Day of the breakfast, ex-NBA boss Olisa Agbacoba writes AINEC pointed confusion and constitutional provision for election of president was seek to get clarity. Also on the breakfast, Najir recorded an annual headline inflation rate of 18.85% in 2022. In what was a remarkable year, ravaged by several economic headwinds, why did we experience the worst inflation in 21 years? And we will review the biggest stories making headlines across national areas. Welcome to the breakfast on Klaus TV Africa, I am Justin Acadone. I am Messe Boko, it's good to have you join us this morning on the show. Messe, how are you doing this morning? Well, it's a Thursday morning. I don't know, there's something about Thursdays, when I think of Lagos, markets don't open on time and there's a bit of less traffic on the roads on Thursdays coming from the mainland that is because of the so-called sanitation exercise they do around the market, although some people do there as on Wednesday, but I noticed that sometimes you might want to buy stuff, you'd have to wait until 10am. I'm sure you noticed that I'm very surprised at what you said. Oh, you're not a Lagosian, you're not used to environmental on Thursdays. No, that's not the case. No, wait, wait. So I'm surprised that you were talking about environmental on Thursdays and I'm also concerned about the fail queues. Merci, the fail queues. The thing is that I wanted to get water this morning and you can say I'm almost sounding a bit groggy. I wanted to get water this morning, I just couldn't get water either because most shops were not open. Speaking of the fail queues, merci. I spent four hours just the other day to get from Victoria Island to the mainland, leaving Victoria Island took me almost two hours because of fuel queues. So I'm just wondering why we're talking about sanitation and then I'm wondering Thursdays for sanitation. Fantastic. Prior to this time, that's the kind of experience that we've had and asking myself, do people still observe sanitation every other time? Especially now that people have to do it. That's why they do it. No, I'm not in dispute of that, but I want you to hear me out and I hear the point is we have a lot of persons who are queuing for petrol. We wake up before six o'clock and there are five, you have the queue. To move on the island, several filling stations, you have the queue. So at what point, who is going to be observing the sanitation? They still do because, okay, we live around market areas. You find out that you still see lumps of debris brought from the gutters and from the drainages. Most of them they did on Wednesday. They will still constitute another memes on the road because they still block the roads again. And you find that you still have to try to circumvent around the roads. That's on the one hand, but I was just not so happy this morning. I got water. I didn't get water. Do you want to give me water? I do have water on my side. I'll take a break. I think I'll take your water as long as it's very, very chilled. Let's go towards trending this morning. The president, Muhammad Buhari, was in Mauritania the other day just two days ago. And he received an award for peace. And most people are talking about it. And the president talks some stuff concerning religious and ethnicity or religion. All right. So let's see why is it top trending because the president is believed to be a champion of peace in the continent. Let me just give a beat of a background of heart that happened. On Tuesday, President Muhammad Buhari, who was in Nobcha, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, led us to place a premium on youth development with more seriousness and actionable ideas in promoting skews, accusations, while discouraging idleness. Speaking at the African Conference for Peace in 2023, the president said, the idleness of youth and non-inclusion in discussing issues that shape their lives and the future, pertains liability for that continent, especially in religious fundamentalism and extremism. The president, who was honored by the Abu Dhabi Peace Forum, with the award for strengthening peace in Africa, said there was a need to inculcate values and principles of tolerance and peace in educational institutions, and particularly among the youth. Merci. A lot of things come to my mind right now. The president was honored for strengthening peace in Africa. Some people would say we hardly have relative peace here in our own country. It's also interesting to note that the Forum for Peace was founded in Abu Dhabi in 2015, and it's dedicated to strengthening Islamic narrative of peace building and tolerance in the world of religious pluralism. That's what it is. So that's why you have the award. You need to think about that. The reason why you have this particular foundation. It's a foundation or an organization or association that awarded the president that peace for strengthening peace in this country. It's an African country. But if you also look at the reason why it was established, it was for this particular purpose. That's why we constantly have all of the conspiracy theories that we have about whether or not the sources are shenanigans for, okay, we need to understand that Nigeria is a secular state, secular in the sense that you have Christians and you also have Muslims. So it's not entirely an Islamic country. Then you also need to know that all the African countries are also Islamic. I don't know if you understand. I mean a bigger part in the Christian nation. So you have Africans that are Christian. So it's very disheartening. Others have called that the ICC should be involved in this particular case, where the president would have to answer. It's really, really a big irony. If you're going to look for an example of an irony, remember in English class, they'll tell you what are the example of irony. So you're going to, as part of that speech, you want to look for an irony. This is a typical example of it because it's a situation where you get to ask yourself how do we get to a point where in Nigeria, we don't have peace. And when we talk about peace, the absence of war is not necessarily peace because we don't have the conventional war because people are not having the war just like in Ukraine, which in most case, experts have said that that's not a conventional war. So because we don't have war, we're not experiencing war like a different country and another country and we're engaging and then, you know, there's a combat. Those women that we have peace, right? So it's, I really don't have to describe this, but it's really, it's really, really saddening that we are grappling with a lot, especially in Nigeria, the issue of insecurity that has affected the economy in a very, very, very huge way, massive way. You want to talk about bandits, kidnapping, also the crime of criminality. We're not saying that prior to 2022 or 2023, we've not had crime and criminality. That has always been the case. We've had it for years. We've had it for years. But it feels like this is amplified. You know, it's like it's been emboldened and that's what we're faced with. And yeah, we have a president who has received an award for ensuring peace in a certain African country and, you know, bravo. Well done. I don't, I just feel that before you could actually think of doing great, you should be able to put your own house in order. Let's see. You have highlighted all the issues that have plagued us, you know, in a couple of years. You talked about taking up an insurgency, ban the tree, which are on the rise by the day. We are not at war. Last time we experienced war in this country was between 1967 to 1970, when we had the civil war, Biafra and Nigeria, you know, fighting as it is internally. But we are not at peace. We hear issues in Southern Kaduna, the killings. You hear things in Agatu, in the state where people were killed.  Come down to the south-east there. The issue of kidnapping is also very rampant. I couldn't even travel for Christmas last year. I mean, a lot of people travel. I know a lot of persons who came outside of the country. Because it was, I don't know, because to me, if you have to travel, it should be absolutely necessary because I wouldn't put my life in danger, aside from the woods. But we wouldn't travel now. Absolutely.  Let's say I wouldn't have traveled. So I know that in all of this, there's always a reportage. There's always, you know, this news that, yeah, the south-east, the south-east, I feel like there's been over, the insecurity in the south-east, please, please. I'm not saying that we don't have the issue of insecurity in the south-east, all of this attacks. But I'm saying that in most cases, you know how you're about to tell a story, or you're about to give a narration, and there's always an exaggeration. So some things are usually not as it's been said. You know how you say something? It's not as what it is. Like when you get to paint a picture, that's the reality. So I'm about to tell you about a certain experience, trust me. It is what has happened, but it's not as I am, you know, saying it, because in the course of giving you the narration and putting it out to you, it's always like, you know, a picture that's painted, or a perception that's given, and people will begin to think that, hey, you know, you can't step your leg in the south-east, because if you just move an inch, then that's what I'm saying, because that's what a lot of people think, and that's why I just want to ask you a question. Okay, okay. Reason, for instance, I'm from the, you know, a particular sanitary zone in Egypt. Are you from Mbalu? Yes! So you can't imagine! You know, that's my sanitary zone. You don't need to appeal, you don't have justice. Nothing cannot go to his village, because I'm from Mbalu. That's just not true. You need to have, you need to have justice. I know I'm not very Wallo. Oh, that's my thing. I'm not from Mbalu, but I'm from Mbalu, and we are from the sanitary zone.  We need to have justice, because it's not fair, totally. You can go back to the village, you know, and relocate to the village. I'm not, I'm relocating. I'm not, I'm relocating. I'm not a family, I'm not a family. The one who's saying all that, but my point is, you know, sometimes we have a perception, I, just in our understanding, there's insecurity everywhere in the country. It is, it is bad. Including Lagos, but you know it's not what it is in all the parts of the country where you have the kidnapping But not to say that you know peasants are not being kidnapped on their way to work and all of that You have all of this miscrans, you know on this criminal element taking advantage of peasants and you know doing Justin has been through a lot, you know when you talk about when you talk about people and there's always a local You know street word that I see Justin have seen Shiggy in the hands of this And in 2023 we pray that you know Justin will not see Shiggy, but quickly let's move on to the next one right here But looking at our next top-running the court summons MFLA over 23 million parry club debt Nigerians actually laments and what have you yeah, okay, so I think that's not even better But it's about a meffily Godwin a meffily of the Central Bank of Nigeria you have to be very precise Because you can go Justing of plus you know you have the Justin of where a lot of Justin's you have to be very empathic right there so He has asked the courts the division of the Court of Appeal to set aside another of the federal High Court Compelling his appearance in a 53 million judgment debt proceedings So yes, that's what it is and that's been got that's gotten a lot of peasants and a lot of tongues wagging Yes, they got one. I like to call it the Godwin a meffily saga. He's