Namaste and welcome to the video course on watershed management. In today's lecture, in module number 3, lecture number 11, we will discuss the rainwater harvesting systems and roof catchments. So, some of the topics covered today will be rainwater harvesting system, roof water catchment system, urban water scarcity, rainwater harvesting system, cost, safety and water quality and maintenance and two case studies. Some of the important keywords for today's lecture include rainwater harvesting system, roof water catchments and urban water scarcity. So, the last lecture we were discussing about the rainwater harvesting systems. So, we have seen that the rainwater harvesting systems can be of three type. One is the rooftop based, second one is the open space like what is there in say open areas, gardens and other place and then third type can be the watershed based. So, depending upon the area where we have to go for the rainwater harvesting system, we can have one of these or an integrated approach by considering either rooftop and the open space or the combining all this within the perspective of a watershed management within the watershed. So, we have seen the details about the various hydrogeological aspects and then also the artificial recharge aspects as far as the especially rainwater harvesting in open areas and the watershed related issues we have seen in the last lecture. So, one of the important aspect of rainwater harvesting especially in cities, in water scarce areas like Erid and Semarid regions, islands and coastal region is rooftop based the rainwater harvesting. So, the various design related issues we have already discussed as far as the rainwater harvesting is concerned. So, today we will concentrate on the rooftop rainwater harvesting. So, rooftop rainwater harvesting as we discussed in the last lecture, it is a technique through which rainwater is captured from roof catchments and stored in reservoirs. So, here in the rainwater harvesting system, we are harvesting the rainwater either from the roof or the open space or on a watershed scale. So, as far as rooftop catchment is concerned, so we consider rooftop as the catchment and we capture this water and collect it and then either store it for the direct use. So, harvester rainwater can be stored in storage tanks to meet the household needs directly. So, especially in a dry region, Erid region or Semarid regions or coastal regions or islands so, where water problem is there or we can also recharge to the subsurface I mean as groundwater. So, it will be recharge to the groundwater system by adopting the artificial recharge techniques. So, it is other than the natural recharge, so we are providing specific structures, so that there will be more recharge so called the artificial recharge will take place. So, the main objective of rooftop based rainwater harvesting is to make water available for future use. So, as we discussed the rainfall is concerned, it may be available only for few months. Say in India say for example, 3 to 4 months most of the places and then the spatial variation. So, whatever whenever rainfall takes place, we are trying to capture it through harvesting and then so that we can use it for future use say in the dry season, so that sufficient water will be available. So, capturing and storing rainwater for the use is particularly important in dry land as I already mentioned, hilly regions where say immediately after rain for all the water drains out due to the high slope then urban and coastal regions. So, coastal regions especially say in groundwater say wherever the aquifer is affected by the seawater ingress there we can directly harvest this say rainwater and then directly use from the rooftop or we can recharge to reduce the seawater ingress. So, now in alluvial areas say for example, if we can recharge so other than directly utilize if we can recharge and then say if there is a rise of water table say by 1 meter then say the pumping cost can be reduced by 0.4 kilowatt per hour. So, that way it will be also energy saving will take place. So, if we can recharge and then in the aquifer system when the water table rises then definitely there is the saving of the energy so that what will be used for the pumping purpose. So, within the perspective of rainwater harvesting we have already seen the various aspects of rainwater harvesting. So, now within the perspective rooftop rainwater harvesting so why we need to go for rooftop based rainwater harvesting. So, some of the needs are listed here to meet the ever increasing demand for water. So, especially in city regions and say arid and semi arid regions and with the increase in population and industrial developments the water increase is going up. So, that way we can say other than the natural recharge either we are recharging further through artificial means or we are storing the rainwater directly. Then to reduce the runoff which chokes storm drains. So, you can see that especially in urban areas like cities like Mumbai and other coastal cities in most of the monsoon season there is flooding problem. So, if we can say reduce the runoff coming from the urban areas by means of say rainwater harvesting then we can see that the whatever the runoff coming through the drains will be reduced and that way we can reduce the flooding problem. So, that way to avoid flooding of roads and other areas so that will be an indirect advantage of this rainwater harvesting. Then to augment the groundwater storage and control decline of water levels. So, as we discussed so when we are doing the recharge other than the natural recharge through artificial means when we are increasing the recharge then the groundwater level goes up. So, that is another need then to reduce groundwater pollution. So, the rainwater is one of the purest form of water so without any kind of pollution. So, if we can recharge that water to the groundwater then the whatever the polluted groundwater will be the pollution will be decreased. Then to improve the quality of groundwater so that way we can improve the quality of groundwater. Then to reduce the soil erosion especially say in open areas or a watershed if we can provide the various structures for artificial recharge then we can see that soil erosion can be reduced and more over say when the say the water flowing through the say coming from the roof top is reduced through means of rainwater harvesting. Then also the flow will be runoff will be reduced so that will also give the advantage of reducing the soil erosion. Then to supplement domestic water requirement during summer drought etcetera. So, if you are directly storing the rainwater in tanks or say other structures then we can directly utilize that water for the drought period or summer season. And so that way say two aspect one is directly storing in tanks or other structures or we can recharge. So, that way the number of say advantages and these are some of the important needs as far as the roof top based rainwater harvesting is concerned. So, as I mentioned the roof top rainwater harvesting can be of two types. So, the methodology can be so directly we can store in tanks so you can see that whatever directly coming from the building we can collect through the gutters the pipelines and then directly say after filtration we can store it in a tank as shown in this photograph and then directly we can utilize. And second way is say the storage in groundwater reservoir so what we can do we can collect the rainwater and then say after some filtration we can pass into say various recharge structures like dug well bore well recharge fit fit sharp trenches etcetera and that can be put into this so that so it will be recharging to the aquifer system. So, that is another way as far as the roof top based rainwater harvesting is concerned and then say depending upon the area we can go for both I mean an integrated system say some part of the water can be collected in tanks and some water can be used for recharging to the aquifer system. So, an integrated approach is also possible as far as roof top rainwater harvesting is concerned. So, now say we have already discussed rainwater harvesting system and its design aspects in the last lecture. So, very similar way as far as roof top rainwater harvesting system is also concerned and say we have to see how much area is there from which water can be collected and then how is the rainfall pattern and then how much is the collection efficiency or depending upon there are no coefficient we can identify how much water can be collected for a given roof top area. So, the question how much water can be collected as far as roof top rainwater harvesting system is concerned. So, this depends upon the collection efficiency as I mentioned. So, how efficiently the rainfall can be collected depends on several considerations such as what kind of roof, what kind of roof material, what is inclination of the roof etcetera and then what are what are rainfall conditions, what is the intensity of rainfall, what is the duration of the rainfall like that and then weather conditions like what is the temperature, what is the humidity. So, depending all these conditions say the collection efficiency varies from place to place and also it depends on the season. And then normally say for a normal conditions we can see that about 80 percent collection efficiency we can achieve depending upon the specific design. So, if say for example, if 1000 mm rainfall is annually available we can store say we can think of harvesting about 800 millimeter of this rainfall for a given say the roof top catchment. And then as I mentioned the collection how much can be collected depends upon the rainfall availability. So, that means average rainfall pattern and what is the intensity, duration etcetera. So, then say as far as a catchment is concerned the roof top is concerned we can find out total quantity of water that can be collected in cubic meters is equal to roof top area say in square meter multiplied by average rainfall say annual rainfall into collection efficiency. So, this equation gives how much water can be collected as far as roof top based rainwater harvesting system is concerned. So, you can see that say if collection efficiency say for example, if it is 80 percent or 0.8 then the say how much the collection depends upon the roof top area and then rainfall availability say as far as that particular location is concerned. So, we can prepare say depending upon rainfall pattern and how much roof area so that is constant. So, that way we can identify when we design a roof top based rainwater harvesting system as this much water can be either collected in tanks or this much what will be available for the artificial recharge. So, that way we can have a table say for various roof top areas and for various rainfall annual rainfall conditions. So, if we assume a collection efficiency of 80 percent we can prepare a table like this and directly we can identify how much volume of water say in cubic meter can be harvested say as for the given roof top area so that way we can directly identify. So, now say before going further as far as the various design aspects of roof top rainwater harvesting system. So, let us have a brief look into the urban water problems so what are the solution strategies. So, many of the urban cities especially say for example, in developing countries like India say cities like Delhi, Chennai all the cities have water scarcity problem. So, say especially the areas where the directly the water is obtained from the groundwater system. So, this say rain the roof top is to rainwater harvesting system is a good technology as far as the to solve the water related problems. So, we can use say the solution strategies as far as solution strategy is concerned we can identify the potential zones in over exploited areas and design and implement suitable site specific roof water and surface water harvesting structures to raise the groundwater table. Say this is very much possible in places like Chennai, Delhi, Chandigarh etcetera where so much of groundwater is used for the domestic and industrial purposes. Then as another strategy we can promulgate roof and surface water harvesting techniques through community rainwater harvesting methods. So, it is say the initiative should be a community