And welcome all to another excellent edition of the Power Trading Hour. As always we come to you at the appointed time and that is now the following takes place between 2pm and 3pm. So what do we have if you missed the two o'clock update we've got a market that I suspect is really kind of driven by options expiration I actually had some charts in the newsletter this morning the resistance was at 370 on the spies let's see if I can bring it up here we go let's zoom in a little bit so we can see come on Mr. zoom there we go resistance to the as we started this morning was at 370 almost all the charts for options expiration i.e. where the option market makers would love to see stocks expire to keep as much money as possible and win the lottery was about there now this is from last night I've updated I've got it updated maybe I'll show it later but that's kind of it's you know what you're looking for anyway 373 is kind of the level that you're looking at and I don't know if there's a whole lot more going on than that did play the Microsoft calls today and it's gone a little bit farther than we thought and even more than I wanted anyway I was looking for a low somewhere around 10 30 or 11 this morning and it came almost exactly at 11 I got down in the low what like 235 and a quarter about the 235 calls and you know I was thinking well I mean the first resistance was this 240 and I'm not going to be greedy on these days so I started looking at that I actually sold it just a very short time ago but watching these options expirations when you know the patterns are actually correct is one of the best way to make a lot of money in options with fairly little risk and not a lot of time to be put into it I don't know it's going a lot farther than I thought I'm not a real greedy guy but you know you've got to I think maybe 242 50 on the table for the clothes so is this mean anything more than a real big run today and the belief I have is probably not a whole lot I don't put a lot of extra emphasis maybe half the emphasis if it was a regular day on options expiration but it's still fairly good I think we may start seeing a little bit of a wind at our back and that is the idea that it's it sounds like about 98% of a possibility or probability that UK is going to have a new prime minister come Monday morning come hell or high water actually said probably tomorrow afternoon and that means that at least they'll be a little bit of stability over there and maybe some people have come back there's a good chance that they're going to recycle the previous prime minister Boris and bring him back and a lot of people that don't live in that country all scratched her head I've heard about 15 people say the same thing he's coming back they actually like you which is kind of interesting they kind of why everybody kind of at least people in the media chastise them from doing it for saying one thing and doing another a lot of the people kind of like the fact that he just ignored all the core COVID regulations over there because they didn't either unless somebody was chasing them around but you live in any state and that's the way it is<PHONE_NUMBER> email me at path at tfnn.com and of course you can always put a message in the den see I've got some emails here so let's see Hector says now it's not quite to 38 Hector not quite on the S&Ps to 3800 let's see what we actually have here at 3742 yeah markets a little weaker than I thought it would be maybe it's a lot of that UK news that we've had across the last week but also we've had a lot of week China news at the same time in the market continues to be able to hang out so what's that are you think that there's something going on here for politics and everybody's sniffing that out this is Hector's words that's it can't be sure you know we're still what I think it's the 8th of November so we still got a couple of weeks out but I have a feeling that a lot of people are starting to consolidate markets really love a president of one party and one or preferably both of the other party in the House and the Senate not because there's going to be that much that they do it's mostly because there's going to be a lot that they don't do so it's kind of the idea that maybe they know a lot more and can plan on what's going to happen because nothing is going to change or very few things are going to change my guess is they couldn't even agree on the sky is blue at the moment and that's why the market kind of likes it least you know what to plan for I think that's why the market has traditionally liked it okay we've got that we got that we got that okay I got a few others going here but let's do a little history and then we'll move on on this day in 1879 Thomas Edison perfects the first commercially practical incandescent light bulb using a filament of carbonized cotton thread is first attempt at this design results in a ball that lasts about 13 and a half hours of course fairly quickly they get to tungsten and Thomas Edison only beat out another gentleman from the UK boy I'm gonna forget his name by like a few hours and that was just because of the place not opening up but that's fun they're having fun anyway on this day in 1879 longest lasting incandescent light bulb was turned on in 1905 and just burned continuously in a fire station out in Livermore California we'll be back in a minute Teddy keg stat has just announced a live webinar coming up for subscribers to his newsletter the tiger forex report Wednesday October 26th at 4 p.m. Eastern time Teddy will be hosting a live 60 minute webinar forex strategies and fundamentals what is behind the tiger forex report newsletter in this 60 minute webinar Teddy will be discussing a full breakdown of the markets that influence currency pairs as well as applying those variables to individual currency pairs how to evaluate trading scenarios for risk versus reward as well as a live question and answer session sign up now and gain instant access to this live webinar coming up as well as a month subscription to Teddy's tiger forex report which comes with a 30 day money back guarantee so you have nothing to risk don't miss out on this live webinar event with teddy kegs that Wednesday October 26th sign up now for the tiger forex report at the front page of tfnn.com are you grinding in the market but seeing little to no return or are you a successful trader simply looking to make your job a little easier learn to take the path of least resistance with David white's powerful trading newsletter David white is an accomplished trader whose deep understanding of technology and the markets allows him to consistently find and share winning trades support and resistance define the ranges in which stocks trade by understanding these trading ranges David white is able to find a path of least resistance David white's trading newsletter the path of least resistance is delivered daily before the markets open to make every trading day an easy win visit tfnn.com today and subscribe to David white's ultimate trading newsletter for $119 a month and try all of our newsletters risk free with our 30 day money back guarantee take the path of least resistance at tfnn educating investors are you looking for a way to consistently add winning trades to your portfolio tom o brian is here to help tom o brian has been successfully trading markets for over 30 years a frequent contributor to TD Ameritrade network and CNBC tom o brian founded tfnn over 20 years ago to help educate investors just like you tom's daily market newsletter market insights is published every morning when the markets open to give you the competitive informational edge you need to succeed these newsletters are packed full of tom's advanced technical analysis and are geared to deliver comprehensive strategies for a successful portfolio get tom o brian's newsletter market insights today and try all of our products and newsletters 30 days risk free with our money back guarantee at tfnn.com tfnn educating investors at 1-877-927-6648 internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER> uh john asks uh will you buy options what are your parameters i do it two ways either i'm buying something that's like two weeks out or i'm buying them either thursday or friday before monthly options expiration on rare occasion i will buy one of those on a friday um i like uh the premiums to wind down to just about nothing and then put that together with uh very good charts and a lot of other stuff um i've made kind of a uh what would you call it a business out of trading monthly options expirations and for the most part you got quad witching so that takes out uh three months of the year where my methods don't work very well for a variety of reasons um out of those eight you get probably seven out of the eight you're gonna get a fairly good indication from the options where they're gonna expire and that's what we were looking at today in the option play but i either want to buy a lot of time i want to buy no time and like today we bought the 235 microsofts uh and i probably would have bought the 237 fifties but i had already put it in the newsletter uh i was thinking maybe we'd get down a little bit less but i like to buy out of the money ones for expiration on the same day and then have them move in i want to see a four to five uh time win when i do win because i know i'm probably going to lose about half the time but uh if you lose 50 percent but you make 400 percent on the times you win um it's always a great day but like that i was going to say on the very bottom you could have bought the options of the 235 today on microsoft for about a buck 50 maybe you bought them for a buck 75 or two bucks but you could have gotten out of them easily at six bucks so not quite uh if you bought at the very high you probably got what uh bought for two bucks sold for six maybe more depending on how long i wanted to sell at 240 excuse me yeah 240 earlier but that was at nine o'clock and again uh as uh the famous uh what was it uh german general said i can't remember his name uh but he said no plan survives first contact with the enemy but uh you can get a pretty good idea i did know that generally you're going to get some kind of low in the market that if you're going to have a big day like today is they're going to shake you out and that's probably going to happen at 10 30 to 11 o'clock sometimes as long as 10 30 or 11 30 excuse me but somewhere in that area they're going to they're going to make everybody cough up at the lowest level their options that are probably going to be worth a great deal by the end of the day on options expiration now sometimes that's to the downside sometimes to the upside but uh you know a lot of times i'll have four five or six uh this is a tough market and it is a bear market so i'm not running around buying calls all the time uh but uh i went and looked through about 30 of them last night that i thought looked like they had good chart patterns and went through the options to smarung before the uh before my newsletter went out and microsoft looked the best for its chart and the best for the way the options were positioned for it to move up now so that's on the short side which is what i did today if i'm going out i want to go something like two to four weeks or i want to buy something that expires tomorrow or today and some of my best trades have been all like today on microsoft have been these ones in fact i will you know you you want to sell as i end every show is sell when you can uh and so we did that i think the newsletter went out when it was at uh 241 50 to sell but i was kind of saying 240 i thought maybe we might get a little bit better entry but that was it we got i think it got to 235 and a quarter or something<PHONE_NUMBER> but uh yeah that's uh what how long have i been doing it my first