We begin tonight with advice for helping newborns get off to a great start in life. Joining us for this week's Your Health segment are Jennifer Fahey, assistant professor at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and certified nurse midwife at the University of Maryland Medical Center and Cheryl Holden, senior nurse, clinical nurse and lactation consultant University of Maryland Medical Center. Thanks to both of you for being here. So when it comes to breastfeeding rates around the world, if you look at the developed countries, the United States lags but it's getting better. Is that what you're seeing in your practice? Yes, we're working very hard to initiate higher breastfeeding numbers with the moms and that's starting by getting babies skin to skin as soon as they're delivered. So we have we have 10 steps that we're following because we're working for baby-friendly but every hospital in Maryland is all pursuing the same thing, more exclusive breastfeeding babies. What do you see in terms of the receptiveness of new parents to that? I think it's definitely improving as word gets out about initiatives such as this as we learn more and more about the health benefits of breastfeeding. I keep learning new things and I've been doing this for quite a while and it's amazing breast milk if it were a medicine we'd be required to give it to all newborns so we just need to get the message out that this is something that moms can give to their babies. And it's more than food? Oh yes much more than food. Tell me more. It's an active substance.  It's perfectly made to give it what it needs nutritionally, what needs to fight infections, what it needs to learn about its culture even. We get tastes from the breast milk that help us learn to be in our community. It's really an amazing substance. For the mom, for the new moms that you work with, is it is it more work to breastfeed or get formula? Great question. How do they perceive it? They don't have to get up in the middle of the night to warm up a bottle if they're breastfeeding. They don't have to prepare bottles of formula and it's definitely good for the environment not throwing formula cans away. There's this idea that sometimes parents have that they're gonna have to work more if they breastfeed because it's something that the mom's doing. But as it turns out on average a new study found that breastfeeding moms sleep 45 minutes longer than moms who have formula feeding. Well that's important. Yeah so the sleep is extremely important. I think the really difficult time for moms comes when they're trying to return to the workforce or reintegrate into the other aspects of society and that's where it's really important for the rest of the community to come in and help them because it can be very difficult to return to work and pump and do all the work of continuing to provide this wonderful food source to their babies when we're back as working moms for example. I experience that myself the challenges and so I think that's where the challenge of the work comes in and where everyone can help new moms. In terms of of right off the bat within the first day or two is there some degree of difficulty I mean maybe it maybe it works naturally immediately the baby knows what it's doing for the most part but but the mom may need a little help. It's a learned behavior right like any other learned behavior. It is for both of them and I think by getting babies on mothers chest as soon as possible after delivery and then allowing them to find their food source and to eat with the support of all the staff it's working out very well. How soon after delivery do you try to do that? Right away if we can within minutes of being born. We're drying the baby off and putting the baby on mom's chest.  We were not. We were not. Baby got wrapped up, swaddled. That's right and you could see their little face and that's it. How did the change come about? With a lot of education actually about 15 years ago there was a nurse that started what she called kangaroo care and I think it's kind of run along since then so we know that the baby on mom's chest the baby feels secure the baby's heart rate will drop if the heart rate is too fast if they're cold the mother's going to warm them up it's just it's perfect between the two of them. So from a hospital standpoint I mean we're just talking about to take the baby dry the baby off and plop. Mothers got to love it you would think must might be in some discomfort otherwise but well they know about it ahead of time part part of this whole improvement is at every prenatal visit the nurse midwives OB doctors are talking about all the benefits of breastfeeding and what to expect so it's not a shock and a lot of our moms take classes too and I think they really enjoy it and the baby immediately goes looking for something immediately but those first one of the things when you wrap them and put them away as we miss those first cues that baby gives to mom and mom also misses those things she needs to hear and feel her baby helps her start not only be safer right after delivery less chance of bleeding but it also starts letting her body know that her baby's here and so we were missing a lot of those cues from baby we were missing that opportunity for mom to hold and feel baby and to get her hormones in her brain that will tell her to breastfeed and so you know not all babies can do this but a majority of them can and we can put them right on and