All right minions we need your help with the auto. Let us know if things are quiet or not I'm gonna do a check check check Justin Check check check and a Blair. That's a check one two three We just need a thumbs up from the chat room, and we're all good Nobody hi. I just see a hi. That's not helpful. We all sound very nice. I'll sound very nice see perfect Okay, three two This is Twist this week in science episode number 604 recorded on Wednesday, February 1st 2017 Get out your pom-poms Hey, everyone. I am dr. Kiki and tonight on this week in science We are going to fill your head with a little bit of cheerleading and insect love hormone and curiosity but first Disclamer disclaimer disclaimer as we watch government leadership roles be replaced by new individuals We must keep certain things in mind Knowledge in medicine cannot be replaced with a spoonful of sugar without expecting a different result just as an antidote for a poisonous snake bite cannot be Successively substituted with a snarky anecdote and as everyone listening already knows You can't substitute science with anything that isn't science And that's why no matter the policies or politics of the day We won't substitute the contents of this show with anything else. We will always bring you This week in science coming up next There's only one place to go to find the knowledge. I see Science to Kiki and Blair and good science to You Justin Blair and everyone out there welcome to another episode of this week in science We're back yet again Another fabulous week of science stories to discuss to debate to opinionate about That's my favorite pastime Opinionating to be to be curious about to ask questions about maybe to use as launchpads for more Science and knowledge. I love it. Yes All right on this week's show. I have some new stories about what ants have to do with pregnancy the benefits of curiosity and a bat bot Oh What do you have week in science? You have Justin. I've got a devil's gate of vanishing civilization and an ancient artist I like old art. It's good. I've been to museums. They put old art up on the walls Blair, what did you bring for the animal corner? I? brought cheerleading champion crustaceans raging ravaging rodents and sparkling spectacular spiders and jazz hands Those of you listening to the podcast She has jazz hands right now. It's true. Okay You ready to dig in you guys ready? So something we've talked about on this show a lot we've But we haven't really been able to dig into it is because it's a controversial issue Mixing human cells with the cells of other animals Right creating human other animal chimeras right Justin why on earth would this be controversial? It's a natural no because the future would be filled with human hybrid pigmen who would be doing the bidding of some Scientific overlord and creating armies of cloned human pigs yeah man bear pig yep Monkey cats as pets it would just be the future would just be terrible The audacity of man. It's a sin against nature Well, not so much. Are we playing god? Well, yeah, I mean isn't that what we do here? Isn't that what we do no um actually uh chimeras involving human cells have passed review and researchers are currently working to create these types of hybrids and Have been successful in a new study released in cell this week researchers have been able to Combine the cells of rats and mice rats and pigs and Humans and pigs Yes So why on earth would we want to do this? Well, one of the big ideas here is that wouldn't it be amazing if we could grow human organs for transplant in other animals So say we need a liver or a pancreas or a heart Why use a pig heart when you could use a human heart growing in a pig Or a human pancreas growing in a pig or in some other related animal right so This is what these researchers have been working on and what they were able to do is they took cells naive pluripotent stem cells from rats and they created mouse embryos and into which They they crisperized them. They took out certain parts They let these embryos develop to a particular stage and they then crispered them and took out Genes responsible for developments of say the pancreas Or other very specific organs and tissue types They injected these naive pluripotent stem cells from the rats And those stem cells integrated into the embryo of the mouse and led to chimeric mice so they actually had mice with rat pancreas is mice with rat livers with these rat organs that were very specifically tailored because they had used crisper now Copy out here that I'm gonna that I want you to pay attention to as we move forward Mice and rats are very closely related. So this chimerism occurred very easily Second experiment they took the same Nye or not the same but similar they took samples of these naive pluripotent stem cells from rats And put them into a pig embryo That had had the same process done to it with crisper and it resulted in absolutely no chimerism so There were no there were no rat parts In the pigs that resulted in these I was picturing a pig with a really long rat tail And whiskers and and big teeth big big teeth Going squeak-oink squeak-oink So it didn't work out. All right now Third experiment those species are too different right a rat in the mouse very similar Rat in a pig too different And that's exactly the point here where they are very very different different developmental timelines Very, you know, it takes a lot longer to cook a pig than it does to cook a rat So um, there are different and and cells as we know we've talked about, you know, the the internal clock of cells there's an internal clock when it comes to the timing of development and As cells grow and divide their time they have a certain timeline For the speed at which this development takes place. So final experiment they took human Induced pluripotent stem cells. So these were stems. These were not naive not taken from an embryo but actually taken from Tissue so these were cells that had been induced Had had a chemical bath to turn them into This pluripotent state of being able to become particular tissue types They were put into pig embryos that had had the CRISPR-Cas9 effect And it resulted in not as much chimerism as the rat mouse offspring, but it did result in some chimeric interspersion of certain tissues. So like muscle tissues Were one of them and so the point here is that not the human in the pig are not so far distantly related as the rat in the pig but There's still enough difference that this is going to be a very difficult process to really make work well um, they also tried in putting together human and cow And that and that seemed to work as well. They were able to put humans and cows together And some of the tissues worked out. However, it's just cheaper And more pigs are more readily available and it's cheaper to raise a pig than it is to raise a cow so they decided to go the route of Really doing the full experimentation using pigs And eventually they'll figure it out because I predict that one day A pig human chimera will uh a a group of them at least will go on to guard the palace of job of the hut There is that Looking at cooking time as you so put it kiki. Yes. I was looking at the gestation period So the gestation period of rats is only about 21 days gestation period of a pig is about 115 days Human gestation is about 280 days. So definitely In terms of percentage rate, they're closer And then cow 283 days. So almost exactly the same as humans. So it even though cows are more expensive More expensive to rear it might and they take up more space and there are different Rearing practices for cows if we're going to talk about growing Human organs in another animal. Maybe cow is the path that should be attempted next, but Yeah, so then though if you have a human cow chimera And you want to raise Organs for transplant in it Can you use the leftover meat as food or is that ethically an issue? That's a wow interesting question, but I would say I would say no But do you think there's a scientific reason to say no or it's just a heebie-jeebie situation? I would say um, it depends on what has specifically Been targeted with the crisper cast 9 deletion So if you're going to get rid of the developmental genes for cow muscle and then it's human muscle Then you're essentially cannibalizing. Yeah But they have a researcher saying this is sort of reminding me to the uh, the uh, what is it the cafe at the end of the universe? You're the restaurant at the end of the The meal is like no, you should really try my flink. It's quite delicious Like it's giving suggestions For which part of it maybe the thing is it's my very first thing I was going to say when you said cows are more expensive And take more space and I was like well, but you could just use the the rest of the oh wait, maybe you can't Yeah, so someday they really do think that um, we are going to be able to do this Currently we're not getting very much human cell contribution into these these pig embryos But they're they're they're only getting a few human cells and they're gonna try They're gonna try and get a lot more in there They're looking for about point one to one percent of the embryo being human cell contribution and right now They're at like one one millionth Of of a pig embryo being human cell contribution. So it's not very big. Um, something else that was really big this last week also um Japanese researchers from the University of tokyo reported that they successfully Transplanted a mouse pancreas that was generated in a rat Back into a mouse and the mouse pancreas Functioned for over a year, which you know mouse life Lifespan that's pretty much what they're looking at. So this they these tokyo University of tokyo researchers have reported in nature the successful cross species growth and Retransplantation so xeno development Of the pancreas and then actually being able to put the functioning pancreas back into a rat So this is a pretty neat thing Other the other idea here is that not for specifically human transplantation purposes and organ farming Kinding kind of beyond that even this is a way that if we look at organ systems that human organs that we can't really watch while they're the they're developing very easily because we're not Cutting humans apart to find out, you know, what's the pancreas doing at seven months of age? You know, we can't we don't do that But potentially we could use these this kind of a chimeric system to study the development of human organs over time and throughout over lifespans so there this could be a very uh rich source of Of research information about the human body and the human Physiology of which we are not yet aware Not that we necessarily need to do that but Interesting interesting stuff ahead Very interesting. I love chimeras so cool and um this My second story to start off the show is I just want to Frame it around All you people watching and listening to twist right now You are the science curious And this study there's a study um published in the journal of political psychology on science curiosity and political information processing It turns out that people who are science curious Have a more open-minded engagement with information That is actually contrary to people's political predispositions and what this means is that so People who are scientifically curious regardless of the political end of this political spectrum with which they identify they are more likely to interact with information that Is opposite Their views politically so say climate change somebody who is not scientifically curious Is more likely to read articles that reinforce Their views about the climate change. I'm a climate science I don't I don't agree with climate science And somebody who's not scientifically curious is going to read articles that talk about How climate change is not happening Things that it's seeing of those nature of that nature and someone who's scientific scientifically curious Is more likely to take a look at an article That has a surprising result That is more likely to oppose those preconceived notions And to potentially change their ideas and in this study they had They they showed one the one thing that really clinched it is this figure where hear me Where they show solid evidence of global warming Given to people We're from activity mostly do it due to human activity like burning fossil fuels When people are have ordinary science intelligence not really curious about stuff, but they just take their news as they