Hello everybody. Welcome to Super Science Saturday or welcome back if you've been with us for some of our presentations this morning. We are coming to you from our homes instead of from our beautiful NCAR Mesa Lab in Boulder, Colorado, where normally this is an in-person event. But the whole point of the day today is that science is everywhere. You don't have to be in a lab to be doing science. So we have our scientists calling in from all over the place today to show you some cool experiments and some demonstrations. So right now, if you happen to have seen Mike Nelson in the last presentation, a chief meteorologist for Denver Channel 7 News, he was talking to us a little bit about weather and climate. And it was a perfect lead into our next demonstration where we're going to actually explore warm air and colder and what they do. Some of you may have gathered materials. If you saw the information on our webpage, this is something that you can do along with us. If you gathered a couple of materials like a small plastic water or soda bottle and some tubs of hot and cold water and some dish soap. So one other thing, we love questions. And throughout this presentation and any of the presentations, if you want to enter some questions in, we're using the Slido platform. And you will basically just scroll down underneath the to the bottom of your screen and you'll see a place where you can enter questions in as we go and we'll answer those at the end. So I'm going to turn it over to my colleague Tim, who's going to explore warm and cold air with you. Thanks, Tiffany. And like Tiffany said, if you do have the materials ready, you can do this along with me. But just to set it up. We're excited to have all you're here today and we'll get started with that with our activity. We're going to be exploring how air behaves when it changes temperature. And then we'll connect that to the way some clouds form and if you saw Mike Nelson, and there's going to be more clouds later and more about air. So this is part of what happens in our atmosphere. So, why don't we just get started. First of all, take a look at your bottle. And I have my bottle here. And I guess our science question is, is there anything in there. And I'm going to let you think about that for just a second. I have an answer. Can we send, can you send that to us on the slide? Oh, what you think is in there. I'm looking over at the answer screen. Oh, the slide of screens up. And we'll wait, I'll wait and see if anyone does actually put an answer in there. And the question again is, is there anything in your bottle, when you hold it up, or when you look inside of there. We don't have any answers that seems like right now everybody's just watching. Okay, so it looked empty, but it's actually full of air. Just like everything else air is made up of tiny molecules, and they're so small that we can't see them. But molecules take up space. So the air inside your bottle is invisible. But they, those molecules are also taking up space inside that bottle. Now, what the air molecules in our bottle do when they get warm or cold. And if you have the materials, you can do this along with me. First, dip the mouth of your bottle into the soapy solution mine is right here. I can just barely scoop up I can probably see that. And if you take dish soap make sure there's a little bit of water in there. And dip it into the into the mouth of the bottle, so that you have a soap bubble over the mouth. I'm going to hold that and maybe I could look and see if you can see what I'm seeing.  And if it pops I'll just dip back in here and get some more soap as we do this demonstration. So the first thing I'm going to do is put the bottle the base of the bottle then my bubble on there we put the base of my bottle into a tub of hot water. And in rehearsal, everyone could see that bubble.  Maybe you can see that. But on my special, you can see the bubble shirt. It's black and the light shining through there. Okay, so my bubble popped, and we are going to put our, well, we're going to do the experiment. And we're also going to put the bottle the bubble into the tub of cold water. So this is my tub of cold water. But the first thing I'm going to do. And again if you're doing this at home first go to a coffee bottle and then dip it into the hot water tub. So you see your bubble coming up and then slide it and drop it down into the tub of cold water. And watch what happens. And there it's going down into the neck of the bottle it's still dropping I know you might not be able to see it I put my finger where it is. It's right down at the bottom of the bottle. If I set it back into the hot water, it comes up bubble again. It comes back out of the top. And then it popped. So I'll do it a couple more times you can watch. Start with a soapy soapy top. Put it into the hot. Put it into the cold water tub. Disappear they go back into the hot water tub. And it starts to climb out. And you might be wondering. What made the bubble do that. I remember the tiny invisible air molecules that we talked about the hot water heats up those air molecules, and the air gets warmer. Those air molecules start to spread out because they've got so much energy, they expand inside the bottle. And when the model molecules expand they take up more space and make the bubble grow bigger because the only way out of this bottle is to come right out of the top of the bottle. And then, when I move the bottle into the cold water. The bubble moves down into the neck of the bottle, because the cold water cools the air in the bottle and as the air gets cooler, those air molecules, huddle close together, which is also called contraction. And the colder the air molecules need those cold air molecules need less space so they sink down into the bottom of the bottle. And that's why the bubble behaves that way. So just to be sure the scientists do lots of experiments will do another one. And we'll leave it in here to see how big a bubble we can get. Let's see I boiled some water let's see if we can make a bigger potter water. Ah, so look at that. I don't know my bottle.  We'll go back into the cold water, a little turbo charge of hot water there. We'll go back into the cold. And this time you may be able to see it I'm not sure if you can see it dropping down in that's all the way down here. We'll go back into the hot water. And it's coming up if it stays together. So those air molecules warm up and pick up our space they're moving up. Not sure if they're going to come all the way to the top of the bottle. Okay, we'll set that down. And since we like that fun with our demos.  If I could, we're just, I'm going to ask that you do this at your, at your home. And we're going to practice demonstrating this with our bodies. And so imagine your body is your bottle, your, your body is a ball, a bottle, and you dip your bottle into the warm soapy water and your hands are like the soap bubbles should demonstrate this I can't really see you but that's fine Travis at home. Pretend that your bubble is growing in the hot water, and you can even stand up and expand if you need to. You can finger it out, let them flex them wiggle them, get it out of your system. And then, as you step into the cold water, imagine those air molecules, taking up less space as they contract and don't move around very much. And then you can like, even huddle down into small ball. And you might wonder, what does this have to do with weather? And we are going to observe, we're going to actually show you a couple of pictures and those pictures will help you understand what it is, how this connects to weather. And as soon as we get them, we're going to bring up those pictures and as soon as you can see those. And I'll just ask for a heads up when I know those, when you can see those pictures or somebody there can let me know and oh, I see them here come the pictures. And then we'll start off with how this connects to the, what we see outside in their atmosphere so during the day the sun rises and gets higher into the sky, and it begins to warm the earth so those yellow lines you see the arrows are warming up the earth. And then in the next slide what you'll see is that the earth surface, that's hard to say the earth surface warms up from the sun's heat and the air above it also warms. This warm air expands just like the air did in your, in the bottle, warm high bottle, and it begins to rise high into the atmosphere, those squiggly lines that you see show that the air is rising. And then in the next slide, as the air rises higher it cools, and when it cools the water in the air condenses to form clouds. That happens all the time that's what makes clouds form is the water that's in that rising air condenses, and they make up small water droplets but as the clouds continue to grow and more warm air rises up into the atmosphere and cools. The clouds get bigger and bigger. And if the water droplets or ice crystals in the clouds become heavy enough, they eventually start to fall to the earth as precipitation, and this can be rain, or snow, or if it's a really vigorous storm, I'm going to be able to show you this one. Hail. And yes, everybody, this is a copy of a hail storm because a real one melted. But can you imagine what kind of storm would cause, like that thunderstorm that you see right now. That's the kind of storm that can form hail and lightning. And if you see this, that's what we call severe weather, and, and hail. And I'm going to set that down for just a second to see if we have some questions about whether I don't want to keep going until and not let anybody ask any questions but that's the basics because the sun comes out, heats up the ground, the warm air expands, takes up space, and as it gets up high enough, the water in that air condenses to form the clouds and if the clouds get heavy enough with moisture, that moisture comes back out. Okay. Awesome. Tim, did you notice today that I'm wearing my cloud earrings? Look at that. Because we're talking about weather a lot this afternoon, aren't we? Wait, I think I know what kind of cloud. I'm gonna look into my cloud library over here. Oh, oh, okay. Let's see. Could they be the cumulus cloud that I'm holding out? Is that what they're doing? It does look a bit like it, doesn't it? I'd say they're cumulus clouds. Yay, they're cumulus. Okay, I think we do have some questions. So, if you're ready to take some questions, actually, here's a technical question about doing this in case anybody either had got to do it at home or if you'd like to try it on your own at a different time. Danny was wondering, do you need a special dish soap to make sure that it doesn't pop? No, you do not need to. But soap is all you need in a soap bubble, so some dish soaps are really super concentrated, so you might have to add a little bit more water. We have biodegrader, you can't even see it because there's no coloring or anything in it. And this dish soap isn't as concentrated, so I didn't have to add too much water, but any dish soap will work. Put a little bit of water in it so it's not super thick, but it's also kind of slimy with that soap in there, so any soap will work. Super. And somebody else is asking, Tim, how do ice clouds form? This is from Joey, who's six years old and joined us today. Thanks, Joey. Thanks, Joey. Yeah, so ice clouds form when the temperature of the atmosphere is of the atmosphere or the part of the atmosphere where the water is, is below zero, sorry, zero Celsius, 32 degrees Fahrenheit, which is the point at which water freezes, and water vapor will turn into ice. So anywhere in the atmosphere where the temperature is below that freezing point, if there's water and a little tiny piece of dust, a cloud nucleation particle, anything that the water condenses on, then that causes ice clouds to form, and they can form above water clouds. So if you see clouds like this, where there's a clearly defined space between the sky and the cloud, that cloud's made out of water. But if it's diffuse, sort of, I don't know how many diffuse clouds close by, but if you ever see those clouds that are kind of spread out, those are going to be your ice clouds in that part of the atmosphere. The temperature is below that freezing point, and there were some dust available, just like the smoke from the fires that we had here out in the western part of the United States, you will see ice clouds. And Tim, to kind of go off of that, is this the only way that clouds form, the way that you described with the hot and cold air rising and sinking? Oh, clouds form in lots of different ways. This is just one of those ways. And we have an incredible meteorologist coming on in just a minute. And he can tell you all kinds of different ways that clouds, well, I think he can tell you all kinds of different ways that other clouds will form. So it's not just, this is not the