article came out in uh at christmas of 2004 on trading expiration in stocks and commodities if you're new to the station you've never seen that there's a lot of stuff that changed but it's a good explanation and if you just email me i'll send you a pdf of that article for stocks and commodities christmas of 2004<PHONE_NUMBER> okay take a look at sam which we will take a look at now okay yeah i don't understand if you really think that whoever on the wrong side hasn't covered already or is you know they're gonna cover at the close so i'm not a big fan of uh shorting boston beer 400 puts to the close maybe there's something else i haven't seen i've been watching in her day but if i'm just looking at this you've got plenty of volume you're above the previous high with maybe two or three times volume um you may have too much money or i mean too much money coming in at once you may have a buying climax but i don't think that buying climax resolves itself till monday or tuesday next week um there's an old saying you're not going to get out easily and my guess is there are probably a lot of people that were short boston beer let's uh take a quick look and see how many people are shorted maybe this is one of the ones that had a lot of people all over it well certainly on a daily basis the last two days um 23 percent 21 percent let's see what we had on the buy monthly um oh you got seven days to cover i would not touch this at all before the end of the day anything over five days to cover for me uh is just a suicide pact on shorting it that's because it's just too easy especially in this market uh to run stocks but man yeah so i would have would i would have looked at that and said on that gap up this morning i probably would have if i had looked at that i know it was in my list of shorts um i just didn't pay any attention to it uh but yeah that is huge uh but yeah seven days to cover if you're new to the show don't trade uh days to cover is a metric i like better than the short percentage that is how many days would it take if just the shorts wanted to cover at the average volume for the last 30 days so it would take seven days just for the shorts to get out so this is where you get these monster moves and why i avoid like the plague being short stocks with massive days to cover and uh and it's got eight and a half percent short which is not that bad is this there's not that much volume so you get going uh narrow entrances and narrow exits we'll be back in a minute if you want to take advantage of this sector now is the time to subscribe to my gold report the gold reports are comprehensive look at the metal sector as well as the markets that move gold which is the currency and bond markets new subscribers get a 30 day money back guarantee so you have nothing to lose every monday morning i published the gold report with coverage of gold silver bonds the xAU hui gdx as well as more than 30 different mining equities to see for yourself the types of profitable trades that are recommended within the gold report sign up now by visiting tfnn.com don't miss out on the next great gold trade sign up today sharpening your skills as an investor is like getting better at playing a musical instrument you have to practice sure but you also need excellent instruction from experts at tfnn you'll get advice and guidance from the authority and technical market analysis and it's not just dry tedious text either tfnn airs live financial content streamed live on tfnn.com and tfnn's youtube channel with tiger tv live every market day from 8 30 a.m to 4 p.m eastern for free each host is an experienced trader and gives their take on the market while taking calls and questions live from around the world from the moment the market opens until the closing bell sounds tiger tv has eight different shows with expert hosts to help you make the right moves with your money watch online at tfnn.com or on tfnn's youtube channel and become the investor you were born to be tfnn educating investors tfnn is excited about our new software charting program the art of timing the trade charts in collaboration with tom o'brien and using his best-selling book the art of timing the trade your ultimate trading mastery system david white has programmed an outstanding piece of software that will complement any trader's methodology using this first of its kind program the art of timing the trade charts allows you to scan thousands of stocks for fibonacci formation setups including guardleaf abc's butterflies and much more the art of timing the trade charts is designed to help you when scouring the markets for stocks just beginning to form the trading patterns that many investors spend days weeks or even months searching to find and right now we're offering licenses available at only seventy nine dollars a month we are so confident that you're gonna love this new charting software that will even give you a 30-day unconditional money back guarantee don't miss out on this incredible new piece of software get your copy of the art of timing the trade charts today by visiting tfnn.com this segment is brought to you by think or swim for more information just click the think or swim banner on the front page of tfnn.com a lot of people ask for that article um path at tfnn.com if you want a question on the show today or if you want to look at that pdf uh again some stuff has changed over the time but the basic ideas of what and how it works we'll go back to 1902 with a gentleman that went to a kind of a farm what would you call it like a a fair and they had a bunch of folks guessing at how much a cow weighed and the one that was closest would win the cow and this guy was kind of interested I think his name was Galton and he gave a couple bucks to the proprietor of the fair to get all the guesses and when found out that the average of the guesses even though there were some they're way off both high and low the average of the guesses was closer than anybody's individual guess and that has become known as the wisdom of crowds I kind of subscribe to that theory and a lot of stuff including the newsletters morning I don't put it in every day but I do have it and that is uh to to to the td9s and while a lot of these things are a little bit better than a flip of a coin a lot of times when you put them a great deal together of them like all of them in this case the one on the top is a histogram of those yesterday we had kind of the last big hurrah which is another reason why I thought we were going to bounce today we had over 100 stocks on the minus nine of the td9 we didn't have a lot of stuff following in fact we got a good six days out we had a few that went lower yesterday to bring a decent amount of ones and twos but for the most part if the market's fairly balanced and inside a standard distribution that's fairly good but when you see the end of the road for people selling stocks as we had I'm not and haven't been rather bearish for a little while and of course the other big thing that happened can I put it up here was that we started uh I was kind of worried before one of the reasons I stayed out let me see if I can find it here two was the equity put call but uh we had a uh I think one I think in 10 days in the last 20 years uh on the 14th we had the record and biggest low in the uh vicks in the put call ratio on it and that's always makes me a little nervous because there's always a lot of downside potentially in the market I like it when there are a lot of bears in the market if I'm bearish I don't want anybody in the market and I'm going to look for huge swings to the downside as we've seen but once we start getting people back and involved and bearish in the market what it really does is mean that you're not you're going to have those people buying on the way down and then you're going to have an opportunity to get out almost every big huge gap down has been based on very few if anybody being short there's always some people that are going to be short whatever but I mean for the most part when you see huge numbers um of one side or the other on the put call ratio especially on the vicks I like the vicks better because it's just the premiums on the puts and calls and there's no in the money options at that time and that gives you an idea of what if anybody's looking for any big move and of course we got those big moves both up and to the downside but when we had that vicks get back to basically one almost one to one on the put call ratio that lets you know that there's enough shorts probably out there I think you can infer that there are a lot of people shorting the market and doesn't mean you're going to be right it does mean that I think you can put a and imply a risk that's much lower to the downside than on a day when you only get 15 percent of a put call ratio and of course since they're not in the money that really connotes either a hedge or the other thing which is that somebody is buying some deep protection so that's it uh on that<PHONE_NUMBER> if you want to talk on the phone okay um somebody in the den has a question there is and hey maybe I'll if I if I during the next break if I have a chance I'm going to bring it out and that is a uh the different patterns that options can make and I'll just go through them I I generally I've done some webinars on it before the problem is if you don't have my system and you're not doing the data and you're not calculating it every day it doesn't quite mean the same thing I get to to look at a lot of them and I think that's given me the kind of experience that generally most people won't have in looking at those patterns but we will show them uh I should have an opportunity during the break to get it uh those people asking um out here we will okay and see uh can we get a winner winner for SLB I was actually uh gonna go through these uh these things but yeah um slumber jay so uh you've broken above the previous low today I mean the previous high that was the June 8th high that had 15 million shares you've got 27 million shares that's a sign of strength now one of the things that Tim Ord talked about early on in my trading I probably didn't talk about it as much I probably talked more about it than him these days uh is the kind of uh three bear is that three bears and the yeah yeah where the one the porridge is uh too cold just right and too hot um but there's always this kind of idea where you do get a selling or a buying climax when you get just huge amounts of volume if you get 100 or I mean 200% or 100% more volume that's okay you get 200% probably still okay on the edge of getting 300% more volume on a breakout that's where you really want to start looking at the possibility of just having a uh a buying climax as you break through these so you know you're just a hair under 200% of the volume of the previous high that's exactly where you like it that's how these things that just go on and on and on they don't uh they don't blow off with um you know 500% of the volume of the previous high so yes we can get a winner winner chicken dinner um so we'll we'll give it uh we'll give it a party horn and see what else here uh we'll think about it uh we had only about 30 seconds let's go ahead and check uh volume over most of these tf and end stations are ready well we're doing much better all right looks like we're gonna get into the 12 billion maybe 12 and a half billion share mark by the end of the day 8.1 billion shares we'll be back in a minute sharpening your skills as an investor is like getting better at playing a musical instrument you have to practice sure but you also need excellent instruction from experts at tfnn you'll get advice and guidance from the authority and technical market analysis and it's not just dry tedious text either tfnn airs live financial content streamed live on tfnn.com and tfnn's