Thank you for staying with us. You're still watching the breakfast and plus TV Africa right now It's time for the paper review to see what the national dailies are saying this morning and just taking headlines We can rounds across Nigeria and right now to review the paper with us is Chris candy wonder He's a member of the chattered Institute of Abitrators in the UK and is joining us from here in Lagos state Good morning, Mr. Chris. Thank you for joining us Thank you for having me. Good morning Good morning to you. Okay, so let's just dive right into the papers. We'll be starting with the punch this morning and One one of the small headline on the top here That's why I would like to start says minimum wage Private sector states force labor push for one million narrow So minimum wage private sector states force labor push for one million narrow What do you think about this one? Do you think one million are is too much to ask for the minimum wage or do you think maybe even too little? Do you think we should be looking at the value of the dollar? So everything right now should be at the current value of the naira to the dollar But what do you just think about this whole minimum wage thing? well, I think we should stop learning I don't know the Take home of most workers in Nigeria now in a year is up to one million I totally agree that there should be an increment of minimum wage of major workers Situation of things and the current economic situations It shows like as a practically They say the last statistics is about eighty eight point eight million Naira, but I'm sorry it's eight point eight million in terms of the severe poverty line You know, so I think it's more than that for me. I would say about 80% or 90% of Nigerians who are the so-called there's nothing, you know, we used to have upper class middle class and lower class But now it's looking like a middle class against just the upper class and those of us in the down the ladder so So I totally agree that the current economic situation is necessary for us to have a Change and they are not good review of the minimum which whatever it will be is okay That glimmering for one million naira is just a little bit, but who's going to pay that don't forget that currently the minimum Which is about 30,000 naira or there about and most states in Nigeria cannot be that 30,000 naira most of Nigerian states cannot pay that they are not being so Maybe I'm saying that you want to now increase the ago we want to increase this from 30,000 to one million. So what we happen? Where would I get such money from so what I believe that? People have not done his job. Well, the label had drop his ball Where do we when they spend them to our form of able to represent Nigerians? Effectively Religion on what it is. So every night you see Hydro-led NSC Giving government or to meet on two in four hours before the expiration of the term is just a bag So I don't Nigerians don't even believe in this Label union as it were but as I said to have The former governor of Lagos once said that I think last week he said that States should be left to determine what the minimum wage would be Do you buy that as well because now even some states now that they say it's a blanket thing Some states are still not paying 30,000 naira minimum wage Do you buy the idea that states should be allowed to determine what their minimum wage would be because for some states, right? Even the 30,000 naira is not enough. So for living in let's let's use Lagos for instance The cost of living here is higher because obviously rent is higher Transportation's even food having to come all the way from the north. So do you think each states should be able to? Actually carve their own out and say, okay This is the cost of living here and the minimum wage should be based on that cost of leaving We're using a Pre-federation means that every component of that unit is Independent of each other federal government is different from the state government the state government is different from Government that is the Constitution 99 Constitution as amended which we are operating is every every of Three tiers of a government Governors as it is the federal government as well So I totally agree with you each state should be able to make a share that a federal government cannot Be honest sit on his high horse and not be disturbing what states are going to pay Because we don't know my way view. We don't know how much Getting us idea. How can you compare state like mine in the state make a state? And you say that with a blanket and this you know with that of river states that gets much of the furniture I can't Yes Which states like the ones in Bono or the ones in there You'll be and the rest of them. So I think the federal watch Everything should be allowed to our way of talking of remote, you know We're talking about the federal government workers and single men workers. What are the private sector? Nobody talks about the private sector. So is only when you say the minimum with this one million I see the acclamation it is for federal government workers simple servants and also states Which we just asked it to be able to determine they are the one that employing this Everyone and they can be able to determine how much they are going to pay them and the way it is if you are not ready to take Pay them what else often we have said that you resign or you just did you so best Pray I totally disagree that the government federal government should be the ones negotiating and that person is the Government and you look at government as we're writing said that I said in my opinion most of the states over three years now since the Memo which was increased to used to be about 50,000 because it was 30,000 most state team now still campaign at 30,000 So we are they going to get 1,000,000 Okay, all right, let's let's move over to another small headline at the bottom It says IMF forecast eight billion dollar fall in Nigeria's 2024 foreign reserves What's your take on this one? Well, I For me, I thought listening because part of the problem we've had since the independence is aligned for Donate agencies and You can see that other progressive countries like China don't even listen to what the IMF But they can do that because they don't go cap in hands to grow money or perform from you Who goes a boy who's a story and that is what happens because where they where you go to go For the My sister I Make you dance Situation Even the so-called devaluation that is Present it is not even what is not even what anything we are the We are going back to the to what Venezuela experience and the what happens during the days of Even Nobody's doing anything to get first on this slide in mirror and also the cost be the many party told me That I'll buy a loaf of bread for 1,000 back Even the I can give bread used to be our state my brother. You know, I can give break So So personally, yes I am a work bank or whatever I can say whatever they want But the fact is that we on our own has to buy if we were productive enough as we're supposed to Then we've ourself in any way any country or any don't agency I mean, let us take for example the shop. I don't know That you have seen high quality the power has been in the past foods. In fact, the rate of heat did What is going to a killing agenda is the heat the heat level around and how hot the weather is As I put me to you, I don't have power in the past three days. I don't have power in my house You know, how much them a little Children cost now. I'm in Italy to learn even if I say I'm going to use inverter or whichever one, you know How much it has so those are the issues that was facing fundamental Let us be able to raise our Productivity let us start exporting now so that we can and not point this change But then that we cannot sit back and look the IMF and all back in the island say go ahead We don't need your money We are going to determine what I would bet as much as we go to the IMF and the work bank or whatever doing agencies or countries They will continue to determine what you do with the money that giving you and that is the fact Okay, let's move to the daily trust newspaper right now We're going to take something from outside Nigeria more or less Even though it involves Niger it involves a coas the Niger junta has vowed that they're not returning to a coas at all I don't know how what you see about that because a lot of people have begun to say that the past of a coas is dwindling and The three countries leaving a coas will further weaken a coas. What do you think? Yes, I agree with you that let us look at streets that they cover up the daily trust We see there's hashing in the land and that is by the IMF who was telling the wife of the president the first lady Mrs. Tunibu yesterday who did come on? I only did the You know I can't tell the government and the Indians are suffering with us and the earlier the government The better for us there has been protest in Niger states from Niger state to move to a shoe state There have been some level of protest and before it it will escalate and go around if this is not checked I'm going to add the answers Protest is going to be a choice play if government is not able to Even this I'm able to put the right thing by checkmate the rising cost of living in Nigeria a humble mind agreement And I said it in this program Which are not sleep because the poor are weak and that is what it is. So Service and trying to say oh, we are going to The results we are going to give grace We're going to have give grace to stay to give grace to this that is not the issue that is just been transmitted It's just like what the first of materials appears in the last time they said they were distributing money to Ninety-years and the forest of the quiet in the old pizza. So what is the gold main doing about the rest of Living in Nigeria bag of rice is more than seven thousand and seventy thousand And now that's the bag of rice a mood of rice. How much is it even the same before like Gary? How much is a mood of Gary?  It has never been this but it has never been this terrible So the more we look at ourselves. I just like My cage as it said in the soft man in the mirror, you have to be the mind So we don't need a name here. We don't need a post-class All bar or you pay or whatever to tell the federal government We have ministers we have advisors and I hope that advices the country right on this issue of uprising possible Because it will go into the highest level of insecurity is inability to feed your people That is the highest level of insecurity and also you have to also look at the issue of the security that is rising on you Because it tied it to together farmers are not going to the farm because I've been kidnapped. What are you doing about in security? We're on top of the we're on top of it. That is what the police and top of it and top of it That's why about that Service to ensure Insecurity is becoming so deadly now that you cannot even move out of your house if why is it? Sees of proxies be in the people's living in your houses and that is We go men's must be told Nigerians are very very hungry and as I repeat again a hungry man is an aggravated Yes Passes I've said that they're no longer members of it was in as much as the truth is that Before you can exit the the union as it were you have to inform the Organization within a certain period of sympathy cannot force it If I say I'm not married you that is what it is the worst case scenario go to court and this up They have come to realize that they are being in In a co-wass is not happy matters at all and that a co-wass doesn't seem to understand Yeah, I totally agree. Some of the statistics are that you should not encourage the issue of crew in any of this But the party was also as you said that those that are in government where they think that I'm talking about the civilian civilians Regives as it were so I don't think that they go as and they just handle the issue properly because the inability to that issue properly now open the door for a country like Russia to come in and we put to establish a seven this week I think this issue can be resolved dramatically now We are getting some fillers or do not confirm that one of the countries as Nigeria not apply over is this piece I don't know how to that if that is going to be the issue then