been in the news recently mercy Lots of summons security guards Into the office when we appeared from the UK to Nigeria right now 53 million dollars Paris Club debt must see How do we salvage this issue? He has been he although the case has been you know, adjunct so much The 20s, you know the federal High Court summons a meffily of the Central Bank that is you know over that particular debt Paris club reports now the presiding judge in young equal gave the order on October 2022 following an application for Garnishing made by Joe Agui a senior advocate of Nigeria who is the judgment Creditor the court granted the application and all that they may feel to appear in court are just Yesterday, however at the court session it was adjunct to March 20th The background is that the dispute stemmed from an alleged 70 million dollars judgment against Linus International Limited for the lawyer's Assistance with the Paris Club Reformed it may feel it was said to have only released 17 million Leave it at unpaid balance of 53 million dollars. It has got a lot of people talking on Twitter. Merci Well, it's it's this situation. It's what it is and none that's in court You know, you can't talk about the subject is so we definitely allow, you know the law to take its place But, you know, one would say that it's not It's it's not something that is desirable. You have that I mean, it's quite unfortunate that the government of central bank of Nigeria will be involved in all of this and but yeah, you know It's important. Let's see how that pants out All right, the next one is a We talked about to rose that at the show the fuels custody this like the longest in the history of Nigeria last year I remember in 2020 we started with them fuels custody went on to the issue of Adortated fuel or bad fuel as it were, you know, and it was sorted out. They were back and for blue games here and there, you know Appearances at the National Assembly all that went under the carpet But then again much later from like the later part of 2022 we started seeing a resurgence of long Cues at several filling stations The price of PMS was increased and Nigerians have been Scampering to get the commodity. It is actually endless the cues in most of filling stations in Lagos, you know, I've actually searched to the roads and then causing a whole lot of them Greedlock like I said the other day it took me about four hours Just to commute from one part of Lagos to the other and my dreams are suffering the element in Transportation costs Has increased their full prices of course There's a terminal effect when we talk about fuel and fuel scarcity in Nigeria messy So It's unfortunate. Let's even talk about Lagos where we are right here I mean if you talk about scarcity and why you have the long queue this has happened since November and it's so unfortunate that no one seemed to be saying anything, right? no one seemed to be saying anything and I don't know if the situation in order parts of the country I know some people who have talked about the cost of buying petrol which is not at 180 175 world view or 65 or there about now people have to buy petrol at 100 and What bigger parts did I say 100? 260 My sister just got back from the east that two days ago Most filling stations although right now most of them are not even selling the black market wheels Went as high as them 450 in a more states. So like I was saying, I mean it's unfortunate. No one's saying anything. It's totally Saddening it feels like We're just in a space this anarchy and and there's no control There's no there's no order in the system because one would actually anticipate that at this point We probably would have Being said, you know by the many-star petroleum, you know, someone should do something But there's something that there's something that we actually experience and notice I noticed in a sub one of one of it is that I saw tax men of the tax force Arresting, okay. Yeah, the PR. So they were in different felices, especially owned by the NNPC shutting down You know the stations are arresting peasants, you know, if you're selling above a certain Prize, right, but it's not fair to be very honest I really don't know how we can say this the cost of transportation the cost of leaving has increased Everything has moved life has become so brutish. It is becoming so short Life has become, you know, it's like we're in the stone age It's like we've gone back to the time where we had no government. We had no control We had no system and how can people we need in 2020 throw people a pain tax We have a government that we voted for No one seemed to be bothered about, you know, the pain and the anguish that the people are going through really because everything that happens has a trickle down effect and it's It's affecting every other part of the economy. We can't continue to fall their amps and say that we're giant of Africa and in this real sense We're not even showing it. The people who we like to represent our interests are not even interested about the people There's so much hardship and you know suffering But you need to go to the streets and see what's going on people spend, you know, two hours three hours for Johnny of You know, how many minutes? Just less than 20. Well, we need to take a break now And then when we return hopefully we're able to bring you off the press with our guests Who's will be joining us? It's a Kanyai talk. Please stay with us


The Army Reserve soldiers of the 316th Expeditionary Sustainment Command are making sure that no matter how remote or how new the location, soldiers are going to receive their mail before Christmas. Since opening around Thanksgiving, the Army Post Office has received more than 24,000 pounds of mail. Army Reserve Sergeant Greg Counsel says that Christmas is a busy time of year. Usually around time, when a holiday, I say right after Thanksgiving, usually the mail volumes just almost like double because families are hurrying up to send out as much as they can to the soldiers for fear of not being able to get something there to them by Christmas. Specialist Jimmy Bennett tells us that mail day is a big deal. Because everybody on the count know when mail day is. They know that their families, they're asking for stuff and they're getting everything that they're asking for. Reporting from Southwest Asia, I'm Sergeant First Class Adam Stone.


Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you. And you're very kind, especially when I've kept you waiting a little bit. I don't often get behind schedule on the first appointment in the morning, but I did this morning. Because the meeting just previous to this takes twice as long because it required translation. The gentleman who was in to see me. Well, good morning and welcome to the White House. And, Roy and Connie, it's great to have you here and to get this chance to see so many old friends and supporters. We met together last year. Among other things, we have a new OMB director. Around here, we've taken to calling him the Invisible Hand. But I want to say right off that there's absolutely no truth to the rumor that Jim Miller wants to privatize the Congress. We decided to be impractical because of the large liability premiums legislators would have to pay. Since last year, we've also seen tax reform take a giant step forward. And certainly the House bill needs improvement, and in a moment I'll get specific about how. But first, let's reflect on the dramatic, even revolutionary change that this tax reform bill represents. A consensus is forming in both parties that we must lower marginal tax rates in order to increase incentives and spur economic growth. Nothing succeeds like success, of course. And no one can any longer deny the success of marginal tax rate cuts and incentives in revitalizing the American economy and giving us 37 months of growth with low inflation. And now the ball is in the Senate's court. There are several important corrections we'll be looking for, among them a return of the full $2,000 personal exemption for itemizers as well as non-itemizers and the income tax. Your family started out in new homes beset with mortgage payments and all the cost of raising children. And urgently, these young families need the full exemption, and we're going to make sure they get it. Decades of inflation seriously eroded the value of the personal exemption and thrust an increasing share of the tax burden out of the shoulders of families with children. The truth of the matter is that even going to $2,000, we have not kept pace with inflation. If we stayed even in purchasing power with that exemption today with what the exemption was originally scheduled at, it should be $2,700, not $2,000. You might say that tax policy is made raising a family uneconomical, discouraging couples from having children or if they do forcing spouses into workforce simply so they can maintain an acceptable standard of living. We think it's about time that the federal government stopped putting the squeeze on families. We're going to make having children affordable again. As far as the top rate is concerned, in our minds 35% is a round number. It's exactly half of the 70% we started with five years ago. A final bill must also include incentives for American industry and effective dates should be ironed out so that investment decisions aren't disrupted or delayed due to uncertainty. Finally, any tax reform worth the name must give tax relief to the middle class and give all Americans a leg up on the ladder of success. Last year I also talked to you about the budget. Well, the budget cycle has come around again and I think it's got a flat tire. In fact, it's almost completely broken down. We've got the tool to fix it though. It's called line item veto. Bless you. Sooner or later, we're going to have to address the fundamental failures of the budgetary process and it should be sooner rather than later if we want to keep America growing strong. I have told a number of our congressmen recently that there isn't a state in the union that would live for five minutes with the Mickey Mouse budgeting process that the federal government is expected to get along with. In the meantime though, we're taking the Graham Rudman Hollings cure for congressional overspending. Taken in yearly doses, Graham Rudman Hollings will bring the budget into balance in 1990 and clear the way for continued prosperity. Our budgets will meet Graham Rudman Hollings targets and we'll do it without raising taxes, without damaging the safety net or touching social security and while still providing for 3% real growth in defense. Anyone who tells you that we can't make the necessary cuts is telling you one thing loud and clear. He wants to raise taxes. As far as I'm concerned, raising taxes is a cop out and no tax increase bill is going to make it within 100 yards of my desk without taking a direct hit from a veto came. And I may be quoted. I want the American people to know that. One of the ways we're going to slim the budget down is through privatization. Doesn't that word have a lovely ring to it? From now on, we're going to hold government to an unusually high standard, the private sector. If the private sector can provide certain services more efficiently and better, then why not let it? You'll be glad to know that since Jim Miller came on board, Adam Smith neckties have practically become part of the uniform over at OMB. As for defense, we've promised a whole spending to a real 3% increase and we will hold it to 3% no more and no less. We've already cut back severely on defense contrary to much of what you've been reading or hearing. Further reductions would seriously undermine our military preparedness. We've gone the extra mile to compromise with Congress and