youtube channel with tiger tv live every market day from 8 30 a.m to 4 p.m eastern for free each host is an experienced trader and gives their take on the market while taking calls and questions live from around the world from the moment the market opens until the closing bell sounds tiger tv has eight different shows with expert hosts to help you make the right moves with your money watch online at tfnn.com or on tfnn's youtube channel and become the investor you were born to be tfnn educating investors the technology around us is changing every day with so much happening it can seem impossible to keep up with all the information david whites investment newsletter the technology insider is designed to give you all the information you need to understand the technology that shapes today's markets and tomorrow's future david white has made his living staying on the cutting edge of technology his weekly newsletter will give you specific recommendations for value tech stocks as well as entry prices target prices and stops to set for each trade david delivers his weekly newsletters every friday with updates throughout the week you can get the technology insider at tfnn.com for only 37 dollars and 50 cents sign up for david's newsletter the technology insider and get an inside look at everything the technology sector has to offer try it risk-free today with our 30 day money back guarantee tfnn educating investors are china a shares hot or not if you trade china a shares now may be time to take a closer look trade chau or chad directions daily csi 300 china a share bull and bear etfs china a shares in either direction visit direction investments dot com today an investor should consider the investment objectives risks charges and expenses of the direction shares carefully before investing the prospectus and summary prospectus contain this and other information about direction shares to obtain a prospectus or summary prospectus please contact direction shares at eight six six four seven six seven five two three the prospectus or summary prospectus should be read carefully before investing an investment in the funds is subject to risk including the possible loss of principal the funds are designed to be utilized only by sophisticated investors such as traders and active investors distributor four side fund services llc this program is brought to you by vista gold traded on the nysc american and tsx under the symbol vgz and as we come back let me uh i got a few emails here let me clear these out and uh get them out so i'm not backed up here and then we're going to go into uh this paper i have for my webinars on this um but there's a lot of different patterns um when you look at the curve they call it the options uh x-brae or the uh smile on it and there's a lot of different patterns so this is the one that generally uh the distribution that you'll normally get uh on options and we'll go here just a little bit farther out um but uh if you look at just to where the money is going to expire uh sometimes you get these big use and all that means is it doesn't matter for the option market maker if the thing goes higher or lower um it's pretty much the same you know if the stock goes five dollars higher today or tomorrow or lower tomorrow on expiration they don't have much to risk uh you have more of a uh pattern that you see a lot uh with uh uh with low dollar stocks uh and uh news coming like uh earnings and that is you'll have just one huge side uh that's uh that has uh kind of the expiration movement on it and so that's it it's just telling you that they only want to take one side of the trade and it's generally because the stock is extremely cheap uh or extremely expensive so um you know they're not willing to either thinking it's going to go the other way and all this money is going to go to their uh kids uh education and college fund uh at the option market makers some people call this the kind of the hockey stick at least i do pattern uh but this is just the money that is going to go uh get paid out or not get paid out uh there's a one and this is a lot more like what we see in uh microsoft today i call it either the goblet or the uh the wine glass but more it's not as quite as a u but it's a little bit wider um and then there's really v's which microsoft was somewhere between this goblet and a real v um i thought that you know 240 would probably be pretty good uh if you bought it at 235 today um it was the v on that was actually uh were about it is let's take a look i haven't checked see yeah yeah so i got a pretty good sell on there above 241 so yeah so anyway the v patterns are really what you're looking for on options expiration if you can find them they're not always there and it's not every stock's going to have them i like i said i looked at 30 or 40 stocks last night and this morning and that one just stood out the microsoft one both in the chart and this stood out the best um a lot of times you'll have more of these hockey stick things will you have uh that on both sides and people are just uh you know they're more than willing to sell if the thing goes higher or buy if it goes lower so you sometimes get these kind of weird patterns um i've never been able to make heads or tails about predicting the future of those so much but uh you got a lot and some of them will be like this which is kind of a wall higher and yeah can it go from 55 down to 45 is that going to make a huge amount of difference to the market maker probably not uh but they're pretty much betting this on this blue line here that uh ain't going any higher so you know when you actually look at that now one guy asked in the den the reason i brought this up uh was because of coder uh in the den who brought this up and he said uh heard a guru say there's a point in the slope of the option delta where delta 30 percent and 70 cent slope is steeper between delta 30 percent and 70 cent then that starts to flatten out the outside of the range do you have any thoughts on that yeah um a lot of people don't really understand that the stock market has what's caught called fat tails and that is in any other well i'd say 90 percent of uh events or uh any kind of data you look at it's going to have some kind of thing that looks like a bell curve on the options uh and in the stock market very different and that is you're going to have uh get too low and everybody's going to say we've been down for nine days so we're not going down another day well that works about 75 percent of the time but then you get what they call these fat tails and i've exaggerated it on both the upside and the downside um there's a better explanation than i can give you right now uh from nasim to libe he calls it the fourth quadrant and in that quadrant uh it's more about a lot of people being off sides uh than actually being how can i explain this more than uh than uh you know they're either way too hedged or they've got a loan that's going to get uh get called or they've got uh margin that's being dropped in a uh especially in uh commodities where you know they come along and everybody's been making a lot of money and suddenly they drop uh the margin in half and everybody has to sell stuff um there are enough of these and nasim nasim nasim to libe has made money betting on them because almost no one does the options he says are vastly underpriced and he'll bet on these for two three years uh and then one comes off and he makes 50 to one and he's pretty happy uh people that actually wrote the options probably not happy i've kind of got a modified view of that but again i need a lot of conditions to be correct and one of those is to be in options that i can lose very little and make on a percentage basis a whole lot and that's why i like options exploration trading some people call it white lightning um you know if you do it right i don't know if that's the right description of it i just know that over time i can make 400 percent on the times i'm right on average um i'm going to lose probably all of it about half that time um so if you lose 100 percent you make 400 percent uh overall you're probably going to make 200 percent and it's actually a fairly good business to be in but uh it's not one of these things where you win every time but when you win uh the return is so overwhelming as to the losses generally uh that you can do it and two if you've got a lot of self-discipline that you just wait and you wait and you wait um and you're willing to bypass ones that don't look good um you can do very well anyway i hated the bear market but this looks so good on microsoft that i had to take it today and i sold when i could not when i had to for those calls we'll be back in a minute if you're looking for potential trading setups in the stock market then rocket equities and options report is a newsletter you should try tom yo brian delivers options and equity trades when the markets present them using a combination of fundamentals and technicals sign up for rocket equities and options report today with a 30-day money-back guarantee so you have nothing to risk for all the details and to start your subscription today visit the front page of tfnn.com tfnn educating investors you might think that if you want to be 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this mathematical principle is responsible for everything from the most aesthetically pleasing artwork to patterns in the stock market to stay on top of stock patterns you can take advantage of sign up for the fibonacci 24 7 newsletter at tfnn.com when you subscribe you'll get a weekly report from veteran day trader larry pesavento on stocks you need to pay attention to and you can trust larry's analysis after all he's got 45 years experience as a day trader larry will also provide daily charts videos and data on the key markets that he's tracking expect notifications from larry on market movement you need to act on at any time first time subscribers also get a 30-day money-back guarantee if you're not satisfied let us know and you'll get a full refund within 30 days of signing up subscribe to the fibonacci 24 7 newsletter today tfnn.com educating investors tfnn has launched the tiger's den hosted at discord tfnn has been educating traders for more than 20 years with live programming hosted by a variety of professional traders during market hours the tiger's den available to all tigers and tiger's for just one dollar for the year there's no catch or added costs when you join our community of traders sign up today and become a part of this educational community of traders just visit the front page of tfnn.com catch tom will brian professional trader and educator founder of tfnn also a special guest on cnbc tom will bisect and dissect the markets the tom will brian show next on tfnn as we get back uh well we pretty much got the options expiration that i was looking for maybe a little higher in the s&p's uh than i thought earlier this morning but we broke through the resistance that went back up to the next level uh so that's it again i don't make a great deal more on options expiration deal than i would uh two weeks ago because uh it's probably if the signal's like a one then i'll give it a half on options expiration there's too many cross currents and stuff going on now we go on in options expiration to the rollover on monday and tuesday somebody asked in the den um something that kind of brought something to mine and that is you want to or if there's two days that even out almost anything it is the rollover monday and tuesday after options expiration week it's pretty rare to get any kind of significant move between those that is the days that a lot of the hedges come on and off they put new ones on and the market makers and most of the people on the street are pushing stuff up or down and then pretty much by wednesday we get back uh to the market and the direction it's going to take so i wouldn't get too excited about today but i also wouldn't say that monday the uh pants are going to fall off everybody uh probably have a good uh belief that by monday morning probably by sunday before the markets open again uh that the uk market or the uk will have a new prime minister and already announced that may savage uh settle what is that the settle the savage beast i forget whatever they said about king kong the beauty that uh settled the savage beast so we may get a little bit of that on monday but uh i wouldn't get too far over the tips of our skis uh hang on for tom o brian and uh so when you can not when you have to we'll be back monday building wealth trading in the stock market seems impossible


