And then the numbers increase again forever after two, four, five, eight, nine, 10, 11, 12. How are you like? Okay. This is for gross monion because there's this one descent right here. So k gross monion permutations are in bijection with k partition. What's a k partition? So I will be reversing a lot of the conventions that maybe you're familiar with in this talk. There are reasons that I do this, partly because it all makes more sense to me this way, but partly because it's actually easier to do all the constructions later if you allow me this reversal. So here is a k partition. This is a four partition. Why is it a four partition? Because it's got four numbers. They weekly increase. Okay. And there's a simple bijection between these. So what's the bijection? Well, here, what you do is you subtract one from the first thing, two from the second thing, three from the third thing and four from that thing. And when you do that, you get zero, three minus two is one, six minus three is three, seven minus three is four. And that's this thing.  And then you add all the numbers that you haven't used yet in increasing order thereafter. So these are in bijection. So instead of giving you a generic permutation for this one, I'm going to give you a k graph monion permutation. But instead of doing that, I'm going to tell you a k partition. I'm going to say, hey, k is four. And here's my four partitions that I'm doing. Okay. So the simplest way to state the rule was actually stated without the details. So in this generality by Bertrand and Sateel in their 1998 paper, they said that they expected the answer to look like this. Saturated chains in brew hot order from U to W, from here to here, with some condition depending on V. And now I know what that condition is.  So in order for this rule to qualify under my definition of what I'm looking for, in terms of simple, I have to be able to explain it to you as if you were a child. And that's what I'll do next. So I'll explain it to you in the simplest way that I can on the next slide. But that's what I'm aiming for. And this is the problem that I'm solving. So we know what these numbers are when V has this special form. And here, there are no restrictions on what new can be. And there are no restrictions on what k is it. Or U or V or W. Okay, so brew hot order. So again, I think you guys all know this better than I do brew hot order. It's just you take a permutation permutation just the numbers one to 80 written in some order. Okay, run one to eight.  Okay. Now you want to do it in such a way that of all the numbers in between them, none of them has value in between. So if I'm switching the two and the five, the three and the four can't be in between them while they're not. So that's a good switch. When I do it across k, I put a line here. So in this example, k equals four. In this example. So when I do it here, I put a line at k equals four. And so I'm switching something from the left of the line to the right of the line. The smaller number is over here and the bigger numbers over here. That's k brew hot order. So that's pretty simple. So I can do this switch and then I could do another switch. I could switch here the six and the seven and switch them to switch the six and the seven. And I can keep going and just keep switching things and take a chain. This is a chain. This is a chain in k brew hot order where k is four. Okay, so I told you one of the things. So Frank and Intel decorated these chains with numbers. So they kept track of this chain. Some information that's important is what's the big number? So that I'll call that a decoration on the chain. So every step on the chain, I write down the number that corresponds to the big number that I switched. So here too was the big number is the one that was past k. These are the decorations. Now from this, I'm going to derive more information, but it's all derived from the chain. So it's sort of information carried by the chain. So that I'm going to call these the D's and I'm going to tell you how to get an E. So you start with k. k is four in this example. k will be four pretty much for the whole talk, I think, mostly. So k is four. So I start with a four. Okay, these are these are my decorations up here. So you see five, seven, eight, two, four, seven, five. I just write down my decorations for my chain. And then from the decorations, I drive these E's. I so from five to seven, did I go up or down? I went up. So keep the four. Seven to eight, you go up, keep the four. Eight to two, you went down. So you need to decrement that four and it becomes a three. Okay, two to four, I went up. So I keep the three. Four to seven is up. I keep the three. Seven to five is down. So I decrement the three. That's it. That's how I get the E's. In general, nothing guarantees that the E's couldn't go to zero or negative. That's fine. I'm not interested in the ones that do not right now, but actually, Frank and Natel were, and they used it to define a really awesome quasi-symmetric function that we're also proving to sure positive with the same structures. But never mind that. What's the weight? I kind of don't really care about the weight, but just for fun, it's the multiplicity to get down here among the E's. There are zero, one. So the first position, zero. There's one, two. There are three, threes and three, four. So the weight for this particular thing is zero, one, three, three. Okay. So I have told you what K Bruhaut order is, what a chain is. I've told you what a weight is. So the last thing I need to do is tell you the lattice condition, but actually Littlewood and Richardson told us that. It's the same thing. So you can go with this. The computer likes this one, but kids like the following one. So you take these numbers, okay? And you're going to keep the pairs. So you're not going to split up the D's and the E's, okay? And you're going to sort the top row. What does that mean? That means the two comes to the front, the four comes to the front. And then when you're moving the seven, the seven is going to go right here. It's not going to go in front of the other seven. You don't want to over sort, right? Okay. And then you're going to get this sequence. The E's are inherited. And now from the right, you look and you always want to have, as you read the numbers, you always want to have seen at least as many fours as three, at least as many threes as two, at least as many twos as one. And here we see a four, three, but the same number, four, we're ahead on the fours. Four, three, three. So we always saw at least as many fours as threes. In particular, the number of fours is at least as great as the number of threes. Same thing for the threes and twos. Here's a three.  And the twos and the ones, here's a two. There are no ones. So we win. So that guarantees that the weight will be a K partition, and that's the rule. Okay. So I conjectured this back in 2021, but Nantel and I have now proven it. So this is what these numbers are. So that's the rule. So if there's no other takeaway, and if you're really short on time, that's it here. You've got everything I have to say. I'm going to tell you another way to think of this, which is, so this is the way that maybe is the easiest to explain it. This is the way that the computer, well, this one in particular is the way the computer likes to do it. But I'm going to tell you a graphical way that I like to think of it next. How do I think of this? Well, remember, my gold standard is the Littlewood Richardson rule. That has to do with skew tableau. Technically, those are saturated chains, but we don't think of them that way, and we don't draw them that way. We draw them with boxes. But really, we should have drawn them with bubbles. There's a reason for the bubble. So here's a bubble diagram. So this is a Roth diagram and an inversion diagram. What you do is like here in when you have a six. So I've written a permutation up this way. So U3 is six. So that means in row three, I put a dot in column six. And then what I think of doing is I tie all the whole plane with bubbles, and then I pop all the bubbles in the row and column of every one of these bullets that I get. I just pop all the bubbles, and then whoever survives, that's my diagram. The survivors, the bubbles that didn't get popped. That's it. That's a familiar thing. Okay, so I'm going to do something with that. I've written a definition on a slide. The key takeaways for this are I'm going to move bubbles down, I'm going to add a box, and I'm going to move bubbles left. Okay, that's what I'm doing in the classical case of little enriching rule. All they did was add a box. But I have to get a little more excited. I have to move things down and left. How do I do that? Well, I'm going to go with that example. The same chain that I had before switching the two and the five. Okay, I start with the Roth diagram, which is literally this one up here. Okay, and I look at the dots that I'm switching. So the columns, the dots correspond to the columns that I'm switching. So here is the two dot in column two and the three dot in column, I'm sorry, five dot in column five. I look and say, is there a bubble in the top row, in the row of the top dot? Yes. Okay, then I'm going to move that bubble down to the row of the bottom dot, which I've done here. It's highlighted red. And I always add a box at the bottom dot. And in the box, I put my E. Okay, that we didn't use this one. It didn't apply, but it will in a second. Notice this is the Roth diagram for the shape I get by switching the five and the two. That's one way I can think of chains. Here, remember the next thing I switch was the six and the seven. Let's see that six and the seven. It's this dot and this dot column six and column seven. Now we don't have this case, but we do have this case. There's a bubble here, sort of, I think about the bubble, let's see, I'll draw it here, as in the rectangle between these dots and sort of the convex hole of those dots, there's a bubble down there in between. Okay, so the bubbles in the top row are going to move down, but the bubbles here, we need to move them left. And the rule for moving them left generically is ignore all the columns that have a bullet below and just move it to the next column to the left. So that will maybe come up, but I think this example might be too small to see the intricacy there, but it's not so important. The idea is that bubble moves left, and we add our new box. And here we are, here's our new box. There's a difference between the bubbles and the boxes. Okay, that's why I'm using them differently. Okay, and let's keep going. So we can also switch the seven and the eight. And here there's just no excitement. And in fact, this is what always happens in the Littlewood Richardson rule case, the classical case, is there's never any excitement. So is it easy stuff? So we'll switch the army out of the box. And now what happens with our next one with the one and the two, notice two is smaller than eight. I've gone to the left with my column. So I'm going to put a smaller number in my box, but all these guys are going to move left, including this, this box, right, the box is now a bubble for all moves that come after. So I'm going to move that left. I added the three, keep going. Moved a lot of stuff left here is another move something down rule because this bubbles in the row of the top dots that move down. The last step was the four to the five. I shifted over.  