then we just watch them and see when they're showing a signs that they're ready for that first feeding. Let me remind our viewers if a question about breastfeeding the movement towards more breastfeeding as opposed to bottle feeding you can give us a call we'll have the number up on the screen you can also email your questions the email address is live questions at mpt.org so typically how long do you want somebody to continue breastfeeding the baby sir a certain number of months but when are you supposed to wean these days the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that every baby received breast milk for a year but World Health which is a bigger body would like every baby to receive breast milk for two years it's a living fluid and forgot before we call it the first vaccination the first time the babies feed it's their first vaccination they get all the amenities from mom in that first feeding you mentioned one of you mentioned that modern society isn't totally in sync with this if you're going back into the workforce any improvements in in the you know the systems for pumping storing and all that we saw some big improvement come with the Affordable Care Act put a lot of measures in place to help support breast pumps for moms so that when moms were going to be going back to work some lactation support lactation consultation and a lot of those have stayed in place and that has helped a lot there's also Maryland has regulations so do a lot of states about supporting women giving them breaks to breastfeed and so doesn't apply to all employees and some women that are working certain jobs might not benefit from those but there's definitely a lot more now than there used to be to support women as a society how do we feel about it do society feel about this the way that you would like I think there's a lot of discomfort with the act of breastfeeding and I think it's probably from lack of knowledge and we have grown up in a society that is a bottle feeding society so we have everything prepackage branded yeah definitely definitely so people know that that's what the norm is for them and they are uncomfortable around mothers that are breastfeeding sometimes right and we've seen that there was some picture going around on Instagram today of a celebrity who was was breastfeeding so there was the issue with the exposed partially exposed breast which makes some people uncomfortable but she was also holding a glass of wine which is something I wanted to ask you about if you're a breastfeeding mother do you have to be more careful about what you eat and drink and smoke perhaps than otherwise definitely if you read that article they quoted American Academy of Pediatrics and they said that they would like you to not drink that glass of wine one to two hours before feeding the baby so exactly exactly and I like to say to women that they often there's a lot of things they can't they can have very full diets you know one glass of wine is different than some other things that we could fit in so it's all about making sure that you're in communication with lactation experts or with your pediatricians to know what's safe women don't have to have perfect diets they don't have to be in perfect shape yes we need to create drugs and certain substances have to be out of the milk is those could be dangerous including ones that sometimes we prescribe we have to be careful to make sure we know among select patient status but I like to remind women that they you know this doesn't have to change their lives as much as they might think to be able to successfully and safely breastfeed their babies the other point worth making in in support of breastfeeding is on the other end of the digestive system that that breast milk digests almost perfectly I mean it's designed the both systems are designed for that and when you do change the formula or certainly solid food put this simply the diapers get a lot smellier yes they know and there's a lot of things talking about that and about our gut flora that we've learned and so that's one of the things we've known breast milk is the best food but we're still learning about why and one of these things that has emerged is from breast milk baby gets about a third of its gut flora and we're understanding that now has impact on risk of getting diabetes obesity even hypertension and so what we call the microbiome of the gut is seeded in great part by breast milk in a way that it's not with formula so that end of the gut is also stinky diapers and let's grab a phone call Prince William County this is Holly Holly thanks for the call go ahead. Hi I have a question for the ladies I'm interested when a child or newborn is not taking breast milk properly like they get very bloated very gassy very stinky smelly diapers possibly slight hives does this mean the child is allergic to breast milk or lactose is it an early sign or signal of a lactose intolerance in the child and should I be maybe moving to like alternative Holly thanks for the phone call how often do you see that pretty pretty I can't think maybe 5-10% of moms may experience something like this and a good recommendation is to go back to your pediatrician and possibly even see a Peds GI doctor because it may not be lactose it might be dairy products but the pediatric doctors will help you figure out what it is but definitely not going to a soy formula that's just as allergic as as dairy what are the top issues that a lactation consultant