This is a lecture on misalignment detection like we had in the last class discussed about unbalanced detection and how balancing can be done to prevent unbalances. But if you look at mechanical systems there are many types of mechanical faults which can happen one of course is unbalanced which we have discussed and the next most serious is the occurrence of misalignment between two shafts and of course there are related defect to misalignment like eccentricity of the rotor, shaft being bent or bored and may be cocked rotor and then because of misalignment why things become loose, what happens if the foundation has become loose or what we known as soft foot foundation. So how this occurs in machine is what we are going to discuss in this class and then what are the methods to detect them and then also tell about some things about how we can reduce the occurrence of misalignment etcetera in a system. So if I was to talk about misalignment essentially in any plant as you know basically we have two systems one is a prime mover and other is the mechanical unit or the driven unit this is the prime mover and this is the driven unit and this is the coupling and most important point here is the center line of the shafts. So basically this dashed red line is the shaft center lines between the prime mover and the driven unit and they have to be when one same straight line horizontal to the ground if you look in the vertical plane or if you look in the side view this should make one sink projection. Now if this does not happen how do you maintain this coupling basically brings about the two shafts together basically this two shafts are brought together by this coupling of course I have exaggerated it and then they are bolted the parts of the coupling are bolted and then the shafts are held together. So if this is not held together we will have certain problems ok. I will come to a description as to in the laboratory how we have discussed misalignment but before that there are two serious types of misalignment which can occur in the shaft systems. Suppose I say this is shaft A and shaft B by misalignment I mean that shaft A and shaft B and this is the end of the coupling ok face of the coupling. This was one scenario wherein this shaft is offset the accesses are offset and this is known as to be and but they are parallel ok. This amount of offset could be about you know two to ten microns or more depends on the speed of the machine. In fact there is a standard which specifies for rotational speed the maximum amount of misalignment and these are available in hand books. So if it is a 500 rpm this will have a certain value if it is 1500 rpm will be some other value and so on. So in one case we have what is known as the parallel or offset misalignment. In another case we have the shafts at an angle to each other some theta of A shaft B. So this is what is known as the angular misalignment. So we have the parallel or offset misalignment and the angular misalignment. So what happens in such a case is this will give rise to certain forces in the bearings because as you know the shaft systems are supported on bearings if my coupling they are supported on bearings ok. If they are misaligned either angular or offset they gives to give rise to additional forces and moments ok at the bearings. So we will have failure of the bearings because of misalignment and then we notice defect because you know there will be excessive vibrations of the bearings. But when there is excessive vibrations of the bearings you know people are misled that they will say that the bearing as at a fault. But the problem is the misalignment created a fault in the bearing or in the previous case like we had seen unbalances when which went undetected created a problem at the bearings by giving in excessive loads fatigue loads of the bearings. So bearings are going to fail. So to monitor a misalignment we need to look into certain special characteristics of misalignment which I will discuss later on in this class. But usually people in the industry are alarmed by having excessive vibrations of the bearing and everywhere that is a problem you will face while doing a CBM because we do vibration monitoring or measurements at the bearing locations invariably people will always say that the bearing is at fault because bearing is vibrating excessively that is the and then if this went unnoticed the bearings would fail and then people will say the bearings fail so my machine failed. But actually the reasons could be something else reasons could be like the misalignment which went unnoticed which was not corrected gave rise to this kind of an excessive force in the bearing and then the bearing failed or unbalance which went undetected gave rise to excessive forces on the bearing some bearings failed. So to diagnose or detect faults in misalignment we need certain special vibration monitoring or signature analysis and the typical characteristics of misalignments are something which you will see in the vibration spectrum or spectra measured at the bearing locations. In a invariably when you shaft is rotating at you will have a vibration at 1 x. But there will be some other components at other frequency like 2 x, 3 x, 4 x and so on when you see high levels of harmonics or an excessive vibration in a particular direction we may be sure that this is misalignment. So, let me tell you what we did to study the misalignment in the laboratory. This is the setup which we are using in the laboratory and in fact we will be using this setup to demonstrate other defects like the eccentricity like the bent shaft, the rubbing in the shaft, the cocked rotor etcetera. Basically here you will see this is a motor which is my prime mover in this case and this rotor on a shaft supported at 2 bearings you see one bearing here and another bearing here which is my system and this black one is the coupling. So, the by to introduce misalignment we have this dials here which could be turned around and this system could be loosened and so that we can push either both of them away and create an offset misalignment or if I just push one of them by holding one constant then I can create an angular misalignment. Basically to explain it to you again if you look at the top view of the system with the top view motor this is the coupling, this is the drive end bearing, this is the non drive end bearing and this is the yellow rotor. So, in fact you will see this 2 white dials here this dials is one dial here and another dial here. So, these 2 white dials they could be turned and then I can force this move it. So, that I will create an angular misalignment and if I move or if I move both of them I can create a parallel misalignment. Now, to measure the vibrations I can measure at each of this bearing locations in x y and z directions and similarly here in x y z direction. So, this kind of vibration measurements can be done and then basically this is my axial direction along the longitudinal axis y happens to be the horizontal. For clarity I have just moved it here this point, but this is actually at location A and location B. So, basically I will have 6 measurements in location A x y z location B x y z total 6. So, this kind of vibration measurements can be done in any machine in this case to what is the angular misalignment we are not moving point A. Now, this misalignment amount of misalignment does depend on the flexibility of the coupling and that is very very important. Couplings play a major role in the prevention of misalignment you would have heard of this flexible coupling rigid coupling or the universal coupling. Basically in flexible coupling there are elastomer elements cap which will take small amount of offset offsets can be accommodated. Rigid couplings do not allow per say any offsets, but then there are universal coupling wherein these angles could be as high as you know 7 to 10 degrees. A good example of universal coupling what we known as hooks joint is in the automobile drive shaft or sometimes it is known as the propeller shaft they can take good amount of angular misalignment. So, the couplings play a major role to accommodate such parallel or offset parallel or offset or angular misalignment between the driver and the driven unit. But despite having these couplings we will still see lot of forces and moments coming at the bearing locations I mean why at all misalignment is a serious issue in machinery because for the fact that misalignment will load the system. So, when I give a power to a machine to run it I am unnecessary wasting the energy to rotate a misaligned shaft for rotating the same misalignment shaft misaligned shaft and the perfectly normal not misaligned shaft I will require less power to rotate the normal or perfectly ok shaft then compared to a misaligned shaft. So, I do not want to waste power and the other effect is if misalignment goes unnoticed for a longer time the forces and the moments occurring at the supports are going to increase the bearings are eventually going to fail and large clearances may occur in the bearings and then things will be lose and so on. So, once we are talking about misalignment the some of the related issues with the other mechanical defects are let me list them now related mechanical defects one is rotor eccentricity other is cocked rotor band or board shaft soft looseness. We are going to discuss about soft foot and looseness in few classes down the road, but the reason I wanted to tell you is you know once we look into the vibration spectra