we're not going to compromise our national security. Cuts below 3% real growth would almost certainly spell the end to any hope for real arms control. What incentive will the Soviets have to negotiate mutual reductions and comply with existing treaties if America begins to unilaterally dismantle its deterrent forces? We know what's happened in the last day or two in the announcement from the Soviet Union about proposal for a gigantic arms reduction. Well, I can tell you now that's the first time that has ever happened that kind of a proposal has come from them. And I don't think there is any question but that our refurbishing of our military capacity is why they came to Geneva and why they're proposing what they're proposing. Because in Geneva I mentioned that the choice they faced was to continue this desperate arms building or recognize that we will never let them achieve a dangerous superiority over us so they have to choose between an arms race or cutting down on the weapons and we're happy to meet them on that ground. Even as we continue to negotiate for deep and verifiable arms reductions we can't close our eyes to Soviet treaty violations. The construction of the Krasnoyarsk radar is a clear violation of the ABM treaty. Soviet construction and rapid production of an illegal second intercontinental missile, the SS-25, strikes at the heart of SALT-2. Additionally we've documented certain and probable violations of SALT-1, the limited test ban treaty, the biological and toxin weapons convention, the Geneva protocol on chemical weapons and the Helsinki Accords confidence building measures, not to mention that treaty's promise to respect fundamental human rights. We should remember that it was only when the Soviets saw that we were going ahead with our defense modernization that they came back to the bargaining table ready to do business. If we want to keep them there and keep them serious about arms control we've got to show that we're serious ourselves. There's no question that Graham Rudman Hollings is going to demand some hard choices and retaining a consensus for rebuilding our defenses won't be as easy as every special interest lines up against the one interest that is special to all Americans. The number one national interest of a strong and secure defense. And that's why I'm once again asking for your help. Let your voices be heard loud and clear in all 50 states and please make sure that the echo resounds here in Washington D.C. It's been a great pleasure to see all of you again and I'm going to hold the line that we came here with to Washington. I dream back at the time when I made my first vote when the federal government took only a third or less out of the total tax burden of the United States and how it got to be taking two thirds out and leaving local and state governments with the remaining one third. I don't know how to explain it but I sure know how to correct it and that's what we're going to try to do so thank you all and God bless you all.


Politics in Hawaii, with Dennis Isaki on Think That Hawaii. Today we'll be speaking with Keith Tamehimea, candidate for office of Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii. He is with the Central Pacific Bank Foundation. He was on the Hawaii High School Atlantic Association. Police commission, work for the UH Board of Regents, was on the Board of Education. And on the lower stadium authority board. Keith, welcome to Think That Hawaii. And thank you for taking time to speak with us. Thank you for having me, Dennis. Yeah, thanks. Let's start off. Please tell us how you grew up as an IK with your friends, parents who help you. Sure. Well, I just want to start off with again, thanking you for the opportunity, Dennis. And just explaining why I'm running for Lieutenant Governor. I'm learning for Lieutenant Governor because we need change. I'm running for Lieutenant Governor because I care about our communities. I'm concerned about the direction our state is headed. And I want to create a better future for all of us, especially our younger generations. In terms of my priorities as Lieutenant Governor, I want to work side by side with our next governor to tackle some of the most critical issues facing our state, whether it be creating more affordable housing, diversifying our economy, improving public education, or providing more support to the neighbor islands. That's a big point of emphasis for me that we're too Oahu-centric at times and we need to be more statewide thinking in terms of decisions that we make. My career has been based on community service, working with communities, bringing people together to solve complex problems. I'm not a career politician and I'll therefore bring a fresh perspective and new ideas to the office of the Lieutenant Governor. In terms of my background, you were right, Dennis, that in my high school years, I was honoured or adopted by my best friend's family, the Kobayashi family. That was a big turning point in my life where they brought me in when my regular family, so to speak, was having a set of challenges and I learned a lot of values from my Hanai family, both my Hanai uncle and aunt and my Hanai brothers and sister. I learned a lot of values, especially hard work, perseverance, working together and always doing what you can for the greater good of the community. It's great to hear that they're pulling data on but you still have to work. They didn't just hand you money and say, here, go to college, right? That's correct. So they provided me a great foundation. They taught me lifelong lessons and values that I hold near and dear to my heart all the way through today. But once I finished high school, they told me I was on my own that I'm gonna have to figure things out by myself and that it would be the best thing for me in the long run and they were right, but it was a struggle. So because I had no money, I went to the University of Hawaii because the tuition was much lower than going to a mainland college or university. I held multiple jobs, I took out loans, I got financial aid and I worked my way through the University of Hawaii, Manoa and got eventually a degree in finance from the College of Business. I then went on to the William S. Richardson School of Law for three years and worked my way through law school as well and finished with a degree from that institution. I then began my career as a litigation attorney for seven years and then transitioned to the job a lot of people know me best for and that was the, as the executive director of the Hawaii High School Athletic Association for 12 years. Yeah, it's pretty commendable and shows us your dedication and hard work and you went on with a silver spoon in your mouth. Tell us the interesting story about how you met your wife, Bonnie. Yeah, I met my wife, Bonnie when I was an attorney and she was, we were involved in the same litigation matter. She was working for one of the parties in the case. She was the chief financial officer for one of the parties in the case and it was a protracted litigation. There were a lot of meetings, there were a lot of court proceedings and that's where I got to know her really well. Eventually we started dating and we hit it off from the start and within a year of meeting we got married. I think within seven months of our first date or so we got married and nearly 26 years later we're still together and we have a son Chris who's a junior in college at Claremont McKenna College in California, east of Los Angeles. And I owe a lot to my wife. She's the foundation of our family. She's a extremely bright woman, successful in her own right.  Yeah, talking about Hanai families, I understand you've been kind of following the tradition and helping other young kids also, right? Yes, I was so appreciative of the opportunity that my Hanai family gave me. It made a huge difference in my life for the better. And so my wife and I thought it would be great to pay it forward if you will and help others that were younger than us. The way I was helped when I was growing up.  We've had student athletes from Kauai, from Maui and the most famous, so to speak, Hanai daughter we like to call her, Kale Adolfo is from Molokai and she was a basketball track and volleyball star at Molokai High School. She was all stayed in all three sports and she continued her career at the University of Hawaii where she played for the Wahini volleyball team and the Wahini basketball team. And those of you who know sports know that it's hard enough to compete successfully in just one Division I sport, but Kale was so talented that she participated in both volleyball and basketball on the Division I level. She's now back on her home island of Molokai. She's a PE teacher and she's also the head boys basketball coach for her alma mater and she's giving back and very happy and she just got married. So we're excited for her and we're really proud of the young woman that she's become and I wanna make clear that she has a very strong traditional family, six brothers and sisters, a loving mother and father and they deserve the lion's share of the credit in terms of raising her. We helped in the sense that Kale stayed with us on Oahu in the summers and during holiday breaks in school while she was at Molokai High so that she could train with volleyball and basketball teams here on Oahu because obviously there's much more competition. There's more people, more opportunities to compete in basketball and volleyball on Oahu as opposed to her home island of Molokai. Yeah, that's very commendable of you. Many of us know you, we got to know you when you're with Hawaii High School Athletic Association. I think I got to know you Dan. You did a lot of things. Tell us some of the things you did over there. Sure, well, one of the first things I did was when I started running the Hawaii High School Athletic Association and for those that don't know, that's the organization that oversees high school sports across the state. There's approximately 100 public and private high schools across the state. There's approximately 36,000 high school student athletes in a given year across the state. That job gave me a really good grasp of the issues facing working class families across the state. It gave me the opportunity to visit every single community across the state many times over. I'm lucky that I've had that opportunity. Not many people have had that opportunity and I think it would really serve me well as Lieutenant Governor because I have been into every community. I've gotten to know every community very well. When it comes to the neighbor islands, I mentioned earlier, that's gonna be a priority of mine. If I'm fortunate enough to be elected Lieutenant Governor is to make sure that the neighbor islands and their issues and concerns are addressed and taken care of just as much as Oahu issues are taken care of. Most of the growth across the state is taking place on the neighbor islands. I know firsthand that even from an athlete's standpoint and a sports team standpoint, it's always harder to come from the neighbor islands and be competitive. Most of the competitions around Oahu, there's more costs involved. There's more travel and time involved when you're competing from a neighbor island school. So what I try to do was get more funding to the neighbor islands in terms of travel costs and other costs because it's, as you know Dennis, just more expensive to live on a neighbor island as opposed to Oahu. I tried to bring more state tournaments to the neighbor islands and not just have them held in Oahu. I also introduced and got past the concept of division two state tournaments so that we have two classifications of high school state championships across the state. I felt it was important