sees I mean I see the same it must be a lot of new mothers I'm guessing yeah first-time mothers first-time mothers inability to latch sorenipples or babies are biting when they get a little bit older and women fear that they're not producing enough milk to feed their baby because it's perfectly obvious when the bottle is empty exactly so we developed a really beautiful way of showing how small the baby's stomach is on day one day three and day seven and we show those to the moms to reinforce that they do have enough milk Jennifer what happens when when a child needs to go to the the NICU I mean and or maybe it's a premature birth or those things impediments to breastfeeding well they can be impediments to direct breastfeeding if the baby is needing to be helped to breathe and there might in being separated but it's actually these babies who are premature and who are going to the NICU who are having cardiac we were talking about cardiac surgeries earlier for complex heart disease those are the ones that need this the most and doctor teams all over the world and all over the country are realizing how important breast milk is to the well-being of these babies so it's now becoming one of our staunchest advocates are some of these pediatricians and specialists because they need that breast milk to help make those babies better and the best place to get that is from the moms themselves there's banks and other things but the ideal source is the mom and then as quickly as possible getting them together as well and hopefully eventually breastfeeding directly but the milk is essential for these babies I guess there's a feeling in society that we can improve upon anything we have the the science we have the the technology to do it and maybe that was part of the the big movement away from from breastfeeding but but now maybe we know more and there's the move towards natural foods of all kinds does that help I believe so it but it's just the perfect food for human babies there there's no argument at all it it's just the right food I laugh because every time I read a new article about breast milk I realize it is breast milk that makes me realize that how much we think we know but how really little we know about how our systems work all our systems work in sync with each other and so I think that's part of the big push is as we're realizing more about the immune system about microbes about all these things that we're learning about breast milk that's helping reintroduce it I guess getting back to basics Jennifer Fahey and Cheryl Holden both University of Maryland Medical thanks for spending time with us thank you your health segments are a co-production of Maryland public television and the University of Maryland Medical System


hey guys it's Julia and welcome back to my channel and for today's video I'm going to be doing a video talking about 25 bookish facts about myself I tab almost every single one of the books I read no matter if it's good or bad I tend to always tab my books and it's been a habit for so long now when I'm at the bookstore and I'm buying a book I check like 10 different copies to find the one in the best condition I will check the spine I will check the front to make sure nothing is creased or cut or whatever I'm so picky when it comes to in-store book shopping but bookish merch has been everything to me and before I wasn't really into it I was kind of like okay like I spent enough money like I need to buy bookish merch but getting it like subscription boxes or seeing it online or seeing it in store and you're like oh my god I need it like I don't know I just really love book merch and not even just specific to certain series but just like book book quotes or like just bookish related stuff that's not books is everything I have so many nice bookmarks and I use none of them I use my pack of tabs as my bookmark or I use a cue card I'm one of those people and it pisses me off because I would love to use the nice bookmarks that I have beautiful editions that I love are they penguin English library editions which are these nice classics that they look beautiful these Stephen King editions I have they are the gallery books editions I really like them the spines look really nice they're all different colors I also love the olive editions which are just these little ones and they're so cute and like the spines are all different colors and they like match up really nice and they're just so cute and they're like a wide variety of books too that are in those editions like fiction non-fiction always adult but yeah they're really pretty I if you didn't know this already I do read and really enjoy manga as well the first Stephen King book that I ever read was Carrie when I was about 10 or 11 years old I had a Nicholas Sparks obsession back in the day not just with the movies but with the books as well but mostly with the films but I did have all the books I and there was a lot of them I did have almost all of them I remember going to go and buying like three at a time and I thought that was so many at the time when now it's like three books at once isn't that many for me anymore but I just remember like going to the store and like getting Nicholas Sparks books like The Notebook and Dear John and The Longest Ride and whatever and it was just an interesting time in my life my two favorite poems probably of all time are Annabelle Lee by Edgar Allen Poe and Lady Lazarus by Sylvia Plath both very dark and