it's going to be a problem because if they close their S This week is closer to Nigeria and that means it and should I come into Nigeria thinking that as it have to go to a longer route And which is what is happening in the race in now between the fight the fight going on between Israel and Hamas We are Rivers have not making life difficult for sheep moving on the Red Sea to not take because of the attack They are making a longer route a journey that takes the ship about two weeks in that thing about points And that in each step increase the price of flights Across the globe and costing a lot of But as he said that the economic Equal as leaders as we are Do more dramatic Shortening between this between equal as this country's way to bring them together You don't just throw away your child because it's not here or he's back You have a way of people to talk to you there. It's not all different. I can be here the same way But you are sitting further. So it is your duty as if you will be able to bring even those that are falling off line To be able to bring them to the table and be able to determine and make sure that everything That All right, well, I know you said something about Hungry man is an angry man and it's It's worthy to know that on the daily trust the major headline on that one even says there's hardship in the land says Can you Yeah, there's hardship in the land. Anyway, so I want to move over to the Guardian and he talks about import duty FX rates raised for time in February now 1,444 point six Naira to the dollar. So really there's hardship in the land So what do you think about this import duty FX rates that has been raised for time for the fourth time in February? We're just a few days into February This is the 13th day of February and we're looking at this import duty being raised four times already Yes, you know in touch enough rights In foreign currency, and that is what is happening and that is what Remember the problem we had in the past some time in the past We have because of the cost of the trading goods and services Especially cars into Nigeria most importers bringing vehicles into the area and I resorted to a good to know You remember really what happened this period They were they were at that part. They are Containers to put to know and from there and here as we close the import I just say put to know and bringing those goods That is also happening now and that is why you're having So that in itself is affecting the economy because apart from the apart from what we made from And what comes from the next level of income that really is from customs and also then from the MP Tasks made on goods coming into Nigeria so but As the paper reported In February alone that you can imagine what 13th a day to Valentine and Let me say happy Valentine to you my sister Thank you happy Valentine's day You know we must continue to celebrate Nigerians are tourism and that is why when it does that take us for granted because They say that we are the happiest people in the world. Right. You see a situation where a very big theory He much has to say that the Niger problem is a spiritual and I was laughing spiritual Instead of blaming our leaders for what we say that one problem is which and who does that that we are not Is it that we are not spiritual enough? I'm telling you that in Nigeria We hide the highest number of churches in this country than anywhere in the world. Yeah You know that there is no beauty in fact some beauties in because we have three churches One down another church They have been thanks with about six that I know six eight even It's true. You have six you have six large. I have six various churches. What are we talking about? So spiritual and I ask myself they develop me called develop countries like china Do they go spiritual? How spiritual is a chinese man? And they have the Times is just common sense It doesn't make any sense. My sister doesn't make any sense. Let us put the blame. We are the blame in this clearly and I'll put you as the question Our problem is is that of leadership or follow-up? Until we answer that question to constitute men where we are I think it's follow-up ship anyway We would have loved to continue we had more time especially as they say 113.8 million Nigerians are undocumented and I don't know how People are talking about our population Are we really 220? Are we really up to that or are we more than that? We don't even know We were supposed to have a census last year. We couldn't have it They are promising us that we are going to have a census this year or something like that So, I don't know 113 undocumented. This is a lump sum. What do you think very briefly because our time is up Well, 113 13 or 30 whatever undocumented Then the question has what happened to the name that we did Sort of the name Yeah, was the name not meant to capture every Nigerian as it were Do you think people queue or be aware on the queue for hours during the what happened to that information that was gathered? What happened to the information that we used the the bvm? Um FRC license a diverse license What of the passport? It's so obvious that some people are just branding This team here and there because the essence of the need is to be able to capture every Nigerian irrespective of age That every Nigerian must be captured the national ID card project that we started over close to 20 years ago I'll see that now we cannot be not be able to finish it Do you say have your national ID card if you have hasn't he aspired? That is Nigerian for you. So I don't know this is one of the countries in the world where you don't have enough data to be because even if you don't have the data Then how do you plan? Yeah We talk of national plan how do you plan for your people when you do not know Why the us isn't what is doing to you because he knows every single person in the united state And that is how you can determine their per capita income But in Nigeria, nobody knows we don't even know how many where if you go out tomorrow and see a canyon on the street of late Because who you knowing? That is Nigerian for you So, uh, totally my brother when they start writing all these figures, it's not a system. I don't believe it It's all the so-called statistics. Is this the statistics? They will say that like for Nigeria's is improving Nigeria is the cheapest thing when it comes to cost of living and the rest of them and MBS will come out with also fake so many fake Um But you go to the market. You cannot buy just a just a mood of gary and they tell you It is Happy Valentine to you. Thank you so much. Thank you. Happy Valentine's day to you tomorrow Thank you. Mr. Chris. All right That's it on our paper review. We've been speaking to Chris candy wonder. He's a member of the chat Institute of Abritrators in the UK who is joining us for here in Lagos State We'll go on a short break when we return. We'll be looking at our hot topic. Please stay with us


Hey guys, it's MJ and I did an interview with a really cool startup called Pineapple They are a peer-to-peer insurance platform Unfortunately though when I did the interview it was over Skype and the internet connection wasn't the best so the audio quality Is not great. So what I have done is I've added subtitles So make sure to turn on the subtitles if you're battling to hear what they're saying But without further ado, let's jump straight into this. Thanks guys So we are we we are recording and I just want to say thank you guys so much for I mean taking time out of your busy schedule To to do this interview But I know it's something that a lot of people have been requesting on my my channel is You know can actuaries become entrepreneurs? So that's why I was very excited when when I came across your guys article. I was like, ah fantastic because Yeah, I believe it's it's Matthew who's who's studying actuarial science or who studied actuarial science? Okay, fantastic and and the other guys what what are your backgrounds? Mm-hmm, okay fantastic I mean that that's like the the best combination is to have an actuary a lawyer and an accountant kind of all Working together because those are kind of like the three big spheres when it comes to to doing business and stuff Um, yes, yes, but before we get into the whole thing. I just want to ask Matthew very quickly Because this is a question. I get asked quite a quite a lot as well So I'm interested in your answer is why did you study actuarial science? No, yes, Steven was was a brilliant lecture. I must say I do I do miss miss him But I mean the one thing about studying actuarial science is that it does come with this very lucrative salary at the end of every month if you do work for for one of the big companies So what made you decide to to turn your back on that and rough it out as an entrepreneur? And so would you say that this is your your first start up or have you guys or other people in your team worked on? other little projects, maybe say at school Or during university or is this the first time you guys are doing the whole? Yeah, entrepreneurial startup thing and And tell me um, I mean you guys have called yourself pineapple Whose idea was that and like what what's the story behind that name? That's actually pretty pretty interesting because I thought it was like, oh, you know, there's blackberry. There's apples So we like let's just call ourselves after a fruit. You know that that seems to be the trend. Okay, so Yeah I must say it's I think it's that that story of the pineapple It's it's quite a lovely story in the sense that it's something that I didn't know about I mean I eat the stuff all the time and and I wasn't even aware of it So to know that that is great, but now tell me guys. Can you explain your idea in a nutshell? So very quickly what exactly does pineapple do and tell me I mean I see something Something that was also a peer-to-peer insurance company was set up in in 2010 called friend insurance Is is pineapple like a clone of that or is it something different? Okay, cool. So let's just I know you guys are in stealth mode and you don't want to talk too much about how the processes work But I was reading an article where you guys were talking about using the mango db and react native Again, why did you choose those technologies over something like ionic and firebase? I hear so you guys want to go on both and I mean I've just tried to release an app and android was you know like no problem You know put whatever you want on this on this app store But with with apple they they rejected my app. They were like, oh, you know It doesn't meet these guidelines and it goes infringes this and I actually went and I read their guidelines And it's quite a long lengthy document does pineapple infringe on any of of apple's You know business conditions or is this something that will will get the green light from from them Okay, cool, and then another question just around from the the technical side Um There's like a lot of hype around this whole thing known as blockchain and I was seeing some of your articles You guys mentioned that you you know, you were looking at that as a technology Would you ever consider releasing an ico? You know these things that have popped up on the internet that have raised stupid amounts of money Okay, fantastic and and just just to talk more more on the finance side I see you guys raised five point two million rand And I also saw that lemonade, which is also like a tech insurance company They were able to raise 13 million dollars from actually a guy who studied actuarial science at UCT rule of bertha With with his capital, um company in silicon valley What made you guys go for five point two million rand and not for some Stupid silly, you know hundred million like other companies have done And look you guys don't have to answer this this next question But just roughly speaking what is that five point two million going towards like what is the budget? Is it mainly going towards salaries? You know, you're gonna hire a whole bunch of support staff Is it going towards technology? Is it going towards trying to get over regulatory barriers? Is it support staff? What is your we move now more into say the the actual product that you guys are doing The fact that it's peer-to-peer insurance. Is this something that I can approach solo? Let's say my family So let's say for instance