to give more schools a meaningful opportunity to compete for state championships, more participation in state championships. And I think you know firsthand Dennis, the benefit of having division two state tournaments for high schools like Kapa'a, Waimea and Kauai High School. I mean, just recently Kapa'a won the division two state title in very convincing fashion here on Oahu in December when they beat Kamehameha Maui. Kapa'a is a well-coached team, they're huge. And you have some big football players that you've grown on Kauai, especially on that side of the island and they're very impressive. I think the last thing I'll mention and then let you ask more questions is that I really value the relationships and friendships I developed while I was running high school sports across the state, especially or including the neighbor islands. I mean, I've met amazing people like Bill Aracaki, John Kobayashi, Tommy Rita, Mike Tressler, Ross Kagawa, you know, Charlene Mrs. Q, Charlene Quinones. You know, the list goes on, Greg Gonzales, the current AD at Kapa'a High School and they're still my friends today. And that's one of the most rewarding parts of being the head of the HHSAA for so long. Yeah, thanks. Thanks for mentioning. Congratulations to Kapa'a School and the coach, Mike Tressler. Speaking of high school sports, would you have handled high school sports differently with COVID if you were in charge? You know, it's easy. I learned running high school sports, there's a lot of critics with opinions out there and it's kind of like being a politician or running for office and you have to have thick skin and not everyone's gonna agree with your decision. So I'll preface what I'm about to say that it's easy to give opinions after the fact and in hindsight, but I think overall the high schools and the administrators and the athletic directors did the best they could under these unprecedented times. What made the pandemic really difficult, Dennis, as we all know is that we've never experienced this at least in our lifetime. I mean, the last pandemic in the country was a hundred years ago. And so we didn't have a playbook or a template from which to go off of. So I'd say overall the high schools did as best as they could in dealing with the pandemic crisis. I mean, it's a balance of wanting our student athletes to participate, the parents to be able to watch their children play counterbalance with keeping the community safe from COVID. Yeah, thanks. Okay, yeah, thanks for mentioning your focus on the neighbor island still being that I'm from Kauai. Other than that, what do you say sets you apart from other candidates who are highly qualified also in their own way? Well, as I mentioned earlier, I'm not a career politician. I've not held elective office for years or decades, but I've been out in the community, I think more so than any of the candidates in the Lieutenant Governor's race. I've been in the communities and I've dedicated my life to public service for basically my entire career. Again, I've gone to every community, I've worked with every community on Kauai, on Maui, on Morokai, Lanai, Hawaii Island, Oahu and everything else in between. Not many people have that opportunity like me to be familiar with the communities. And I'd like to think that my track record speaks for itself. I welcome people to ask those that have worked with me throughout my career, including in the high school athletics realm, whether I was able to bring communities together, whether I was able to provide complex solutions to complex issues across the state. Yeah, okay, thanks. Let's move on to housing or particularly affording housing. We'll talk about affordable housing into certain categories, but does it really mean it's affordable? What do you think about housing or any plans for ideas? Well, we need to build a lot more affordable housing. That to me is the single biggest crisis facing our state today, especially our younger generations. The cost of housing is astronomical. It's more or less the median price across the state is about a million dollars. And who can afford that? I mean, what working class husband and wife with one or two children or more can ever save up enough to buy a home in Hawaii? It's unsustainable. It's a reason that we have more people leaving the state than coming into the state. And you can't really blame younger families for moving away because they just can't make ends meet. So we need to have a focused effort on building as much housing as possible across the state and affordable housing, not just housing for mainland transplants or people who want a second, third or fourth home in Hawaii or to purchase something as an investment. Too many local families are suffering. They don't have a place to stay. They're forced to live two, three, sometimes four generations in one household, multiple families in one household, one family in a studio or one bedroom apartment. And it's really impacting our quality of life. So we have to make a concerted effort to build much more affordable housing across the state. Yeah, you're right on that. A big question or thought about housing people have avoided. A lot of those profiting largely because of the high price of homes and land. You know what he said? He said anything good about that? Yeah, well, again, the emphasis and focus needs to be on working class families. And I'm less concerned about people who buy a house for investment reasons or to flip it to make a profit. In fact, we need to pass regulations to curb that if we need to. We need to set aside houses for local families that need it. They're much more important to me than investment speculators. One way to increase the housing inventory much faster than building houses from scratch. No question we need to do that as well. But is curb the amount of vacation rentals, especially those that are located in non-resort areas. Too many communities on Oahu and I suspect on Kauai that are not intended to house tourists are places for vacation rentals, whether they're legal or illegal in many cases. We need to enforce the vacation rental laws that are in the books and restore the inventory of houses for working class and local families. But we also need to impose vacancy taxes on homes that are bought as a second, third, or fourth investment property or vacation property that just sit unused for 9, 10, 11 months out of the year. Again, we have a pretty good inventory of homes that are used for vacation properties for people that sit unused for most of the year. We need to make those homes available for people, local families to use, or we need to assess a tax so that we can use that money to build more housing for working class families. Yeah, thanks. Yeah, some people have said houses are treated as a commodity instead of a home nowadays to some people. Yeah, and I think you're right. Okay, recently we got the influx of federal money, so the state has money. Well, what do you think about the economy now? Well, hopefully we're nearing the end of the pandemic. And that no new strains of COVID-19 infiltrate our communities and cause a setback in terms of opening up. But it looks promising at this point. And we're getting a lot of federal dollars, billions of dollars in federal money. And the state is more or less awash in money. So now is the time to kickstart our economy. Now is the time to build more affordable housing to improve our public education system, to pay our teachers and other public workers the just or a fair amount of pay that they deserve and that they haven't been able to receive. But at the same time, we can't keep doing the same thing that we've been doing for decades. Even before the pandemic, when the economy was going well, Dennis, we talked about the fact that we were over-reliant on tourism. Now is the time to do something about it. Let's work hard on finding ways to diversify the economy. We can diversify the economy in many ways. We can look at high technology. COVID-19 has proven that you can function and work pretty much anywhere in the world because of the use of technology. You don't even have to go to the office anymore to get your work done. So let's embrace high technology and create more higher paying, high technology jobs. Let's also diversify agriculture. There's a lot of high-end agricultural product crops that can be grown here on Oahu and on the neighbor islands as well. And let's also put a full-court press on renewable energy. Let's get to 100% renewable energy. Let's create renewable energy jobs. We are one of the best places in the world to utilize renewable energy. And I don't see why we can't be the experts in renewable energy and create high-paying jobs in that space and share our knowledge with the rest of the world. Yeah, you're still sticking with the economy. The governor said, you know, he's gonna give out a couple hundred bucks to everybody. Free money is good, but a lot of companies cannot find workers nowadays. Restaurants are a good example. They have to close certain days and close early because they kind of find workers. Truckers can find truck drivers too. What do you say about that? Well, that's another unfortunate byproduct of the COVID-19 crisis. And so hopefully with the turning the corner of this pandemic and the reopening of the economy, fully reopening the economy jobs where workers will return to the workforce, you know, in those jobs where companies are suffering really.  She serves pastries, ice creams and fresh malasadas. And she has to be the cashier. She has to be the cook. She has to be the custodian. She has to run the counter. It's exhausting.  And that's not good for the economy. So it's my hope that when the economy reopens and businesses start doing better, tourism reopens, maybe not to the levels we saw before COVID-19, but at a higher level than it is now with higher value, higher paying tourists, the job market will improve. Yeah, as you know, renewable energy. Koi leads a nation in renewable energy in the recently. We've been doing a lot and so has HECOR right now. They're doing, having great strides on agriculture. You know, everybody talk about agriculture. But when I go to the farmers market here, they mostly, I'm not saying that they're bad, but most of them are immigrants, they're great farmers, but where the local guys seem like they don't want to farm or cannot or something, got any insight on that? Yeah, I've noticed that on Oahu too as well Dennis, but you know, there is an emerging younger generation of farmers that I'm noticing as well here on Oahu and hopefully that same scenario will play out on the neighbor islands. And this younger generation is tired of working in an office, a nine to five job, they wanna get out in the outdoors and get their hands dirty. But also the younger generation is interested in farming Dennis because of the technology. You know, farming can actually create some pretty high paying jobs out there because farming has become very sophisticated. You know, whether it's the irrigation system, whether it's the type of nutrients or fertilizer that you need to feed your crops and plants. There's actually a lot of different jobs and actual farming that can be part of a new and improved agricultural economy here in Hawaii. Yeah, we got the not much time left when I get a couple of fast questions on some of the issues. What's your stand on legalized gambling in Hawaii? You know, I haven't studied that in detail, but as a general concept for now, unless I see data otherwise and statistics and impact on society, I'm against legalized gambling. If anything, perhaps we should go slowly in that direction and maybe look at a lottery that will benefit education, for example, like what other states have done, but the