the signature of the defects like rotor eccentricity cocked rotor band board shaft are almost very similar at times. So, we should not be misled as to a misalignment has occurred though there are means by which misalignment can be detected and then separated out, but particularly at high speeds the behavior is almost similar and then we should at least know what would we mean by a rotor eccentricity. For example, if I look at a rotor by rotor eccentricity I mean the rotor's center of mass is not at its center of rotation. Another way to look at this is may be I should draw the figure the other way I have a large disc this is my center of mass, but I am rotating it the hole has been made here and this is my center of rotation. So, you can understand the rotor is going to wobble and make an ellipse like thing at some point if I you should draw it. So, this at some point I will have large forces large displacement and less displacement. If this was a perfectly balanced eccentric rotor the displacements at locations like they are called you know the 12 o clock position, 3 o clock position, 6 o clock or 9 o clock position will be same, but if they are eccentric or the center of rotation is not at this mass center they will be wobbling and one level will be less compared to other and here may be another level this is more compared to this. So, the displacements along the circumference are not same and that is because of this eccentricity in the rotor it is very easy to measure it and there is an instrument all of you would have been familiar must have it is a very common instrument in the lab that is a dial indicator or a gauge basically it is a spring loaded stylus spring inside it and then we will have an indicator which is either it could be 0 here plus and this direction minus and this direction and this stylus will be contacted contacting on a surface this surface is going to have a motion this way it is going to swing and this direction if it is going to have motion in this direction it is going to swing the other direction and these readouts are usually in micron. So, dial indicator or gauge can be put on a rotor which is rotating at these locations this is basically the dial indicator. So, by knowing the measurements in the dial indicator at these four locations on the circumferences circumference one can decide the amount of offset which has occurred and usually these measurements are taken on the flange which is there which is mounted on the shaft if I have a shaft because the shafts only meet at the coupling. If I was to align these two shafts A and B whatever motion this is going to happen this also going to have the same motion. So, I can see the dial gauge reading here I can see the dial gauge reading on this surface and then as I rotate it they should all get the same reading if not we will have to play around with the system and that is how I will tell you. For example, in this system we see that the level in this has increase in particular in this direction. So, in fact in all of these foundation there are very thick steel plates which are known as sims. Sims are very hard wear resistant steel plates or inserts which are introduced right at the time of installation and then we put the foundation bolts. Similarly, so by removing adding or removing sims adding or removing sims this can be taken care of. And in this system we had the provision of putting sims at these locations if you look here you can remove this is the foundation of this bearing and then sims could be introduced and then we can align them as to they are in perfect horizontal displacements. So, this kind of shimming is done right at the foundation by measuring the radial runouts and these distances which we measure are known as the radial runouts. The radial runouts in the 12 o'clock position 3 o'clock, 6 o'clock and 9 o'clock positions should be same. So, they are concentric and another relatively between shaft A and shaft B they should be also same and if they are not we have to play around with the sims to adjust the level ok. Maybe this is only in the horizontal in the vertical plane you have to move something in the horizontal plane as well ok. For example, in the top view I have sims here I have sims here I have sims here I have sims here. If I add or remove in one plane I can reduce the angular you can you can understand if there are this is at elevated locations this location is elevated compared to this this will be having a rotation like this base plane it may be like this ok and this gives rise to what is known as the angularness alignment. So, by adding on removing sims I can take care of the missile alignment by either reducing the radial runouts or in both in the angular sense or in the normal vertical or horizontal sense. So, what are the factors which affect the missile alignment of course, one is the machine speed because the machine speed is high the forces will be high and the missile alignment could be there. Coupling stiffness plays a very very important role in the missile alignment as you have seen we allow a flexible coupling or a hooks coupling to accommodate certain missile elements which is required by our functionality. For example, in an automobile popular shaft the reason we give a missile hooks joint is because of this fact that if this is my wheel and engine is here. So, my output shaft is at a higher location than the driving shaft axis. So, to account for this kind of angular deviations of course, we have to give rise to a coupling which can take care of and that is what is done by actually the hooks joint or the universal joint. So, missile elements are sometimes required and sometimes it has they have to be of course, reduced in a rigid machine and that is where the coupling stiffness plays into account. So, that is why we have a flexible coupling in a flexible coupling if you look at the bolt holes I was doing four bolt holes in every bolt there will be provision to have an elastomeric insert which can take little bit of radial play and reduce the amount of missile element. These are there kept in the machines to take care of. Now, what are the effects of missile element? So, additional forces and moments are the bearing locations and these forces can be calculated forces and moments and this class on the preliminary condition based monitoring I am not going to the details of how these forces and moments are derived, but out of our research work these are there in the published paper and you can visit this website of ours iitnoise.com wherein you can refer to the journal papers in the research section and then see the papers on missile element basically this missile element in systems which are carrying a normal shaft as to crack shaft etcetera. How these forces and moments are computed and why because of the if you look into the x axis and the y axis there will be deflections of delta x delta delta y and if you are looking at three dimension delta z. So, these deflections because of missile element and the system already have stiffness. So, as you know f is equal to k times delta x f x f y is a different different k x k y. So, these delta x delta y delta z are because of missile element the system has stiffness k x k y k z. So, we are going to get these additional forces f x f y f z and of course, depending on the length we will have a momentum and this couple. So, additional forces and moments do happen at the bearing locations because of missile element obviously, if additional forces are coming they will oppose the system. So, once they oppose your load we are going to have additional power consumption in the system and then because of these forces are changing in direction at every rotation they will induce fatigue load.  So, to avoid such fatigue failure because of missile alignment we have to ensure that is delta x delta y delta z are kept to a minimum. So, how can this minor alignments be mitigated of course, you know we just discussed about flexible couplings and then we have the universal coupling and in the industry particularly when we have lot of high torque and power being transmitted or converted we have what is known as a gear coupling. Gear coupling allows for certain linear movement of the shaft for example, if you think of it one gear sitting like this and another gear sitting on top of it. So, there will be a slight amount of movement is allowed this is essential because of temperature particularly in industries you know we have the systems rotating almost round the clock 24 by 7. And of course, there is a amount of force convection or of there are blowers in the in the motors which cool the bearings but sometimes we have large gear boxes gear boxes the temperatures becomes very very hot. So, there will be small amount of thermal expansion. Now, if the things were held rigidly in the both the driven unit and the driver unit they were held rigidly and the shafts underwent a thermal expansion and if there was no space or no allowance for this expansion to take care of by allowing a linear movement they are going to bend because of this shaft are going to bend or bow. So, to allow for such thermal expansions usually gear couplings are used which will by the once the thermal expansion happens they will they will expand and then they will slide and this could be few mills you know very few microns but nevertheless they are going to take care of this. Now, even before this is done this happens later on when you are running the system but once what happens when you are installing in the system