my family. They've very got close ties with their brokers And even though I study actuarial science and I can find they're much cheaper premiums elsewhere They're like no, no the broker. He's like a family friend. We've been with him for 30 years There's no way we're moving to to selling cheaper Can I come to you guys as an individual or do I need to come with my entire friend group? Just from like say a regulatory point of view Are you guys going to be an insurance company? Are you going to be a broker? Do you have any underwriting relationships? Are you going to go through somebody else's license set up a captive? I mean, this is more of a a technical actuarial question But how are you guys going to be seen from a regulatory point of view? Well, this is the one thing that that I do find quite interesting about these these peer-to-peer Insurance systems the idea is that you almost pay you pay a big premium because a chunk of that premium goes towards the reserve And if not enough claims are made then that premium then gets refunded back to the person Is there not a way to make it so that you make that premium a little bit lower? And you just let the people take on a little bit additional risk Or do you think that's not something that the market is is ready for? So what I mean by that is a completely isolated system Where you you're putting your money onto this platform and if there's no more money at the end of the day You know you still suffer your risk So it could be considerably more cheaper, but considerably more more risky. Do you think that's something that we're not ready for? Because I mean that that's always I think the scariest thing about insurance Or setting up an insurance company is you might be selling cover to somebody who's got you know a very old Toyota And then one day they they create a pile up with a you know a bunch of Ferraris And you've got this massive this massive claim that could wipe out out the system So it's great to hear that you guys have got those reinsurance Barry or that reinsurance layer of protection But I want to just ask from let's say from a process point of view How would that look let's say I I crashed my car into ferrari I come to your guys app and I say I crashed into a ferrari How do you guys know that it was a ferrari that I crashed into and say not just another random cop? Where's that like your how do you solve that process? Some insurance companies what they do is they sometimes They make a little bit of a an operating loss on their premium But what they do is that they take their premium money and they invest it and they're able to cover up that loss with Investment income are you guys going to be or you don't have to answer this if it's still in stealth mode But will you guys be investing that the premiums that people put forward and how would you be investing that money? No, no, that's 100 5 because I know that is quite a that's like a trade secret with a lot of insurance companies So so no worries with that Um, I'll tell you what let's let's wrap it off with with two last questions Um, the last one will be, you know, how do people actually sign up to this this pineapple and and get involved? But before we get to that one, um, can you just tell us what's next for pineapple? What is the what is the roadmap? What's the five-year plan? I mean, are you guys going to try to take on the world? Or do you want to just be the best in say south africa? What is what's the ambition? Yeah, I guess let's let's end off with say Um, how do people so the people listening here? Um, I'm going to put a link in the description below to your guys website But what is their process for them to to sign up with you guys? They're fantastic. No guys, I must say I'm very very excited for this technology And I'm going to be wishing you all the best. I must say I do want to apologize Yeah, the audio quality hasn't been the best But I'll put on a little like, you know the subtitles at the bottom just to make sure that everyone can follow along But just want to say, yeah, thanks again for your time and all the best. Hey Cheers there guys


Good morning, my name is Dr. Shumun Saini. So, Merzman, Mahabhi Medical College, and Dr. Zain Hospital, New Delhi. The topic of my oral paper presentation is the Diagnostic Utility of Spectral Doppler in Acute Appendicitis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of spectral Doppler in Acute Appendicitis as an exam to grade scale ultrasoundography. The objective of the study was to measure the PSV and RI values of the Vascularity of Appendix in patients clinically suspected to have acute appendicitis and to find the cutoff values of PSV and RI which can differentiate appendicitis from normal abit. Another objective was to implement the cutoff values obtained to evaluate the diagnostic performance of spectral Doppler in Acute Appendicitis and its added advantage in the borderline category of diameter of 6 to 8 ml. Coming up is the introduction. Right is is one of the most common presentation in the emergency room of which a major cause is acute appendicitis and it remains the most common cause of abdominal pain that may require surgical intervention and hospitalization. The radiological evaluations for appendicitis have been constantly evolving over the recent years and now the graded compression ultrasoundography has emerged as the initial and the most commonly used immediate modality in diagnostic appendicitis and the conditions that may make appendicitis. USB is the preferred modality for appendicitis because of its easy availability, cause effectiveness and no radiation exposure. USB can diagnose appendicitis by calculating the maximum outer diameter of the appendicitis visualizes a blind ending non compressible k-peristaltic tubular structure in the right eyelid corsa along with other signs of inflammation. But a major problem of ultrasoundography is that diagnosing appendicitis in the equivocal category where the diameter is 6 to 8 ml various studies have found that in this category approximately half of the patients did not even have appendicitis. So this limitation has been partially resolved by the adjective use of color Doppler as it can also detect peripheral walls hyperemia in acute appendicitis. Similarly now spectral Doppler has emerged to provide an objective and quantitative data in the form of mean PSV that is peak systolic philosophy and RI resistive index values which provide a statistically significant differentiation between a patient with appendicitis and without appendicitis. So the objective of our study was to assess the potential utility of PSV and RI values by appendicitis to sectoral Doppler in diagnosing acute appendicitis. The study was a prospective observational analytical study at a tertiary care hospital on the study period of 18 months. Subjects of age between 12 to 15 years with acute abdominal pain and clinically suspected of acute appendicitis were taken only those patients were included in which the sectoral Doppler parameters were obtained. Patients with complicated appendicitis in which appendix not visualized color not obtained or no sectoral Doppler parameters were obtained were excluded from the study. So after obtaining informed written concerns pre-physically in examination finding ultrasound was performed on the subject using a linear ready transducer of her ultramachine logic E. The technique used was a created compression technique and the patients were scanned in supine, left posterior oblique and stretching supine positions and appendix was visualized as an aparystallic non-compressible tubular blindening structure. The maximum outer diameter of the appendix was noted along with other findings such as appendicolis, peri-appendixial fluid, ecogenic fat, etc. Colored opals were then attempted on the appendixial wall and after identification of the colors signal within the wall, sectoral Doppler was attempted in non-angle corrected interrogation which was used to provide spectral tracing indicating PSP and RI values. This is the study closure after we have obtained the sectoral Doppler parameters and then the patients were followed up and the patient undergoing surgery he put a biological report for the final diagnosis was traced and then patients not going undergoing surgery, clinical follow-up for resolution of symptoms or admission was done. Now sample size, coming on to the sample size the significance of sectoral Doppler parameters has been studied question and all. So keeping that study as a reference study the sample size obtained for our study was 32 patients and to eliminate error the proposed sample size of the study was 40 patients. Coming on to the rigorous, so out of a total of 150 patients who were initially came to us for the sample size of the patients, the patients were initially evaluated with grayscale, ultrasonography, then colored Doppler and then spectral Doppler or to call this patients sectoral Doppler waveforms were obtained in 40 patients. On performing grayscale ultrasound the appendixial diameters of the patients changed from 6 to 14 mm with a mean diameter of 9.16 mm. The mean diameter of appendix in the patients with appendixitis was 9.97 while it was 8.62 in patients without appendixitis. So in both the groups there was a significant difference. Along with grayscale ultrasound, anterior findings like periopendical phage, inflammation, fluid was also observed. However there were no significant differences between the groups of patients having appendixitis and those without appendixitis. On spectral Doppler evaluation, the mean PSV value obtained in the patients with and without appendixitis was 19.2 centimeter per second and 14.15 centimeter per second, showing significant difference between the two groups. The mean RI values were 0.62 and 0.52. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in case of R. This is the ROC curve obtained and from for appendixial diameter, the cutoff value obtained for appendixitis was 8.7 mm. So at a cutoff of more than 8.7 mm, it predicted appendixitis with a sensitivity of 81 percent, sensitivity of 58 percent, positive predictive value of 56.5 percent, interview of 82.4 and a diagnostic accuracy of 67.5 percent. This is the ROC curve analysis of PSV values and the cutoff value obtained was 11.8 centimeter per second and it showed a sensitivity of 96.8 percent and a sensitivity of 54.2 percent. Now this is the third ROC curve of RI values. The cutoff obtained was 0.56 with a sensitivity of 81.2 percent and a specificity of 58.3 percent. We applied this cutoff value on 15 patients in the borderline category and we found that the PSV predicted appendixitis with a sensitivity of 50 percent, specificity of 58.3 percent, PSV of 16.7 percent and PV of 87.5 percent and added diagnostic accuracy of 57.1 percent. The cutoff value of RI predicted appendixitis with a sensitivity of 50 percent, specificity of 41.7 percent, PV of 12.5 percent and interview of 83.3 percent. RI had 42.9 percent diagnostic accuracy. Coming on to the discussion part. In our studies, the mean maximum output diameter of patients with appendixitis is 9.97 while the mean diameter of patients without appendixitis was 8.62. I have already described because there was a significant difference between these two groups whereas in the borderline group appendixitis was resulting in 12.5 cases. Then comparing to previous study in a study by a tender staff at all in 2014, a significant difference was seen in the diameter between the surgical and the nonsurgical groups of appendixitis. Similar results were also obtained by a study by G et al. So both the studies demonstrated that appendix diameter is an important grayscale criteria and differs significantly in the positions of appendicitis and those without appendicitis. And now our cutoff value that we obtained was 8.7 mm after plotting ROC curve and the sensitivity, specificity and PPV of power cutoff value were significantly lesser than a previous study by Kessler where the cutoff value of 6 mm obtained a sensitivity of 98 percent. So in our study the cutoff value of 6 mm had a sensitivity of 100 percent by specificity a little poor at 4.2 percent. Now if we consider the cutoff value at 7 mm the sensitivity was 93.8 percent, the specificity of 16.7 percent, PPV of 42.9 percent and MVV of 80 percent. Another