societal costs of gambling are pretty severe. And so I'm concerned about opening that Pandora's box. And I'd like to look at other ways to improve our economy than legalizing gambling here in Hawaii. Okay, thanks. Okay, one last question. On the lower state, if you were on the board before, they're talking about, you know, rebuilding the stadium and using a lot of the surrounding properties for housing and other things. What's your top on that? I'm supportive of the concept of, well, first of all, we need the state, not just O'ahu, the state needs a new stadium, you know, Kauai teams have benefited from playing in the Aloha Stadium before it was basically condemned. We need a large purpose, large multi-purpose stadium here in Hawaii, but we also have a huge opportunity to help our economy to improve the quality of life of residents on O'ahu in particular by building a multi-use complex around the stadium, whether it's housing, retail, commercial development, businesses, hotels. I'm very supportive of creating an Aloha Stadium district, but of course we need to learn the lessons of rail and not repeat it when it comes to rebuilding the stadium and the surrounding development. Okay, I was gonna go into rail, but we were running out of time. You got any closing thoughts? Well, my closing thoughts are that, you know, I'm not a career politician, but my career has been dedicated to public service. I have the depth and breadth of experience of being out in the communities, working with people, finding solutions to complex issues. And I'll take that knowledge and experience and relationships across the state, not just on O'ahu, but on the neighbor islands to bring people together and make a better Hawaii for everyone, especially our younger generations. Okay, thanks. Thank you. We've been speaking with Keith Amemiya, candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii. Thank you for watching Politics in Hawaii on Think Tech Hawaii for the great staff and volunteers. If you like the show, please share it with your friends and consider a donation to Think Tech Hawaii, a non-profit corporation. I'm Dennis Isaki, aloha, ahoy, aloha. Thank you so much for watching Think Tech Hawaii. If you like what we do, please like us and click the subscribe button on YouTube and the follow button on Vimeo. You can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn and donate to us at thinktechhawaii.com. Mahalo.


Sini h10a piaawana i atu i ngāldiaf piaulaat i kaio. Ngāhiion i 2019 nama i aun bai. Ia maewa mili. DCU ibawai h10a maewa i piaulaat i narau. Raulat mila ngaka maewa i na m ل Frei moidia. Na hivu nni i waibh ea maewa, ari i maewa i m eseitngu i maewa i maewa, maewa i maewa i meseitngu pobidiaa. One party members in particular from all around the world, developing countries very connected to UNESCO and with a mission linked to the Sustainable Development Goals. So we are really looking forward to hosting the conference with a theme of transforming lives and societies and so here is an invitation for you to look out on our website for the call for papers that you will come out later in the year. I am not sure how good the papers will be, we might not even have keynotes believe pa nama txema nama, ma faciaa txama txema txema iau te skault i Lorde. Keblu anitit. Teontonan ma txema mentu txema. A pa txema tori, te pereziu ma i gama. Txema txema l槍 ma ma txema munti txema txema muntopon, munti txema txema txema munti txema, teka i'n rungi txema txema i bruslas. A txema txema txema txema ilu, teka i txema txema txema txema i bruslasama, rungi txema txema txema txema txema txema i bruslasama, that we have managed to secure in the post Brexit environment free exchange into Dublin, you won't have a problem at the border, you'll be even welcome personally by our immigration staff, so there won't be an issue. Thank you. In a moment our co-chairs will formally welcome everyone to day two as I hand over to them, but there's two more small things I wanted to mention. I know you've all been enjoying the sunny weather with us and refreshments will continue to be served throughout the conference here in the area right next to registration and at the very end of the building. Just to keep in mind that members of the public are using the cafe throughout the conference, so that's not our space as such and so please do try and find our dedicated catering. Some absent friends I wanted to mention is two individuals who've actually made this conference happen very much in the run-up through the event and they're both called Jane, one of them is ALT's finance officer who supports remotely and has done a lot of administration in the run-up to his event and another is our events manager who has just two months ago given birth to the youngest member of ALT, so she's been preparing everything and then handed over to the team as she went on maternity leave, so I just wanted to give them a big shout out they're both watching online remotely and please do join me in saying thank you and welcoming our co-chairs for day two. Good morning everyone how are we feeling this morning or do I need to keep it down a bit? I think we can kind of wake people up but are people out there this morning are people having a good conference? We certainly are, this is amazing. I'd like to welcome people that are just here for day two so just give us a mum-a-dew wave if you're just here for today. Hello, lovely welcome to Bristol and welcome to the Watershed and OER conference. The other thing to maybe explain is Dublin is an incredible city so as Mark just said I would sort of very strongly suggest if anyone can get over to Dublin and perhaps we need to explain what crack meant and in Ireland if you're having crack it means you're having a good time so I thought better just explain that. If you put all sorts of breaking bad far from your mind here. Just one more plug for today so our closing plenary today is looking for five volunteers just to give a five minute share of an idea or a reflection. We've got two people, two very interesting people, one that has found us because he was following us on Twitter yesterday and was going to come into the conference I hope but we're looking for three more people so do just step forward if you think you would just like to share and provide us with one slide or an image just to sort of give you a bit of a backdrop but apart from that I shall hand over to David who's going to introduce our third amazing keynote. Okay, hi guys. So I went to an open education conference in Washington DC in 2015 was it and we were privileged to have Larry Lessig speak to us. People that know a bit of the history of open education, open science will know Larry Lessig working with Aaron Schwartz was one of the people involved in developing the creative common suite of licenses and at the time David Wiley introduced him by saying I'm the only person in the world that can still get Larry Lessig to talk about licensing and in the same vein I'm the only person in the world who can get David Wiley to talk about learning objects. For those of you who have not come across David Wiley before his involvement in open education and sharing educational content goes right back to the early 90s. He developed the open documentation license which was the first open license for written materials for educational materials in parallel with the open source community. He's been at the forefront of the community I think ever since. He's always been a presence at events, at conferences, at workshops. He's always been the person in some respects is slightly unfair. He's always been the person who's been keeping things sensible, keeping things focused, keeping things on the level and achieving the amazing outcomes that open education has seen over the previous 20 years and we continue to see and occasionally I've been one of these as well it's been kind of fashionable to a little bit of a gentle leg pull that he's always been the sensible one and the likes of myself and Jim Groom and Brian Lamb and all of the other people have just been creating all of this chaos off to one side that is somehow more important than actually keeping achieving things. I think this is unfair because at heart I think David Wiley is a little bit of a punk rocker that he I've asked him specifically for this to be provocative and not to be David Wiley the opening conference presenter who welcomes people into the movement and explains the movement to be the David Wiley that reflects the fact that this is still a movement that's growing that's changing that is challenging the way people think about openness, open practice and open education and to bring a little bit of that critical discussion into a conference and a scene that can almost feel like it's constantly about advocacy that it's constantly selling itself. So this is absolutely more than enough words for me it just reminds me to say all the way from West Virginia and possibly the finest Curly McClain ever to grace the stage. David Wiley. Gracious. Thank you. Thanks for the invitation to be here and I have to say it's a little counterintuitive how liberating it is to be given a specific topic to address instead of being able to choose anything one might want to. At the Creative Commons Summit last week they continued their humans of the Commons project where they were taking photos of people and sharing those online and I had on one of my Creative Commons t-shirts here which says I love to share on the back and they said turn around let's get a shot of you from the back there and I don't see myself from the back a lot. It's much worse than I had anticipated. This was driven home to me when I recently went to see Ready Player One at the movie theater and the sweet young lady at the ticket desk sold me a senior citizen ticket. That's what senior means there. So I guess I'm getting old and maybe that's part of why the co-chairs invited me to talk about history of the movement a little bit. So I am going to specifically address learning objects and then talk some about the connection between the open source movement and the open content movement. I'm going to tell stories and I want to just be clear right now that these timelines do overlap a little bit but I'm not going to take the time to try to weave them together. I'm going to tell them in blocks. I'm going to ask several questions but I'm going to work very hard at least not to give any answers. So for those of you who are Bill Nye fans, I will have a couple of blue screens here where I'll just ask you to pause and consider the following. So learning objects. Who remembers learning objects? Oh jeez, I am so sorry. Talk about a misspent youth. I did a lot of work on learning objects when I was younger including work on the definition of learning objects and if you think my writing about the definition of OER is tedious and pedantic, you really missed out on my kind of finest years. I think this is from 2002 when my blog would start with 13 definitions and then just brutally work its way through a series of propositions using all those definitions to try to establish a point. Unfortunately, I was professionally rewarded for my work on definitions which then conditioned me to want to continue working on definitions. So let me pause for a second and I'm actually literally just going to pause for 15 seconds or so and ask you to think about this question. What is the relationship between the clarity and stability of definitions and the progress of science over time? Any talk on learning objects would be incomplete without the mention of the usability paradox. This particular slide is beautiful because this is me reusing a slide created by Clint Lalonde which is using a graphic originally created by me