in an arbitrarily moving reference frame. So in the last class we were discussing about the derivative of a vector in an arbitrarily moving reference frame and the result that we saw that if you have 2 reference frames one is capital XYZ another reference frame is small XYZ where small XYZ may be having an arbitrary motion in terms of an angular velocity in terms of a linear velocity which may even vary with time and so on. So if you have the vector A which is there in the small XYZ reference frame the derivative of that with respect to the capital XYZ which is like a stationary reference frame is this plus omega cross A. Clearly if this small XYZ reference frame is having no omega then the derivatives are identical. Now what we will do is we will try to utilize this to figure out that what happens with respect to the velocities and accelerations of fluid elements located in a control volume because of the movement of the control volume. So now we are going to consider that the control volume is not stationary it is moving and when we say that the control volume is moving let us say that we consider the control volume to be such that small XYZ is attached to the control volume. So the way in which the control volume moves small XYZ motion represents that. So small XYZ motion has 2 important aspects one is the translated motion another is the rotational motion. So the translated motion is like if you have the origin of the small XYZ as this one then if you have the position vector say let us call it r0. The rate of change of this r0 with respect to time gives the translatory velocity of the small XYZ reference frame. On the top of that small XYZ reference frame is having a rotational velocity in general. There may be special cases when rotational velocity is not there. Now if you consider say a point in the control volume let us say a point p this point in general represents a point where the fluid has a velocity acceleration and so on. So it is a point in the flow field. So this point in terms of its position vector is described by this position vector which we say call as capital R. But if we are trying to analyze everything with respect to the small XYZ reference frame for us the important quantity or the important vector is the position vector of the point p relative to the origin of the small XYZ reference frame and let us say that is small r. So capital R is the position vector of the same point p relative to capital XYZ origin and small r with respect to small XYZ origin. So directly from vector addition we can write capital R is equal to r0 plus small r. Now what we will do in the next step is we will try to find out the velocity. So the velocity of the point p in an absolute sense is dr dt that is d capital R dt with respect to capital XYZ. This is the velocity with respect to capital XYZ. So this is just in a shorter notation we may not always write d dt but write a dot on the top to indicate that it is a time derivative.  So that means this is as good as r dot small XYZ plus omega cross r. So if you try to figure out that what are the implications of these different terms let us just try to understand. This is nothing but the velocity of the control volume. The control volume is having a translational velocity. This is the translational velocity of the control volume because this is the time rate of change of position vector of the origin of the control volume of the origin of the reference frame describing the control volume. And this is what? This is the velocity as visualized from the reference frame small XYZ and this is of course omega cross r. So these 2 terms together may be sort of thought of as a relative velocity. So this is the absolute velocity. This is the velocity of the control volume. This is the velocity relative to the control volume like that. So the relative velocity has one component because of the translation another component because of the rotation. And if we want to find out the acceleration is what is the so important quantity for us because by that we can relate with the new terms second law of motion. So acceleration with respect to small capital XYZ that means you have to differentiate this again with respect to time. So this is so let us write different let us identify the different terms and write the first term it will become r not double dot. Next r dot small XYZ just substitute that with a in this expression. So the DDT of this one is what we are looking for.  For the third term again the same formula we can apply capital A replaced by omega cross r. So that will be DDT of omega cross r relative to small XYZ plus omega cross omega cross r. So next stage is just the simplification and collection of the relevant terms.  This you can differentiate just as if it is like a product rule but maintaining the order because for the cross product the order is important.   So if we just give the interpretation as we did for the velocity for the different terms what is r not double dot it is the acceleration of the control volume linear acceleration. So this is the acceleration of the control volume then what is r double dot relative to small XYZ? This is the acceleration of the particle under consideration relative to the control volume and then if you consider these 2 terms these are angular acceleration sort of that is if you have an angular acceleration effect so this is not directly angular acceleration effect but because of the rate time rate of change of the even a fixed vector because of the angular motion within the element. So if you have even a fixed vector because of the rotation that vector is getting changed with respect to time and this is directly because of the angular acceleration of the reference frame. So these are directly as a consequence of the angular motion of the control volume so the angular velocity and angular acceleration these are direct consequences of the linear this is the direct consequence of the linear acceleration of the control volume this is because of the linear acceleration of the particle relative to the control volume and this is the combination of the linear and angular motion effect. So as you all know this is called the Coriolis component of acceleration. So why where from this Coriolis component of acceleration comes? So if you have a reference frame that rotates and relative to that reference frame something translates. So the combination of that gives rise to an acceleration. So the 2 things which are necessary for this one is the reference frame should be a rotating reference frame. Another thing is that there should be a translatory motion relative to the reference frame and then it will experience a sort of acceleration and that acceleration will try to deflect the particle from its original locus and it is very common in particle mechanics also in fluid mechanics just think about ocean currents. So earth is like a rotating object and on the top of the and over the earth the ocean currents are moving. So you have the water moving in the sea with a particular velocity on the top of a reference frame which is rotating and that is why and the rotational sense is different at different places. So you will see that there will be a certain deflection of the ocean current in the northern hemisphere and in the southern hemisphere. These things you have studied in junior classes of geography but these are these are very important examples of the implications of Coriolis effects in fluid mechanics. Now what we can do is we can just write it in a bit of a more compact way. We can write that so this term we will write as a small x, y, z and all the remaining terms like this we know this is like a Coriolis and this is the angular velocity effect angular velocity and angular acceleration effect. So we will just write a capital x, y, z as if is equal to a small x, y, z plus let us give the all other terms and name a relative this is just a name that we are giving.  So you can clearly see that this type of this is basically a transformation from reference frame which is stationary to arbitrarily moving reference frame and when you do that the transformation terms appear in the form of the quantities which you are visualizing relative to the moving reference frame because when you are writing your equations of motion related to the moving reference frame all quantities you are measuring relative to the moving reference frame. So that position vector, the velocity vector all those things you are measuring so you can clearly see that when the transformation is made in the right hand side everything is written relative to small x, y, z. So small x, y, z has become your reference. Now how will this be important in the context of use of the Reynolds transport theorem? Let us try to go back to that. Let us say that we are interested to write the Reynolds transport theorem for linear momentum conservation. So Reynolds transport theorem applied for linear momentum conservation. Let us say that we are interested to write the theorem relative to this control volume. This green colored contour is the surface, control surface of the control volume and that is our basis for which we are writing the theorem. Let us first write the general theorem dn dt system. We recall that capital N is the quantity that we are interested to conserve. It may be a scalar, it may be a vector, small n is capital N per unit mass and this eta is the unit vector normal to the area that elemental area that is considered for writing the area flux term. Now one important thing is that we have no restriction on the choice of this capital N and small n. That is we are not restricted to write this only as quantities relative to an inertial reference frame. We may even write this relative to quantities in a non-inertial reference frame because when we derived this theorem we never had any consideration for a specific inertial or non-inertial choice of the reference frame. So we can as well write say capital N as say m into v small x, y, z as an example. Nothing restricts us from doing that because it is just some quantity that we were looking for. It may be linear momentum relative to any reference frame. So when we write that left hand side becomes d dt of m. Let us complete first write the right hand side and then we will see that whether the way in which we have written the left hand side is the proper way or not. We have to keep in mind that this v relative is nothing but v small x, y, z that is the velocity of the fluid relative to the control volume. So this is v small x, y, z dot. Now let us devote our concentration on the left hand side. When you look into the left hand side, see when we write this what is the assumption? The assumption is that the entire system is having the velocity v small x, y, z relative to the small x, y, z but that is how we have written that is the mass into this one because this is the total linear momentum of the system. So total linear momentum of the system if we write that as mass of the system times this velocity that means we are implicitly assuming that