تبطه آدك الأيام فتا الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة والسلام على النبينا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين وبعد إن شاء الله تعالى تلوي جونتي ستاة شرح العقيدة الواصطية لشيخ الإسلام أحمد بن عبد الحليم من عبد السلام ابن تيميا رحمه الله تعالى سوف نبدأ كتاب عقيدة الواصطية بشيخ الإسلام ابن تيميا وإن شاء الله تعالى سوف تكون شرح مختصر على العقيدة الواصطية بإذن الله الكريم سيخ الإسلام بالمخفص من هذا المحفظة أو when the scholars explain a book, before they go into the book, they do two things The first thing that they do is that they talk about the author of the book and the individual who wrote the book and what they also do is they also speak about the book itself What is this book? What is it about? What does it deal with? معه . كما يجب أن نتحدث about the author of the book we've already spoken about him previously نتحدث about him in the شرح of our كتاب or the كتاب اللامية to Benutemia نتحدث about him in the لامية . إطالب علم she'll go back to that book to see the life of the author and about him the second thing which is عقيدة الوسطية is a book which the scholars they gave a lot of attention to the scholar showed a lot of أهمية they gave it importance and they explained it from the scholars that explained it is الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن ناصر السعدي رحمه الله he called the book his explanation التنبيهات اللطيفة في محتوى عليه الوسطية من المباحث المنفية also زيدي بن عبد العزيز ابن فياد he also explained this book and he called it الروضة الندية شرح العقيدة الوسطية but the best explanation that this book has is التنبيهات السنية على العقيدة الوسطية التنبيهات السنية على العقيدة الوسطية الشيخ عبد العزيز بن ناصر الرشيد عبد العزيز بن ناصر الرشيد his explanation is the best الشيخ بن عثيمين also explained it all of those شروح we're going to take benefits from them we're going to be relying on the شرح of بن عثيمين we take some things from it we're going to be relying on the شرح of زيدي بن عبد العزيز ابن فياد the شرح of عبد العزيز بن ناصر and the شرح of عبد الرحمن بن ناصر السعدي رحمه الله also what we will be relying on and we will be taking from benefits is كتب التفسير such as the تفسير of امام محمد بن علي الشوكان رحمه الله he's فتح القدير and تفسير of ابن الكثير رحمه الله تعالى so i ask الله سبحانه وتعالى that he benefits us بإذن الله الكريم with the beginning of this book he gives us the ability he gives us the strength to finish this book إن شاء الله تعالى without any further ado we'll start the book but what i want to remind you of is the scholars of اهل السنة when they explain their books they all speak about five points and these are اهل السنة they are the foundation that a person of the sunnah he needs to follow in order to be from the people of the sunnah and this book is going to deal with those five issues the first one of them is the names of الله and his attributes الله's names and attributes you follow the methodology of اهل السنة you follow the methodology of اهل السنة you put it into that the second one is مسائل الصحابة that the matters put it into the صحابة you follow in regards to what they believe and what they say about اهل السنة the third one is مسائل اسمائي والأحكام names and rulings that come in the شريعة names and rulings that come in the شريعة such as the name ايمان كفر نفاق فسق بداعة they are placed in the right place and the شروط the conditions اهل السنة follow and the موانع they observe that the student of knowledge observes those he observes the conditions he observes the obstacles but take it to the to the ايمان and كفر he also learns that the ايمان it's اركان it's it's كماليات and whatnot i mentioned three right the fourth one is اهل قضاء والقدر the issues of قضاء والقدر where Allah has destined سبحانه وتعالى and the مراتب القدر the levels of qadr we'll speak about that إن شاء الله وتعالى and the fifth one which is the last one الوعد والوعيد warnings and promises that come in the القرآن and the sunnah so إن شاء الله وتعالى this book عقيدة ورصطية ابنوتيمية focuses on those five at the ending of the book إن شاء الله وتعالى after he mentions those five الشيغ رحمه الله he goes into some issues of manners and etiquettes and adab some issues of etiquettes that he speaks about رحمه الله that a person needs to look after and these are the مكملات these are the things that complete a person's what a person's عقيدة to have good etiquette issues of أمرو بالمعروف النهي عن المنكر and other than that he brings رحمه الله and he concludes with that so those five أصول is what this book is going to deal with these five are fundamental issues that you can't oppose أهل السنة regarding it if you do you leave أهل السنة so we're going to start إن شاء الله وتعالى قال المصنف the author said شاء الله وتعالى ابنوتيمه said بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم the author he started his book with the