get it People sway to their end of the political spectrum liberal democrats Are probably more likely to agree that global warming is due to human activity while conservative republicans are who really identify as conservative republicans are more likely to disagree Right Those that are scientifically curious It brings the ends of the political spectrum closer together liberal democrats are slightly less likely to Just 100 percent agree With the evidence showing that human activity causes global warming And conservative republicans are slightly more likely to agree with that evidence They're not coming right together, but they're bringing it more into balance. And so this is something that In science communication that what these researchers are working on is how can we Figure out more about what explains this effect, right? what explains this effect of scientific curiosity on these outcomes of kind of ameliorating these political this identity discrepancies And if they can figure that out, is there a way To really instill scientific curiosity in people from a very young age And so that is what I will leave you with Yeah, I think I think it's not surprising to hear because as scientists you constantly have to assess new data and have open conversations about preconceived notions and sometimes adjust theories and That's kind of built into the scientific method So if it's something that you practice I kind of I see the scientific method and appropriate skeptical logic As a muscle that you have to flex just like when you when you're trying to figure out what real news is versus fake news This is something we're talking about a lot lately. You have to be able to assess Who where did the study come from who funded this study? Did they have a reason to sway results? Was the data size good? Were variables controlled? These are things that unless you're You're used to doing those things. I think it's harder to Jump right into that and have that play naturally through your brain So the more that we do it the better we get at it and the better we can Assess what's really happening It's called the curiosity muscle. So everybody get your friends to listen to or watch twists To learn how to think Ask questions and flex that curiosity muscle a little bit more So I have a very different read on this um What I'm looking at when I see that chart is is is Conservatives who read this study? Are just coming home a bit like this is not this is not a historic being you know Refuting of scientific evidence is not a conservative Uh, it's not a conservative thing you're born with throughout time There's been a concerted effort through the the echo chambers of media within party To sell this message and connect it to other things So when it's not surprising that somebody's who's actually reading something outside of the echo chamber Moves heavily towards it conservative people aren't themselves Particularly anti science. It's that the propaganda around the you know, no Climate change has been to tie it to also a political thing Um, so they've been pulled away from seeing these facts in the first place. It's not surprising It's that but the same thing has happened on the liberal end of the spectrum as well people are more likely to need your react emotionally to what I what To the evidence that supports their identity. What do they identify with? I'm pro environment So I am going to believe that humans are causing this because then we could maybe do something and change it, right? You know versus you know, it's not you know, I'm I'm you know from I don't from the conservative perspective to think of it differently And in the evidence they act, you know, it's not just the conservatives coming home to seeing it more the liberals are actually decreasing their knee jerk reactivity the people who are scientifically curious both come more to the middle of Being you know, a little bit more skeptical Or a little bit like having looked at the evidence in a different way And so having asked questions and come to a different answer than they would politically identify with normally And allowing it to change their perspective. So it's not just conservative. It is The graph is pretty conservative liberal as well Some of those liberals look like they're just like I'm not going to turn this into an argument between conservative and liberal And I do want to say but my point was that it's it's not a traditionally conservative thing to be anti science And the fact that and that graph that you showed they moved quite a bit more towards anything Towards that center and it's I think because you know once once you get beyond the rhetoric Which is very difficult to do this these days most of our country is a wash and in Right wing radio There isn't left wing radio And throughout it whether it's a religious or political or a financial station that you're listening to They've tied all together They're all you know saying that the science and global warming hasn't been proven yet and it's ridiculous So so let's I just I want to say I want to step away from climate change for one second So the study was done in relation to climate change, right? But one aspect they actually did many many different Experiments to and had many different questions To to kind of get at this climate change was one example right, so there's other science, but there's also just thinking scientifically in general and there's so much fake news That I think that that happens on both sides of the aisle and we have reported on There's a study that showed that even scientifically educated individuals Tend to have knee jerk biased reactions and are prone to following fake news If as much if not more than people who have left less scientific education So it's not how much knowledge you have that's not what it's about it's about how well you can assess information and That muscle the muscle of being able to assess and being used to assessing that information and not taking everything that you see at face value Yeah, and one really interesting hypothesis they have as a As an end point of this is they is they bring up the point that there are many individuals who are able to Cognit to hold cognitive dualities on the way that they Process information and maybe that is something that's contributing to this political identity versus scientific curiosity and Incorporating things So they use an example where they say farmers for example have been observed to use information on climate change to form identity congruent beliefs when they're behaving as citizens But to form truth convergent ones when they are engaging in the task of farming Where they have an end succeeding as farmers that can be satisfied only with that form of information Processing and there is our similar dynamics observed in relation to evolution Some individuals disbelieve evolution when participating in activities that feature their identity as members of religious groups That subscribe to creationist strictures, but believe in it when discharging their duties as science trained professionals and so this is another really interesting aspect of Is this what's happening in of science curious individuals those with high science curiosity Is there some amount of cognitive dualism that can explain what's happening? Especially in relation to these political identity kind of issues, but there's a lot there so hopefully they keep doing these studies and They the links will be up on the on our website afterwards if you're interested in this topic and interested in taking a look at what they're doing The overall study is a part of a group who are trying to figure out how best to communicate scientific information to as broad an audience as possible by studying Science communication tactics for filmmakers. So it's a really overall very interesting study This is this week in science Justin watch again. Oh, I was I supposed to bring something Yeah Please Totally forgot to bring something Oh wait, I know uh from the journal science advances comes the devil's gate Cave in the mountainous area close to the far eastern coast of russia that faces northern japan DNA was extracted from an 8 000 year old human That was found in the cave a couple of them actually And for the first dna for the first time DNA from ancient mainland east asia is compared with the modern populations in the region findings indicate No major migratory interruption or population turnover for well over 7 000 years for some Of that population Consequently though, uh, some of the contemporary ethnic groups They're shared a remarkable genetic similarity to stone age hunters that once Roamed the same region while others did not they show that there is It's what is the group. I got to go down and find it though. Oh, gee the oh gee people are the ancient hunter-gatherers And uh, they're also the They're still in existence there in this sort of boundary areas between What is russia china and korea? Right, so they sort of have their north korea. They're sort of in this amir basin near these borders It's they're pretty much unchanged for thousands of thousands of years these hunter-gatherers haven't been replaced de-placed Or had a inordinate amount of Sort of mixing with other cultures It also there's some support now also for a dual origin theory for modern japanese populations that they descend from a combination of hunter-gatherers and Agriculturists that eventually brought with them rice farming from southern china uh, korea, which is the koreans. I suppose are very Genetically close to the japanese this pattern was also found there They haven't really tracked down this wave of agricultural people that came across and mixed with the hunter-gatherers So they're still searching for that Uh, so yeah, they found hundreds of stonobone tools carbonized wood from a former Dwelling and woven wild grass was one of the earliest examples of textile Where they found the incomplete bodies of five humans best samples for analysis from devils gate were obtained from the skulls of two females And one in her early 20s the other close to 50 the site that they're looking at dates back to about 9 000 years But the women estimated to have died around 7700 years ago Uh, they were able to glean Most from the middle-aged woman her dna revealed. She likely had brown eyes thick straight hair Almost certainly lacked the ability to tolerate tolerate lactose but was Unlikely to have suffered from alcohol flush a skin reaction to alcohol, which is now very common across east asia The devils gate samples showed high genetic affinity to the ouchi fishermen from the same area who speak tangusic language They are also uh close to other tangusic speaking populations in present-day china such as the organ and Hesgen Interesting So this is very different than uh, sort of the The ancient peoples of europe where there were there was lots of turnover All right, the hunter-gatherers completely got replaced by the farmers and then people came in with horses and kind of Changed that population again. There was a lot of of turnover Uh in this last 5 000 years let alone eight 9 000 cool so, uh, I guess we know what time it is now Having come to the end of my segment And requiring a buffer music to enter into the next segment of the show It's time for blairs animal corner Little What's your cop there? I had I was hoping you would bring pom poms Do you guys know about pom poms crabs? No, I don't know. Please tell us. They're the greatest They're teeny tiny little crabs about two centimeters long and they carry an anemone in each claw They're called pom pom crabs or boxing crabs.  