This carries with it all the information I need of the chain. Why? Well, to any Roth diagram, you can associate a canonical reduced word, which is pretty easy. I guess I can do it for this guy. This is in row six. So I'm going to do this six, seven. This is in row five. This is in row three, four, five, two. So if I read these numbers, like a book, that's a reduced word for you. If I do it over here, that'll give me a reduced word for W, the shape that I have. If I read only the numbers that are in the bubbles, I get a reduced word for you. That's a subword property of Brewhart order. So for example, there's another chain with the same you and the same W and the same lattice weight. So this is the other lattice chain because this Littlewood Richardson coefficient is two. So this is the other one. And notice that the configuration of where the bubbles are is different because they're two different subwords of the canonical reduced word for this guy that give me a reduced word for you. So this is really about subwords. So it doesn't matter that the boxes don't line up just so, okay? It still counts. So this is two. The Littlewood Richardson number here is two. So that's the rule. That's how I think about it. And I'm going to point out what I'm going to talk about next is I'm going to talk about down and left, which is how we prove the rule, but that's a little bit backwards from how I came up with the rule. I came up with the rule because of Ponert's rule that moves things down and my way of decomposing subwords into keys which moves things left. So these are the two main ideas that why I think of the rule this way is because things move down and left. Okay. So that's the rule. That's the conjecture theorem now. And that's the first part of my talk. So now I'll talk about super polynomial so that maybe the problem I'm trying to solve is well defined. Okay. Conert's rule. I love this one. I don't know why people don't. Conert's rule is pretty simple. You start with any diagram you like. This happens to be the rock diagram of a permutation but whatever. You start with anything you like and you pick a row. Okay. So here I'm picking this row and I take the last bubble. So I could have picked this one or I could have picked this one but you take the last bubble in any row you like and you push down. That's Conert's rule. It's really simple and you just keep doing. Kids love this one especially if you have like flattened marbles on a checkerboard here. What do you do? If you want to push this bubble down you just jump over a bubble if you have to. You don't go below the x-axis but you can jump bubbles. That's fine and you just keep pushing it down and I'll just keep pushing down.  Here I'll jump it down. That's enough. So the set if I start with a diagram the set of everything I can get by doing Conert moves is the set of Conert diagrams for D. So in this case this is D and this is T. T is a Conert diagram for D. Okay. Conert proved many things. One is that this generates Shure Polynomials. He actually did it more generally. He did it for Dimeasure characters but for Shure Polynomials you need to associate a monomial to each diagram. That's pretty easy. Here it's x1 cubed because there are three bubbles in the first row. It's x3 because there's one bubble in the third row and there's no x5 because there are no bubbles in the fifth row. So the number of bubbles per row gives you the monomial. Add up all the monomials you get by starting with a young diagram which is a diagram of a K-Groth monion permutation and you get a Shure Polynomial. And actually the reason I like this is because there's a super simple bijection with Tableau. Again I promise you I would reverse everything. I'm using reverse Tableau. Again, there are reasons and one of the main reasons is because this makes this bijection really simple. I will talk more about this bijection in the second half of my talk. But for now just know it exists and it's super simple and straightforward and that's why I like Conert's rule. So Conert's rule gives you Shure Polynomials. Now it seems to be debate about this. So maybe we should be debating peer review and how we should do that because there are four published papers that prove Conert's rule. So personally I tried to read these two and I could not. I couldn't get through them. I didn't necessarily find anything wrong with them except that I didn't understand it but maybe that was something wrong with me. I don't know. So I wrote my own proof of Conert's rule. And then because I so love Conert's rule I worked with Sam Arman, Grant Boling, and Henry Erhard who were a fantastic graduate students that I have. And we actually proved Conert's rule holds for any Flag Shure module of the Southwest shape. So that was proven at Conjecture Dominic Thurl's and I had that Conert polynomials in general are characters of modules and we found the modules and Conert's rule works in a really beautiful way with MagYar's recurrence. It sort of falls out very nicely. So if you don't like these two and you don't like the one I'm going to show you in a second then you can go look in this paper too. And maybe this is actually my favorite proof but I'm going to give you a different one because it's easy to give on one slide. So if you don't mind Conert's rule then you can skip what I say next. If you if you don't like Conert's rule maybe you like Pipe Dream and if you don't know what a Pipe Dream is you can also skip it. It's a Pipe Dream. So you write a permutation up the y-axis like I've done here one five two eight six nine three four seven. You tile the plane with crosses and elbows one per box. So you tile the grid with either cross or an elbow. It's a Pipe Dream that when you follow the pipe that starts in row five it ends up going column five. Okay and the pipe that starts in row three or sorry starts with the three goes to the three. Okay we've written the identity here and it's reduced if the pipe don't cross more than one. Okay that's what a reduced Pipe Dream is. So this is a really nice model for Schubert polynomials. I'm going to give you the bijection between this and Conert diagrams. Okay so first get rid of the clutter. Okay so we we don't we don't need those elbows. The crosses carry all the information of the polynomial and you know that anything that's not a Christ crosses an elbow so you might as well just give it an elbow. Okay and then I actually want to do this with reduced compatible sequences so the pipe dreams are kind of wrong so I'm just going to shift everything diagonally. So there's no shift here and here I just you notice that I just shifted one there are three here and there were only two here so I just shifted everything one column to the right and then two columns to the right three columns to the right and so on. Okay so I have a bunch of crosses I'm going to turn the crosses into bubbles right crosses for pipe dreams bubbles for Conert's rule and I'm going to do it in a way that moves things left by process that I call rectification. I'll justify this name of rectification later but it's the first case is really simple but here you look above the bubble the cross you want to turn into a bubble and you look in the column to its right you look also above and you try to pair bubbles that are in those two columns and the rule is that if you have a bubble down here you pair it with something weekly above it that's a good pairing that's what we're looking for but here there's nothing to pair there's nothing up here so I don't do anything I just turn that cross into a bubble and go to the next one and then here there's nothing above it right there's nothing up here so okay I just keep going here oh this is exciting we have a bubble so this is a bubble that's in the column here but it doesn't pair to anything so if I'm in the second column and I don't pair to anything then I move left that's what rectification does from the second column and I don't pair I move left this is literally a crystal on the transpose diagram it's a crystal action on the transpose diagram so everything that crystal crystal moves has all the properties they have this also has okay and then this one there's there's nothing above here there's nothing above so we'll go to the next one the next one's exciting um oh sorry this one's boring um the next one's exciting this one there's just one thing to move so it moves now this one's cool because these guys pair they don't move but this top bubble that's red it doesn't have anything to pair with so it's gonna have to move left and then when I get here these two bubbles they pair and it would pair even if the this upper one was a little higher it would still pair you pair up and left and so that that red bubble moves left and then here this bubble to move left nothing happens there are three bubbles that move left there are three bubbles that move left and if you were paying a whole lot of attention or if you want to cheat and look back at the slides this is the corner diagram that we got before for the Roth diagram for this permutation that's the bijection so when I say it's simple I'm not lying the proof has some limits it's eight pages I welcome you to look at that um but from here on out I assume conor conor's rule holds for Schuber polynomial um so well we're good with that and of course the weight I guess the weight here the the weight for pipe drains is is the rows of the crosses and you can see that I haven't changed the row of anything I was on the plane with the column so that works and you can see this move left thing is important so back to back to the point the gold standard for the proof of the Littlewood Richardson rule what is that it's rsk in my mind I mean there are many many nice proof um but I mean rsk is particularly elegant um you take a tableau and another tableau you insert this one into that one you get an insertion tableau and a recording tableau and the recording tableau gives you your multiplicity it's just beautiful and all the properties it has it's just awesome so that's what nintel and I did we took conor's rule for Schuber polynomial and we look at the conor diagram and we take tableau because you know whatever tableau of k gross monion shape new here's my k we insert this tableau into this diagram we get an insertion diagram which is a conor diagram for w and we record it by the lattice permutation tableau by a saturated chain and taking generating functions that's how we prove the rule so this is a good point to stop pause for questions and this is a good point to take that promise five minute break um so if anyone has any questions but I will explain in the next half of the talk I'll get into the nitty gritty of this why I put numbers in the cells the colors are just there because I don't like looking at number three I'd rather look at the color green so if you like colors better than numbers that's what the colors are for they really don't mean anything but the numbers mean something I'll stop there see if anybody has any questions yeah thanks very much for a very nice first half and yeah time for questions if there any quick ones