based initiative so all the people should come in say come together so that say village or city based say for particular city based or urban watershed based scheme we can develop so that we can that will be a solution as far as the urban water scarcity is concerned. Then sustain existing water supply scheme by artificial richer so as I mentioned say for example, due to the efforts of various governments and non-government organizations in places like Delhi and Chennai in the last few years say huge efforts were put as far as the rainwater harvesting is concerned so that we have shown good impacts as far as the water availability is concerned especially cities like Delhi and Chennai. So that way we can sustain existing water supply scheme by artificial recharge and then introduce water harvesting structures on unpolluted storm water drains open areas parks and playgrounds so that so other than the normal infiltration taking place recharge taking place to the aquifer system and we are increasing the recharge through various means so that way we can say increase the water availability and that will be a solution strategy as far as urban water scarcity is concerned. And then use stagnant water for recharge purposes in relatively low lying areas store flood water in appropriate locations and construct suitable recharge structures in water logging areas. So if you can store water for say with some pressure then you can see that more recharge will be taking place to the aquifer system so that that will increase the water table groundwater table and that can be another solution strategy as far as urban water scarcity is concerned. Then we can introduce site specific artificial recharge structures on wide roads which become waterways during heavy down power in the monsoon season. So actually this technique has been implemented by Delhi government in many parts of Delhi states especially on road sides so that has been found to be very successful. So since a lot of area is there and that area we can stop the water and then allow to recharge to the groundwater so that way the groundwater table level will be increased. So then some of the other solution strategies include convert dry tubules and bore wells into recharge wells. So you can see that due to over drafting of the water from the groundwater system many of the tubules and bore wells goes into dried condition. So that tubules and bore wells we can utilize for utilize as recharge well and then design projects for recycling and reuse of wastewater. So recycling and reuse and water conservation we will be discussing in detail in the later part of this course. So we can also say use the various techniques as far as recycling and reuse is concerned. Then construct site specific artificial recharge structures like percolation pits, dug come bore wells, mini artificial aquifer systems, trench come percolation pits, percolation ponds, recharge wells etc. So then another important aspect is that say rain is say obviously say as per say average annual rainfall condition most of the time most of the years it will be available and area is there of rooftop as a catchment is available. So only thing is that people have to actively do this rainwater harvesting schemes at various locations. So that many times people do not understand or do not know what are the advantages of such systems. So it is always better to go for a mass awareness programs either ground main level or non ground main say organizational levels or education institutions level. So that mass awareness comes more people will be interested in this kinds of roof proper rainwater harvesting or other types of rainwater harvesting systems. Then make roof water harvesting as a people movement. So actually say this is what is happened in Chennai and other regions in Tamil Nadu. So due to the various ground main rules and regulations plus say a lot of awareness program mass movement has been taken place in the last few years in Chennai and other regions in Tamil Nadu and then we can see that most of the houses or most of the land areas where rainwater harvesting is possible many locations it has been done. So that way if we can make the rooftop or rainwater harvesting as a people movement then it will be a huge success. Then comments and sustained training programs for executives of government and non-government organizations and strengthen ongoing awareness projects. So say many of the say agencies say say which are not so familiar or not experts in the area of rainwater harvesting say various agencies who are expert in this rainwater harvesting schemes can give training programs and then say give seminars lectures etc. So that this awareness can be improved say can be spread to the all the public and the government organizations. So that will lead to the rainwater harvesting schemes. So that way if you when it becomes a people movements definitely the efforts will be much much better. So now let us see what are the important design considerations as far as rooftop rainwater harvesting is concerned. So as we have already seen depends upon how much is the area, how much is the rainfall and how much is the collection efficiency. So based upon these three important aspects some of the design considerations I have listed here. So first one is area contributing for runoff so that means the harvestable rooftop catchments of the area then rainfall pattern for the area. So whether it is 4 months or 8 months or how many months per year and how many days in a year and then what is the intensity of rainfall and then collection efficiency. So as I mentioned whether it is say we can achieve about 80% in as far as rooftop rainwater harvesting is concerned and but when it goes to say open space it may go to 50 to 60% and then in say watershed based say rural rainwater harvesting is concerned it may be 30 to 50%. So like that say the collection efficiency varies then demand for water and type of use. So say in especially arid and semi-arid regions say where the rainfall is very less then whatever rainfall is there we can go for harvesting it and then we can say improve the waterivity. So this is a typical examples what is done by Mr Rajendra Singh in Rajasthan villages many of the Rajasthan villages where mass river rainwater harvesting is done so that the say even for arid regions or semi arid regions we can make it the waterivity better. And then another important aspect is the type of use. Type of use means whether the water which we are harvesting say especially rooftop rainwater what we are harvesting whether it is using for domestic purpose like drinking and other purposes or whether we are using only for agriculture purposes or for we charge purposes. So like that depending upon the type of use we have to have better schemes say for example if we are going for the say domestic purposes then we need the pure water. So that way we have to go through cycle of say filtration then say disinfection either to using say chlorination or ultraviolet systems and then maybe we have to again further go for boiling. So like that depending upon the type of use the design considerations will change. Then another issues say for example in a city like Mumbai where we are having rain for 4 months then say we can decide for how many more months we want to either store water for the dry months by period. So we have to decide for how many months we have to go for storage. Then storage related issues so as I mentioned whether we are going to store in say tanks like ferrocement tanks or a syntax tanks or what kind of tanks so depending upon that we have to do the design. Then we have to see the water quality issues. So as I mentioned say if the roof is concrete then the water will be much better but if it is aspectos roof we have to be very careful. So like that the quality of the water available what is harvested that also we have to take care. Then what kind of maintenance we have to go for the particular system that depends upon the design. So whether we go for a very good design with all the aspects then the maintenance required will be say maybe once in a year or 2 times in a year. But if the design is poor maybe weekly basis or mandatory basis we may have to do the maintenance. Then say as far as recharge is concerned when we are designing a recharge structure then we have to see that hydrogeological aspects so that how much water can be put to the aquifer system through various schemes like recharge pit or tube well or bore wells. So this depends upon the hydrogeology of the area. So then recharge structures is based on the recharge structures are based on availability of space, availability of runoff, depth to water table and lithology of the area. So these are some of the important design considerations as far as rooftop rainwater harvesting is concerned. So now as far as design criteria say if we are going to do a recharge for a particular area then we have to see the various aspects then say the runoff should be assessed accurately for designing the recharge structures and then may be assessed by the following formula which you have already seen runoff is equal to catchment area and runoff coefficient into rainfall and then runoff coefficient plays an important role in assessing runoff availability and it is and depends on upon the catchment characteristics. So this issue we have seen in the last lecture so depending upon the type of catchments the runoff coefficient varies say for example depending upon the type of roof this can vary from 0.7 to 0.9 and then paved area it can vary from 0.5 to 0.85, bare ground 0.1 to 0.2, green area 0.05 to 0.1. So like that this runoff coefficient can vary from area to area. So now say when we are going to especially for recharging the aquifer system so we have to design the specific recharge structures so we have seen various structures like whether it is a recharge pit or recharging trench or say borewell or dugwell so like that. So the cost depends upon various conditions so like that the locality the that means in cities the cost may be more in rural area cost will be less then say what kind of soil or what kind of geological nature as far as when we are making a pit or a trench. So the cost of each recharge structures varies from place to place say some of the approximate cost I have listed here so like recharge pit it may vary from rupees 2500 to 5000 recharge trench vary from 5000 to 10,000. So like that say this is I cannot specifically say that this will be the the correct cost as far as a structure is concerned so this varies from location to location and then depending upon the soil geological and other parameters. So now within this perspective within the issues which we have discussed so now let us see how we can do rooftop based rainwater harvesting system. So we have already seen there are mainly three components one is the rooftop catchments so that what we are say through which what we are the rainfall what we are collecting so that is the rooftop catchments and then that is the first component then second one is the collection. So if this is the building then the top of this is the the the catchments and then collection is we have to collect the water through gutters and then through pipelines. So this is the collection systems so that is the second component so first one is the catchment second one is the collection system through pipelines and then third one is the storage system. So if you are going for direct say storage then a tank like this is a ferrocement tank so what is the size of the tank and various other say aspects of design of the tank so like that mainly three components one is the the catchments collection system and the storage system. So this is as far as the catchment area so as I mentioned it is mainly the roof so the catchment area is the surface through which the rainwater runoff is harvested that is a roof so water to be used for non bringing purpose can be collected from any type of roof so if you are going to recharge the to the aquifer system of course the quality of water should be good but say for example if you are going to use that collected water for irrigation purposes then we do not have to worry much so we can collect the water from any kind of roof. Then water to be used for bringing purposes should however not be collected from