So they have stinging cells in them. Oh, I see That's like if you ever if you ever touch an anemone, it feels like it sticks to your fingers The stinging cells are small enough in an anemone that it doesn't actually hurt us But that's how anemones catch their dinner. They actually paralyze fish in their tentacles and pull the fish in I see So for a little crab that might get eaten by little fish Rah rah rah rah get the heck away So I'm here to tell you Anemone anemones Anem anemone anemones I guess the anemones So there's not a lot known about these crabs. They're called libya crabs There's not a lot known about them mainly because they're very tiny They're extremely hard to find because their camouflage is fantastic and They're they're difficult to hold in a lab. There's all sorts of barriers to studying these guys. So even though they're actually pretty common in Uh hobbyist Aquariums people like the way they look There just hasn't been a whole lot of research on them The most recent research actually found that the relationship between the two species was not as Let's say symbiotic as they expected they actually Stunt the growth of the anemones Ha, that's what I was wondering. We don't know if that's intentional or not But that's what they figured out in a previous study in 2013 this study Was specifically looking at how they acquire those anemones So this was a study published in pier j and it was from yair to at bar ilan university in israel and They were looking at the specific types of anemones. They found that they belong to a genus alicia They think it might be a new species And what's especially interesting is they pretty much couldn't find this species not attached to a crab They couldn't find this anemone anywhere, but in the hands of the crabs The study found that these crabs So i'm crab a let's say I have my two anemones Crab b doesn't have any anemones comes wrestles me No, no no steals one of my anemones So then we each have One anemone and then I take my little crabby claw And I snip snip snip snip snip snip snip snip away at the anemone till I have two anemones And then within a few days They essentially clone themselves they regenerate so they're two genetic clones of the same anemone So in this way two crabs end up with four anemones where only one crab had two, right? So they saw this in the lab They had about a hundred crabs and they saw this time and time again in the lab The way they then tested if this is actually what was happening in the wild They went back out and they did genetic testing on the anemones in Claws crabs and they found that they were all Exact genetic clones Hmm in their claws So even though there were variances from crab to crab each crab had two of the exact same anemone They'd all been snipped in half. They'd all been snipped in half So and they don't know because again, they didn't find this anemone On the seafloor anywhere. So so who was the first crab who crab and anemone? And then did the other crabs go? Hey, that was a great idea. I'm gonna steal your anemone and did that become a crab behavior I mean, is this something that Was like a crab sweetly Floating through the sea and decided to pick a sea anemone And then it started the whole process or what happened? How did this come to be? Right. So it's possible that this entire species of anemone Only lives in the claws of crabs It's possible That's it. That's where they are now the the rest of them Didn't make it. They just have to get lucky Some say that jellyfish the close relative to anemones are immortal because they can go through their life phases over and over and over Right, so it's possible that these anemones It's actually all from one ancestor. It was grabbed up in the claws. Wow I'm just impressed with how many times you said anemones anemone. It's almost like I used to work in an aquarium Anemone, it's not an enemy. It's not your enemy. Your enemy is not an an anemone Anemone your enemy is not an anemone Yeah, boxer crabs. Let's talk about something much more horrifying Oh, no, are you ready? It's kind of an amazing story already. Yeah. No, I love the pom-pom crabs This is terrifying. Are you ready for this? Hashtag nightmare juice deranged cannibal hamsters Da The european hamster Is a species that is quickly Disappearing across western europe. It's critically endangered chrysettis chrysettis Is this french this european hamster in france And they have found a very weird phenomenon the population is plummeting Right around where there's a lot of agriculture There's some sort of imbalance happening. So They were looking at What the hamsters were eating They found Something kind of interesting in the areas that were specifically growing a lot of corn They took hamsters to test this theory They took hamsters and they fed them different diets The normal diet for a hamster A little bit of grain a little bit of roots a little bit of vegetables Maybe even a little bit of insects a nice balanced diet But now they're concerned university of strawsburg and matilde tissier Was interested in looking at if it if it was the the monotonous diet If they were just eating a whole bunch of corn and this was causing Essentially a population collapse What they found was something much more disturbing than that What they found Was that when they were fed a corn-based diet Less pups Were reaching weaning age about four fifths of pups born to mothers We eating wheat and clover Made it to weaning age But when they were given Just corn Only about five percent of baby hamsters made it to adulthood Why those poor little hamsters were they malnourished and they just didn't make it This is what was happening the females were not only not feeding their babies They would move the babies and stored them with their hordes of maize and corn And then ate them While they were still alive Additionally when the researchers would enter the room These hamsters started climbing and pounding on the feeders They had swollen dark tongues and their blood was so thick It was difficult for researchers to draw blood That sounds terrible. It also sounded very familiar It sounded like black tongue syndrome in dogs Also known as pelagra In humans, it's known as 3d disease The 3d's are diarrhea dementia and dermatitis This this syndrome in humans has also been associated with higher rates of homicide Suicide and cannibalism What? In humans, yeah, and this is all due to a b3 deficiency Wow, don't eat just corn people don't eat just corn put down The corn chips. This is what I had to do. I was reading the story. I was eating popcorn and I went I'm good A diet of only popcorn not so healthy for you a diet of only corn chips Not so healthy for you a diet of just corn on the cob Not so healthy for you. You will eventually start eating other people Yeah Or if your hamster you'll start eating your babies. Oh my goodness. Well, the 3d's are worse enough Diarrhea dementia and dermatitis Yeah, we don't even need to get to the cannibalism. That's enough to be like Maybe eat a salad but Pelagra was actually a disease that wiped out about 3 million people in north america And europe from the mid 18th to the mid 20th century. I'd never heard of this, but apparently it was a real thing People are just eating too much corn It was a vitamin b3 deficiency So the way for them to finally test definitively if this is what was happening to the hamsters they started feeding hamsters a b3 supplemented corn diet and miraculously all of this stuff went away Nice, so this this is this is terrifying and crazy and interesting but really the The significance of this study Reminds us how bad monoculture is Monoculture is terrible That's where you grow one crop over very large swaths of land and we do forever Yeah industrial farm industrial agriculture and we do this in america We've got huge corn fields Yeah, because if my company is known for corn, I got to sell corn So crop rotation is really important. This isn't the first time we've talked about this and it's important for the health of the soil it's important for The the balance of the ecosystem and now we've learned also it's important for the wild animals that live on the edges of the crops Yes, because if they're coming in Oh, yeah, so this all My corn flakes are made out of spinach.  Yeah, that would be really bad for a population Aside from terrifying not good for the ecosystem. Oh hamsters. Hopefully. Yeah I mean aside from Yeah, not just crop rotation, but also interspersing other plants within within the The crop allowing certain weeds to pop up and to exist there Which helps your crops in the long run. It maintains healthier soil So you don't have to pay money for fertilizers that will help keep your soil where it needs to be And it can help with pest regulation as well. Maybe we should just spray fields with vitamin b3 That could help in the short run, right Fascinating. Wow. Well, I hope everybody out there is eating a balanced diet. I mean we're trying We're trying to bring you the balanced science science diet here Stay tuned for more. We've got some more stories coming up after the break. This is this week in science Hey, everyone. Just want to say Thank you for ordering all of our calendars. I have taken the link off of the website We are sold out and it's because of you. Thank you for ordering so many calendars and It's I hope everybody enjoys them Take a look at your calendar tomorrow's groundhog day. It says it on the calendar. It does if you look at your calendar You can see it right there also If you're interested, you didn't have the time to get a twist calendar But you want to help support twists and help keep us going You know what you can do you can head over to twist.org because over at twist.org We have a link to our zazzle store. 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We could not do this show without you Your astral projections are coming along The chakra and she are both growing in struggle Your cold disappeared after just nine short days All face to the words on the whole earth displays Now due to the juices and pills and the creams The body's lost toxins whatever that means You've stopped eating all of that sinister food Your dinner tastes awful. So it's gotta be good And we're back with more this week in science Booyah look at lots of science Justin. It's your turn. What you got? Uh, there was once a vibrant Native American agrarian culture that lived in the urban settlements from the Ohio River Valley to the Mississippi River Valley. This was this was at a time Uh dating back What would it be now? Uh, 12 1300 years. This was Huge population going back a time. This was one of the largest population centers on the planet earth one of the largest sort of connected civilizations on the planet at the time But it vanished poof gone and and not due to But before the european invasion New study researchers reconstructed and analyzed 2100 years of temperature and precipitation data And it's pointing a finger now at a climate change is the culprit for the disappearance So this was this was a farming culture agrarian All right, they They grew crops. They shared crops the what's called urban settlements is sort of Lots of little groupings of villages that were connected through roads and they traded with each other and they had a Very complex society of lots of art and that sort of thing But they did not Have irrigation They relied on the rain for their crops So they uh looked through and they looked at uh proxies of prehistoric temperature and precipitation that was preserved Finally in layered lake sediments Which is you can sort of like it uh You can go down to a bottom of a lake that hasn't been disturbed and check out the soil layers Over time and it can give you a very good idea of things like precipitation and climate and what was going on As those layers of sediment drifted to the bottom and formed the bottom of the lake You can it's sort of like looking at tree rings and away, but you can if you have a well preserved lake You can actually go back Well, you know, you're stuck with the age of a tree when it comes to trees Uh, but with lakes you can sometimes in in is in this case. They went back about 2,100 years They found that uh, there was abrupt climate change that took place from the lake records We saw that abundant rainfall and consistent good weather supported Mississippian society as it grew changed and uh at some point making the agriculture Therefore unstable So you would have these dry periods and you know a dry period really if you're relying on your crops Uh for For i mean you're relying on rainfall for your crops, you know one season Of of bad, you know a drought or a couple seasons or what we just went through in california would have been enough to devastate a culture It says uh here this is uh Researchers name is bird on this. He's saying archaeologists have recognized that from 1300 Onward mississippian villages started disappearing one after the other almost like light bulbs in the string But the question has always been why? Actually, this is dr. Wilson. Uh, dr. Bird and his students have shown that the lake sediment evidence during the period known as the little ice age From 1300 1800 there was a profound change in climate to the colder and drier conditions And would have negatively impacted the growing of maize around the mississippian villages