so there is some inception happening here. But if you remember the usability paradox, the idea here was that there's an inverse relationship between pedagogical value and potential for reuse by which I mean a single image of a galaxy is very easy to reuse. You can find lots of spots that you can drop that image into and do something useful and productive with it but by looking at that image alone there's not much that you can learn. Contrast that with an entire section out of a chapter about what does this say, properties of galaxies. There's a lot more I can learn from that entire chapter but there are far fewer places that I can pick that whole chapter up and drop it in and have it make some kind of sense. So there's this backwards relationship between reusability and pedagogical value and so this worried me a lot, a lot, a lot. I did a lot of writing and thinking about that and it turns out that the the reusability paradox existed because you can't change learning objects. You can't modify them. What you really want is you want to be able to find that big piece and see the image used in context and understand what it might want to teach out and might function in a pedagogical context and then you want permission to take it out and go do something else with it. But back in the day we couldn't do that because of copyright. I will now debut a poem about copyright. Copyright, ubiquitous, ambient, like an unquestionable law of nature. We should do something about it. So I want to get into now the history of open source and draw this connection out between open source and open content. I remember from yesterday we had a couple of historians in the room but I assume most people want to die looking at this slide so I assure you I'm actually only going to talk about these first two parts. I'm going to talk about open source. I'm going to try to avoid actually talking about OER but I do want to plug some work that I did with students two years ago. The URL is here openedreader.org. This is a collection of what I think are the seminal papers in our movement with summaries, commentaries, discussion questions all written by students for use in an introduction to open education course. So if you want more of the history of OER, at least as viewed through the seminal works, I'd recommend this book to you but that's actually not what I'm going to talk about. Who's this? Richard Stallman. Richard Stallman dressed as Saint Ignucius here. This being a play on the GNU project of which he is the father. Richard is the father of free software as many of you will know and the thing that is perhaps most compelling about the work that Richard did was the invention of the GPL. The first what we would consider open license for software. But he didn't call it open, he called it free software and that turned out to be very important. That led to work by this woman Christine Peters and a number of others in late 97, early 98, began to worry about the effect of this word free, free software. It was confusing to a lot of people and it was actually scary to some people. And in my attempt to be provocative or at least to break rules, I'm going to break the first rule of PowerPoint several times today and I'm just going to read to you extended quotes off a slide. So this is Christine. The introduction of the term open source software was a deliberate effort to make this field of endeavour more understandable to newcomers and to business which was viewed as necessary to its spread to a broader community of users. The problem with the main earlier label free software was not its political connotations although I would dispute that, but that to newcomers its seeming focus on price is distracting. A term was needed that focuses on the key issue of source code and that does not immediately confuse those new to the concept. The first term that came along at the right time and fulfilled those requirements was rapidly adopted open source. And this is a term that Christine invented and then proposed at a strategy meeting in February of 98 which was attended by a number of people who you will know or who you should know including this person. Who's this? This is Eric Raymond. Eric Raymond is the author of what I would argue is the seminal piece of work in open an essay called the Cathedral in the Bazaar which if all you get out of my presentation today is you go find the Cathedral in the Bazaar and you read it you will have gained at least something of value. Eric published this essay in 97. It was very influential when Netscape open sourced its browser. They cited Cathedral in the Bazaar as one of the things that really influenced their thinking. And so Eric was given the task of going out and kind of propagandising this new term open source software and slash dot which was where everything that happened happened at the time. Anybody remember slash dot from back in the day? You know ran this story about Eric Raymond saying we should talk about open source software and that the idea already was supported by people like Linus Torvalds and Bruce Parrins. So Richard had feelings about this Richard Stallman. He says that for the free software movement free software is an ethical imperative. Essential respect for the user's freedom. By contrast the philosophy of open source considers issues in terms of how to make software better in a practical sense only. It says that non-free software is an inferior solution to the practical problem at hand. Most discussion of open source pays no attention to right or wrong. Because in Richard's mind free as they say free as in freedom it's an ethical issue. It's an issue of right or wrong and it was partly this moralizing on the part of free software people that created the need some felt for an additional term and a new way of talking and thinking about the work that was going on. You know when asked you've advocated for the label open source over free software why Eric said because the term free software frightens and confuses people who wear suits. Those people have money and decision making power that we need so not confusing and frightening them is smart. So this all happened February, March, April of 1998 and about that same time I left my job as the web master at Marshall University in West Virginia where I did my undergrad, moved to Utah to go to graduate school and one day that summer was cutting this little plot of grass in the yard of the triplex where my wife and our oldest son and I were living and I was as I was pushing the mower along through there I thought this open source thing is the answer to this problem we're having in with learning objects. We need to do something like open source software but we need to do it for content. So I sent emails to Richard and to Eric and said hey I have this idea I think it'd be nice if there were these kinds of open source style licenses for content and we could do like journal articles and textbooks and it could be education but it could be more like what do you think about that and Eric wrote back a very supportive letter kind of saying this seems like a great idea I really want to encourage you to go after that let me know I can help and Richard wrote back and essentially said yeah just the important thing here is whatever you do make sure that you call it free whatever and not open whatever that that'll be the most important thing that you can do and secondly I think the whole idea of getting a phd stupid you should drop out of school and focus your energy on this. So based on those two pieces of feedback which in retrospect really don't surprise me um you know I got out a pad of paper and went through and kind of brainstormed in a mad libs kind of way like names and came up with a name open content and so of course slash dot is a place where you announce these things so announce slash dot or announce open content on slash dot and this from the website as it was in 1998 open contents only excuse for existing is to facilitate the prolific creation of freely available high quality well-maintained content this content can then be used in an infinity of ways restricted only by the imagination of the user one of the most significant uses may be supporting instruction and helping people learn open content is freely available for modification use and redistribution under a license similar to those used in the open source free software community so in 98 we released the open content principles and license which was really just a adaptation of the gpl for content and then in 99 we released the open publication license which is primarily written by Eric and which went on to have quite a successful little life for itself hundreds of thousands of pieces of information on the internet were licensed with this license in 2002 creative commons came along and released their licenses and pretty shortly after that we disavowed the work we had been doing on licenses because I'm not a lawyer Eric's not a lawyer nobody wanted our licenses to go to court that would have been a disaster if that had happened so creative commons came along at just the right time and allowed us both to go back to focusing on things that we cared a little more about so I think in many kind of important ways the open source movement is kind of the older sibling of the open content and the OER movement and in the same way that creative commons does its state of the commons report every year where they share statistics about how many things have been licensed under cc licenses the linux foundation releases this kernel development report every year linux is one of the most successful pieces of open source software and in 2017 this is what they had to say about the state of linux linux is dominating many sectors and as I looked at that I just thought gosh what you know what if five years from now we could say the same kinds of things for OER um which it makes you stop and want to ask yourself the question so I'll invite you to stop and ask yourself the question to what degree is broad adoption of OER something that's desirable I found a good spot right here it's squeaky now I promised I was going to try not to answer any of the questions that I asked but let's just assume for a minute that we think it is a good idea that we might want to support the broad adoption of OER I think there are at least four important lessons for us from the open source movement let you look at those for a second and then I will take us through them the first is that the movement needs purists and pragmatists I think you see this kind of balance that has played out between the free software movement it's focused on ethics on what's right or wrong on principles and the very pragmatic approach of the open source advocate saying actually there are times when not being open is okay there are times when a proprietary solution is the right solution and we should recognize that and then the fist shaking over here about no freedom is good that tension has been really productive over the years and the movement is a lot stronger for having strong voices on both sides of it and any Monty Python fans you know it's not it's not just the people's front of Judea and the Judean people's front and they're just different in name only but it's exactly the same thing right they're actually meaningful differences between the free software advocates and the open source advocates I do worry a bit about getting from a place where we have purists and pragmatists to a place where we have purists versus pragmatists and compromise becomes impossible and when compromise is impossible then progress becomes either very difficult or impossible so let me ask you to pause and think for a moment you know which of these two views do you feel like you more natively identify