This person is throwing objects into the air. Once he releases them, they're subject to the gravitational pull of the earth. Is this projectile motion? Is it the same projectile motion that we studied earlier in the class? And if so, what's the same about it? What's different? This is the motion of an extended object. No longer a simple point moving through space. Is there simplicity in this motion? And if there is, how can we apply these ideas to even more cosmic extended bodies? Consider a pair of black holes, the corpses of once very massive bright burning stars now orbiting each other in a death spiral. Can we understand this massive extended system using ideas we can develop in this class? Let's explore the physics of extended bodies. Let's begin to try to build an understanding of how one will handle extended physical bodies or systems of particles that together can be considered one thing in the context of the principles and laws of physics that we have explored so far in the course. The key ideas that we're going to explore in this section of the course are as follows. We're going to learn to transition, at least a little bit, from describing material objects in a very simplistic way to a bit more of a complex prescription. I would hesitate to say a far more complex prescription, but certainly we will begin to see how to go from single dots or particles representing complex systems to other things that still represent complex systems but allow for what will be evolving complexity to be considered. We will describe bodies by using a specific concept known as the center of mass concept. This will give us not only mathematical tools, but a real vocabulary for handling these kinds of systems. And we will consider other means to describe many component systems with an emphasis, of course, on Newton's laws and specifically the second law of motion to see how that law applied to the center of mass of a system of particles or an extended body will give us some insights into the kinds of collective, if complicated motions that can occur. Let's begin by revisiting something we did at the very beginning of the course and that was to attempt to describe objects as simply as possible. So way back in the first lecture on motion in one dimension I noted that the world in reality is full of complicated, large objects the typical object like a human body or something like a planet for instance contains something at the level of Avogadro's number worth of atoms. I mean obviously planets are bigger than human bodies and trees probably have more atoms than say a rock. But nonetheless, roughly speaking within a couple of orders of magnitude maybe even one order of magnitude, so one power of 10 things typically contain about Avogadro's number worth of atoms at the scale of human sized objects. And to describe things like that, baseballs, basketballs, people jumping all kinds of situations that are in reality quite complicated we have been making approximations. These are meant to be at least reasonable representations of the natural world intended to capture the essentials of the situation if imperfectly. So the example I started with way back in the motion on one dimension was the idea of a light rail train. A light rail train is obviously a very complicated things it's got wheels that roll, it's got electrical systems it's got transparent parts to it like windows it's got opaque parts to it like walls and doors this whole body can move along a rail system it's quite massive, it's got a lot of atoms in it and if I had to describe the motion of something this complicated by considering every single atom I would be unable to solve any problem but the good news is that we've seen both by doing experiments and by doing calculations that it's possible to approximate these large extended objects by considering as if all of their matter was compressed to a single point and then moved through space. So the reason we get away with this is because we've observed things like in a properly working train one where all the pieces are actually coherently tied together by chemical bonds for instance even though it's big and extended when it moves along a rail all its atoms move in the same direction at once so we don't need to describe every point if we pick one point on the train and we call that point the representative point and we then concentrate all the mass of the train at that point and then consider its motions we can then infer what everything else in the train is going to do if an atom on the nose of the train moves one meter forward and the whole train is rigid it's not coming apart at the seams then an atom on the door in the second car will also move one meter forward by picking one point that does what the gross body of the object does I can then sort of say something about what all the atoms, all the points in the body do so instead of drawing the entire train and trying to describe its motion we picked a single point for instance near the center of the train and the center will become better motivated today and we imagine that all of it is then described by that one point so we reduced something large and complicated like this light rail train to something simple like this green dot with its mass M set to that of the whole train now this might work a lot and perhaps even quite well for things like linear motion even motion in two dimensions, three dimensions and motion along reasonable paths with a limited range of forces that don't tear the object apart or for instance cause the train to rotate wildly in a direction it wasn't moving but obviously that's not going to work forever there are plenty of examples of situations where the motion is complicated enough that you can't just get away with picking any random point on this thing and saying this one random point represents the gross motion of the whole body now to really emphasize this we have been exploring forces and forces have points of application so for instance I can do a very simple example where I hold a meter stick balanced on my finger for instance in this case gravity is indeed attempting to pull the meter stick down but it's pulling just as much material down on the left side of my finger as it is on the right and so the meter stick remains relatively well balanced there it doesn't fall to the right, it doesn't fall to the left no one side favors the other but if I slide my finger someplace else so that the normal force exerted by my finger is now no longer at the center of the meter stick but rather off-center of the meter stick and I let the meter stick go gravity pulls unevenly on it it's pulling on more atoms to the left of my finger now to the right and the normal force on my finger does not represent a location where the force of my finger is applied in such a way to grossly resist the pull of gravity the meter stick will rotate and fall so we can already see that because we can consider things like forces that can be applied in one place but not other places we have to think about what it means to have an extended physical body or a system of particles bound together or not as we'll see and of course such applications have real physical consequence to the world around us the world around us is in fact complicated and made of complicated and extended distributions of matter so it's time we leave the comfort of picking any random point and start thinking a bit more carefully about what the right place to pick on say a train would be or on a meter stick or on a juggling pin or a baton or something like that even on a ballet dancer or a basketball player or through the air we need to think about what point we're going to choose that does in fact represent the sort of large scale things that then happen to that body independent of all the details of the motion of its parts so in order to do this we have to concentrate on a very specific point which is known as the center of mass so this concept of representing a rigid body a rigid body being one whose shape is not changed during motion or by the application of a force or a meter stick even though it moved in a complicated way when it was no longer balanced half and half around the center by my finger nonetheless the meter stick didn't rip itself apart it didn't have carbon atoms being pulled off as it fell it maintains its shape even as it executes some complicated motion that's a rigid body on the other hand we could also have something like a system of particles a system of particles might be bound together by some force glue for instance or some chemical bond of any kind or they may simply be a bunch of particles that we're describing that are all moving and they're all in the picture together so consider a game of billiards or pool where a cue ball strikes a bunch of other balls and once the contact between the balls has ended they're all moving but they're not really touching each other anymore nonetheless we can still understand the gross behaviors of that larger system of pool balls or particles in this case so it's not a wholly bad idea it turns out to use a single point to describe these things we just have to pick the point wisely we haven't been doing that up till now maybe you've been doing it with some intuition about where you think the right point on the body is but we're going to find that point today so let's consider some extended system that's undergoing a complex motion so the question of course that we're trying to answer here is can one point on the body be used to represent all of its gross motion is there a point on an object for instance that when we toss that object into the air even if it's whirling around, spinning, tumbling as it flies is there a point on that body whose motion can simply be described by very simple equations of motion without having to worry about the fact that this thing is now rotating in addition to moving in a so-called translational motion the whole of the body moving from one point in space to another, to another, to another so the whole body executes some complicated motion of its parts and it turns out that the answer is that yes there is such a point and this point is known as the center of mass the center of mass is that point that can be used to track the motion of a rigid and extended body and its motion can be described as if all the body's mass were concentrated there at a single point so for instance if you can find the center of mass of a basketball player and track the motion of that player's center of mass even while they jump into the air for instance to dunk a basketball in the hoop you will observe that the center of mass of their body while they stretch their limbs pull their legs up extend their neck in the arc of the jump as they prepare to put the ball into the hoop nonetheless despite the fact that all those internal parts are moving in complicated ways they are all bounded together by chemical bonds and the center of mass will simply move on a parabola just as if this basketball player were a little ball that had been thrown into the air concentrating all the mass of a player at their center of mass and considering the motion of the player through space by picking just the center of mass will give you a large scale understanding of what that body is going to do even while all its parts are in motion so let's pick a simple extended system a so-called two-body system with just two masses M1 and M2 let's place them in this simplistic example along a single axis and I've drawn here M1 on the left and M2 on the right laying along a horizontal or x-axis the question we would like to know the mathematical answer to is what is the center of mass where is this point located? I'm going to start with the example that the masses in question M1 and M2 are the same so for instance M1 might be 1 kilogram and M2 would then be 1 kilogram so they have the same mass and the physical location of the center of mass in this one-dimensional example is simply given by weighting each of these particles coordinates so x1 for M1 and x2 for M2 by those masses and adding these weighted coordinates together the sum of the weighted coordinates where the weights are determined by these masses gives you the location of the center of mass so you can already get a sense that if one of these masses were in fact bigger than the other it would have more weight in the sum and that weight would make its coordinate a bigger part of the center of mass at the end we'll see this in a moment the exact formula for the center of mass is given down here in this simple two-body example the x-coordinate of the center of mass is given by the weighted sum of x1 and x2 the x-coordinates of the two masses what are the weights? the weights are simply the mass of the object under consideration object 1 in this case so M1 divided by the total mass in the system in this case M1 plus M2 so this is the weight M1 divided by the sum of M1 and M2 we would then add to that weighted coordinate the weighted second coordinate M2 over the