study where our study had different results from J et al was that 5.7 mm was found to be a reliable cutoff criteria in the study by G et al. But our results were comparable to the results obtained in the study by Rittenbacker and the Kaiser where it was demonstrated that the cutoff values of 6 and 7 mm were highly sensitivity but they lacked specificity. The study by Rendez-Gas also concluded that adopting a 7 mm cutoff could actually maximize the sensitivity in specificity. Our study drew the same conclusion where it was concluded that appendicitis diameter was more useful in actually excluding appendicitis than in confirming its presence. In the borderline category only 14.2 percent of our patients had appendicitis which was fairly low when compared to previous studies by Tau et al or Oppenheimer where the number was more than 50 percent. The results of our study regarding the mean PSV of 19.2 centimeter and 14.5 centimeter patients with and without appendicitis were similar to our reference study by Sineadol. The cutoff value obtained from the ROC curve was 10 centimeters per second in Sineadol and we obtained the value of 11.8 centimeters per second which were very close. And in another similar study by Bakshandri, a cutoff value of 9.6 centimeters per second was obtained. Among those two studies we have actually obtained higher sensitivity as compared to Sineadol. However, the specificity in PPV was significantly lower. The sensitivity of our set of PSV in our study was similar to that by Bakshandri. The mean RA value in our study was also comparable to that obtained in the study by Insesu et al. Our study also closely replicated the results obtained in the study by Sineadol where the RA values of were 0.69 and 0.5. The cutoff value of RA that we obtained from our ROC curve was 0.56 and it has good sensitivity and specificity and good NPV also. But then compared with the study by Sineadol, the results obtained in our study were better than case of sensitivity comparable in terms of NPV but significantly lower in specificity and PPV. Our study also demonstrated lower sensitivity and specificity when compared to the study by Bakshandri. In our study, a total of 19 patients were operated and 24 patients were not operated. Out of the 24 patients that were not operated who had a recurrence of the symptoms and were subsequently operated and we found that if we had applied the if we apply the criteria of our PSV and RA values in those patients, we would have correctly predicting the presence of appendicitis. Among the patients that were operated, 16 were found to have appendicitis while 3 did not have appendicitis. All 3 of these patients had appendicitis between 6 to 8 m. If we apply the criteria value from our study in this patient, our cut-off PSV actually correctly predicted the absence of appendicitis in all these patients while RA correctly predicted absence of appendicitis in 1 out of 3 patients. The findings of our study were similar to those conducted by Sineadol which they found that on applying the criteria of cut-off PSV to 5 patients, they would have provided correct diagnosis in 4 of the 5 patients. When it comes to the borderline category, we had 14 patients in which 5 were operated. However, appendicitis was found only in 2 of them, all in the pathology. On applying our cut-off values of PSV and RA, we found that the PSV predicted appendicitis with a sensitivity of 50%, specificity of 58.3%, P2B of 16.7% and in review of 87.5%. The cut-off values of RA predicted appendicitis with a sensitivity of 50%, specificity of 41.7%, P2B of 12.5% and in review of 83.3%. So, our results for the borderline category were considerably different from the study by Sineadol and had lower sensitivity, specificity and BVG. Only the negative relative value was comparable between the 2 studies. So, this difference was likely due to a lower number of patients we had in the borderline category and the shorter time span of the study. In conclusion, spectral doctor parameters, especially PSV can prove to be a useful jump to great scale using correctly predicting appendicitis, even performing better than the criteria of maximum diameter. In the borderline category, however, spectral parameters in our study did not perform as well as those in previous studies. However, the cut-off values of PSV correctly predicted the absence of appendicitis in 3 patients who were operated but were performed to not have appendicitis. So, an additional study with the largest sample size and a longer time span are recommended to collaborate this findings that could define the utility of spectral doctor criteria in the context of borderline appendicitis of 6 to 8. These are my representative cases. The first case shows grade scale appendicitial diameter in the value of 8.7 mm. This is the image showing colored Doppler images and this is the spectral doctor parameters. The patient was operated and this is the findings. This is the second case in which the patient had a diameter of 7.1 mm and was subsequently operated. The patient had a diameter of 10 mm. However, the PSV and RE values were lower. The patient was not operated and was managed conservatively. This is another patient in the borderline category of 6 to 8 mm. This patient had low spectral doctor values and the patient was not operated and was valid conservatively. This patient actually had a data diameter, had data spectral doctor parameters, but the patient was clinically well and was not operated and was managed conservatively. These are the results.


Welcome to the fifth lecture which is the beginning of capsule number 3. In this capsule we are going to continue further our discussion about fluid mechanics. So this particular capsule is called as basic fluid mechanics part 2 and in this we will look at two lectures today we discuss some fundamental phenomena in fluid mechanics. We discuss viscous flow Reynolds number and boundary layers. The bulk of the content for this lecture has come from this student Atul Vishwam who is a third year undergraduate student from aerospace department. He undertook the same course AE152 last semester and during the summer he has been helping me in creating content for this course. So this particular capsule the first lecture has been created by Atul. So thanks to Atul for helping me out. Let us look at broadly what is our roadmap for today. We start with an introduction to viscous flow and then we proceed to the consequences of viscosity in the flow which is a laminar and turbulent flow. We then proceed to the concept of boundary layer which follows automatically from a discussion regarding viscous flow. We look at types of boundary layers there are two basic types as most of you know we just have a close look at them and finally we look at flow separation. So this is the roadmap for today's presentation. Let us start with a very simple experiment. And in this experiment we are going to see the behavior of a few fluids. So what do we see here? We see four jars filled with four different liquids and in each of them we drop a small ball. So in the third one again we are going to drop the same ball. So look the color can be deceptive and the last one is the one in which it will take the maximum time to reach down. So four jars identical with four liquids but there is a difference in the behavior. So the question is why is there a difference in the behavior of the same ball in the same jar just because of the presence of the fluid and the reason for that is because some fluids are thick and some fluids are thin. When you drop a ball in the thick fluid it takes more time to go down. When you drop it in the thin fluid then it goes much faster. Alright so here is another animation which shows two containers in which two fluids are being dropped. We notice that in one container on your left the light blue color liquid it flows rapidly and tends to fill the container very quickly. On the other hand we have this orange colored fluid which takes much more time to occupy the volume of the container. So which one is thicker it is obvious that the one which is orange in color is thicker because it is taking more time to fill in. So recently we had a very interesting race in which the worldwide hero lost out with Justin Gatlin. But this is just to revive old memories. This is the world record winning race, Noyan Komofkin says the speaker 9.58 seconds. So just like we have these runners who run we also have particles in a fluid that run against a resistance. So let us see and let us see how viscosity the property of the fluid helps us. So essentially what is viscosity? Viscosity is basically a property of a fluid and this property manifests itself through a resistance to relative motion primarily because of friction. So if a fluid is thicker it will have a higher viscosity. If a fluid is higher viscosity it will have a lower flow rate. Let us have a look. Now we measure out equal proportions of our ingredients into our little containers. So you have these small containers. In the first heat of our race we have water, rubbing alcohol and cream. Water finishes first with a time of 0.233 seconds and rubbing alcohol finishes last with a time of 0.4 seconds. In the second heat of our race we are going to be racing olive oil, lamp oil and vegetable oil. Lamp oil finished first with a time of 0.467 and olive oil finished last with a time of 0.633 seconds. In the final heat of our race we are going to be racing honey, maple syrup, corn syrup and dish soap. First across the finish line is maple syrup with a time of 1.33 seconds followed by the blue dish soap with a time of 4.633 seconds. And then slowly but surely the great corn syrup crosses the line with a 19.5 seconds and then finally honey with a 20.767 seconds. Here are the results of our race. Just like we saw the race between at least, you have a race between fluids. Meaning it has the highest flow rate and the lowest viscosity. Honey was last across the finish line meaning it has the lowest flow rate and highest viscosity. Okay, so the same bolt basically is water, it goes fastest. Alright, now a question, throughout this presentation when you see this particular symbol, we will ask a question and I would like you to ponder over this question and answer using the Moodle page. Don't answer here, this is the question to be done. So the question is just like we have viscosity of fluids, gases are also considered to be fluid. So do gases also have viscosity and can you get some information, maybe some videos which shows the viscosity of gases and the effect of the viscosity of gases on the floor. So that is homework proceeding further. Now it is good to know about viscosity and now let us do some basic calculations about viscosity using the Bernoulli's principle about which we have studied. So to do that basically, we just have to go and read the assumptions. Now this was a question in one of, in the quiz last time. What are the assumptions under which the Bernoulli's principle is valid? And one of the choices was that the fluid has to be non-viscous. So does Bernoulli's principle apply when the fluid is viscous? So we have to go and check out. Okay, so let us look at first the most fundamental flow which is a flow in a pipe. In this video, we are going to color the flow using a small die and the speed of the flow is going to increase with time. So you can see the effect of that. So this is low speed flow at low Reynolds number which we have not defined so far but I will define very soon. Slowly the speed of the fluid is increasing. So you can see that the pattern behind, the pattern as you go ahead is changing. Much higher speed flow, the pattern changes much more rapidly. But you can see there is an oscillatory structure and to some extent there is some uniformity in the structure. But as you increase the speed to a very large value then there is a lot of dissipation of this fluid and you can see there is a very high level of mixing of the die in the water. Let us watch it once again from the beginning. Low speed flow hardly any oscillations if they are symmetric and they are of low amplitude. As the flow speed increases, these oscillations become higher and higher in amplitude. The structure is, now this is actually unsteady flow because it is time varying and what are you seeing? Are these stream