roofs with a damaged aspect of sheets or from roofs covered with asphalt and lead flashings or lead based paints as lead contamination may occur in the collected water. So say whenever rainfall takes place it is pure water but when it say where it falls depending upon the roof type so the contamination can take place say for example if it is asphalt say covered roof or aspect was roof then many components like lead lead or other ameters can say mixed with the the rainwater so that will lead to contamination so we should be careful so what kind of say roof which we are having and then accordingly we have to decide whether that water can be used for domestic purpose or only agriculture purpose or say to to recharge to the aquifer system. Now regardless of the roofing material generally a loss of up to 20 percent may take place due to evaporation inefficiencies in collection and inefficiencies in collection processes. So there is only generally about 80 percent of rainfall can be harnessed through the roof top catchment system so that is generally approximately we can collect about 80 percent of the rainfall say what is coming on the roof top. So now say second come on in this say we have to collect this water from the the roof and then we have to send through appropriate system so either for say storage in a tank or for recharge purpose. So that the inflow the inflow structures are important so some of the important info inflow structures include gutters so this gutter so it is generally on the say on the side of the roof so that this gutters collect rainwater from the roof and transport it to the inflow pipe. So you can see that whatever is collected so that will be coming through this pipe. So the gutters could be of various shapes and shapes sizes and materials so like aluminium or say PVC type different types are possible as far as gutter is concerned. And then say once the water is flowing through the gutter then we have to collect it through pipe so that is called inflow pipe so that this is the inflow pipe or this is the inflow pipe coming to the storage tank. So this is the from the gutter water is coming and then coming through the pipe here. So inflow pipe or drain pipe is the pipe which connects the gutter to the filter and then to the tank or to the reservoir. So the inflow pipe say design you have to do appropriately so that you can see that if this is water coming through this is the gutter so where the water is collected and from the gutter now water is entering to the through the pipe so that now that will be coming to a filter or other kinds of system. So the inflow structure structures are very important so we have to design it appropriately. So from the pipe say inflow pipe that may the water may go through a filter and then that can be either used for storage or for recharge purpose. So now as I mentioned the filtering is very important since even though say the first say the first rain first 2-3 rains we can flush it out but still there will be especially in city regions there will be dust and then lot of other bedrope and other things as far as the roof top is concerned. So a filter is always needed even if we are going for recharge purpose. So a filter is to be used when the water is to be stored in tanks for direct consumption or whether even if it we are going for recharge. So we can see that say different types of filters are available. So you can see that water is collected and through the collection system what is coming to a tank where the filter material is put. So this is the inflow pipe so here this is a typical say filter material is put. So here the this is the filter wall and then fine to coarse sand is put on the top then gravel and just below that and then pebble below that. So from that now say after the filtration the water will be collected to the tank where the water will be stored for either direct use or for recharge. So you can see that this filter can be either of this sand material or the gravel and pebble material like this or we can nowadays in a compact form the filter is available. So like say for example but now the scheme here we can have a module say here this is a module which is put in the collection pipe itself say like geotextile or PVC type material various materials are available nowadays. So through which water will be passing for storage. So here you can see that say this is now the water is coming and then now the flush valve and then the water will be going through the filter system. So now say when we design the rainwater harvesting as I mentioned the first flush first 2-3 flush first 2-3 rainfall flush should be should not be allowed to collect or it should not be allowed to recharge since it contains lot of dust and other pollution. So what we can do we can have a valve here so that say during the when the monsoon or when the rainfall comes we can close this valve and so that first 2-3 rainfall is consents the all the collected water will be going through this pipe out. So that will not be collected at all. So that is we consider polluted water and then after 2-3 flushing say removing this say the water coming from first few rainfalls then we can close this valve towards this and open towards the tank so that the water will be passing through a filter system and then that can be used for storage in tanks or we can use it for the purpose of recharge. And now so that is say that is the way the design is done. Now say if you are going to recharge the groundwater the water to the groundwater reservoirs then for storage in groundwater reservoirs the filter in the inflow structure say a very good filter is not required but of course we need to it should go through somewhat a small filter or a sedimentation process. So the water however should pass through a desiliting pitch before entering the aquifer system. So you can see that this is our dug well through which we are going to recharge. So the water is coming inflow is coming like this and there is a desiliting pitch and through which the water the silt all these things will be set in down here and then the pure water will be allowed to go to the dug well where it is allowed to recharge.  So that the suspended material settled down before the water is introduced to the aquifer system. Except for the recharge through hand pump or tube well the filter should be constructed. So if a filter to be given we can give a filter somewhere here say maybe after desiliting so that the filter water will be allowed to recharge to the aquifer system. So now say we have seen say water is coming from the catchment I mean roof catchment through the collection pipes and then after filtration or desiliting we can use the water for the purpose of storage or for the purpose of recharging. So if you are going to recharge the recharge different say we can use recharge shaft say different different bore wells trench with injection wells so like that. So this is this is a trench and then there are two injection wells within that trench and that will be allowed to recharge the aquifer system. And now also if you are going for collection tanks say for example you can see that now the before the once you start this tank will be clean then the water will be coming through to the tank and that will be stored. Then we can have a pumping mechanism here through which water can be pumped for the purpose what is then what we are using for. Underground tanks are designed and constructed in such a way that there is no leakage so we have to take care so that the tanks can be either reinforced congate, perocement or PVC type tanks. So that way depending upon the money which can be spent and the space and then the design consideration we can use particular systems. So now say as far as storage is concerned so as I mentioned we can have storage tank and then we can say use allow the water to go through the recharge wells dug well abandoned dug well or recharge well or recharge shafts or recharge trench. So you can see that we can have trenches surrounding the building like this and then also we can abandon dug well this is a scheme and then this is a recharge shafts. So here with this water will be say allow to recharge to the aquifer system. Now let us see what is the cost of rooftop based rainwater harvesting system. So as I mentioned the cost depends upon the location and then also depending upon what kind of design we are planning to do. So we can have very good design where the cost may be slightly more or we can go for what kind of say it depends upon how the how much money we can how much capital is there. So the cost of rainwater harvesting systems designed as an integrated component of a new construction project generally it will be low. So now a building is already constructing then in that process if we are planning in advance a rainwater harvesting a rooftop rain based rainwater harvesting system then we can do all the arrangements then while doing the construction itself especially plumbing itself. So that there is the all the say the rains coming from the roof can be put it appropriate way so that that can be our collection systems. And designing a system on an existing building is costlier since say if an existing building there is no effective way of collection and say collection of the rainwater then we have to have a new system to be developed. So because many of the shared cost like roof and gutters has to be separate as far as the old building is concerned. In general maximizing storage capacity and minimizing water use through conservation and reuse are important rules to keep in mind. So say we want to maximize storage and minimize the water use so that way we do the cost analysis. Now with careful planning and design the cost of a rainwater system can be reduced considerably. So we can say we have to do a preliminary analysis of the site and then we have to see how much rainwater is possible to harvest and then say we have to design the system appropriately so that an appropriate design can reduce the cost considerably as usual for any kind of design is concerned. So now say the rainwater harvesting methods are site specific as I mentioned hence it is difficult to give a generalized cost. So this depends upon the location and many other parameters. But first of all the major components of rainwater harvesting system like rain and catchment area are available free of cost so which is the most important aspect that is the initially there is no need of a capital as far as rain is taking place naturally and then you are having already the rooftop as the catchment. So these are already available free of cost only we have to go for the collection system and then we have to go for the storage or the recharge system. So a good proportion of the expenses would be for the pipe connections as I mentioned especially the collection of the rainwater and then of course storage. So by judiciously fixing up the slopes of roofs and location of rainwater outlets this could be brought down considerably. However cost varies widely depending on the availability of existing structures like wells and tanks which can be modified and used for water harvesting. So if there are tanks are available and then or if some dug wells are available which we can use for the artificial recharge then the cost can be considerably reduced. Typically installing a water harvesting system in a building would cost between say 3000 to 50000 for building of about 300 square meter. So this is a say an approximate rate as I mentioned it varies from location to location. So it varies say it can be generally between 3000 to 50000. The cost estimates above is for an existing building. So this is for an existing building. So when we are doing it for a during the construction then the cost can be again can be reduced. Say for example rainwater harvesting system in the the centre for science and environment building daily was set up with the cost of 30000 rupees whereas those in the model projects say other projects range from 70000 to 80000. So this drastically varies from location to location. Then the cost would be comparatively less if the system were incorporated during the construction as I already mentioned. Then when community come together to harvest rain per capita cost goes down. Say for example if there is a housing colony. So colony wise when