sum of M1 and M2 that weight times x2 so you can see here the weights now there are a few ways we can write this we note that these two equations these two bits of the equations have common denominators and so we can group the numerators together and then have a common denominator in the base of the fraction so for instance we could rewrite this as M1x1 plus M2x2 divided by the common denominator M where M is the sum of M1 and M2 the total mass of the system is denoted by this large capital M so in the case where M1 and M2 are the same number x1 and x2 get added together with equal weight and when you do this you find out that the center of mass lies exactly halfway between M1 and M2 go ahead and try this out on your own make up a coordinate location for M1 make up a coordinate location for M2 set M1 and M2 to be the same masses work out the x location of the center of mass no matter what you pick for x1 and x2 as long as M1 and M2 are equal the x coordinate of the center of mass will always lie halfway between the two masses and in fact the way I drew this graphic was by encoding this formula into the creation of my slides and setting the condition that M1 and M2 were the same the computer automatically calculated the location of this green dot that represents the center of mass and lies exactly halfway between M1 and M2 but let's consider a slightly different case where in fact M2 is bigger than M1 intuitively now we would expect that M2 being a bigger part of the weighted sum of coordinates M2 over the total mass will be a bigger fraction than M1 over the total mass x2 is going to play a bigger role in the location of the center of mass than x1 so this is intuitive if you think about this two particle representation here as standing in for something like a bowling pin a bowling pin has a wide end and it has a narrow end and so you would expect the center of mass to be somewhere closer to the wide end than to the narrow end as a result of this this kind of has a bowling pin shape to it so this simple two particle system could stand in for something that has an uneven distribution of mass in the physical shape something shaped like a for instance a bowling pin in this specific example I have made it so that M2 is double M1 that is to say M1 the value is half the value of M2 so if M2 is two kilograms and M1 is the original one kilogram mass that we gave it we see that this equation is true M1 is in fact one half of two so we have our intuition M2 contributes more so as a result of that you'd expect the center of mass to be pulled away from the center and closer to M2 and you can plug numbers into these equations and verify that if you do all this you will find that now the center of mass which when the masses were equal lay halfway between the location of M1 and M2 now lies much closer to M2 and in fact as I said before I generated these slides using a implementation of the center of mass calculation in the drawing program and so this in fact represents an accurate location in space given the condition that M2 where the center of mass should be now that's just two masses but this application can be extended up to as many masses as you like so let's represent the total number of masses by some unknown number N where N is greater than 2 so this could be N equals 3 in which case we have M1, M2 and M3 or N could be Avogadro's number now that's a little insane because doing that by hand is impossible in one human lifetime but the point is that this prescription can be extended up to really any value of N particles in one dimension if we put all the particles on a single line and then we want to find the location of the center of mass on that line the prescription is just as it was for two particles we weight X1 by M1 over the total mass we weight X2 by M2 over the total mass etc. all the way up to weighting XN by its mass divided by the total mass this long sum can be represented in a more compact notation using the summation notation of mathematics the sum from an index I whose value is ranged from 1 to N is given by Mi over M the weight times Xi now again M is itself a sum M is the sum of all the little masses at all their little points so M is the sum also for this index I equals 1 to N so the same number of terms in the sum but this time just of the masses Mi now keep in mind that there is a special case if all these little mass pieces are exactly the same and if they are all uniformly distributed along say a line that is equally spaced from one another the distance from X1 to X2 is the same as the distance from X2 to X3 is the same as the distance from XN-1 to XN all those displacements between the masses are the same then in that very special case you will find that the center of masses location along this one-dimensional axis X is simply one half times the sum of the first coordinate plus the last coordinate the earliest coordinate to the latest coordinate so if we organize this sum from smallest value of X to largest value of X then this is the smallest coordinate and this is the largest coordinate in other words it's halfway along the length of the object if you want to think about just I have an object of a certain length call it capital L I know that the center of mass is at one half L, one half the length wherever that is in space the center of mass that's why it would make it in this case a literal center but this is a special case if the mass bits are all the same but they're unevenly distributed in space more of them clump over on the right side of the object than the left again kind of like a bowling pin there's more mass clumping over on one end than on the other then the center of mass won't actually be in the physical center along the length of the object it will be located closer to where more mass is clumped now we don't have to limit ourselves to one dimension we can do this in three dimensions and the good news is is that all this does is multiply your problem by a factor of three now you have to locate the coordinate in the horizontal axis using the technique I just outlined but you can repeat this for the Y coordinates and the Z coordinates of all those little bits of matter M1, M2, etc not a big deal so if you have three particles and you have to locate the the center of mass in two dimensions you have to do one sum for X and one sum for Y and you're done you have the X and Y coordinate of the center of mass in three dimensions you also need to repeat that for Z so for a body made for many pieces I mean even like a hundred pieces actually even ten pieces these sums are possible to calculate by hand but I wouldn't recommend it of course everything is more efficiently calculated by using repetitive so-called looping techniques within a computational system so for instance using a language like Python or C++ or Java heck even JavaScript in a web browser you could write up a very quick calculation for the center of mass for N particles where maybe N is only a few hundred thousands or a few millions or so and just do this using a computer much better use of your time write a short program that'll maybe take you an hour but it will save you human years of actual on paper calculation work so that's totally worth it computers are intended to do repetitive tasks like this to help you save time why waste that resource now even computers have their limitations so for instance if we have a truly continuous distribution of matter and we're talking about matter made from atoms where there's Avogadro's number of atoms you really don't have enough computer time to do Avogadro's number worth of terms and a sum in a computer so it's much better at that point to bust out calculus and instead model the system of being made from a large value N going to infinity Avogadro's number is pretty big so we can approximate that by infinity but where each of those pieces of matter is nearly infinitesimal in mass itself so for instance N will go to infinity M will be replaced by DM which means a tiny bit of mass and that is being sent down to zero in size and of course in that case this is beginning to sound a lot like a sum and the limit of the pieces going to zero size while the number of pieces goes to infinity that sounds a lot like an integral and in fact it is an integral and the way we relate position and mass is through the density of the material density tells us the mass per unit something length or volume so we have the linear density, the area density and the volume density regardless of which one you have you can use that to relate position and mass to each other that's what the job of the density function does is it relates position or location in space or volume or area to mass so for instance let's consider a simple one dimensional example of this and what's known as the linear mass density this is often denoted by the symbol lambda it's a Greek letter lower case lambda and that's shown here lambda could be a function of x it could be that there's more mass at small values of position than at large values of position so the linear mass density mass per unit length is changing as a function of length the average linear mass density would be the whole mass divided by the whole length but lambda itself could be a function of x now l is the length of the object and m is its total mass so in this case our sum goes from being a sum to being an integral the location for instance in x of the center of mass is the integral over all the little bits of mass dm of this function x over m now it's typical mass like this and in general fairly early in physics and engineering to tend to deal with objects of so called uniform density so for instance in one dimension what that means is that lambda is a constant the amount of matter per unit length is not changing regardless of how much length you look at if I look at the mass in one atom in that material and I divide by the length of that atom I'll get a certain value for lambda if I instead take the whole length of the material like a meter of it and I take the mass of that material and I divide by that length I'll get the same value of lambda that is lambda is a constant independent of the size scale that you're looking at and in that case the density of any piece is the same as the density of the whole and I'm writing this out explicitly now giving you an example what we find is mass over length so the whole mass divided by the whole length but that in this case is exactly equal to any little piece of the mass divided by any little piece of the length that it occupies dm over dx so this allows us to write a relationship between little bits of mass and little bits of coordinate space dm is equal to lambda dx and you get that just by rearranging the left side of this equation and the right side of this equation we can do some substituting so for instance now our integral for the center of mass of x over m dm becomes x over m lambda dx we've substituted for dm here lambda is a constant m is a constant and so we can pull that ratio lambda over m out in front of the whole integral and then we just have to worry about integrating x dx and then you'll notice that lambda divided by m which you can get from over here by m is just equal to 1 over L so we can rewrite this one more time as 1 over the length times the integral of x dx and so this is how you can exercise the integral calculus concept when handling extremely large numbers of particles all comprising an extended body of say some length L with some mass big m in the context of the center of mass we can revisit Newton's second law but now thinking about multi particle systems systems where there really are more than one piece that are all moving they may be all moving together as one they might be a rigid body or they may just be a loosely affiliated system of particles that we wish to describe sort of grossly so we now have a language and a methodology for pinpointing the place in a multi body system and or an extended rigid body that represents the bulk positional information about the system where is the mass concentrating as if it were a single particle and so with that in mind we can revisit Newton's second law which relates the forces acting on a body to the acceleration of the body and specifically we can think about how a force acting on such a body or many forces added together for instance gravity acting on a falling juggling club can be converted into overall effects like the acceleration of specifically the center of mass and so what will be true is that the sum of all the external forces acting on this body of mass M will yield an acceleration of the center of mass that's completely consistent with Newton's second law note that I emphasize the word external here all these forces that I'm adding together to get F vector net they are only forces external to the body so for instance internal forces anything that holds the particles together or was present in the system at the beginning but which can be converted into say other forms of motion and