Now there's many things that Tommy Fleetwood can do that it will never be something that I will be able to achieve. I'll never hit driver like him. I'll never hit those towering irons like him. I'll never get a short game like him. And I'll certainly never be able to grow ahead of hair like him. But there's one thing I might be able to do like him. And that's putt. Now as you know, Tommy Fleetwood has got a very unique putting style. A few people use it. He's using it. I think Sergio have seen users similar. Is it the claw grip? I don't know what the reference is. But it's very different from what I'm used to. I'm very much the traditional sort of putting style, mallet style, putter and straight through, straight back. But two holes ago, I tried something different. For the very first time I tried to put like Tommy Fleetwood. And it was an eye-opener. I didn't get off to quite the flying start. Only one of them would have been a real start to the video. But there is something I've noticed that is very, very interesting. And Noah didn't all want three putts, but they all went very close. And it's helping me do one thing. And it's a very positive thing. Right before we go too far into this video, I want a quick question. Comments down below. How many of you putt in the sort of traditional style? The one that I would think 90% of golfers that we watch on TV putt like? How many of you tried a different sort of method, a different style, less conventional? What is that style as it helped your game? Has it helped your putting? Or have you gone back to a traditional style? So feedback time. But it's still doing exactly the same thing. And what is it? And is it just because I'm concentrating a little bit more because I'm using a new technique? Is it because I'm getting this massive assistance from this new PXE putter with a thick bowl white line that I've been suggesting? Is helping me put better? Or is it something down to Tommy Fleetwood's technique? So putting technique that all of a sudden it's going to start making your old putts. But this is doing something that I find really interesting. Let me explain what it is. It's probably worth me pointing out at this stage. And you all know anyway, I'm no putting expert. I've no idea why this might be a good idea for you to try or not. But if you're struggling with your putting and you fancy a bit of a change, then I think this is worth giving a go. Now about an hour ago, I had this very same putt and I decided to try the Tommy Fleetwood style of putted, the claw grip, whatever it is you want to call it. And it went quite well. So I tried another from the same distance and that went quite well. And then I spent 15 minutes around this green trying the Tommy Fleetwood grip as I'm going to call it. And it all went quite well so I thought right so it's a camera and we'll do a video and I'm going to get back to this same position. No doubt this will all go completely wrong when I try it from here again. But I'm going to explain what it is that I found that it helped me do. And it might be quite obvious, I don't know. That would have been good if it went well in. But it was a similar result to the first time I tried it and we'll give it another go in a minute. What I'm noticing is this and I'll get a bit of a close up on my hands to perhaps explain what I am recognising. So traditional grip is me swinging back and forth and what is difficult not to do as a as an average golfer or at least what I find when it comes to putting is to get some wrist hinge in there and get a little bit flicky with hands so it all becomes a little bit all about rather than keeping that stable and smooth swing it can get a little bit jerky and a lot of that comes from the movements in my wrists and in my hands. Go back to the Tommy Fleetwood style and what it seems to do and I don't know what it's intended to do I don't know I don't know the science behind it and the way I'm holding the grip with the top hand might be incorrect as well on the bottom hand for that matter but in the style I'm using on this video what it does it keeps the top hand to the lock so the wrist facing target in a lock position and all I'm doing is the bottom hand acts as an assistance to a pendulum if you like and it's given me a great rhythm through the stroke and what I've noticed is in particular like I said ain't gonna hold all putts but it's allowing me to set the ball on the roll on the aim on the line that I'm at least trying to and I've got very good weight and distance control. Now I tried this an hour ago and clearly if it was something I was going to put into my game full-time then it's something I'd need to practice because believe me one thing you notice is a different muscle because already my arm is recognizing that that's a completely different style that I'm used to and I'm noticing that in sort of my fingers my hands wherever it is is a slightly different feel that I've got in it but it's very very interesting and it's something that I particularly I want to carry on trying this and you might see in future videos that I become an adapter of the claw grip in terms of putting I'll have to wait and see but more importantly get out there try it yourself only a bit of fun because like I said I realize I'm in no position to instruct anybody on a how to do anything in relation to golf least of all putting but I think this is worth a go. Hope you enjoyed it thanks for watching see you soon. Can a hole want to finish off? No but it's a decent two putt from there and I take it every time. And I hear a transplant.


Welcome to All Hands Update, this is your week in Navy history. On May 17, 1973, Captain Robin Lindsay Catherine Quigley became the first woman to hold a major Navy command when she assumed command of U.S. Navy Service School, San Diego. May 18, 1775, Colonel Benedict Arnold captured a British sloop at St. John's in Quebec and renamed her Enterprise, the first of many famous ships with that name. May 20, 1844, the Frigate Constitution, commanded by John Percival, sailed from New York to depart on her 32,279 mile round-the-world cruise. Heading eastward, she visited Brazil, Zanzibar, Vietnam, China, the Philippines and Hawaii before returning back to Boston, Massachusetts in September 1846. To find out more about Naval history, visit the Naval History and Heritage Command website.


And you do to build, yeah, not to deny what you're actually feeling, but to start where you are. And to say, okay, I don't see it that way. I can't even imagine ever seeing it that way. If that's where I feel like I am, but I can say, okay, but it sounds good. I mean, I would like to come to a place of being able to see more clearly because I feel that the way I'm seeing now is a confusing mess. I can't make sense out of it and I've tried everything and nothing seems to work. And if this sounds like something that I want to approach, all the course says is aim in that direction. You know, just keep aiming in that direction. You're going to take steps toward it and you just have to keep remembering, oh yes, that's what I'm aiming for. I may feel like I'm not anywhere near it, but I just want to aim in that direction. And then it doesn't sound like there's a million miles to go. And for me, I feel so much joy in a sense that it is possible. As you approach it and it gets more insight, then yes, that feeling comes. But even to look to someone that can share that experience with me is very supportive and very encouraging to me because if one person has experienced it, and actually it's not a person that experienced it, if there is one experience of it, then that can be my experience. And the ego though would personify it and say one person is experiencing it. And since I'm not experiencing it in the same way, I must still be guilty. So there you go, put you right back where you're denying that you can even look at projections whereas the Holy Spirit's saying there's no person here, it's an experience that we all already have and you can have that if you take a look like what we're doing here, but not to jump or leap or bolt into the image that you think personifies the experience. Because that's what the ego says, see, you couldn't do this.  There's a little nitwit, you know, or a person who's materialistic.  Now how could you possibly look at this in a different way? Like I said earlier at the beginning, you know, if you've had thoughts at work or if you've had thoughts during the day, if you've had, I used to call them the top 40, you know, the revolving top 40 that would go around. And you know, there'd be like a problem area maybe in here, financial or relationships or something, it would kind of just revolve around, like they used to play on the radio stations, you know, where they'd have popular songs and they would go through the day and if you'd listen to the radio station, you'd hear it come around. Things that are really important to look at. Those predominant thoughts that don't seem to get resolved, those problems, those that really help in that tracing back because you can see that's where you have to start where people initially came and sharing some of their experiences and the ball started rolling. There was a lot of dumping on the table and a lot of laughter and a greatfulness to say, wow, it's so neat to be able to start to look at this with some likeness instead of judgment. You begin to feel some revolutions. Yeah. And I was like, it is transformative. I feel a little clarification in a sense when I, you know, aren't you expressing a theme that's led around a different theme that you're still on some level recognizing one other as a whole part of the... So in a sense, there's a reality behind each... Behind the veil is the reality. Right. So because I think I get... I feel myself getting up tight when I hear about the screen and how it's all illusion, but there is truth beyond that illusion that we are all part of this one mind. It's more than that one mind. We each have to come to the understanding of the course and its fullness in time as we perceive time. Okay, no, no, no. We still each have to see the whole picture. It's not Jesus actually getting into it. He was the first one to do it. We also have to see the whole picture. Another expression where I was saying, the other side is getting more of what you were saying is that it is a... When one person makes the other side, they no longer see that separation and that doesn't... Which is a weave. And you have the collective. And believe me, I get a lot of questions on the collective. But didn't you just say that Jesus... That we're still here. Right. So it's that lighter again. That's the metaphor. Okay. It's all just the hallucination, nothing. Not is. I didn't say it. So, you know, we had to talk to them even about forgiveness. Forgiveness is still part of the illusion. Right. But it's a stepping stone that we need to get to the light. Or how we re-describe it was. That was helpful. Because we seem to think that forgiveness somehow is the truth. Because it's the one illusion that means out of the illusion. In your 3-V demonstration you just did. And the far side from me represented. You said clarity or right-mindedness. And from that side, there isn't this side even perceived. Well, I would say... I have a question about that. But is that clear? Right-mindedness still is perceptual. That's what I was going to say. So isn't that one-mindedness that's on the other side instead of right-mindedness? In the sense that one-mindedness would be equated with our... We had that diagram that was outside the circle. The diagram of the mind? Yeah. That's our mind? Yes. This is the right mind. So in other words, what I was just describing over here and the illusion would be the wrong mind. There's no time. What's the answer that was given us during this separation? There's a manifestation of it. In other words, to a form on the screen, Jesus was the manifestation of it. Spirit could take a form. And was moving the puppet. And was giving Danny an answer when they tried to... Yeah. That's a potential way back. Demonstration. Yeah. And what he's saying is that Christ's mind is in all of us and the Holy Spirit works through all of us and can do the exact same thing. If we're aligned with the right... But how is Christ taking form and us taking form different if it's all illusion? It is exactly. In other words, the most you can say with Jesus is that that is a story. It's another story. It's in the apostles. Some people can say, well, Adam and Eve, it wasn't a real Jesus. He was a real person who really lived and really had twelve apostles. But the body of Jesus is... I said, but how is that different from all of us? It's not. It's not. It's different as that. That's what it is. If you're identified as a body and a person... Okay. That's the only way that...