lines, streak lines, path lines or timelines? What are these? You can see how the stream lines is a streak line, correct. So what we see is that the velocity of the flow in a pipe affects the flow pattern. So when you have very low speed flow then you have what is called as a laminar flow which has little or no oscillations. When you have a much higher speed flow you have a flow called as turbulent flow where as you saw a lot of mixing takes place and there is a particular speed for a given pipe dimensions beyond which the flow converts itself from laminar to turbulent. So what about external flows? This was inside the pipe. So over an aeroplane wing which does not have any border on the top and the bottom. Do we have a possibility of laminar flow over the wings? So this is another question on the model. Can we encounter laminar flow in actual aeroplane wings? If the answer is yes, you have to give proof of that. It could be a video from a reliable source. It could be some kind of a photograph or a paper or a publication, anything that we can depend on. Please remember there are many frivolous things on the internet also. For example one most common problem that you see is people showing the working of Bernoulli's principle but actually it is Kowanda effect. So you will see many such videos. You have to be very careful. Do not believe anything that blindly that somebody puts up. Do not believe blindly that somebody puts up on the internet. Apply your own logic and justification before you post it because if you post something which is wrong you are responsible for it. You cannot say I found something on the internet. This is not a clerical exercise where you just give a Google search, you find something, you post it. You have to own up to what you post. And if there are mistakes, it is okay. We all make mistakes. I make mistakes so we can rectify our mistakes. So let us see laminar flow over a wing cross section but this is inside of internal. So there are two main sources for this particular presentation. They are marked as double star and I think hash and at the end there is a slide which explains what these sources are. So once I upload this presentation on Moodle you will have an idea what the sources are. So you can see here it is clear visually also that the flow is smoothly going over and below the wing and I do not see too much of disturbance or turbulence behind. So visually it seems that the flow is laminar. But remember this is in a wind tunnel so this is still internal flow. My question was can we have laminar flow on a wing which is exposed to external flow. This is over a cylindrical body. So here also it is almost perfectly symmetric. This is not a computer simulation. These are actual experimental results but using dyes for visualization. So here also we see that it is almost perfectly symmetrical. So here also we can assume that the flow is absolutely or almost perfectly laminar. Proceeding further we have a rectangular block and interestingly even here the flow can be laminar. So the shape of the body alone does not guarantee or insist that the flow will become turbulent or laminar. As we saw over a wing, over a cylinder, over a rectangular block you can still have laminar flow. So shape is important but not very very important. It is not the only parameter. There are other parameters also which decide about the flow being laminar or otherwise. Yes, Mike, intentional this is actually basically an experiment called as a backward facing step. So what you see is a rectangular block but intentionally they have created a small gap because they also want to investigate what happens if you have let us say a water tank over a building which will have some kind of a overhang or a projection behind. So it is intentional. They wanted to study in one experiment flow behind a rectangular body and also flow behind a backward facing step. So that gap is intentional. I think you are talking about this particular gap, this gap, this gap is intentional and notice the flow here is flowing you do not see much turbulence still. So by and large the flow is still laminar. Now let us go to the question that we had asked in the class. We had this question in the quiz, oscillating flat plate. Here the plate is not oscillating, here the plate is fixed but at a very high angle and still you see that the flow is laminar. So this is another myth many people have. Many people think oh if the angle of attack or if the angle at which the body is placed is high the flow will become turbulent not necessary. You can have a very blunt body, you can have a body at a very large angle still the flow can be laminar not always true but can be also true. So in other words the orientation and the shape of the body alone is not responsible for the flow to become laminar or turbulent. This is a question which I would like you to talk about. How can we first of all can we predict when would a laminar flow become turbulent and if the answer is yes we can predict then the question is what is the parameter or what is the mechanism with which you can be very sure. So this was a problem that was being addressed by many fluid mechanics people in the beginning and this person he made some efforts to study this phenomena and we will but then my question is who is this guy. So if you know the answer I would urge you to raise your hands why let us do the following let us have a proper quiz okay. So I will give you four choices and I would like you to tell me now of course all cannot be right all may be wrong that could be a fifth guy who did it and more than one cannot be right because if x did it why did not do it. So here you can use your elimination skills which you have picked up in your examinations right. So please tell me if somebody knows raise your hand and obviously after two answers if they are wrong we do not want to go ahead because then you can guess okay. Take a mic please if there is a mic around just tell me what do you think who is this person Osborn Reynolds the answer is wrong this is what I expected this is what I expected people to answer that is why this question because we talk about Reynolds number because we talk about turbulent flow people automatically assume it will be Reynolds oh it is not Reynolds it is a trick question see what is a trick question what does it say it says that I have made some efforts to study he does not say I have discovered it he does not say I am the first person but he is the guy who actually did lot of efforts to study it. So let us go on to yeah someone there my name is Raul it is Prandtl okay Ludwig Prandtl that is also a good guess but it is a wrong answer okay it is a wrong answer because Prandtl is a very famous name in fluid mechanics so it is a good guess it is a intelligent guess that man was great we call him as the father of aerodynamics so he must have done some good job maybe he did this job so now we have only two remaining okay we have Arnold Sambo field and we have so now can you guess now you have only 50-50 chance okay so you toss yeah so the answer is Stokes okay remember the Navier Stokes equation he is the guy half of it Stokes also remember that is a Stokes theorem also that is what we will study we will study about this particular theorem later on okay right so it is George Gabriel Stokes who was the first person to study this but he could not formulate it properly it was Reynolds who came ahead just like Gatlin has overtaken Bolt okay so let us understand Reynolds number basically it is a ratio ratio of two forces and therefore it is dimensionless the inertial force which resist the motion because of inertia and the viscous force which creates a resistance to the motion okay so I would say the other way around inertial force basically tends to follow what is happening and viscous force is opposing so the ratio of that is called the Reynolds number and there is a critical value of Reynolds number for a particular fluid flow condition it is different for pipes it is different for plates it is different for bodies we call that as a critical Reynolds number because that helps you decide or identify the point of transition okay so the transition Reynolds number is called as the critical Reynolds number so this is our key not the shape not the fluid properties alone not the angle it is the Reynolds number of the flow that decides whether the flow is going to be laminar or turbulent so that is the typical values if the flow is internal it is between 3 to 5000 if the flow is external it becomes 100 times more 300,000 500,000 and it is the best measure to compare two flows the Reynolds number and obviously as the Reynolds number increases the flow becomes less and less laminar or the laminar nature reduces till you reach a critical Reynolds number after which the flow becomes turbulent laminar flow stops so if you look at a human blood flowing in the veins and the arteries the Reynolds number is around 100 why because blood is a very viscous vehicle viscous fluid so if the numerator is viscosity and that number is high the Reynolds number will come down so there are people including in our department who are looking at the fluid mechanics of blood flow in fact interestingly we have a PSD student who is an MD in cardiac surgery and he is now a PSD student studying flow of blood through artificial valves so if you get time please visit the aerodynamics laboratory you will find we have created a small setup where we try to mimic the flow of blood through the heart especially through the artificial valves so there we need these kind of studies. A swimmer operates at around 4 million Reynolds number of course it depends upon the length of the swimmer and the speed of the swimmer also but this is the approximate value so from 100 we go to 4 million large ships like this they operate at Reynolds number of a few millions so what is the Reynolds number first of all there is a question there so can you name this ship anybody here who is a fan of ships what ship is this let us go back to Moodle fine you can search and put it on Moodle. Now what would be the Reynolds number of typical aircraft between around 6 millions to 10 million typically 6 to 10 million is the Reynolds number so when we talk about aircraft and about aerospace engineering flows we normally speak in millions these typically UAVs that you fly these remote control planes that you fly what would be the Reynolds number it would be around 0.3 to 0.5 million now interestingly there are many students who take up aeromodelling as an activity and they make these remotely controlled planes is there anybody in the class who has made remote control planes or is interested in making RC planes just raise your hands so in our class we have Saurabh who is actually a very accomplished aeromodeller ok. So Saurabh a question addressed to you because of your experience in your experience of flying remote control planes you must have attempted to get the aerodynamic characteristics of a particular aerofoil from the wind tunnel data or from the reports but when you actually fly did you observe any difference between the reported values of say the maximum lift coefficient against what you actually got what is your typical experience we are actually going ahead we are talking about lift coefficient we are not discussed it yet but just wanted to know. So if I look at lift coefficient in reality it is slightly less because you have got your wing is not completely smooth in reality it is got little notches and things like that and they transit the flow from lamina to turbulent. No that is not the main reason actually even if I make a perfectly smooth wing when I make an aero model I will not get the maximum lift coefficient which I get for the same wing when I make a big aircraft the main reason for that is there is a Reynolds number effect on the aerodynamic characteristics which many students do not know. So what they do is they pick up data about a particular shape or aerofoil from some source they make an aircraft they do calculations and then they say we are not getting the performance and then they assume what you assume that oh it is because of the bad finish etc that is one reason but I will show you there are other reasons also okay let us go ahead. So let us see there is a critical number of 2900 for a pipe let us see what