as I previously talked about that in your PowerPoint lectures, I captured every step of the SPSS screen, kept it here so that you don't forget the idea, but we won't do it, in fact, we will actually go into the SPSS and put the data. By putting the data, you must have mastered it so far, remember that putting the data in ANOVA is very tricky, because its variables are given to us in the matrix, but we have to put the rows and columns in further variables. If you just look at how many variables we have for each one, then putting the data becomes easy, because then we put one variable in the same rows, in the SPSS, one variable is equal to one row. Now let's go to SPSS and enter data for the same example that we have discussed. This is the file of SPSS, and I have already put the data in it because it will save time. So our first variable is ID, remember that in the first column, you will put the name of the participants or any ID that you have. So we have a second variable gender, which is between group, we had 6 male data and 6 female data. So for those 6 male, we have low, medium, high scores, which is repeated mayor. Repeted mayor, remember that the data is always, the levels of your columns will be the same. If repeated mayor, like in the last example, with 2 independent variables, we have 2 into 3 repeated mayor, then we have 6 columns of data in SPSS, it is necessary. Here we have one repeated mayor, so for repeated mayor, we have 3 levels, so we have 3 columns of data, it is necessary, whereas our gender is between group, it will come in the same column. So we have put the data in it, and in it, we have put one more thing, like in the variable view, we will assign values in the gender, that 1 means male, and you have to tell your computer so that it will know what 1 and 2 means, and this is our second variable, which is between group variable, we will add it, rest by default, these things are left, but you let it stay like this, like by default.  In the repeated mayor, as we did the first variable for repeated mayor, we will tell it a factor, which is a caffeine consumption, low, medium, high, and we will tell it its three levels, it will add it and we will define it. Now you have to tell your low, medium, high, that what it is, as we did in the repeated mayor, so one, the first level is low, second level of the within variable is medium and third level for the within variable is high. Now our gender is between subject factor, so we will be sending this gender here in the between subject factor. After adding this, now you have to go in the model contrast or plots, plots because we have to take out the interaction effect, it mostly makes sense through graph. And for graph, because there are three levels of caffeine, so we will send it horizontally, there are two levels of gender, so we will add it on separate lines, we will continue. For post hoc, again, because when we compare the means in options, it already does post hoc analysis for us, but here you have to pick three options, homogeneity test, estimate of effect size and then descriptive statistics. After these three, we will not do the rest, we will continue and hit OK button, it will give us its mixed inova output file.


Calvary Chapel, hey, if you're here for the very first time, you must come back and hear Pastor David Rosales give the word of God with such a tenderness, such a love. And we're so thankful every time we have the opportunity to come. My beautiful wife and I, we're just so thankful to be here. And so I'm saying all that to say this, don't judge this church by me. Hey, I'm going back to Virginia. You got to come back and hear the pastor of this great church. And so we're always honored, always honored to be here. And we had a great time with the men yesterday, and it's going to be a tremendous time today. Alrighty, let's dive into the word of God together. Turn with me in your Bibles to the book of Mark chapter 4. We're going to be looking at verses 13 through 20. Father, thank you so much for this tremendous opportunity to speak your heart to the hearts of your precious people. Lord, we pray that your Holy Spirit will come down and give us ears to hear the spirit of God speak through the word of God. Oh God, I pray, hide me behind the cross that I may speak your heart to your people that you love so dearly in Jesus' name, amen. Mark chapter 4, we're going to be looking at verses 13 through 20. And the title of this message is True or False Christian. True or False Christian. Now, according to a Gallup poll done some years ago, 78% of Americans identified themselves as Christians. And as we look at our country and it's evil, it is hard to see Christianity lived out among us. So what is wrong? I will tell you, there are a lot of people who are claiming to be Christians who are not. They are false Christians. How can I be sure? Jesus will tell us in a variety of stories called parables to confirm this statement. Now let me just say this.  I like words, I like going and seeing what the original language has to say because I know that our English language is somewhat limited. For example, we have one word for love, one word. But we know there's a variety of loves. The love I have for my wife is different from the love that I have for my children. And the love that I have for Reese's Peanut Butter Cups is different from the love of either one of them. But we only have the one word for love. The Greeks had five words for love because they understand and they understood that there's more than one kind of love. And so that's why I'm a words person. So I can expand your understanding on the English words that we have, expand your understanding by going back into the original language and telling you what it means and that way it expands your understanding so you can see the intention of the author when he wrote what he wrote in the pages of scripture. So Jesus is gonna confirm the statement. I'm going back what I just said. He's gonna confirm the statement that I just made about how there are true and false Christians. There are many people, especially here in America, who think that there are Christians and are not. I mean, with 78% of Americans saying that there are Christians and I'm looking around at America and I'm saying really, we don't see Christianity lived out according to the pages of scripture. So Jesus is gonna give a variety of stories called parables to confirm this statement. Now parable comes from the Greek word parabolic and this is the Greek word that is a combination of two words, para, which means beside and ballo, which means to cast. So the word parabolic means to cast or to lay aside of. So Jesus will take lessons about the kingdom of God and here it is, and lay them aside of things of this earth. He would do this for two reasons. Number one, for believers to reveal truth. For believers to reveal truth. And number two, for unbelievers to conceal truth. And we need to study these stories, especially the one before us, because you need to know without a shadow of a doubt whether you are a true and false Christian. We had the altar filled with people first service because of the truth of the word of God that came forth and I believe the same thing is gonna happen here. Now by way of review, verses one through 12, in these verses we see Jesus uses the natural acoustics of the water to speak to the multitude of people. As the people were gathering together they were starting to crowd him out. So he took Peter's boat, another Gospel tells us, and he took it a little bit out to the sea so the water will act as an amplifier and it will be like a stadium effect as he is speaking, his voice bouncing off of the water, speaking to 15 to 20,000 people. And maybe as he's about to teach these particular lessons he saw someone in the distance scattering seed and he uses this familiar scene to give them what is commonly called the parable of the sore. After this teaching verse 10 says that Jesus was gathered together with the 12 disciples and they began to ask him about the parable. It must have really blew them away when they heard this particular story. Jesus tells them in verse 11 that to them it has been given to know the mysteries of the kingdom of God. Remember to believers parables reveal truth. Then he says in verse 12 that for those who are unbelievers the parables will conceal or hide the truth from them. Why? Because Jesus wanted those who wanted to hear to hear and those who wanted to see to see. In other words, Jesus never wanted anyone to be forced to believe in him. If you want to see and hear then the parables will reveal the truth to you. If you're here today and you don't want to see or hear then the parables will conceal or hide the truth from you. Or I love what he said in verse nine. He says he who has ears to hear let him hear. My question for you today is do you have ears to hear what Jesus is about to say? If you do then these parables will reveal some sweet beautiful truth about God and his kingdom to you. But if you don't then you will leave it. You will leave here should I say and this parable will conceal or hide the truth from you. Now what's so beautiful is that Jesus doesn't leave it up to us to figure out the meaning of this parable. He tells us clearly in these following verses what this parable is all about because this parable is a very important parable that Jesus is about to tell us. Look what it says in verse 13. And he said to them do you not understand this parable? How then will you understand all the parables? Now did you catch what Jesus said? He said the meaning of this parable is the key to unlocking the meaning of all of the following parables. See if you mess up or misinterpret the meaning of this parable then we will mess up or misinterpret the meaning of all of the other parables. To make sure that we don't mess it up Jesus tells us the meaning of this parable. Watch this piece by piece. Look what he says in verses 14 and 15. He says the sword sows the word. And these are the ones by the wayside where the word is sown when they hear Satan comes immediately and takes away the word that was sown in their hearts. Now the sword is the one scattering the seed and Jesus tells us that the seed is what? The seed is the word of God. And the first place the seed is scattered is by the wayside. The Greek word for wayside is hondas and it refers to the hardened surface adjacent to the road or to a path. Because the wayside was hardened the seed remained on the top of the soil. Now in other words there are people who come to church with a hardened heart. Hardened towards a family member, a coworker, a boss or watch this, hardened towards an ex-spouse.  And so Satan comes, watch this and immediately removes it easily like verse 15 says. And I believe that there are some of you here today that you're the hardened heart here. You came here with a hardened heart. Hardened over life circumstances, hardened over what people or ex-spouse or ex-boyfriend or girlfriend has done to you. And you came here hardened and every time you come with that hardened heart the word of God, the seed of the word is sown and it just lays on the top surface of your heart. And when you leave here Satan snatches that seed from your heart. And you say things like this, well I didn't get anything out of that message or I'm not getting anything out of that. Let's go to another church. You go there the same thing happens. Let's go to another church. And if you would notice the only common denominator out of all those churches are you. You the common denominator because you are coming to church with a hard heart.  