I'll come to an example of that in a moment are not included here they're internal to the system they may cause the parts of the system to change their orientation but it doesn't affect what the center of mass is going to do under the influence of external forces the M here is defined as before it's the sum of all the little bits of mass that make up this extended body that's the total mass of the body and this a vector is the acceleration of specifically the center of mass point of the system so we can think about this a bit more deeply by considering some very interesting examples of the motion of the center of mass of a complex system so one example that comes up immediately and I've shown a movie of this before and I mentioned it earlier in this lecture is a game of pool or billiards so depending on kind of where you're from you might have seen a variation in this game before you have a special ball the cue ball you're allowed to strike that ball to hit other balls on the table which is sort of the game board for this whole game you can never directly strike any other ball on the table but you can use the cue ball to try to achieve your aim which is usually to get the other balls into pockets in the table so consider a game of pool where we initially get the cue ball moving by applying an external force to it we strike it with a cue so this is a stick that we use to hit the cue ball once we're done striking the cue ball it's now free to move and in principle if we ignore friction and drag then it's got no external force is now acting on it but it can strike other balls on the table and cause them to move by giving up some of its kinetic energy to provide kinetic energy for the other balls on the table so what we're going to see now though from this f net equals m a center of mass equation so newton second law but now for net forces acting on a system of objects the pool balls in this case is that once the cue ball is moving and it has no more external forces acting on it it means that for this whole system of pool balls all of them including the cue ball there are no more external forces acting no one striking physically any of those pool balls on the table so it must be true that the net force on all of these is zero and so from that from newton second law we would conclude that there are no accelerations of the center of mass of this system of pool balls that is to say that the center of mass of the system will now simply continue to move at constant speed with unchanging direction so despite the fact that the cue ball strikes a whole bunch of other balls and transfers kinetic energy to them and then they all fly off in various directions the center of mass of this system will always at all points during the motion no matter how complex internally of the system move at constant velocity with unchanging direction now of course in reality friction and drag will slow the pool balls down and some of the pool balls will strike the walls of the pool table and that will begin to alter their direction of motion the pool table itself will offer external forces that can change this but after that initial contact between the cue ball and all the other balls on the table the center of mass of all of the pool balls will continue to move along a predictable trajectory even though the balls themselves have seemingly very complicated motions related to this is the concept of an explosion so for instance it's possible to create objects that store chemical energy that's internal energy I can make for instance fireworks these are explosive shells that can be launched into the air and then they blow up okay so they can have a fuse that times the explosion or they can be triggered externally but the idea is that they have this stored chemical energy and then they can release it and when they do this they blow apart the shell that the chemical was stored in and of course fireworks are quite pretty explosives are less pretty because they are usually intended to hurt other people but they're both examples of objects that store chemical energy with the intention of turning it into kinetic energy of all the parts of the thing later on now if the container itself is moving again launching fire a firework rocket up into the air we will learn from this that although that once rigid object may be blown into many pieces that chemical energy is internal energy and so thinking about fireworks for a second when you fire a fireworks shell up into the sky it's essentially once launched in projectile motion gravity is trying to accelerate it down toward the surface of the earth and it will follow a parabolic trajectory and when it blows up although it will scatter its pieces into many directions in the sky because there are no external net forces acting on this besides gravity the center of mass will merely continue to accelerate as if under the influence of gravity at a single point so the center of mass of a firework for instance even once exploded will continue to accelerate along a parabolic trajectory the same trajectory that the original firework shell was traveling along before it exploded this information is extremely crucial to understanding complex systems of motion and figuring out grossly what's going to happen so this is why for instance it's possible to do forensic analysis of the breakup of say a plane or a rocket that has an accident in the sky if we know the original trajectory of that object before it broke up and we know that once it loses control that the only force acting on it is something like gravity drag because air is a real force in reality we can use a computer simulation knowing that the object was rigid at the beginning but then blew apart and that was free to fall basically under the influence of drag and gravity but no other forces we can track down to the ground along x along the ground where the parts of that now exploded rocket or aircraft should be found so this is an essential ingredient in artillery calculations if you work in the military and you're tasked with directing arms at an enemy arms that explode in midair nonetheless this gives you the ability to predict the trajectory even of the pieces on the ground now that's a bit scary that's not something that I like to think about rather I like to think about the good that one can do in the case of say the airline tragedy or the re-entry of a spacecraft from outer space that's carrying astronauts but that suffers some catastrophic accident and breaks up in the atmosphere this gives us as humans the ability to do some good to find the wreckage to figure out where the largest pieces should go because the largest pieces should track closer to the center of mass of the object using the reasoning for so you see that this concept although we still haven't really dealt with the full complexity of a system the center of mass gives us the ability to say okay I know at least where the center of mass of the system should have gone and I know for instance that the largest pieces will be closer to the center of mass usually than the smallest pieces so this allows me to find maybe specific parts of a craft after it breaks up or certainly at least to find the center of the collision on the ground where all the pieces should have landed in a scatter pattern around that location that gives search team search crews the ability to focus where they're going to search for debris in order to analyze the wreckage and figure out what happened to do some detective work on the accident itself so you can see that this concept is all kinds of applications in the real world and although we still are dealing with a complicated system we have an anchor point for the system that can be used to then extend our knowledge of the overall behavior of the system thinking from the center of mass out to the pieces let's review the key ideas that we have seen in this section of the course we've seen how to begin to transition from describing material objects in an overly simplistic way to a more complex prescription but nonetheless we're doing so by collapsing these bodies to a well-defined point the center of mass and then we have been looking at how the center of mass perhaps under a revisited Newton second law gives us the ability to describe grossly the behavior of a many component system at least allowing us to figure out where the center of mass of the system would be going under Newton's second law so that we can then expand outward and figure out where all the pieces of the system may have landed in relation to the center of mass so we have begun a small step into more complex systems I've given you a taste of where computation can play a role in all of this taking large sums of masses and coordinates to find center of masses and I've given you a sense of how calculus can be used to handle the most complicated situations where it's just not possible to physically do the addition of all the weighted coordinates to get the center of mass you've got to use density information the relationship between mass and space in order to figure out something about the center of mass of a very large number of pieces complex object so this is just a taste of complexity you can see how this can scale more now from this point but we will begin to use these ideas to explore another fundamental concept the last major concept that we're going to encounter in this course and that is momentum


Today's video is brought to you by Picmonic. We all think we know the information cold before a test or quiz, only to get a grade that we're disappointed with. But after two years of helping students study better here, the most common mistakes that I see students make. Hey friends, welcome back to channel. In case you're new here, my name is Lakshman here. The MD journey, we make content to help people like you succeed on the medical journey. Now really quickly before we get to the rest of the content, this is a new background because we finally have our new place in here in Austin, Texas, where I'll be starting my job as a first year physician. But now we also have our first official office for the MD journey. Never had one before. I'm definitely excited to decorate this place and just make it the home for the MD journey as we create more content for you guys. And so definitely stay tuned. And if you're not, consider subscribing down below. And as I go over the tips from today's episode, if you want more where that came from, make sure you check out the free document down below to get all your free tips, including studying, productivity, and so much more. But with that, let's get into the most common study mistakes that I see students make. Number one is being too dependent on lecture for retention. Now, one of my favorite questions to ask the students that I coach on how to study better, particularly in medical school, is about lecture and particularly when they go to lecture and then you leave, what percentage of lecture do they think they remember? Most of us hope that we retain 50, 60, 70%. But unfortunately for the students that I'm coaching, majority of them have given answer between 20 and 30%. Quite frankly, that's probably the number I would have given myself. And so that means that if you have three to five hours of lecture a day, you're wasting a lot of time if you think about lecture in the typical standpoint. Most students, including myself when I was in medical school, think of lecture as essentially a formal aspect. We hope that we can go to lecture and avoid missing something very important that may show up on the test. And we hope that we can absorb as much as possible going into test day or quiz day from that one lecture. But as we know, unless you have an amazing teacher that's your lecture or just material that's just relatively easy to follow, even if it's not 20 to 30%, 40 to 50% retention is not that great. That means half of the time you spend in lecture is just gone. And so that brings us to the solution, because if you're saying that, okay, a lot of shift, the lecture is not going to help me with my retention, then what should I use it for, how should I approach it? And the biggest shift and mindset that I have my students work on is to think of lecture as if you were the test maker. A professor who is presenting as well as showing you their slides and their syllabus material is essentially presenting the information of some of which will show up ideally on the quiz or the test. And if you know that and you keep that in mind, now you can look at your notes and how you obtain information much more differently. Usually a student will try to annotate and highlight as much as they can, but instead in this approach, I'll have students focus on, okay, what questions could come from that slide or that syllabus material that they're presenting and come up with different techniques and approaches that they'll be using. If you guys are interested in learning more about those study methods, I'll link down below an episode on how I got a 3.9 