happens to this particular flow when you move so what do we normally do basically is so this is a flow in a pipe this is not a computer simulation this is just a photograph or a sketch okay. So this is a non viscous flow in a pipe is it possible to have non viscous flow is it possible to have a fluid with no viscosity that is the reason why I cannot show you a video nor can I show you any of course I can show you a computer simulation in any CFD tool I can put viscosity 0 and get some results but I chose not to do it I chose just to show you a sketch. So this is theoretical flow you will never see this in real life that you have a pipe and the flow continues along straight lines parallel it is only in theory okay what will happen if you have viscosity tell me what do you what do you think will happen because of viscosity yes. If the pipe is circular it is it is a circular cross section pipe so there will be a parabolic velocity profile okay why will it be parabolic because of the velocity gradient which is created due to the viscosity like the fluid at the edge which is in contact with the surface of the pipe top and bottom okay will have a smaller velocity as compared to the fluid. So if I correct you do you think it will have any velocity or will it be zero velocity technical rate is zero that is what we call it it is a boundary condition it is a no slip condition it is a no slip condition so that means essentially we have something like this okay. So in the center of the pipe the friction is only between the two fluid particles at the edges you have friction between the fluid particles and the pipe wall so you typically get this kind of a variation of velocity okay now the question is is it laminar or turbulent do not go by just the looks there has to be some logic so let us see okay. So if the flow is laminar which is what it appears to be then what will be the response number will it be low or will it be high it has to be low okay it has to be low so one can keep on increasing now let us see let us see a video about viscous flow over a solid surface this is an experiment so you introduce a small pipe in the flow you touch the floor and then you release the fluid and you take it up slowly. So interestingly the fluid which was there at the bottom has remained stationary this is the proof of what I was suggesting to you that in case you have a flow over in a pipe or in any container the fluid that touches the surface is at rest that is why we need a brush to clear off that the presence the particle remains okay the fluid is flowing but the particle remains why is it flowing because you can see those things moving but on the surface it is not moving that means the surface velocity is 0 so this is because of friction the friction between the fluid particles and the surface now let us go to the flat plate. So you have a camera which is stationary so it is Eulerian approach the camera is stationary and there is an automatic carriage that tows a plate so the channel is stationary the camera is stationary but this plate is moving in the fluid plate with sharp edge so the camera is stationary it takes a picture. So you can see now the plate velocity is very low and you inject fluorescent dye notice how the structure of the flow field changes as the velocity of the fluid is increasing and hence the Reynolds number is increasing now you go to higher Reynolds number see the difference in the flow field so this is the name given to this particular phenomena where you have a very large mass called a turbulent bulge and then you have these vertical structures inside you can see those vertices which are continuously generated and they are bursting also so when we study these things in more detail that is when we look at these kind of pictures. So here is just a snapshot of some CFD calculation CFD stands for computational fluid dynamics in which we simulate the fluid flow using certain standard equations that can be used to model the flow so you can see that the fluid is almost stationary very very low values of mark numbers on the surface and as we go above and when you go to the thin region outside you have a very much higher speed flow of 0.712. So with this basically you can say that when there is a flow over a flat plate the flow pattern can be divided into two clear cut segments one segment is the red area where the fluid velocity is uniform equal to the free stream velocity of whatever 0.172 or 175 and the viscous effects are limited only into a small area below the yellow and green curves lines so that is the only area. So if you want to do a very simple analysis let us say you have some equations available with you which are applicable only for inviscid flow and you have a flat plate to be investigated. So what you can do after looking at this picture we can conclude is if I replace the flat plate with the body of that shape what shape the shape below the yellow colored and if I do an non viscous analysis on a body of that shape I will probably get the same results as on a flat plate with viscosity because the viscous effects are confined only in that small area. So this is called as flow partitioning and this is the contribution of Prandtl Prandtl was the person who first observed these boundary layers and he said oh we can divide it into two segments and then live with in viscous calculations in the non boundary layer area. This particular area may appear to be very small but what is happening inside is very very drastic and dramatic okay. So basically viscosity has spoiled the flow field yeah the answer is here. So you have a flow acting over a flat plate and we see that the effect of viscosity is confined only in this small zone which is colored yellow green and blue where the velocity of the flow is lower than 0.172. So what is happening here is the free steam Mach number is something like 0.172 or 0.175. So ahead of the plate there is no problem the flow is still not sonic so there will be no effect felt so the flow will remain at the same Mach number. But when the plate starts a small area starts getting built up over the plate in which the flow velocities are reducing and finally they reach the red value. So analysis of a flat plate in viscous flow is equal to analysis of a body of that shape shape equal to the shape of this yellow green band put in non viscous flow. So this is what it is so this person said why do not you split into two regions and that is called as a boundary layer.


India's healthcare universe is vast, it's vibrant, it's packed with innovation, numbers and case studies of every kind. And that can make it a bit daunting. How do you make sense of it, especially if you want to be a medical professional yourself? Well, here's a show that's made by the doctors for the doctors. Hi, I'm Vasanthi Hari Prakash, radio-television journalist, traveller and an information junkie. And I welcome you to a podcast series by Manipal Hospitals that takes a deep dive into the world of India's healthcare, where some of the country's most renowned doctors tell us about trends and advancements in their own field of medicine. Week after week, we bring to you specialists who will decode jargon and give us insights. So if you are a medical professional just stepping in or you are someone already making your mark in the world of medicine, this is the show for you. Get ready to get to your fortnightly dose of medical knowledge on Tuesdays with a side view of healthcare happenings. This is the White Coat World.


Honourable Chair, Colleague Ministers, Ladies and Gentlemen, Members of the ITU. It is a great pleasure for me to make this policy statement today in this plenary session. I would like, first of all, to thank the Government of the United Arab Emirates for hosting us, and I wish to congratulate you, Chairman, on your election to this important function. Ladies and Gentlemen, it is an ideal time for me to share some of the accomplishments of the Mauritius in the ICT sector, which only started in 2003. Firstly, the deployment of fibre-to-home FTTH is now 100% completed. Our broadband penetration figures have reached 101.4%. Two additional submarine cables are being laid down, which will add up to the two existing ones. Secondly, we have laid much emphasis during the year on building skills in the sector. So we have taken the initiatives of doubling the intake of ICT students at the University of Mauritius. And 50 scholarships will be awarded for students wishing to specialise themselves in AI and blockchain. We are also organising the World AI Show Mauritius and Blockchain Summit on the 28th to the 30th of November this year. To create awareness in emerging technologies, and the Humanoid robot, Sofia, will grace that event. Additionally, we are having initiatives for women and girls in ICT. Thirdly, we have scaled up the pace of digitalisation in the civil service, with the implementation of mobile apps, including a mobile app for reporting domestic violence and


Section 4 of the Advance of Science in the Last Half Century by T. H. Huxley The influence of the progress of electrical knowledge and invention upon that of investigation in other fields of science is highly remarkable. The combination of electrical with mechanical contrivances has produced instruments by which not only may extremely small intervals of time be exactly measured, but the varying rapidity of movements which take place in such intervals and appear to the ordinary sense instantaneous is recorded. The duration of the winking of an eye is a proverbial expression for an instantaneous action. But by the help of the revolving cylinder and the electrical marking apparatus it is possible to obtain a graphic record of such an action, in which, if it endures a second, that second shall be subdivided into a hundred or a thousand equal parts, and the state of the action at each hundreds or thousands of a second exhibited. In fact, these instruments may be said to be time microscopes. Such appliances have not only affected a revolution in physiology by the power of analyzing the phenomena of muscular and nervous activity which they have conferred, but they have furnished new methods of measuring the rate of movement of projectiles to the artillerist. Again, the microphone which renders the minutest movements audible and enables a listener to hear the footfall of a fly has equipped a sense of hearing with the means of entering almost as deeply into the penetralia of nature as does the sense of sight. That light exerts a remarkable influence in bringing about certain chemical combinations and decompositions was well known fifty years ago, and various more or less successful attempts to produce permanent pictures by the help of that knowledge had already been made. It was not till 1839, however, that practical success was obtained, but the daguerreotypes were both cumbersome and costly, and photography would never have attained its present important development had not the progress of invention substituted paper and glass for the silvered plates then in use. It is not my affair to dwell upon the practical application of the photography of the present day, but it is germane to my purpose to remark that it has furnished a most valuable accessory to the methods of recording motions and laps of time already in existence. In the hands of the astronomer and the meteorologist, it has yielded means of registering terrestrial, solar, planetary, and stellar phenomena independent of the sources of error attendant upon ordinary observation. In the hands of the physicist, not only does it record spectroscopic phenomena with unsurpassable ease and precision, but it has revealed the existence of rays having powerful chemical energy or beyond the visible limits of either end of the spectrum, while, to the naturalist, it furnishes the means by which the forms of many highly complicated objects may be represented without that possibility of error which is inherent in the work of the draftsman. In fact, in many cases, the stern impartiality of photography is an objection to its employment. It makes no distinction between the important and the unimportant, and hence photographs of dissections, for example, are rarely so useful as the work of a draftsman who is at once accurate and intelligent. The determination of the existence of a new planet, Neptune, far