Not penetrating, not going in but it's right on the surface because it is hardened. This is called the hard hearted person. Look at verses 16 and 17. It says these likewise are the ones sown on stony ground. When they hear the word immediately receive it with gladness and they have no root in themselves and so endure only for a time. And afterwards when tribulation or persecution arises for the word's sake immediately they stumble. Now this part of this parable is the shallow heart. And there are those who have a shallow relationship with the Lord. Now keep in mind this stony ground here is not talking about a mixture of dirt and small stones but it speaks of a huge rock that is over in the area of Palestine. A huge rock with a thin layer of dirt on it. Notice how verse 16 says that when they hear the word notice they receive it with gladness. In other words they have had an emotional experience. Tears might have flown, music was played but notice how verse 16 says they have no root in themselves, no roots in Christ and they notice endure for a time. Or it looks like they are walking with the Lord for a period of time. But when the trials and tribulations and persecution arises for the word's sake notice how verse 17 says immediately they stumble. I want to draw your attention to the word stumble. The Greek word is scandalizo. It's where we get our English word scandalized from and it means to be offended, to stumble, to fall away. You see these people they fall away no longer at church, things got too hot for them. They are bitter and we say, watch this, this is what we say when we see these people or talk about them, we say they back slid. But I would tell you they never slid forward from the start. They didn't come through the door of repentance. They had just an emotional experience. They came to church, something was going on in their lives. The music was playing, it touched them in an emotional way and tears were flowing and they had an emotional experience. They didn't come through the door of repentance and so when trials and tribulations and persecution come for the word's sake, immediately they stumble. It said after a period of time. So it may look like they're walking with the Lord. It gives the appearance that they're walking with Him but they just had an emotional experience.  And ask yourself, is this you? Do you have a shallow relationship with the Lord? Maybe you're hearing you're about to throw in the towel on Christianity because things have been hot. Things have gotten hard lately. Trials and tribulations and persecution has caused you to want to give up. You said when I was out in the world, when I was out drinking and partying and clubbing and doing those types of things, things were great. Now since I started watch this quote unquote going to church, now things are falling apart. And you're thinking about throwing in the towel. This is the stony ground here or mindset. And I'm here to tell you really need a true relationship with the Lord. One that comes through the door of repentance and not just have an emotional experience. This is the stony ground here and I believe that churches across America are filled with stony ground here's.  It's a maintenance thing. And I believe that there are stony ground here's in here today. I believe that. Look at verses 18 and 19. It says, now these are the ones sown among the thorns. They are the ones who hear the word and the cares of this world and the deceitfulness of riches and the desires for other things enter it in and choke the word and it becomes unfruitful. Now this speaks not of the heart heart or the shallow heart but of a crowded heart. You have heard the word but you have allowed three things to crowd that word out of your life. Number one, the cares of this world. The Greek word is maribna and it speaks of the worries of this world. This person has a preoccupation with becoming rich always wanting more and more never content always want more. It speaks of a fracturing of a person being in several parts. You're divided. You divide with trying to walk with the Lord and the worries and the cares and what they have and what they have it speaks of a divided heart. I'm amazed that he talks about the cares of this world and how many people are so concerned and preoccupied with the cares of this world trying to get more and more and being satisfied less and less. Then number two, there's the deceitfulness of riches. The word deceitful is apate and it means a false impression made to deceive. A false impression made to deceive. Notice riches, they're called the deceitfulness of riches because they deceive us into thinking that money and the things money can buy will bring us happiness. But it's deceitful. It's deceitful. Now if God has blessed you financially and you have the right to enjoy the blessings that he has poured into your life and I told this to first servant, I'm gonna tell it to you because when I said if you have been blessed financially and many of you, you're thinking about your struggle let me tell you something, I'm your friend. I came all the way from Virginia to tell you this. If you live in Southern California, you have been blessed financially. I'm here to tell you that. We were walking around, we were at a shopping center and there was a real estate agent who had some pictures of homes in the window there. There was nothing under a half million dollars for a house here. You have been blessed financially if you live here. I don't care if you got one of the half million dollar homes and there's 10 of y'all in there. I don't care. You have been blessed financially by living in Southern California. You got this weather, them palm trees. You can drive to some beaches in Caranoa. You don't have anything to complain about. I'm here to tell you that. Well, you don't know about the journey. I'm just struggling. You live in California. Southern California at that. I can tell you it was Northern California. They got weather like we have in Virginia. No, you live in Southern California. You have been blessed financially. I am here to tell you about your blessings. Maybe you didn't know. Maybe it's the first time you've heard it. I'm here to tell you, you've been blessed and you have a right to enjoy the blessings of being out here. Amen, God bless you. But the Bible makes very clear in Psalm 62 verse 10, if riches increase, don't set your heart on them. Because riches make for themselves wings. They'll fly away like a bird towards the heavens, the book of Proverbs says. Don't set your heart on them. Meaning don't get caught up with the mindset. The more I have or one more thing, then I will be happy. That is the thorny, ground mindset. So maybe it's not the cares of this world. Maybe it's not the deceitfulness of riches. Maybe it's number three, the desire for other things. The desires for other things. Other things, other hobbies and habits and recreations and sports and TV and vacations. It's just other things. You see these people all the time. I haven't seen you at church lately. Where you been? Well, you know, just been into some other things. Other things have become more important than the things of God.  The Greek word for choke is sum nigo, sum nigo. And it means to strangle completely. It means to drown or to crowd. The idea is how we crowd out a plant and keep it from maturing because it's soaking up the ground and the nutrients all around it and choking the real plant out. This is what these things, these other things are doing in your life. They're like weeds.  I just have to ask you what or who is choking, strangling, crowding the word of God out of your life? Have you noticed single ladies? Have you noticed when you started dating him that it started choking the things of God out of your life? Men, ever since you single men, ever since you got that girl, no longer that fire for the things of God. Notice how you're reading your Bible less and less because you want to spend more time with them. It's not the wrong with being single and wanting to be married and all that kind of stuff. But I want you to notice how the idea is this particular person or thing is choking the word of God out of your life.  This is key because it's nothing wrong with sports and TV and dating and all that. It's nothing wrong with that. But see, this is where what I said at the very beginning is about to come true. Remember I said that I want to expand your English understanding of certain words. Notice it says the desire for other things. The Greek word is epithomea and it's amazing word. Yes, it means desire but watch this. It means to long or to lust for that which is forbidden. See that, now that gives us a deeper understanding of what it means beyond just oh, I desire this person or I desire this. No, it means to desire or lust for that which is forbidden. Why is it forbidden?  That's why it's forbidden. That's why it's forbidden. Why is it that we always want that which we cannot have? Why? That goes all the way back to the beginning.  Look at the garden I've given you. All the trees of the garden you may eat of it but there's one, you shall not eat of it.  Where do you think Adam and Eve went to that one tree? The tree that was forbidden, we have always wanted that which we can't have. You're like, oh boy, I'm single but I want that woman right there which I can have her, woo. Then you get her, you're like, but look at her over there. Now you want that which is forbidden.  Now look at verse 20. Says, but these are the ones sown on good ground, those who hear the word accepted and bear fruit some 34, some 60 and some 100 fold. Oh, verse 20, this verse is so important because there is a phrase that is mentioned for this person that is not mentioned with the other three. And that is this person, notice, bears fruit and the other three doesn't hate the moon. This one bears fruit. When this person heard the word of God, verse 20 says they accepted it or they received it and then they bore fruit some 30, some 60 and some even 100 times. Now this shows us that not everyone, all of us, we're not gonna bear the same amount of fruit, we're not but we will bear some fruit. These people are the true Christians where the other three, watch this, the other three were false Christians. Remember this parable from verse 13 is the key to unlocking all of the other parables. So if this is talking about true and false Christians, which it is, then when we read in Matthew 13 about the parable of, watch this, the wheat and the tares, the parable of the good fish, bad fish, the parable of the treasures new and old, now they make sense. Because this parable unlocks the meaning of all of the other parables. The question is what is fruit? It said that this person bears fruit some 30, some 60, some 100, for what is fruit? This is an important question because you want to know if you are a good ground hearer or a true Christian. Well, we see from Galatians 5, 22 and 23, we know number one is the fruit of the spirit. Now I know many of you when you say, what, you know the fruit of the spirit is love, joy, peace, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, you say it real quick. I know, I understand. No, the fruit singular of the spirit is love, agape love, God's love, divine love, a love that gives and expects nothing in return. And out of that love comes joy, peace, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, long suffering and self control. See, the question is, are you growing in these areas?  