Lord everybody Brett here with Summit Auto and today we're gonna do the lot walk it is August 7th 2023 and Gonna be showing you all the new incoming inventory that we got in some of the cool new stuff that we got in as well As always these vehicles will be in the description below linked to our website, which is right there summit auto comm Go check us out there and so grab your coffee. Let's go check out what we got in So starting off we got a 2018 Ford f2.50 super cab short box Lariat gasser this one has 51,000 miles. I'm sorry. That's a f 350 single rear wheel But it is a gasser and it's 2018 with 51,000 miles blue jeans metallic is the color on there I've got a 2014 Chevy equinox front-wheel drive that just came in on trade It's in fairly decent condition. We might try and retail this one. It's got a hundred forty three thousand miles So we'll have to run it through the shop and see if that's a viable option I've got a 2014 Ford Mustang GT California special This one's only at twenty two thousand miles on it Oxford white is the color and it's got leather and everything inside pretty nice car Got a couple of things we got to take care of but has Borla exhaust sounds really good drove it yesterday It's pretty nice condition. Here is the 2015 Jeep Wrangler unlimited Sahara that we took in trade this one's got cloth interior and 97,000 miles 15 was the year of my Wrangler that I had I kind of miss it, but Really nice vehicles and we'll get that one cleaned up It's got a couple little things too, but took that in trade on Saturday also on Saturday We took this 121 Buick envision all-wheel-drive ST in trade it's got the panel roof really loaded up inside 47,000 miles and This one is a white Pearl maybe Might have the pearl in it. Anyways, nice condition on that one Once again, that was a trade from Saturday That's a 2019 ram that we got to get into detail get it all polished up and ready for videos up here is a 2018 Honda Ridgeline this thing's in really nice shape It's all loaded up on the interior as well, and this one's got 75,000 miles It's probably gonna be right in that price point where everybody's really hot to trot on it So we'll have to get that rolling right away, and we also have a 2016 Dodge Challenger RT scat pack it's got six-speed manual transmission and Obviously plum crazy purple really nice ride there, and that one has 18,000 miles on it As far as other stuff we got a bunch of stuff through service. There's a Grand Cherokee. We took in trade That just got through this morning for pictures so those will be up on the website and that Chevy just got through Service so that's in really nice condition Low miles and really clean and I got a bunch of pro masters in and then on the new side We got some really cool inventory, and this is our first Rubicon X Wrangler that we got in it's got the winch the power seats. I did a video on that That's gonna be on our website, so definitely check that out and then we got a rebel lunar edition So you get the ceramic gray and all the decals on there Kind of an interesting package, and then we also have an anvil Which is a clone what I call a clone to that one so same options same MSRP and everything Just an anvil gray, so it's not exactly the same MSRP But exactly the same options on there and that has actually two videos on it and Really good looking as well, so definitely go check all those out at summit auto and thanks for checking out the video Let's get this month rolling


Hello everybody, Andrea Mayesca here with dental tutoring. So if you are a dental hygienist in Ontario and You have been audited to either submit your portfolio or now we do have the option to take an exam It's called the quality assurance exam So you can either as I said submit a portfolio where you have to have the 75 hours over three years And that takes a lot of work a lot of organizing and for 99.9% of the hygienists out there. They're like, yes, I've been doing the work I've been taking courses. I've been working but have I been putting everything down on paper for my portfolio? No So you pretty much have to start from scratch and do three years of work in one year Plus the holidays plus life plus work plus kids plus family plus all of that, right? So a lot of people are opting to take the exam and I was audited about five years ago So when I'm audited again knock on wood, it's probably going to happen I will likely take the exam instead of the portfolio because That's just a better option for me If you don't like tests if you if you don't like exams and that may not be the best option for you But there is hope because I do offer a full self-study course For the exam meaning if you study everything that I do have you will pass and so far a hundred percent of people that have taken My course have passed the exam now The exam was only run. I think once or twice. Sorry. I'm not sure but then they had Temporarily suspended the exam because there was talk of people cheating. So the exam hasn't been offered. Oh my goodness I'm not even sure a little less than a year now So hopefully they will bring it back sooner rather than later in the recent edition of the milestones They did mention that it is coming back soon, but they don't give an exact date So I'm just going to share my screen here in case you guys are curious Sorry, let me find it myself. I did have it here for you guys I'm just going to show you guys a look inside what it looks like If you are to sign up for the course that I do have to prepare you for the exam So it is called the quality assurance exam study guide So I am showing you guys inside the membership login area now So as soon as you do sign up you get full access to all of this. So there's there's no Waiting there's no nothing you have full access to everything because they do still suggest 75 hours of Studying to prepare you but I make it so easy because they had released The blueprint for the new quality assurance exam because they had changed it since then so I did just update it I updated this last month because they had updated everything. So if you guys follow through all of these topics All of them here you will pass. So as you guys can see, let's say you want to start with the Record-keeping topic just click here and then I have everything there for you on that topic And then let's say you're thinking next I want to go through ethics click here And then you will have everything inside that membership login area for you to pass. So it's pretty nice, isn't it? Pretty nice. You will have everything that you need to know If you guys want to sign up, I will put the link on the bottom also Because it is actually on sale right now. This took a lot of work to update everything. I Literally had to change probably 80% of the course content and I had just done the self-study course about a year a year ago to prep people for the first one because they Give me sort of the blueprint on what I need to teach to help people pass the exam because a lot of hygienists who are Taking the exam think I haven't had to take an exam for 10 20 30 even so years So I don't know if I want to take the exam. I don't know how to study for it Well, I make it easy study all of this and you will pass. It's so much easier than having to purchase a textbook That's expensive probably about the same price as the course The course is about $115 now depending on when you do watch this because it is on sale now But it might not be on sale by the time you see this But and a textbook is about the same price, right? And then you have to read through literally thousands upon thousands of pages. I don't think so. This is so much easier I keep it simple to the point maybe even a little bit Exciting for you because it's kind of like you're looking into things that you should know anyway as a dental hygienist Which is why they have this exam to make sure that you know specifically what you have to know So a lot of people ask me is this the same as the big National exam that dental hygiene students have to take to pass to become a dental hygienist. No, it's not the same It's a little similar because you do have to know important topics But it's not nearly the same and it's not nearly as stressful. So consider yourselves lucky I'm just gonna stop sharing my screen here. So that's what it looks like. I have everything there for you It is a lot though It is a lot of material But I don't give you things that you don't have to know, you know You have everything that you have to know inside if you have any questions, please let me know a lot of people had just signed up this week because it's almost the end of the year and You have to submit either your portfolio or take the exam by January 2019 and with the holidays come and you don't want to be doing this around the holidays, right? So it's either before or after so now's a good time to start I give everything here for you and once again so far on 100% of dental hygienists that have taken my course have passed. So I take that as a good sign Thank you guys for watching if you need anything, let me know and I will see you guys very very soon Have a nice weekend


Hey everybody, Matt here for Layton Sports Cards, ripping 2022 Top Stadium Club members only Derek Jeter baseball, case break number six, random hit style. So we have 16 spots in the break, 16 hits in the case. I'm going to open the case, show all the hits. And Sam's going to enter the hits. We'll do the random at the end. All right, here we go. All right, first up, that is the Derek Jeter experience, VIP party invitation. Party invitation is one hit, spreadsheet, new hits. This is just, these are the two actuals. Autograph, quadril, it's going to be the Indian guy. Bottom two there. All these hits out here individually, and then I'll, this big box out of the way. All right, this is the captain's career base set with the Yankee Stadium replica. That stays together as one item, our empty box. All right, here we go. We'll start off with the encased captain's career autograph cards. So that's coming out of this. Yeah, okay. And then I just put the number of whatever it is, CCA dash, whatever it be, last week. Here we go. All right, first up, one of five, Derek Jeter auto. One of five, that is CCA dash nine. Let's fill up number seven, four to go. It is up next. Number two of five, Derek Jeter auto. Well, pregame photo, that's 28, card 28, CCA dash 28. Such nice looking cards. Number three of five, Derek Jeter. No, the randoms at the end, that's CCA dash 15. And number four of five, nice picture, is CCA dash four, like young Jeter turning two there. Number five of five, yelling Derek Jeter. That is CCA dash 33. This career auto's should be two of number two and then one number to one. This is one of two, gold auto. Filled in the pop fly there, that's CCA dash 22. Pops did a nice job with this. Really nice looking cards. Ooh, what's this? That is two of two next to the retired number. That is a cool and Jersey number. Very nice, CCA dash 39. That is an awesome picture. Triple Jersey number two of two with the number two. And last one of the box here is one of one. Members only, Derek Jeter auto. The members only foil there. Very nice Jeter, fighting the sun in that picture. That's CCA dash 10. Let's fill up that next one. Four spots to go on that last time we checked. Two left, I think Richard said. Two to go. Nice, yep, I see it now. Nice. Redemption, that is Quadrum Veritz autograph.  