with in terms of a kind of pure approach or a pragmatic approach and do you think the OER movement will split in a way similar to the way the free software and open source movements split or maybe you think it's split already do you think it should moving on you win when you don't discriminate both the open source movement and the free software movement have been very explicit in their statement of their principles around not discriminating the open source definition is a statement of 10 kinds of rules that a license has to meet to be certified by the open source initiative as an open source license one of those is no discrimination against persons or groups but another of them is no discrimination against fields of endeavor so back in the day it wasn't uncommon to have a license that said this can't be used by the military or the software can't be used for genetic research or this software can't be used by a commercial interest and so when they got together and formed up and formalized the set of principles that they would use to judge licenses to determine whether a license was going to be open source approved or not this no discrimination against fields of endeavor was one of the pieces that came there and you can see the rationale is that the intent of this clause is to prohibit license traps that prevent open source from being used commercially we want commercial users to join our community not feel excluded from it free software has a similar statement of principles that are called the four freedoms and because they're programmers the first one is numbered zero freedom zero is the freedom to run the purpose as you the program for as you wish for any purpose and then it's described below free software does not mean non-commercial a free program must be available for commercial use commercial development commercial distribution commercial development of free software is no longer unusual such free commercial software is very important so how is that commitment to not discriminating against commercial involvement in open source worked out for the movement in the 2017 kernel report I referenced a moment ago 4.7 kernel release included just under 83,000 contributions to it different people contributing bits of code to the kernel 4300 individual developers representing 519 corporations in fact only 8% of contributions to the kernel came from people who are not supported by a company the overwhelming majority of the work done in open source is done by people who work at companies that use and benefit from that software and who work and consequently work on and contribute back to it this this is the one kind of explicit reference I'll make to the OER movement when several of us got together in Cape Town a little over a decade ago and wrote the Cape Town Open Education Declaration which you are familiar with well while we were there we talked about it and then it was written afterward based on those conversations you know the Cape Town Declaration says the open movement is built on the belief that everyone should have the freedom to use customized improve and redistribute educational resources without constraint we invite learners educators trainers authors schools colleges universities publishers unions professional societies etc etc we now have the opportunity to grow this movement to engage entrepreneurs and publishers who are developing innovative open business models so I think the next thing I would ask you to consider is does today's OER movement have no discrimination as core value and if the answers know what are the potential impacts of that if the answer is yes what are the potential impacts of that and how do you feel about it personally potentially about the involvement of commercial players in the space bless you as as is made clear in the open source and free software kind of guiding principal documents the third lesson here is that early adoption does not look like mainstream adoption and vice versa any links users in the room anybody remember links couple people this this was the web right back in the day back when we did everything at the terminal this is what surfing the web looked like this is what installing a piece of software looked like and importantly installing a piece of software always ended in an error now that's actually not a bug that's a feature it turns out this is Linus Torvalds he's the person responsible for first developing proposing building gathering the community around Linux that we've been talking about and in an email in 1991 announcing this project he was working on and wanted to invite people to he said do you pine for the nice days of minix 11 when men were men and wrote their own device drivers are you without a nice project and just dying to cut your teeth on an operating system you can modify to your needs do you find it frustrating when everything just works no more all-nighters getting that nifty program working this post might be just for you and then he goes on to talk about Linux and I just have to highlight here you're finding it frustrating when everything is that a thought you have ever had in your whole life that you find it frustrating when stuff just works this this notion of everything linux involving bringing 18 different things together that you have to arrange yourself and compile yourself and install yourself inevitably leads every year on linux's birthday to a post like this actually just to the right of the word your there's an expletive there but I've whited it out for to make this presentation family friendly but there's there's definitely this feeling among early adopters of kind of being in the club being there at the beginning really being do-it-yourself kind of maybe in our community we would say edupunk kind of just really engaged at this low level in this really meaningful and deep way well that that couldn't last and eventually graphical user interfaces were introduced to the scene anybody know who this is say it louder neil stevensson neil stevensson author of books like kryptonomicon seven eaves most recently in an essay called in the beginning was the command line wrote this the introduction of the mac triggered a sort of holy war in the computer world where gooey's graphical user interfaces a brilliant design innovation that made computers more human centered and therefore more accessible to the masses leading us toward an unprecedented revolution in human society or an insulting bit of audio visual gim crackery dreamed up by flaky bay area hacker types that stripped computers of their power and flexibility and turned the noble and serious work of computing into childish video game and there were definitely people who felt both ways about that i think there still are how many of you are mac users how many of you knew that the bottom down at the bottom of your mac was an open source kernel underneath your operating system right darwin here the operating system kernel has been adapted from free bsd which is another one of these open source unix kind of clones like linux turns out that mac os x which even has a terminal that you can open up and do terminally things terminally things with you know is is this open source kernel at the bottom and then kind of layers of other either open source or proprietary things curated very specific ways and brought together and packaged together in a way such as to be useful so how do early adopters feel about mainstream users and does it matter graphical user interfaces make common functions accessible to more people by making other functions impossible is that a net gain or is that a net loss and what's the difference between command line oer and gooey oer what would those two things even mean not everyone can or will contribute and and that's okay i'm just going to go out on a limb and say that everyone is familiar with these pieces of software here you may already know you may not know that open source software underlies all three of these chromium and web kit are the you know the underlying open source projects and rendering engine underneath chrome and safari and of course firefox is this completely open source apache and engine x are two open source web servers that collectively run about two thirds of all of the websites on the entire internet you may be familiar with this piece of software called wordpress that some people in our community obsess about which is underlaid by php and my sql all three of these also being open source all of these together running about a third of all the websites on the internet 30% was last estimate i saw so when you think about these tools that you use browsers are open source the web servers are open source the the platforms that you're using to manage and deliver content maybe even in your oer projects are open source do you contribute to these projects you contribute to chrome or to firefox or to wordpress or to php or to apache if you don't contribute to them are you strip mining the commons of open source software a free rider who's just going along not you know driving lots of benefit not giving back if you're paid to teach online courses are you personally profiting from your strip mining of this commons of open source software i don't think so but oh i there's me answering my my own question well that those weren't blue screen questions though these are the blue screen questions who who doesn't contribute to open source and why don't they is the answer different if we ask about oer who doesn't contribute to oer why don't they and what proportion of users need to contribute to these projects for them to be sustainable i think as we have conversations about the sustainability of the work that we're doing i think this is an important question to to ponder and to have an opinion about this basically everyone need to contribute for things to be sustainable can we get by with a small minority of people contributing why would the broad adoption of oer be a highly desirable outcome just my own opinion i want to close with a few thoughts about this by talking about the sexiest topic known to man you're welcome infrastructure brett freshman defines infrastructure this way calls them resources that create benefits for society primarily through the facilitation of downstream productive activities and i have to tell you as a definite definition guy i love this definition facilitating downstream productive activities that sounds a lot to me like maybe enabling innovation or enabling people to do things they haven't done before that could be useful if you don't know you probably know erics work on democratizing innovation if you don't know adam's work on permissionless innovation i'd really recommend it to you want about getting more people involved in the process of of innovating and experimenting and the other about the importance of removing obstacles and barriers and expense from the process of innovating and experimenting and i think there's a close relationship between innovation and infrastructure good infrastructure is generally inexpensive and gives you broad permissions let me give you an example talking about the internet as a piece of infrastructure if broadband costs $500 a month or if a high speed connection costs $5,000 a month does amazon exist if it costs $500 a month for you to have a high speed connection at your house does google exist cost $500 a month do online courses exist cost $500 a month to connect to the internet i'd say probably not if you need a broadcast license to put video online or to write words and put them online does blogging exist does youtube exist do online courses exist if you need a broadcast license these kinds of things whether it's blogging or teaching and learning online or whatever it might be we're able to engage in