only way that clouds will form. That's right. Our next episode coming up is called Extreme Cloud Formation. So it's going to be perfect following this. Yeah, I'm the opening act. So we have a question about hail. How often do hail storms happen and what time of year do hail storms happen? Thank you for the question. The hail storms will happen more than likely in the spring, early summer, or late summer as there's enough cold air aloft in order to freeze the water that gets pushed up into the atmosphere quickly. And in this picture, there's some, this is a thunderstorm building and the air that's inside of this could be going up to 100 miles per hour. And in the summertime, if there's in the springtime, sorry, there's still cold air aloft below freezing and that water can go up and form. So it's possible to get hail. Many times during the spring and the fall, some places like Colorado are going to have it more frequently just because we are higher in elevation. We have lots of, we're closer to where the air is very cold. And so we will see hail all throughout the west more frequently in the spring and the summer, spring and late summer. And I think, does that answer the question? Yeah, that's great. And usually, luckily, the hail, when we do get it here in Colorado, isn't as big as the one that you showed, right? It's more. Yes. Our air is not quite as moist as places like Oklahoma or Texas. And this actual hail storm fell in Coffeeville, Kansas. This is a copy of it. You can see the crystals that formed on the top, it's round on the bottom. And in 1970, this was the world record, but that record was broken by a hail storm in Aurora, Nebraska, and then again in Vivian, South Dakota, and in the South America, they have a hail storm that's even larger than this. And again, you need more moisture than we might have available in Colorado. That's a scary hailstone. There is, ooh, this is a tricky one, Tim. Checho and Kai and Amaya are wondering how fast can lightning strike? How fast? Yeah, how fast can lightning strike? Well, let's see, it depends on, well, we've got the speed of light here. So if you can run faster than the speed of light, you can outrun it. If you can't run 186,300 and I think 60 miles per second, it will get you. And the average both the lightning somewhere around three miles long. So if you're within three miles of a thunderstorm or there's lightning, you're close enough that you probably won't be able to run fast enough, even though you're pretty fast, Kai. All right, well, it looks like that is all the questions I'm seeing. We are having some comments. People really seem to have enjoyed the experiment. And again, it's something that you can try at home. If you remember what Tim did, all it takes is some hot water and some cold water and a plastic bottle and a little bit of dish soap doesn't have to be any special kind. And you can experiment with that as well. So if the water does not have to be boiling, I can put my hand in there and it's like your bathtub before it gets really comfortable. And over here, I've got a lot of ice cubes in here added a little bit of salt to make the water get even colder than it normally would. But that's pretty much it. Nothing special. Just make sure there's a big difference between the temperature of the cold and the temperature of the hot. Okay, maybe some of you will go out and try it after this. Thanks so much, Tim. That was so much fun. That was a really cool experiment. And we now, if anybody, I know we've got some weather fans that have been here for the last couple of presentations and we're going to take a quick break. So coming up at one o'clock is going to be extreme cloud formation with another one of our scientists. So if you're into this talk about weather and clouds, hang on or join us back again in a few minutes. And thanks for joining us everybody and thank you Tim. Thank you, Tiffany. See you soon. Bye bye.


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta. I welcome you on my YouTube channel. You can watch various programming related videos here. My channel contains more than 800 videos. You can search those videos to be worth programming by Sanjay Gupta. In this video, I am going to demonstrate you the implementation of str-alien function as predefined and as user defined. So first I am going to implement str-alien function as predefined variation. So I am going to include two header files. First is str.h and second one is str.h. Now I am going to declare a character array and I have initialized a value in it. That is my name. Then I have declared a variable of integer type that is alien. Now I am going to call str-alien function which is predefined. So it will calculate length of the string and the result will be stored inside alien variable. So I can print that on output screen with the help of printf. So this way I have implemented str-alien as predefined. Now I am going to execute this. So you can see the output. It is showing length equals to 6. So str-alien function basically find out how many characters are available in a string. It doesn't include null character that is represented by backslash 0. So before backslash 0, the characters which are available in the string that is counted through this function. So this was the implementation of str-alien function as predefined. Now I am going to convert it and I am going to implement this str-alien function working as user defined function. So first I have declared a function whose name is x-str-alien. I can't use str-alien because it is already defined. So I have modified this name as x-str-alien. This function will receive an argument of character array type and it will return an integer as output. Here I have to call this function at line number 8. The meaning code will be same. After defining main function I have to implement definition of x-str-alien. So here I have to implement the logic so that I can find out how many characters are available in string str. So here I have declared two variables LAN which is initialized with 0 and then I both are of integer type. So here I have implemented a loop which will count how many characters are available before backslash 0 in the string and calculated value will be available in alien variable. After completion of this loop I can return this variable and the return value will be stored inside alien variable which is available at line number 8. So this way I have implemented the user defined version of str-alien function. So here no need of including string.h header file because I have created the definition or the process for counting how many characters are available in the string. So this way I have implemented the code. Now I am going to execute this so that you can check whether it is working or not properly or not. So it is printing the result as length equals to 6 which is correct. So friends this way I have converted a predefined function process into user defined function. I hope you have understood both the implementation and you might have understood the difference between predefined and user defined implementation of str-alien function. If you want to watch more programming related videos you can follow my YouTube channel. Thank you for watching this video.


14 AP Brady does he go crazy this dude has a lot of pick artists. Well, Brady don't pick. What do I have on Brady? Hot route master gunslinger escape artist and protected right his releases trash Yeah, I need to stop listening to Xerxes for quarterback reviews. All right Xerxes the quarterback good or not I gotta change my I gotta go Patriots jerseys and I Gotta get Patriots jerseys and fucks jerseys That's I got Brady to This dude might be cracked with Brady to hold up Come on the running bro like y'all grown up men. You got this Brady a limited Brady and we're running my god Man man so much fun, of course that play I don't put it get me out there And I got Brady why I picked Brady ever my my impatience is just like the roof Inside zone, dude Brady Brady Brady thoughts on Brady.  He's honestly amazing perfect drive right there with Brady. He's amazing Brady and he was uniform is kind of ugly I'll be honest. It's kind of I do have escape, but I tried to run one time I tried to run one time and it was not effective his releases trash Yeah, I need to stop listening to Xerxes for quarterback reviews. All right Xerxes the quarterback good or not run the ball Just run the ball. Thank you Derwin the free Derwin claim tokens claim tokens the free Derwin claim your tokens Claim your tokens Brady with a missile. Let's go Brady 14 AP you can make that throw. Hey, sir. See how's his release? Zersy houses release. Is it good? Can I complete my verticals? Okay E Man dirt yo teller maze. Come on, man.  Yeah, I know I know I'd run if I were you too.  Like just a terrible snake. Just like why would you? He's gonna run wheel route to the running back here. That's what's a bunch also Zach by von Miller right there boys von Miller checking in We got shut it right there. Maybe that dude in that play he had 50 yard zone on everybody I want him to return this point. We could stop a pun return here Well, he's gonna take time off the clock. So he only has one or two place. Oh nice. See you only has one place That's the second level right there, bro. I thought that nice. I got to be prepared right here to the fur the Onside kick here. He's kicking deep. Let's go Then my Brady has escaped but I mean Brady can move. I mean Oh Brady, oh do it to me. Oh Lord Xerxes house his release You know when I run four verticals out of five wide sometimes I can't get the ball off Sometimes I can't hit the whole house his release Xerxes walk walk walk Xerxes a legend, bro Now I'm up 11 points. You can run inside zone all you want Good swap, buddy way to switch me to Sherman to love that EA real baggy right now Max protect Pocket what a we got like somebody's got to put their hand down swat the ball away from the quarterback right there, dude It's not time from the run. He's not comfortable. It's not time from the run About time from the run you could tell when you're just beating this house. Somebody's like, all right They're not we're gonna run some Like I said, you can run again if you want Thank you, man. Oh my god Why would you not go for two here? Oh? Oh my god, dude, just pray just for quick snap verticals Onside kick bro. All right, you lost Okay, Brady escape Brady crazy rock combos. So Brady does Brady. Oh my goodness do it to me. Love to see it Come on, Brady man. Oh my god Simmons.  Like you're really right there. Give me that. Thank you, sir Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah, excuse me, mr. GGs Jay 14 months. Let's go man Now I'm playing this Bro, it's like four people. I literally play head-to-head and play the same four people every night, dude Just non-stop. This is line up for that's what they do every night on head-to-head line up for here We go.  What do y'all do when I'm not streaming like what do y'all do? For real bunch tight end here it is boys, man. I'm glad you guys tuned in for it though, man Quick snap inside zone got to love the first play the game man.  I'm just like so like dude. This is like He's really running dude.  Now can we stop running nice throw, bro. Nice throw Something bad's gonna happen here Thank you. Jesus. I just feel it. You feel it happening, right? I something bad's gonna happen here for all these kids are awful idiots, bro It's escape artists. It's the whole game's escape artists now. That's the whole game But so what bro? Oh, he plays like civil. I forgot. No, who told him this was good defense like which one of you It's lied to him. Yeah, I get rid of that, bro. We gotta get rid of that. You got a squirter I mean, bro. This is literally a whole game. It's just streak post. It's Where did it contain go? I swear to God.  This is Disgusting Clint how is this like how do y'all make this? How is this a real? How is this real right now? Like how is what is like?  Why would we not go for two right boys?  I swear to God Lurk screens going up. It's going up, dude. This is the nastiest experience of my life, dude I'm just done.  Oh, no, it's like it. No, I swear God, they sit here in the stream and wait for me to pick off and we just got it like a turbo in the middle of My god Yo, I cannot stop PA and it's PA boot over. It's just it's just the best in the world, dude That was the best bullets in the history of Madden right there, huh? You just you can't contain it. Thank you Springs like Brady's not frying this dude, honestly Brady's not frying this dude. Just saying oh my Jesus Christ, bro And like how does he read like bro this game is like how would we have no contain right now? Thank you. Oh my god. Oh my god. We got a sack. I just want to know what happens to my contain over here What happens Why is nobody there cuz my bird hook is I just hate this game is like I make zero sense this game zero Got every zone drop in the building and somehow people are just still matching I don't know what's going on. That's what that's what makes me crazy is the way y'all like like this guy It's a team in here. He double team in your contains. I'm gonna stay out of game works, bro I understand how the game works, bro. I mean how fast is this dude? There we go. Somebody get a little shady poo Good work. Gotta love it. Good work. Good work. I feel like everything I didn't do nothing special It literally was just okay. That's okay. It's kind of like all right. It's no it's no joy It's just kind of relief, right? Isn't it like there's no joy There's nothing like I don't feel like I accomplished anything. It's just relief. That's all