That's QA 36. First redemption we've seen out of this, at least out of the shop I believe. This is throwback rookie or buyback rookie auto. Five of 40. First one you've seen too. These right here, I know it's numbered to 40, not as low numbered as the other ones. Gosh, that is such an awesome card. And that is a buyback. That's not a remanufactured card. That is super, super clean for a buyback too. This is Quad Relic Auto, three of three. Looks like some gloves and a bat there. Nice, that is AQR-8, autograph Quad Relic 8. Next up, Beam Team Auto. One of three, all-star game photo there, that's cool. Love that rainbow foil, that is BTA 13. Nice Beam Team Auto. Ooh, what is this? Beam Team Auto, one of one. That is awesome looking. Yeah, that would be awesome, Rich. That is BTA-3, is that the all-star game MVP? Or is he holding the nice sculpture? Not the all-star. Awesome looking card, that's probably the coolest looking card I've seen out of this. That is a one of one crazy card. Good luck on that one. Quad Relic Auto, two of three. Jersey number hit, Derek Jeter. Cool batting gloves, patch and a bat. I see the captain's club logo here and then looks like gold glove winner logo there. Is that maybe a fielding glove? I don't know. Very cool though, that is AQR-11. Awesome stuff, that Beam Team one of one. That's a cool one, that's really cool. Just a second here, good luck on this random. 16 and 16. All right, here we go. We're gonna roll the dice, we'll randomize the names and then the hits. Let me make sure that's clear. Oh, I just did, so just get rid of that. All right, let's roll the dice. We will randomize seven times. Best of luck, one, two, three, four, five, six and seven. Joel M, down to Zeke Y, seven times on the hits. One, two, three, four, five, six and seven. Captain's career auto two of five, CCA 28. Down to captain's career auto three of five, CCA 15. All right, let me get these copied and pasted over. We'll read them off. All right, we have Joel M, captain's career auto two of five, CCA 28. Danny C, captain's career auto two of two, CCA 39. Michael C, got that autograph quad relic three of three, AQR eight.  Aaron F, captain's career auto one of five, CCA nine. Joshua H, captain's career auto one of two, CCA 22. Michael C, autograph quad relic two of three, AQR 11. Paul S, got the 93 stadium club buyback, signed Jeter rookie card five of 40. Michael C, captain's career base set. Aaron F, beam team auto one of one, BTA dash three, congrats Aaron, awesome hit. Brian S, beam team auto one of three, BTA 13. Michael C, captain's career auto four of five, CCA four. Paul S, got the VIP party invitation, have fun at that Paul. Kevin P, captain's career auto five of five, CCA 33. And Zeke Y, got the captain's career auto one of one, CCA 10 and the captain's career auto three of five, CCA 15. Awesome stuff. Thank you everybody, appreciate it. And we have more Jeter coming up.


Well, hello everyone. I hope you can all hear me loud and clear. I'd like to welcome you all. Good afternoon, good evening, or a good morning potentially depending on where you're joining us from. Welcome to Engineering for Change, or E4C for short. Today, we're pleased to bring you our installment, the first installment of our 2018 webinar series on the topic of how cities are managing their transportation growing pains. My name is Yana Aranda, and I'm president here at E4C, and I'm pleased to be your moderator for today's webinar. The webinar you're participating in today will be archived on our webinars page and our YouTube video, YouTube channel. Both of those URLs are listed on the slide you see in front of you. Information on upcoming webinars is also available on our webinars page. E4C members will receive invitations to upcoming webinars directly. If you have any questions, comments, or recommendations for future topics and speakers, please contact the E4C webinar series team at the email listed on the slide. If you're following us on Twitter today, I'd like to invite you to join the conversation with our dedicated hashtag. Hashtag E4C webinars. Now before we move on to our presenter, I'd like to tell you a bit about Engineering for Change. E4C is a knowledge organization in a global community of more than one million engineers, designers, development practitioners, social scientists, who are leveraging technology to solve quality of life challenges faced by underserved communities worldwide. Some of these challenges include access to clean water and sanitation, sustainable energy, improved agriculture, innovative infrastructure, and more. We invite you to become a member of E4C. Membership is free and provides access to news and thought leadership, insights on hundreds of essential technologies in our Solutions Library, professional development resources, and current opportunities such as jobs, funding calls, fellowships, and more. E4C members also enjoy a unique user experience based on their site behavior and engagement. Essentially, the more you interact with our site, the better we will be able to serve you resources aligned to your interests. For more information and to sign up, please visit our website. Now, a few housekeeping items before we get started. We'd like to practice using the WebEx platform, so I invite you to tell us where in the world you are. Using the chat window, which is located at the bottom right of your screen, please type in your location. If the chat is not open on your screen, try clicking the chat icon on the top right corner. And I'll go ahead and get us started. Okay, so I see there's some folks here who are joining us from Florida, from San Diego, from Colorado, Australia, California, New York City, Newburgh, Indiana, Ohio, all over the United States, and more. We're so excited to have you join us. All right. Oh, Kazakhstan. This is the first time I've had someone join us from Kazakhstan. Welcome! Exciting. All right. Very good. I see everyone's using, it's 4 a.m. in the UK. Early, good morning to you, for sure. So we're excited to have you join us here today. If you don't see the chat window, again, a reminder, there's a link at the top of the screen. During the presentation, please use the Q&A window, which is below the chat, to type in your questions for our presenter. Again, if you don't see it, click the icon at the top right corner. That way, we can keep track of all of our questions. You can use the chat to send any private messages to the Engineering for Change admin, should you have any issues. Now, if you're listening to the audio broadcast and encounter any trouble, try hitting stop and then start. You may also want to try opening up WebEx in a different browser. For those of you who are professional engineers, E4C webinars qualify you for one professional development hour. To request your PDH, please follow the instructions on the top of the E4C professional development page after the presentation. The link is shown here on the slide. Now, let me move on to the next slide here. I'd like to take a moment now to tell you a bit about today's webinar and our presenter. As you may be aware, rapidly growing cities and developing regions are experiencing unique challenges and opportunities for innovation and transportation and a more sustainable future for all. Today, we're very pleased to be joined by Darina Poyani, who is a senior lecturer at the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Queensland and co-author of the Urban Transfer Crisis and Emerging Economy. Dr. Poyani will take us through select case studies and enlighten us to the urban issues, policies and initiatives that are taking place in frontier markets. Dr. Poyani joined the University of Queensland planning program as a lecturer in 2015. She served tenure and was promoted to senior lecturer in 2017. Originally from Albania, she lived, worked and studied in Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands and the US prior to moving to Australia. In 2016 to 2017, she was a visiting lecturer at the University of Vienna, Austria. Her research interests encompass urban transport, urban design and housing. She has published books and numerous articles on urban planning and she's going to give us insights into her latest work on today's webinar. Thank you for joining us, Darina, and I turn it over to you. Hi, hi, welcome everyone, and thank you for joining the webinar. I'll get started right away. I'll be presenting today the findings from my latest book called the Urban Transfer Crisis, Emerging Economies, which was just published last year by Springer. If the book covers 12 of the major world's economies in developing countries, most of those are located in the global south, but not all of them. And if you look at the slide, it's the countries that are marked in white color. Now, the inspiration from the book or the idea came from this observation that a lot of the cities of global south or developing world are looking more and more the same because of their transportation system. So they've come to be dominated by congestion rather than traditional landmarks such as, for example, monuments or plazas or squares. And here I have just a few examples. Now, another observation is that urban transport seems to be perverse in that it tends to become worse once cities get wealthier while other policy areas like education or health care improve. And of course, some inefficient and polluting or the transport system affects households, individuals, businesses, the community at large, it has major effects on health and on the environment, but also on urban economy and social development and no less social inclusion. At the same time, urban transport is one of the keys to more sustainable and human urban future in the 21st century. So after this introduction, I'll talk a bit about the patient cells, it will be structured according to strategies or interventions. We have grouped those into, into nine categories, and this framework also comes from my prior work on the slide is listed on the right, the right hand side. The article or this, this particular framework comes from, and to make it extra clear. The list of interventions is color coded by these desirable towards most desirable intervention. So I'll start with this, the first one investments in road construction. So this historically have been considered sort of the magic land to resolve all manner of urban transport problems so the predict and provide paradigm has been very present in the global south. The problem is that it has been shown both theoretically and empirically that the benefits of building a world or increasing capacity of drifting roads are a commonly offset by this phenomenon called induced demand. Increased road capacity commonly results in the diversion of travel from lower volume out of the day parallel commuting routes or public transportation and in a very short time congestion levels are