using installation alignment has to be checked and that is very very important and the traditional methods are by using dial indicators what is known as the two phase indicator method another is the reverse dial indicator method. Of course, these were the preferred method in the industry where in you measure the radial runouts in the four different locations that is the 12 o clock, 3 o clock, 6 o clock, 9 o clock locations and then try to estimate the average radial runout and then try to use the sims either in the vertical plane or in the horizontal plane or across the two foundation axis as I discussed. And another method is the reverse dial indicator method which is very very popular but of late people are using what is known as the laser based alignment system. This is for the fact that because in the previous first two examples first two methods two phase of the reverse dial indicator our meeting and the or the two shafts have to be very very close to each other. So, that we can take the dial gauge readings through a common shaft but imagine the case of maybe a windmill where the there is a long shaft and then we have this gear box here and then this is the alignment here and then we have the fan here and this is the coupling here and this this this could be about 2 to 3 meters. So, how do you align such a system and that is where lasers are helpful because lasers can travel straight line in straight line and if I put a reflector they are going to reflect back. So, imagine if I have two systems one this is one flange and another flange. So, one scenario second scenario is and this is in first case if I shoot a laser beam it is normally incident. So, it is going to reflect back in this case shoot laser beam it is not normal. So, if this is normal we are going to come out somewhere like this. So, if I have the laser transmitter is here transmitter receiver I should see a single dot come on this is going in and coming in another way if I put a mirror here at some point I have exaggerated it I will be getting two points. So, I can play around with the shims at this locations such that I align it and then bring it back so that they all point down to one point. So, in one of the mirror planes one is this dot and another is this dot. So, I have to play around so that this both the dots come together both the dots together. So, the laser elements are very helpful in this regards and particularly you would have seen that when you go to an automobile garage the four wheels of the shaft of the sorry of the vehicle have to be aligned basically they use this laser based alignment system also they have a reflector they have a mirror and then they will make sure and then here they can change the camber angle and the castor angle and the there are adjustment bolts wherein I can change the camber and castor angle to ensure that the wheels are aligned. So, the same laser technique laser band alignment system is very popular to do machinery alignments. Now, I will come to what is the best way to find out whether a misalignment has occurred in a system through vibration monitoring. In this what we do as I was telling we will measure at any location the axial vertical and horizontal vibration equations. And if you will see if you will go back to the equations of flexible coupling or the hooks coupling, hooks joint. If I have an input shaft N and if I put a hooks joint the output shaft is actually a function of sorry this is rotating at omega this output speed the output shaft speeds will be proportional to cosine 2 omega. So, this 2 omega comes so if I am rotating at 1 x because misalignment I will have a strong vibration at its 2 x in the axial direction. So, this is the most important diagnostic indicator in a vibration spectrum whenever we have a misalignment as opposed to the unbalance unbalance it was strongly radial here it is high axial at 2 x frequency. If you recall unbalance was high radial at 1 x frequency, but let me just caution you this is very theoretical in the sense high axial at 2 x vibrations. When you go to the lab we see 3 x 5 x sometimes we see even high radials when there is eccentricity with misalignment. So, one has to be careful I though if you go to any hand books on condition monitoring or any trade guidelines they usually give a machinery troubleshooting chart and which says you know we have to if it is high axial and in 2 x frequencies it is misalignment that is well and good, but then one has to be careful that it is not necessarily always true. So, misalignment detection by vibration measurements generally a high axial level of vibration compared to radial levels compared to radial levels that is a good way to look at it in comparison with respect to radial levels, but sometimes exceptions are there at parallel misalignment and so on. And now what I am going to show you is this is a case wherein we had the vibrating machinery rotating at 30 hertz and then we had different amounts of misalignment of course, this is they were all measured in axial directions and we will see usually 2 x and sometimes very close to this is a 3 x and 5 x is occurring. So, what I meant to say is always it is not right to say that always only 2 x will come, but this is characteristically different than the case of unbalance. In unbalance we will very rarely see you know things beyond 1 x of course, another thing is we have to take care of the phase measurements. Phase measurements do help us for example, I had talked about the bend shaft in a bearing of a shaft which has a rotor and if there is an unbalance mass I will see the vibrations at bearing A and B are in phase. So, phi of A minus B is equal to almost 0 degree is the case of unbalance. If the shaft was bend in my drawing I am exaggerating this bend shaft, you will see when you have bend shaft this will be close to about 180 degree. So, these are characteristics of the phase measurements or the characteristics of the vibration spectra when a misalignment case has occurred. So, to summarize in this class on misalignment detection we studied about how misalignment occurs and why sometimes we have to purposefully give misalignment. So, that this thermal expansion between systems can take place and that is why in the industry we have a lot of gear couplings. In the automobiles we have the hooks joints because of the large angular deviations between the engine drive shaft or the crank shaft and the propeller shaft of the vehicle. Sometimes we allow misalignments because of installation defects to few microns and that can be accommodated by flexible couplings. But, despite our best intentions of giving gear coupling hooks joint flexible coupling the misalignment as you have seen will give rise to excessive forces or moments and these forces and moments are time varying and they are periodic and so they are going to reduce fatigue loads at the bearings. So, bearings are eventually going to get subjected to excessive forces because of misalignment and again because of misalignment because these forces have come we are unnecessary using extra energy to overcome this resisting forces. So, the power consumption also increases because of misalignment. So, in an effect this misalignment has detrimental effect into the machine health of the machine which has to be avoided. To detect misalignment basically at slow speeds we can turn around the systems the shafts at the flange phases and measure the radial runouts. The runouts should be same in both the systems that is the driven and the driving unit. If they are not the runouts are not we can play around by inserting shims at the foundation locations. So, that and then we can raise or lower the foundations as to the requirement amount of microns measured in the radial runouts and once we have done that we misalign the system. But for reasons unknown to us misalignment does occur it occurs in machine and then the telly-tale sign to identify misalignment is to look into the 2 x axial vibrations in the vibration spectrum measure at the bearing. Typically to distinguish themselves from unbalance in unbalance we have high radial at the 1 x direction. Of course, when there is overhang rotors having unbalance we as we have seen there could be also the axial components. But usually in the case of misalignment is the 2 x axial direction of vibrations which is very very high. Thank you.


with another product review. Today's product review is going to be on a Gilden G540. G540 is the long sleeve version. This t-shirt is 100% cotton. The Graphite Heather Safety Orange and Safety Green are 50, 50, 50% cotton, 50% polyester. The Sports Gray is 90% cotton, 10% polyester. Safety Green is compliant with American National Standard for high visibility, safety, apparel, and accessories. This classic fit t-shirt has a mid-weight fabric, meaning that it's not too thick, not too thin. Just right. This classic width ribbed collar has no topstitch. As you can see, this beautiful t-shirt also comes with a tape neck and shoulders so it lays flat and it fits more comfortably. The sleeves also come with a ribbed cuff for flexibility and stretchiness. This beauty also includes a double needle bottom hem. And you all know my favorite feature of them all, the Terraway Tag. So you can create your own merch, place your own label directly to the garment. G540 is perfect for screen printing, heat pressing, you can bleach dye, you can tie dye. My favorite thing to do is heat pressing. From a one to 10, I'll rate this a 10. Thanks for watching, see you next video.