we are going for total rainwater harvesting system then the cost can be considerably reduced. So since the same scheme can be adopted by all the housing houses in the colony and then even recharge pit we can have common recharge techniques or filtration is concerned we can have common system. So like that the cost can be considerably reduced. Say for example for punch shield park colony in New Delhi about 1000 residents pulled only rupees 4.5 lakhs to harvest more than 170 million liters of water annually. So you can see that say 1000s residents came together. So the cost has gone drastically down and then there is a much better rooftop based rainwater harvesting system especially say in Delhi area they went for recharging system. So now say these are as far as these are the issues as far as the costs are concerned. Now let us look say some of the safety considerations as far as the rooftop based rainwater harvesting is concerned. So if you are going to store water in a groundwater reservoir so then for rooftop rainwater harvesting through existing tubulars and hand pumps the filter or desilting pit should be provided so that the wells are not silted. So the existing if you are going to harvest the water and then put to the aquifer systems through existing tubulars or bore wells then you should be careful. So it should be passed through say filtration is essential. So that the existing wells are not silted. Now such tubulars if pumped intermittently increase the efficiency of recharge. So it is not only recharging through the system intermittently we can pump out also so that the efficiency of recharge will be increased since somehow the silt will be coming out. Then if the groundwater reservoir is recharged through shaft, dug well etc. inverted filter may be provided. So here we can see a system where the water collected and after the sedimentation the water is going through a pipe through a filter and then this is connected to an existing tubule where this tubule says sometimes used for say pumping also and whenever excess rainfall is coming water is coming then that is used for recharge purpose. So both dual purpose tubules this is a dual purpose tubule. So otherwise we can construct structures like this. So now instead of recharging say if you are going for storage in tanks some of the important safety consideration which we have to adopt as far as a roof top based grade mart harvesting is concerned. A storage tank should not be located close to a source of contamination such as a septic tank. Then a storage tank must be located on a lower level than the roof to ensure that it fills completely. Then a rainwater system must include installation of an overflow pipe which empties into known flooding area. Excess water may be used for recharging the aquifer system through dug well or abandoned hand pump or tubules. Then you can see that most of the say wherever high intense rainfall is there then the flow through the collection pipe will be much higher. So we have to give a speed breaker plage that is provided below the inlet pipe in the filter source not disturb the filtering material. So if the water flow to the filtering material is velocity is very high then the filtering material will be affected and that itself will be going through with the water. So we have to provide some speed breaker. Then a storage tank should be accessible for cleaning regular cleaning is required say before months soon definitely one cleaning is required and then depending upon the recharge or depending upon the use we may have to clean that tank say the storage facility. Then the inlet into the storage tank should be screened in such a way that this can be cleaned regularly. Water may be disinfected regularly before using for drinking purpose by coordination or boiling. So these are some of the important safety consideration as far as the rooftop based rainwater harvesting is concerned. Now some of the operation and maintenance issues here I have listed. So proper operation and maintenance is required. Regular inspection and cleaning of catchments, gutters, filters and tanks reduce the likelihood of contamination. So that is an important point and water from the source should not be mixed with that in the tank. So other sources like if the water supplied through pipes that should not be mixed with the harvested rainwater. Then as far as treatment is concerned treatment of stored rainwater only makes sense if it is done properly. If hygienic collection and use of water will ensure and it does not suffer from recondamination. So recondamination should not take place we should be careful. And there are several types of treatment possible like chlorination boiling in filtration and then expression provided natural sunlight etc. So these are some of the operation and maintenance aspects as far as rooftop based rainwater harvesting is concerned. Now before going to case studies let us have a look some of the water quality issues. So to prevent leaves and debris from entering the system mesh filters should be provided especially at the mouth of the drain pipe. Then as I mentioned the first flush defy should be provided in the conduit before it connects to the storage tank containers. So if the stored water is to be used for drinking purpose then a sand filter is essential. Then methods to protect rainwater quality include like appropriate system design sound operation and maintenance. Then it is extremely important to maintain the rainwater harvesting system regularly for high quality performance. So the quality depends upon the maintenance of the system. Then some of the tips to ensure good quality of harvested rainwatering would just before the arrival of monsoon the roof prop and catchment should be cleaned properly. The roof outlet to the stairs should be covered with mesh to prevent entry of leaves and other materials. Then the filter materials have to be either replaced or washed properly. Then the diversion valve has to be opened to the first 5 to 10 minutes to dispose the polluted first flush. The no polluted water should be taken away from the richer structures and then the depth of bores shall be finalized depending upon the actual site conditions. So these are some of the water quality issues. Now say here say if you want to design this is a simple problem say a rainwater system has to be designed for meeting and drinking water requirements for 5 member family in a building with a roof top of 100 square meter average annual rainfall in the region is say 600 mm daily drinking water requirement per person is considered 10 liters. Then here we can see that catchment area 100 square meter rainfall is 0.6 collection efficiency 0.8 then we can find the average annual water harvesting is 48 cubic meter. So then say if you consider say for example about 240 days of dry period then we can identify how much is to be collected for drinking purpose. So then if you give 20 percent extra then it can be 14400 liters. So we have to design accordingly. So two case studies here I want to present one is the success story of as far as artificial recharge is concerned. So first one is artificial recharge ground water using roof top. So this is the Shakti Bhavan in New Delhi. So the the canvas area is about 12000 square meter depth of ground water before recharging was 68 meter below ground level. So here this is the system so you can see that various through various pipelines are collected and then they through two injection wells and recharge trench the water is infiltrated down to the kiffer system. So average annual rainfall is about 712 millimeter. Rainwater runoff approximately calculated 3,325 cubic meter. Structure proposed is recharge trench with the two injection wells. Aspect of recharge is about 3000 cubic meter per year. So the studies in 2007 shows that there is about 1.68 to 3.33 meter rise in the area in the on water table and cost of the water was calculated as rupees 7.07 per thousand liter. So the total cost when it was implemented by Central PWD in 2001 was about 4.1 lakh. So major benefit proper utilization of available runoff arresting the declining ground water levels in the area and sustainability to existing ground water abstraction structure. So this is a recharge based case study. Second one is a collection type case study. So this is in Mumbai Indian Water Works Association campus. So here the storage is done in a ferro cement tank of about 6000 liter and Mumbai rainfall average is 2335 millimeter. The rooftop area is about 300 square meter. So the design is based upon this data. Then filter material is here. This is the collection system. This is the filter material, the geotextile based system and then the overflowing water for recharge say water is collected in a tank like this. So this water is used for toilet flushing as far as the building is concerned. So this water was found to be sufficient for months and months plus and then one month after the rainfall. So one month rainfall storage and they could do and the cost was about 96000. So this is another efficient direct rooftop harvesting as far as storage is concerned. So for today's lecture some of the important references are listed here. Then as a tutorial question say two questions I have put here describe the artificial recharge scheme for groundwater improvement with case studies. Illustrate the rooftop water harvesting with the help of two case studies for direct use and groundwater recharge. So you can see number of case studies in Central Groundwater Board website invertharvesting.org website and CS India website. So you can illustrate the system with various schemes and then discuss various techniques adopted and discuss the merits and demerits of each system. So if you self evaluation questions like discuss the rooftop rainwater harvesting then needs and its importance. How much water can be collected from a rooftop catchment? Discuss the important design consideration of rooftop rainwater harvesting system. Discuss the cost analysis of rooftop rainwater harvesting scheme describe the operation and maintenance of rooftop rainwater harvesting systems. Then assignment a few questions describe the methodologies of rooftop rainwater harvesting system. What are the solution strategies for urban rainwater scarcity? With the details explain how we can do rooftop rainwater harvesting. What are the important safety consideration in rooftop rainwater harvesting and discuss water quality issues in rainwater harvesting. So these for the answers for all these questions you will get through if you go through the through today's lecture. So finally one unsolved problem for your residential building where you are staying to prepare a master plan for rooftop based rainwater harvesting system. So you can identify what is the present supply water is coming from where and what is the demand for the your building then you can identify the built up area and check the possibility of direct rainwater harvesting or you can go for recharge. So collect all the data, let it rain falls, soil data etc. Then design an integrated rainwater harvesting system including some storage in tanks or some say the option for ground water recharge. So with this today's lecture on say rainwater harvesting especially rooftop based catchment system is finished. So now the module number three on the integrated say watershed management schemes also over. So we have see we have got about four lectures in this module on introduction to integrate watershed management. So various aspects of the scheme the this module has been discussed in the four lectures as we have seen the last four lectures. Thank you.


The development of science and technology of advanced materials using nanoscale units can be conducted by a novel concept involving combination of nanotechnology methodology with various research disciplines, especially supramolecular chemistry. This novel concept is called nanoarchitectonics, which involves self-assembly processes being crucial in many cases involving a wide range of component materials. These examples demonstrate the strikingly wide range of possibilities and future potential of self-assembly processes and their important contribution to materials nanoarchitectonics. This article was offered by Kotsuhiko Ariga, Michihiro Nishikawa, Taiso Mori, and others.