You need to judge your Christian walk and just say, hey, am I growing in agape love and God's love? Am I more joyful today than I was yesterday? Am I experiencing more peace, peace with God and peace with my fellow man? Am I more in long suffering? Am I more patient this month than I was last month? Am I exercising gentleness? Am I kinder this week than I was last week? And here's a big one. Am I more self-controlled this year than I was last year? See, this is how you judge whether you're growing, whether you're seeing these particular things in your life. Are you growing in these areas? That's fruit. That's number one. Number two, the fruit of worship. Hebrews 13 verse 15 talks about the fruit of our lips and worship given thanks to his name. Are you growing in your worship of God? Do you find yourself giving thanks to him? Or do you look at the worship of God as though that's the time I can come late as long as I'm there to get that word, you know, that's all that matters. Y'all come get that word. You know, they just doing that singing. You know, they just singing. I ain't into all that singing. Oh, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. Pump your brakes, laycomer. Pump your brakes. You don't understand the importance of worship. You don't understand it. See, our relationship with God is a dialogue, not a monologue. We talk to God, he speaks to us. Here's the thing, doing worship, God who is called light and in him is no darkness at all. God who's called light. He shines the spotlight of his holiness upon those dark sinful areas of our lives. He convicts us of attitudes and tempers and things that we have done wrong to people and others and all that kind of stuff. He convicts us. We speak back to him in confession. Lord, forgive me, I'm sorry.  We expose ourselves to the one who is light and he reveals darkness in our lives and we're talking to God through worship. And then when the person gets up here, then he shares the word of God with us and then God is speaking to us through the word. We have talked to him through worship. He speaks to us through the word and we leave here and we have had a dialogue with our God.  Then what happens is this. You come and all of a sudden you hear the word spoken and you do this. I don't believe that. I don't accept that. Honey, did you hear what he just said? I don't believe it. That's the kind of mess. See, but what happens is you come in with that critical kind of judgmental spirit and what happens is doing worship. God exposes that and humbles you in his presence and humbles you to hear his word. So when his word comes forth, you can receive with meekness the implanted word which is able to save your soul. But without that, you come critical. Judgmental. Well, I don't believe. Well, I think the word says this and what about the end, you know? Mm-mm. That's what worship does. It clears all that mess out and it humbles us. It brings us all on level ground at the foot of the cross. That's what worship does. That's what worship does. It brings us into the presence of God and then he speaks to us through the word. So are you growing in your worship of God? For some of you, let me put it this way. Are you coming earlier to church to get into the worship of God? Now we all know worship is a lifestyle. We know worship, it continues even when the music stopped. We understand that. Well, we're talking about the worship where we gather together as a company of believers to worship our God. Are you growing in worship? Number three, are you growing in the fruit of holiness? Romans 622, is your life becoming more like Jesus Christ or is it going in the opposite direction? Number four, the fruit of soul winning. Romans 113 talks about this. Do you even talk to people about Jesus Christ? Do you care that there are people who are lost, going to hell? Do you care about that? Or has the world and its super-offensiveness silenced your voice? This is what true Christians do. We talk to people about their eternal soul. We're one beggar telling another beggar where we found bread. That's who we are. It's what we do. So true Christians will have these things in their lives, some 30, some 60, and some 100 times as much. Now, let me conclude with this. True or false Christian, which are you? How did the soil of your heart receive the word of God today? Or is your heart hardened? And the word is just laying on the surface of your heart. If so, Satan will come and snatch it away. If you're the stony ground here, you received the word of gladness, but when your faith is tested this week, or should I say tested as soon as you leave these doors? When it is tested, you're ready to toss Jesus Christ and Christianity away. Or maybe you're the thorny ground here. You have allowed the cares of this world or the deceitfulness of riches or just the desires for other things to choke the word of God out of your life. If any of these things are you, I wanna say with all the love and all the gentleness I can that you are a false Christian, like a lot of Americans.  Fruit is the evidence that you are a true Christian. Fruit is.  I'm gonna tell you right now, if that's you, I'm gonna tell you when the invitation is given, you need to run down here because you're not a Christian.  I almost ran to church. I wanted to be there every time the doors were open. I couldn't get enough. If folks gotta drag you here and beg and plead with you, you're not a Christian. I'm gonna tell you that, you're not. I couldn't wait to this day. I still can't wait to get, David said I was glad when they said unto me, let us go into the house of the Lord.   You can be. This time you can come and not just have an emotional experience. You can come through the door of repentance because why? Why? Because we with our sin has offended a holy God and we need to ask his forgiveness.  We were in the car just yesterday, I was talking to my wife and all of a sudden, she said I'm not talking to you. That lets me know, I offended her. I immediately said, oh my, I said, oh, I said, honey, I'm sorry for snapping. I'm sorry. Forgive me. I'm so sorry. And she was like, okay. And then we kept talking. Relationship was restored. That's how it is. You offended a holy God and you need to ask for forgiveness. Repent. Repent metanoia. It's a Greek word that means to walk in one direction doing about face and walk in the other direction. Those with a military background, you understand an about face. And walk in one direction doing about face and walk in the other direction. That's what we need. Some of you need that today. And I know without a shadow of a doubt that there are some hard-hearted hearers in here which were false Christians. There are those who are stony ground hearers meaning you just have an emotional experience with Christ. You didn't have no roots in Christ. That was a false Christian. And the ones among the thorns where the cares of this world, the deceitfulness of riches and desires, the other things have choked the word of God to keep it from maturing in your life. All three of those were false Christians. It was only one that was true. The good ground here because he bore fruit. Do you see the fruit of holiness in your life? But we're gonna give you a chance, give you an opportunity. God brought you here today to get right with God, to get right with him. You want to leave here knowing that your heart is right with God. So as we pray, we'll give you this tremendous opportunity today that God ordained for you to be here today to get right with him. Father, I pray.


Hello everyone, I am Ishani and I have got rank 79 in this year's UPSC CSC 2023 exam. I wanted to talk about my experience with Shankar IS Academy and I have cleared the exam in my fourth attempt and in my third attempt I had gotten into the Indian Revenue Service. So in 2020, I had taken classes with Shankar Academy. I do recall getting a very broad and a good introduction into the exam, especially the way the Pridlem's paper is. I recall classes of polity, modern history and geography being very helpful. In my journey for the mains, Moshmika Ma'am was instrumental in my anthropology by clearing a lot of the concepts and also checking my answers. Post that, although the journey was not very smooth, but when I reached the interview stage, I had got a lot of assistance in how to present myself and keep my thoughts very lucid and apt. And I also want to thank Vaishnavi Ma'am, Rajita Ma'am, Chandru Sir and Sakthya Krishnan Sir for always helping me, being approachable for my questions and giving me a lot of guidance and moreover confidence in the exam. I hope all of you can also be perseverant and resilient throughout this journey. So thank you once again.


This video is designed to be an explanation of finger pattern exercises for the bass for teachers to use in their classroom or for students to use as a practice tool. So the finger pattern exercises were originally developed for violin and viola, but I've modified them a little bit for bass and cello, and so I just want to explain how it works for bass and how you might be able to use it.  I'm a violinist, but I've tried this out with a number of my friends who are bass pedagogues, and I feel confident about the strength of this exercise. So each of these exercises involves, first of all, getting your bassist to third position. Now, I always tell violin and violist that finding third position involves a perfect fourth, and that's the interval of here comes the bride. So from the open string to first finger at the beginning of the exercises will be here comes the bride. So we'll start with that and then from there we'll play four quarter notes on each step of the exercises. Now, if you haven't watched my previous videos about the whole step half step pattern of the videos, I do recommend you check that out. But in the end, the first one that we're doing is the three four finger pattern, which involves a half step between the third and fourth notes of the exercise. So we find here comes the bride. Now, four quarter notes on each step. Once we've done that, we then find the same third position again on the D string. And it should be pretty easy because it's really right in the same place. And then we do the same finger pattern exercise. We will then do the same thing on the A string and then move to the E string. After we've done it with four quarter notes on each step, you'll then move to three quarter notes on each step of the exercise. Then two quarter notes, finishing with one quarter note on each step of the exercise. Now we've got the four finger patterns for bass. The first one, the half step is between the third and fourth note. So we'll use a first finger, fourth finger shifting to one two. The second finger pattern, which is the two three again, we'll find and we'll use a whole step one to four. Now the half step will be on the shift. The third finger pattern is the one two finger pattern. So it'll be a one two. Now a whole step shift and the open finger pattern is one four one four. Those are the fingerings for each of the four finger patterns, starting with the three four, then the two three, the one two, and finally the open. Again, I think it's really important that young bassists understand that the name of the finger pattern exercise is where the half step is. The three four finger pattern has the half step between the third and fourth notes of the pattern, et cetera. Good luck. I hope this makes sense. Try the resources out and good luck as you get going with upper positions and some shifting on the bass.


say yes to everything and from there figure it out.  So there's a lot of things that can happen along the way.