In 2013, the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service entered into a cooperative agreement with the South Dakota No-Till Association and IGRO, SDSU Extension, for delivering the latest soil health and productivity technology to South Dakota farmers and ranchers. A series of two local events were held in South Dakota, in Lemon and Fort Peer. I had a good crowd today. We've got a doctor in the house in case anybody needs one, so if you pass out from something I say, then we're in luck. The Colisex Research Farm started a long time ago. It's associated with South Dakota State University. My boss worries a lot that I don't say that often enough, so I put it on there today. So everybody knows, because they're our scientific home and I actually work for SDSU and then I work with a group of board of directors, the farmers, and by the way, my board of director guys, you could stand up if you want to if you need a little exercise, but we have a board meeting after this over at the regional office. But it's probably the only really true farmer-organized research center and that I think is important because SDSU plays a big role and the farmers pay a big role in keeping things headed toward practicality.  So this is the picture of the main station right along Missouri River. Water quality is a big issue to us because of that. We're doing a lot of things with water quality. I'm not going to talk about that today, but a couple of weeks ago I was at Indianapolis for the National No-Till Association. They spent half a day on the Lake Erie thing. If you remember two years ago, they had to shut down the water treatment plant, domestic water treatment plant for the city of Toledo because they had a toxic algal bloom in Lake Erie. The toxins were three times more toxic than cyanide. If you swam in the bay where they were getting their water, it would kill you in less than three minutes. Now, that was all coming from phosphorus, from farm fields, a good share of it, and it was coming out of drain tiles. Remember a couple of years ago when somebody said that phosphorus didn't move in drain tiles? And somebody was saying it did? Well, it does. It's too late. Anyway, key is success. We try to mimic Mother Nature's systems. How many people have not been in this center before?  And think of what over here is where the Lavandre brothers claimed this part of North America for France. They buried that lead plate over here where the flags are if you didn't know that. And down at the bottom of the hill here is where Lewis and Clark had the little issue with the Native Americans. And one of the things I was able to do is to go to Lewis and Clark's Journal and go through what they wrote as they walked across the southern side of the Dakota Lakes Research Farm, right here. Because they were going up here, and you can just think of the Big Meander down by Fort Thompson or Lower Brule. That was on their, so I knew when they were there, and then they were around the pocket, what we call the pocket, and then they hit the gray. The creek coming in at the gray, so that's like a mile and a half east of us. And then there's Twin Bridges, that's about a mile and a half or two miles west of us. So I could know exactly when they walked across this part of the world. Native vegetation that time was mixed grass perry with lots of big blue stem switch grass, Indian grass, maximum in sunflowers. And we turned it in across the wheat grass, but managed it poorly. So what we're really going to talk about, the key is managing our ecosystems. So they match what's native to this place, and then learning to make food doing that, right? So the first thing we got to do is no-till. And there's a lot of people now that don't want to say the word no-till.  Too bad, mother nature doesn't do tillage, get over it. Low disturbance, no-till, period. If you don't do no-till, I would like to be able to seed. Danny talked about her clay seed balls. I want to seed without ever putting a blade in the ground. Because mother nature never put blades in the ground. So you just put the seeds on top of the ground, okay? Then we have to have diversity, not just diversity, lots of diversity. Diverse crop rotations, we can use cover crops to add to that. We can use perennial sequences to add to that. And then mother nature has livestock. And not just little livestock, we did a thing here a few years ago. Think it was at our annual meeting we tied in with Ruth? All creatures great and small. Five years, just a few years ago, and you get old, they go really fast. We did a thing called all creatures great and small. We talked about big animals and little animals, you know? So there's introducing livestock's nothing new. Now, we had to wait at the Coal Lakes until we had the ability to do them. But when you get those things together, you get soil health, okay? So we finally have cows. I just wrote an article for that Buffett series entitled, Articles as the Cows Have Come Home, right? They would just have things that wait till the cows come home when the cows have come home. This is some of our swath grazing residue. That's what it looked like, it's nice and green. There's our cows. You can see they're grazing the swaths. This was growing after harvesting a wheat crop. We put in hay millet notes. It's going to go to soybeans next year. And we're moving the fence in front of them. We move the fence from here to here. And they'd had a few hours, and then they cleaned it up. Now, if I don't put a fence in there, they'll just trample everything, okay? So you can see that they leave the wheat straw, but they take the green stuff. And then we're making our first shot at a self-propelled grazing cell, which you've heard me talk about a bunch of times. We took our lateral move machine. We tied some, this was much easier than I thought it was going to be. We just tied some ropes down. Three of them per span, tied a bucket there. Put an electric fence post, and then there's a wire. Two wires going like that. And all you got to do to move the cows is just push the button. And the irrigator moves, and the cows move. And had a guy come out yesterday. We have a little windbreak type thing that the cows stand behind when they're not grazing. And he came out to watch it run. Irrigation guy. And he said, do we have to get the cows out of there before you move it? I said, no, just watch this. I pushed the button, and the wheels started making noise, and here come the cows on dead run. It's lunchtime, right? I mean, he didn't know much about cows. So, just cross that thing. We've got corn stocks and whatever. Here they came. This I took actually yesterday. And within five minutes, they were spread out all along that irrigator. And they got corn stocks here in swath grades, and here's a balanced diet. So we've got two machines. They're just tied together. The wire goes all the way across. Now, what's important things that we learned some important things today? It seemed like there's a controversy between Paul and everybody else about planting depth. But remember, Paul was saying uniformity. Uniformity. If your residue isn't uniform like Paul's, you need to have residue managers to help you get uniformity. And I always say it's awful hard to put the combine in reverse when you're reaching for the fire extinguisher. Okay? What do I mean by that? When I stop in a field, when I'm combining, I always put it in reverse so it spreads the straw evenly. Because if you stop, it'll make a big dump of straw. But if you're reaching for the fire extinguisher, you don't remember to do that, right?  It's not uniform. And we'll run our residue managers about this far off the surface just to make sure that it clears that little bit of stuff out. You'll notice Paul, he had his silver cedar just perfect, right? But he's better farmer than we are. Okay? One of the important things is short-term studies are not accurate in evaluating treatments such as tillage rotations that have long-term impacts. You'll see all these studies that are done about tillage is good, tillage is bad, do this or do that, make sure they're long-term. The one thing that Dakota Lakes does is long-term. We're 20-some years. A farmer manages ecosystems and takes sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide and makes them into products to be sold. I think I stole that from Rick Bieber who I think probably stole it from somebody else, but maybe he made it up, right? But think about that. You're not a corn farmer.  