GPA at medical school, where I go over my favorite study strategies for lecture, during lecture, after lecture, as well as how to prep for the quizzes and tests. If you guys are interested, I'll be linked down below. But the biggest takeaway, think like the test maker and not the test taker. The next big mistake is that students spend too little time on predictable review. Whenever I'm coaching students one-on-one, one of the questions I'll ask them is that, do you know when you'll do the first repetition of your material? What about the second and the third? Do you know when you'll be starting your review for your test and your quizzes? And most of the times I'll find that students will say, yes, maybe to the first one. And then everything after that is a big fail. Mainly because school is so overwhelming, you have a lot of information to absorb. It's hard to schedule the rest of the review that you know you should be doing when you're still trying to figure out how the hell to learn the high yield material from lecture. But for the same reason that we know the lecture tends to not be the reason that you get a high grade, we also know that a good amount of repetition and predictable repetition is going to lead you to that grade that you ultimately want. So the main thing to do is to focus on having a system where you can say, this is going to be the study technique that I'm going to come home doing, and I'm going to do it on this kind of interval. I'm going to do it every four days, or I'm going to do it on the day of and maybe some on the weekend. Again, in that episode of how I got a 3.9 GPA, I go over some of the approaches as well as strategies that I use. So if you guys are interested, I would link down below. But as a pro tip, if you're somebody who really enjoys using a digital calendar, like iCal or Google Calendar, think of every single lecture and the review of that lecture for the first and the second time at least as fluid kind of tasks that can move from day to day and then practice plugging them in. Maybe you'll say lecture one from Monday, I'm going to review on Tuesday night or Monday night. Lecture one from Wednesday, I'm going to review Wednesday night. Lecture one from Monday, I'm going to also review for the second time on Saturday afternoon and move those around based on how long you think each lecture will take. And you'll be able to essentially see is your study method simple enough where you can essentially move things around if you're overly busy or tend to procrastinate. I found that this small step has helped a lot of our coaching students because now they no longer can procrastinate and just look at the weekend as an opportunity to catch up because the weekend is now an opportunity to do their second repetition. That means the weekday has to be done to get that predictable review. So make sure you always ask yourself when are you going to review the information for the first, the second, and even the third time going into a quiz or a test. Now before we get back into today's episode, let's take a quick second to talk about today's sponsor which is Picmonic. Now if you're unfamiliar with Picmonic and you're on your medical journey, they have hundreds and hundreds of videos for literally any class or material that you may need. And what makes Picmonic so unique is that in addition to having so many videos on literally any topic you need, so for example here we're in microbiology, you can click on any videos so here's staff warriors. And the videos themselves are very short so this video is about one minute 54 seconds but essentially will break down the most high-yield components that you have to know in the setting about staff warriors in this very nice story format using images. So here's a very nice Oreo cookie that essentially will link an image to your brain on an important concept about that. In the future videos you may find that the same memorable images included in another related video so then you can link together concepts. For example, here this venom jar with green represents food poisoning so any bacteria that may cause food poisoning may have this image in their overall picture and video so you can say okay I know all the different bacterias that have food poisoning. And then whenever you feel comfortable with a relatively short story, you can easily go into the review and quiz phase and actually quiz yourself on the various different high-yield components. Now in addition to having a very unique and easy way to remember information for your quizzes and tests, you can also add all of the videos you're watching into a relative playlist. So if you're studying for a microbiology class, you can go ahead and essentially click all the videos you add and add it to this playlist. And then whenever it's time, you can come back to your individual playlist and either watch those individual videos again or ask for specific quiz questions related to the videos that you've now said that you've mastered or at least learned the first time. And that's just scratching the surface in terms of features that Picmonic has to help you on your medical journey. Other cool things include having a weakness guide so you can see which topics you're the weakest in as well as their study scheduler so you can actually say these are the topics I need to know and here's my test day and then it will essentially will give you a study schedule based off of that. So if you're looking for an all-in-one resource to your on your medical journey and you haven't quite found it, definitely recommend checking out Picmonic. If you're interested, they'll be linked down below and our friends at Picmonic have also been nice enough to include an extra 20% discount if you use the code the MD journey at checkout. And so if you're interested in learning more about Picmonic, that link will be down below. And as always, thanks to Picmonic for being today's sponsor. Mistake number three is that students learn facts but they fail to make the connections.  And the main problem is that you have professors who give you hard questions, but really it's because they're trying to get you to connect ideas either within their own lectures or between topics throughout the entire course and you fail to do that and you're studying. And so while most students will try to come up with some study strategy of how to memorize their lectures, their outlines, their flashcards, they fail to come up with a study strategy that also compliments nicely where they can practice those big connections. And again, if you guys are interested in some of my favorite study strategies to do this, feel free to check out that 39 GPA video, two of the ones I recommend in that episode include the brain dump as well as effective use of practice questions. But I found that the biggest shift for me when I was going from C's to B's to B's to A's consistently was having a study strategy where I can memorize the facts but also test myself on how well I understood all those facts together. I felt like I was just memorizing information that had no idea what it really meant that I knew I still wasn't ready for the exam. So I started adding other study strategies that really complimented that aspect of seeing the forest and the trees before a quiz or a test. Mistake number four is failing to make the study improvements. Now obviously, when we work with students one-on-one, usually a student will come to us because they're struggling and knocking the grades we want. It's very rare that a student is getting the grades they're happy with and still coming to us hoping for more efficiency better grades last time. Most students will try to improve or come up with a new strategy when things are not going in their favor. Me definitely being guilty of this back in medical school. But the biggest thing that I found that's helped me get the same grades with less time is even when I was getting consistent A's or high B's on my medical school exams, start asking the questions of, okay, what would I do differently even given that good result? Most of the time after a quiz or test, before I got my grades, before I knew if I had a good outcome or a bad outcome, I usually asked these following questions. So question one, was the test like the slides or the syllabus that I studied from? Question two, if that information did come from the study material that I was provided, did I actually include it in the study method of my choice? Question three, if I did include it in my study method, did I get enough repetitions of it? And finally, question number four, did I prepare well enough to connect ideas needed to answer the questions for this quiz or test? With each layer of these questions, again, regardless if the test performance was good or bad, I can already start to see, okay, maybe your note-taking wasn't amazing because there's information that was clearly on the slides that didn't show up in my ultimate study strategy. Or if it did show up in my study strategy, maybe I didn't do enough predictable repetition and I could look back my calendar and say, yep, you slacked off, you only got one repetition of that lecture. Or three, maybe this is one of those situations where I did get enough repetitions, but I didn't practice that complimentary study strategy to see the forest and trees and connect those big ideas. Going down this line, I was able to ask myself, what would I do differently for each of these questions? Because usually the answer is never perfect. I never took perfect notes. I never did perfect repetition and I never perfectly connected all the ideas. So there's always room for improvement. And if you can find that regardless, again, if the test is good or bad, you can make those small improvements and then avoid making these big overhauls in your study strategy, you're always just making small gains. Next, and probably the most common mistake is the overcomplicated study system. Yes, everyone studies differently, but that doesn't mean you have to keep studying differently just because you don't see the end results. Just like we talked about before, you're likely very close. It's almost like that quintessential meme or picture of the person is essentially drilling to get to the diamond for two individuals are. And one stops just a few steps before they actually get to Peter. The other person continues to go. Again, if you use the questions that we talked about earlier in today's episode, you can make those 1% improvements.  I need to completely overhaul it to be able to answer yes to that question the next time I take the quiz or test. But if that's the case, then you don't actually have to come up with this overcomplicated system. You just need to collect those notes correctly and repeat them as many times as possible and possibly add an extra study strategy where you can connect all the dots going into a lecture. And after coaching students on how to study better for the past two years, I think one of the biggest lessons that I've learned is that your study system actually doesn't have to be perfect. You just have to have a good way to collect information and lecture, even if it's not super comfortable. You do have to have predictable repetition, even if it's not the easiest or thing that you want to do every single day. But once you start doing it and getting results, it's very easy to do hard tasks that you know will get you to the output that you ultimately want. So don't always judge your study strategy by simply, oh, this feels hard or this feels difficult. Does it help you with your repetition? Does it help you with how easy it is to take notes and then take those home and start reviewing them? If the answer is yes and yes, keep doing it, keep modifying it as needed, but don't just jump ship and try something different just because you see somebody on YouTube recommending it. Now, if you're watching or listening to this episode, that means that you're not only just interested on what mistakes to avoid, but also what type of things to do to get the grades you ultimately want. If so, make sure you click that link down below to get that free guide on all the tips that I found to be helpful for students just like you. Including how to study better, how to be more productive, how to be more motivated and stress-free and everything else that I found to make the journey a little bit easier each step of the way. And if you found this episode helpful, then make sure you check out that episode on how I got a 3.9 GPA in medical school using all my favorite study methods, breaking down one by one, as well as this episode right here, which is our most popular here on YouTube and on the podcast, which is how to use Anki to get the best grades you've ever gotten using a step-by-step method. Both of these are very easy to follow, so hopefully you guys enjoy. But as always, my friends, thanks for being a part of my journey. Hopefully that was a little help to you guys and yours, and I'll see you guys in the next one. Peace.