beyond the previously known bounds of the solar system by mathematical deduction from the facts of perturbation and the immediate confirmation of that determination in the year 1846 by observers who turned their telescopes into the part of the heavens indicated as its place, constitute a remarkable testimony of nature to the validity of the principles of the astronomy of our time. In addition, so many new asteroids have been added to those which were already known to circulate in the place which theoretically should be occupied by a planet between Mars and Jupiter, that their number now amounts to between two and three hundred. I have already alluded to the extension of our knowledge of the nature of the heavenly bodies by the employment of spectroscopy. It has not only thrown wonderful light upon the physical and chemical constitution of the Sun, fixed stars and nebulae and comets, but it holds out a prospect of obtaining definite evidence as to the nature of our so-called elementary bodies. The application of the generalizations of thermotics to the problem of the duration of the Earth and of deductions from tidal phenomena to the determination of the length of the day and of the time of the revolution of the moon and past epics of the history of the universe and the demonstration of the competency of the great secular changes known under the general name of the procession of the equinoxes to cause corresponding modifications in the climate of the two hemispheres of our globe have brought astronomy into intimate relation with geology. Geology, in fact, proves that, in the course of the past history of the Earth, the climatic conditions of the same region have been widely different and seeks the explanation of this important truth from the sister sciences. The facts that, in the middle of the tertiary epic, evergreen trees abounded within the Arctic Circle and that, in the long subsequent couternary epic, an Arctic climate with its accompaniment of gigantic glaciers obtained in the northern hemisphere as far south as Switzerland and central France are as well established as any truth of science. But whether the explanation of these extreme variations in the mean temperature of a great part of the northern hemisphere is to be sought in the concomitant changes in the distribution of land and water surfaces of which geology affords evidence or in the astronomical conditions such as those to which I have referred is a question which must await its answer from the science of the future. Turning now to the great steps in that progress which the biological sciences have made since 1837 we are met on the threshold of our epic with perhaps the greatest of all, namely the promulgation by Schwann in 1839 of the generalization known as the cell theory, the application and extension of which by a host of subsequent investigators has revolutionized morphology, development and physiology. Thanks to the immense series of labors thus inaugurated, the following fundamental truths have been established. All living bodies contain substances of closely similar physical and chemical composition which constitute the physical basis of life known as protoplasm. So far as our present knowledge goes this takes its origin only from pre-existing protoplasm. All complex living bodies consist at one period of their existence of an aggregate of minute portions of such substance of similar structure called cells, each cell having its own life independent of the others though influenced by them. All the morphological characters of animals and plants are the results of the mode of multiplication, growth and structural metamorphosis of these cells considered as morphological units. All the physiological activities of animals and plants assimilation, secretion, excretion, motion, generation are the expression of the activities of the cells considered as physiological units. Each individual among the higher animals and plants is a synthesis of millions of subordinate individualities. Its individuality therefore is that of a civitus in the ancient sense or that of the leviathan of Hobbes. There is no absolute line of demarcation between animals and plants. The intimate structure and the modes of change in the cells of the two are fundamentally the same. Moreover, the higher forms are evolved from lower in the course of their development by analogous processes of differentiation, coalescence and reduction in both the vegetable and animal worlds. At the present time the cell theory in consequence of recent investigations into the structure and metamorphosis of the nucleus is undergoing a new development of great significance which among other things foreshadows the possibility of the establishment of a physical theory of heredity on a safer foundation than those which Buffon and Darwin have devised. The popular belief in abiogenesis or the so-called spontaneous generation of the lower forms of life, which was accepted by all the philosophers of antiquity, held its ground down to the middle of the 17th century. Notwithstanding the frequent citation of the phrase, wrongfully attributed to Harvey, omnivivum ex ovo, that great physiologists believed in spontaneous generation as firmly as Aristotle did. And it was only in the latter part of the 17th century that Reddy, by simple and well devised experiments, demonstrated that, in a great number of cases of supposed spontaneous generation, the animals which made their appearance owed their origin to the ordinary process of reproduction and thus shook the ancient doctrine to its foundations. In the middle of the 18th century it was revived in a new form by Needham and Buffon, but the experiments of Spellenzani enforced the conclusions of Reddy and compelled the advocates of the occurrence of spontaneous generation to seek evidence for their hypothesis only among the parasites and the lowest and minutest organisms. It is just fifty years since Schwann and others proved that, even with respect to them, the supposed evidence of abiogenesis was untrustworthy. During the present epoch the question whether living matter can be produced in any other way than by the physiological activity of other living matter has been discussed afresh with great vigor. And the problem has been investigated by experimental methods of a precision and refinement unknown to previous investigators. The result is that the evidence in favor of abiogenesis has utterly broken down in every case which has been properly tested. So far as the lowest and minutest organisms are concerned, it has been proved that they never make their appearance if those precautions by which their germs are certainly excluded are taken. And in regard to parasites, every case which seemed to make for their generation from the substance of the animal or plant which they infest has been proved to have a totally different significance. Whether not living matter may pass or ever has under any conditions passed into living matter without the agency of pre-existing living matter necessarily remains an open question. All that can be said is that it does not undergo this metamorphosis under any known conditions. Those who take a monistic view of the physical world may fairly hold abiogenesis as a pious opinion supported by analogy and defended by our ignorance. But as matters stand, it is equally justifiable to regard the physical world as a sort of dual monarchy. The kingdoms of living matter and of not living matter are under one system of laws and there is a perfect freedom of exchange and transit from one to the other. But no claim to biological nationality is valid except birth. In the Department of Anatomy and Development, a host of accurate and patient inquirers aided by novel methods of preparation which enabled the anatomists to exhaust the details of visible structure and to reproduce them with geometrical precision have investigated every important group of living animals and plants no less than the fossil relics of former faunae and florae. An enormous addition has thus been made to our knowledge especially of the lower forms of life and it may be said that morphology, however inexhaustible in detail is complete in its broad features. Classification, which is merely a convenient summary expression of morphological facts, has undergone a corresponding improvement. The breaks which formally separated our groups from one another as animals from plants, vertebrates from invertebrates, cryptogams from feneregams have either been filled up or shown to have no theoretical significance. The question of the position of man as an animal has given rise to much disputation with the result of proving that there is no anatomical or developmental character by which he is more widely distinguished than the group of animals most nearly allied to him than they are from one another. In fact, in this particular, the classification of Linnaeus has been proved to be more in accordance with the facts than those of most of his successors. The study of man as a genus and species of the animal world conducted with reference to no other considerations than those which would be admitted by the investigator of any other form of animal life has given rise to a special branch of biology known as anthropology which has grown with great rapidity. Numerous societies devoted to this portion of science have sprung up and the energy of its devotees has produced a copious literature. The physical characters of the various races of men have been studied with a minuteness and accuracy here to fore unknown and demonstrative evidence of the existence of human contemporaries of the extinct animals of the latest geological epic has been obtained. Physical science has thus been brought into the closest relation with history and with archaeology and the striking investigations which, during our time, have put beyond doubt the vast antiquity of Babylonian and Egyptian civilization are in perfect harmony with the conclusions of anthropology as to the antiquity of the human species. Classification is a logical process which consists in putting together those things which are like and keeping asunder those which are unlike and a morphological classification, of course, takes notes only of morphological likeness and unlikeness. So long, therefore, as our morphological knowledge was almost wholly confined to anatomy, the characters of groups were solely anatomical. But as the phenomena of embryology were explored, the likeness and unlikeness of individual development had to be taken into account. And at present, the study of ancestral evolution introduces a new element of likeness and unlikeness which is not only eminently deserving of recognition but must ultimately predominate over all others. A classification which shall represent the process of ancestral evolution is, in fact, the end which the labors of the philosophical taxonomist must keep in view. But it is an end which cannot be attained until the progress of paleontology has given us far more insight than we yet possess into the historical facts of the case. Much of the speculative phylogeny which abounds among my present contemporaries reminds me very forcibly of the speculative morphology unchecked by a knowledge of development which was rife in my youth. As hypothesis suggesting inquiry in this or that direction, it is often extremely useful. But when the product of such speculation is placed on a level with those generalizations of morphological truths which are represented by the definitions of natural groups, it tends to confuse fancy with fact and to create mere confusion. We are in danger of drifting into a new natural philosophy worse than the old because there is less excuse for it. Boyle did great service to science by his skeptical chemist and I am inclined to think that, at the present day, a skeptical biologist might exert an equally beneficent influence. Whoso wishes to gain a clear conception of the progress of physiology since 1837 will do well to compare Mueller's physiology which appeared in 1835 and Drapied's edition of Richard's Nouveau Element de Botanique published in 1837 with any of the present handbooks of animals and vegetable physiology. Mueller's work was a masterpiece, unsurpassed since the time of Holler, and Richard's book enjoyed a great reputation at the time, but their successors transport one