interesting poems but I love them a lot and I have them both memorized I'm a sucker for a good poetry collection like about love about loss about death about feminism I love poetry so much and I've liked it like since I was in elementary school I actually do enjoy non-fiction which I know it's not as talked about on certain parts of booktube but two of my favorite books in the last two years like two of my all-time favorite two of my two books that were my top five lists in the last two years have been non-fiction those include Brain on Fire by Susanne Cahalan and Hunger by Roxane Gay two amazing books that are non-fiction and that are absolutely fantastic controversial ish I have really mixed opinions on Colleen Hoover because I used to really enjoy her stuff I've liked a few of her books I do like those it was a couple years ago that I read and liked them like I think I read Ugly Love like two and a half two ish years ago and I loved it at the time I'm not gonna lie and it ends with us wasn't too bad but then there's books like Without Merit that make me hate her books but like some of them are okay but most of them aren't like I have very mixed feelings about Colleen Hoover sometimes I wish I was a shadow hunter totally normal but I kind of wish two books that I'm proud to say that I've read have been It by Stephen King which is massive and Moby Dick which is so dense and I don't I think I finished her or like barely finished it but I still read most of it recently I've been into witchy books not like the YA cheesy witch books but like non-fiction witch books if you know what I mean they're really interesting to me I don't know why my first book signing was one for Kendra Blake and Lauren Oliver and it was a really cool experience it was like a really little small one and it was really nice and they were both really sweet I went to a surgery mass signing and spent nine hours in line and that was the most hectic signing I've ever been to in my life and I went on my own as well so it was like a different experience because I was meeting people I didn't know anybody so like you meet people when you're f***ing standing in the same spot for like nine hours that you're standing with the same people for a long period of time and you start to talk to people and where they're from and it was just a really cool experience I was definitely dead that day but it was a really cool experience and yeah good coming of age story is everything to me like I can read so many white contemporaries that have a message to them or have a certain meaning to them like not just like contemporary but like dark contemporary and like I just can't get enough of those death note has got to be one of my favorite mangas and it holds a special place in my heart for sure I am still waiting for Gillian Flynn to write another book and I will continue to sit and wait until she publishes something else because I've read everything by her and I'm just waiting for something else not finish the harry potter series I've read up to I've read the goblet like I read up to book four so I need to read five six and seven I own about five copies of Mr. Mercedes and of the virgin suicides two of my favorite books so there you guys have it those were some fun little bookish facts about myself let me know your let me know three bookish facts about you in the comments down below because I would love to know and thank you so much for watching if you enjoyed the video like it subscribe if you want and yeah thank you guys so so much for watching and I'll see you super soon bye


Merci, Jacques, de cette introduction aussi de bienveillante et même flatteuse, and now I go to English. I'd like first to take advantage of my position here to reply to the question that was raised by Dennis about the proliferation of so-called rights. And I just, the point I wanted to make is this, that those who advocate these rights, which would be of course positive rights requiring people to do something, present them as if they were added unto the set of negative rights. So they speak as if they were saying the following, well, we've got all these negative rights. Isn't that wonderful? Now let's add on these positive rights to them. But of course, people as intelligent as you know full well that these are not additions to the negative rights that people have, but they are subtractions from the negative rights that people have. My positive rights for you to do something for me contradicts your negative right not to do something for me. So I think that's an important thing to understand because it pulls the rug out from under the suggestion that they are adding on to our rights whereas they are in fact diminishing those all important negative rights. I want also to underline my agreement with the previous speakers, Doug Rasmussen and Father Sirico. I was hoping to find something to disagree with, I'm very disappointed but that's the price you pay, I guess. Let me begin by raising the question as to why there has been at least a seeming conflict between the Catholic Church and classical liberalism. Why so many Catholics in important positions have viewed it with a certain amount of suspicion. There are several reasons why this has happened. One of course goes back to the French Revolution itself which not only fought, which was not only waged in order to assure human liberty but was also at least among many of its protagonists an anti-Catholic group and Catholics found it difficult psychologically to separate the wheat here from the chaff. They did not see that the libertarian aspect the freedom aspect of the French Revolution was separable from the anti-religious aspect.  