the entire mass of the system is having this velocity which is not correct because fluid is a deformable medium and in general you can have different velocities at different points. So it is not appropriate to write it in this way but write it as an integral form of like integral of dm v small x, y, z over the system. The reason is quite clear that at different points in the system it might have a different velocity. So when you want to represent the total linear momentum, physically we are representing the total linear momentum. The linear momentum consideration should keep in mind that there could be different velocities at different points in the system and then we may write this as dm as how do we replace dm in terms of the elemental volume. So this is the low into an elemental volume dv okay. Next step, so if we put the d dt outside then you have the d dt also. Next step, can we put the d dt inside? Yes or no? We have discussed about these things earlier. See what is the variable with respect to which integration is done? Volume. So if that volume is not a function of time then we may put it inside the integral without requiring to put any correction terms. So we are assuming that it is a non deformable control volume. So with a non deformable control volume we may write it as integral of say rho v small x y z d dt of this small dv. See this assumption is not a very restricted assumption because for most of the problems that we are considering this it is not so common to have a control volume which is arbitrarily accelerating plus deforming but I can give you a nice example if you are fascinated with mechanics try with this example. Say you have a balloon in the balloon you fill it up with water just throw it with a spin and make the water come out of that and try to figure out how the velocity of the water coming out is changing with time. So you require everything deformable control volume arbitrarily accelerating because the balloon when the water is coming out the balloon might be having arbitrary rotation and arbitrary linear motion and in an elementary level I mean this problem experimentally one can do but theoretically I would say it is one of the very tough problems in mechanics which will require the combination of the understanding of the fluid mechanics and solid mechanics and deformable control volume arbitrarily accelerating control volume it will test your understanding of mechanics to the best of abilities. Let us not go into that complication here so we assume that this is what we are writing next step is that we will assume that rho is not changing with time. So if rho is not changing with time we will just write this as integral of rho d dt of v small x, y, z. So this the other thing is that see magically we were as if we transformed it from the system to the control volume that we will not do immediately but we should keep in mind that when we are writing it in the limiting sense that is we are dividing it by delta t and in the limit as delta t tends to 0 we can write it in the limiting sense tending to a control volume because in the limit as delta t tends to 0 system tends to control volume that is what we have experienced earlier but that we will do in a bit of a later stage till now we will preserve it as a system sense why the next step will be giving you a clue of why we are trying to do that. So in the next step what we will do we will write the left hand side simplification this is again system you have to keep in mind that what are the assumptions that we made so you have the rho and what is d dt of v small x, y, z this is the acceleration small x, y, z what is appearing here. So this is rho acceleration small x, y, z dv system what is our trouble the trouble is that when we are having acceleration relative to small x, y, z we cannot directly apply the Newton's second law of motion for that because Newton's second law of motion is valid for an inertial reference frame small x, y, z in a special case when it is moving with a uniform linear velocity is still an inertial reference frame but in a general case not. So to address the generality we have to keep in mind that we need to first transform it to capital x, y, z so that for that we can use the Newton's second law of motion. So we will write this as integral of rho in place of a small x, y, z we will write a capital x, y, z minus a relative. So when you take this integral of rho a capital x, y, z dv for the system and minus then what are the implications of these 2 terms the implications are very great forward. The first term represents the mass into acceleration of the system as an effect the integrated the total effect mass into acceleration of the system as viewed from an inertial reference frame. So by Newton's second law of motion this you can write as resultant force acting on the system and since we consider the limit as delta t tends to 0 this is as good as resultant force on the control volume and again in that same limit you have in that limit this also the system tends to control volume keeping in mind the limit that we are considering for this time derivatives that automatically implies that the delta t is tending to 0. So what is the final form of the equation that we are getting let us write it in the final form. So the final form is the left hand side becomes what the left hand side becomes resultant force acting on the control volume minus let us say integral of rho dv you can say as dm elemental mass. So that is just like here also so it is like integral of a relative dm is equal to the right hand side whatever is there. So if you just look it look into it from a user view point or a formula user view point what is the correction that has occurred because of the transformation the correction has occurred mainly with one important thing that you have this correction term and this correction term is because of the acceleration of the control volume because if you see all the terms are related to acceleration this is directly related to acceleration of the control volume this wherever there is angular velocity you expect that it is related to that so angular velocity angular acceleration and again angular velocity. So these are all related to the nature of an accelerating reference frame. So if the reference frame is not of accelerating nature then or if the reference frame is not having an angular velocity also because having an angular velocity automatically makes it of accelerating nature at least the last term is important. So when none of these terms are important then this will be 0 we will see when and in the right hand side you see that nothing great has happened we have replaced in all the terms the absolute velocity by the relative velocity. So when you are writing the Reynolds transport theorem for linear momentum conservation then basically all the absolute velocities are replaced with the relative velocities this was anyway always relative velocity but the other terms these are now replaced by absolute velocity relative velocity and in the left hand side there is a correction because of the non inertial effect of the reference frame just like minus mass into acceleration this is just like a pseudo force. So with that understanding let us try to solve a few problems to understand that what we do for a moving reference frame in reality. Let us start with the problem of a similar type which we attempted in the previous lecture. So you have a cart like this on a friction less ground and there is a water jet which comes on it and which leaves the cart the angle change is theta relative to the horizontal and the surface over which it is changing its direction the water that is considered to be a smooth surface and this is also considered to be smooth the friction is 0 friction less. Now what we have seen earlier we have seen that because of the impingement of the water jet on the system and because of its change in direction there will be a force and because of the force the cart will have a tendency of moving. So we saw that one way of like restraining it from moving is like maybe making a pulley mass arrangement so that it is restraining from its motion. But in general that will not be the case so in general it will be free to move and therefore it will start moving. So we will consider a first case when it is moving but moving with a uniform velocity just as a simple case we will then move on to more and more complicated cases when it may move with an acceleration. So first let us consider that it is moving with a uniform velocity so this cart is moving with a velocity vc towards the right. The water jet comes out from an area A with a velocity v and it gets deflected like this and we are interested to find out what is the resultant force exerted by the water on the cart. So only difference from the previous problem that we considered is that now it is moving but this is constant it is not moving with a variable velocity. So let us try to write it relative to the moving reference frame. So the left hand side resultant force on the control volume minus the relative acceleration see what are the terms which are there. First is acceleration of the control volume. Here the control volume we attach the control volume on the cart. So that is we attach the reference frame on the cart small x, y, z reference frame on the cart. So small x, y, z is moving with a uniform velocity vc. So it is not having any acceleration, linear acceleration. There is no angular motion of small x, y, z that means the A relative term is totally 0. So that is 0 and the right hand side if you consider it to be a steady situational acceleration where the velocity is not changing with time anyway the density we are considering to be constant.  So if you consider say the flow boundaries say this is the flow liquid film that we are considering. So in this liquid film we know what is the velocity here v because that is what is the velocity on which it is impinging from a nozzle or some place. Question is what is the velocity here? Again you may neglect the height here by considering that the kinetic energy effects are much more important. Question is and a very big question is that if all the assumptions of the Bernoulli's equation are valid still can we apply the Bernoulli's equation from here to here directly. Remember it is a moving reference frame. Yes or no? See more and more these types of questions you answer yourself your fundamental understanding of that is clear. Many times it is commonly understood that Bernoulli's equation is one of the easiest things in fluid mechanics. To me it is one of the toughest things in fluid mechanics. It is very easy formula at the end but its restrictions are not well understood in many times. So the question is can you directly use it keeping in view that all the assumption that we have learnt otherwise are valid except we are now in a dilemma why we are now in a dilemma because this is itself moving. See although this is moving we are saved with one important thing this is moving with a uniform velocity. So this is still an inertial frame. So we have seen that in the Bernoulli's equation all the quantities are relative like pressure is relative you may express it relative to something. Potential energy is relative you may express it relative to some reference or datum the height similarly kinetic energy is also relative provided you are still using an inertial reference frame. So here since this reference frame is inertial you may have the velocity like the kinetic energy the relative velocity that is what is only of importance. So what is the relative velocity here? Relative velocity here is v-vc and that relative velocity will be preserved because the kinetic energy is preserved even in a reference frame which is moving but non-accelerating. So if you apply the Bernoulli's