stored to almost extension levels so there is this vicious circle at play. So, some people will say that this type of approach, trying to go into issues by expanding road is like trying to do obesity by buying bigger fans. And it doesn't work. However, this continues to be a typical policy response. In most of the countries that we covered in the book. Here is a picture from from Ankara an urban highway that became congested. The picture was provided by the, by the author of the of the chapter. Now, the problem with this approach is not just that it's theoretically ineffective, but it also presents a social inclusion and she because the road are mainly used by an elite minorities at all. So, in developing countries, we see a situation of distance to say the United States or Australia where the majority of people have cars. We were talking about just the very top slice of the population on cars and increasing road capacity also produces more and more urban stroll as development tends to follow, tends to follow roads. And the mentality among policy makers in merging economies is changing, but not quickly enough so there is, we see more of a rhetorical change towards moving away from traditional road construction. But the reality is that more money is put into roads than alternative. I'll talk about that next. In this area where a lot of money tends to be put or tends to be spend is parking, which also consumes large amount of space in the cities of emerging economies, and some of those cities are only starting to realize that parking, free parking comes at a very high cost. Now I'll move on to the next area of the next strategy that invests in rail based transport. I wanted to cover first, theoretically the two main types of rail based transport like rapid transit, LRT or heavy rail or metro, metro transport. So, LRT is present in the cities of developing countries and it ranges from the conventional on street tramways, such as the example of this Moscow tram presented on the picture on the left side, and all the way to the elevated systems of places like, like Singapore. It tends to be present only in the wealthier cities of developing countries. It has of course lower construction costs than metros. And it positively impacts their quality in the cities where it is present because the transform on electricity is a positive at all. Generally, cities that build LRT signal these more prominent commitments to public transport. So it's desirable in the sense of the sense of image. But then when it comes to operations, if LRT operates simply at grade without much priority in other traffic, it really has not a major operational advantage compared to busways. And I'll talk about busways in another slide. Then we have the case of heavy rail metro. I'll put up a picture, an example from Delhi metro on the right hand side. Now the problem with metro is that it requires full segregation from other traffic because it's fed electricity from an electrified third rail. So, therefore, because it needs to be segregated construction costs are the highest, although also the capacity is the highest because full segregation means that metros do not have to stop at traffic lights. So there are no impediments on the way. So capital costs estimates vary from perhaps 8 million per kilometer for a great kind of metro. One can secure the right of way on the surface, but then costs escalate all the way to 150 million per kilometer for physical terrain. And in fact, an already built up city that has major underground infrastructure can be considered difficult terrain cause a lot of sewer lines and water lines that have to be displaced to accommodate metro system. So that's in short, the theory. Now, let's move on to the topic. The reality is that only developing cities with a population of more than two or three million places like Mexico City or Delhi. For example, in the picture having placed metro systems, most other cities just simply support them. They're too, they're too expensive. One exception is Chinese cities. China has been building a huge amount of rail transport, urban rail transport, since 1990. And it's donated, of course, by its own economy during this period. There is this great GIS graphic which you can access through this link that I posted at the bottom of the slide. I've extracted the images of rail construction in three years, 1990, 2000 and 2020. It shows the huge growth in urban rail in China, but otherwise you can look at the GIS for more gradual growth to see the evolution. Now, let's move on to another type of intervention, the promise of future technologies, and I'm covering only three. Of course, technology is just one word, but it encompasses quite a lot. So I'll cover biofuels, electric cars, and now the new invention, self-driving cars. So biofuels are of course less polluting at the point of view than conventional fuels. But when it comes to developing countries with the point of developing countries, the concern is that a lot of agricultural land might be used to produce biofuels for domestic use and for export. And then as a consequence, countries that adopt biofuels production in a major way might suffer too short of this. So that's one concern. Electric cars are another type of intervention. The problem here is that the pollution, yes, is lower at the point of view, but we need to look at the pollution during the whole lifetime of the car. So from the moment it's produced in a factory to the moment it's brought to the market. And then you also need to look at the afterlife of an electric car. And I've put here this pile of discarded batteries of electric cars. And this is a scenario that happens quite commonly in developing countries that do not have the facilities to recycle used batteries. So people who have the numbers will say that the overall pollution might not be a lot less than conventional cars. And then we have the case of self-driving cars. It's perhaps too early to talk about their deployment in developing countries. So I'll only talk about this briefly. One concern is that with self-driving cars, we are looking forward to a future where robots will be making these moral decisions about what to do in the case of a potential accident. And if you'd like to look at the series of scenarios that present this moral dilemma that cannot be easily resolved by science, there are more philosophical questions. You can click on this link, Moral Machine at MIT.edu. And there you can see this human perspective on moral decisions made by self-driving cars. And you can also test yourself to see what you would do if you're faced with a dilemma in traffic. And it involves the self-driving car. Okay, so these are the main theoretical points I wanted to make regarding technology. But now what's the reality in emerging economies? What were the findings from the book? Well, it looks like technology is still too expensive for emerging economies. And a lot of the benefits at this point in time may be offset by rapid polarization. Also, we need to keep in mind that technological solutions cannot be some sort of panacea for urban transport problems. In fact, things like congestion cannot be solved by technology. Yes, biofuels, electric cars cannot help with pollution, but they don't necessarily fix our cities. So, behavior change will be required to resolve a lot of these problems. And I'll talk about that more next. So the reality at this point in time is that developing cities have been adopting the more inexpensive type of technologies in urban transport. So new mobility services by a cell phone or on demand parking payments. And there are versions of Uber that are very specific to certain cities, like GrabBike, like in the picture here from Jakarta in Indonesia, or DD Taxi, that's the Chinese version of Uber. There is some experimentation in different places with intelligent transport systems for traffic general traffic management. And then in the case of India, there is this major mission to create 100 smart cities in the country, which will employ technology in a major way. But many experts are quite skeptical. They'll say that it's more political propaganda than a feasible kind of kind of project. So, generally, turning over the existing fleet of polluting vehicles has proven difficult and that's one of the big priorities in the countries that we reviewed in the book. Okay, another type of intervention are pricing mechanisms, which charge the price to access the certain area of the city, typically the downtown area like the Temple of Hordes and pricing applied in Tehran, Iran, that's the illustration of the slide shows. Overall, the research in the book shows that there's been great political relaxers to introduce measures that could tell the use of cars and motorcycles. And even when benefits are accrued by congestion charging areas like the one in Tehran, these tend to be offset by the growing levels of motorization and developing cities. We see experimentation with pricing and taxation schemes, but sometimes even these have been counterproductive, for example, in India buses are taxed more than personal vehicles. And then I need to say that these types of schemes, they might have an effect, but it's only in a limited, in a limited area. They don't have very large overall effects that cover the whole city. Another category of intervention are legal access restrictions. And developing cities have been experimenting with these, but we limited success. One relatively successful scheme is the Oino Circular scheme in Mexico City, which prohibits cars from circulating one day a week based on license plate numbers. It has backfired to some extent when it was initially introduced because some people purchase second and third cars to regain the system. Overall, the effect has been positive. And Thailand is another country that has been trying to restrict private vehicle ownership by limiting the issuing of license plate, but overall it's been difficult to restrict legal access. That's the general finding from the book. Another category is the strengthening of land use control. And of course, this is not a transport intervention as such, but land use and transport have a very strong relationship. They have a very efficient public transport system in very low density role in kind of environments like the one illustrated in the slide in Cape Town in South Africa. These kind of environments, of course, private vehicles play the major role for moving people around. These characteristics of land use in emerging economies that then affect the system are these very dynamic urban development processes, mostly led by the private sector and by the government. There is a high construction level in some cities to meet housing demand, but we also see increasing social polarization and segregation as countries grow wealthier. We haven't seen a new equal distribution of wealth, but rather just polarization at the extreme. And of course that kind of polarization has special effects. We see more and more communities for the rich and the middle class, we tend to cut themselves off from the rest of society. And these types of spatial inequalities, I feel