Much of the economic knowledge that had been developed within the Catholic Church during the late medieval and Renaissance period was forgotten as a result largely of the French Revolution but partly also of the abandonment on the part of Catholics of scholastic philosophy. Another problem was that much of this rich development of economic thought had taken place in Spain. Spain was ceased in one sense to be a part of Europe at a certain period in history and so there was very little contact. You may if you ever get the chance you ought to look at the book which was written by Alejandro Chaffewin on that the doctrine of distributive justice in that period and many modern Catholics would be very much surprised at some of the points that these people were making and they had a very sophisticated grasp of economic principles. So much then by way of explanation not by way of justifying it but as the Talstoy said to comprendre c'est to pardoner. As you've already heard one of the accusations against classical liberalism is that it is guilty almost of almost a Hobbesian individualism. The idea that the war of each against all and the idea that what the state does is to bring about a truce in this war of each against all. This of course is quite different from the Lockean concept of the state of nature in which human beings are essentially social beings. Beings who cannot survive except in virtue of their ability to cooperate peacefully with each other. I think Hayek it was Hayek that made the point that the Hobbesian position is ultimately untenable simply because if it had been true there'd be no one around today to talk about it. Locke's opinion was that the normal situation for humankind is a situation in which they live at peace with one another where criminality is the exception rather than the rule. There's absolutely nothing in classical liberalism that suggests or lends credence to the idea that we are anything but a but social animals. Marx one time made the correct judgment that the individual is the social and it's not a question of are we individuals or are we social beings but we are individuals who essentially live in relationships with other people. The topic the explicit topic of this talk is the is the common good and social justice. I'd like to begin by trying to spell out what the common good is not. Some people would have would distinguish the what is good for the members of society from what is good for the society. Mrs. Thatcher one time said that there is no such thing as society a proposition that needs to be distinguished I think she was right in saying that society is not a thing that it is not a thing over and above the members of society. The expression was unfortunate in that it gave the at least suggested to some people that we were not social animals that our social aspect was not important which of course it is and I don't think she disagreed with that. But it's certainly the case that when you have all the members of society you've got society. You don't have the members of society plus society. A collection and society is one kind of collection is not an entity that is over and above the things that are collected. It is the collected things having a certain relationship with each other to suggest that that collections were entities over and above the collected and the collected items would in fact entail an infinite regress that could be shown as follows suppose you have a have a collection of two beings. Now if the collection itself is an entity we now have the two beings plus that collection and so we have a collection of three beings now. Now of course if the collect that collection is over and above the things collected we immediately have another collection giving us four beings and there's no way of calling a halt to this process. Well why am I doing this? Is it to demonstrate that I am a philosopher? Well yes that too but not only that it is to it is I'm bringing it up because it's relevant to this idea of the common good. If the only things that there are are individuals then the only things for which something can be good or for that matter bad are individuals. So if there is a common good that common good is a good for the individuals. The question is not whether we go for individuals as opposed to a common good but rather what we have to show is that this common good is in fact a good for individuals and I prefer to speak not use the phrase not the common good but rather the good in common the good that is common to each individual in the society rather than a good for some imaginary whole that is over and above and transcending the individuals and by the way the common good has to be a good. I say this because people are always speaking of the common good as if it were some sort of malach that to which we have to sacrifice for us the only time the common good ever gets mentioned is to is to explain to you why you can't have something. Well what kind of good is that? Now the scholastic ethicians correctly by opinion identified the common good as peace and prosperity and they looked on this as a condition for all other goods. They weren't saying that peace and prosperity was not a good for the individuals in society but what they were saying it is a good that all of us