Hello all, myself Manasi Bappat. I am from MTech2. I will let us start with the lab session of day 2. So, the sample files can be downloaded from cac.iitb.ac.in tilde minus cb slash csads. So, please open this in your Firefox. You will see day 2 lab dot zip. You have to download this file. Now, open your terminal and go to desktop and say unzip day 2 dot lab. Now cd to that directory and everybody is done with this much. Now, if you type ls, it shows you the list of files. Now, let us start Linux basic commands are of 5 types. Some are general purpose utilities, some are about file system, some are file handling commands, then compressing and archiving and then we will go to simple filters. So, we will start with the general purpose utilities. First command is calendar. So, you can type cal in your command prompt and you will get the calendar of this month that is September. And if you want the calendar for another month say January 2009, then you will say cal January 2009. For example, cal will enter you the time table. This is about the calendar command. Could everybody see the calendar? So, the next command is date. It will give you the current date. So, type D A T E. It gives a date in a certain format. We will show the systems date. The next command is echo and printf. So, echo will you have to type echo a space and in double quotes you will type any message you want to print on the screen. So, if you type echo and hi then it will print hi on the terminal prompt. Just type echo E C H O space then double quotes and type any message. The message will get printed. You need the root privileges for it and I am not sure whether you really have it. The date command can be used to set the date, but it needs root privileges. You can give date in the format M M D D Y Y. If you want to set the date, you can say date and the date in M M D D Y Y. The second command is just to see the output of date in a certain format. There is a Linux manual with which you can see the information by typing man and date. You will see the options available and how to use them. So, shall we go to the next command now? This is echo. You have to type echo space and a message in double quotes. This will give you a message followed by a slash n that is a new line character and the other way to print the message on the screen is using printf. You have seen it in yesterday's lab for C session. So, printf and a message will not print the last slash n. So, if you want to get the command prompt in the next line, you have to type slash n also. Let me show you echo. Hello will give the prompt in next line, whereas printf will give the prompt in the immediately after hello. This is the hello is printed and immediately you get the prompt. So, you will have to type hello and then a slash n which will give the output same as echo. Slash n is a new line character. If you for printf, if you do not give slash n, then you get the prompt immediately after the output. So, slash n has to be mentioned explicitly in that case. Now the next is about calculator. There is a text-based calculator available in Linux which can be used using command bc. So, type command bc, it will not show you anything. It will wait for you to enter an input. So, if you enter input say 2 plus 5 or 2 plus 7 whatever, this is your input and the output is produced and the next line. You can further write any other input you want to say 4 into 3 whatever 1, 2. It will show you the output once again.  There is also a calculator xcalc available in graphical mode. You can type command xcalc and see a calculator opened, which is similar to a Windows calculator. xcalc shows you a GUI or graphical based calculator. The next is a bit complicated command that is script. Whatever commands you are entering right now, they can be viewed later or they can be stored in a file using this command script. So, you will have to type script, a space and any file name you want to say demo file. This will be a file where your session will get stored. After you enter this command, it will show you that script started and the file is demo file. It will again give you a prompt where you can type other commands which you want to. This will be your session. So, for example, if you type echo hi example, it will show you the output in a normal way and this output and the input will be stored in the file demo file, which you can see later. So, for example, again printf if you want to see the difference between printf and hello for example, you will also say slash n. This all these things are getting stored in the file demo file. After you are done with your session or storing this session, you have to type control d once again, where you will see that the script done, the file is demo file. That means, whatever commands you have entered in between, they will be stored into the file and you can see them later. Now, I think everybody knows the command cat to see the contents of the file. So, you will say cat demo file and it will show the session which was recorded. It will start with the time when the session was recorded. So, that you can have multiple such sessions. This is the time and then the command which you entered and the output which you have got. So, though all such commands will get stored and the last line will be script done and the timestamp again. Any doubts? So, this file will remain in your directory. So, if you type ls, you will see this file demo file. So, you can view the contents later also. Since, you said that this is our session file, that is it will store the session part of the session that you want. So, once you exit the terminal and come back to the terminal, will you have the file still or it is lost after. Yes, you do have the file. So, it will remain in your directory. So, it is not like a session per se file where you exit the session and the file is not lost. This is there to store your session. So, it will remain in the same directory day to lab directory. Then you see if you start a new session, then you can specify another file name, the script followed by a file name. Will it be overwritten? If I give the same file name. If you specify the same file, it will get overwritten. If you do not specify any argument, there is a default file in which it gets stored, but it is better to specify the file name. Otherwise, it will get overwritten. So, this will be your demo file. Now, next will be maybe demo file one. Is there an option to append to the same file? Not in this command. There is an option to append or concat the two files using that is. If I am not ending the script by control D, automatically it will end once I close the terminal. Yes, you can type clear to view a clean screen. So, the next is pass wd command to change your own password. So, on the terminal type pass wd and hit enter. Now, it will ask you for current password and if you are changing the password, please remember it afterwards. So, otherwise do not change it. So, since I do not know this password of this system, I will show you what output you should be getting. It will ask for the current password. After that, after you enter the password correctly, it will ask for the new password which you want to set now and you have to type the password again just for the confirmation and after that you will get password updated successfully. So, now, this will be your password for the further use. So, we will go on to the next command type who. It will show you how many users are logged in currently to your system. So, if you have, let me explain using this, this has many users so that there are different. So, first column represents the user name. The second column is for device file. I will talk about it later. This represents the date and time when the user was logged in and the machine from which the user has logged in. So, it is possible to have remote connection to your system. So, it seems that from NSL 42, a connection was made to my laptop when the command who was typed and this TTY 7 represents a GUI, the way you have entered your username and password. You will be seeing another, you will be seeing two entries right. One will be for your GUI and the other will be for the terminal which you have opened. So, for every new session, it will create a new entry in who command. If you open one more terminal here and type who, you will see three users logged in currently and you will see the time when the user is logged in. All these users are from the same system. Nobody has remotely connected to my system. So, I am getting colon 0, 0.0 and all. And otherwise, if you have the remote connection, you will see the machines IP for example, NSL 42 or 10 point whatever. There is some kind of powerful way of knowing what those users are doing on my system. So, type W to see that it gives you another information that is idle time for how much time the user was idle. And it will also show what the user is doing. This shows X session means GUI, some user is typing W command and there is another guest user which is doing some batch operations that is some operations on the terminal. So, this gives you a kind of detailed information with the idle field. If the connection was not closed properly, this idle field can contain say one day or two days or such kind of entries which you will know after typing W command. Now, this is the most important command which I think you will use quite often the manual page. This gives the detailed information and all the options. Generally, the options are more than one page. So, it will show you the first page. For going to the next page, you will hit space or page down and Q to quit. So, for example, man of LS will give the options and it will basically give you the usage and then it will give all the options. So, minus A, it has do not ignore entries starting with dot. This is about the hidden files which you may or may not be knowing. So, these are all the available options here. I would like to explain the option minus L which is about long listing. Use a long listing format. It gives the permissions and the detailed information about the files. So, LS will give only the list and minus L will give the other information. We will talk about this later. It gives you the user, the owner of it and the date, time, etc. So, this information can be got. Now, we will talk about the Linux file system and the file system structure. Here, slash is the topmost directory. You must be familiar with C drive, D drive in Windows. Similarly, you will have several such file types. Slash home has home directory of all users. So, your user name will be present in slash home directory. The privileged user that is root will have its home directory as slash root. Then, there is slash dev which is for device files. So, the USB drive if you connect that will be in the slash dev directory. And when you want to access the USB drive, you will have to mount it to slash MNT. This is a general convention basically. Slash MNT is used to mount the other directories or other devices. So, USB which is the external file system that can be accessed like the normal files using by mounting it to slash MNT. Mount command you can see with man pages slash where it contains the variable data like log files slash USR contains the packages which are installed and slash ETC is for configuration files. So, for my network or NFS installation which you might be doing next tomorrow or day after tomorrow, you will be modifying some files or you will be seeing the files in slash ETC. These are the file system commands we will see. The first could be cat I think you all are knowing it say sample.txt. So, if you want to copy one file to other you will say copy the you will say copy cp the old file and the new file. So, the contents of sample.txt will be copied to another file copy.txt. This will retain the initial the file sample.txt and create a new file. The move or rename can be done using command MV where the initial file sample.txt is replaced by the new file. Now, creating a directory using mkdir and a directory name. Now, if you want to delete a file you will say rm space the name of the file and if you want to delete a directory you will have to say rmdir and the name of directory the directory should be t to delete using rmdir and if you want to delete the directory as well as the files inside you will use an option minus r which represents recursion. So, it will delete the directory as well as the files inside it recursively. So, rm minus r you can see after typing first command say cp command you can see ls do ls and check. So, sample.txt and say 1.txt I have copied sample.txt to 1.txt for example. Now, I will say ls to see that 1.txt exists. If I see the contents of both the files they will be same. Now, I will delete the file if I want to using rm 1.txt. So, let us go further about attributes. If you type ls minus l it will show you these are the attributes which are shown this is the user and the group this is the owner of the file basically this is the date time and the name. So, here ls minus l will list you more than 2 entries it will show. These are in all 10 characters which represent the attributes the very first character is d if the if it is a directory. So, here test