Howdy guys, hope everyone's doing well and staying safe and healthy and all that stuff in this video What I wanted to do is talk about how we can export out all of our multi-parm Data here to a JSON file. All right, just kind of adding on to all the other JSON exporting Tricks and tips that we've been doing lately in our Houdini Python projects video series And so what I have here is I've gone ahead and set up an HDA and I Created a multi-parm which allows me to add as many boxes and place them wherever I want and color them Whatever I want on a per instance basis, right? So if I add another one, you can see I get another box in here And what I want to do is just move this guy over here Maybe this is where I want this particular box to go and then I can also control the Z position as well And we can also give it a custom color now the cool thing about this is What if I want to use this data somewhere else or let's say I want to you save it out So I can re-import it somewhere else in a different hip-file or a different HDA Basically, you know reset all this up In a different HDA. Well, what we're going to do is we're going to cover how to export all this to a JSON file So I set this up here So it exports to a JSON file if I go over to code now You can see I have that new entry right here. And so I'm exporting out all the blocks From the multi-parm into a JSON file so I can save all that data out. It's very useful All right, so yeah, let's get into recreating all this now Okay, so let me hide this guy here for now and let's create a new geometry object And I'm just going to call this my multi-parm test 2 and What I want to do is go make a digital asset out of this and I'm just going to leave it out with the Default name for now. This is really just an example here. So I'm just going to save it into This particular HDA folder. All right, so hit accept and accept There we go. We'll just draw our spare parameters because we don't need them and Let's hide our default UI like so there we go Okay, so the first thing I want to do is I want to set up a couple folders So this first one is going to be the export folder We're just going to have a button in it That allows us to execute the export and then we also want a file directory So the location of where we want to send the file. So I'm going to call this file dirt And we'll call this file directory for the label and for the button. We'll say export data We'll say export Data there we go. Cool All right, so then the next step that we want to do is create a Multi-parm block so to do that you just drag out a new folder and you set the folder tight to a multi-parm block list And this basically will set it up as a multi-parm You'll get a different look here where you can go and start to add instances now because we haven't Created the definition Right forward this multi-parm is you're not going to get anything when you hit this little plus button But now we have a multi-parm in place What I want to do is I want to name this To something like blocks you can name it whatever you want. So we'll call blocks It's important to name this just so you can get access to that stuff. So now it's called blocks All right, and in here what I'm going to do is I'm going to add Float vector 2 and a color to this These will be our two properties that allow us to control the position and the color. So I'm gonna say position and This will be color Like so Very cool All right, so with that in place You'll notice now when you hit apply That we get a little hashtag at the end of here and that's because all these guys will get a particular name Assort, I should say an ID Associated to them and so this hashtag really is just a placeholder for Whatever instance number this is right. So now when we hit plus over here, we have one instance So this big hashtag will be replaced with a value of one All right, so this is position one color one and then if we had another one we have position two and color two Okay, so you can get rid of these guys by hitting a little X button You can also add once but I tend to stay away from that. I just use this guy right up here Just because I like to you know, keep them all stacked appropriately All right, so with that done Let's go and set up our network inside of our node. All right, so to do this We're gonna use a for each number loop All right, this will allow us to control What happens with each of those particular blocks? I'm just gonna feed in a null to start with and then I'm gonna create a box over here and What I'm gonna do is add in a merge node and So we'll merge in a box every single time we create a new instance All right now currently the for loop is set up with the default of iterations 10 and we actually want to Come up here. We want to copy this blocks ID right here that number, so I'm just gonna say copy parameter By right-clicking on it and selecting copy parameter, and then we're going to paste relative reference That gives us the amount of iterations. All right, so at this point what I want to do is I want to Allow the user to control the position. So this is gonna become our position node and we also want to control the color so I'm gonna drop down a color node here and Now we need to set up some expressions in here some hscript expressions in here to Actually control it so we need to get the values from each one of these instances So that way we have control over each box that we create All right, and to do that We actually need to set up Our expressions. All right, so what we're gonna do is we're gonna say ch all right for channel And then we need to do the string cat function this allows us to concatenate two strings together and Right off the bat. We know that we want to get for this one the position So we're gonna get position and now you'll notice that we have access to position 1x. All right So that position 1x is this position 1 right here. All right You'll notice that Houdini will add on that one when you search through the list and this little IntelliSense stuff right right here. So position 1x position 1y So let's do this. We need to select position 1 but we can't do that straight up because we need to actually get the iteration from our Loop count right up here or for each count. So I'm gonna call this my loop data and Then what we need to do is inside of the string cat function. We need to get that iteration value So we need to reference the loop data node Then get the iteration Value and then we need to add one onto it. So plus one And now right off the bat, that's not going to actually work and that's because If we actually middle mouse this we're just getting zero right and if we actually come over here It says it can't evaluate the expression. There's a bracing area in there. So let's actually take a look at this really quick here and This guy is going to So we need to get rid of this guy right there first off There we go. All right, so we got rid of the air. Let's send extra parentheses there Now what's happening is it can't actually access the value because what we're actually evaluating to is just position One right so this detail expression here is returning to us a value of one because we only have one instance and so really this String cat function will evaluate to position one where when you saw it when we were using the IntelliSense It was position one X which means we need to do another string cat. So we need to do a string cat again around this whole thing here Like so and we need to add on the X Like that and apply and there we go and accept So now if we were to go up here and test our X direction, you can see we have control over that So a little confusing at first you just have to do two string cats for this particular type of parameter that float Vector two and then for the z direction. I'm going to use the y value so that position y So now I should have control over both the z position here. Yep, and the X position All right So now what we need to do is we need to copy this I'm just going to copy this because I don't want to have to type that all again And we just need to get the RGB values from that color parameter. So rather than position we're going to do color and This is going to become R like so All right, so I have control over the Red channel, let's copy this and we'll just replace this with the G and replace this guy with the B channel There we go. So now we can control the color right so I can make this guy a blue Awesome. So now we have control over, you know, all of our instances of the boxes so I can put these guys wherever I want Now and color them whatever I want as well So let's do one more instance here. Just we have three and I'm just going to move this guy over here And maybe we do this like that And then we'll assign like a green color to this Awesome. So now we have our HDL setup So always good idea to save your node type at this point And what we need to do now is write a little bit of Python to get this to export to a JSON file now All right, so let's actually go and just assign our file directory up here I'm going to come up here and I am going to Select a folder that I created on my desktop. You can send the file wherever you want So you can see now we have the file directory And now we need to do is we need to start doing our Python So the first good step for this is to create a go to the scripts tab and create a Python module And we're going to create our first function. Actually, we're going to only create one function And I'm going to call this export block data And we're going to pass in our quarks dictionary. So we can have access to a bunch of information about this HDA All right. So in here, I'm just going to put a print statement in here to make this work I'll just type in working like so Just to make sure that I'm I'm actually firing this off with the button So then in our parameters tab, I'm going to go to the button now And I'm going to make sure that my callback script is set to Python And I'm actually going to utilize the who dot phm All right, so that's a new one. I found that in the documentation. It's just a shorthand for the Who dot PWD dot HM function, right? So it's just a faster way to do this And then what we need to do is just call our export block data So we're going to call export block data and pass in our quarks That's a global dictionary that side effects or hooding crates for us Awesome. So with that done, let's go test this out So I have my Python shell open and if you don't have it open you can always just go to a new pad Pain type here and just open the Python shell from there And you can do that anywhere. So wherever you want to put your Python shell All right, let's hit export data and you can see we are working awesome All right. So hopefully that made sense I'm just using the new this new function you might have seen if you watched my other videos I've been using the who dot PWD. So I just discovered this recently Awesome. So let's go back to our scripts tab and start typing in our code So the first thing that I know I'm going to need is the JSON module because we're going to be Exporting to a JSON file. And then what I want to do is get access to the parameters on this HDA. So I need to get this particular instance of the HDA and to do that, I'm going to type out a variable name HDA and then I'm going to use utilize that quarks dictionary and pull out the node Option from there. So that gives me the HDA and you can verify this if you print the HDA dot name like so So let's hit apply and hit my export button and it's not parent. It's print There we go All right, let's hit that button one more time. There we go. So we have a multi-parm test too. Awesome All right. So the next thing we're going to need is I need to know the number Of blocks or number of instances right here, right? So I want to get this number So that's pretty easy to do all we need to do is say HDA Dot parm and we want to get The value from that blocks folder. All right, so we use this blocks name right there And then we'll pump that guy right into there and I want to say eval as int So I know that I'm evaluating this to an integer value. So let's hit apply and let's do a print num And apply one more time Hit export data and we get three Very cool All right. So the next thing we need to note is our instances. So All of these particular parameters here are just instances From our initial definition right here, right? And so to access that inside of Python inside of Udini here, all we need to do is say HDA dot parm And make sure you spell it correctly And we want to get the instances from our blocks folder And we just use the multi parm instances function.  