There is limited research on how malocclusion affects lip-tooth alignment during smiling and speaking. This article was authored by Rashid Rizba and Haravi Farzan.


I remind everyone that Parliament is still sitting, so those leaving the chamber and indeed the public gallery should do so as quickly and as quietly as possible. The next item of business is a member's business debate on motion 5.949, in the name of Mark Ruskell. On Greyhound Racing in Scotland, the debate will be concluded without any questions being put. I'd encourage members who wish to participate to press the request to speak buttons now or as soon as possible. I call Mr Ruskell to open the debate for him seven minutes. Thank you very much, Deputy Presiding Officer, and can I start by thanking members who signed the motion for debate and to those who put time aside during this very busy day at Holyrood to listen and to contribute. I'd also like to thank the organisations and campaigners who work tirelessly on Greyhound welfare and re-homing across the UK, including Scotland against Greyhound exploitation, One Kind, the SSPCA, Blue Cross and the Dogs Trust. Some of these organisations are here outside Parliament today with Greyhounds, and I invite all members to join them after this debate and indeed members of the public as well. I admit that a few of my Holyrood motions garner support from all corners of this chamber, but I was delighted to see strong cross-party support for this motion, and I look forward to hearing everyone's contributions. I think it's worth reflecting on what this level of support means. Firstly, Greyhounds are a much-loved and iconic breed of dog, loved as much for their good nature as for their speed and grace, but it also shows that society's attitudes to Greyhound racing have seriously shifted. In recent years Greyhound racing tracks around the country have closed down. Once there were over 20 licensed tracks in Scotland, and now with Shorefield Stadium in Rutherglen hosting no races since 2020, there are none left. Thanks to dogged campaigners and organisations exposing the harms of their so-called sport, it's now impossible to ignore the brutal reality of Greyhound racing. People have voted with their feet. Tracks have shut down, and sites have been repurposed for housing. Yet Greyhound racing is still not banned in Scotland. With the de facto closure of Shorefield, there may not be any operational licensed tracks left, but there still remains one unlicensed track that is thought in Greyhound Stadium in Fife, which operates under no obligations to meet industry welfare rules. I will be no surprise to people in this chamber that I am calling for a phased end to Greyhound racing in Scotland, but I am not the only one. Concerns about the levels of injuries and deaths of dogs at Greyhound racing tracks across the UK have been growing, and the positions of bodies including the SSPCA, the RSPCA and the Dogs Trust have now shifted decisively to back a phased ban on Greyhound racing. Those calls for a ban do not come lightly. They are evidence-based, and they follow years of patient working with the industry to try and drive reform of welfare standards. However, those attempts at reform have unfortunately failed. The Greyhound Board of Great Britain, the regulating body, has been required to publish injury and death statistics annually since 2017. In 2018, it introduced a Greyhound commitment aiming at improving welfare and reducing injuries. Despite those measures, the latest data reported 197 injuries and 15 deaths between 2017 and 2020 at Shorefield alone. Injuries data in 2020 nearly doubled for Shorefield. Fundamentally, Greyhounds cannot be raced against each other at 40 miles an hour around a circular track in a way that does not expose the dogs to unacceptable risks of injury and death. That is the crux of the matter, because even having a vet present at a licence track does not remove or mitigate those risks. It is fundamentally unethical to be racing dogs as a spectacle for entertainment and gambling, knowing that they face these unacceptable risks of injury and death. It is also clear that the current laws are inadequate and do not protect Greyhounds from harm. The Animal Welfare Act went through the Scottish Parliament in 2005, and the evidence sessions did briefly focus on Greyhound racing. I was a member of the committee at the time, but the committee as a whole felt that the duty of care placed on animal keepers to ensure that animals are protected from suffering injury and disease was enough to drive better welfare for Greyhounds. I did agree with that position, but, unfortunately, this plant was proven wrong. Welfare problems have increased, not declined. Greyhounds are being willfully subjected to rather than protected from suffering and injury. Even in the absolute clearest cases of abuse that would breach that legal duty of care, the GBGB rules of racing are applied internally by its own disciplinary committee, with details only published four to five months after the offence. The SSPCA has found that that does not allow them enough time to gather evidence and mount a prosecution under the statute time limits. The risks at unregulated tracks, such as Thornton, are potentially even greater. Thornton is now reporting up to 30 dogs running on race nights. As the last track standing in Scotland, it may have attracted trainers who previously raced Greyhounds at Shorefield. Unregulated tracks have no requirement to apply governing body rules, provide veterinary support on site, or test dogs for doping. There is also the likelihood of ex-licensed track racers being sold on to race at Thornton, where they would be more prone to injury due to age or health issues that come from a long career in racing. Last week, the Dogs Trust, RSPCA and Blue Cross called for a phased end to Greyhound racing. The reviews conducted by the three charities found disjointed and ineffective regulation within the Greyhound sector a lack of transparency regarding industry practices and concerns around the enforcement of regulatory standards. Their proposed phase out across the UK is expected to be feasible within five years to allow the racing industry and animal welfare organisations to carefully plan and coordinate the care of many dogs affected. Meanwhile, the Scottish Animal Welfare Commission, who has already called for an end to unlicensed Greyhound tracks, has also committed to considering the joint work of the charities before coming to their own position on the future of licensed tracks. The previous Scottish Government rightly ended the exploitation of wild animals and travelling circuses at a time when their use had dwindled away and there were strong welfare and ethical arguments for a ban. We have reached the same point today with Greyhound racing. Rather than asking whether we should ban Greyhound racing, the question is really, who wants to keep it alive? Is Greyhound racing one of the biggest issues facing Scotland today of all days? No, it clearly isn't. However, if we can spare an hour in this chamber, even in the hardest of times to give a voice to animals who are voiceless, then that speaks volumes to our compassionate values as a Parliament. With that thought, I look forward to the member's contributions. I move to the open debate. I call Ruth Maguire to be followed by Annie Wells. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I congratulate Mark Ruskell on securing cross-party support from all parties is indeed a fine thing and ensuring that this debate can go ahead. I would also like to recognise all the work that he does for Animal Welfare and Greyhounds in particular. It's a pleasure to make a brief contribution and I'm happy to speak in support of the motion. I agree with the Scottish Animal Welfare Commission view that there should be an end to Greyhound racing at unlicensed tracks and I welcome that they're considering the situation with licensed tracks as well. I was introduced to the topic by my constituent Emily Rimikins and I met with her and Sage in Irvine a number of years ago. I had no real prior knowledge of the subject and perhaps, like many people, I would have assumed that the dogs would have been really well looked after perhaps on reflection a little naively. I thought that the running and chasing was natural behaviour and therefore it was all all right. Sage, Scotland against Greyhound exploitation, whom I met with, held weekly protests outside Scotland's remaining Greyhound track and they've been campaigning for an end to the exploitation of Greyhounds since 2017. I took the opportunity to join them at a protest in Buchanan Street in Glasgow where their placards powerfully illustrated to the many passers-by-the reality of Greyhound racing for the animals. I commend them on that awareness raising work. Many of those protesting had rescued Greyhounds so new first hand how those wonderful animals were being treated by the racing industry. They were treated like commodities, dumped and discarded when they were no longer deemed useful. The reported animal welfare concerns linked with Greyhound racing are frankly jaw-dropping and they include neglect, malnutrition, doping with class A substances, a lack of adequate healthcare provision and severe and fatal injuries. Substances found in samples taken from dogs running at Shawfield included cocaine, amphetamine, steroids, beta blockers and pro hormones. All of those can have harmful side effects and some of them are really severe. There is no testing at Thornton Scotland's unlicensed track, which should raise grave concerns about the level of drugs that were used there. There was a comprehensive internal review conducted by the Dogs Trust, RSPCA and Blue Cross and it highlighted serious concerns at every stage of a racing Greyhound's life, including around inadequate welfare standards in kennalling and transporting of the dogs. Some of the dogs used in racing were kept in poor barren conditions with little of any enrichment and fed a very poor diet. The review also highlighted concerns around the general health of the dogs, including the number and severity of injuries sustained during racing. There were also serious issues around the racing of Greyhounds in extreme weather and the number of puppies that were unaccounted for between birth and racing registrations, so often referred to the sector but referred to by the sector as wastage. Greyhound racing is inherently dangerous for the dogs involved. Running at speed around oval tracks causes significant injury to many dogs, and in some cases the injuries are so severe that it is necessary to euthanise the dogs. The Greyhound board of Great Britain is the self-regulating organisation that covers licensed Greyhound racing in Great Britain. In my opinion, one death of an animal for the so-called entertainment of humans is too many, but the latest reported data released by the Greyhound board of Great Britain concludes that there was over a thousand deaths at their tracks within five years between 2017 to 2021. There is no similar data for unlicensed tracks, where there is no official regulatory body present to ensure animal welfare state standards are met. Can I commend all the campaigners and rest of the organisations for their on-going rehoming and awareness-raising work? When I am out walking my own dog, Rudy, she particularly enjoys meeting Greyhounds on the beach and always makes a valiant attempt at racing them. She is a miniature dashhound, so valiant is putting it lightly. So a final mention for all those who re-home these wonderful dogs and give them the life and love that they deserve. Thank you very much. I am sure that my sister will accept those plaudits very graciously. I now call Annie Wells to be followed by Christine Grahame for around four minutes. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I am grateful for the opportunity to speak in today's debate on the future of Greyhound Racing in Scotland, and I would like also to thank Mark Ruskell for bringing this motion before the Chamber. Dogs in all shapes and sizes are loving members of our families, not only here in Scotland but across the globe. Protecting their safety and overall welfare is vital. Presiding Officer, it is clear that Greyhound Racing in Scotland has been on the decline for years. As the dog racing industry boomed across the west throughout the early to mid 20th century, thousands of Scots flocked to pack stadiums each week to spectate the races under the floodlights. It became a core leisure activity for many communities across the country, offering escapism, a night out with friends and a chance to win some money. That was the end, Presiding Officer, and this is now. Today, as the popularity of Greyhound Racing has faded, as we have heard, there are only two remaining tracks, one of which is Shawfield Stadium in my Pylon into Region, and the other one, known as a flapper track, is Staunton. Regulations themselves are pretty loose. In collaboration with animal welfare charities across the country, I acknowledge the positive work undertaken by those in the industry such as Greyhound Board of Great Britain to improve conditions for racing dogs. However, despite those efforts, glaring issues remain, particularly over the scope and robustness of the regulation in place, to protect the welfare of those dogs, both on and off the track. Data shows that, from 2017 to present, there were over a staggering 22,000 injuries to racing dogs recorded in the UK. Like many I saw first hand, the awful injuries that these graceful dogs have suffered, including limbs being badly injured, that vets are left with no other option but to amputate. Heartbreakingly, over the same period, at least 1,000 dogs lost their life through racing. Presiding Officer, with the industry in decline, leading animal welfare groups such as Blue Cross and Dogs Trust have called for a phased end to Greyhound Racing in Scotland in the UK. As we discussed whether the industry has a future in the 21st century of Scotland, we cannot lose sight of the important matters to be considered, not least how to support people's livelihoods who are engaged in the sector. However, one thing is clear, the safety and welfare of Greyhounds is paramount. On that note, I would like to pay tribute to the fantastic work that Scotland's rescue centres do in caring for and re-homing retired racing dogs. Dedicated volunteers across the country play a vital role in safeguarding the welfare of thousands of retired Greyhounds, many of whom have spent years on the racetrack. I know that first hand because a member of my staff in Parliament adopted a particularly cheeky and playful Greyhound, named Todd, who, in the stands of his back legs, is way taller than me, which most dogs are. Even your dash would probably be taller than me as well. I became quickly a much-loved and cherished part of the family. Presiding Officer, as I bring my remarks to a close, I would like to appeal to those who are considering getting a pet. By adopting a Greyhound, not only are you bringing this special and gentle dog into your family, but you are giving these retired Greyhounds a home, a place that they will be loved and cared for, not because of how fast they can run, but for who they are. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I know that this is an issue about which people feel passionately, but I would encourage those in the public gallery not to participate, and that includes clapping as well. With that, I call Christine Grahame to be followed by Rona Mackay for around four minutes. I congratulate the member on securing this debate. I am aware that much of my contribution may be repeating what others have said, but I do not care. I also thank one kind, Blue Cross Dogs Trust and the SSPC for their briefings. All support is a complete ban on Greyhound racing in Scotland. Yesterday, in discussion about this debate with another member, I was questioned whether I had ever actually attended a Greyhound meeting. In fact, I had that it was many moons ago at Powder Hall Stadium in Edinburgh long since demolished and we developed for housing. The floodlights gave it glamour. The dogs charged out after the rabbit decoy, and it was all very exciting, but that was, as I said, a long time ago, and life and times and the way we look at the value and the worth of our animals moves on. These days, we are aware of the toll that it takes on the dogs. The not all owners and tracks have the welfare of the dogs at the centre, and despite the Great British Greyhound Board, too many dogs have been drugged, injured or put down, and, of course, as has already been mentioned, there are particular concerns about unlicensed tracks. The cross-party group on animal welfare, which I share, has had the chief executive of GBGB before us, and the issue of welfare of Greyhounds was raised with him. While he appeared to genuinely want to tighten up on the welfare of Greyhounds, there are still too many deaths and injuries, and I have read the GBGB 2022 strategy, claiming that it will be a welfare-centric sport, long-term strategy for the dogs, lifelong commitment to their wellbeing and maximising their rehoming, but it is too late and, in my view, out of time. The GBGB reported that across the UK between 2017 and 2020 more than 1,000 dogs died or were euthanised. There were 1,800 injuries, and, as others have said at Shelfield, the only Scottish licence track for the same period. There were 197 injuries with 15 deaths, too many injuries and too many deaths. There shouldn't have been any. According to the GBGB in 2021, there were an excess of 18,000 licensed Greyhounds eligible for their licence tracks, with additional Greyhound racing and independent tracks, so called, for which there are no recorded figures. I think that many listening to this debate will be surprised to put it mildly that there are unlicensed tracks, being the only one in Scotland that Thornton and Fife already mentioned. Unregulated no record of veteran facilities at the site. Incidentally, the only data that I could dig out available from Thornton race track is from the owner, who commented that only one in 10 are injured. As a 10% injury rate, hardly appropriate use of the word only. A distance to the injuries is evidence of doping of poor welfare conditions and, again, no vet in attendance. As are the dogs' destiny at the end of its brief career—to use the word career—this can be varied. There are some accorded to GBGB unsuitable for rehoming, and they are euthanised. Put to death. Others may be rehomed. Actually, I've seen quite a few round Holyrood parks, so there must be somebody organising it here, and I commend that. However, I also saw for myself once when driving down the A7 just past Gorebridge, a confused and terrified greyhound loose at the side of the road. My hunch—and I did report this to the SSPC among others who had seen it—was that it had been dumped and left to its fate, either to be killed by a car or perhaps lucky enough for somebody to report at the SSPCA. Callous Indefensible Behaviour. Once a working man's sport, and favoured in particular in mining communities, we've moved on in the way we view animals, our regard for the sentience, therefore our deeper responsibility to our demands of them, as pets for, quote, sport, for, quote, entertainment, and therefore support the banning of greyhounds racing in Scotland, but to be phased with the caveat that, of course, we must particularly animals already being bred or already being used for racing so that they are given better lives. Again, I commend the member for bringing this debate to the chamber, and I hope that the Scottish Welfare Commission moves that step further. It doesn't just want it banned in unlicensed tracks. Presiding officer, you're being very tolerant, but in the one remaining licenced track, which fortunately, for the time being, is not in de facto in use. Thank you. Thank you very much. I now call Rona Mackay to be followed by Colin Smith again for around four minutes, Mr Mackay. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I'm pleased to be speaking in today's important debate, and I thank Mark Ruskell for bringing it to the chamber. Like Christine Grahame, I won't apologise for repeating some things that have already been said because they're just so important. Presiding Officer, I'm not going to miss my words. Greyhound racing is barbaric. It's the exploitation of beautiful dogs purely to make money, and I absolutely abhor it. Animals are not a product or a commodity to be used for human entertainment, although anyone can find seen terrified dogs racing around a track entertaining as beyond me. Presiding Officer, at least 1,026 deaths were recorded at tracks by the Greyhound Board of Great Britain within the last five years, and nearly 18,000 injuries were recorded in the UK between 2018 and 2021. The board reported that, during that period, 197 injuries were reported at Shawfield Stadium in Glasgow, with 15 deaths. Absolutely sickening. Thankfully, Shawfield Stadium has not reopened since March 2020, and as we've heard, there's one track left in Scotland in Thornton and Fife, which is unlicensed and therefore completely unregulated. The Scottish Animal Welfare Commission has stated that we recommend that Thornton be closed immediately. Presiding Officer, I sincerely hope that it is. We'll never know how many animals will die or are injured and suffering at this facility, and it should close immediately. Animal welfare charities such as Blue Cross, the SSPCA and the Dogs Trust have for years tried to work with the governing bodies around the welfare of Greyhounds, including when their racing days end. However, now that they've had enough, they want the so-called sport of Greyhound racing banned. Great work by campaigners has highlighted serious welfare concerns for racing Greyhounds, including a restricted existence, a culture of drugging dogs, poor diet and uncertain fate once their so-called career is over, which often includes euthanasia. Those beautiful gentle dogs spend most of their time in often dank dirty kennels and suffer from untreated wounds and injuries. They may also be constantly muzzled, which is unbearably stressful for them. There are also serious issues around the racing of Greyhounds in extreme weather. During this hot summer, dogs were being forced to race in 32 degrees that's downright cruelty. Incredibly, the number of puppies