Which is also sort of interesting, you know that they maybe maybe part of Maybe he didn't hear the last story. Maybe a good uh, yeah, maybe a good part of the uh Maybe it was partly climate change. Maybe it was too much corn like that could have also contributed on some level perhaps Uh, but yeah, you know, this is they're saying important for us to understand how past civilizations coped with climate change I mean counter things like changing precipitation patterns and temperatures that appear to be rising around the world today So there was as the culture waned researchers found there were lower temperatures. We got colder significantly less summer rainfall Uh during the rise of the culture And they attributed this to more el menial like conditions in the pacific ocean and cooling during the little ice age Which altered atmospheric circulation such that moisture delivered to the midwest Was derived from the northwestern us instead of the Gulf of mexico And was the case during the mississippian's rise and the longer transport distance of pacific air masses during the little ice age Left less moisture available for rainfall in the midwest Resulting in drought conditions that undermined agricultural production Yeah, and the and the big point here is how reliant is Agriculture corn farming specifically in the midwest today on rainfall versus irrigation How um, you know the the dust ball decimated agricultural practices uh through the through the through the midwest But um, you know, how How is this area this mississipp this ohio river valley mississipp mississippie river valley now Going to be you would think by drought. You would think that in this modern age irrigation infrastructure Is how we farm the midwest But as it turns out Canada just relies on rainfall So all the corn that we like for our tortillas and tortilla chips Say adios Yeah, silver lining of global warming Uh less corn production, uh lower rates of cannibalism in the US Less of 3d also Yeah, less 3d. Absolutely. Oh good gracious. I've got a story about the love hormone Oh Yeah, you guys remember oxytocin. Of course good old oxy Love hormone. Well oxytocin has a lot more function rather than just bonding and bringing Humans together in intimate relationships. Um, it's also involved in water balance and um, it's closely closely related to another molecule called vasopressin which also acts as a hormone in the body Um, anyway, researchers have been trying to Figure out so pregnant women Sometimes they birth their children prematurely and we don't really understand what happens in the musculature to lead to the contractions that lead to premature birth of children Part of it is a change in oxytocin and vasopressin levels that lead to those contractions where that Labor's coming contractions are happening. This is an oxytocin led thing um So researchers have been kind of looking for something that could work in combination with oxytocin and vasopressin and possibly act as an inhibitor For vasopressin because if maybe if you could block the action of these molecules that are affecting water balance and also blood supply and contractility Of the uterus Maybe it would stop these contractions from taking place and stop a lot of premature births So maybe if you could block it, but we don't have a blocker. We don't have a really good Way to block just this vasopressin or we could block something very specifically So these researchers are like, yeah, let's Let's not look at vasopressin itself. Let's go back 600 million years through evolution and look at another form of a similar molecule to oxytocin Which is actually called inotocin And it's found in insects You know insects have love hormone also and insects need love too Maybe that's why chocolate makes people feel like they're So many insects that fall in at the bottom little insects in the chocolate. That's right So these researchers in vienna were able to isolate this inus inotocin from ants They got this neuropeptide from ants. It's really closely very similar to oxytocin Very closely related to this vasopressin. They slightly modified it chemically They're like, oh look, we've got this this molecule. Let's just change it. I'll change it up a little bit And they were able to create a stable highly selective inhibitor of the human vasopressin v1a receptor So basically it's highly selective meaning that it really only Connects to the vase of this vasopressin v1a receptor and inhibit inhibits it It blocks the effects that this receptor would normally have So if normal vasopressin comes along and wants to start contractions in the uterine wall It can't because the key's in there's a key in the lock. The lock is broken, right? The receptor won't open So they tested it on human uterine tissue and it effectively inhibited muscular contractions And so now they're wondering can we develop this and will it be something that we can use clinically to Stop this kind of stuff from happening. Could it also be used? They're also thinking it could be used Because vasopressin is involved in brain and cardiovascular system Maybe it could be used to treat anxiety aggression depression congestive heart failure stroke menstrual pain Bug juice, maybe there are also kidney issues water retention issues Give me that bug juice. Give me give me the bug. Give me that love hormone from the bugs. That's what I want Could solve a whole lot of problems. Maybe we'll see give me the juice Give me that 600 million year old juice from the bugs From the love bugs. Yep. Yep Justin, do you have another story? I do uh, let's see. Where did I put this here? I'm putting it into the uh There we go This is uh, okay, so art is old Uh, and we keep finding evidence of it the further and further further back we go This is an international team of anthropologists. They've uncovered a 38 000 year old engraved image in southwestern france and a french rock shelter This is now the Some of the earliest known graphic imagery found in western eurasia And they're saying this can offer some insight into the peoples who made it the discovery sheds new light on regional pattering of Art and ornamentation across europe at a time when the first modern humans to enter europe Dispursed westward and northward across the continent explains nyu anthropologist randall white Who's also the leader of the excavation efforts in france the findings appear in the journal quarterly international And it's the center from the center an early modern human art Our recognition culture our nation culture existed approximately 43 000 to 33 000 years ago So these are really some of the This is pretty early into the uh into the into europe the Folks i guess these would these be these must be the hunter gatherers that uh got replaced. So these aren't the people who are They're now these aren't the ancestors of modern europeans Uh, but they uh, and they likely would have these are people who likely would have lived Uh, be current with neanderthals in some of these regions Uh abri blanchard at the french site Recently uncovering graving a slab bearing a complex image of a wild cow surrounded by rows of dots Was excavated early in the 20th century But the the whiteness team members began their methodical exploration of remaining deposits of site in 2011 With this discovery initially occurring in 2012 He can uh contends that A rignation art offers a window into the lives and minds of its makers and into into the society That they created following their arrival from africa groups of modern humans Settled into western and central europe showing broad commonality in their graphic expression Against which more recognized characters did stand out this pattern fits well within the social geography models Let's see art and personal ornamentation is markers of social identity At regional group and individual levels. They also found some other stuff there as well human artifacts bearing symbolism hundreds of personal ornaments That included pierced animal teeth pierced shells ivory soapstone beads engravings and paintings on limestone slabs so art To think people been really into for a long time Yeah, and if they actually found like ivory and they're definitely trading With other areas not necessarily right because Huh, well, I mean When when exactly did the the last mammoth uh or mast on I wouldn't have considered that. Yeah. Yeah, maybe okay All right. Yeah. All right trying to see a cow on this rock It's it's because you're color No So I guess it's all the same color the back right and then on the right side. There's horns I guess I can kind of see it And then so I was thinking I was thinking about last go because that was the kind of the early cave paintings That everyone always thinks about in france especially and I thought it was way older than they are I just looked it up. They're 17 000 years before common era that's It's not that long ago I thought those were Way older than that and these are that blows that out of the water.  That's some pretty ancient art right there So I guess I can cut it some slack for not looking super like Well, we're also missing the bottom of it. We're missing the legs Like it was probably more of it at some point. Yeah. No, I'm I'm being silly but definitely But I wonder if those dots were like pattern pattern nation of like what they were seeing Um, like what what what did the wild cow look like 38 000 years ago and well, clearly it was polka dotters It was bad polka dots. Yeah It was a spot. It was like leopard zebra cow. Yeah Yeah, with no, well, there's obviously been some erosion. Yeah. Yeah over 38 000 years Oh my gosh, 38 000 years later and there's still a critic Oh my goodness, um Something else that has been going on for a long time is communication, right? We've got bacteria communicating with each other creating these big communities We got to learn more about how they communicate with each other, right? One reason is can we disrupt that communication and maybe mess up their communities and You know, maybe get rid of microbial mats that cause Infection hazards for humans cause disease hazards for people This would be something good to know it Can we benefit their communication to get them to grow more in situations where we'd love them to grow more There's a lot we don't understand But bacteria have been communicating together for a very long time so Some researchers at the University of Tranto In italy and the institute for bioscience and biotechnology research at the university of maryland Have created artificial cells To communicate with bacteria Artificial cells these are cells little Not complete cells not like here's a fake bacterium, but it's it's like Missing some stuff, but basically they were able to create this little Artificial cells synthetic cell That and as they introduce it they say artificial cells are encapsulated chemical systems that mimic cellular life Most attempts at making artificial cells have focused on building some type of self-replicating system Although self-replication is an important feature of life as we know it self-replication alone is insufficient Criterion for assessing how life like a chemical system is And so what they did is they created They mimicked cellular life to see if they could get it to communicate with bacteria could they Get a cell a fake cell to sense bacterial chemicals And synthesize these quorum signaling molecules these molecules that at a certain level Get bacteria to change their behavior And they did so they were able to get these uh This these artificial cells to communicate chemically with bacteria Called v fischeri v. Harvey I E coli and p aeruginosa They assessed their activity by fluorescence luminescence a lot of other things rana sequencing And they explained that they basically tried to imitate natural cells by a kind of cellular touring test You know the touring test Can a robot or an ai system fool a human into thinking it's a human This was for bacteria. Could they get their artificial cell? To get the bacteria to think it was a real bacteria Yeah, so I like that they described it in an analogy to the touring test. Um, so they were They were uh synthesizing these cells were synthesizing and releasing a compound called n3 oxo hexon hexanoil homo serine lactone And this chemical had a high degree of likeness to natural v fischeri fischeri Under test simulations. And so they were really able to get this thing to sense v fischeri and and in response Create degrade a quorum signaling molecule p aeruginosa Um, yeah, so anyway, this lays the basis for communicating with bacteria in the future In the future we will not speak to aliens. We will speak to bacteria. Mm-hmm. I think that's really cool We're doing uh, we're doomed. No, this will keep us from being doomed We need to be able to talk to the bacteria to be able to work with them a little bit, but what if they start talking back No back talk no bacterial smack talk I'm not gonna accept that Uh blare you had a couple of stories. Oh, I just had one left. I'm saving another one for next week.  