So let's do this. We'll say export data And there you go. We now have access to all of the individual Parameters so position one x position one y so on and so forth Cool, so now we can actually loop through all this stuff But before we do that before we get into all the loops and stuff that we need to put in here Let's get the directory All right, so we're going to say hd a dot parm and we're going to get blocks Or actually not blocks. We're going to get a folder. That's what I called it. I believe Yeah, a folder very cool And I'm going to say eval as string like so And let's just verify that that is working. So print dur We'll hit our button up here. Yeah, so we get our location Very cool All right, so now we're going to work on our loops. So the way this works is we need to Loop through the number of instances that we have so we're going to use utilize this number Option here because I want to loop through each instance or each block And basically sort out the data So I need to do a for i in range And that range is going to be our num like so All right, so now we're looping through each one of those guys And then each time we loop I want to say for instance. I want to check the instance in the instances like so So for each one of the instances That's right here. So these are all the instances right here In this in this list We're going to look at each instance and I actually need to check the name to to verify that it's a part of the current block that we're on Okay, and so to do that We are going to then in that instance. We're going to check to see if the instance dot name If it has the current I value the current iterator Then we're going to we're going to keep it right so we're going to say if instance dot name dot find Like so and I need to do it str i plus one so we convert it to a string Is greater than or equal to zero like so Then we can get the value. So we're going to say name is equal to instance dot name And the value is going to be equal to the instance Dot Eval so just a generic eval Because we might have strings and floats and ints and all of this and I really just need a generic way to get the value out of that All right. So with that done, uh, let's let's go and verify this. So I'm going to say print We're going to say name plus let's do colon there with a space plus a value All right, and then at the very bottom here Let's go down here really quick. I just want to add an empty space So I'm going to say print and we're going to do a couple of dots Then a backslash and for a new line. I just want to see each individual blocks data, I don't want to see all the blocks All right, so let's make some space over here in our python shell and hit export data and Oh, we need to make sure we actually export or just print this to a string. There we go All right, let's hit export data. There you go So now you can see we have individual blocks. So we're getting each instance The data from each instance there. So we have all the ones all the twos and all the threes Very cool All right, so now we've got that it's time to export this out to a json file All right, so we need to create our data block or data Dictionary, I should say So this is what I usually do for all this and so I'm going to put in a first entry called blocks And this is going to be equal to A empty array basically And then we need another type of data block here and I'm going to call this block data All right, so then this is going to be equal to an empty dictionary. That's the curly braces So then we need to fill our block data with all these values here. So I'm going to say block data I'm just going to block data. There we go. And the name is going to be name and it's going to be equal to value like so Let's get rid of all of our prints here. We don't need those anymore And then once we fill our block data with a parameter at the very end here for each Basically for each of those loops there. All right, what I want to do is I want to Append it to the data dictionary So I'm going to say data blocks Dot append And we want to append our block data that we just created There we go All right, so then at the very end here, let's just print out our data Just to verify that we're actually getting a bunch of data there All right, and so let's make some more space here in our python show And do export data and look at that We now have in each array We have all the data that we need on a per block basis Very cool. So now we need to export this to a json file. And so to do that, I'm going to Create a path based off of our dir. So we're going to say dir plus Then whatever, you know file name you want to give it and obviously you can you can come up here and create another String parameter so you can let the user Determine the name of the file in this case I just want to I'm just getting this up and writing. So I'm going to call this multi palm blocks Dot json So I'm just going to hard code it in there for now All right, and then we need to create our json data. So we're going to say json data is equal to json dot dumps And we are going to put in we're going to dump in our data I'm going to change the indent to equal to four and we also need to sort our keys So let's do sort keys is equal to true just so it's readable And then finally we need to write the file. So we're going to say with open All right, so that's how we open the new file We're going to send in the path And we're going to set it to write so two quotation marks single quotes and a w and we're going to say as f so we're going to Use this function inside of this f variable here And all we need to do is say f dot write And we'll write our json data to that file And with that that should be Everything it looks good. All right, so apply And let's go and test this out now hit export data And let's go find our folder on the desktop and open that up inside of visual studio code Yeah, so we have multi palm block Let's open that up and there we go. We now have our three Blocks written out to a json file from our multi palm And just to verify let's add one more instance there. So I don't need this anymore. So apply and accept Let's add one more And let's uh move it around over here somewhere Let's put it over there. We'll give it like a pink color And then hit export data Let's go back to visual studio code and there you go So we have the the fourth instance right there All right, so that's basically how that works. That's how you get access to the multi palm instances and how you can control it on a per block basis All right So hopefully you guys like the video. Thanks so much


The three ways to teach vocabulary effectively. Lewis claims that, Lexus is the core or heart of language. Indeed, it is one of the basic steps of mastering a foreign language. Vocabulary knowledge is what makes verbal communication between people possible. Most teachers face problems when teaching new items. They feel the need to use techniques to have an effective lesson. Over the years, teachers have tried to find the most effective and practical strategies to teach vocabulary. They have been applying several methods, like fill in the blank definitions, pre-teaching unfamiliar words, and stressing high-frequency words. This essay will just focus on three strategies that can help teach vocabularies such as using visual aids, highlighting vocabulary and context, and vocabulary practice. 1. Use Visual Aids. First, using visual aids plays an important role in teaching a second language. Teachers need to create a visual memory for the words they are teaching. When it comes to teaching new words, the teacher should not be limited to coursebooks. He or she should be ready to apply useful strategies to fit their learners' needs. In fact, to maintain students' interest in the lesson, developing new techniques for teaching is necessary. For example, instead of just writing words on the board, the teacher can introduce new vocabulary using flashcards to elicit the meaning of each word. Using flashcards in the introduction of new vocabulary may help students recall the words and their meanings better. This technique can also teach them the written form of words. Furthermore, teachers need to attract students' attention and keep them engaged in the lesson. Visual aids can help them achieve that. They are based on creativity and imagination which can be entertaining and motivating for learners. For instance, using videos to teach new words is considered effective because they combine oral, written, and visual input, which can help comprehend the language provided. Henceforth, these facilitating tools can lead students to establish a good level in English. 2. Highlighted in context. 2. Highlighting vocabulary and context is a way to improve second language vocabulary learning. Highlighting unknown words in reading text helps students focus their attention on target words. In fact, context clues are useful in guessing the words' meanings. For instance, the teacher can give a sentence such as the singer's flawlessness, or perfection, cause the crowd to go crazy. This sentence includes an unfamiliar word flawlessness. In this case, in order to understand the meaning of the highlighted word, students can focus on other words which can provide its definition in the sentence. Indeed, highlighting a specific word leads learners to pay more attention to the context around the highlighted item. Such clues provide students with a direct or an indirect insight into the actual meaning of new vocabulary presented in a text. Teachers need to introduce new words in an effective way to support and facilitate students' learning process. For this reason, attracting their attention to the selected words is beneficial. In addition, learners need to be instructed to rely on themselves and understand the word's meanings from context. In general, being exposed to a word in a comprehensible input enhances word knowledge. Therefore, when teachers apply useful teaching strategies, the level of language proficiency can be achieved. 3. Practice in real-life situations. 3. Vocabulary practice is one of the several effective ways of teaching. Typically, when students are frequently exposed to the target language, their chance of learning and remembering words is greater. Thus, teaching words using vocabulary games and study activities, such as gap-fill exercises, word searches, and crosswords, increases learners' exposure to new vocabulary and raises their interest in learning. When teachers use a number of games to practice vocabulary, students would encounter the same list of words in different ways which would make the lesson more entertaining and interesting. Learners need multiple exposures to words to be able to learn and memorize them. In other words, being involved in different activities gives them a chance to encounter words and practice them. Therefore, teachers need to utilize practical games to allow learners to develop their vocabulary knowledge. For example, charades is a game that teachers use to engage all the students in the classroom. The teacher chooses a student to communicate a word instead of photos. The rest of the class needs to guess the correct word. The physical involvement in this game helps learners learn easily in an enjoyable environment. Hence, practicing a language has an effective role in the learning process. Do you want to teach English abroad? Get Temple certified for more opportunities. To sum up, teaching a second language vocabulary is challenging. Students need to be kept motivated, active and engaged in the lesson. Using multiple strategies in the classroom to present information can be effective for learners. It is the teacher's responsibility to provide students with fruitful ways of vocabulary learning. Moreover, practice is required to achieve language proficiency. Practicing and engaging learners in efficient activities ensure the acquisition of new vocabulary. In other words, utilizing a variety of teaching techniques can lead to developing students' vocabulary. Additionally, exposure to the target words must occur in different contexts to guarantee a full understanding of their meanings. In fact, the amount of words that learners possess enables them to improve their language skills, and become productive and fluent in English. Hence, vocabulary has an essential role in mastering a second language.