is a directory hence the d will come and the remaining 9 characters are can be made of group of 3 each which represent permissions. We will see what are those permissions they are r w and x for read write and execute of a file. A directory is also a type of file we will talk about the read write permissions of after a while. This is about rwx permissions and these are the 3 groups where the first group of characters represent the permissions to the owner of the file. Here the owner of the file is minus e and the group is for example, you people are could be a part of group say workshop and so you will have permissions rwx on a file in your on your laptop and r dash x represents the file the permissions it will represent permissions to the other people in the same group and r dash x basically means it has read and execute permissions and not write permissions. So, write is absent which is shown by dash here. So, the owner of the file can read write and execute on the file, but the group members cannot write, but they can read the contents and execute the file. Similarly, this is for others say a guest login they are neither not a part of the group also. So, even those users can read and execute the file. Now, let us the read write execute on a file is trivial right about the directory every directory has the files contained and the subdirectories. So, the contents of the directory are the files present inside and if you you can read those contents using if you have the read permission to the directory you can write into the directory which means you can create a new file into the directory if you have write permissions and execute is to go into the directory. See you have used cd and day to lab earlier. So, that is because you have the execute permissions on that directory. Now, how to change these permissions? Here you will see that ls minus l will show that the proc.c has only read permissions to the group and the other others. So, you can give w or write permissions to the group members you have to say g plus and w w is for write g for group and plus is to give the permission. So, you can try giving right permission to the group members and in ls minus l you will now see this entry w for the group members. Now, if you want to change the permissions of all I mean you can simultaneously change the permissions of a file this needs this can be done using this you have to give the permissions in number form these numbers are for represent the update information that is 7 means 1 1 1. So, all r w x all the permissions are given 5 means 1 0 1. So, 1 means r is present w is not present and x is present. So, this is the easiest or fastest way to give the permissions to all the users or change the permissions of all yes. Yes 4 means 2 and execute means 1. So, if you have r w x all the permissions then r so 4 plus 2 plus 1. So, the count becomes 7 this way you can set. So, the permissions will be from 0 0 0 to 7 7 7 0 0 0 means even the owner does not have any permissions to the file and 7 7 7 means all permissions to all users. Excuse me. Yes. In that 10 characters representation. Yeah. If first character is d then it stands for directory. Directly. If it is l then it stands for because it is showing here l for 1 5. L is for link basically. Okay. Basically you the way you create shortcuts in windows create a shortcut on desktop similarly you can have links in the Linux file system also. So, l represents link we will go further this is changing permission of the file that is changing the ownership of the file. The command is chown the user name to which you want to give the permission colon and the group of the user and the file name. It needs the privileges basically ls minus l was showing that this file is owned by Manasi which is a group member group Manasi. Now you will say chown guest colon guest which will give which will make guest as the owner of this file now. So, here ls minus l will show that this is file owned by guest. So, let us move on to file handling commands. We have already seen the command cat which can also be used to concatenate the two files. So, if you specify cat followed by file name 1 and file name 2 the files will get concatenated. So, try typing cat sample 1.txt and sample 2.txt. Sample 1 has only one line high and sample 2 has the two lines which will get concatenated. The two files are not modified only they are concatenated on the screen. The reverse of cat is tac where in similar way if you say tac and the file name it will reverse it will print the lines in reverse order. So, it will first print the last line and then it will move on upwards to the first line. And similar usage as of cat tac followed by two files. So, it will first reverse the file the first file and then it will reverse the second file. This is about the long files which may not be able to fit in one page. So, there is an option more and less to see one page at a time. So, similar to the manual for seeing the manual you will see space to see the next page. Now, wc is about statistics of the file the number of lines words and characters. The options minus l minus w and minus c represent the counts. This command is for comparing the two files whether they are identical or not. So, if you copy a file say sample dot txt to say copy dot txt and you will say you say compare cmp you will not see anything because those two files are exactly identical there is no difference. So, cmp basically returns the first difference or the byte which where the two files differ. For the exact two copies it will not show anything on the screen. For the two any other files say cmp sample dot txt and sample 1 dot txt for example, it will show that these two files differ at byte 2 of line 1. This byte by byte information is not always helpful because you do not see which what are the bytes which this is not readable basically you do not know what is the second byte you will have to go to the file and then see. So, there is a command diff for that it shows the lines in the first file which are different and the line in second file it is here you can see that those two files have nothing common. There is another command to see what all common things the files have. So, try typing command comp and file 1 dot txt and file 2 dot txt this will print the output in three columns. The first column is the words in file first file which are not present in second file. The column 2 is for the words in second file which are not present in first file and the third column represents the words common to both the files. So, here you can very well see what are the differences and what are the similarities. So, let us come to compressing and archiving. The very first thing which you did downloading the zip file and typing the command unzip that was about compressing and archiving. There are several commands to do compression and archiving this is basically used for backups. So, the files the I had to give you a set a bunch of files which I compressed and made a single file out of it and then you when you downloaded the file you had archived you had extracted the contents of the file. So, this is about compressing and archiving we will see the most powerful command for compression and archiving this is star command. Compression is basically used for taking backups. So, that you will store a bunch of files will compress for efficient use of space. Star has several options. Option C is to create the archive will actually create an archive afterwards. C is to create X is to extract from the archive. F represents the name of the file which the archive should be that is F followed by output file dot tar dot gz it will produce the output this tar dot gz as the output as the archive. The V is for verbose which lists all the files which are present or which are the files getting compressed and the last option is Z will it is for tar dot gz it is for a special purpose basically there are let me list all the options. The first is tar command there is also a command called gzip there is also the one you have used zip and unzip. So, this Z option enables us to combine both the options of command tar and gz. So, it will first combine the files into a single file and then it will compress the file. So, we will see the usage. So, type tar minus Z C V F here C will represent the creating of archive then test dot tar dot gz will be created out of the file test. So, the test file has the file test slash long file. So, this file will get compressed. Now, if I do ls I will see that test dot tar dot gz is creating created this is your archive which you can store as a backup. Now, if you want to see what is what does this tar file contains then there is an option minus t to see these contents. So, type tar minus it will list what all files are present and now if you want to archive or extract the files there is an option x instead of c. So, it will get you the original test directory again. So, let us talk about the filters. Filters basically take input file and they will filter or depending upon certain pattern matching it will produce an output. So, the first filter is head and tail. Head represents the top of the file default 10 lines. So, for a very big file you will see the first 10 lines of the file. The command tail is more often commonly used which will show you the last lines of the file. There is an option minus n to select how many lines you want to see. These commands are basically used to see contents of log file for example, where the log file gets appended you will see the last updated contents at the end of the file. So, you will set tail and the file name where you will get the last few transactions or last few changes. The next is about cut. Cut is especially for to access a database kind of things where the question which you asked about if you want to see the contents of the file depending upon. So, for example, I have a list of students and their role numbers they are say they are B takes or M takes or whatever. So, I can now see only the people who are B take using this command with cut. The simplest use is cut minus C which will show only a certain set of certain characters. So, here cut minus C and 1 2 3 4 will show me the first 4 characters. So, it will give let me show you what the data file is these are very funny. So, here these are the first 4 contents which you are seeing 1 dot then a space and I these are the first 4 columns. You can also specify them using hyphen which will specify the range that is 1 2 4 1 dash 4. This is about seeing first few characters and a better use is first few fields. So, for example, I want to see the second and the fourth column of a file. So, here we have to say a delimiter. Delimiter is basically the one which is between the two columns. So, generally we use space between the two columns. So, this is the delimiter and minus F will show the field number that is which column you want to see. So, here cut minus D by space means that the input file is cut at the spaces and you are seeing the second column of the file. If you say the first column it will show the contents of the file till the first space. So, similarly for any large database for example, you can see this. Paste is basically to paste the contents of two files side by side. So, the first file was this and I want. So, for example, Isham and see Mohini, we have some other information of the same users. I want them just side by side. So, these are the two files you can try out. So, paste then the two files say unsorted data and sorted data for example. So, it will show you the columns side by side. Sort another important command. This also uses the delimiter and the column number. So, for example, you will have a delimiter as space and depending on the second column you want to sort your file. So, for example, the second column is roll numbers then your file gets sorted according to the roll numbers. If you want to sort by say the last name, last name will be say fifth field for example, then you will say sort minus t space minus k 5 and the sort data. So, sort is also important one of the important commands. Now, these all these commands can be used together. So, for example, the output of first command output of cat command can be given can be sorted and this can be done better way using the scripts. This is about grep command. Grep basically matches a pattern. So, it will scan the file one by one and the a line which matches the particular pattern that line gets printed. So, the file three has some data and if you say grep session in that file you will see the first line printed. If you type say grep is then also the first line will get printed. You can have any other pattern for example, numericals or there are different ways to define the pattern and accordingly the corresponding lines will get printed. These are mostly you can say basic commands of Linux which are used quite often and you can type these commands one after the another in a single file and you can execute this file. This is done using scripts which is in a way easy in a way difficult it depends on what exactly you want to write in the script. So, we will now turn on to the shell and other aspects. Dhaval will cover those things. Thank you.