We're gonna talk about jumping spiders you guys Your favorite. Oh jumping spiders What makes them special? They have a dance that they do and that dance different species have different dances, right? Yes, and that dance They use to woo female spiders There are a couple groups of these jumping spiders that on top of their fancy dance Have quite the spectacular coloration. There is of course the peacock spider In australia and there's lots of subspecies of that. There's the skeletor in the sparkle muffin and we've talked all about those And then there are jumping spiders in north america that also have bright coloration what researchers from university of pittsburgh and UC's department of biology looked at Was how exactly can spiders see these colors? Because normally spiders can only see drab Greens and browns and blacks Poor spiders not being able to see the full color of the of the world. I wonder what that might be like I wonder anyway Researchers wanted to see how this was happening because if all other spiders and there are lots of spiders on the planet But as far as we can tell they can't really see these bright colors So how are they able? How do they use these bright colors? They can't have them unless The females can see them. Why would they have them otherwise? So how can they see these colors the long and short of it is that The that they actually these two groups do it completely different Habronatis from north and central america and Maratis the peacock spiders from australian australia do it completely different the one of them actually have A red filter. Habronatis the the north and central american. They have a red filter over their normal photoreceptors to create a third type of photoreceptor cell predominantly sensitive to which is predominantly sensitive to red light So it's kind of like you add different Lenses over a light and you mix two to make another color right Maratis the peacock spider uses no filters at all But has two additional types of photoreceptors just innately in their eyeballs One is blue sensitive and one is red sensitive Which is why those spiders have even more vibrant colorations the the north and central american ones They'll have them mostly on their petty palps their front and their front legs And then the peacock spiders are the ones that have the flip up bit that is quite vibrant So all of those that what that tells us is a couple of things one These are not related elements and these two Groups these two genuses of these spiders are not very related They like it to them being as related to each other as we are related to hyenas So they're not super duper related They're all in the jumping spider family, but family is pretty far up on the On the scale of genetics. So that's definitely In terms of the family tree of spiders, they're not super closely related So it's not surprising that they're so different and that this is in fact a convergent trait What makes it especially interesting Is that the researchers who looked at this have reason to believe It's very interesting to me that they may use colors and color reception as a sexual selection technique now But the researchers believe that actually the sophisticated color vision came from wanting to forage more effectively To be able to find other insects that stand out from the Greenery yes, and also avoid the most dangerous ones Absolutely, so they think that this is kind of a an interesting coincidence that both of these genuses found This ability to use color full sexual selection as a result of a as a result of A a trait they gained for foraging now the video that we're watching I've actually watched this entire video shocking at six minutes long He goes through quite a lot here, but he's on the whole spoiler alert unsuccessful Yeah Poor guy. He really dances his heart out He's a cute one with red and green and some orange in there. He looks brown to me He's got some pretty He's got some pretty colors Blair if he's if you can't see them.  Yeah So this whole time I thought I was like, oh I wonder why they didn't pick one of the colorful groups for their video Why did they pick a jumping spider that dances that doesn't have colors this whole Article is about the colorful speed. It's just the colors you can't see I'm sure they're real pretty No, we will end the spider color vision because they're obviously does not have these Uh modifications. No, I don't have photoreceptors or a new filter No photoreceptors no new filter Not at all But you know what we're gonna look at now. We're gonna talk a little bit about the newest bat on the block I mean the newest bot on the block Is bat bat bot Is it like this good What which guy Doesn't look like a batman wearing a duck inflatable. Nope We're talking about bats like bats that fly through the sky At night and these bats that fly through the sky at night They've got these beautiful long limbs the bones that have membrane membrane is skin between the Between the different parts of the wings to allow flight and there are Many many joints over 40 joints in the wings And so they've been modeling it And they've created a flying robot. That's not heavy 93 grams And it can fly So Maybe Maybe it can fly Like with the drones. I don't know But so the video right now is demonstrating that this bat can flap its wings and fly straight It can also dive and it can make banking turns That's what's being demonstrated at the moment The the fact that they're having it fly over like a large amount of netting Uh sort of like it so it doesn't break the ground What you might expect from somebody doing a high wire act It's only flying over that it may not have perfected landing It has not perfected landing and that is that's you caught one of the main points It has not perfected landing at this point. Um, that's something that they're That they'll have to work on but this is um, have you guys ever have you ever played with the Those wind up birds with the wings that flap They're like toys for kids and they have a piece of very light plastic film that that covers the wing and you wind it up and the The wings beat and you throw it and it's able to fly. Yeah a bit This is kind of expanding on that idea studying how the bat's wings actually Uh, are manipulated to allow different kinds of flight different maneuvers in flight because bats are incredibly maneuverable Yeah, and that's also sort of what's what's really impressive about this to me is that the the amount of articulation in that wing Uh more so than like some of the other, you know bird representations that we've seen which are also extremely impressive Um, it's just sort of like standard flapping have wings It's just taking place and bird models but the the articulations within that Bird wing and I mean that bat wing and some of the maneuvering that they're getting out of it's pretty awesome It's very awesome. And so, uh, yeah more study to find out More about how the bat wing works and maybe this will be complementary to like I said the drones in the sky being able to uh, maybe you know, I don't know probably going to end up being like the next DARPA tool Actually, you know the bats they're with their camera eyes And recording things having night vision doing recordings from the from the sky on the on the On the wing Anyway, that's going into That's going into a dystopian view of the world in the future What I'd like to that's what's doing it. I'd like to end on That's what's doing the dystopian view of the future just sprinkling corn everywhere Go bats. That's what it's doing. It's a bat sprinkling corn all over the place. That's right okay positive note for the end those of you who are interested in Supporting science as this country moves forward A date has been set for the march for science on washington dc It is set for april 22nd It's not on our calendar But if you do have a twist calendar, you can write it on there if you are interested put it on there They have a website. They have a twitter account and a public facebook page if you are interested in looking for March for science These are people not marching for scientists This is not hey scientists are marching in the streets. No, this is for evidence evidence-based reasoning. This is for Science the process that allows us to have one of the least biased views of the world Also all medicine. So there's that Is underpinned all technology is underpinned by science Also, it's not in march. It's gonna be in april. It's going to be in april You guys, do you know what april 22nd is? It's the perfect day for the science march because that's Earth day earth day and so much about the earth and what we're learning about Science, you know science is unraveling the mysteries of the earth for us So there is a march on washington dc But there will be marches across the country and potentially around the world in addition And if you are interested in finding out if there is a march near you You can look for information look for march for scientists March for science. Sorry march for science On your web browser search for march for science and go to their website Go to their facebook page twitter find out if someone's organizing one near you if nobody is and you'd like to You can sign up to organize one yourself Yeah, this is this weekend science. Have we done it? Have we reached the end of the show? I think we did it. I think we have I think we have come to the end of our show This is one of the most exciting moments because Every time we come to the end of the show I read the names of the patrons And i'm going to try To reach to read the names of the patrons once again What you can too because we now have A video That allows you to watch it. 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Please let us know We will be back here next week And we hope you'll join us again for more great science news And if you've learned anything from the show remember It's all in your head The simple device This week in science science Science this week in science This week in science science I've got one disclaimer and it shouldn't be news That what I say may not represent your views, but I've done the calculations and I've got a plan If you listen to the science, you may just that understand But we're not trying to threaten your philosophy We're just trying to save the world from jeopardy This week in science is coming away So everybody listen to everything we say and if you use our methods to get a roll and a die We may rid the world of toxoplasma got the eyes This week in science This week in science science science This week in science This week in science science science Got a laundry list of items I want to address From stopping global hunger to dredging Loch Ness I'm trying to promote more rational thought and I'll try to answer any question you've got The help can I ever see the changes I seek when I can only set up shop One listen to what we say This week in science this week in science This week in science science science This week in science this week in science This week in science science science science This week in science this week in science That was boxing. We got science You're boxing with pom poms now. They're they're called pom pom crabs. They're also called boxing crabs With boxing boxing crabs with their pom pom anemone pom Ha I got a pom pom for you right in your kisser right in the kisser kisser. Yeah, I have pom poms Do I have shiny golden blue pom poms. I have non shiny plastic pom poms. I have lots of pom poms And a cheerleading uniform I don't true I was in the band I was in the band too. I did I did all of the things that were not I tried so hard I was like, I'm gonna do cheerleading. I'm gonna do band. I'm gonna do choir. I'm gonna do drama I'm gonna do school yearbook Man high school I did it all There's just an a million zillion bands Oh, yeah, we only had We had two we had marching band and concert band We had concert band jazz band Um, we