We say there's juicy content on our Instagram and Twitter and stuff. So if you haven't known about it, because you've heard me talk about stuff with my dad every once in a while, you should see this post on Instagram. Cause it's really, it's truly a miracle. So it's a very happy moment to share in the central. Basically, what he's saying is his dad got laid last night. That's exactly right.  That's why he's got such a big smile on his face. He could false on Instagram, Twitter for juicy content. Thank you. Thank you for some Patreon false Twitter accounts to grab the like button. Yeah, go check that post out if you'd like to know personal updates. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Rick, yeah, there's a lot going on there. So please go check that out today. And one of the reasons we couldn't get to this yesterday is because Rick did a insane travel trip from Sunday night, I believe, until he flew on a red eye to New York to basically pick up his father and then come back that day that he landed. And he didn't get back to like one AM and all that kind of stuff. So obviously we couldn't get to any of this yesterday. But I think you'll understand unless you're an asshole, do it this way. Yeah, exactly. But we can do it like this. And when I'm done where I'm heading to go see my dad. Yeah, yeah. But the it's a title announcement for Kamal Hassan and Mani Rotnam's new upcoming film, Kamal Hassan's 234th film, I suppose. But it's also titled Stug Life, which is a strange title for a Kamal Hassan, Mani Rotnam film. Or maybe that's not that. Maybe that's just the title of the teaser or something like that. I'm not sure. But I know they did an update on I think it was Mani Rotnam's Twitter or at least his production houses. And they said, OK, this is for Elevative Artistry. Yeah, that's what you said that to me. And to which I retweeted and said, Rick had a Elevative Orgasm reading this statement alone. He sure did. So let's just check this out. Yes. Mani Rotnam and Kamal Hassan, man, with A.R. Rahman music. Are you kidding me right now? I don't think Mani does anything without our Kamal Hassan. And no, no, without A.R. Rahman. Oh, without A.R. Rahman. That's true. Yeah. Yeah. All right. Get to the beginning here. Yep. Yep. All right. Three, two, one. Lovely shot. Elevative shot, some would say. Wow. The music. Goosebumps. Oh, I got a shot. Wow. Criminal gone? Whoa! He had to learn that backwards. Dol Quzaman, Trisha.   That was incredible. I've never done this before. I don't think I've ever given a trailer or a teaser a standing ovation before. We've done a lot. I don't know. If I have, I've done it maybe once. That that was utterly that was spectacular. Could you say it was elevated? Could you say? Yes, it was it was it it it. I mean, the expectations are through the roof. It's it's Monty Rottenham. It's A.R. Raymond. It's it's Kamal Hassan. It's and it and it went beyond from the first frame. I'm riveted and I just didn't it was I was as riveted as if this was like the peak moment of a film's action sequence. I wanted to see what's what's going to happen. How's he going to win this? I just it's one of the best things. One of the best teasers trailers we've seen. That was fantastic and it was just a title announcement. Actually, it wasn't any. I know that's that's the other thing is that the expectation, you know, there it says title announcement. That's the best title announcement that I can recall us seeing. Yeah, I'd have to go back, but it's a great one for sure. And it looks like it's actually in terms of the writers. It says Kamal Hassan written by Kamal Hassan. Monty Rottenham is also on a writing credit as well. But it looks like it looks like maybe a passion project between them two. Kamal Hassan also producing. The Trisha is there from 96. Yeah, and don't go salmon. Kamal Hassan, goodness, that looks also if you would have had if like if you would have told me like giving me options in like four options of what do you think the title of Monty Rottenham's next film is going to be. And you put thug life in it. I would have thought you were joking, by the way, to Monty Rottenham is not doing us thug life. It sounds like in a multiple choice. It's the one throwaway that you'd laugh at. Exactly. But it's not. It look, God, that looked incredible. Incredible. One that line where it was reversed. Monty, I mean, not Monty, the Kamal had to learn that how to say that line in reverse. So it looks like he's saying it. It was it was I know you can learn anything. But damn, it was clearly reversed. It was clearly reversed. Oh, it was clearly reversed. Because obviously they had him put the thing back on. I don't know what this film is about. Outside of like a vigilante. Maybe I don't know if he's like a vigilante or if he's a just a gangster or how about how about the moment where you know it's coming and he has just grabbed that guy right here. Did he rip his nostril off? And he pauses and he's talking to you. And then he's just the sound effect.  Unbelievable, unbelievable. I just I am utterly, utterly impressed to the nth degree with that that title announcement. Yeah, that was I'll be I'll be when she's up later. I'm showing that to drawing. That was absolutely incredible. This cinematography just in the just in a title. And I'm sure none of this is actually in the film. No, I'm sure that was probably just for this title. Like they made this to be like, this is the taste you're going to get. And also they're setting you up on Twitter to know what you're going to get. There's this is the one you would never expect real that mass from Amani Ratnam film. Right. Right. Right. But like they're setting it up. They're like, this is going to be elevative artistry.  And so they're like, we need to start using this phrase a lot.  Any time it is elevated of artistry. So they're setting it up. They're like, I don't use the term lightly. They're setting it up. They're using it like all the time I've seen so far. They're like, this is going to be wonderfully entertaining. And this is going to be art. And that's what it looked like. It did. And that's that's my what I'm looking at the end. Do you know dates? No, it's just the title announcement. I doubt they have a day yet. OK, but I hope it's a year. Yeah, I was just going to say, please be 2024. Please be 2024. Yeah, it's just the title announcement. So they were great. I'm so, so, so impressed.  There's no flaws in that. There's no flaws in that thing. That thing is everything.  The air reminds the coral arrangements, the visual effects, the sound, you know, and no one else. There's this very very there's you could probably count on one hand. The the star, quote unquote, that could pull off a title announcement like this, and it's a very short list.  If there was a solo effort coming from Amitabh Bachchan, where he is the epic hero, that's the, you know, there's no one, no one. In any other cinema around the world that I could think of that can do this kind of thing and pull it off with the magnitude of star power, like the names I just named, you know, exactly. Yeah, that was absolutely incredible. Let us know what you thought about.  And I got your side of life. Here's your thug life right there. Well, if you're excited for it. And let us know what the next Kamala son and money Rottenham films that we should watch. We still got a lot from each of them to get to sure do. So let us know what the next films from each of them should be down below.


Hello, but I'm John Furrier, co-host of the Cube Founder of SiliconANGLE Medium here at Palo Alto Studios for Cube Conversation as a preview for upcoming the CNCF-sponsored KubeCon event coming up in Shanghai and in Seattle. My name is Janet Quo, who's a software engineer at Google and recently named the co-chair of KubeCon, the main event around Kubernetes, multi-cloud, all the things happening in cloud native. Janet, thanks for joining me today. Thanks for having me. So you were recently named co-chair, Kelsey was previously the co-chair and he's always had those good demos, but the program has been changing a lot. You're the new co-chair. What's it like? What's happening? What's the focus this year? What's the content going to look like? Tell us, what's happening? So we get a lot of overwhelming number of submissions much more than last year and I see a lot of interesting case studies and also I see that because Kubernetes is actually help you abstract the infrastructure away and it runs anywhere. So I see a lot of people are actually deploying it everywhere, multi-cloud, hybrid, and even in edge. For example, I see chiefly, they are going to talk about how they deploy Kubernetes in their edge restaurants and the store owners, they are not tech experts as you can expect. I mean, that's the edge of the network, a Chick-fil-A. And you know, a great retail example, everyone loves Chick-fil-A, certainly out here in California, it's like getting out burger if they go hand in hand. But this is a good use case of edge and this is real world. So Kubernetes has certainly grown up. We know from the growth of KubeCon, the event itself has gotten pretty massive. The number of people involved have been great. How has Kubernetes grown up? Because we're seeing the conversation move from, we love containers, Kubernetes is great for orchestrating everything, but now people are starting to really start really cranking it up a notch. Is that the trend that you're seeing as well? And is that some of the content you'll be focused on? So I took a look at the Google trend for search for Kubernetes and it's still going way up since the beginning. And also I look at a recent CNCF survey and I realized that about 40% of people who respond to the survey and they work in the enterprise and they said they run Kubernetes in production. So that's a huge number. That's awesome. Well, now that you're the new co-chair, tell us a little bit about yourself. How, what's your background? How did you get there? So I started working at Google in 2015 and that's before Kubernetes was, 1.0 was released and before CNCF and before the first coupon. And when I joined Google and it's, Kubernetes is a way very new concept and not like it's fixed and it's already adopted by everyone. So we work very hard to get ease of use and get more people adoption and we get a lot of feedback from people. And then Kubernetes getting more and more popular. So after that, I decided that I need, I want to submit my first ever conference talk to KubeCon and then I got selected and then I started feel like I enjoy this and I did other CNCF hosted events, for example, a panel in San Francisco. And I think that might be how I was selected. What was your first talk about, what you talk about? So I talk about running workloads in Kubernetes and I did an overview of the Workloads API because I am the developer of the Workloads API. So that's also get hooked on Kubernetes like everybody else. It's like the Kubernetes drug. So how did you get involved in open source? Just were you always developing with open source? How did you get involved in the open source community? So Kubernetes is actually my first open source project. And so I, before that, I had a phone call with Tim Hawken. He's the principal engineer at Google and he sold me the idea of Kubernetes and we need to be open and let people choose the best technology for them. And he sold me the idea and I think Kubernetes is the future. And also I want to work on open source but I just didn't have the chance to work on it yet. So we had a good fun time in Copenhagen but last KubeCon and the Kube has been in all the KubeCons as you know. We love this community. We think it's really special not only