You're going to make things that somebody's going to buy. A lot of our corn and soybeans in the corn belt go to making beef in feedlots. That doesn't really make any sense. If we want beef, let's make beef in those fields instead of corn and soybeans that go to feedlots. We have a lot less trouble with antibiotic resistance in microbiology. We have a lot less trouble with nutrient movement. If you think about all the nutrients that move from the field to the feedlot, I was kind of joking earlier today. There's a picture up here of Jorgensen's. I said, that's kind of a funny-looking cow. Society's cut her if you're far enough with back. I said, well, that's a funny-looking cow. I don't know where he got that cow. But if we can figure out a way to do it in the field, it's better for nutrient cycling, better for biology. Let's focus on ecosystem processes. Water cycle, energy flow, mineral cycle, community dynamics. What are we doing on our farm with each of those? You need to ask yourself that question. Does your rain feed plants and recharge ground water? Does it run off and cause erosion, water quality, and degradation? You've got to have soils that take water. We got started in Otil to make water go in the ground, under irrigation. Danny Forge was farm manager at the time this happened, weren't you, Danny? He had water run off the field going back to the river, putting in irrigators, because we had the water to do it now, putting in irrigators, spent a lot of energy pumping up the hill, letting it run back to the river. Not a very smart way of doing things. And so the first thing we did was try to make water go in the ground. We can now make two inches of water go in the ground in nine minutes with these irrigators. No problem. That's how we irrigate. Because we have this armor, like Jay Fuhrer would say, we got macro pores. We have this surface mulch there all the time. And we got the macro pores so the water goes down the holes, instead of soaking in like a matrix. If you powder it up like Lance was saying, then the water doesn't go in. It just sits on top. Think of making bread.  That's what happens when you do tillage. It's just like flour. For you young guys, that picture Paul showed was the guys walking on the moon, in case you didn't know that. Paul, there's people here that don't remember that. I mean, my God, you've got to explain it for the young folks. How much sunlight strikes green leaves that makes food. And this is really important. And Lance referred to this as the energy part. We need to have energy to drive that ecosystem. If we haul stuff off, that guy called me this morning before I came here. And he has land that he just has people make hay on and sell the hay. And he's asking me how to manage it. And I said, that's a God awful way to manage it. Because it's mining. You're taking all the nutrients and all the energy off of this land and putting it somewhere else. It's not going to make it back. How much sunlight falls on dead vegetation or bare ground? 1975, 80, 90, when we were doing half or a third of our ground in summerfowl in this country. Not only did it blow away, just think of how much energy we wasted that we needed to put back into the ecosystem. We use cover and forage crops to fine tune crop rotations. They are not, no till is not an end. It's a tool. Somebody said that today. Cover crops are not an end. They're a tool. There's times we don't use cover crops because it is too dry. Our rotation's too tight. But one of the things that we can get by with doing a lot of things with cover crops we didn't think we could do as long as we don't lose the residue. And as soon as we put in too many brass because there are too many broad leaves and we lose the surface residue, I got lots of data that shows it will take 20 bushel out of corn, whiz bang. Jason saw that too. I came up and said to Jason, I said, you were standing there. Why don't you just jump in and talk about that? Can't let the residue, the real key, is taking the E out of ET, surface residue. That matter residue is your friend. We use them to increase carbon capture, sequester, nutrients, fixed nitrogen, and encourage friendlies, these beneficial insects. Danny mentioned the clay seed ball thing. This is some work we did a couple of years ago with the German intern. If you want somebody that's really anti-notial, have a German intern come. And you can always tell a German, but you can't tell him much. So we, yeah, well, my parental names are back in Brumbau on my dad's side, so that's pretty German. And then I got Dutch on the other side that's probably almost as bad. So I know what I speak of here. But anyway, there's his clay seed balls. A death's a problem instead of treating the symptom. I love to show this picture. This is terraces. Jay, if you're at one time, build more miles of terraces in Burley County than anybody ever had, right, Jay? And then he came to Dakota Lakes, he came to a meeting again, and I showed this slide, and then he felt really bad. And he turned into a cover crop and soil health guy. So we're glad we did that. This is north of Pierre. There's terraces. Well, they put terraces in because water was running out of the field. Didn't do anything for water running. Red means something that's healthy. The water just ran down to the edge of the terraces and soaked in there. Didn't stop the water running, stopped it from getting out of the field. Okay? Mother nature's an opportunity to tunists. If you have a problem, you've provided the opportunity. If you've got resistant weeds, stuff like that. You've done something that has given that weed an opportunity to take over, because in natural systems, you don't really have the whole ecosystem go to heck because you have so much diversity. There isn't the opportunity for anything to take off.   Like ride these hoverboards. Resistant weeds are not a big issue. If you have diversity, where do they have the resistant weeds? Where they have low diversity rotations, the corn belt, wheat fallow belt, Australia, where they do wheat canola, wheat canola, wheat canola, or wheat lupin, wheat lupin, right? Two crop monocultures. Strive to produce a crop which is healthy, not one that doesn't get sick. And again, the same way with soils, health. What's that mean? Well, if I look around here, there's nobody that's sick. No oxygen tubes or anything. So that's all hop on the bike and go out and do about 20 miles. Right? I can do that. My butt gets sore, but I can do that kind of ride. It's fine. I couldn't, 10 or 15 years ago. Okay? That's what you've got to try to do with soils. And adding organic matter makes them resilient, makes them healthy, makes your crop healthy. That's what our goal is. It's a system. And you change all these things. What happened with no till was people took tillage out, but didn't change any of this. And the circle collapsed. You're building a whole new system. Ralph Holsworth, one of our guys who is one of, really primary in both no till and Dakota lakes, always talks about it as a brain transplant. Somebody comes to Ralph and starts talking about being a no tiller.  You got to start to think differently. Interesting fact about Dakota lakes. When we started in 1990, I had a board of 11 guys. All of them were irrigators. Not one of them was a no tiller. Okay? And I said, if we build this thing to be a tillage-based farm, I have to have this big of pumps and this big of irrigators, this much machinery. And if we do it in no till, and I think I can, think I can manage it entirely in no till, we can do it cheaper. And Ralph said, I already know how to farm with tillage. Let's do it in no till. Okay? How's that for forethought? And 10 other guys went along with it. So farming does simplify us a little bit, that circle, cultural practices of technology and management, cultural practices, or the crop rotations of diversity. Tillage is one of these cultural practices, sanitation, competition, rotation. In nature, tillage is a catastrophic event. It doesn't happen. Mother Nature doesn't do tillage. I got a question from the audience the other day in Indianapolis. Go, what do you think about organic? I said, there's nothing natural about organic.  Mother Nature doesn't do that. Last year in France, Ruth and I were traveling in France, and I kept getting the question, can you do no till organic? Of course, this is all through translators, so it's really hard. And finally, I decided I'd answer that by saying I think you can, but it takes seven species of animal. Not just cows. You got to have cows and sheep and chickens and, you know, to do all these different things in your system that you would do with some technology. And when, as soon as I said that, everybody quit asking the question. Worked pretty good, and we got back here, and then somebody asked me that here, and I told that story. It's like it did now, and Ruth later says, I thought you knew. I didn't know you were just making up. It's kind of like Ray, you know, seven's a number, right? Ray in that test, okay? So we can't do this.  That's what we've done. We've eroded people from France, came here. People from Germany came here because they degraded the soils in Europe to the point they couldn't make a living and they had to immigrate someplace. George Washington, when he was president, said we're going to have to move west because we're degrading the soils so bad that we won't be able to maintain the country unless we can go find new land. Well, there isn't any new land. Time we learn not to do that anymore, okay? Catastrophic event. It's not an option. You don't have healthy soils if you do tillage, period.  