they're perfectly illustrating this picture from in Sao Paulo that was made around the internet where we see side to side one high rise, very fancy development for the wealthy, right next door to a favela. So developing cities are slowly recognizing that they need to adopt better land use policies that encourage the use of public transport, but there is a big gap between rhetoric and practice. Another category intervention is simply awareness raising campaigns and these can be quite low cost have been taking place in many, many countries. One type of campaign is the World Car Free Day that's celebrating many countries on September 22 every year. However, the success in reversing travel habits has been has been minimal. So many specialists at this point are saying that perhaps the focus should shift from awareness raising campaigns for the population at large to professional training and education. And this is also cool and difficult to do because a lot of countries in emerging economies, with emerging economies based off of from brain drain so they're better trained professionals, they need to, to the global north, and this phenomenon is partly responsible for the lack of reform. Now one exception is India, where these centers of excellence in urban transport are being created that will provide financial assistance for professional training. But the fact remains remains to be seen there's still relatively near one type of intervention that is far amount and you can see from the green color of the title in the slide is road based public transport and have distinguished this from rail based public transport is more desirable. Mainly because because of its lower cost. Road based public transport, obviously include conventional buses, and those do not tend to do much for the image of public transport in various countries. But proportionately now there is this higher level public transport system as traffic transit, which promises to deliver benefits that are similar to rail, but it's much, much lower cost. And let me give you basic information on the RT. So, the RT has been, has been developed all over the world. It started in Latin America, but, but it's spread now to Asia, and it's one type of intervention that was initially invented to the goal in the global south, and then it was exported into the global north. Usually the direction of policy transfer goes the other way around so the RT is special in that way. And at this point, there's been plenty of research on the operation, there is strong evidence that the systems are appealing and effective. So, the landmark system is still for the two landmark systems are still in Latin America, so we see that and the RT system being incipient in Asia the largest system is in Guangzhou, in China. So, this is for the positive side, but of course the RT is not a miracle to you either. So, and some the RT is of course a bit more or less successful. It is a very complex type of transport planning, and some systems have suffered from fragmented planning or operation in efficiencies, political struggles during their design and then later implementation. Land acquisition can be a problem when designing the system in an already built city. There have been issues with cost over us, although the system is more cost effective than rare, like I said, and in some cases, there has been this interaction with social equality issues, because the RT sometimes is also seen as a way to rehabilitate informal settlements, and so the interplay with social issues varies from country to country. Unfortunately, there have been a few cases of the RTs that were built and are already dismantled, like the case in Delhi. And we've also seen that in some countries, because the systems are higher quality than conventional buses or biotransit, informal transit, then the fares are also too high for urban poor. So, these are some of the issues to keep in mind when thinking of the IT. And then finally, support for non-motorized mode. One cannot stress enough how important non-motorized transport is for cities. And when we talk about a non-motorized transport, it's not just about having a sidewalk or having a bicycle lane, but it's also about the general feel of cities. For example, a city like the tiny city in this example with this major highway that runs across the urban space cannot be considered a pedestrian friendly environment. This city is obviously dedicated to cars, so it's also a visual perception, not just about the practicalities of providing non-motorized infrastructure. Now, in the book we found through the chapters that our authors wrote, we found that various cities are currently inventing any substantial amounts in cycling and walking infrastructure. That's very unfortunate. So, walking revolution in particular is not forthcoming. And wherever there are positive interventions, walking and cycling type of path, this tends to be in small pockets or disconnected corridors. And cycling in particular is often seen as a major activity rather than almost everyday transport, especially for the middle and the upper classes. Attitudes are very, very slowly changing. But, okay, apart from the negative, I also want to talk a bit about the positive. There are some examples that are at the forefront of non-motorized transport movements. And one example is Robota, which has already created some nearly 400 kilometers of standarded bicycle lanes, but that's quite unique in developing countries. São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro and Brazil are also developing quite large cycling networks. And then we have the case of China that used to be one cycling paradise at the height of the communist system. And then it sort of came over with urban space to cars. And now it's trying once again to revive cycling. And one type of intervention is bicycle sharing programs, which are becoming more and more popular in statistical China. But these also sometimes have drawbacks, like in the case of Shenzhen, which is shown in the picture here on the right hand side, where bicycles have been used to then have been discarded creating these design stores and another environmental problem in the city. Okay, so in summary, I wish this had been a more cheerful presentation rather than listing all these problems and issues. But that's the reality. There is no point sugarcoating it. Most developing countries don't need this radical overhaul of urban transport to improve the situation. And in most cases, packages of measures are needed. Disconnected interventions simply will not have a big effect. The trends that we see in developing countries now are similar to those experienced earlier by global north countries, but in the south, the problems are magnified because the south has many more mega cities and lack of resources is also a problem. Generally, there is a high level of dissatisfaction over the devastation of cities called by urban traffic, but most places have very weak local traditions of public action. And this is, of course, legacy of poverty, corruption, or political, and totalitarian political systems or post colonial type of context. So many of the cities that we covered in the book, they do have high potential to overcome urban transport problems because the cities are dense now. Some of us, it is not all, but some have retained a very strong pedestrian culture, and they also have substantial portions of carless households that have nothing to lose from car traffic restrictions. But in practice, there are all sorts of transport governance arrangements that inhibit more effective development. Okay, so that was it for my part, and I'll be happy to take questions. Thank you so much, Dr. Vellani. This has been an incredibly rich overview of what the interventions are that you've seen to be the most high potential and what the state of affairs is. With that, I would like to invite our participants to enter their questions into the Q&A window, and we'll start diving in. I already see some folks have already entered their questions. Let me just go through here. And while you are answering your questions, I'm going to kick us off with one question that came to mind for me when you were speaking around the high potential of addressing environmental performance of existing police, when you were talking about the technology-based solutions. Are you able to share some examples or something that you've seen in your research of successful approaches or where that's been done effectively and what some of the consequence interventions have been? I would say that the two countries that appeared to be at the forefront of technological innovation are China and India. And one of their big advantages is that they have domestic car production so they can produce their own electric vehicles at lower costs. So they don't need to borrow technology from the North. But then I've also seen in my research on transport psychology and transport symbolism that often the middle classes in the higher income strata of those countries do not care so much about the symbolism of things like electric cars or hybrid cars, what are called, in combination with our cars. Unless these are associated with luxury brands like Mercedes-Benz or BMW, things like that. So a lot of middle class people, they won't care to buy an electric Toyota is that it doesn't add to the image of themselves and their families. The environmental family, the environmental family-ness of the technology itself doesn't have that strong symbolism yet in this context. And there is a big contrast with the global norm where using an environmentally friendly vehicle does give you the positive social capital. So think about those Toyota Prius drivers in the United States. They're associated with a certain environmentalist and real-life style. And that's not happening yet in the South. That makes good sense. So we have a couple of other questions that have come in. With ridesharing becoming more popular, for example Uber and spin-offs, motorcycle taxis and et cetera, do you think that road transportation can be a more sustainable option in developing markets? Road transportation is in-car-based transportation, you mean? I believe. Here it says that there's the example of motorcycle taxis. I believe the question is more just noting that vehicles have transportation, not exclusively necessarily cars. Sure. I mean, in the case of motorcycles, we see the example of places like Vietnam where motorcycles are used quite a lot, but generally in Southeast Asia. And up until now the conventional wisdom has been that we also need to try and restrict motorcycle traffic as much as possible. But now this new thinking has emerged that perhaps motorcycle-based traffic is a lot more desirable than previously thought, because in a lot of ways that motorcycle ownership is considered sort of a stepping stone towards car ownership. And then imagine what can happen if all those people that now use motorcycles suddenly switch to cars is caused major congestion. So in some places now the focus is to keep people on motorcycles and have them shift to cars. Right. Interesting. So in terms of the buses, what