that are unaccounted for between birth and racing registrations are often referred to by the sector as the wastage and that is sickening. Dogs are not being regarded as sentine beings, they are merely wastage. The Greyhound Board of Great Britain has only been required to publish the data on deaths and injuries since 2017, so a few of the figures have been released to the tip of the iceberg. There is no independent validation of the data, the figures could potentially be and, in my opinion, likely to be even higher. Internal policy reviews conducted by the Dogs Trust, RSPC and Blue Cross found disjointed an ineffective regulation within the sector, a lack of transparency regarding industry practices and concerns around the enforcement of regulatory standards. There is no doubt that a culture of drugging dogs to enhance and impair performance in effect to rig races is widespread. Substances found in samples taken from dogs running at Shofield include cocaine, amphetamine, steroids, beta blockers and pro hormones, all of these harmful side effects, some severe, all of these lead to the extreme suffering of dogs. In addition, the fate of dogs, once their career is over, is unknown. However, I've seen quite horrific pictures of decapitated Greyhounds lying in a ditch. We're hopefully seeing the beginning of the end for Greyhound racing in Scotland. The abuse of these beautiful gentle dogs must end now. In conclusion, like others, I'd like to thank the determined and great efforts of local campaign groups, including one in my constituency of Strathkelvin and Bearsden, Blue Cross, SSPCA, SAGE, RSPCA, One Kind, League of Cruel Scots and other sports and others, for their tireless campaigning to stop this barbaric practice. I now call Colin Smyth to be followed by Emma Harper in four minutes. I begin by declaring an interest as a member of the League Against Cruel Sports. I thank Matt Ruskell for tabling his timely motion on ending Greyhound racing in Scotland. I say timely, but the reality is that a ban on Greyhound racing in Scotland is long overdue. I don't believe that everyone who has ever gone to a Greyhound track over the years may have had a bet on a race. Even trained or race Greyhounds don't care about the dogs who are racing. Of course, many of them do. However, the reality is that racing a dog around an oval track speeds in excess of 40mph with the inevitable collisions and accidents with other dogs, with rails, with advertising boards, is undeniably cruel. What little is left of this largely unregulated so-called sport in Scotland is rife, not just with injuries and deaths, but the drugging of dogs, the casting aside of Greyhounds when they are no longer deemed fit to race and therefore have no economic value, and all of that is overseen by an industry that has consistently failed to bring about meaningful improvements. Their time is up, and so too is Greyhound racing. It's time to phase it out, it's time for a ban. I know that some people will argue that with just two tracks in Scotland, Shofield, which hasn't opened since 2020 and the unregulated, unlicensed Thornton, Greyhound racing is in decline, it will soon come to a natural end. That may be true, but how many more injuries, how many more deaths, how much more cruelty will there be before that happens? Although the Greyhound Board of Great Britain has only had to publish data since 2017, we know that there have been at least 22,767 injuries and 1,206 deaths reported across the UK within registered racing Greyhound tracks up to 2020. Dozens in Shofield before it closed, even though it operated just one night per week. Who knows how many at Thornton, because they aren't required to record or even publish that most basic data or even have a vet present at a race. There's also no requirement for any drug testing at Thornton either, but we know that even with drug testing taking place, just 2% of races at Shofield before it halted racing, there were 13 positive cases from 2018 to 2019 alone. Steroids, beta blockers, pro hormones and shockingly in five cases cocaine. Despite that, there appears to have been no criminal proceedings pursued for drugging, abuse cases, injuries or deaths at Shofield. It's clear that regulation simply does not work. And what about after the racing has stopped? That too is unregulated, often unknown, certainly unacceptable. GBGB do not share microchip records allowing individual dogs to be traced, but we know that 668 of the dog deaths from 2017 to 2019 were dogs killed due to the cost of treatment to rehabilitate them following an injury. Now, many dogs do thankfully find new homes due to the outstanding work of many charities. In my own South Scotland region, there was a Greyhound track at Gretna until 2017. It's no coincidence that in 2001, Dumfrieshire Greyhound rescue, now also covering Cumbria, was founded by Graham and Margaret Hill to rehome retired racing Greyhounds. The Gretna track may have gone, but the outstanding work continues to rehome those animals. And 20 years on, they have rehomed over 1,860 dogs and provide continuous care for up to 15 dogs at any one time as they look for new homes. We owe them and all those charities who pick up the pieces of Greyhound racing a real debt of gratitude. I also want to thank those who have been vocal over many years on support of a ban on Greyhound racing, often in dark times when no one appeared to be listening. My constituent, Jill Dawn, abolished all Greyhound racing, who has raised this issue with me almost from the day I was elected. Jill Docherty in Scotland against Greyhound exploitation, whose petition to this Parliament is slowly but surely making progress and has been signed by over 13,000 people, making it the fifth most signed petition in this Parliament's history. Charities like one kind, a league against cruel sports, now joined significantly by RSPCA, the SSPCA, the Dogstress Blue Cross, who spent years trying to work with industry to bring about improvements, have simply lost patience and are now all calling for a ban. The Scottish Animal Welfare Commission, as we have heard, has already backed an end to unlicensed tracks, and I have no doubt will soon back an end to licensed tracks. It is time for the Scottish Government to follow, to listen to public opinion, to make clear that it will bring forward legislation to end this cruelty and phase out Greyhound racing once and for all. I can give the minister this assurance. You need not worry, because charities such as Dumfriesher and Cumbria Greyhound rescue, the SSPCA and many others will ensure that those dogs left will find good loving homes to enjoy their retirement free from abuse and free from cruelty. I welcome the opportunity to speak in this debate and I thank Mark Ruskell for bringing it forward. I am also happy to support his motion. I want to associate myself with his comments and I thank the action from all the groups that he has mentioned. Greyhound racing is legal in just seven countries in the world, only two tracks remain now in Scotland and many I have mentioned already, Shofield in Rutherglen, which has not been operational since 2020 and Thornton in Fife. Colin Smyth has just mentioned Halcro stadium at Gretna, which closed in 2018. That is also in my South Scotland region and there has been housing built on that site since then. The number of Greyhounds intended for racing is currently at their lowest number in Scotland, and, as the Scottish SSPCA highlighted, a ban at this time would place the smallest possible burden on rescue organisations to ensure that, if implemented in a phased manner, with a full communication with all involved, all dogs currently racing can be re-homed responsibly. Ultimately, I agree that we need legislative change to ban racing in our country to tackle the high number of injuries, deaths and positive drug tests reported in this industry and to reflect the lack of public support for the unsavory use of animals for human entertainment and gambling profit. The regulatory body for Greyhound racing, the Greyhound board of Great Britain, has been required to publish their injury and death statistics since 2017. In 2018, the board introduced a Greyhound commitment aiming to improve welfare and reduce injuries. Despite that, according to the board's own injury-retirement data for 2018, across the UK, just short of 5,000 dogs were injured and increased on the previous year. The figures also state that over 2,000 dogs died or had been killed in the racing industry in 2018-19. The GBGB has also reported only nine positive drug tests in dogs at Shofield and Glasgow in 2018 alone, as reported in various issues of their own Greyhound calendar publication. Information published by the GBGB demonstrates that there have continued to be positive drug tests with Class A drugs in 2019. Those drug tests showed that dogs were drugged with cocaine and methamphetamine and other drugs, as Ruth Maguire and Rona Mackay have described. In reality, the rates of drugging are likely much higher, as only around 3 per cent of dogs who are running are tested. 119 injuries and 15 deaths are at Shofield alone. As the Scottish SPCA report, we do not have the numbers for the unlicensed Thornton track. Those numbers speak volumes and demonstrate the need for a ban. Anyone who has a Greyhound will know that they love comfort and attention. As a dog owner myself and as a proponent of dog-friendly policies, I know how much love our four-legged companions bring. As Collins Smith described, there is great rehoming work being done by Dumfrieshire and Cumbria, Greyhound Rescue Centre, and they have a shop in Lockerbie. I commend them for their rehoming work. It is absolutely not right that we are forced—well, they are forced—to run and through the practice that is simply just for human entertainment and monetary gain. I absolutely agree that there needs to be a ban. As Scotland's animal welfare charity, the Scottish SPCA has reported that Greyhound raising is a significant animal welfare issue and one that needs to be stopped. The question is not if there should be a ban, it is when the ban should happen. From that, I thank Mark Ruskell again for his motion today. Thank you very much indeed. Ms Harper, I now call on Mary McCallan to respond to the debate minister for around seven minutes, please. Thank you very much, Presiding Officer. I would like to begin the Government's response to this member's debate, a debate that I thank Mark Ruskell for introducing and members for taking part in, by being very clear that Greyhounds are intelligent, affectionate and gentle animals, that the mistreatment of animals in Scotland is completely unacceptable and that we expect those found guilty will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. The Scottish Government is committed to the highest standard of animal welfare and we welcome the views from stakeholders such as the Scottish SPCA, Dogs Trust and Onekind, as well as others who have contributed to discussions in recent times. We work closely with those organisations and, like Mr Ruskell does in his motion, as members have done across the chamber, I would like to give the Government's thanks to them, to campaigners and to rescue groups for their work, campaigning