Right? Because we have all these vertical tillage machines and whatever. It's kind of told them to look up the naval definition of rape. But I'll leave that alone. You got to be really old to remember that one, right, Paul? The Pueblo in North Vietnam. So you can go back and Google that, all you young guys, and then you'll know what it says. Now we have to use GPS and variable rate technology to take care of the variability accentuated by tillage erosion, okay? Technology is a tool, but it's not an answer, okay? So if we take tillage out, we're more dependent on rotation, sanitation, competition. We don't want weeds going to seed out there. That's one of those, what they say, that's a natural cover crop.   And people think I'm totally nuts, but the rattlesnakes eat a lot of mice and things. We spread our residues. This is an example of what not to do, and Paul talked about that. Now you've got to have something to help you out to get a uniform seed bed. Residue management is okay if you run them shallow. When you're in heavy wheat residue, that type of thing. But move no soil. Danny said we don't want to move. We don't want to move a little bit of dirt. You don't want to move any dirt. But if I can do something like this where it's nice and uniform, or it doesn't blow back over, if you start moving too much stuff, it blows back over top. So Paul's right there. Start moving around. Put fertilizer close. Very important. Get no till. So you got seed here, fertilizer there. I want to keep this in place. Last year's residue until this year's, last year's canopy until this year's canopy forms. That's my best weed control. 10 points reduced. And no till systems favor inclusion of alternative crops. Corn soybean guys, you don't tell it, you're going to do corn soybean. Two season interval between growing and giving crop. Another crop type is preferred, especially in some broadleaves. Chem fallow. In the old days they used to do, NRCS pushed this idea of chem fallow. And all you end up with a lot of weed and disease and insect cycles because nothing was there, wasn't any biology to cycle it out. So what I'm saying here is if you grow a crop or cover crop, black fallow, green fallow, used to call them green fallows, or production of a properly chosen crop is better than not doing anything because you're adding biological time. And when Jason was with us, we developed this diversity index that was based on years first. Where did Jason run to? There he is. Chronological time. And then all of a sudden I went to Argentina and went, oh, hell, that doesn't work, right? Remember that? I came back and said, oh, we got to do biological time. How much biology have between this crop and this crop for that disease to go away? Rotation should be sequenced to make it easy to prevent volunteer plants from previous crops. So Jerry's got this really diverse cover crop thing out there and his son is worried about weeds. But they look like they're mostly broadleaves or cool season guys. So he put corn in there, it's not a problem. Right? Produces with livestock enterprises find it less difficult to introduce diversity. That's really key. Use of forage and flexible forage grain crops and green fallow enhanceability, tailor rotational intensity and diversity. One of the reasons we're bringing livestock in is it gives you a lot more flexibility to do things. Now it's paying the butts, we're going to automate it. I should be able to move my machines by taking out my smartphone and moving them. I shouldn't have to go out there and push a button. And that's where we're heading is to be able to do that. Crops destined to direct human food use pose the highest risk and offer the highest potential return. Think of the guys in California that grow vegetables and they have no water. Right? What are they going to do? I was supposed to go to a meeting a couple weeks ago and talk to these guys. I was in Indianapolis instead. I went to Indianapolis instead of Arizona. But a conference called with them. They have some real issues and they really need to go back and really start looking at the whole thing again. If we try to increase diversity and intensity needs to be balanced with profitability, you can have too many crops. And Dan Forge gets on the edge of that at times. Right? And Bonnie goes, okay Dan, you've got enough stuff here because you've got to sell all those different crops. Soil moisture storage is affected by soil characteristics, surface residue, bouts. That's important. Inter crop periods, snow catchability is double. People talked about this all day today. Jerry Webb's saying, oh, I want that stuff sticking up to catch snow. Right? Precipitation patterns and other factors. If we're going cover crop after a week, going to corn, we probably have room to do that quite often as long as we keep the residue there. If I'm trying to do a cover crop after flax going to wheat, there's not enough time, not enough moisture. See, there's times you can and can't. Seed bed conditions at the time of seeding can be controlled through the use of crops with different characteristics in regard to residue color, level distribution and architecture. If you live up north around Bismarck and want to grow Milo, sorghum, right? I had a call yesterday on that.  Plant it into pea stubble or soybean stubble or sunflower because it's dark. At one time, I had the guys at Brookings trying to work on a black straw at wheat because the wheat would be straw would be darker. They looked at me kind of weird.  The song says amber waves are green. Right? They couldn't make it express in the field. They could breed it and it would express in the greenhouse, but it wouldn't express in the field, which is kind of interesting. Sequence is only one component of rotation. Proper intensity, adequate diversity gives us stability, okay? A crop rotation allows time for natural enemies. It's biological time to destroy the passage of one crop when unrelated crop is growing. And sequences, I keep saying this, sequence is only one component of rotation. I'm going to show you why. Proper intensity, adequate diversity, again, stable and sustainable. Native vegetation is your best indicator of the range of intensities. It tells you what you can do. Whenever I travel, the first thing I do is look at the native vegetation. I will not talk to a farmer. I won't talk to a group. They have to show me the native vegetation first, because that tells me what they can do there. Integrates the soil and the climate and all these things. It tells me what they can do, and then you can have a conversation. Most of plant growth problems blame the no-tiller result of inadequate diversity and proper intensity. If it gets too wet, it's because you're not growing enough things. And you've got to play the long-term probability. You're going to have times when a cover crop is going to cost you a little bit, because it was an extraordinarily dry year. But you can't farm for an extraordinarily dry year. The fallow guys used to do that. Wheat fallow, we're going to farm for that really dry year. What's that mean? It means that even in the really dry year, they didn't have wheat that was worth much. If you remember, Georgia's no enough to remember. You don't remember your dad not no-tilling, do you? Very little. Very little, see? This is interesting. These guys, okay? But for you old guys, you didn't really get great crops in the dry years anyway.  And you lost the opportunity to have done something in the fallow ground and in all these other years, when it's decent. So you lost the opportunity that normal to weather the normal year. So you've got to play long-term averages, right? Well, high water use crops, cover double crops, proper intensity reduces risk. Are the nutrients available for plant use environmental services or have they been leached, eroded, transported from the landscape? Ecosystems that leak nutrients become deserts. And I didn't put any of my frant slides in, but everybody took us to see their castle. And they'd show you their castle and they said, this area here they stored grain. And I go, where'd they grow the grain? Round the castle. That ground's all degraded. You can't grow anything on that ground. Oh, most of them hadn't thought about that. The reason the castle's no longer occupied is because they degraded the ground around the castle. Saline seeps indicate leakage. You've got to saline seep, it's because you're not using the water like you should.  