Tag Team is a bookmarking tool that lets you curate and share links in a new and powerful way. In Tag Team, users can create and manage tagging projects to aggregate resources from across the internet working in groups or independently. While tagging online resources, we create informal tag vocabularies known as folksonomies. As we develop these tag vocabularies through the act of social tagging, Tag Team has the power to move a folksonomy into a controlled tag vocabulary, giving users control over the tags that they've created. Let's say you're tagging online resources related to hedgehogs in art history for a research project and you've used the tag Hedgehog for 400 items in a Tag Team Hub. Using a filter, you can change all instances of the tag Hedgehog to the plural Hedgehogs retroactively in moving forward without the need to make this change for each item. If you want to find and share what you've tagged, Tag Team Hubs are searchable and every tag creates a feed so you can share what you've tagged online in multiple formats. In Tag Team, you can tag alone or as part of a group, giving users the opportunity to add new collaborators to a Tag Team Hub. Tag Team at Harvard is made for collaborating on academic projects, but Tag Team's code is open source, so if you like what you see, you can host your own instance of Tag Team. Tag Team is supported by the Laura and John Arnold Foundation as part of the Harvard Open Access Project at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet Society at Harvard University. We look forward to hearing about how you use Tag Team to tag online resources and manage the tags that you create.


Today we are going to learn calculation of calorific value of a given sample of fuel from a topic fuel. This is the learning outcome for today's session. At the end of this session, students will be able to define the terms fuel, calorific value, higher calorific value, lower calorific value and apply the knowledge to calculate higher calorific value and lower calorific value by using a given data of fuel. This is the content of today's session. First we will see the definitions of few terms like fuel, calorific value, higher calorific value, lower calorific value and then we will see how to calculate HCV and LCV of a given sample of fuel by using the provided data. What are fuels? The material which essentially consists of carbon as a major ingredient which on burning in presence of air combines with atmospheric oxygen and evolve carbon dioxide along with heat that is known as a fuel. So fuels are a materials which are rich in carbon which on burning in presence of air combines with the atmospheric oxygen and evolve carbon dioxide along with heat. The fuel exist in the form of solid, liquid and gas state. Fuel is the material used as a source of energy for domestic, industrial, transportation, agricultural and different kinds of work. The same definition we have represented with the help of chemical reaction that is carbon plus O2 that is oxygen from the air when it combine it form the carbon dioxide by the evolution of heat and these materials are known as fuel materials. Now what is calorific value? It is the capacity of the fuel to supply heat when calorific value of an fuel sample. Therefore the amount of heat produced by burning a unit mass of fuel is known as calorific value of that fuel. Solid fuels are low in calorific value, liquid fuels are moderate in calorific value and gases fuels are more in calorific value. So why the last sentence we have put here because solids are low in carbon therefore they are low in calorific value. Fuse are moderate in carbon level therefore they possess the moderate calorific value and gases are reached in the carbon contained therefore gases fuels are more in calorific value. So fuel with high calorific value also emits low emissions which is good from the prospect of environmental conditions. So in short calorific value is the total amount of the heat liberated by burning a unit mass of the fuel. Now there are two terms one is HCV that is higher calorific value and second one is a LCV that is lower calorific value. Higher calorific value is also known as gross calorific value. It is the total amount of heat produced when unit mass or volume of the fuel has been burned completely and the products of combustion have been cooled to room temperature. Similarly all fuel contains small quantity of hydrogen and when calorific value of such fuel is determined experimentally the hydrogen present is converted into steam. If the products of combustion are condensed to room temperature then the latent heat of condensation of steam also gets included in the measurement of heat which is then called higher or gross calorific value. So in short HCV is a concept because in a fuel whatever the level of carbon is there because of that certain amount of the heat will get evolved. But also the fuel consists of trace amount of hydrogen then on combustion hydrogen gets converted to steam which is very difficult to condense practically but in experiment we can condense and if you add the heat because of steam into the heat because of carbon that total heat is called as gross calorific value that is known as HCV higher calorific value. Now what is lower calorific value? Lower calorific value is also known as net calorific value which is available for direct use. It is the net amount of heat produced when unit mass or volume of the fuel is burned completely and the products are permitted to escape. In case of HCV, HCV value is along with the products of combustion and LCV is when the products are permitted to escape into atmosphere because it is very difficult to condense practically. Therefore, net or lower calorific value is the amount of heat that is available for actual use. The water vapor and moisture are not condensed and escape as such along with hot combustion gases. Hence, a lesser amount of heat is available which is known as lower calorific value that is denoted as LCV. Here I would like to ask you one question. Liquid fuel consists of option A lower calorific value option B moderate calorific value option C higher calorific value and option D none of these. Think for a moment we will come with answer and the correct option is option B liquid fuel consists of moderate calorific value. So liquid fuels are moderate in calorific value, solids are low in calorific value and gases fuels are more in calorific value. Now we will see the numericals. This is the first numerical based on bomb calorimeter experiment. This is one of the method where we can use the sample of fuel, we can perform the experiment, we can record the observation and by using that observation we will calculate LCV and LCV. So what is the numerical? Following are the observations recorded during the bomb calorimeter experiment. Calculate LCV and LCV into bracket the percentage of hydrogen is given that is 6. First observation is X that is mass of coal sample taken for experiment that is 1.3 gram. Capital W that is water taken in copper calorimeter that is 1,700 gram. Small w that is water equivalent due to stirrer, thermometer etc that is 350 gram. Hydrogen temperature 9.8 degree centigrade, acid value correction 50 calorie, fuse wire correction 10 calorie, cooling correction 0.025 degree centigrade and latent heat top steam is 587 kilo calorie per kg. So this is the standard formula for HCV for bomb experiment. Capital W plus small w in one bracket into another bracket T2 minus T1 plus CC minus AC plus FC divided by X. So the capital W value is 1700 that is water taken in copper calorimeter. Small w value is 350 that is water equivalent due to stirrer, thermometer etc that is 350 we are kept in one bracket. Hydrogen temperature is nothing but the difference in between T21 and that is given 9.8 plus cooling correction is 0.025. Then acid value correction is 50 calorie plus fuse wire correction is 10 calorie and the amount of fuel sample is 1.3. So by putting all the values we get the answer that is 15447.11 calorie per gram that is HCV. Now what is the formula for LCV? LCV is equal to HCV minus 0.09 multiplied by percentage of hydrogen multiplied by latent heat top steam. So already we got the HCV the same value we are putting here that is 15447.11 minus 0.09 multiplied by 6 is a percentage of hydrogen and multiplied by 587 as a latent heat top steam. So by putting all the values we are getting the answer for LCV for this particular example is 15130.13 calorie per gram. Now this is the second type of numerical on Boyce calorimeter experiment. Following are the observations recorded during the Boyce calorimeter experiment calculate HCV and LCV. V that is volume of the gas burn is 1.2 meter cube, capital W that is mass of water used for cooling is equal to 27 kg, rise in temperature is equal to 9.8 degree centigrade, small m that is mass of steam condensed is equal to 0.021 kg, latent heat top steam is equal to 587 kilo calorie per kg. This is the formula for HCV for Boyce calorimeter. So HCV is equal to W into bracket T2 minus T1 divided by V. So what is W? That is mass of water used for cooling the combustion products that is 27 kg. So we are kept here 27. The rise in temperature that is a difference in between T2 and T1 two temperatures are there that is T1 is a temperature of inlet water, T2 is a temperature of outlet water and the rise in temperature is given 9.8 divided by V is volume of gas burn that is 1.2. By putting the value we are getting the answer for HCV that is 220.5 kilo calorie per meter cube. What about LCV for Boyce experiment? LCV is equal to HCV minus M upon V multiplied by latent heat of steam. So HCV already we get the answer the same answer we are putting here small m is nothing but the mass of steam condensed during the experiment that is 0.021 kg, V is 1.2 and latent heat of steam is 587. So by putting all the values the answer for LCV is 210.23 kilo calorie per meter cube. All this I have prepared by referring a textbook of engineering chemistry written by Jain and Jain. Thank you.