because we've been there from the beginning but we've gotten to see the people involved and the people have been very close knit but yet so open and inclusive. They're seeing a lot of input and then at the same time, so that's always great open source, inclusive and fun but then the companies are coming in and waves massive amount of waves of commercial vendors jumping in. Linux's foundation has done a great job of balancing being a good upstream and good project but that dynamic is very interesting. It's probably the fastest open source kind of commercial yet good vibes, commercial open source. How does that change or affect you guys as you pick and look at the data? Cause you get surveys, you see what people want. Vendors, users, industry participants, developers. What is the data telling you? What's all this data coming from the different KubeCons and how is that changing the selections? What's the trends? I guess what's the trends coming from the community? So from selecting talks because we want to focus on make Kubernetes, make KubeCon a still community focused conference. So when we pick talks, we pick the ones that not just doing vendor page or sales page but we pick the ones that we think the community is going to benefit from and especially when they're talking about a solution that others can adopt or is it open source or not then that affect our choice. And then we also see a lot of people start customizing Kubernetes for their own needs. And a lot of people are starting using Kubernetes API to managing resource outside of Kubernetes and that's a very interesting trend because with that, you can have Kubernetes to manage everything in your infrastructure, not the things running on Kubernetes. So what are some of those examples that are outside Kubernetes? So for example, you can use, so Kubernetes has a concept called custom resource that you can register a custom API in Kubernetes. And so you can use that, you can register an API and you can implement a controller to manage anything you want. For example, different cloud resources or VMs, I even saw people use Kubernetes API to manage robots. Wow, so this is real world. So you mentioned that you were working in the workload API at Google. The big trend that we're seeing on the Kube and that crosses all the different events not just cloud native is workload management, managing workloads and workloads are changing and it's very dynamic, it's not a static world anymore. So managing workloads to the infrastructure is where we see this nice activity happening from containers, Kubernetes to service meshes. So there's a lot of activity going on there. And some of the stuff is straightforward, I won't say straightforward, but containers and Kubernetes is easy to work with but service meshes are difficult. Istio for instance, Kubeflow or hot projects, there's a real focus of stateless has been there but stateful is hard. Is there going to be talks about stateful applications? Are you guys looking at some of the Istio? Is service mesh going to be a focus this year? Yeah, we still see a lot of submissions from service meshes and so you can use service mesh to manage your service easily and secure them easily. And we also see a lot of talks for stateful workloads. For example, how you customize something that manage your stateful workloads or what are the best practices. And there's a pattern that's popular in the community which is called operator. And the concept is that you write a controller, use the custom API that I just mentioned and you just impact the knowledge of a human operator into that controller and let the controller do the automation for you. So it's putting intelligence like an operator into the software and letting that ride. Yeah, and it will do all the work for you and you only need to write it once. And automation is a big trend. So if you could stack or rank the top three trends that we expect to see at KubeCon this year, what would they be? On the top three, I would say customize and multi-cloud and then service mesh or serverless, they're both pretty popular, yeah. Is storage less coming? So if we have serverless, will there be storage less? I made that up, I tweeted that the other day. If there's no servers, it could be on the storage. I mean, servers and storage go together. So again, this is where the fun action is that the infrastructure is being programmable. And I think one of the things that I like about what KubeCon has done is they really enabled developers to be more efficient with DevOps, the DevOps trend, which is the cloud native trend. The question I want to ask you, specifically it's kind of a Google question because I think this is important that Google Cloud, I really love the trend of how application developers are being modernized, that's so cool, love that. But the SRE concept that Google pioneered is becoming more of a trend that's more of an operator role, not in the sense of what we just talked about, but like an SRE, businesses are starting to look at that kind of scale out infrastructure where there's a need for, kind of like an SRE. Does that come up in KubeCon at all? Or is that more to operator oriented? And to that, on the agenda, does that come up in the KubeCon selection criteria, the notion of having operators or SRE-like roles? And so we have a track called operations. So some of the operator, I mean, the human operator talks are submitting through that to that topic. And, but we didn't see an... It might be too early. Yeah. It might be a little bit too early, that's what I think. And since it brought up some of the tracks, we're always interested in knowing about startups because there seems to be a lot of startup activity, doing a lot of AI stuff or applications, AI ops, and there's some new things going on. Is there a startup activity involved that you're seeing? Is there features of startups at all? Do you guys look at that? Is there going to be an emphasis of emerging companies and startups involved? Or is it mostly companies coming from the community? We definitely see a lot of startups submitting their talks and also you just mentioned machine learning. We also see several talks about machine learning and AI submitting to both the Shanghai event and Seattle event. So projects like Kubeflow and Spark, that's being used a lot. And we still, we see a lot of submissions from those. Those are the popular ones. Yeah, popular ones. And also from Shanghai, I saw some AI submissions and I'm excited about those. Okay, so now back to the popular questions. Everyone wants to know where the popular parties are. What's the popular projects? If you have the, in terms of contributors, activity, do you guys have like a rating? Like, here's the most popular project. Do you guys look at just a number of contributors? How do you rank the popularity of the projects? Or how would you rank them? We didn't actually look at the popularity of the projects and because are you talking about the CNCF projects or any project in general? Well, CNCF and KubeCon, if I go, okay, let me ask the question differently. If I go to Shanghai or Seattle, what's going on? Where do I engage? What should I pay attention to? What can I expect if I'm a user and I come to the event? What's going to happen at Shanghai and Seattle? What's the format? Yeah, so we separate all the talks in tracks. So you can look up the track that you are interested in. For example, do you want to know all the case studies? Then you can go to case studies and if you're interested in observability, then you go to the observability track and there'll be a lot of different projects. They are presenting their own solutions and you can just go and figure out which one fits you the best. And so multi-cloud is hard. I asked you a multi-cloud question because one of the things that we're tracking is, what is multi-cloud and how is that different from hybrid? How would you describe that? Because people talk about hybrid cloud all the time but multi-cloud seems to have different definitions. Is there a different definition to hybrid cloud versus multi-cloud? So I think hybrid includes things and that's not cloud. For example, your on-prem versus you have your on-prem environment and you also use some cloud solutions. And that's hybrid. And multi-cloud's multi-clouds. Yeah, multi-clouds, yeah. So workloads on different clouds or sharing workloads across clouds? Workloads on different clouds. Yeah, so Office has 365, that's Azure. Yeah. And then a TensorFlow on Google and something, okay. I always want to know if I can run workloads between clouds, that's the, what would be the ideal scenario? Yeah, that would be ideal. All right, so here's a tough question for you. Okay, I'll put you on the spot here. What is your favorite open-source project in the CNCF and favorite track at KubeCon? My favorite project is of course Kubernetes and my favorite track would be case studies because I care a lot about user experience and I love to hear user stories. And so for Seattle, we picked a lot of user stories that we think are interesting and we also picked some keynote speakers that are going to talk about their large-scale usage of Kubernetes and that's very exciting for me. I can't wait to hear their story. We love the end user stories too because it really puts the real-world scenario around. Okay, final question for you. Jenna, I wanted to ask you about diversity at KubeCon. What's going on and what can you share around that program? Yeah, we care about diversity a lot. We look at that when we select talks to accept and also we have the diversity scholarship that allows people to apply for scholarship. We are going to cover the ticket to conference and also the travel to conference. And also we have a diversity luncheon in December 12th and that will be sponsored by both Google and Hiptail. So December 12th in Seattle? Yeah, in Seattle. And that was great, by the way. You did a great job last year, the program with the scholarship. I think standing ovation, so that's awesome. Thank you for doing that. Thanks. For the folks watching that might not be really deep on Kubernetes, in your opinion, why is Kubernetes so important? And why should IT leaders, developers and people in mainstream tech who are now new to Kubernetes and seeing the trends, why should they pay attention to Kubernetes? What's the relevance? What's the impact? Why should they pay attention to Kubernetes? Because Kubernetes allows you to easily adopt cloud because it's abstract every infrastructure, the infrastructure level away and allows you to easily run it, run your infrastructure anywhere. And most importantly, because a lot of people different cloud and different stack of development, for example, CICD service mesh, they put a lot of energy to integrate with Kubernetes. So if you have Kubernetes, you have everything. Yeah, Kubernetes, everything. Well, we love the work you're doing. Thanks for co-chairing the KubeCon event. We'd love going there. CNC has been very successful, been a great relationship. We love working with them. Obviously, it's a content-rich environment. I think everyone who's interested in cloud-native should go to the CNC. There's a lot of sponsors and the logos, more and more logos come on every day. So you guys are doing a good job. Thanks for doing that. Appreciate it. Thank you. Maybe we'll do two cubes this year. Janet Quo, who's a software engineer at Google is joining me here in theCUBE. She's also the co-chair for KubeCon, the event put on by the CNCF and the industry around cloud-native and all things Kubernetes, multi-cloud and really application workloads for a cloud environment. I'm John Furrier here in theCUBE Studios in Palo Alto. Thanks for watching.