questions have come in here regarding your thoughts on what developing countries can do to better implement green urban transportation, in this case the example of electric buses for mass transportation? I think that's already happening. Actually, it's a question of turning over the existing fleet. But like I said, the countries that have a domestic production are hugely advanced here because they can produce electric buses at a lower cost. Other countries will always be disadvantaged if they have to purchase those cleaner technologies from elsewhere. I mean it's desirable, but the potential is limited because of the cost. So local manufacturing is an extricably linked capacity. So one of the notes that you raised was regarding the good example of road-based public transport and the unconventional migration of innovation from south to north as well as the BRT. Are you able to share some examples? Are there any examples of also collaboration between the global south and north in addressing some of these issues given that they are so rapidly evolving and there's so much learning to be shared across the barrier? Oh sure, I mean collaboration is going on all the time. It's not a question of individual examples. This is, I mean we live in a connected world now, so policy diffusion is constantly happening. The question is translating policies keeping in mind the local culture and psychology. That's all the focus now. I was talking before about the different symbolism that's attached to different technologies in the north and in the south. That's the kind of thing that takes a while to change. You can easily transfer the technology, but if a culture is not poised to accept it, then it's not going to work. That's really the main issue and the technology itself that's probably the easier part, transferring the technology, changing culture and mentality that the process. Right, I believe that in our own research we've seen that, for example, and we're talking about non-monerous transports and particularly in East Africa, walking, which is still a predominant mode of transportation in many African countries, is still perceived as a sign of poverty. So it's absolutely kind of, to me, resonating when you're speaking about that behavior change and perception being so critical in the investment and awareness campaigns being an essential element of this work. So with respect to some of the things we've seen, are there any really disruptive solutions that you've seen that may have addressed some of these issues in a way that surprised you in doing this work? Disruptive solutions. I would say BRT has been the major innovation in recent years. Perhaps bicycle sharing, smartphone-based bicycle sharing has also been, well, disruptive to some extent and only for certain countries like China, not everywhere. And the major disruptive technology we expect now is automated driving, of course, but I'd say it's too early to speculate about its effects in the North, even, and then probably take a little bit longer to be applied to the South. But I wanted to make another point when we're talking about walking being associated with poverty in Africa and another part of the global south. I wanted to say that if one is located in the global North in cooler climates, it's easy to forget that a lot of cities in the South, they can have this very hot and humid climate. So the same technologies or behaviors that might work quite well in the North, they might not work as well in the South. So what we see in a lot of healthy states, for example, places that are in the tropical climate bands, because it's so hot and humid outside, anybody who has achieved some level of economic success in life won't immediately get out of the streets and get into air conditioning or private motorization and air conditioning. So that's why we see this sort of urbanism that's dominated by air-conditioned cars, air-conditioned shopping malls, these people's economic needs, they try to spend as little time as they can outdoors. And if one is based in places like the Netherlands, the bicycle kingdom, it's easy to forget these climatic disasters. Absolutely, it's a fantastic point. And we have a few more questions that come in that are really interesting. So one question here is, is there any evidence that investment in technologies like Internet bandwidth lead to long-term changes in traffic patterns and the demand for the most congested parts of the city? Essentially, does telecommuting and virtualization provide some hope for the future? I don't think that's really the solution. And the reality is that there are already many countries in the south now that have quite good Internet connections in the major cities, but the impact on traffic or those technologies has not been always great. In fact, some cities in the south probably have better Internet connection than what we had here in Australia, traveling at the moment, connecting to the webinar. But, yeah, no, I don't think the impact on traffic has been great. Is it fair to speculate that perhaps coming back to your point about culture in terms of war-coating culture and expectation to be on site might have something to play with it? Again, I'm playing completely speculation here, a little bit of couch research here. Yes. So two things going on. One, like you said, different work cultures in the north and in the south. I'll just not forget that a lot of the styles still operate under these, I don't want to say totalitarian, but authoritarian type of cultures. So then workplace culture is not as flexible as the minority telecommuting is not as acceptable. People, yes, are expected to be on site and then hierarchies tend to be much stronger in the workplace, which means that employees kind of have to defer to their supervisor, be expected to be on time, and be there physically be there. But that's one issue. Another issue which I mentioned earlier is that a lot of countries, in a lot of countries, the authorization is still increasing, so people are still purchasing cars. So whatever effects we see that might be due to technology, whatever positive effects, they're offset by increasing motorization at this point. So we're not in an equilibrium kind of state just yet. Right in the United States where there is already a saturated market with cars and then we can measure the different effects of technology rather than prevention. So there are these two opposing forces at play. I suppose time will tell how these dynamics shift and influence one another. It's very exciting. So are there any questions? There's actually some questions coming in through chat or maybe some comments. If telecom companies are successful in the global south, why is it that transportation is lacking behind in the global south? Sure. So I'm trying to derive this. This is a question I'm seeing in the chat just for your reference as well, Dr. Piani. If telecom companies are successful in the global south, why is it that transportation is lacking behind in the global south? That's quite a broad question. Yes, yes. Well, so I think I think one big issue is the political system of the global south. What we see is these two interlocking loops for vicious circle. One that sees cars as a necessity and the other one that sees cars as a status symbol. And both of these loops, I believe, stemmed from the race of neoliberalism as the governing principle. So that means that either governments in the south are weak or in some cases, previously strong governments have now retreated. And now this is, of course, compounded by corruption and dysfunctional, post-colonial legacies and then authoritarianism. So what happens on one side of the loop works like this. So you have this neoliberal governance system. And then this leads to reduced investments in alternative forms of transport, public transport, cycling, walking. And then, right after that, individual types of transport like cars or private transport solutions like shuttle buses to one employment place provided by the employer. These are entitled not things that are government based like public transport for all. Then once this happens, car ownership becomes necessary to just get around efficiently in the city. And once car ownership is seen as a benefit in life, then the government rushes to accommodate the needs of the car growing elite, and this leads to further reduction in the quality of public transport and cycling infrastructure. So that's one side of the loop. Then have the status kind of for the psychological component. You have a neoliberal government, and it means that society becomes more unequal socially and financially. And then we know from research, you can only see that society that are more unequal display of status becomes more important. So you need to clearly show back to what you want where you stand in society. So the car you own, the car you drive needs to place you right away in the social hierarchy. And then this becomes a status symbol, of course. And once cars are status symbols, then you've got this government that rush to accommodate the needs of the car owning elite, like I said, and further inequality. So there are these two loops at play that are difficult to break. And I don't think technology itself has the power to break this loop. It's more of a government issue than a technological issue. I think technological optimism needs to have more energy in this case. You raise a tremendously good point and thank you so much for connecting the dots across those entire loops. It's fascinating and enlightening and I'm hopeful, again, to not to end on a pessimistic note but for all of our attendees and all of the folks that will listen to this webinar and the recording. And I do apologize. We're coming to time. So that was the last question. But there are other questions coming in. Please feel free to contact Dr. Piani via her email address to webinars at engineeringforchange.org. But what is promising is that hopefully our listeners will now be thinking holistically about solutions and how policy and perception behavior will play into the overall betterment of our transportation quandaries that we are facing globally. With this, I would really like to thank Dr. Piani for taking the time to spend with us today, for sharing her insights and encourage all of you to pick up a copy of her books. This was just a tip of the iceberg from all the exciting, interesting insights inside. I'd like to thank you all for attending, joining us on today's webinar. There will be a recording of this webinar available. For those of you who are registered, you will receive a notification of that recording when it's ready. For those of you seeking professional development hours, the code is listed on our slide here. Please send us an email to request that professional development hour. And again, if we did not address your questions, email us at the webinars at engineeringforchange.org. With that, I'd like to wish you all a good evening or a good morning, depending where you are. I encourage you all to join us as E4C members to get information on upcoming webinars. And we hope to see you on our next one next month. Take care.