And I thank you so much for your attention and if anybody has any questions, we have a few minutes remaining where I will answer questions. I see there's a couple already. So I'll go ahead and start going through those but feel free to keep adding them if you have any other ones. So our first question is are you using vacuum assisted biopsy device and what is the gauge. So for our, at our institution for our ultrasound guided biopsies, we do not use vacuum assisted biopsy device. For our stereotactic or Thomas and this is kind of biopsies we do use a vacuum assisted biopsy device. And it's a a nine gauge needle for our ultrasound guided biopsies we typically use a 14 sometimes an 18 gauge biopsy device. So my next question is, did you try hydro mark clip after stereo biopsy and did you notice migration. So that's a great question so we use hydro mark clips for our ultrasound guided biopsies and we really like it especially for cases that we need to localize in the future so the hydro mark clips are really well seen on ultrasound. We do not use them right now for stereo tactic biopsy or for MRI guided biopsy. I was concerned about migration I know I think our rep has said that the newer ones have have less migration but I will say right now we are not using those we're using other other types of clips. Although I think that there is benefits to those hydro mark clips to allow that because it would allow us to be able to do localizations. Using ultrasound potentially, especially for really deep findings. So my next question here is, is it fair to say that most beneficial of dbt is architectural distortion. I would say that the benefits of dbt are really two fold so one is identifying more cancers and those are often architectural distortions but they may be developing asymmetries. There are still even masses that are obscured by the surrounding breast tissue can be better seen with Tomo synthesis. And, and but I think that that category of improved cancer detection is definitely a benefit of dbt and part of that is our realtor distortion but I don't think all of it. The benefit of dbt however is the decrease recall right and I showed I showed a few cases where we can see that the that by using Thomas and this is we were able to clarify that a finding that looks possibly suspicious on a 2d mammogram really just represented normal overlapping breast tissue. I have struggled to stereo a deep calcification in the lower inner quadrant any tips so deep findings are are challenging sometimes with I'm stereotyping biopsies. There's definitely a lot of positioning tips. I think it's, it's, you know, sometimes you can try to have the patient put their arm through the table if you're in a prone position. Sometimes it'll out to get further back I would try both the CC and lateral view sometimes to try to get further back. And we're very lucky that we have multiple sites and some of our sites have a prone table and some have an upright table. And I find that that there are some cases where one or the other can help me get further back in a to get a lesion. And that is a challenge and I'm stay at those really posterior posterior calcifications. Sometimes it's just not possible, and we've definitely had cases where we are unable to do a biopsy and we will instead localize it and the patient will go straight to surgery but we really try to try to minimize that. The next question is, what do you specifically write in the Thomas and this report is a different from the mammogram report. We have a line that we include in our mammogram report stating that Thomas and this was used as part of the exam. It's just a one line that's added to the mammogram report. The next question is, do you have the facility to place a Tomo guided clip without doing a biopsy. So I guess the question is we have the facility I mean technically we would be able to do that we have, I think done that on very rare occasions. But that is very infrequent layer surgeons have a strong preference to have the pathology before taking the patient to surgery. So we haven't found a need to place clips without doing a biopsy on on very many occasions, we would usually do the biopsy and then place a clip there so that we would have an answer and and know what the pathology was before. Before a patient goes to surgery. And then the next question is, is there a scenario where stereo tactic biopsy is superior to Thomas and this guy at a biopsy, I currently only do 3d biopsy but was wondering in which scenario to consider 2d biopsy. I, you know, I showed I think that I've been really switching to doing more and like to doing just about all of my calcification biopsies even with Thomas and this is because I feel like it's, I can do the biopsy quicker. And I'm taking fewer images but I will say that there are there are some calcifications that are kind of subtle like some of those more amorphous calcifications where I feel like the 2d images, help me see the finding better. Because I, I might do a 2d biopsy. I think it's also helpful to have both possibilities so it's, it's, you know, sometimes I'll go back and forth where maybe I'll do my scout image with 3d but then my pre image I'll want to do as a stereo tactic pair, in order to better see the calcifications if I feel like they're somewhat obscured after giving the numbing medicine. I haven't done a full case using just serotactic in a while, but I will say I will definitely take serotactic images to help me sometimes for, especially for subtle calcifications. And the next question is to use Thomas and this is regularly for every case or in a few selected so we use. So for screening exams we would like to use it for all patients but unfortunately there are a few insurance companies still in the state of Maryland that don't cover Tomo synthesis so we do about 90% of our screening mammograms with Tomo synthesis. But that has increased over the past decade, dramatically, but we're kind of right around, we've been 90% now for the last few years. We call patients back, we do, we do Tomo synthesis for all of those recalled mammograms unless they're for calcifications when it's not necessary but we do all of the call back mammograms with Tomo synthesis because we find it to be very helpful in order to to limit our need for biopsies for findings that we could clearly see are just overlapping tissue with the Tomo synthesis. Our next case, our next question is how many cases in your, in your study had a normal study on Tomo biopsy. So I think you're referring to the the architectural distortion paper and the developing asymmetry paper so. So all of those patients had an ultrasound exam that was negative. All of them had a finding on their, their 3D mammogram that was considered suspicious and had a biopsy done in both of those cities, 20% of them turned out to be about 20% turned out to be cancer. So the 80, the other pieces were not were not cancers. So the majority of those cases did not turn out to be cancers but 20% is a, is a high enough number to definitely justify doing a biopsy for them, you know we usually buyer as for is anything over a 2% risk of breast cancer so when we're talking about a pre, a predictive value of 20% then that easily justifies biopsying those findings. The next question is any tips for biopsy in a small breast and yeah this can be can be challenging you know we have the petite needle which usually you can, it will allow you to do a biopsy up to I think it's 2.3 centimeters of thickness but they're definitely patients who have even smaller so there are some things that you can do to help you so you can give lots of dummy medicine to kind of create a little bit more breast tissue to use there is and when doing the when you're localizing you can remember that you're going to be taking. You're not, you don't have to exactly click on the finding when you're doing the biopsy you can click in front of it or behind it in order to allow your whole. The, the biopsy needle to be buried and have instead of the finding being exactly in the middle of your of your target could be towards the beginning or the end and that can be helpful to help to get the needle totally buried. On top of there being you know our normal needle and then there's a petite needle there's also a blunt tip needle that can be used for very small mall brassy have to have to get order that and have it separately but that's another option to be used for small breasts. I think also another another thing that I found helpful is being able to go back and forth between the CC and the lateral view sometimes want a patient will compress differently in one view versus the other and it might be a little bit thicker in one view to help you do the biopsy. The next question is what should you suggest Tomo synthesis or contrast enhanced mammography and I'm very biased because we do not do contrast enhanced mammography at my institution so I would definitely pick Tomo synthesis. I also don't think it's one or the other. I think they are both, you know I think pieces that that use contrast enhanced mammography are also doing Tomo synthesis. Tomo synthesis has a lot more data behind it and is a more universal modality than contrast enhanced mammography if you're only going to have one or the other. But there's a lot of exciting research coming out on contrast mammography so I'm excited to kind of see where that where that goes and where that's going to fit into our cancer work up. So there we have increased detection of micro calcifications I assume that is referring to with Tomo synthesis and I don't think so I don't know that calcifications necessarily have improved detection. I think that the benefits of Tomo synthesis are more specific for invasive micro invasive carcinomas which are usually not just calcifications. I think that there have been studies that have shown both both for that so I don't. I don't know all of the data that have on my head but I would say the benefit of Tomo synthesis is not necessarily for increased detection of micro calcifications but more for like masses and distortions and asymmetries like I talked about before. You know the next question is whether there's an absolute indication for Tomo synthesis and and no I don't think the answer right you know currently standard of care is is either 2d or standard full field digital mammogram or Tomo synthesis so we do think that there is there is sufficient studies to say that Tomo synthesis is has improved recall rate and cancer detection. But the standard of care is really for either modality and it's much more important for a patient to get a mammogram with either one than to not get one to then to not get one or to choose one or the other so I would definitely encourage patients to get a screening mammogram and if they can get it with Tomo synthesis I would always pick that but I would not say that there is an absolute indication for that. The next one is how do you encounter complications bleeding during or after the biopsy how do you handle it so you know whatever we're doing a biopsy there is definitely a risk for for bleeding. That's probably the most common complication that we that is the most common complication we see and you know I find that holding pressure is is almost always is going to is going to be successful sometimes it's a lot of pressure and for a long time. And if that is the radiologist or maybe there is a tech or tech eight at the institution that can help, but really holding firm continuous pressure until the bleeding stops. You know there are rare complications pseudo aneurysms that can occur I think that's really one off, but most of the time the bleeding really just requires pressure, continuous pressure until it stops bleeding. The next question is how much local anesthetic you give and how often does the target move. I do think this is sort of individual. You know I think, even when I did my my fellowship which is only a few years ago different, the different attendings that I worked with would be definitely