had the pep band. So that was like marching band, but we just sat in the stands and then Um, we and then I was in a community music center jazz band and I was in a funk band Oh All at the same time We got the funk. Yeah. Yeah, we got the funk We got the funk That's the one I like the best Little bit of funk Ed I can I can Still fit into my cheerleading outfit. I wear it as a halloween costume or to costume parties now on occasion That's great I told you my favorite use of the cheerleading costume. I put a pillow Oh, that's good. And when is a pregnant cheerleader? Oh That was a fun one Making fun of adolescent pregnancies. Oh, yeah, you know it tasteless halloween costumes 101 Oh my goodness Excellent, what is the picture that has been shown? What is strength? What is this picture? Oh dear? Whoa Ah, there's so much there. Yeah, I need to turn that off Today I went on a So we were talking earlier we brought up kind of the uh curiosity about stuff and propensity for falling for fake news and alternative facts and lies But I've been finding you know the last three days, right or been trying very hard to keep up with what's going on Trying very hard to keep up I'm finding it really very difficult. I mean even for I mean I I'm skeptical. I'm trained in science. I'm I look for evidence, right? Should I look for the hard evidence and what's actually happening? I don't know what the hell is going on I Know the actions that have been taken. I know what but I'm trying to figure out the underlying story And that's where I have not gotten yet So, uh, uh, yes, tell this is the shock and awe phase Yeah, it is so it is there is a lot of You know the the amount of things going on as it were Uh, so rapidly without discussion I mean it's it's being done without discussion amongst the people who usually have quite a bit of input on making a decision Right the the the actions are being taken without experts who have had a chance to vet any of these moves So of course, there's not a whole lot Of they're there because there hasn't been discussion of what this this the results of any of it would be What what you're looking at though is is fundamentally a viewpoint of one person who from the news that they've read Think that they've got the world figured out To the point where they can make these, you know drastic take these drastic actions and and and and and again Because there's no conversation about it. We don't know if there is a desired result Right, or just these are all major reactions to something somebody has seen in the news or a story that they once heard It's it's all absolutely ridiculous and preposterous and and shouldn't be Able to none of this should be going on frankly, uh you you have Within this country, we have created a system our forefathers were brilliant They created a multi-headed system of government That by its nature was a slow-moving bureaucracy And the power of that is always been that you can't take a drastic Departure from the fundamentals of what this country are or what this country has agreed upon uh In in a short period of time without a good fight of words about it, but but because Because the houses of government have all fallen under one party that has been operating regardless of the the Regardless of of having taken a look at anything deeply has has been trained and working under the impulse that that being lockstep and party loyalty is above all other concerns, uh, and so This is the result you get this is the exact opposite result you that the forefathers wanted They didn't they never they they tried to create a government that prevented this sort of stuff from taking place so quickly without fight without argument without conversation and Because we have one party rule at the moment It's it's as if it were you know one party rule versus being under The the throes of a monarchy or something of this nature or even a you mean closely symbolized to a dictatorship um isn't that far off so Uh, there needs to be uh, what's taking place and i've been very proud of my fellow americans in in every protest in every march and every show of force and In in the state of california, which i was born into and raised Has been signaling that it's going to be putting up quite a fight Against the federal policies and now you know, we it'll be the democrats turn to take up state rights to to uh To go up against things that they see on the federal level is is is unfair Yeah, one thing i would i mean the one thing that is bothering me the most on both sides Is the name calling and the outright aggression I mean i will say there were two protests here in portland one on friday night to protest trump and it was a protest against trump and um people came out with uh black hooded sweatshirts hiding their faces with baseball bats and lead pipes and Were stopping traffic and were aggressive and we're basically there to cause trouble and I've been seeing that kind of activity online as well and with people just You know, yes, you're outraged you're angry things didn't go your way, but being mean to Well, okay, but they're quote-unquote. Nope. I'm not done yet being mean to their quote-unquote social media neighbors You know, it's going both ways in that sense But then on saturday was the women's march completely peaceful no aggression no arrests Nothing, you know, it was and it was that way almost almost everywhere And so I just want to it was a stark juxtaposition of the two ways that we can choose to be And I would like to implore people who are watching this show right now To choose to be better To not name call you can be angry. You can still fight with words. You can still you can still be strong in your position But name calling takes you down to the basest common denominator and you need to be better than that It's fair Okay, um, there's there's that side of that argument No, jeez There's the other side of the argument which is The the policies that are quickly being uh instituted bandied about some of them actually are in play They're hurting people Yes, and calling people names is not going to get anything done any faster calling your neighbor Some terrible name Is not going to fix things is not going to make things any better. It's going to make the situation worse You are not going to be able to have decent discourse With your neighbors who maybe don't share the same view as you the minute you start attacking the minute you start name calling You lose all chance of conversation Okay, but you're talking about I this I'm not talking about like yes be nice to your neighbor like Don't do that Like somebody asked a question. Um, my cousin posted something somebody made a snarky comment From the concert from a conservative perspective related to what my cousin wrote and then somebody else jumped in like my cousin Um, you know, he gets impassioned about things but started and started kind of having an impassioned Discussion with this guy back and forth and then somebody else jumped in and just started name calling mean names just completely just like Pushing the it just derailed any discussion as impassioned as it was from taking place We don't need that Yeah, and that's not what I was of course talking about. Okay. I'm glad that I'm That's what I wanted. This is what I was talking about. This is what I was bringing up Yeah, but uh But on the campus of berkeley tonight Yeah, uh, somebody from breitbart who has openly been name calling towards, you know, uh the lgbt community And and mocking the women's march and and been a name name calling and whose former boss is now Basically the man behind the curtain Uh at the white house Was going to give one of his Alt-right speeches at berkeley and they shut it down and it was the the protesters took the barricades That were around where the speech was going to be given where people are supposed to line up and walk through them They took them and they threw them through the windows Uh of of the student, uh, whatever student assembly office building, whatever it was. Um And that's something I do support I mean, there's a point where there's a point where where you're giving No, you're giving look you you've got to stop giving the platform to the people who are just doing the name calling and the belittling And targeting individuals americans, you know targeting muslims targeting lgbt community And you have to I think aggressively Take a stance on it and say not in my community And so i'm very proud of what took place in berkeley tonight. I i'm not I I can say yes You protest you take a stand you blockade a door so that nobody can get in You don't destroy property If it comes to that why start a fire why burn things why break windows if that no You're destroying your own community Well, I i'm not saying burn your community down, but i'm saying like yeah I I disagree That that you need to give voice to all of these these haters out there and this and this guy who's been going fellow americans And and then now in the halls of power they're banning uh people from allies from coming in they You know to this country and they were we're at a point where We do need to make a I think there need to be Yes, there need to be statements made there needs to be continued pressure on the politicians to listen and to Uh, maybe moderate their decisions as opposed to just going down a the partisan path, right? And then yes people like I I don't understand why these events uc davis the event got shut down. Um The way this guy was going to to speak. Um, I don't understand why university campuses are you know allowing these I mean, it's it's free speech groups can bring whomever to speak.  Um Oh my gosh, he's written a couple of articles recently just specifically that are he's he's a he's one of the um the pro men Promoters, you know like for what what do they call it online the commons rights? Oh, men's rights. Yeah, he's a men's rights promoter And so he wrote an article arguing that uh since women Spend less time um in their careers spend less time in their careers because of things like having children and maybe um family Issues that we shouldn't be investing the money into educating women for degrees like medicine being doctors lawyers business professionals that we should just not just you know and also in in the article It's like women have said it themselves that they just can't take the cutthroat environment of the intellectual uh environment So oh boy, he's yeah, and then he's he just came out and said he's making a um he's making a A scholarship for men white men Oh good because they need to a leg up So okay, so College scholarship, right?   Get him out of here.  