equation here then that v should be replaced by v-vc because you are writing it relative to the reference frame. So the thing is that when you write this expression here what will come out? So there are 2 boundaries flow boundaries 1 and 2 first let us write for 1. So for the flow boundary 1-rho okay first let us write plus-sine we will see inside rho then what is v small x, y, z here let us write it in a vector form. So that is v-vc i cap what is that remaining term again what assumption we are making that it is a uniform velocity profile over the thickness that we are considering. So this is as good as some relative velocity into area with a proper sign. So that means relative velocity is v-vc the area is a the proper sign is negative. So we put a minus here then for the outflow boundary what you have v small x, y, z it is v-vc in magnitude because kinetic energy only bothers about the magnitude. So that is preserved means v-vc is preserved but it has changed its direction. So when it is coming out the relative velocity is v-vc with this normal direction say n1 and what is this n1 cos theta i plus sin theta j. So this is cos theta i plus sin theta j. So keeping that in mind it will become v-vc cos theta i plus sin theta j and what about the v relative into a that term positive a into v-vc okay. Remaining work is easy you can separate the x and y components by taking the coefficients of the i cap and j cap and write what are the components of the forces. These are forces exerted by the cart on the fluid by Newton's third law the force exerted by fluid on the cart will be equal in magnitude of this one but opposite in sense right okay. So we have seen an example where the control volume is moving it will not make us very happy because the expression that we have derived we are not able to exploit that fully the entire relative acceleration term vanishes. So let us look into some example where it does not get entirely vanished and then what happens. Let us say that there is a block which is moving on a surface or which may move on a surface from a nozzle a water jet comes strikes this one and gets deflected in the 2 sides okay. The area of the velocity jet area of the jet that comes out is given the velocity of the jet that comes out vj that is also given aj vj area of the jet and velocity of the jet. The coefficient of kinetic friction between this surface and the block that is given and our objective is to find out an expression of if let us say u is the velocity of this block or let us give it a different name may be ub for the u block then how this u block is changing with time the mass of the block is given let us say mb is the mass of the block. Let us try to look into this problem with the framework of an arbitrarily moving reference frame. This is also a simple form of arbitrarily moving reference frame because this cannot have angular motion I mean if this may have angular motion again that becomes a very interesting problem. If you consider the extent the dimensionality of this and consider the toppling possibilities because of the force which is acting on it but if you just idealize it like a point mass type of a thing then it is having just a translation but it may have a variable translational velocity. In general it should be like that because before the jet is striking on it it is stationary when the jet is striking on it it will try to make it move so its motion from 0 velocity will come to a non-zero velocity over a finite time so there will be a finite acceleration. So it is expected in reality to be a accelerating reference frame if you choose your reference frame attached with the block that is your small x, y, z attached with the block. Now let us consider a control volume maybe let us say that we have the control volume like this which contains the block and whatever water is adhering to the to this vertical plate. One important thing we should understand what is that important thing the thing is that now let us say we now at least we are confident in one thing that we should be bothered about the relative velocity when we are writing with respect to the reference frame small x, y, z say which is moving. So all the expressions that we write in the Reynolds transport theorem should correspond to the relative velocity that much we have seen. So when we are bothered about the relative velocity now if you say that velocity here is vj there should be some relative velocity here as it is the water jet deflected in 2 parts one will go to the top let us say it goes with the top as vt v top and another goes to the bottom with the velocity v bottom okay just 2 parts of the jet. Question is is it so that v top in a relative sense is vj-ub assuming that other assumptions other restrictions of the Bernoulli's equation are somehow satisfied answer is no because it is now an accelerating reference frame. So kinetic energy in an accelerating reference frame cannot be in a straight forward way brought out from the Bernoulli's equation as preserved. So we do not know what are these in the previous problem we could exploit the situation that the control volume was moving with a uniform velocity now it is not moving with a uniform velocity. So we do not know actually what these are even in a relative sense but the good thing is that since these are vertical these will not have any consequence on the horizontal momentum transfer. So our ignorance or lack of knowledge on these will not be magnified this is a good thing for solving the problem but it is important to know that this is a very important ignorance it is not so easy to tell what are these velocities because this is an accelerating reference frame. Now let us try to apply this equation for the resultant force on the control volume. So for the resultant force on the control volume let us write it only the x component because that will give rise to the variation of velocity because we do not expect that this block will be lifted from the ground because of this. So now if you write the equation the force then what are the forces which are acting on this? So if you draw the free body diagram of the control volume or may be free body diagram of the block plus water whatever is contained there. So you have one frictional force. So in the vertical direction there is equilibrium of forces because the block does not get out of the surface. So you have n equal to mb into g now you have to keep in mind that you are not considering it just the block block plus some water but the water mass may be neglected it is very very small as compared to the block mass. So whatever mass of water is just like flowing in contact with the in contact with this plate that water mass it is so small as compared to this capital mb that for weight or mass calculation aspect we will not consider the water weight that is a very that is an assumption that we have to keep in mind. Otherwise whenever we write the total weight it should be the weight of the water in the control volume plus the weight of the block which is there okay but we are neglecting that weight of the water in the control volume which is a very valid assumption because it is a very small amount of water which is there that is very practical. So then the normal reaction will be capital mb into g because of the equilibrium along the y. So the friction force will be-mu k into mb into g there is no other force along x then what is this correction term this correction term here is important because you do not have the omega related things but you have acceleration of the control volume and here this integral will just become a relative into the mass because it is just moving like a rigid body. So all points have same acceleration. So this will be-mass of the block times acceleration is du block dt right. So it is clear why we could take this a relative out of the integral because all points on the block are moving with same acceleration and we could have been in trouble if there was lot of water in the control volume because then for water we cannot have such a rigid body type of assumption. Then at each and every point the acceleration would be different but we are neglecting the mass of water present in the control volume for writing these expressions. The right hand side again there is a very important thing the unsteady term is fundamentally not 0 but we can approximate it by 0 because again if you see the volume of the water that is present in the control volume is small. So it is not because that v small xyz is small but because of the volume of water which is there in the control volume is small then its time rate of change with respect to time is also very small okay. So these are certain important things see we drop this term for solving the problem in exam fine. When you drop the term and solve the problem in the exam if you solve it correctly we have no way to deny you from the credit but your conceptual understanding is not satisfied there. You must be convinced that why this term is dropped despite the fact it is an unsteady flow it is not because that this velocity 0 that is why you are doing it clearly it is coming out with some velocity but just because you neglect the effect of that volume of water which is there inside and the time dependence associated. And the final term will be what see here only the x direction is important because in the y direction whatever it goes the out flux so there are out flow boundaries but those are not along x. So this velocity if it has component along x then only that will remain for force calculation along x. So that will be rho A into what you can straight away write it what is v small x y z so vj-ub and then – vj or if you want to put the – sign properly then this times – of A into that is the flow rate vj-ub okay. So once you have that expression now it is quite convenient because it is a simple differential equation with variation of ub as a function of time what are the constants in this expression the constants in this expression are this vj so maybe let us write one more step. So what you have here is mb dub dt so if you cancel all the – signs in all both sides – rho A vj-ub square plus mu kmg that is equal to 0 keeping in mind that at time equal to 0 you have ub equal to 0. So it is a straight forward differential equation even if you do not solve it you can find out that if when it attains a steady state what should be ub when it attains a steady state see the initially the velocity is 0. Now because of the striking of the jet it will be pushed to a velocity and it will come to a stand still it will come to a uniform velocity that is that change in velocity will not be there anymore when the dub dt term will be 0. So it will come to a limiting uniform velocity which then will be considered by equating these 2 terms. So it is possible to find out that what should be that equilibrium velocity and that equilibrium velocity is quite obvious it is a situation that occurs when the driving force on the block is just sufficient to overcome the kinetic friction and then it is in equilibrium but it takes some time for the driving force to be in equilibrium with the kinetic friction till the time the velocity will be changing with time and that how it changes with time is governed by this equation. Now when we have considered this problem one important thing that when we have considered this theory as such one important assumption that we have made is that the fluid in the control volume is of constant mass but it might so happen that the mass itself is a variable within the control volume. So what we will do if the control volume is accelerating plus the mass within the control volume is a variable it is not a constant. So we will see that in the next class in the next class we will take up the cases of variable mass in the control volume thank you.