into a new world. That which characterizes the new physiology is that it is permeated by and indeed based upon the conceptions which, though not wholly absent, are but dawning on the minds of the older writers. Modern physiology sets forth as its chief ends. Firstly, the ascertainment of the facts and conditions of cell life in general. Secondly, in composite organisms, the analysis of the function of organs into those of the cells of which they are composed. Thirdly, the explication of the processes of cell life is directly or indirectly controlled and brought into relation with the life of the rest of the cells which compose the organism. Fourthly, the investigation of the phenomena of life in general on the assumption that the physical and chemical processes which take place in the living body are of the same order as those which take place out of it, and that whatever energy is exerted in producing such phenomena is derived from the common stock of energy in the universe. In the fifth place, modern physiology investigates the relation between physical and psychical phenomena on the assumption that molecular changes in definite portions of nervous matter stand in the relation of necessary antecedents to definite mental states and operations. The work which has been done in each of the directions here indicated is vast and the accumulation of solid knowledge which has been affected is correspondingly great. For the first time in the history of science, physiologists are now in the position to say that they have arrived at clear and distinct, though by no means complete, conceptions of the manner in which the great functions of assimilation, respiration, secretion, distribution of nutriment, removal of waste products, motion, sensation, and reproduction are performed. While the operation of the nervous system as a regulative apparatus which influences the origination and the transmission of manifestations of activity, either within itself or in other organs, has been largely elucidated. I have pointed out in an early part of this chapter that the history of all branches of science proves that they must attain a considerable stage of development before they yield practical fruits, and this is eminently true of physiology. It is only within the present epoch that physiology and chemistry have reached the point at which they could offer a scientific foundation to agriculture, and it is only within the present epoch that zoology and physiology have yielded any very great aid to pathology and hygiene. But within that time, they have already rendered highly important services by the exploration of the phenomena of parasitism. Not only have the history of the animal parasites such as the tapeworms and the trachyna, which infest men and animals with deadly results, been cleared up by means of experimental investigations in efficient modes of prevention deduced from the data so obtained, but the terrible agency of the parasitic fungi and of the infinitesimally minute microbes which work far greater havoc among plants and animals has been brought to light. The particulate or germ theory of disease, as it is called, long since suggested, has obtained a firm foundation insofar as it has been proved to be true in respect of sundry epidemic disorders. Moreover, it has theoretically justified prophylactic measures such as vaccination, which formerly rested on a merely empirical basis, and it has been extended to other diseases with excellent results. Further, just as the discovery of the cause of scabies proved the absurdity of many of the old prescriptions for the prevention and treatment of that disease, so the discovery of the cause of splenic fever and other such maladies has given a new direction to prophylactic and curative measures against the worst gorges of humanity. Unless the fanaticism of phylozoic sentiment overpowers the voice of philanthropy and the love of dogs and cats supersedes that of one's neighbor, the progress of experimental physiology and pathology will, indubably in course of time, place medicine and hygiene upon a rational basis. Two centuries ago England was devastated by the plague. Cleanliness and common sense were enough to free us from its ravages. One century since smallpox was almost as great a scourge, science, though working empirically and almost in the dark, has reduced that evil to relative insignificance. At the present time, science, working in the light of clear knowledge, has attacked splenic fever and has beaten it. It is attacking hydrophobia with no mean promise of success. Sooner or later it will deal in the same way with diphtheria, typhoid and scarlet fever. To one who has seen half a street swept clear of its children or has lost his own by these horrible pestilences, passing one's offspring through the fire to a mollock seems humanity, compared with the proposal to deprive them of half their chances of health and life because of the discomfort to dogs and cats, rabbits and frogs which may be involved in the search for means of guarding them. An immense extension has been affected in our knowledge of the distribution of plants and animals and the elucidation of the causes which have brought about that distribution has been greatly advanced. The establishment of meteorological observations by all civilized nations has furnished a solid foundation to climatology, while a growing sense of the importance of the influence of the struggle for existence affords a wholesome check to the tendency to overrate the influence of climate on distribution. Expeditions such as that of the Challenger equipped not for geographical exploration and discovery, but for the purpose of throwing light on problems of physical and biological science have been sent out by our own and other governments and have obtained stores of information of the greatest value. For the first time, we are in the possession of something like precise knowledge of the physical features of the deep seas and of the living population of the floor of the ocean. The careful and exhaustive study and phenomena presented by the accumulations of snow and ice in polar and mountainous regions which has taken place in our time has not only revealed to the geologist an agent of denudation and transport which has slowly and quietly produced effects formally confidently referred to deluvial catastrophes but it has suggested new methods of accounting for various puzzling facts of distribution. Paleontology which treats of the extinct forms of life and their succession and distribution upon our globe, a branch of science which could hardly be said to exist a century ago, has undergone a wonderful development in our epic. In some groups of animals and plants the extinct representatives already known are more numerous and important than the living. There can be no doubt that the existing flona and flora is but the last term of a long series of equally numerous contemporary species which have succeeded one another by the slow and gradual substitution of species for species in the vast interval of time which has elapsed between the deposition of the earliest fossiliferous strata and the present day. There is no reasonable ground for believing that the oldest remains yet obtained carry us even near the beginnings of life. The impressive warnings of Lyle against hasty speculations based upon negative evidence have been fully justified. Time after time, highly organized types have been discovered in formations of an age in which the existence of such forms of life have been confidently declared to be impossible. The western territories of the United States alone have yielded a world of extinct animal forms, undreamed of 50 years ago, and wherever sufficiently numerous series of the remains of any given group which has endured for a long space of time are carefully examined. Their morphological relations are never in discordance with the requirements of the doctrine of evolution and often afford convincing evidence of it. At the same time, it has been shown that certain forms persist with very little change from the oldest to the newest fossiliferous formations and thus show that progressive development is a contingent and not a necessary result of the nature of living matter. Geology is, as it were, the biology of our planet as a whole. Insofar as it comprises the surface configuration and the inner structure of the earth, it answers to morphology. Insofar as it studies changes of condition and their causes, it corresponds with physiology. Insofar as it deals with the causes which have affected the progress of the earth from its earliest to its present state, it forms part of the general doctrine of evolution. An interesting contrast between the geology of the present day and that of half a century ago is presented by the complete emancipation of the modern geologist from the controlling and perverting influence of theology, all powerful at the earlier date. As the geologist of my young days wrote, he had one eye upon fact and the other on Genesis, at present he wisely keeps both eyes on fact and ignores the pentatucal mythology altogether. The publication of the principles of geology brought upon its illustrious author a period of social ostracism. The instruction given to our children is based upon those principles. We will have the courage to attack Lyle's fundamental assumption which surely is a dictate of common sense that we ought to exhaust known causes before seeking for the explanation of geological phenomena in causes of which we have no experience. But geology has advanced to its present state by working from Lyle's axiom, perhaps I ought rather to say Button's axiom for that great naturalist and writer embodied the principles of sound geology in a pithy phrase of the Theorist de la terre pour juger de ce qui arrive et même de ce qui arrivera nous n'avons qu'à examiner ce qui arrive And to this day the record of the stratified rocks afford no proof that the intensity or the rapidity of the causes of change has ever varied between wider limits than those between which the operations of nature have taken place in the youngest geological epics. An incalculable benefit has accrued to geological science from the accurate and detailed surveys which have now been executed by skilled geologists employed by the governments of all parts of the civilized world. In geology, the study of large maps is as important as it is said to be in politics and sections on a true scale are even more important insofar as they are essential to the apprehension of the extraordinary insignificance of geological perturbations in relation to the whole mass of our planet. It should never be forgotten that what we call catastrophes in relation to the earth changes the equivalence of which would be well represented by the development of a few pimples or the scratch of a pin on a man's head. Fast regions of the earth's surface remain geologically unknown but the area already fairly explored is many times greater than it was in 1837 and in many parts of Europe and the United States the structure of the superficial crust of the earth has been investigated by the great minuteness. The parallel between biology and geology which I have drawn is further illustrated by the modern growth of that branch of the science known as patrology which answers to histology and has made the microscope as essential an instrument to the geological as to the biological investigator. The evidence of the importance of causes now in operation has been wonderfully enlarged by the spatial phenomena by that of earthquakes and volcanoes and by that of the efficacy of heat and cold, wind, rain and rivers as agents of denudation and transport. On the other hand the exploration of coral reefs and of the deposits now taking place at the bottom of the great oceans has proved that in animal and plant life we have agents of reconstruction of a potency hitherto unsuspected. There is no study better fitted than that of geology to impress upon men of general culture that conviction of the unbroken sequence of the order of natural phenomena throughout the duration of the universe which is the great and perhaps the most important effect of the increase of natural knowledge. End of the advance of science in the last half century. This has been a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.