Yes, but don't destroy property Well, the thing is though like yeah Like like there's there's there were protests for the you know protesting During black lives matter for instance where freeways were stopped or highways were you know Is that is that destruction of property? Well, that's disturbing No, that's not a destruction of property. That's just that is uh, that is Those people probably went to jail a lot longer than somebody who broke a window It's all I'm saying But what I'm so what I'm gonna an An example that I'm gonna bring up so it was it was a window at uc-berkeley, right windows at uc-berkeley uc-berkeley is You know corporate in a in a sense because it's a giant governmental institution with money that can replace the windows, right? It's not going to impact the running of the ship Long term to break a few windows say at uc-berkeley But here in here in portland there have been a lot of there are a lot of angry people in portland. They think There was a port there was a port protest months back In which people went downtown and they rioted and they broke windows and they did almost a million dollars worth of damage and that has to be coughed up by the business owners I mean that is directly affecting. I mean there's some small cafes restaurants people who you don't know Whether they're just barely breaking even to be able to maintain that restaurant space You don't know, you know, these were not big businesses. These were You know some of the windows were Independent local business owners Who then had to suffer the consequences increased insurance rates if their insurance covered it if their insurance didn't cover it They had to cover the costs of the damage to their building You know, this is it's not okay It's not okay to riot and to break windows and to do damage to public to property. It's not okay even public property Yeah, that's your city. That's your community. You're gonna have to pay for it. Disrupt things. Yes civil disobedience fine But stop breaking stuff. That's not cool. I've never understood that that's really People real people suffer the consequences of that the cost of yeah If your car gets exactly fat is saying what about cars they took basketball baseball basketball bats Baseball bats to random people's cars. I mean people had to repair their cars I mean that is just not okay. That's just vandalism. I agree. Yeah, it is vandalism It's vandalism to throw throw things through a window on the Throwing throwing the barricades Through the window to shut down an event when that's what your goal is to shut down the event You know, I I probably wouldn't have done it but then I might have I can't really say Like that there's why not clean yourself to the doors Look, look, this is there's this is going to be the this is what we're seeing Is is weak one? This is weak one. This is weak one Hey, I am I am more on the side of pacifists, I think non-violent protest Is the best way I I agree. I agree Martin Luther King was on my side Yeah Okay, you're gonna pull that car and he was very successful. I totally agree with you, but I also I also think that there's going to have to be Uh a strong message sent by the peoples of california Now that that none of this is acceptable here. None of this belongs here and and what you're seeing is a lot of really angry people who Who aren't going to allow hate speech? to take place in this state We're gonna fight. Yeah. Yeah yeah Dick tell saying we're debating tactics, which we are we are debating tactics And he says the fundamental question is who gets a forum and to use a university resource you know and In the end I mean it depends if is the university university private public. Is it you know, is our university's bastions of free speech? Big question there. Yeah, absolutely.  I mean, this is This is a conversation that about The about the first amendment that's been going on for a very long time Yeah Yeah, yeah, but I mean is it public is it private universities really except for like u.c. Berkeley It's but that's pretty much public university hate speech falls into a category where it you know You're talking about a type of speech that In its message wants to deny constitutional right to another American but then there's also it's there's the question of is it inciting are these people inciting Action and you don't that is not legal Absolutely it is that's what hate speech is that's the whole point of it No Yeah, anyway Anyway, so anyway, I'm gonna go out smash a couple windows Like to get that in right before bedtime helps me sleep a little sounder Before you go I want to screen share with everyone what I just did What'd you do? um, I There's been quiet in this whole conversation.  I found myself unintentionally giving so much emotional time energy and power to certain things That are at this point Mostly outside of my control And so this week I challenged myself to only go on social media once a day I've been trying to limit it to like a half an hour once a day of just scrolling I can go on and do direct things but in terms of scrolling through and reading bait and Getting upset it was something that I was doing a lot and I'm not I'm not any good to myself To my job to my loved ones to people that I want to give myself to if I Let myself be consumed by this Troublesome Things these troublesome things. So I'm trying to walk the fine line of staying aware And acting when I can While not falling into a terrible pit of despair Um, that being said this is what I just did I'm gonna screen share It's just the tip of the iceberg Or maybe I'm not allowed to screen share and google anymore Let's see. Ah, here we go. All right Gosh this has taken A million years. Okay. Uh, can you see? Okay? I made a nautilus mouse pad I made a banana slug pillow. Nice. I already had the lumbar pillow. Yeah So I fixed the mammoth pillow. It was white on the back before but now it's black on the back It's better and then I added a grizzly bear pillow Cool So new items just to start New item and it looks like right now. There there's 40 off mugs pillows and more site-wide so That's good to know That is so tell your friends buy everyone a pillow In these dark times we could all use a pillow We could all use a pillow a little lumbar support pillow We could all use a little support you guys put it behind your behind your spine. Why not make it from A banana slug or a grizzly bear or a mammoth really do like the mammoth But the banana slug and the bear a little sleeping grizzly. I like that also Yeah Um, let's see what's going on. Oh Uh, we haven't signed any contracts or anything. I don't know if that's gonna happen but I have email confirmation that we will be going to Philadelphia In june I need the dates for that ASAP Philadelphia live show anybody in philly in the audience right now P town When are we going? What is it? Uh-oh We need to move some things around Yes, um, yeah, so it is the young Young innovators festival And the young innovators festival is a kids k-12 a super stem interactive event And it is going to be june 10th and 11th What day are we presenting on do you know? Both days We are going to have a stage Where we will be able to live podcast All day all what? Both days God Oh heck no Twiss mcgetten 2017 folks. That's right two days of live podcasting. Of course we can take breaks in there, but the uh The idea is that we will do have two days at this festival Talking science With people with people from the philly area Okay, so what days do I need off of work? This is what I have to find out right now Um, so I need the I need to the 10th and the 11th and then what one day on either side How many days probably one day on either side? Yeah I don't know. Yeah Okay, yeah, uh, you know possibly I don't know I mean or even just I don't know leave after on the sunday at the end. Okay. Okay. Okay I don't know. Yeah, we'll figure it all out at the timing of it. Oh I'll tentatively take some extra days. We'll see. I just have to I had planned a teen volunteer party for the 10th. Um several months ago I know but before that so like almost a year ago and then after you gave me the date I went to my calendar and I was like Oh, no But I think I might be able to move it. Um, if I can't move it. I think they can do it without me. So Yeah Philly will I'll be there You're a freaking guardless oak andy is from pa If you find yourself near there My mom's from philly, that's not going to be 48 hours of science hot rod. It's not going to be It's going to be the hours of the festival, right? What are the hours of the festival like 10 to 4 or something? Yeah, and we can yeah, we will we will be able to delineate You know when we're on Stage and well, we can work it out. We can look at pee breaks, right? We'll get pee breaks. We won't have to worry about Do I need do I need to bring some science experiments? We could do science experiments. I mean it's a kid's festival So I mean we could um because I got those I'm going to bring. Oh did I bring that stairs? I was going to bring this to san francisco But I got this Yes, I got the mevo camera, which live streams To facebook Immediately so we will be I'll set this up so we can live stream directly look at this Oh, it's cute little camera. It's a little 4k camera Yes, and I can we can hook it into the sound board probably And we'll figure it all out, but it's like it was little tiny camera So I won't have to bring like a giant camera rig And they're going to set us up with microphones and stuff and so then we'll probably just do a little Line out to either an iPad or an iPhone. Do they know who we are? How did they know about it? Well, this is a wonderful story. Um my high school friend Works for them doing pr and marketing And she was like, I know dr. Kiki and she does this show this week in science and she set up a phone call and Then I Talked with them and then we just kept talking and they liked I guess they liked what they heard See To you know guys to you know Yeah, to it refugee. I got to figure out how the internet will be handled at the I have asked that question I haven't gotten the answer yet. I got I got five months to figure that out. So if I then philadelphia should have internet I know nothing about philadelphia in other than like Uh, rocky, I think this one Yeah, so, um, it wasn't my phone It was an ipad that we used for periscope But we did use my periscope account from uh twitter at sf sketch fest That worked and fata uh farahi Downloaded the youtube downloaded the periscope file and then uploaded it to youtube for us That's how that's up there now, which is pretty awesome Is that all good? Yeah, so technology technology, we will figure it all out. We'll make it happen I'm gonna do a whole bunch of shuffling tomorrow and my team make it Great I'm gonna move it. You better move it. I'm moving it And either I'm moving it or my intern is throwing a party without me Monks cafe we must make note of monks cafe Are you looking at philly? Is that what you're looking at? But but dick tell I can get pliny the elder here Yeah, we can get it here, but we're gonna be in there. I'm I literally went to school Right there. She went to school with pliny. I did pliny and I are old like sorority buddies Did you know that pliny's a woman? Yes, oh pliny Monks cafe and philly nice people check it out Yeah, you should be jealous of Blair. Everyone should be jealous of Blair.  Yeah, we need we need to make all sorts of plans I need a camping spot for us to go to for For the eclipse in our what is that the august eclipse the 22nd Okay, so I need to get that off too august 22nd something like that. You got to put that on the calendar because I mean seriously We have to show Is that my count that is the calendar yet every march april made in august No, it's not on this calendar. Okay, both of those are Are On there I think you put the eclipse on the twist calendar I have no idea Oh, I have one We have some in very crinkly cellophane. We're technically sold out We're technically sold out, but I have one still if you're in the san francisco bay area and you want it Or if you're in philadelphia and don't mind I'd love to come to austin Pekar 928 fan I'd love to go to austin and do a live show Never been to austin. I figure out how we can go there. I don't like it How to go to do people who can buy us plane tickets and stuff Yeah, can we get in south by southwest or something? um The total solar eclipse is on the 21st on our calendar Rob the invisible i'm totally staying in oregon for the eclipse, but i'm just trying to figure out where I'm going to be camping for it because I mean I could be in my house, but it would be so much nicer to be out Camping to see the eclipse So Thinking of going Just north of redmond might be I have your calendar in crinkly cellophane fata right next to me Right here Justin has to go You and patrick your calendars. I gotta be it uh in five minutes ago. You got an appointment with a diaper. No No No Yes, the bend area Rob yes All right, but um although selen would be nice. What's funny is I was like looking at luggage today and with my daughter and I was like It's like I something like this for next time. I take a trip So I might go back to go back and get it at some point. All right. Good night everybody And I can I keep you good night blare I'll see you all next week Next week on the second time That's funny. Is it? South by southwest that would be fun When is that Oh, no, I stopped paying attention to south by southwest which is 60 000 people descending on selam Where are all these people coming from because they're going to be 60 000 people near bend and they're going to be 60 000 people in Idaho and It's in march South by southwest is in march so Yeah, they do the for south by southwest for panels They have the panel picker. That's usually some time around June may or june. I think that they start taking proposals. I always miss the date So I haven't been back to south by southwest in many a year Hmm kind of okay with that right twit refugee south by southwest is passe. I've done that. What's just like a big old frat party what I'm all for those of us that haven't been in south by southwest.  It's so over Are you saying burning man is over right now? My head might explode.  