inconsistent with how much in anesthetic each person use but I found that the most important thing is, is making sure that the skin is really well numbed. So, I want to give enough lidocaine in the skin to make sure I see a really a skin wheel that's very clear so it's usually about one to two ccs, you know sometimes if, if I end up if my initial injection is a little bit deep I'm not seeing a good wheel I'll put a little bit more in. And then I give deeper numbing medicine lidocaine mix with epinephrine. I usually drop out eight ccs and depending on how dense the breast tissue is and how deep the finding is I'll just slowly inject it in and out and usually give about five or six ccs but it is it is very, very very variable. I find that with that patients do not have symptoms typically during the biopsy but I do tell them if you're feeling anything let me know we can always give you more we are biopsy machine will automatically give additional lidocaine as we're taking the biopsy samples. And eventually we'll warn the patient they might feel like a few seconds of that singing sensation when we're taking the biopsies and that's probably the numbing medicine that's that's going to be that's at an area that wasn't totally numb, not the biopsy needle like causing causing pain and I think that is very helpful for the patients to know. The next question is do you have any data of dbt guided biopsy with implants versus stereo I don't have any data I think it would be interesting to see. You know I think with both you want to make sure that that implant is really pushed back as much as possible and is not in the images. I think I just kind of anecdotally I like using Tomas and this is because I think I can really scroll through the slices and see for sure that I'm not going to hit the be anywhere near the the implant which is with the with the angled images that sometimes it can be a little bit confusing of. If exactly the direction that your needles going whereas with the Thomas and this is you know you're just going straight down through the breast tissue. But I don't have any any specific data on that I think it would be an interesting interesting thing to look at. The next question is. Does needle localization ever helpful in lesions with suspicious. Calcifications. I'm not sure I completely understand that question but we do need a localizations for suspicious calcifications. I don't, we don't typically use Tomas and this is for our localizations usually do them with a upon American grid. But I think I know there's other institutions that are using Tomas and this is more for localizations that's not something that I'm, I'm actually that familiar with. And the next question is in our unit the clip placement has to be through the biopsy needle so on the rare occasion when we need to place a Tomo guided clip. We do not have the equipment to support this which equipment to use to facilitate Tomo guided clip placement. So this is probably a follow up to the question before asking if we have replaced biopsies with their biopsy clips without doing the biopsy. I also I'm not sure that we have a separate equipment I'm not sure there may be things that you can order. I think the very few times that we've done this before we probably had to just open up the biopsy the whole biopsy kit but I'm not actually 100% sure. There's something that you could ask your, your rep about if they would be able to separate and just get them the biopsy, like the introducer piece. But you would need to have a needle in it to get to the site so I'm not sure what you would need to do but I think that's something probably to talk more with your rep about I don't think that we have anything specific that we have different, I think we've just opened up the biopsy kit. The last question is, how do you biopsy lesions close to the skin. It's, you know, I sort of a similar answer I think to like how to biopsy in small breasts and I would say it can be really challenging, it can be really challenging and can be helpful to use the petite device. But if there's a lot of tissue behind you might not need the petite device I think a few things that you can do are to make a really big skin wheel that can add some additional depth for you to have to get the needle totally buried. You can also target slightly past where the lesion is on your stereotactic images, knowing that you're where you're targeting is going to be the middle of your biopsy device. So you don't necessarily need the lesion to be right in the middle so okay if it's closer to the proximal part of the needle. So if you target slightly past it, you can still often biopsy the lesion closer to the skin. So those are some tricks that I've done to try to get these very superficial biopsies, but I do I know they can be definitely be challenging. Well thank you so much for the for the discussion.


I'm Colleen, owner of Painting with a Twisting Grapevine. I have an additional cast member with me today. Hopefully it won't be in the way. This month I have several manic date ideas if you live in the Dallas Fort Worth area. Of course I would be remiss if I didn't mention dinner and painting at Painting with a Twisting Grapevine. Around the corner from us is a French cafe in Bakery and an Italian restaurant in Bakery and there are several wineries too. You can dine there before class or order to go and eat it right here before painting. We have many paintings to choose from, including some couples paintings where each of you paints on your own canvas but when hung together it makes for a completed painting. My second romantic date idea is the Dallas Museum of Art. They've just started offering free admission so it's an inexpensive date as well. They stay open late and have a jazz band on certain nights including on Valentine's Day. My third date idea is in Fort Worth. Take your date on a stroll through the Fort Worth Water Gardens. It's totally free and very romantic, especially right after dark. Imagine sweeping views of the Dallas skyline while you wind and dine with your honey. That's my fourth romantic date idea. If dinner and paintings sounded like fun, go to our calendar at paintingwiththetwist.com slash grapevine and choose a painting for your day.


The problem is, one of the first things you do when you make dandelion wine is throw away the flowers. 17 minutes. That's how long the world lasts this time. The crucifixes with their screaming human sacrifices flayed and nailed to the i-beam crosses vanish, replaced by a bucolic pastoral scene, the serenity of the gold-flanked rolling hills, ruined only by the presence of a 30-foot-tall albertasaurus biting the head of a three-headed sheep. He hits a stopwatch, resets a timer, 000001 and counting. He decides to head south, pushing through the fields of waist-high dandelions and away from the predator, messily devouring its meal. A throbbing scar on its leg, angry and red, serves as a reminder that a few minutes are long enough to be maimed or killed. He takes a moment, once he is far enough from the gory scene, to tear the leaves off one of the plants and cram them into his mouth. They taste bitter and tough, but they are edible, and he has not eaten in a long time. They told him that he would be safe. They told him that he needed to carry the information across the universes. Somewhere out there, they said, there would be a universe, where the foundations still existed. Find them. Tell them what happened. Maybe they can fix it.  Then starts to pull off the dinner plate-sized flowers and stuff them into his bedded rucksack. Maybe on the next jaunt, he can find a bottle and some sugar. Make some dandelion wine. The shift hits him between zipping his rucksack up and hefting it to his shoulder. He is now standing in the middle of a foray intersection at rush hour. A yellow cab nearly runs him over.  His eyes are empty, and his passengers are only corpses. He steps aside and looks up into a vermilion sky. The noonday sun is crimson, the color of blood. It is bloated, too large, taking up nearly half the sky, and the light is dim enough to gaze into to see the wide, blotchy, diseased patches that dot the surface of that shining orb. All we can do is place one person outside it, an outside observer, unaffected by the shifts. We drew straws. We chose you. Twenty-one minutes. That's how long the world lasted. He hits a stopwatch, resets the counter. There is a supermarket on the way. The plate glass window is shattered, and a man, now long dead, has been hurled through it. He steps over the glass and into the empty, deserted aisles. He is hungry. He is always hungry. He ignores the rotting displays of fruit, buzzing with flies, or the greenish, molding displays of meat in the butcher's aisle, and heads straight for the canned goods. From the way, he passes by the dried goods. Something makes him pause. It's a box of instant stuffing. The front shows a typical Thanksgiving scene, in the style of Nolan Rockwell. The father is carving into a screaming human head. The apple-cheeked children are passing around plates of body parts. He takes down a can from the shelf, a thin, rectangular can, in the style of a sardine tin, and opens it up with a twist key. Seventeen baby blue eyeballs packed in oil, stare back up at him. He grabs as many cans as possible. He can't afford to be picky. We know what caused this, but it's too late. We can't stop it. Reality, as we know it, will vanish into the sea of chaos. Into the seafoam of the what could have been. This time, the world lasts a full half hour before the shift. He hits the stopwatch, resets the counter. The world is filled with fog. From out of the fog come men, or creatures very much like men. His machete is drawn before the first one reaches him. Its broad mouth open impossibly wide, revealing a maw filled with jagged, shark-like teeth. The nature of reality is that of a multiverse. Choice causes new universes to branch out, possibly create new realities. Always, before however, those parallel universes have been separate, distinct, that is changing. The next few minutes are difficult. He kills many, but they are legion. He is thrown to the ground. They tear up on his pack like a bloated corpse and scatter the contents. They grab a hold of the cans and slam them against rocks and broken bricks, bursting them open and devouring the eyes, fingers and tongues within. Then they turn on him. This is a visual representation of the CK class restructuring they told him. The spirals represent the universes. They are converging. He's lucky. The world only lasts 9 minutes, but that's long enough for one of these shark-faced creatures to take a bite out of his arm. He emerges into a new world.  When they woke him from his bed in the middle of the night, he knew it would be bad. But then, he had been ready. His years in the army had taught him no fear. Had taught him how to survive against all odds. He was ready to face whatever they needed him to face. Kill whatever they needed him to kill. He didn't expect that they would take him into room and show him a movie. A false color representation of a mathematical reality. It looked beautiful. A sea of blue foam with bubbles forming and popping. With brilliant yellow spirals floating among them. The spirals he noticed were getting closer together and their colors were fading. It reminded him of back on the farm in his childhood, when his grandfather used to make dandelion wine with the flowers his grandmother and sister would pick from the rolling green fields. The old man would put the flowers into a big Pyrex cooking pot and fill it with water, some sugar, and lemon juice. And he would watch spellbound as the yellow flowers rose and fall in that boiling liquid turning slowly in the bubbling water changing color from bright yellow to dull brown. He hits the stopwatch and resets the counter. And a file. To learn more about the SCP Foundation subscribe to SCP Orientation today and turn the notification bell on so you don't miss any of our videos.