Good day, fellow investors. A stock that has been a team on this channel for a while for the last few months, even earlier, I think, is Gatsprom. And Gatsprom really exploded in the last month because of some changes in the dividend policy, in the direction the management is going. And I really want to give you an update on what am I going to do with my holding. It's now public that it's my largest position as of today, I think. And I want to really discuss this from an investing perspective and then see, okay, what does an investor do when things like that happen, when a stock jumps 50% in a month. And that's it. So let's start with the latest news and how am I going to approach that. If you want to dig deeper into the stock, please watch my video with Sven, with fellow researcher, independent researcher, Sven that we did a few weeks ago. And then there is always the bad scenario, Gatsprom video, the negative view that I made in December. But despite that, I still bought later. Let's start. So the news is the following. This came on Bloomberg a few days ago. Gatsprom CEO confirms plans to move to 50% dividend threshold. So 50% of net income. And that is a huge change. But this is something that has been brewing for a long term because other companies in Russia did the same government owned. And it's actually a legal requirement for them to pay 50% of net income in dividends. This was a follow up on the publication from Sberbank, where they raised Gatsprom to a buy based on the new dividend policy. And they see the dividend growing to 14 or 15% yield on current prices in 2022-2025. So a lot of positives. And I can assure you that the dividend yield won't remain at 14, 15% if everything develops as it's currently planned. It will go down to 5%, 7%, 8%, which means there is still a lot of room for the stock to appreciate. Just on the latest news, the management characterized the first quarter of 2019 as moderately negative. But the company still made close to $10 billion in the first quarter. Not surprisingly, everything, all the news over the last month, that that's how usually comes to value investing. You have a long line of nothing, nothing, nothing. And then the market gets all the news together, a few good memos from the management and boom, this stock explodes and it's up more than 50% just in the last month or something. So this is very significant news. It is a big change. And when something like that happens, the key is to go back to your initial research and why did you buy the stock in the first place. So and then compare, okay, what's going on, apply that to the scenarios you made in the first place. And I made four scenarios when I looked at Gazprom when I made my buying decision. One was, okay, nothing happens, the dividend stays at 45%. Then there was the best case scenario where the dividend yield, the dividend payout is increased to 50%. Then there was a scenario where the dividend slowly grows over time, but nothing spectacular. And then there was always the Russia terrible corruption scenario, you lose everything. I attached 10% chances to the bad scenario and the others in proportion because I couldn't have known six months ago that this or that will develop. Those are let's say political decisions. But I was happy with the three scenarios where I said, okay, the worst thing that can happen is that over the next 10 years I get the dividend yield of 56%. Plus there is always the 10% chance that I lose everything. And I looked at the upside, potential upside, potential downside, the value of the assets and I said, okay, even with all the bad things surrounding Gazprom, I thought it was a buy. Okay, now we are 50% up. What do I do as an investor, not as a speculator speculators, they already sold much, much earlier. I had a lot of comments, oh, you should sell it now because it will drop so much. And then it actually went up. So I didn't play on that. I'm still holding my position. I just made a small trade just for portfolio balancing for managing the risk in the portfolio where I sold the additional shares I bought when the stock dropped somewhere in April. I sold that. So my initial investment is still there in Gazprom, bigger now, but I'm focusing on something else. If we look at my scenarios, as I said, I had a bad scenario, 5% yield and no change. Then the present value for me was $2.5 for Gazprom. So 50% decline from what I initially paid. But here is the good scenario, the positive scenario. I was looking at Rosniewt.  So this was my, okay, Gazprom will probably, the government will probably do the same. They want the cash through dividends. And that's exactly what happened with Rosniewt. The payout went from 35% to 50%. And then we have to see whether Gazprom's Bearbank and Gazprom Nhaft will also increase to 50%. The next inline is Gazprom to be increased to 50%. And I wrote, if that happens, I would expect about 2 trillion rubles in profits per year, at least, which could lead to 1 trillion for dividends or four times the current situation. This was written in January. So we could expect dividends of $1.2 per share or a yield of 25% on January prices, thus $5 per share. And the best case is actually materializing as the management said that they increase the dividend two times higher than the dividend of 2017. And to conclude their presentation, he would like to mark the following. Despite the significant growth that Gazprom shares enjoyed in the course of this month, so they are focused also on the market capitalization, we believe that there is a further significant upside for our capitalization. Once our new export projects come online, further upside in the oil business as well as high dividend yield and the potential to see the increase further. I would like to underline it now that in the nearest future, we expect to reinforce on the investment relationship side to bring home to the investment community our near-term strategic goals. From that, the current dividend yield is 16 rubles and that's 25%. If we use the normal, the current year earnings of 65 rubles per share, then the dividend will again probably double over the next few years. And that's bearbanks scenario where we see a 15% yield on the current price, which is already 50% higher than what I paid. So my yield will be above 20% on my initial investment somewhere down the line. And now what do I do? I have a company, okay, I have some money, but I have also the yield, which is currently 8%, will probably be 13% on the current scenario, but for my investment is 20%. And then I'm thinking, okay, I can sell it, take the gains and look for other opportunities. But that makes me a speculator.  And that's exactly what I am going to do. I'm going to take the dividends, look at my portfolio, see where can I reinvest them for the best compounding method. Whether a stock goes up or down doesn't really matter to me as I'm looking to build a long-term portfolio where we get, in the long term, we get higher and higher dividends, which could say that I'm a dividend growth investor, or we get higher earnings that are reinvested at a good return on invested capital. So I'm looking to become a better owner, have a larger, larger ownership base of businesses. If stocks go up and down from an investing point perspective, I really don't think that matters much. And especially for Gazprom, I really, I think I'm going to sell it when there is exuberance. So when there is a full dividend payout of 50%, everybody's so happy, everybody's excited and people are willing to accept a 5% dividend yield on Gazprom, then I'm going to sell. That target is still, I think, a free beggar away. So now we are at $6, $18. And it might happen over the next 10 years. In the meantime, I get huge dividends and when there is really overvaluation exuberance, then I might change for something else. And this is the strategy. And I think such strategies, investment strategies really lead to best returns over the long term. Further, also there is a floor of 27% of net income as a payout. So that has also been increased, confirmed. And I think that, okay, the scenarios have really skewed to the betterment of this company. Just to mention, there are still risks. Nothing has changed. It's still Russia, still anything can happen, depending on the political moves, what's going on. However, a lot of positives have happened. Putin has recently met with Xi from China, strengthening their relationship, more export for Russia, more imports for gas for China. So the world is going on. There is the gas, there is the people who will use it no matter where in the world. So it is a lot of positives. And just maybe we might see this continuing to be a great investment like Buffett held Coca-Cola, even if it went up 50%, 100% over the next few years when he bought in 1988. But still, he's now getting a 60%, 70% dividend yield on his initial investment, which he reinvest. So just building a compounding machine is what is really my goal with this one. Therefore, I'm not going to sell my position just because it went up 50%. So to summarize, the main message is compounding overtime. I see so many that solved Amazon five, six, seven years ago because, okay, they made 20%, they were happy. You know what was the result. So if you have a good compounding machine, if you understand the risk and reward, if you're happy with the negative scenario, I'm happy with the 5% yield from Gazprom for the next five, six years, because I'm an investor. Five, six percent, it's okay. And if there is an option for upside, that is okay. So thank you for watching. Please check my stock market research platform if you wish to compound with us for the very, very long term, if you wish to own businesses for the very long term and let the businesses deliver your long term returns. Thank you for watching. Looking forward to your comments and I'll see you in the next video.