That's what I'm doing. What the festival What the festival is that in portland? It's outside of portland about an hour and a half two hours Let's get in that We probably could I know the people who run it so Well, I just said it was about who you know It's all about who you know Yeah, and yes, I don't want to go to austin any later than march. It's too hot there Okay, yes, but I do want to go to austin. That sounds great What the festival is the premier boutique festival? Premiere yes It's so great. What is a boutique festival? It means that it's not huge and It's just really cool. Yeah, I don't know like a boutique festival. You can put it on a little truck Last year, oh my gosh They had a thievery corporation as one of the headliners at wtf The entire band was there. It was the most amazing show. It was so good So good thievery corporation And bonobo bonobo is really good too Some good stuff.   Okay. I like etsy Wait what in austin it was 81 degrees today It's gonna be like 25 degrees tomorrow Which I know is not as cold as some other places That people live who are in our audience There's supposed to be Water falling from the sky here tomorrow. Yeah, you're gonna get water falling from the sky. Yeah, it's snow Oh, what's snow? We're gonna have snow and ice storms What's that? Oh my god And I didn't know what they were until I moved here Why did I move here this winter has been insane? Oh my god I was not coming from central california. I was Not Central northern california. I was really I mean, I've been to tahoe to go skiing It's fun very snow bunny-ish but um Yeah Place that snows I did not sign up to live in a place that snows Like, wow, that's cold Look what happened. It's snowing No Oh, yeah locally sourced gluten-free science. What? Yet no not 25 degrees celsius 25 degrees barenite Because I'm from california originally now living in oregon and now what is this weather? From warm california too Like real warm Yeah, eric and ak you're coming in may awesome. I hope that I hope that the weather's nice by may. I mean One of the big things about the weather here this year is that it at least is like it's not just it hasn't been constant gray It's nice. We have a little storm and then it's a little sun and it's varied. It's just been cold I'm tired of the cold Yes, kai and I are looking forward to the lego batman movie twit refugee I'm so excited. When does that come out? So excited This weekend, right? Does it come out? Does it come out already? Yeah, I think it comes out. Uh, oh maybe next weekend. I was expecting it to come out over the summer Yeah, it's really soon Yeah, it's much better to have The lego batman movie come out over the oscars weekend than super bowl weekend Yeah, huh. I bet that with their logic Huh Yeah, rob the invisible. You know how you know what i'm saying You know What photo did you put up there? Is this like one of your high school band photos? Yeah They were asking what I played And I decided a picture would be worth more than That's brilliant Yes That's actually college that picture college Young college blair No, no blairs young. That was not decades ago. That was maybe a decade one decade um That was that was in roughly. Oh, yeah, that was 10 years ago 10 years ago Yes, when fada played the alto sax in high school, maybe that was decades ago We'll just say it was a decade and here's me not with the saxophone But this was my jazz band uh outfit in high school Nice, I note that you're not screen sharing these No to be up forever Yeah, roars this weather is unusual for portland. It's not supposed to be like this. Oh, yeah, and this one Oh my god, I found some really good Batman tie. Yeah, speaking of Batman Nice I will screen share this one because it's pretty great Oh, it's these are in facebook. So if you're not in either in the facebook to see them So this is um, oh, I like bread This is me in the school newspaper as a senior in high school. Yeah Senior Blair Badzridge blasts smooth jazz tunes for her saxophone along with other members of the jazz band during mod 16 and 17 on monday april 25th in the cradle chanting theater The performance showcased several pieces that the jazz band performed at the spring band concert on wednesday april 27th There we go. That's from the lol There you go Oh the old pictures it's all so good Gotta keep mine hidden forever I feel like I've come so far. It's worth having them visible My dad my dad loves he still has like my high school He has my high school cheerleading photo and my senior photo in his wallet still Oh my gosh, and my parents have my senior photo around embarrass me. He's like, oh man. Have you seen my daughter? Oh You're funny Okay I think maybe I'm hitting my wall now. Yes 1030 action here in The portland, or again, it's sleepy time Sleepy time and maybe time to crawl into a nice warm bed Get some shut eye So that i'm not cranky tomorrow Uh, what did we learn last week on twist? Uh, that sleep's important, but now I can't remember why Oh memory that's right I actually didn't do that on purpose I was talking to someone today about how shift work, uh destroys your telomeres. Remember when we talked about that Yes, I do But if you don't get proper REM sleep You won't remember things or learn things as well. So you need to do that and also sleep is just really good for your overall mood At least it is for mine If I don't get enough sleep, I am Sad kiki Unhappy kiki not sad just unhappy I'm definitely irritable if I don't sleep well. I'm like, I have a very short fuse Yeah, I don't sleep So instead of typing this fata the the reason so I added some pillows, right? But the reason we can't do etsy is that you have to create your own merchandise on etsy Like I would have to make the pillows buy them in bulk store them in my house and then ship them out as people buy them And we could call them artisanal Yes, artisanal or boutique boutique artisanal Our pillows but um on the lovely zazzle they create them as they're purchased That's right. Maybe so we don't have to put forward the capital For things and then only sell one pillow a year and then I go bankrupt Strengths. Oh my god.  Nope kiki's not a cougar yet. Are you kidding me?  Yeah, that's also true But I think also they're like cougars are supposed to be like ooh at least late fifties So that was my understanding of what a cougar is But I thought yeah cougars like have empty nest syndrome And so they get a young boyfriend or something like I used to really enjoy kourtney cox's program Cougar town cougar town Yeah, uh-huh. I really enjoyed that show.  You got to remember things Yeah, rob the invisible. That's why you it's why you can't remember things. You got to sleep people You got to sleep and now We are learning From hot rod Why you don't stay logged into facebook? Wow, they track they can track your Really if you're logged into facebook, can they track your internet usage on other tabs within the browser? I thought google did that and then google chromed Yeah, and then and then like algorithms take that to post ads on facebook I thought it was the other way. I didn't think facebook watched Yeah I don't know. I I need a citation citation needed Citation needed. I need evidence Please I need I'm thinking scientifically and I need evidence Is there a peer reviewed article about this and real evidence? Please not evidence that'll just make me sad Um, someone showed me an article the other day on that they found on facebook a friend of their shared it Of course and all I had to do was read the The The main title and then see the pictures under the caption and I was like that's fake. It was Micro, what's it called when the zika gives you a tiny head microcephaly cephaly microcephaly Unconfirmed to be from What was it? From pesticides not zika virus and it had a picture of like crop dusting as chemtrails And then of course it was on some website that it was like know the real facts and do your And know your own truth calm or something like that like it was clearly somebody's like vlog And it was just it was a picture of a of a of a newborn baby, which I don't even think had Microcephaly. I think it was a premature baby And then it had a picture of crop dusting and I was just That's fake So That's too much Yeah, oh my god Yeah, no, thank you No, thank you.  Nope Um Cougar according to urban dictionary Hmm all of the definitions have been written by men Great good start. Good start so far off to a great start Yeah, so uh first one Top definition an older woman who frequents clubs in order to score with a much younger man The cougar can be anyone from an overly surgically altered wind tunnel victim to an absolute sad and bloated old hornmeister To a real hottie or milk cougars are gaining in popularity particularly the true hotties as young men not only a sexual high but many times a chick with her Stuff together Oh boy That's number two definition says a 35 plus year old female who's on the hunt 35 Yeah, that is way off.  Wow. I really thought cougars were 50s and 60s No, they're here definition number five. We get down to definition number five where it says usually in her 40s or 50s Huh, uh-huh Yeah The final the final definition an older woman who has passed her prime and who is attracted to younger men Often as an act of desperation or as a last resort. Oh, no How about we're just all people? Yeah Eric.  I saw that passage totally could relate to blurbaths The cougar can frequently be seen in a padded bra cleavage exposed propped up against a swanky bar in san francisco Waiting watching calculating gearing up to sink her claws into an innocent young and strapping buck who happens to cross her path Oh boy Yeah, 35 is the new 55 Oh show. Oh my goodness Yeah, right That's great. Men can write everything about women because they're making all our reproductive choices now too, right fata That's great We'll just be here. You'll just be here, you know to bear children Apparently that's what we're for That's it All I'm good for that's what I've learned my many years of extensive study in the sciences communication arts I'm just good We're making a pie Yeah, serena serena williams. She is a She is fantastic.  Yeah, and if you have not seen hidden figures yet By all means get your butts to the theater or you know wait until comes out on itunes or amazon or whatever, but oh my goodness Hidden figures mind-blowing movie just amazing amazing acting brilliant story and just A jaw-dropping story with if you are not aware of some of the things that that women of color went through Even working at nasa um, it was It's based on a book, right? Based on a true story right but it but the movie came after the book Hidden figures the book came first and then said came second. Yes Yeah, but yeah, there's a book you can read and but this is a true story and it Oh my goodness so good I cried I cried multiple times during it was just so it was it was moving emotionally moving But it was it's a happy story. It's a great ending. So it's not like it's like it's not it's not it's not a movie That's gonna be like a downer. This is the this is an uplifting movie about change Yeah, right fada. It's great Oh after I can't bear children anymore. That's when I'm good for sinking claws into strapping young bucks. Oh, okay Good to have that I get it bear claws Uh, whiskey renegade uh, something I I don't know there probably are Alzheimer's sleep studies, but um I'm going to I don't know. I do know that people with Alzheimer's and dementia do not sleep as much They have disrupted sleep Cycles Yeah checks out forget that you're sleeping Mm-hmm. Yeah Yeah All right, you guys time to go Time for us to do it move on up Get that actual sleep that we were discussing and then got distracted from yep and into a whole giant conversation about all sorts of things Yeah flesh out those toxins during sleep So maybe I'll go have a whiskey and then it'll flush out those toxins while I sleep Yeah All right, you guys thank you for watching tonight really appreciate your company really appreciate your attention to the science And for joining us for twist a Blair. Thanks for your pom-poms Uh, happy to oblige Pom-pom pom-pom-pom Pom-pom anemone anemone Anemones are not your enemy. That's right My enemy is not an anemone I live in an anemone Anemone anemone seriously you everybody Right now you need to try saying it three times fast.  You cannot my enemy is not my anemone Anemone anemone anemone anemone is not my anemone We'll be back with more science next week Good night, kiki Good night Blair Good night minions. We'll see you next week. Stay tuned for science