Right? I got my little president chemist here. I'm a chemist too. One unit train of soybeans contains a half a million pounds of phosphorus. So when they build these circly tracks out here and they ship the soybeans to Taiwan and the governor's all happy about that, we just send them a half a million pounds of phosphorus so we're not going to get back. They're not going to load their poop in the same container and ship it back to us and let us spread it on the ground. So, saline seeps, because water goes in here, isn't used here, ends up going out here. Saline seep has nitrates, calcium, sulfur, gypsum, fertilizers. That's what it has in it. Now, some soils you will get some sodium, but most time it's fertilizers. Am I right? Yeah, see. Covering forage crops give us an opportunity to increase this intensity and diversity where production of grain crop would not be possible. So in those windows in between, okay, in humid environments, tall grass per year weather, not most of you guys, Elmer and maybe. The goal should be to have something growing at all times. In areas with limited growing season, cold areas, this will require use of cover crops or forage double crops. In sub-humid and semi-arid and arid areas like pier, cover crops can be utilized to increase organic matter and biological activity or they can be used as a forage crop, right? A friend of mine North Dakota calls this catch and release nutrients. Again, think of carbon as a nutrient, energy that drives that system and catch the carbon coming by, put it in the ground for energy. You can use that plant to catch nitrogen coming by, put it in the ground. You can use that plant to get the nitrogen and sulfur that's going to go deep and the lime is going to go deep and bring it back and put it on top. Catch and release nutrients. It'll release it for you. Here's an experiment we did at the farm several years ago. We had a field that was in, it's in a corn corn soybean, wheat wheat corn corn soybean soybean rate rotation. After the wheat, we planted a cover crop of lentils, chickling vetch and turnip. We had 108 pounds of acre of nitrate in the next spring because most of it's in this organic phase. You'll go 220 bushels of acre. If we put on no pounds of nitrogen, we got 176. We put on 36 pounds of nitrogen, we got 236. And we got 214 and 233. These all three are the same. So we only need 36 pounds in in that case because we caught enough to do that. That's under irrigation. If you get stranded in the back 40 in the rain, do you drive home across for plowed field or the pasture? Right? No day there was all it can no till it was too wet to get out there in the spring. Wow. Not if you got soil structure. Weeds and diseases are nature's way of adding diversity to a system that lacks it. I got that from Ellen Savry and Elle Savry probably stole it from somebody else. Right? We encounter these by adding diversity of our own. Beneficial diversity. We want at least three crop types long intervals of two to four years are needed to break some disease cycles. Let's look at water hemp, this thing in the corn belt. If I have 10 water humps that develop resistance and each of them have 100 viable seeds and I really actually have 10,000 or so. What happens to different rotations? Well if I do corn soybean with roundup ready in one of them, it does this. If I do corn, corn, soybean, soybean, it does this. I get 10 million of them in either six years or seven years or 13 years. Or if I do wheat corn beans, I don't get any build up because I control them two years out of three. If I do this rotation, here is continuous corn or corn, soybean, both with roundup ready. I have 10 million of them in three years. So the guys in the corn belt go, oh we got these resistant wheat, this is terrible. No, you got to be smarter than the wheat. Smarter than the bug. Here's a field that we seeded years ago, most of our wheat we don't put it on the other side. So this is where I still had auto-steer. Auto-steer better, see. Now I have auto-steer that I get rid of those gaps. But there's no other side been put on there and no wheat. Normally if you leave a skip, you got wheat because you don't have competition. So we want to see diversity in seeding date, diversity in rooting pattern. This is important, you do some of this with cover crop, diversity in root architecture, reservoir type, insect pests or beneficials, wheat suppression, microorganisms, harvest date, beneficials and more. So simple rotations. A lot of us do these kinds. Winter wheat corn canola spring, winter wheat corn sunflower. The trouble with these corn soybeans the advantages are simple. Limble number of crops to manage the market. And every crop follows predictably. So you can tell the hired man go out and spray all the wheat stubble with atrazine because we're going to go all the wheat stubble is going to go to corn next year, right? Simple. Don't have to worry about getting confused. But all corn is behind wheat. So if it's a wet year, it's too wet. And we can't get it planted maybe, right? All winter wheat's in the spring wheat. We get a high disease year. That's not a good thing. Rotations of perennial sequences, which is where I think we need to head eventually is where we do a rotation and then put it in perennials for a while. A simple one would be corn, soybean, corn, soybean, corn, soybean and then four years old.  And the other thing it does is go down and pick up all those deep nutrients and pull them back up the top and it builds a bunch of soil structure and it does a whole bunch of things, not with alfalfa but with the perennial grasses. It's still a limited number of annual crops. X in place that's spread in manure probably can produce more soil structure than annual crops if you have a grass or grass mixture. And if we're going to make biomass out of biomass energy crops, this is where we should do it and this is how we should do it, not with annual crops.  Biomass crops and energy crops are the future and always will be. Think about that. See, you can laugh later. It's difficult to manage the sufficient percentage of land in perennial crop without grazing. But if we graze, that's a good thing. Okay. Using less perennial minimizes the impact. Marketing is an issue unless you graze. Compound rotations, where we take two simple rotations to put them back to back this, my mother-in-law or banker rotation. Half of my corn's into wheat stubble, half my corn's into soybeans. Right? My mother-in-law comes in June or my banker comes in June, I show them the corn into beans. So it looks great. They come in September, appear, we usually go look at the stuff that's planted into wheat because there's more moisture. Spreads the risk. Don't need the crop insurance. Lemon number crops, still three crops there in that example. Limitability to spread workload because they only have three crops. See, that's rotations where crop with the same crop type, very barley, winter wheat, corn, sunflower, millet, pea, that kind of thing. We do a lot of stuff with corn and sorghum, both. Danny Forge is doing oats in winter wheat. That's a similar example of that where you start mixing them in. You can really create a lot of different situations there. Complementarity in sorghum and corn, for instance. Sorghum has none of the same diseases really as corn. I kind of break all those things up. Chires more management skills. But that's why we pay you the big bucks as you manage. Used to be we paid you big bucks to drive. Don't need that anymore. You got autostere, push a button. So you don't need to take all your time going across the field to do some management. And then stack rotations where we put two, two and two, that kind of thing. There's some real power here because it unleashes the long residual thing and it gives us these long breaks. Now I have a paper that covers all this stuff that if you just email me, I'll email you a copy of it. We try to keep this pest population confused because the sequences and intervals change. The reason we got it resisted corn rootworm beetles in the Eastern South Dakota is we had corn, soybean every other year. The normal habit is for the rootworm mother to lay her eggs at the base of the corn plant. Kid hatches the next spring. Choose out the roots of corn if it's planted corn again. If it's soybeans, the kid died. But her secret was she always had some extended dipods. She had some eggs that didn't hatch for two years. And by everybody doing corn, soybean, we develop the whole species to not hatch for two years. Predominant trait, right? So by having a mix of sequences, we confuse them. It also gives us a chance to do a mix of long and short residuals. Your oversight programs, they do atrazine on the first one, for instance, and then round up ready on the second one. Two year break between corn and wheat in that instance there. So anyway, the goal is to be inconsistent both sequence and interval. Here's some rotations that I talk about this one is my favorite where a guy in Kansas did wheat until he got it joining gold grass and then did sorghum every year until he got shatter cane and then he did sunflowers every year until he got white mold. But that's smarter than a guy doing corn, soybean, corn, soybean, corn, soybean and not figuring out why he's having trouble, okay? It's all. There's no set recipe or best rotation. Individual fields may need differing treatments due to soil's location, proximity, history, landlord, understand the power of the rotations. Here's the thing that Danny forgy did for me. There's corn with no nitrogen, no companion crop. Here's corn with soybean companion crop. These soybeans are feeding nitrogen to this corn and change for carbon. That works in no-till. We're doing some of that now with alfalfa between corn rows under irrigation and we leave it there year after year to get nitrogen because nitrogen is that big energy animal we live with. But don't forget about the carbon. Here's a rotation, low residue rotation that we have. This is a dry year. That's what it looks like in a normal or wetter than normal year. No, this is the same year where we had a higher carbon rotation. Corn, pea, winter wheat, soybean, corn, pea, winter wheat. The two years before winter wheat are still pea and corn. The difference is after 10 or 15 years of doing that, this one got mined out of carbon. So when people are talking to you about you want low carbon stuff in your rotation, no, you need to get carbon pork in there. Think of the prairie being 90-some percent grasses. Right? Here's that same comparison. 