Family Theatre presents Alan Young and Patricia Neal. Action with Family Theatre Incorporated brings you Alan Young and Frank Stockton's My Terminal Moray. To introduce our story, your hostess, Patricia Neal. Thank you, Gene. Perhaps one of the most delightful pens that ever put words on paper belonged to a man whose name was Frank R. Stockton. His short stories and novels had the late 19th century United States laughing and chuckling from coast to coast. While his best known work is undoubtedly The Lady or the Tiger. The story we're going to present tonight, titled My Terminal Moray, is much more representative of the man and his wonderfully unbelievable, believable characters and his sheer, heartwarming, whimsy and humor. Our star, Alan Young, will appear as the unforgettable hero, Walter Cuthbert, in Frank R. Stockton's unforgettable novelette, My Terminal Moray. Well, I was certainly the unluckiest man in the world. Really unlucky. Imagine the situation I was in. 28 years of age and single. I owned a large house and 40 acres of land, free and clear. I had a small independent income and my days were so filled with hunting and fishing that there was no time left in which to work. Yes, I was undoubtedly the unluckiest man in the world. You see, it was my new neighbors who bought the 700 acres next to mine and... But let me tell you how I met them and you'll soon understand what I mean. One lovely spring day I was wandering near the fence line of our property as deeply engrossed in thought when my mental celebrations were interrupted. Hello there. Oh, why, hello. You're Mr. Walter Cuthbert, are you now? Cuthbert? Well, yes, but yes, yes, that's Walter Cuthbert is me. I, I mean I. I'm Ms. Agnes Havelott. I think you're very nice. Oh, you do? Yes. In spite of everything my father has said about you. Well, I'm delighted that he... Now don't you worry, Mr. Cuthbert. Don't you worry about a thing. All right, I won't. Worry about what? We'll get along just famously, won't we? Why, certainly, of course. Things will work out just fine, Mr. Cuthbert. You wait and see. Just fine. Well, goodbye now, Mr. Cuthbert. And remember, don't worry about a thing. Goodbye, Ms. Havelott. And don't you worry. No. Not about a, about a thing. It was inevitable, of course. The impact of such a romantic meeting could have at one result. I found myself deeply, madly, unbearably in love with it. Certainly you realize now why I was so unlucky. You don't? Well, it's perfectly obvious. The girl's father, of course. After all, when a man comes up to you, craftily concealing his real intent behind a torrent of honeyed words, what else could you expect? Of all the inconsiderate, I'm grateful. Boris, incompetent and incompetent. I've ever had them as fortunate to encounter you, sir.  Thank you, sir. But I don't believe I've had the pleasure of an introduction. Pleasure, indeed. Do you know who I am, young man? I just said I don't... Of course I am. Exactly. J. Ascot Terwilliger Havelott. Your new neighbor, sir. Well, Mr. Havelott, may I welcome you to this lovely... Welcome, indeed. No wonder you'll welcome me. You, you fortune hunter. Fortune hunter? Oh, so you admitted to you. Why, why, I don't... The praise and impudence, the confounded gall, admitting to my face your nefarious designs of my daughter Agnes and on my fortune. Your daughter? Oh, that's who she is. I beg your pardon. I said, huh? Yes, of course you did. Well, just let me tell you this, young man. The only way you'll ever marry my daughter is over my dead body. What have you to say to that, eh? What do you have to say to that? I had plenty to say to that, naturally. My answer was a cutting, biting blow. Marrying your daughter over your dead body, sir, would give me the greatest combination of happiness that I could possibly conceive. My answer was devastating, of course. My only regret was that he'd already left and didn't hear it. However, be that as it may, Mr. Havelott's wild accusations didn't deter me in the least. I courted his daughter with the boldness, the daring, the irresistible courage of a knight errant. Good evening, sir. Tell me, my good man, is Miss Agnes Havelott at home? Are you Mr. Walter Cuthbert's... Yes, yes, that's my name. No, sir, she's not at home. Oh, she isn't, isn't she? No, sir, she is not. Ah, well, thank you very much. Good evening, is Miss Agnes Havelott... No, you blithering mink and poof, she's not. Oh, thank you. It was several weeks later that my good friend Tom Burton came visiting me. I poured out all my troubles into his sympathetic ears.  Thank you, Tom. I knew I could depend on... what'd you say? If you're in love with a girl, why not marry her? I explained to you, Tom, it's a matter of money. If you made your own fortune, old man Havelott couldn't kick then, could he? No. No, of course he couldn't. But how would you suggest I go about it? You could always go to work. No, no, that wouldn't do, would it? Well, why not strike it rich somewhere, discover oil or gold mines? That's it, Tom, that's it. Well, I could make a fortune overnight. I... oh, by the way, do you have any ideas as to where I could start? Well, certainly start right here. Wonderful, I'll start right here? Sure, on your own property. But there's no gold or oil here. How do you know? What's perfectly obvious that... Have you ever prospected for any? I know, but... Do you have any knowledge of geological formations? Earth structures, soil compositions? I know, but I... Well, I know all about these things. You do? Certainly, certainly. During my freshman year in college I took a full semester in geology. I know all about it. And I can tell you right here and now you have a perfectly magnificent terminal moraine. I have? Thank you, that's just great, wonderful. It is, isn't it?  Oh, certainly, certainly why it's... Well, during the Ice Age many years ago, Walter, this part of the continent was entirely covered with a tremendous sheet of ice. Fancy that. Must have been quite chilly here. I imagined the whole... Is this huge glacier moved along? Now it scooped out thousands of tons of earth ahead of it, like a tremendous shovel, and after pushing that stuff along for a few thousand years it stopped moving. Pretty tired by then, I imagine, huh? All those tons of earth and rock were left right here on your property. And what is known as a terminal moraine? Well, terminal moraine or not, that was a lot of nerve dumping all that stuff on my property. Ah, but what if that glacier had dug out a bit of gold somewhere and dropped it here, or a mountain of iron ore? Oh, well, that's different, isn't it? Vastly different. Walter, I am positive that you can make your fortune. Win the goodwill of Mr. Havelot? Marry his daughter Agnes? And all because of your simply magnificent terminal moraine? I was, of course, vastly encouraged by my good friend's words. Now that I was the proud owner of this terminal moraine, I could see my troubles being drowned in a river of flowing oil, being buried beneath a mountain of gold and bullion, so I plunged into the business of prospecting with a feverish energy and indomitable will. Well, Tom, what do we do now? Well, we'll need some excavating equipment, a core of laborers, supplies, miscellaneous tools.  A little cash? Yes, a trifling sum should suffice. I say we could get started nicely for about $5,000. $5,000? $5,000? But they're to Tom. Yes, I know, I know. What are a few filthy dollars compared to the hand of lovely Agnes Havelot, huh? Well, Walter? Well, I'll draw you a check at once, Tom. Almost immediately my land was overrun with wheelbarrows, picked shovels, laborers, and piles of earth that came from countless holes that were being dug everywhere. The entire proceedings were naturally under my very capable supervision, and Tom came to me constantly for guidance and advice. Well, Walter, old man, how do you think things look? Well, I'll tell you, Tom, in my opinion... You bet they are, old man.  And we can keep up the good work with just a bit more cash. About $1,500 should do it. We've finished exploring the Northridge, Walter. What next now? Well, it would seem to me the best place to try would be... That's wonderful! I'd never have thought of that. We'll need to do some blasting there, of course. About $2,000 should take care of the equipment. Well, Walter, how far down should we drive this shaft? Well, I'd say if we drove it down... We'll do it! And it won't cost more than an extra $2,500. Yes, the work was going on at pace. How lucky I was to have such a good friend as Tom, who spared neither time, trouble, nor... money to make my fortune. And then came the big day. The day that Tom came rushing up to me so excited, he could hardly... Walter! Walter, old boy! I've got it! I've got it! So I hear, Tom, it's an awful cold, too. Let me suggest some warm lemonade and then possibly... Oh, no, no, no! You don't understand. I've got you... You're... I've got your fortune made for you. Tom! Tom, you mean we've struck it rich? What is it, Tom? Oil, gold, iron ore? Oh, don't be silly. It's none of those common run-of-the-mill things. It's something the likes of which you've never dreamed of. Walter, we've struck ice. Ice? That's what I said. So far as I know, Walter, you're the only man in the world who's the proud and fortunate owner of an ice mine. As Tom hurried me over to the shaft to examine our astounding discovery, I was still so dazed that most of his scientific explanation passed completely over my head. However, I did manage to retain some snatches of it. A spur of the glacier was lying on top of some caves. Massive weight broke through the roof. Ice lay buried there on the earth for thousands of years. And here it is, Walter. Millions of tons of ice on your terminal moraine. You see, Walter? Solid ice! What are you thinking of it now, huh? Coffee-co-co-co-co… Cold down here. That's one of… One of… One of the natural characteristics of ice, my boy. It's amazing. It's astounding. But what of it? What of it? Walter, here under your very feet is enough ice to supply the town, the county, yes, even the state for hundreds of years. It'll make you one of the wealthiest men in the world. Now, what do you say to that? Well, that's true, Tom. Why, there's only one thing for me to say, and that ad is... Once the magnitude of this tremendous stroke of good fortune penetrated my consciousness, nothing could hold me back. I rushed out of the mine to inform Agnes and Mr. Havel out at once. So impetuous was my dash over to their estate, I only paused to stop at my house for a warm bath, a hot lemonade, and a generous-sized mustard plaster for my chest. Then, thus fortified against the world, I knocked, trembling with impatience upon their door. Yes, who is... Why, it's Mr. Cuthbert. Agnes. Agnes, my beloved. My darling. I beg your pardon? No longer shall a harsh barrier of differing social positions and lack of wealth keep us apart, my sweetest. We can now share our true and rightful happiness together. Mr. Cuthbert. What in the world are you saying? Just these words, my wonderful one. The most beautiful words are spoken by man. Agnes, my angel. The glacial period and my terminal moraine have given thee to me. She stared at me, stunned by the wonderful, unbelievably good news. Her lips trembled with unspoken syllables of joy and love. And I'll never forget the words that finally passed those ruby lips. Mr. Cuthbert. Mr. Cuthbert, sir. You're crazy. I realized at once why she'd closed the door so gently against me. As a shy, modest young lady, she could scarcely be expected to reveal immediately the love she had in her heart from me. Besides, I suddenly remembered. She hadn't spoken to or even seen me since the day we first met. So, laughing gaily, I knocked upon the door once again.   