need to have if we are to have these other goods. I already suggested they brought up mention the remark of Hayek that if the Hobbes theory of nature had been true none of us would be around to discuss it. All of us are in need of this good of peace and prosperity and oddly enough oddly enough even those people who do things which militate against the common good. The marauder the thief can flourish only in a society where most of us aren't thieves. The thief is parasitical on the non-predatory activities of the rest of mankind otherwise it wouldn't be anything to steal and so even people like that are forced to opt for a type of society in which the cards are stacked against their activities. In other words we can't all be thieves. Those who would deny that this was a good are subject to the Aristotelian retortion that they're forced to affirm the very good they would fight against. The pursuit of the common good requires cooperation the cooperative activities of human beings. Since man is a social animal since most of us cannot go it alone we are all of us in need of the cooperation of our fellow human beings and the question is how this cooperation is to be obtained and the liberal position has always been is that it is to be obtained by individuals in that society persuading other individuals to cooperate. So we have such groupings as the family we have trade we have all those things in which people in are pursuing their own ends are furthering the ends of other human beings. One of the wonderful things about the free market is the extent to which it makes free riding a possibility. We have certain economists are always horrified at the thought that in some tiny corner of this universe somebody or other is guilty of free riding but the fact is that all of us are free riders and we are free riders we're enjoying the fruits of other person's labor which was not forced because in doing so they were pursuing their own ends and but in doing this each of us enriches if pursuing our own ends in a peaceful non-fraudulent manner each of us fulfills the ends of the desires of other human beings whether we are benevolent or not as Adam Smith suggested he of course was not against benevolence but what he pointed out is that the liberal order harnesses our self-interest thus forcing it to or tending at least to force it to serve the interests of other people. Economic theory has shown and practice has shown that the only way to get the kind of cooperation that produces peace and prosperity is by not coercing people into cooperating because after all central planning as it is euphemistically called is coercion. You are planning planning the lives and activities of other persons and this with or without their consent and we see now even if we had been unable to understand the theory sufficiently well we have seen to what that has led in practice. Now I think that the arrangements of society are something that has to be chosen even though within that framework we don't engage in central planning but we have to in other words I want to suggest this that not everything that comes about through spontaneously is good. It's not the spontaneity that makes it good it's what comes about and what kind of society we have must it seems to be a matter of either decision or at least acquiescence that it is a state of affairs that requires the sanction of the participants in that and of course we know that even this is one of the things that humans pointed out to us that even a tyrannical society cannot exist except unless there is the belief of a substantial number of its members that it is legitimate. I think the Soviet Union collapsed in the last analysis not because it didn't have enough police people not enough soldiers but rather because it lost the legitimacy that had been accorded to it before. Finally I think my time is drawing to an end I want to say a few words about the term social justice. They were the term as a new term that is to say it appeared only in the last century and I believe the person who first used it was an Italian Jesuit named Taparelli and it made a sort of official appearance in an encyclical called quadragasimo which was the work of another Jesuit named the Nelbruning and signed by Pius XI. It's worthy of note by the way that Nelbruning who I think finally died but he died only recently and at the end of his life he noted that he now had a number of misgivings about what went into that that encyclical. The encyclical uses the word social justice but does not unfortunately doesn't provide a definition of that word and so we are left wondering what we have what we are dealing with. Somebody suggested the other day that perhaps this is a case of a christening without an infant the the question the difficulty can be put as follows.  