Hello and welcome to this 24th lecture of Microsystems Fabrication by Advanced Manufacturing Processes. You had the following things covered in your last lecture. One was the variation of melting temperature depth with crater volume in EDM processes. We also covered the role of cavitation in material removal particularly because of the formation of plasma within the EDM there is a tendency of a low pressure region to be created which actually drives over most of the material and is responsible for most of the material removal in the EDM process. We also considered the role of melting temperature in the MRR, material removal rate and then we discussed some basic principles of EDM circuits. For example, the resistance capacitance relaxation circuit, the circuit was very briefly analysed also mathematically as well. We also had the rotary impulse generated type circuit and then we had this solid state controlled pulse circuit, the three main circuits of EDM which and their various operation principles. We also covered the detailed analysis particularly of this resistance capacitance relaxation circuit and just like to go through once more before starting. So basically this is the figure of the resistance capacitance capacitor relaxation circuit as you can see here. There is one part of the circuit here which is the charging circuit and similarly the other part here given by the dotted line is the discharging part of the circuit. The idea is that there is an operating voltage which feeds the charging circuit and there is a central capacitor which is the only electrical connection between the charging and the discharging side of both the circuits and so this actually is a RC network as can be seen with a variable resistor and the capacitor charges in one cycle and then this charges based on this gap potential which is there between the tool and the work piece in the EDM tank, the electric discharge machining tank. So we found out that using some RC modeling, RC circuit modeling that this VC corresponding to the maximum power transfer is actually 72 percent of the operating voltage. So the operating point of the capacitor or the capacitor voltage is only about 72 percent and that corresponds to the maximum power that you can see here in this particular figure with respect to the time constant you are actually plotting voltage and you can see that corresponding to this point right here 72 percent of the operating voltage you have the maximum power and simultaneously calculations were made doing that. Now if we really want this power to be fully delivered on to the discharging part of the circuit we should somehow be able to equate the breakdown voltage of the dielectric medium between the tool and the work piece to this of the 72 percent of the V operating or V o voltage of the charging part of the circuit. So therefore, for maximum power delivery through the gap the breakdown voltage should be equated to the supply voltage of the capacitor in other words V 0 tentatively equal to 0.7 to V o V b I am sorry the breakdown voltage V b is equal to 72 percent of the operating voltage. So current in the discharging circuit can also be evaluated by using the ohms law if you just go back one slide and see what the discharging circuit is like you have really this part this dotted part of the circuit as a discharging circuit. So you have an operational voltage 72 percent of the V o or the charging voltage in the capacitor and if you apply ohms law here in this particular circuit the ID that is the current across the discharging circuit also can be written down as minus dq by dt which is minus c Vct by dt Vct is the temporal voltage of the central capacitor if you apply the ohms law the total current in the discharging circuit is nothing but this Vct by the total resistance total resistance RS which is this resistance of the discharging side. So the Vct by RS becomes equal to minus c Vct Vct by dt and so we try to integrate this in time and see what is the outcome. So dVct by Vct is actually equal to minus of dt by RSc integrate both on time we get natural log of Vct comes equal to minus t by RSc plus integration constant we call this k3. Let us find out what this k3 is so at time t equal to 0 we already know Vct is actually equal to 72 percent of the input voltage the operating voltage and we call this the Vco. So this is corresponding to the value of Vc at time t equal to 0 and so if you put this back into this equation here corresponding to t equal to 0 we get ln Vco is equal to k3. In other words Vct can be written down as Vco e to the power of minus t by RSc therefore the relationship on the discharge side of the circuit is simplistically given by the charging voltage on the capacitor the central capacitor equals the charging voltage on the central capacitor at ab initio before the discharging process happened times of exponential minus t by RS times of C. C is the capacitor the capacitance on the capacitor and RS is the total resistance of the discharging circuit. So as we know that you know Vct is already defined so we can find out id again which we initially defined as Vct by RS the resistance of the discharging circuit in this case we can write this down simplistically as Vco by RS e to the power of minus t by RSc. So energy dissipated across the inter electrode gap is given by half CV square and in this case the V is corresponding to the breakdown voltage of the medium we call it Vb and so Wd the total amount of energy dissipated across the gap is half CVb square Vb is breakdown voltage as Vct is equal to Vc0 1 minus e to the power of minus t by Rcc remember the charging part of the circuit where this equation had come therefore we can say from this particular equation the time t can be computed as Rcc natural log of 1 minus 1 minus Vct by V0 and so frequency of the discharging circuit is just the time inverse and so therefore the frequency is 1 by Rcc 1 divided by this whole term ln 1 minus Vct by V0 where Vct is nothing but the breakdown voltage Vb as we have already seen before in the last illustration. So the minimum resistance Rc that will result in a control of the process without the formation of any arcing as such is known as the critical resistance for this particular circuit and so the critical value of resistance corresponding to the no arcing condition would typically depend on the inductance of the discharging circuit and supposing if the discharging circuit is purely inductive in nature the critical resistance R minimum can be written down as the total amount of inductance of the discharging circuit per unit the capacitance the central capacitance value C. However the discharging circuit is hardly pure inductive and therefore it is critical to have a resistance which is at least 30 times the R minimum value as shown here. So 30 root L by C is the operating point for the resistance corresponding to no arcing condition. So in a nutshell we have kind of seen that the relaxation the resistance capacitance relaxation circuit is limited by the resistance of the charging side and in most of the cases it is around 30 times the root of L by C L is a inductance of the discharging circuit and C is the capacitance the central capacitance between the charging and discharging circuit. So in case of machining steels there are certain conventions and there are certain correlational data which are followed by for estimating a real relationship between the material removal rate and the amount of power that is delivered on to the workpiece by the EDM system. And so one such relationship which is very commonly used is mathematically Q equals 27.4 W to the power of 1.54 and this is purely empirical based on experiments the various parameters that are used in the experiments here are Q is the removal rate typically it is in millimetres per minute millimetre Q per minute volume per unit time of material removal and W is the power delivered on the input power you can say on the relaxation the charging side of the circuit in kilowatts. So such relationships are very often used in EDM processes which would also help us to understand and design the RC circuits or the relaxation circuits for feeding an EDM tool. So do a numerical problem based on that as illustrated here that in an electric discharge drilling process of a 10 mm square hole in a low carbon steel plate of thickness about 5 mm the brass tool and kerosene are used as kerosene is the dielectric brass is the tool the resistance and capacitance of the relaxation circuit that have been designed are given as 50 ohms and 10 micro farads respectively. And it also indicating or it is also indicated what the supply voltages the order of the supply voltages about 200 volts and you maintain a gap between the tool and the workpiece in a manner. So that at 150 volts the breakdown happens. So you can see here the breakdown takes place as 150 volts that is how you estimate the gap and you have to estimate how much time is needed for drilling this hole. So one way of looking at it is that since the work material is steel here we can use the equation that was talked about earlier for steel Q equal to 27.4 W to the power of 1.54 for MRR estimation and the W of course needs to be indicated in kilowatts that is the assumption that we made in the last empirical equation and so therefore we have to really calculate what is the energy being discharged we already know that the energy being delivered by the capacitor C the breakdowns outside is given by half C VB square where VB is the breakdown voltage and this breakdown voltage has already been illustrated here in this example as 150 volts for the capacitance of 10 micro farads and this becomes equal to half times of 10 10 to the power of minus 6 times of square of 150 is 0.113 joule and the cycle time in this case is found by TC and the equation that was discussed earlier is RC times of C log of V0 by V0 minus VD VD is the discharge voltage this is locked to base E. So this becomes equal to 50 times of 10 10 to the power of minus 6 the capacitance times of log to the base E of the operating voltage which is taken as 200 volts in this example divided by VD minus V0 which is about 50 volts in this particular case. So this corresponds to a time of about 7 10 to the power of minus 4 seconds. So once this time is known we should be able to find out how much power is being delivered as the average power input is W equals 0.113 joules the energy that has been discharged by the ED machine divided by 7 10 to the power of minus 4 seconds and this power is in kilowatts. So it is basically 10 to the power of minus 3 kilowatts which makes it 0.16 0.16 kilowatt and using the equation that we had discussed about mild steel particularly MRR can be represented as 27.4 times of this value of W in kilowatts to the power of 1.54 in millimeter cube per minute. So this is an estimation of what would be the material removal rate this in our case comes out to be equal to 1.633 millimeter cube per minute. We also know by virtue of the question that the total amount of material that needs to be removed is calculated as about 500 millimeter cube this can be geometrically done the dimensions of the whole the thickness of the sheet etcetera are all provided in the question. And so therefore the time required to complete this machining operation comes out to be equal to 500 by 1.633 that is 306 minutes. So you can estimate the rate of an EDM process particularly the rate of material removal and realize that in about 306 minutes you can actually just be able to drill a very small hole on a thickness of the sheet which is about 5 millimeters. So, in comparison to any conventional process this process of course is a slow process but the EDM has an advantage that you can work using some of the laws where probably conventional machining may not be that helpful in this particular case as you see there is a low carbon steel plate which is being drilled which sometimes is very challenging in the conventional machining when it comes to tool designing etcetera for the particular surface also this is of course a regular topology but then if the topology is very complex correct profile matching of the conventional machining side on a CNC or some other setup becomes absolutely complex and so EDM can work as a very good tool in those illustrations although the time of machining may be a little higher rate of material remover may be slower. So, let us now look at some of the other important aspects some of the machining trends with the different parameters that we have discussed so far. So, here in this particular slide we are illustrating the variation of the material removal rate Q with respect to different parameters like the resistance of the charging circuit the mean current I in this particular instance it is the capacitance C of the relaxation circuit and then of course the variation of MRR with respect to the spark gap. So, as we already know the equation for material removal rate had been earlier defined as to be proportional to this term VD square divided by log to the base E V 0 by V 0 minus VD and Q was found as k times of half VD square C times of nu where nu is the frequency of generation of the spark half C VD square is the total amount of discharge energy that is needed by the EDM process and of course Q is proportional to this both these terms together. So, if we look at the various aspects in these two equations we will have different trends for example as you can see it is a inverse variation of resistance so with an increase in resistance the MRR goes down obviously from this equation and as we already discussed before that the relaxation circuit is supposed to have a minimum critical resistance particularly as far as the discharge gap is concerned because if supposing the resistance is very small there may be a arcing instead of sparking and it may be a continuous phenomena arcing instead of sparking which is not really conducive to the EDM process. So, it