experiments to see if these things are useful and whether they'll kind of when we throw them at the wall will they stick or not when the costs and the obstacles are low more people can engage in that kind of experimentation and the more people who do the kind of work the more likely we are to find things that will actually stick to the wall i'm particularly interested in thinking about the intellectual infrastructure of education which i think is comprised of at least these three components which i think is comprised of at least these three components one way of looking at the slow glacial pace of change in our institutions is that this infrastructure is expensive and has very narrow permissions associated with it which makes it very expensive to try to run experiments to try to do things differently and means that there are obstacles if we can open this intellectual infrastructure we can make it possible for people to engage in a whole range of downstream productive activities that they can't currently because it either costs too much or take too long or it's too hard to get permission to do and whether that's we are enabled pedagogy or open credentialing models or open business models or whatever those things might be when the infrastructure is open lots of interesting stuff can happen on top of that and i think that realization that when we make things open the primary thing we're doing is we're giving permission to someone else to try something crazy is really about admitting that i don't know all the best possible ways that this resource created can be used you might be able to think of a different way a better way in your local context to use this resource than i was able to at the beginning and one of the reasons that you might apply an open license to something you create is to recognize that there are uses that you can't anticipate you don't know all the things you would need to know sitting in your office wherever you are about how that resource is going to be used halfway across the world and so there's a humility i think in the act of applying an open license that we don't talk about and that we don't fully appreciate this is probably my favorite quote from Linus talking about the development of of tools in the open source ecosystem he said don't ever make the mistake that you and i should put a sick there but this is the this is the quote don't ever make the mistake that you can design something better than what you get from ruthless massively parallel trial and error with the feedback cycle that is giving your intelligence much too much credit and how do we enable massive parallel experimentation we do that by making the infrastructure free and broadly permission uh last slide you're looking at this kind of history of where things are going and of course there's overlap here that's the nature of trying to create these buckets i'm particularly interested in what happens five to ten years from now as the first students who came up through the system using oer become faculty they're going to have expectations about the kinds of things that they're going to be able to do and it would be great if when they showed up if we had paved the roads already and the infrastructure was in place and they could come in with their ideas and their energy and their enthusiasm and be able to act on all of it thank you very much thank you david i've had the benefit of watching the conversations on twitter you have started a lot of hairs running you've started a lot of conversations and i want to really thank you again for doing that for sparking this these conversations and exposing these difficult kind of almost ugly bits of open education and practice that we need to be conscious of like open source like every other movement open education is not a perfect movement it has its flaws it has its problems it does not properly reflect diversity it does not properly reflect the amazing contributions of women people of colour of people from non-western backgrounds and it's on us is what i got for that it's on us to fix this it's on us to make this the community that we want to be want to be a part of so thank you very much again that was wonderful um thanks well and i have to say this is not the talk i would have given if just left to my own devices right so i think this invitation to speak about this specific topic i was really grateful for that so thank you to the organisers too for the invitation i'm in bearing in mind the caveat that we probably don't have the answers i would like to invite questions comments and discussions and mics on both sides we have a first question right at the back there from Doug i think um is that you Doug um it's just there's um a mic uh gonna come the way it's just because we're live streaming across this um incredible infrastructure that we have it would be good for everyone to hear what you say so thanks carry on David thank you um as somebody who's worked on open source and in open education it's really important the stuff you talked about you haven't got time to talk about everything and you talked about the focus being different from what you would have talked about otherwise but i'm really interested in the concept of ownership and i think that a lot of people here one of the reasons that they might feel attention certainly i have in my career is that um commercial companies using open source make profit from what we do and i just wondered about the tension then if you wanted a chance to talk about that yeah um i mean i think if that is a that's attention that i think everybody feels to greater or lesser degree and i think there's some point along that continuum in which you just make the decision that open sourcing software is not for you um or that you find a pretty exotic license that allows a lot of things but doesn't allow commercial use which wouldn't qualify as an open source license but i'm sure there are several of them out there you know that you could choose and look at it's a choice that every individual has to make you know there's not a there's not a global way to meaningfully talk about that i think accept to say that i think it is interesting that even given the philosophical differences between the free software camp and the open software camp that they both came down very strongly kind of in recognition of the important role that commercial enterprises play in moving the work forward hi David thanks for that um it's more really a comment and maybe some of the things that have been going through my head particularly since mum would use a keynote yesterday and it relates to definitions and who and inclusivity and accessibility and i think we are struggling in terms of definitions and i worry that we in the global north from our white middle class male position of privilege are discussing definitions that are automatically going to exclude a huge part of the population and actually without us actually realizing it because we don't think enough about these things apart you know we can have all the grand statements about inclusivity as we want but unless we all start thinking about it properly and quoting other people and making sure that there is balance in everything that we do we're just going to define people out of the open education movement and i think that's really worrying for for us all as well so i think we need to we need to be really careful about how we address problems of definitions and maybe not be so hung up about definitions but actually look for other parts of the wider community to help us in terms of our definitions if that makes sense yeah you know the the one thing that i'll say in uh in defensive definitions although i agree with everything that you said so this is an and not a but is that if um if you were a material scientist and you were reviewing 10 years of literature uh about how steel works in a range of engineering projects and every article that you read defined steel in a different way as a different mix of ingredients as a different kind of alloy you would be hard pressed to learn something cumulative over your review of all that research if the object of study is something different every time now you know my background is as an instructional designer i'm an educational researcher i want to ask questions like what's the impact on learners when we adopt open educational resources and if every study that asks that question asks it about a different thing we can do that research for a decade or two and not know much more than we did when we started in terms of kind of the accumulation of knowledge that you expect to see in science broadly as time moves forward we hope to understand more so i think there's a tension there as well between the legitimate and important point that you're making and the desire to move the science of learning ahead yeah that's the that's the tension right yeah uh thank you for your talk david i'd like to talk about infrastructure infrastructure is not sexy and but i but i said it was so it's not sexy at all we we often point to infrastructure when it's broken because people begin interest in in infrastructure awareness when it's broken when it works nobody cares nobody notices yeah yes and that's easy for us as an open movement to point to broken infrastructure but i'm not sure if it's helpful or if people might lose interest if the problem is fixed but if is this a sustainable model for raising awareness about the huge questions behind open maybe not you know that this is not the way that i normally talk about it you know um so if we can have more conversation about that afterward i'd love to i'd love to think through that some more question right over there in the far end i can't see who that is i'm sorry you've got a light um i've got a question about um reuse and measuring reuse so uh one of the problems with anything that's open is uh it's very difficult to kind of look at how it's been reused um how have you been able to measure that in the open source community and how will that be kind of measurable in the open education movement um is that something that's ever going to be measurable um yeah put your thoughts on that i think broadly no you know i think when everyone has permission to make as many copies as they want and distribute those to as many peoples they want um no i don't think there will be good ways i think um there are some interesting strategies or tactics that people can employ so for example um open stacks the publisher of open textbooks has um like ancillary materials that are available only to teachers and so if the teachers want that test bank or want those power points or whatever then they need to come and register on the site and verify approve that they are a teacher and then they're able to unlock those other resources so that model gives open stacks the ability to do a little better tracking than just google analytics of how many downloads there were or something like that but the but it's the nature of the the design of the thing that it is just really hard to track yeah i'm conscious we have asked so many questions prompted so many trains of sort here that we could sit here for the rest of the the day and chat about this we have got a rest of a conference that we can do as well um because i'm the co-chair and i can make such decisions we are actually going to do the the the rest of the conference uh i mean david wily will be around for the rest of the day do please come and talk to him and do especially come and talk to him and tell him that he's wrong yes because this is a tremendously important thing for people to do i mean not just david but i mean i mean in this case uh yes exactly just david so um if once again we can thank david wily and we have a small gift for you as well