2006 dry year, 7.9 precipitation, the 12 months preceding harvest. 60 versus 29. Corn, pea, winter wheat in the wet year, 23 inches, the 12 months before harvest. 92 versus 57. Low residue, high residue. In 2002, 6.4. Same thing. We get much higher yields consistently in that high carbon rotation. In our irrigated stuff, corn belt things. This is 2013. Corn, corn, soybean wheat, soybean. First year soybean yields are 73. Second year is 81.2. So corn, soybean rotation, we average 62. More diverse rotation, almost 80. In corn, we get the same kind of thing. Continuous corn, 203. Corn, soybean, 217. In this more diverse rotation, we average 235. If I put that on the basis of 5,000 acres or whatever, this is how much you get. Million bushels of corn. But what we're doing with this more diverse rotation versus corn, soybean, we're trading 72,500 bushels of corn for 120,000 bushels of wheat plus 350 bushels of soybeans. People say corn, soybean makes me most money and can't afford to grow wheat. Yeah, you can. Right? Look at those numbers. And it's cheaper. We went to Argentina the first time in 1996.  So this is cover crop. According to soybean, this is without cover crop. This is a field that had seven years of pastures before that. If you want to know what soil health looks like. What if soils should look like. That's what it should look like. I went back to that same field in 2006 after the lady outlawed to export a beef and everybody switched from having the pastures just doing corn and soybean and mostly soybean. And within 10 years, this is what it looked like. Organic matter makes a difference. For an architecture group, this organic matter increased from 1 to 3% available water capacity doubles. Okay? 4% organic matter, 60% of the available water holding capacity. The problem we had here is we degraded the soils that didn't hold as much water as they should. When the soil water storage capacity is low much of the rain that falls during expended periods of precipitation is lost. Most of the guys that used to irrigate here don't irrigate anymore. Because it doesn't pay. Forging and cronins do because they have low left. But anytime you're up over a couple hundred foot of left it doesn't pay. Okay? This is what was here. These are my daughters. Don't tell Sam that I showed that picture. The youngest one here is a good friend of Dr. Vizcara's daughter and they're both sophomores in college. But this is a native prairie plant. Look at that root system. Think of what you're putting in there with corn and soybeans and wheat. Not even close. Okay? All tillage tool destroys soil structure. All tillage tools decrease water infiltration. All tillage tools reduce organic matter. All tillage tools increase weeds. We've got data for all that. What about the word no?  Right?  Okay? Tillage is to agriculture what fracking is to petroleum. They both increase the speed and extent of nutrient removal from a resource. Right? You kill it and you can get the nutrients out. And we're in France and they're tilling this deep now. Up and down the hill. They've got hills that are plowing that they can't plow up because they don't have big enough tractors. They drive up and plow it out. Some experts propose using tillage as a mean of addressing weed resistance. If tillage was so good at getting rid of weeds, they should all be gone. That's all you have to tell them. You know? Yeah, they should be gone. We shouldn't have anymore. Continuous low disturbance, no tilling, in combination with diverse rotation cover crops is a biological answer to a biological problem. Looking backwards. Sarah Singler, a really good friend of mine from France. I went to her place when we were there. This is her grandfather plowing in France in the 70s. They're no tilling now in France. And he's looking forward when he's plowing, he was looking backwards. Thank you. And Ruth has something to say. Well, I don't know. Don't you want to get rid of them? No, I don't. Oh. Any questions or you guys want to go have drinks? You know, we started going down, and now we're kind of leveling off with two, six, four, no. Explain how that all- Well, your lime calcium, like if you take a fence post, you go down three, three and a half feet. And if you put acid on that, it fizzes. That's lime. That's where your free lime is, three and a half, three, three and a half, four feet, depending on your soil. For Steve Halverson, it's shallower, right? And that's lime. And as you crop and you get these high rainfall years, that moves beyond the depth of where your plants can go get it, your annual plants. Now, if you would put perennials in there, switch grass or whatever for five years, that pH will come right back up.   The easiest way to degrade the soil is to put alfalfa and take all the hay off and don't put them in their back. I mean, that's a huge detriment. And the calcium doesn't go out by itself. It goes out with nitrates or goes out with carbonates. And those are the things that move sideways and become your saline seed. First one that moves is gypsum. That's deeper. I know your soils.   Are you used to it?


Everybody forced here up in 2021 tops chrome black baseball hobby 12 bucks case number 37 random team style You can always find the results a lean sports cards calm. I did drop a link in chat for you as well Good luck everybody. Thanks for joining Oshocher Bradley. I hear they have oysters in the Rocky Mountains, right? heard that summer before All right, here we go. We've got Tatis Rendon blue Kyle Seager Mariners blue is to 75 First auto nice hit refractor auto astros yord on Alvarez to 150 There we go air yord on came back today Stevenson rookie you got nice color coming Brian Jeffers Gold Royals with Merrifield 13 of 50 nice hit KC But a nice card KC auto refractor to 150 filly Zach Wheeler Soto there's an Adele rookie base purple branding Crawford Giants out of 150 Giants base rookie auto Cardinals Dylan Carlson They say Cardinals Orange now Cody Ballinger Dodgers a 25 Nice numbers on these base parallels we've got Orioles auto Brooks Robinson nice Good case so far Andrew Vaughn rookie purple Mike trout to 150 Angels 31 of 150 next auto is base Yankees auto CC Sabathia Judge Andrews refractor Orioles Trey Mancini to 199 and orange rookie auto Cleveland Daniel Johnson a 25 Nice low numbered hit there for Cleveland the Guardians David Garcia purple rookie Spencer Howard filly is the 150 green atomic to 99 Lucas G little white socks Two parallels in that box. I don't think I've ever seen that before And base rookie auto Blue Jays Nate Pearson Purple rookie is an all-star Andres Jimenez to 150 Cleveland and one Soto gold auto to 50 Nats boom Great hit Nats The talk of the town Dylan Marquez Green refractor Padres Chris Paddock to 99 and Green rookie auto Padres Hassan Kim to 99 It's been a debt the devil been a really good case a lot of color on the autos Good parallels And Anderson refractor Astros Justin Verlander to 199 Know who the brown sign Orioles now Eddie Murray base auto Brooks Robinson and Eddie Murray autos for the O's No, not yet drew her a bit behind took us a while to get Bowman filled up Go start after this Still spots left an archive signature sheers retired coming up soon guys Green refractor Tim Anderson white socks to 99 All-star again. They signed shows in Rosen. Oh boy They saw no braves Freddie Freeman nice hit Braves Be a good recap is a nice case Pete J. Ram refractor rookie O's here you are go to 199 O's did well man Mountcastle right Mountcastle and Base auto Yanks Reggie Jackson Good break to recap Reggie Jackson Freddie Freeman Eddie Murray Host on Kim the 99 neat Pearson orange Daniel Johnson a 25 CC Sabathia Brooks Robinson Dylan Carlson rookie Zach Wheeler to 150 and a Yordan to 150 And Gold to 51 so do auto man. Some of these cards are so sick They all look great, but some of them are just like an extra step above man great hit for the Nats Thanks again, everybody. We've got more baseball coming up