for and rehoming Greyhounds. I, like many others, am very concerned by the reports detailing injuries and deaths, particularly at Shawfield between 2017 and 2020. The Scottish Government takes those figures very seriously indeed, as well as any other unnecessary injury or welfare concerns caused by any animal and as a result of human activity or for entertainment as a number of members have reflected on. On the backdrop of those shocking figures, we note the reported permanent closure of Shawfield stadium, having not reopened following suspension of race meetings due to the pandemic. Of course, as members have reflected on, that leaves just one unlicensed track in Fife. Despite just one track remaining, the Scottish Government appreciates the depth of feeling associated with this sport and recognises the considerations that have been undertaken as part of Public Petition PE1578. On the time that I have today, I would like to cover the laws that stand before looking to the future and actions that could be taken on this matter. The provisions included within the Animal Health and Welfare Scotland Act 2006, as amended, ensure that action can be taken, where there is evidence that the welfare needs of greyhounds, whether they are still racing or retired, are not being met. The member raises an important point about enforcement, which I will come on to if he does not mind waiting for that. I was just going to go on to point out that part two of the act applies to all persons who are responsible for animals. In this case, it includes the breeders, the trainers and the owners of racing greyhounds. Of course, we recently moved to amend the 2006 act with the Animals in Wildlife 2020 act, which means that those found guilty of offences can now face up to five years in prison and unlimited fines. Those recent changes are part of the Government's unwavering conviction that the mistreatment of animals in Scotland is completely unacceptable. As I said in my opening remarks, we expect that those who are found guilty will be prosecuted to the furthest extent. I thank the minister for giving way. Obviously, the 2006 act has been highly effective in some areas of welfare reform and ensuring that the welfare of animals is protected and adequate prosecutions have been brought through. Does the minister believe that in this area, greyhound racing, there are particular problems with the application of the act and it has not been effective in driving the reforms that we all want to see? The intervention, like the previous one, is an important one. It is a point about the enforcement of the law as it stands. The Scottish Government's position is very much that the 2006 act, as it stands, is sufficient, but we are interested in how enforcement, particularly in the case of greyhound racing, can be improved. My point is that the Government has taken significant steps to protect and promote the welfare of dogs, including by those stronger penalties. Right now, in addition to that, following the granting of legislative consent for relevant parts of the UK kept animals bill, we continue to work with other UK Administrations on proposals to tackle the illegal puppy trade, including restricting the number of puppies that can be imported in one vehicle and to prevent the importation of puppies under six months old, heavily pregnant female dogs, or dogs that have had their ears cropped or have been subject to other mutilations that would be illegal in the UK. If those proposals are brought to fruition, they will benefit the lives of thousands of dogs, including puppies that are bred and reared for the greyhound racing industry, because it is an industry where we know a large proportion of dogs who are racing in Britain have been bred elsewhere and transported into the country. The Government in this way is directing time and resources to actions that we think have the widest possible impact on the very largest possible number of dogs. This work is largely being led by my colleague Barry Gougeon, but it sits alongside work that I am leasing on in the protection of wildlife, including ending the chasing and killing of foxes and wild mammals by dogs, reforming grousmere management, banning glue traps, considering the future of snaring and reviewing the powers of the Scottish SPCA. The Government is taking all of that forward right now. That says it stands, but I want to return to the issue at hand, because despite having that robust legislative framework and ever pursuing more impactful change, we recognise that there are challenges faced in enforcement by authorities in collecting data and evidence, particularly from unlicensed greyhound racing premises. We know that there is concern regarding suspected instances of malpractice, including doping and the lack of veterinary care, as members have narrated today. We are committed to continuing to work with enforcement authorities, including the SSPCA, as well as other stakeholders, to ensure that enforcement of those robust laws is operating as it needs to. In that regard, I encourage anyone who is concerned about the welfare of any animal to report their concerns to local authority. It is very brief. The Scottish Animal Welfare Commission, who has been tasked by the Government to look at all those issues, has come out and said that it wants a ban on greyhound racing and unlicensed tracks. Do you have any timeline for when they might come out with a view on licensed tracks, and therefore an outright ban? I would not want to pre-empt the work of the Scottish Animal Welfare Commission. All I can say for the Government's point of view is that we look forward to their comments, as we do the comments from the rain committee, and we will take all of that into consideration. I am closing. As I do, I would like to specifically look at what we can do right now to improve the situation in what is a much-declined, but still a very concerning matter of greyhound racing. First, I just want to clarify that the Scottish Animal Welfare Commission's letter to the Rural Affairs, Islands and Natural Environment Committee of 23 May this year did not call for an outright ban on greyhound racing. Rather, it stated that it did not support the continuation of unlicensed tracks in Scotland. The SOC considered that, if greyhound racing was to continue, it would advise it to be conducted under specific regulation to protect the health and welfare of dogs. As I said to Christine Grahame, we will carefully consider recommendations made by them, as we will by the rain committee. However, members will right now be aware of the Scottish Government's programme for government commitment to consult stakeholders on extending licensing legislation to animal care services, which could include dog training, walking and grooming services. Officials in the Government have already begun the preliminary stages of the work, which in substance will be taken forward at the earliest opportunity. My colleague the Cabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs, Mary Gougeon, is leading on this. However, I am very pleased to be able to confirm today that, while we await the views of SOC, while we will take into account the opinions of the Rural Affairs Committee, we will include in that consultation on licensing the activities of the greyhound industry. Despite the greyhound racing industry's decline in Scotland, we are clear that animal welfare must be paramount and must be upheld. Cruelty to animals, whether they are domesticated or wild, has no place in modern Scotland. That concludes the debate, and I suspend this meeting of Parliament until two o'clock.


Okay, so now that we've used all of the tools that we had in the product research stage and we've narrowed down our best selling products, we are now ready to create our own Shopify store. So let me walk you through this process. This is probably one of the most easiest lessons in this whole course. So enjoy it. So now all that you have to do is sign up for Shopify and get your 14 day free trial using the sign up link that we have in the resources PDF for this course. I once again remind you guys to use this resources PDF because in that PDF you have links to everything that we're talking about in this course, including the suppliers and the links and the tools and everything that you guys need is simply organized in the resources PDF. So use that resources PDF to sign up for Shopify and then you'll get your 14 day free trial, which you will need to build your store and import your products and market your products, all of those things we are going to do together. So don't worry about it. Just get your 14 day free trial by clicking on the link. Once you click on that link, you'll be taking to this page as we see in front of me. Don't worry about these prices. You won't have to pay them because we're just going to use our free trial and once our stores will be completely ready, we'll subscribe for the first plan. But don't worry about that for now. We are going for low budgets. We want to succeed on low budgets and I want to show you guys that it's possible. So just scroll down, click on start free trial. Now simply enter your email address, your password and your store name. Now your store name is going to look like this. Let's say I'm calling it Pet Shop. This name is obviously taken, but let's say we're using this name. Your website is going to look like this. Your store's name, mypetshop.myshopify.com. Now you don't want your store to have this address and that's perfectly fine. This is just a store name that you will use. And later on you're going to connect it to your own domain name, www.whateveryouwant.com. And that's going to be your store's website address. I'm also going to show you how to do that, but we're going to get to that step by step. So first just choose a name for your store. Later on you'll be able to connect it to a different name, but this will be your main name which only you will see. So let's go ahead and choose a name that wasn't chosen in the past so we can continue the signup process. Let's say Pet Shop discounts and it's not taken. So Pet Shop discounts will be our store name which we will later change it to our own domain name. Okay, so this is the first screen that you're going to be greeted with. Tell us a little bit about yourself. You don't have to answer any of these questions. You can just go ahead and click on skip. Next, enter your basic information. So first name, last name, your address, postal code, city, phone number. Choose if you have a registered business under your name or not. And then just click on enter my store. And so here we are with our brand new Shopify account. We have 14 days to do whatever we want. Now we're going to start optimizing our stores, adding products, making our logos and everything else that we need to do to get this store up and running with the best dropshipping products. And this is where we are going to get wild and creative. So get ready. Your assignment for this lesson is to create your Shopify store using the signup link in the resources PDF to get your 14 day free trial. And I'll see you in the next lesson where you will choose a name for your business for everyone to see. See you in the next lesson.