Hey weirdos, it's Darren Mardler with Mardler House and got a great email from YouTube. I can't remember the last time I actually received an email from YouTube other than like promotional stuff, but as you know I just hit 10,000 subscribers the other day and apparently YouTube thought it was a big enough deal that they sent me this really cool email with this GIF that you are seeing right here, but here's the text of the email I said Mardler House OMG no really OMGGGGGGG your channel just crossed 10,000 subscribers that's not just something you should be proud of it's something you should do cartwheels over scream over laugh over even cry over because this is amazing now go take this GIF and share it with the world which of course is what I'm doing with you right now way to go and keep it up signed the YouTube team well that was really cool to get my email this morning and because I did reach that milestone many of you have suggested that to celebrate it that we do a Q&A so this coming Friday April 27th 7 p.m central time I will do a Q&A here on YouTube we'll make it an AMA so what which if you're not familiar means ask me anything I can't guarantee you that I'm going to answer everything but you can ask me anything so we'll do it that way so I gather up your questions anything you want to ask about you can ask about weird darkness daily dose of weird news my voiceover business you can ask about my family life you can ask how much I weigh if you really want to know that whatever whatever you want to ask it's up for grabs my life is pretty much an open book I don't have a lot to hide so go ahead and put it on your calendar I think it's going to be a lot of fun Q&A 7 p.m this coming Friday April 27th at 7 p.m central time I hope you'll join me and hopefully we'll have a really big great gathering of the weirdo family


Hi, everyone. Happy Thursday. I'm Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com, coming at you with 2020 Panini Playbook Football, four box, random team, break number five.  It's not a division break. I fixed that in the next one. The next one's up. 16 spots, everyone gets two random teams in the NFL. All card ship in this half-intercase break from a fresh master case. Very big thanks to these folks for getting into the action. Let's double up, like Sir Mix a lot. All the teams are in. Let's roll it. Randomize each list five and a two, seven times, seven lucky times, names and teams. One, two, three, four, five, six, and seven and final time. Simon down to Joseph. There we go, boom. All right, five and a two, seven times, four of the teams. One, two, three, six, and good luck. Seventh and final time. After seven, we've got Buffalo on top, down to the champions, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Super Bowl champs, Tampa Bay. All right, Simon with the Buffalo Bills, David with the Cardinals, Charles with the Saints, Brian with the Eagles, David with the Steelers, Larry with the Seahawks, Jeff with the Texans, Adam with the Carolina Panthers, Jacob with the Lions, Jeff with the Chiefs, Brian with the Giants, Josh with the Colts, Joseph with my Raiders, David with the Ravens, Roy with the Pats, David with the Dolphins, Charles with the Rams, Roy with the Titans, Simon with the Browns, Jason with the Falcons, Joseph with the Broncos, John with the Packers, Adam with the Cowboys, Charles with the Niners, Bengals for Jason, Jacob with the Jaguars, Washington for Jacob, Minnesota for Charles, the Los Angeles Chargers for Larry, Jensen, Curtis with the Bears and the Jets and Joseph with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Let's get all this on one single shot here, one page. Let's box these up. Now I'll come back to the screen in just a second, but let's see which case we're gonna do, or which four boxes we're gonna do. So there's 2020 playbook football right now. It's kind of hard to see the label, but it is playbook. Let's pop this master case open.  We'll take that one right there. One, two, three for the left inner case, four, five, six for the right inner case. It's three, so one, two, three right here. So this we will save for time when I have a pen, maybe. There we go. For a future YouTube pick your team or random team. It'll probably be random teams if we keep going this way. There, so let's set this back over here. We'll save that for some other time. Now there's eight boxes per inner case. So now we gotta do half of that in this four box break. It helps cut the per team cost of the breakdown. For some of you who wanna get into playbook, but maybe don't have a full case budget, it's all good. Here's two lock really on the front of 2020, like he is. All right, here's the, here's one, two, three, four box right there and another four boxes right down here. So one, two, three for the top four, four, five, six for the bottom four. Good luck boxes. And it's four, it's the bottom four right here. And these we will save for next time. I don't know if this green is gonna show up on. All right, so we'll kind of mark this with that green right now. That's not gonna work. I'll do it later. Find a better sharpie for this. All right, so we're gonna pause the video. When we come back, we're gonna see if there's any trades, then the break, stick around. All right, welcome back folks. No deals were done, it's all good. That list remains the same. Thanks everyone for getting in, appreciate it. And now let's see what we have here. Now the second half of this inner case, if I did that correctly, is already in the store. So yeah, so break six already in the store if you wanna run this playbook back. Pretty underrated on this playbook. And remember, one spot gets you two teams. So if you thought, if you thought, hey, that seems kind of expensive for playbook. It's not, it's one spot, two teams. All right, what do we have? We've got all sorts of things happening here. Let's do the book last. Let's use this blank card to slow play the hits logo. We kinda saw the Green Bay Packers logo there. That'll be for John. John Hooten with the Pat gets the Mammoth Materials A.J. Dillon to 75. We've got Cam Akers, Mammoth Materials to 99. That is for Charles and the Rams. At long last Charles, we got this in. Oh, a plate? That's Nick Chubb, one of one plate. And an autograph right on top. That goes to Simon and the Browns. Cleveland, this is for you. Out of fives and under, get the train whistle. All aboard the Big Head Express. Woo-hoo! Nice. And the book is gonna be for the purple birds. Devin Duvernay, 38 out of 99. Nice set of relics right there. Nice autograph. David with the Ravens. UCLA, oh. Everyone going. All these girls go to Connecticut. What about UCLA? Next box. All right, we got Lynn Bowden Jr., Dolphins Edition. Finally. One out of 75. And that will be for David and the Dolphins. We got, oh, we got points, which will randomize someone. And we got Joanne Jennings, 16 out of 49 for the Niners. Charles with San Francisco. And that'll be randomized to one person to break. Winner take all if there's more points that pop. All right, the book is Kansas City. It's a dual relic, Clyde Edward D. Lair. Nice. 32 out of 70 on that one. And that's gonna head out to Jeff Ehrlich and the Kansas City Chiefs. There you go, Jeff. Two boxes to go. We got here, how it is more points. Oh, wild card points. Interesting. Could be 100 points, could be 100,000 points. I don't think it goes that high, but it could be a lot of points or a little points. There's Jeller Gross Matos, four out of five. Out of fives and under to get the world famous train whistle. That's for Carolina, a little cat team mojo. For Adam Copperman. There you go, Adam. When's the last time we've done a train whistle here? All aboard the Big Hit Express. Woo-hoo. And we got DJ Dallas for Seattle, 25 out of 75. The guy that usually throws him the ball or hands the ball off to him has named Dallas as one of the teams that he would like to be traded to. If there was trade, not that he's asking for a trade. But if there was. The book is is for the Washington football team. It's Chase Young, Duel Relic. 16 out of 70 on that one. All right, final box, boys and girls. Good luck. Yeah, now you're rooting for Yedda Gross Matos, Adam. This season. All right, last box, good luck. Thank you, thank you, thank you everyone for filling this one up. Another four boxes in the store. This is a pretty underrated set, ladies and gentlemen, so take advantage of it. Juju Smith's choosered, 149. Running some hot routes. Although I think he'll be running some hot routes for another team this year. Let's see where he ends up. We've got Calvin Ridley. He's also running some hot, hot routes. That's a catch too, 23 out of 2.99, right? That's definitely a catch. That Relic going to Jason and the Falcons. And we got goal line graphs. Three out of 75, Kenyon Drake. Jersey and autograph for David and the Cardinals. If I knew some Drake songs by heart, I would sing some to you, but I don't, sorry. Drake is a type of duck though. Quack, quack. All right, then we've got, oh, there's Antonio Gibson. Jersey and autograph, nice. For the Washington football team, Joseph Barton. 17 out of 2.99, there you go. Put those into a slider box right here. Now, winner take all on the points. We've got 250 points and some wild card points. There's the next break up right there. There's a blank list right here. Let's grab everyone's names from David and the Cardinals down to Joseph and the Washington football team. Everyone has a shot at it. Name on top after six gets the points. One, two, three, four, five, and sixth and final time. After six, name on top. Drum roll, drum roll, drum roll is Larry Jensen. Larry, I don't think I called your name out. Oh no, you got the DJ Dallas, but not too much after that. Some points added to your hits. That would be mailed to you soon. I'm Joe for jaskiescasebreaks.com. Thanks for getting in. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye-bye.