Now imagine a world in which every act is an act in accordance with commutative justice if that is the case is there some is there something lacking to justice is there some other kind of justice that needs to be added on is there some other just act that is left out of the reckoning and I think the problem the problem is that this people find it difficult to find these acts well is there is there some sense in which we can allow that term to be used I think we can if we regard social justice not as another kind of act but rather as a state of affairs we can speak of a just society meaning a society in which just acts are favored and unjust acts are disfavored and a society that is organized in such a way as to make that possible so we could speak then of a just society and use the word social justice in that sense to say that social justice obtains where you have a society in which the common good which is obtained and the common good of course is obtained by the practice of justice now just to end this how how was this practice of justice to be to be obtained in in the good society well again to go back to the Middle Ages when you or the the Renaissance there when these Catholics were moral theologians were talking about economic problems one of the things they railed against was the privileges that existed in the society of that day enabling enabling people to do that which if done by anybody else would be criminal actions to seize the seizing the seizing the wealth of others and they pointed out that this sort of thing especially when it took the form of heavy taxation was destroying the was destructive of the prosperity of society and also of its peace tampering with the currency or something that they reprobated the failure of a society to be peaceful and to be prosperous has been largely the into no small degree the result of interventionism what are some of the the why has the well for why for example has welfare become such a problem mostly because of interferences in the labor market people are in need of welfare mostly because of unemployment the fact that they are unable to get employment that they are unable to obtain employment because their earning power is not is not sufficient to justify the minimum salary that is permitted permitted by the by the state and so that means it's not worth anyone's wild to employment to employ them and so they they are victims we know that and we know that in the union of South Africa this policy of imposing minimum wages was in was deliberately put there in order to dis-employ non-whites it wasn't that the people who did this were ignorant of economics they understood it all too well at the best way to ruin somebody is to make it impossible for that person to market his or her goods and services because that's the only way in which we can expect others to give us things if we can give if we can exchange our goods and services for them so to make it impossible for these people to do these things is to make it impossible for them to flourish humanly well i think we can leave the rest of the questions i have to apologize that father sadowsky to have asked to shorten this speech but we have still some more by the grass mason and don't forget that we will discuss also and we can intervene again with the nature of angelo petrony on the morality of welfare states of we we could take more precision on this point deck some short comments yeah i have some very brief comments one of the things that you should be aware of that's happening here is that you are being presented this morning with some new ways of thinking about liberalism and this is important that you pay attention to this because the critics of liberalism keep on saying certain things over and over again one is quite often as they say that liberalism assumes that human beings are atoms that we don't live together with or among others faults everyone up here has been arguing just the opposite and in fact in my paper it is the sociality of human beings that makes rights necessary if we were not social beings we wouldn't need such a concept furthermore every one of us has object has embraced the idea that morality moral knowledge is possible that the good can be something objective so none of us are libertines subjectivist or ethical relativists yet we all find liberty central to the political order father sadowsky has just gone through and quite marvelous way really a discussion of the concept of the common good of the political community normally when people hear the common good of the political community what you want to do is grab your wallet and run for your life the concept is meaningful if properly employed employed in such a way that remembers that individuals are ultimate and we're talking about relationships furthermore the notion of justice is something that a liberal can use but justice understood as a virtue and justice understood as a as a as an as an entire structure of a political system which father sadowsky called peace and order which i called which i defined in terms of a theory of rights finally my comments all in my comments was something i learned from another Jesuit father francis wade at marquette university in milwaukee wisconsin he was fond of the story of talking about someone who was limited in their medical ability they learned how to do an appendicitis how to take out an appendicitis therefore when anyone came to them for assistance all they knew how to handle was an appendicitis so everyone who came to them had an appendicitis so many people when they learn one truth be it in ethics or politics or economics assume that that one truth answers all questions sorry that's not the case and what we've been talking about this this morning is the ways of placing well at least at least what we think are some important truths in different order so that you understand that economics answers one sets of questions that virtues answer another set of questions that writes after an answer another set of questions and if you want to begin to understand and defend liberalism you've got to remember that there are many distinctions and many answers thank you