Oh, it's Mr. Haviloth. Sneaking around behind my back to make love to my daughter, are you? Trying to get a first mortgage on my bank account, eh?  Stop, Mr. Haviloth, desist. Cease your nasty insinuations at once, or I'll have my bankers smash you on Wall Street. You'll have your bankers do, what? I'll buy out every company in which you have an interest, Mr. Haviloth, and I'll break you on the wheel of high finance. You have your warning, sir. You'll do. You'll break me. Now shall we continue this discussion on a high plane as benefits two wealthy titans of industry? Or shall I be forced to duel you to the death in the financial moths of the world? Oh, no. No. The man must be mad. He's stark, raving mad. No, no, Mr. Haviloth, I... I merely happen to be one of the wealthiest men in the world, that's all. One of the wealthiest? Ha, ha, ha, ha. Of course, of course, you are, Mr. Guthrie. Of course, now...  I see that you think I am joking, sir. I assure you that I am not. The sudden change in my financial status is all due to my terminal moraine. To your... To your what? My terminal moraine. And the glacier that broke through the roof of the cave and formed my ice mine. Glacier? Ice mine? Oh, yes, of course. Of course, Mr. Guthrie. Agnes. Agnes. Did you call for me, Follardier? Yes, Agnes. This gentleman here is mined as caved in. No, no, you... You misunderstood me, sir. It was the cave that caved in. I mean, the glacier that was iced, or the ice mined. Ha, ha, ha. You understand, don't you, Agnes? Oh, of course I do, Mr. Cuthbert. Poor dear, Mr. Cuthbert. I understand everything. Thank you, Agnes, my beloved. Well, sir, then I take it I have your permission to marry your daughter. Marry my daughter? Now, you just listened to me.  I'll... Follardier, father, the, uh... The caved in. Remember? Oh, yes, yes, of course. I'll, uh, I'll tell you what I'll do, young man. If you can bring me proof of your financial status, show me how anyone can get rich through a nice mine. Well, I'll not only give you Agnes, but I'll throw in a thousand gallons of fruit punch to go with your eyes. Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha. With this very encouraging cooperation for Mr. Havillot to spur me on, I plunged into the world of high finance with them and vigor. Once the news of my discovery spread, a continuous stream of wagons loaded with glacial ice wound their way from my enlarged mine to the railroad station, and a continuous stream of checks flowed into my bank account. I found big business to be exhilarating and trancing, and during those times when I had to be in the mine itself, quite chilling. Now, one noon hour when all the men were outside having lunch, I was down in the mine alone inspecting my property. I was smiling to myself at the thought of Mr. Havillot's face when I finally brought him down here. And then it happened. A section of the roof had given way. Tons of ice had fallen across the mouth of the tunnel and blocked my exit. I was buried alive in my ice mine. Naturally, I faced this horrible predicament calmly and unafraid. Help! There's no need to relate the happenings of the next four hours. With unflagging courage, I prepared myself for the inevitable end. And when I began to see glowing coals of fire, I was certain that end had come. I was wondering what misdeeds I could possibly have committed in the past to have ended up there when the coals burnt their way through the block of ice. A red-hot soldering iron had penetrated the block of ice. Then it was withdrawn, and I heard the voice of an angel. Hathbur, are you there? Hagnus. Hagnus, my beloved! You've come to my rescue. Are you crushed, Mr. Cuthbert? I know. Are you frozen? Well, a few chill-blames that... Are you starved? I don't think so. Why don't you say something, Mr. Cuthbert? Why don't you say something? Hello, Hagnus. My how lucky that I've had a college education. When I saw those soldering irons, I knew at once that they'd melt ice if they were only hot enough. Don't you think that a college education is a good thing for girls, Mr. Cuthbert? Hagnus, Hagnus, listen to me. I love you, and I have no desire for life or rescue unless you return that love. Speak to me, Hagnus, quickly. End my unbearable suspense. Do you love me as I love you? Well, frankly, in response to your question, Mr. Cuthbert, I could only say this. Courage, Walter, old boy. Courage. We've broken through. We'll have you out of there before anyone can say yes or no. Tom was right. I was out before I heard either a yes or no from Hagnus. But once above ground again, I wasted no time in seeking her out immediately. I could not bear to wait another moment before hearing her answer. So after I'd had a warm bath, a hot lemonade, and had placed yet another mustard plaster on my chest, I went after her. She was just entering the gates of her father's estate. Hagnus, wait! Wait for me, my darling. Oh, enough of this dilly-dallying, Hagnus. I must have your answer. I must. Answer, Mr. Cuthbert? To what? I surely have known how I felt about you all these long, lonely weeks, days. Well, Mr. Cuthbert, I... I confess I have. Ah, then you did hear my heart calling out to you across my 40 acres in your father's 700. No, it wasn't that. It was when you first called me Agnes, rather than Miss Havillot. I knew a gentleman like you would never refer to me by my first name, unless your intentions were strictly honorable. Then, then if you know, if you've known for all that time, tell me, what are your intentions toward me? Well, if I invite you over to speak with my father, need you ask Walter? Well, sir, surely by now you have sufficient proof of the existence of my ice mine? I have come to claim your daughter's hand. Stuff and nonsense! I beg your pardon? I said stuff and nonsense. Oh. I've read every book and article on ice, glaciers, caves, and terminal moraines that I could find, and nowhere is there anything that slightly resembles your cock-and-bull story of a glacier tumbling into a cave and lying there waiting to be mined. But the glacier is there, sir. And father, dear, you cannot argue against the facts. Confound facts! I base my arguments on sober, cool-headed reason, and there's nothing that withstands reason. Your ice mine simply does not exist. Very well, sir, but I shall continue to reap a fortune for my nonexistent ice mine for the rest of my days. And I, father, dear, wish to help Walter reap his fortune for the rest of my days.  No, sir. Not a bit of it, father, dear. All right, then. I can do no more. You might just as well go on acting like a couple of ninny-hammers. Do ninny-hammers marry and settle on the property? The property adjoining yours, sir? Yes, I suppose they do. And when they find out that I'm right about that ridiculous ice mine, they can conform to a reasonable man for a little money to buy bread and butter. Well, two years have passed now. Agnes and the glacier are still mine. The ice still flows from the cave to the railroad, and the check still flow into the bank. As for Agnes and myself, whether based on sound reason or ridiculous fact, nothing could make us happier than we are with our warm love and our frigid fortune as we dwell here on my terminal moraine. Thanks for bringing us Frank Stofton's hilarious story, My Terminal Moraine. Wouldn't it be wonderful if all of us owned a terminal moraine, an ice mine which would make us rich and carefree? Then, like Walter and Agnes, we could marry, raise a family, and live happily ever after, without ever giving it a thought. But such things happen only in a writer's imagination. If we really owned an ice mine, it would probably melt away from us. And if we were so thoughtless as to base a marriage on it, I'm afraid the marriage would soon melt away too. We of family theater believe that marriage needs a much stronger foundation. Yes, we really believe that marriages are made in heaven. We believe that a man and woman who vow to love, honor, and obey one another need God's constant help if they are to be faithful to their promises. We believe that a family can grow in love and mutual understanding only by believing in God and living as he taught us.  For the family that prays together stays together.  These family theater broadcasts are made possible by the thousands of you who felt the need for this type of program and by the mutual network which has responded to this need. This is Gene Baker inviting you to be with us next week of this time when your family theater will bring you Edmund O'Brien and Gene and June Lockhart in the adventures of Robin Hood. Join us, won't you? Program came from Hollywood. For a daytime drama of family life, hear the romantic against the storm carried over the mutual line and most likely heard every week over the station to which you are now listening. This is the Mutual Broadcasting System.


The hidden-graze golf club in Shenzhen is in beautiful condition and provided the usual strategic test for day two of the Volvo China Open. Sadly defending champion Jin Zhang missed out despite this birdie at 10, a 75 for five over, and he misses the cut. Countryman Wen Yi Ding was a prodigiously talented amateur, birdie to third, shot 68 at six under, he's once again in contention with the pros. No surprise that Andy Ogletrees up there again, the two-time international series winner, birdie the sixth on his way to a 69, he's at seven under, he could win again. Two Chinese players though, right up there on the leaderboard to the delight of the locals. Hoi Lin Zhang with this approach into the 18th, a 69 for eight under. And alongside him on that mark, Guxian Chan, this for birdie at the ninth. They're both on eight under par, they're both in contention at the weekend. Eugenio Chakara finished his round spectacularly with birdies in three of the last four holes, this was one of them on the seventh. 68 for nine under and he led for much of the day, and so Australia's Jack Thompson suddenly started holding putts. He birdied his first two holes, the 10th and the 11th, and then rattled in this eagle at the 13th. Among the later starters and likely to just about finish before dark, he really was playing some lovely golf. This is second into the 18th, his ninth hole, setting up another birdie opportunity. Julie took it and Jack Thompson moves to 11 under par with six holes still to play. He holds a two shot lead.