My name is Gary Mason, Reverend Doctor, and my background is in psychology and theology. I've worked in the area of peace building now for 35 years, primarily in the Irish context, particularly in that Northern Irish peace process, but in the last 10 plus years, I've been working more extensively in the Middle East, really doing some of the lessons from our peace process and their possible applicability to that contested space. I'm at USAP with relationships I've had here going back six or seven years, and just reconnecting, trying to share a little bit about my experiences with my colleagues in USIP. I think one of the key things is patience. This did not happen overnight. I mean, really, right through the conflict. So I often say, as long as there was a war, there were talks about peace. So our conflict breaks out summer, 1969, and interestingly, common wisdom of the day said that when British troops arrived in that Northern part of Ireland, many people were saying, this will be over by Christmas. It ended up the longest military operation in British history, and your viewers need no remember. The British have fought an awful lot of wars, so it was important that religious actors were there for the long term. They weren't dipping in and dipping out again, and that just made such a difference. So looking at the Middle East, which most people see as a very, very contested space, the role of religious actors in that is absolutely key. We could argue, is it a religious conflict? Is it an identity conflict? Is it a land? I would say that all those components are bubbling about sometimes below the surface, I would say, and sometimes above the surface as well. I think religious actors, as I look particularly at that Northern Irish space, we were able to take what I call a thoughtful, strategic, prophetic risk as some other people couldn't. We were not necessarily, although we grew up within a particular tribe, I think we realised that our faith had to transcend differences and build bridges over those differences. So many faith actors took really risks to engage particularly with those who were pursuing political violence and really creating what I kind of called a moral framework, really asking these people questions like, is this the future you want for your children and your children's children? Or are there other ways that we can explore in this tiny island of Ireland to handle our differences? And that was key in some of those early days. I mean, I knew both the British, Irish and the American administrations couldn't necessarily talk to people who at that times were non-state armed actors, but religious people were able to step into those difficult contested spaces in a way that many others weren't. I think one of the key things for people coming from a religious persuasion, I would look at that in two ways. I think growing up in those spaces where there has been conflict and difficulty, I think religious actors have this ability to develop relationships that very, very few professions can actually develop. When we have most times accessibility to people's homes in a way that many other professions don't, and it almost becomes a birth-to-death relationship as well. I look at families that I knew 20, 25 years ago who would still stop me in the street and remind me, oh, do you remember you did a funeral for this person or you baptised my child? So I think the longevity of those relationships as a person who's been involved in peace-building brings trust and also understanding. And I think that's a key component to know that we're not coming here to impose something on you, but for the greater good of humanity, I wanna hear your story, I wanna understand your pain, but most of all, I want you to thrive as a human being near the image of God.


Hello everyone! Welcome back to our channel. I hope you all are safe and sound. Art is in the air. I mean really. How? With Pictoblocks human body detection ability. You can draw your favourite pictures in the air using the tip of your fingers and the blocks in the human body detection extension in Pictoblocks and trace it on the computer screen. Pre-requisites are a laptop or a computer with camera, the latest version of Pictoblocks downloaded and a good internet connection. You can download the all new Pictoblocks from the link given in the description box below. Let's begin by adding the human body detection in the pen extensions. Open Pictoblocks. Now to work with the AI and ML extensions, you must sign in or login into Pictoblocks from here. Click on board and select a file. Now click on the add extension button. To work with the AI and ML extensions, you need to connect your computer to the internet. Click on human body detection extension and wait for a little while till the models get loaded. Now to draw on the screen, we need to add the pen extension. Click on the add extension button again and choose pen extension. You may see that the human body detection in the pen blocks are added into the block valid. Now let's begin by adding a pencil sprite. Click on choose a sprite button and select pencil sprite from the library. Right click on Toby and choose delete from the drop down to delete Toby sprite. To make a few changes in the costume of the pencil sprite. Thus click on the costume palette to edit the costume. Drag and drop the pencil into the costume area such that the tip of the pencil should be on the center dot. Next, we need to make three additional sprites. First, pen up to stop drawing on the screen. Second, pen down to draw on the screen. And third, erase all to clear the screen. Click on choose a sprite button and select the paint option. Use the rectangle tool to draw the background and text tool to write the message. Similarly, make the additive sprites which are pen down and erase all. Once these sprites are made, let's arrange them onto the stage so that we can get sufficient space to draw. To align them in the straight line, you can keep the value of the Y coordinate be safe. Let's begin to write the script. Select the pencil sprite. Drag and drop a when flag clicked hat block into the scripting area to execute the program whenever the green flag is clicked. As we will be drawing in the air and the drawings will be traced on the screen, we need to turn the camera on. Thus, snap a turn on video on stage with 0% transparency block from the human body detection palette. Add a forever block from the control palette to run the script continuously. Now, as we need the details of the hand and jewel time, we will be using analyze image for hand from camera block from the human body detection palette. Next, we need to check whether our hand is detected or not. Thus, place an if block from the control palette. Place the if hand detected reporter block into the hexagonal space. If the hand is located, we need to move the pencil onto the location accordingly. We will be using the tip of the index finger to draw. Thus, we need the tip of the pencil to follow the tip of our index finger. We will use the go to XY block from the motion palette. Next, place the X position off top of thumb block from the human body detection palette into the X input of the go to XY block. From the last drop down, select index finger. Duplicate this block and place it into the Y input and select Y from the first drop down. With this, the script to trace our finger is completed. Next, we need to write the scripts to activate the buttons that we have created that is to start drawing, stop drawing and erase the drawing one by one. Choose the pen down sprite. Every time this button aka the sprite is clicked, we need to broadcast a message that the pen should be down. Thus, drag and drop when this sprite click HUD block from the events palette. Next, place a broadcast message block from the events palette and write pen down into the message. Next, we need to perform some actions according to the buttons clicked that is the pencil should start drawing. Thus, let's go back to the pencil sprite. Place when I receive HUD block from the events palette and select pen down from the drop down. Now to make the pencil draw, drag and drop the pen down block from the pen palette below it. Thus, we have assigned actions to one button. Similarly, we'll be assigning actions to the other two buttons. Click on pen down sprite. To duplicate the script and place it into the pen up and erase all sprite, select the script and drag and drop it into the respective sprites one by one. You may notice that the sprites icon to which you have copied might shake a bit.   Next, into the erase all sprite, write erase all into the broadcast message block. The messages are now broadcasted. Now we need to assign actions to the remaining two. Go back to the pencil sprite. Duplicate the when I receive and the pen down block twice. Now to stop the drawing, select pen up from the second I receive message block and replace the pen down block with the pen up block from the pen palette. Finally, to erase the drawings, select erase all from the third when I receive block and replace the pen down block with the erase all block. Thus, the script is complete. Green flag and start drawing. You can even play airpictionary using this extension. Don't forget to share your art with us in our Pictoblox community on Facebook. If you like this video, give it a thumbs up and subscribe to STEMpedia and follow us on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. Bye bye, stay safe.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with Layton's Sports Guard, Drippin' 22 Top's Museum Collection, Tier 1 Baseball Six Box Mixer, Number 40 Random Team Style. There's a look again at your random results. As always, you can find those on the websites under the Results tab, as well as the link that's in chat. So, good luck here everybody. Let's do it. For Tier 1 and 2 Museum, let's do it. Let's start with Tier 1. I'll see something big, man. I'll pull a trout like two times out of Tier 1 in the last few days. Nice. This is pretty cool. 7 of 25. Two color patch. Tori Hunter for the Angels. Two color, two color. Grats on that angel. Angels. Also got 74 of 399. It is Jason Hayward. We've got, first auto is going to be 216 out of 299. Kind of glass now. Oh, this one's sick. This one's sick. 15 of 25. Roger Clements as an Astro on the bronze signature. Tier 1 talent. There you go. Houston. That's going to be going 2. It's got the Astros. Astros. Astros. Bradley Seed. Let's go, Bradley. Box 2 of Tier 1. Nice. Cabrion Hayes, 11 of 25. Game used. Two color, one color. Jersey. Grats on that. Pirates, 11 of 25. Tier 1 talent is going to be 175 out of 299. Marcus Simeon. 26 of 99 is Vladimir Guerrero Jr. Nice, nice box there for the Blue Jays. Maybe one of Francis M. Got another one. 14 out of 25. Ronald Acuna Jr. That is two color, three color. Looks three. Two color game used patches in a row. Usually they're just the ones to 399. That's awesome. There you go. Braves now with Acuna. Three autos looking like. First is going to be Logan Gilbert. 164 out of 299 for the Mariners. Uncard auto. 245 out of 299. Fergie Jenkins. That's going to the Cubs. Nice one there. Cubs. And Salvador Perez. 117 out of 199. Going to the Royals. This one Royals. Last box of Tier 1. I don't think so, Steve. I don't think so. I think you can only use one. I think you can only use one discount code per order. We've got a Buster Posey to 399. Game used Jersey. We've got, that's nasty. 