starts at a minimum value of resistance the critical resistance which needs to be necessarily maintained in the inter electrode gap so that a successful EDM operation can be carried out. One of the reasons why if you look at this trend here the range of resistance really starts RCR onwards or critical resistance onwards and as the resistance increases material removal rate goes down. Similar kind of trend can be discussed for the capacitance here for example in this equation 2 let us call this equation 1 this as equation 2 the Q is proportional to capacitance so pretty much it should vary linearly however in an actual experimental setup the material removal rate is found to vary close to linear not exactly linear with respect to the capacitance. Let us look at the variation of material removal rate with respect to mean current I as can be found in this graph here if you can see that there are different operating voltages of VO 3, VO 2 and VO 1 with an interrelationship mentioned at the top left corner of the graph here the operating voltage VO 3 is the highest followed by VO 2 followed by VO 1 and as is obvious V D or discharge voltage is actually equal to 72 percent of the operating voltage which for maximum power transfer which we had actually calculated and in detail shown earlier and so therefore if the V operating is more the discharge voltage also subsequently rises actually it is a cause and effect which is the cause and which is the effect so basically discharge voltage is the independent parameter which is dependent on various parameters various properties of the gap the dielectric of the gap dielectric constant of the gap or the gap itself and therefore V D is really that point of voltage which starts the discharge and so the VO has to be set in accordance with this V D and therefore if VO is higher it automatically means that we are operating at a higher gap discharge voltage V D and V D being proportional to Q means that higher V operating meaning thereby higher V discharge would have a higher machining rate or material removal rate in comparison to a lower operating voltage VO 1 thus this different range so thus this characteristics of different V operating on different straight lines from 1 to 3 as can be seen in this particular graph. One more important point is that as the mean current increases automatically means that the discharge voltage also is increasing because it is really a function of the gap resistance and therefore with an increase in mean current as you can see the material removal rate is also increasing. The other important factor in this characteristics is how the material removal rate varies with the spark gap and if you may recall this equation number two there are two components of this equation one is this half V D square C component which is the spark energy and the other is nu which is the spark frequency and when it comes to optimizing the energy versus frequency the following things may thought of in a physical way in the EDM machine. So, as the gap the inter electrode gap is lesser you need lesser amount of discharge voltage because the gap is very small the electric field which is causative of the electrical breakdown is dependent on V D by inter electrode distance D and D being small V D can also be reasonably small for the discharge to occur or the breakdown field to reach. However, if the distance is small there is a tendency of the spark frequency to increase and although the V D is smaller at a lower electrode distance or lower spark gap as you may better call it the frequency is extremely high. On the other hand if the electrode gap increases you need a higher discharge voltage V D to cause the electrical field breakdown and because the spark has to travel through all this distance which is now higher in comparison to what was before the spark frequency should be reduces. So, it is essentially a interplay between these components as shown here the spark energy and the spark frequency. So, if spark so let us call it one and two respectively and the reason why this material removal rate with respect to the spark gap is like a plateauing curve as illustrated in this particular diagram here is that on the left portion of the optimum gap that means on this particular portion the frequency dominates because of lower gap and on the right side of the optimum gap the V D increases because of increased gap and the energy dominates the frequency term. And so because it is an interplay sometimes the frequency is higher and it increases the material removal rate because it is dominating and in the other hand if the energy may not be that you know the rate of increase of energy may not be that high in comparison to the frequency it leads to the fall down of the material removal rate as shown by this set of arrows on the right side of the optimum spark gap. So, essentially we can summarize all these by saying that when spark gap is small discharge voltage is also small though the frequency is high resulting in a high MRR when the gap is too large the frequency new reduces tremendously although discharge voltage V D increases therefore, there is an optimum gap for which MRR is the highest. So, we have more or less discussed about the general characteristics of how the machining rate or the material removal rate in an EDM process would vary with several process parameters. The other important issue is about how surface finish and machining accuracy can be dependent on some of these parameters like for example, the capacitance or the operating voltage. And for doing that let us just see some of the important aspects to be considered in this particular slide. So, as you know since the material in EDM rises from formation material removal in EDM arises from formation of the craters and due to sparks essentially it is obvious that larger crater sizes especially the crater depth result in rough surfaces. So, as we talked before about thermal energy and the way the depth of melting temperature reaches on a crater if the depth of mental temperature is higher the roughness would go up and vice versa for obvious reasons because you will have a deeper crater and a crater by crater removal of the material over the whole surface. So, the crater size if we really look at mathematically and we have done this earlier this mainly depends on the spark energy and if you are releasing this energy as a packet with a high intensity obviously the crater will be deeper and vice versa if the energy delivered is smaller and probably the frequency is larger then the crater would have a lower depth. And obviously from a engineering standpoint intuitively one can think that higher energy deliverance corresponds to a rough surface and a lower energy deliverance corresponds to a smooth surface as far as machining quality is concerned. So, it controls the quality of the surface. So, the average roughness is illustrated by root mean square roughness and this mainly depends on two important aspects one is the capacitance and another is the operating voltage. I think we have already mentioned this n number of times before that the Q the Q the material removal rate is really proportional to the half C v d square and the frequency. And so as one can see here easily if C is more the material removal is more meaning thereby that half C v d square is essentially that energy packet that we are talking about during one EDM exposure or one EDM spark. So, if half C v d square is more it automatically means that the energy density which is being delivered on to the material is much higher and the crater size would be greater in nature. And if this is lesser meaning thereby that you have a lower operating voltage on which you are operating the half C v d square would again in a way depend on that lower operating voltage and the surface roughness would be lesser or surface would be smoother. So, here for example, v o 3 is a higher operating voltage greater than v o 2 greater than v o 1 you can see all the surface roughness trends vary with capacitance as a high roughness on the higher voltage operating voltage characteristic and a lower roughness on the lower operating voltage characteristic. And the variation is more or less proportional although there are certain parts towards the very beginning where the trend is not that linear because probably there is still not a completely established charging discharging precedence or relationship between both the circuitries both the circuits and that is how the average surface roughness HRMS varies with respect to capacitance. Also you can think of it as by looking at that if you may recall earlier we had talked about the crater depth at C which can be expressed in terms of spark energy released and we arrived upon a formulation where this crater depth was empirically determined in terms of k 1 times of spark energy to the power of 0.33 millimeters. So, if half C v d square is more obviously e is more and h c is more. So, there is also from a mathematical standpoint some relationship between the crater depth and spark energy. So, copper when used as a work material experimentally yields this k 1 value to be approximately 4 and you can accordingly find out and estimate what is the surface roughness HRMS based on the material properties and the energy deliverance on to the material. The other important aspect therefore, is that if I really take e to be half C v d square and try to formulate this empirical relationship it results into this expression 0.78 k c to the power of 0.33 v d to the power of 0.66 k is again that constant of proportionality which in case of copper was 4 observed to have value 4 and thus the relationship how the h c varies with respect to capacitance and also v d the discharge voltage which is again somehow a function and closely related to the operating voltage characteristic. So, the dependence of surface energy on pulse energy e and the comparison of surface finish with that obtained by conventional processes are now quite well studied lot of research has gone in this area and lot of studies have been made in determining a suitable relationship between the rate of material removal and the quality of the surface finish. However, these are all empirical in nature and very dependable kind of relationship has not really emerged so far between the surface finish and the spark energy it works well in case of combinations of different materials. So, in particularly case of steels you have a very well defined relationship how HRMS is related to the material removal rate although it is quite empirical in nature, but then there is an equation HRMS equal to 1.11 q to the power of 0.384 where HRMS is the surface roughness the average surface the RMS root mean square roughness in microns and q is in millimeter cube per minute. Generally one more aspect that we have illustrated before is that if there is a force circulation of dielectric in an EDM tank it results in smoothing of the surface by lot of diffusive forces interplayed by the moving dielectric over the surface. So, it carries away the melt distributes the temperature and therefore, overall there is a surface smoothness which comes because of higher circulation rate. So, let us look now at the more dependable relationship between surface finish and pulse energy as illustrated in this process here and you can see the spark energy on the right y axis here in joules for the various operations like electrode discharge turning, electrode discharge milling, boring, reaming, grinding, lapping, honing, polishing and super finishing and you can see that there are two different regimes of roughnesses for each one of them is the roughing regime where there is a rough cut finishing which has a lower value of roughness smoother surface and this describes the HRMS in microns. So, for example, corresponding to a pulse energy of 0.1 joule you can get an average roughness of around close to 0.01 microns when you talk about electrode discharge polishing processes and as I has about 0.05 microns. So, this is the operating range of the roughness for 0.1 joule energy. The other side if you talk about turning operations. So, in turning you can get a rough range of roughness varying from 0.25 to 100 microns whereas corresponding to a really high pulse energy of 0.9 joules and then if the pulse energy is slightly reduced you have a finish turning, finish electrode discharge turning operation where the roughness varies from 1.6 to 12 microns the rms root mean square roughness. So, that is how you can read this particular figure. This is an ensemble of the different electrode discharge processes with respect to the roughing and finishing roughnesses and pulse energy. So, let us close this lecture in the interest of time by all this analysis about roughness and energy. In the next lecture we will start from slightly newer topic of e-beam machine thank you.


Garbage day! Hey, I'm Anfa. I need your help. Not with taking out the trash I can do that myself. I need your input on an important issue. You see, there's an opportunity for me to obtain and test a bunch of audio interfaces with Linux. But there's a budget and to best utilize it, I need to know what devices you most want to see me test. All of this is possible thanks to a generous donation from one of my viewers and supporters. How you can help? I'm going to include a link to a poll or a survey.  Please check them out. I've also linked all the product pages so we can learn about new devices. And there, input your preferences. What would you like to see tested most? What you wouldn't mind? And what is totally outside of your interest even if it would perfectly work under Linux? That's something unique and I'm excited to do this. Again, this is all thanks to a generous donation from the community. But I need your help. So do it. Go there, fill the survey and I'll see you in the next video. Bye.  That is the best take I could ever wish for. Oh my goodness. Nothing to see here.