149 out of 299. Jake Myers. Nice one. Rookie auto for the Astros. This is a great 4 box of Tier 1 right here. Who's got them? Taylor R. One of 10. Jumbo. Two colored. Game used Patch Auto. Christian Yelich. Nice yelling. Congrats on that one there. Taylor with the Brew Crew. That was a fantastic 4 box of Tier 1 right there. Good lord. Heck yeah man. That will work right there. Alright guys. I'm going to drop you guys a link again to 10 Box Tuesday. Let's get that filled up again. 2012-13 IMAC in there. We've got Museum. What's this? What do I want? Oh the certified box man. That was pretty funny. Everybody is there. That entire chat. Other than New Orleans Box. You, everybody else. All Box. What's up Dan? What's up Herman? Dan the Wise Man. Herman. Shot of Rice Harper. That is Josiah Gray. 10 of 50. Game used. Steve, what up? What up Steve? Still haven't caught him in the game yet. Nice one for their Colby and Cal Raleigh on the Atomic. Big dumper. What's the deal with them? Chillin' man. How you doin' Herman? Doing well Herman. Doing well my man. Ooh got hockey in 2 minutes. Let's go dude. 13 minutes. Over. That's Archival Autographs. Cast Daddy. Cast Sanjira. Nice one there. 2-1-50. What up Chicken? What's up Chicken? What's the matter Colonel Sanders? What's up Chicken? There's Shane Vaz. The Wizard of Vaz. That's a 150. That's why I know you're a bot Vaughn. I'm a bot.  So Vaughn is also a bot. Vaughn you're down to a fortnight yet? I know. Look at this guy on fortnight. I know you want to play with us. Mike Piazza. Yeah next 1-1 you do a fortnight dance. I heard that too. I heard that. That was sad for sure. Cedric Mullins. Triple Bat Jersey Bat. 28 of 99 for the Orioles on the auto. I heard that. Tony Gwynn. Yeah that's true. Next 1-1 we pull. Sean will do a fortnight dance. Everybody vote really quick. What fortnight dance Sean should do? Take the L. Let's do Take the L. Oh I could do Take the L. Greg Maddox. Alex Thomas. That is a quad DJ LeMayhew. 55 of 99. The machine. Ron's ready. Is there face paint on my face? I have a red nose. Yes. No. No. Funny how. Like a clown. Yeah. Am I here to muse you? Huh? Well you got a place we can all play together. It's more for the fun than it is. I know it's a good game. Okay. Yeah you're a baby. That's why you like it so much. I just like it because I'm not a bot.  Yeah not funny ha ha but funny weird. Do we have a frame in here? Yes we do. We got a framed auto. Good luck everybody. Come on. That's me Elliott Romoves to 99 for the Giants. Pony Swagner and Ted Williams. Is 5 of 10. Shohei Otani. Gold frame gold sig. Going to the Angels. Henry C. Let's go Henry. Oh man that's massive dude. That's why it's my favorite product dude. Yes really good. So nasty. Congrats on that. Good god. Shohei. The last two breaks have been. We've been hitting some heavy mojo tonight. Heavy mojo tonight. Let's go Henry. Congrats buddy. Henry. That one back for me too? Yeah. Because Henry told me he didn't want that card. That's beautiful dude. Beautiful. It's going to be Cody Bellinger 16 of 50. That's one there. That is tasty Tuesday chicken. That is going to the Dodgers. And Torvalson. A nasty hit for sure Bradley. For sure. That is Jared Walsh again for the Angels. Rich Get Richer there. Dual Jersey Auto 2 399. Again for the Angels. And Peter Lanza. He's got to hit a 1 on 1 so shocking fortnight dance. That is George Brett I'm assuming right? Yeah George Brett. Got for the Dodgers Gavin Lux that is 20 out of 75 for the Dodgers. It wasn't me it was. Oh yeah true. George Kirby the 150 on the blue. Nice one there for the Mariners. Alright recap time guys. Jerseys we've got Gavin Lux. Cody Bellinger. DJ LeMayhew. Josiah Gray. Rahm LaCunha. Buster Posey. Jason Hayward. And Tori Hunter. And four box to the tier one. Three patches numbered to 25. Usually get like one case with those which is awesome. Jared Walsh. Cedric Mullins. That's Kesson Kira. Jake Myers. Nasty Christian Yalich to 10. Salvador Perez. Logan Gilbert. Fergie Jenkins. Vladimir Guerrero Jr. Marcus Semen. Really cool. Really cool Roger Clemens to 25 as an Astro. And Tyler Glasnow. And then the hit of the break. Possibly the hit of the day. To 10. Numbered. Five of 10. Gold Framed Otto. Gold Signature. Shohei Otani. The Angels. That'll do it for the break guys. Thanks again for the fill. Next up we've got Bowman Sapphire.


wrestler rujal summa today we are going to discuss about the basics on operating system now what is operating system the operating system is basically very important program that is get loaded into the computer so everybody knows that operating system is also known as the core of the computer system because whenever we are working in a computer system we need to use so many hardware there will be so many hardware with different way of working, but how these different hardware are basically going to function in a smooth manner. In that case, the operating system is going to help us. So, we can say that operating system is going to create an interface between the user and the computer hardware. Without the help of the operating system, it will be very much difficult for us to work with the computer system. In general, the operating systems work as an interface between the user and the computer hardware. The functions of operating system, when we talk about the functions of operating system, operating system basically performs different different activities. But in general, the functions of operating systems are categorized into two types. Or we can view the different functions of operating system in two viewpoints. They are the user viewpoint and the system viewpoint. When we talk about the user viewpoint, basically we are talking about the top-down approach. So, what is the meaning of this top-down approach? So, when we talk about a computer system, we are also a part of the computer because we are using the computer. So, after that the computer is there, then there are different hardware are there. And ultimately, the things are going to be done by the hardware. So, there is a layer we can see. So, when we talk about the top-down approach. So, as we user, we are just doing the activities and computer is going to give us the output. So, user viewpoint is also known as a top-down approach. And the system viewpoint, second one is the system viewpoint. And when we talk about the system viewpoint, it is basically a bottom-up approach. That means from the system point of view, like from the hardware, how the users are getting access to the computer. So, that is going to be ensured by the user viewpoint. So, in that way the functions are categorized into two types. When we talk about the user viewpoint, there are different functions which come under this category. The first one is the user interface. When we want to use the computer, we need an interface. Basically, it is the platform so that we can make use of the computer. So, the user interface is very important. Like suppose I want to work in a computer. Suppose I want to type something. So, I need a software. So, how I am going to get the software. This is nothing but the operating system which is going to provide us with the user interface. So, there are two types of user interface we have. The first one is the command line interface which is also known as the CLI. And the second one is graphical user interface which is known as the GUI. Second one is the program execution. So, when the program is getting executed, lot of activity need to takes place. The first thing is whenever we are going to start a program, some memory has to be allocated for the program. After that, the program will be loaded into it. Now, who is going to do that in a computer system? It is nothing but the operating system. The operating system is going to first allocate memory for the program. Then the program will be loaded into that memory. So, that activity is going to perform by the operating system. And that particular function comes under the program execution. And the third one is controlling of IO devices. We know that whenever we work in a computer, there are so many input and output devices connected to the computer. For example, we can talk about the mouse. We can talk about the printer. They are all the different input and output devices. Then after what happens like, how these different input and output devices are controlled by the computer. So, for that, the operating system has got some modules inside it, some functions inside it, so that those devices are basically smoothly controlled by the computer. Next is the accessing file system. We all know that whenever some data need to be stored inside the computer, so that data will be stored basically in the form of files. So, these files are actually going to have some space in the hard disk. Now, how the space will be allocated inside the hard disk? This is nothing but again going to be performed by the operating system. The operating system is going to create the file inside the hard disk, so that we can store the data permanently inside the hard disk. Next function is error detection and recovery. We all know that when the computer is functioning, there may be a lot of error. Sometimes it may happen that the computer starts responding as a whole. So, in that case, what happens like, how the computer is again going to start responding. So, if we talk about the earlier versions of the operating system, like we can talk about the Windows 98. So, on those operating system, that feature was not there. When the computer hangs, simply we have to restart the machine. But in the latest operating system, when we talk about the Windows 7, Windows 10, so in those operating system, what happens? Automatically, the program will start responding after sometime. So, this is again one of the very important functions performed by the operating system. So, in that way, the user viewpoint, we have got different functions. Next, let us talk about the functions, which we can see from the system viewpoint. The first one is the resource manager. Now, what is resource? We all know that whenever we are working in a computer, so there are different hardware we need to have. For example, I can talk about the CPU, then we have the different kinds of memories, like the cache memory, random access memory, then the hard disk. So, they all are basically considered as resources. Not only those, like for example, if we talk about the printer, scanner, they all come under the resource. Now, whenever we as a user want to make use of those resources, how those resources will be allocated to us or to our program. And that activity is going to again perform by the operating system. And that comes under the resource manager. So, here we should not get confused with the word like the resource manager. Whenever that manager word comes, it looks like as if it is a human being, but it is not. Because here we are talking about a function which is present inside the operating system. And that function is basically known as resource manager. And the second one is the control program address space. We all know that when the program is on and running, it is going to occupy some space in the memory. And those spaces may not be all the time continuously allocated to the program. It may be randomly in different places in the memory, it may be allocated. So, as a whole, the entire set of addresses which are actually used for a program or allocated to a program is known as an address space. So, that allocation of the address space or controlling the address space of the program is again going to be one of the very important responsibility of the operating system. And that is also going to be performed very smoothly by the operating system. So, this is all about today's class. Thank you.