بسم الله he started his book with the what with the بسم الله بسم الله is بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم why اقتداء بالكتاب العزيز he's following the book of Allah because the book of Allah it starts with the بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم صورة الفاتحة not only that but every في كل صورة in every صورة of the Qur'an بسم الله it started with it except صورة براءة اما صورة التوبة also he's imitating and he is following the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم because the letters that the Prophet used to write he used to start with بسم الله الرحمن الرحمن grammatically we're going to analyze بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله دباء is باء الليل استعانى you're seeking aid and help from الله تبارك وتعالى دباء is باء الاستعانى ya meaning we're seeking help from Allah by calling him on his name اسم in the Arabic language is ما دل على مسمان ما دل على مسمان it is anything that shows you something or it's a thing that indicates the thing that it was named after this is called a pen so when I say pen it shows you the thing that is what it's linguistically that's what it means technically according to the grammarians they consider it is ما دل على معنى في نفسه ولم يقترب بأحد الأزمنة ثلاثة the grammarians they see the word اسم as to be what that which has a meaning in and within itself but it does not indicate time whatsoever it doesn't show time good so we said بس we explained what the back means when you explain what the اسم means the بسم الله is أجار المجرور means حرف وجر and اسم مجرور أجار المجرور have to be attached to something what are they attached to والجار والمجرور متعلق بمحظوف ينبغ أن يقدر متأخير اللي يفيد الحصراء قاعدو the جار والمجرور are both attached to something that is hidden it is also hidden but it's delayed بطافة so exclusivity can come from it meaning بسم الله and then wherever it's hidden it's left it comes after بسم الله after the جار المجرور are you with me why is it coming after the جار والمجرور the reason it's becoming اللي يفيد الحصراء so it shows exclusivity because the قاعدة is the قاعدة and the principle is anything that should have been delayed if it gets put forward it shows exclusivity that's the قاعدة the جار والمجرور were not meant to be forward it was meant to be after the verb but why is it put forward yeah so it can show exclusivity بسم الله in the name of Allah in the name of Allah اكتبه I write so in this situation right now he's the author he's saying بسم الله اكتبه because he is writing he's not eating he's not sleeping he's not walking he's بسم الله only a false to that verb of writing بسم الله in the name of Allah الله is what brothers علم العلا ذات المقدسة the word الله is a noun a name that is used only for Allah and what does it mean it means he's the one who is the Lord the one who deserves to be worshipped and he's the Lord over all his creation the grammarians they discuss if the name Allah is rooted and does it stem from a word and the strongest of that it is that it does and that is what which basically means عبد يعبد عبادة the word الله comes from the word ألاها it's مشتق it's rooted from something so Allah is what the one that is worshipped alone and he's not associated partners with him that is what Allah means and no one is allowed to take that name not only his name so بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الرحمن الرحيم اسماني كريماني من أسمائله حسنا الرحمن الرحيم are from the noble names of Allah سبحانه وتعالى both of them both of them دلان على اتصافي تعالى بالرحمة على ما يليق بجلاله both of them they indicate and they are characteristics that indicate ماسي both of them الرحمن and الرحيم both of them show ماسي this ماسي is what Allah shows towards his creation and it befits his majesty how he is merciful both of them فالرحمن والذو الرحمة العامة لجميع المخلوقات there's two ways we can take in explaining الرحمن and الرحيم two ways one is that we say both of them are سفة فعليه the first way so there's two ways we can explain الرحمن and الرحيم the first way we can explain it is we say الرحمن and الرحيم both of them are سفة فعليه so if they're both سفة فعليه then what's the difference the difference is that الرحمن is سفة فعليه but it's عام it is general ماسي it's not exclusive to anybody and then we say الرحيم is what it's خاصة تل بالمؤمنينة it's specific to the believers that's one way of explaining it and the scholars they take some scholars they take that the second way to go around it is what yeah to say الرحمن اي with me الرحمن سفة فعليه and الرحيم سفة فعليه and what is what's the difference between سفة فعليه and سفة فعليه will come to it شاء الله و تعالى will come to it but in simple terms the difference between the two is سفة فعليه is not connected to Allah's will where سفة فعليه is connected to Allah's will he does it whenever he wills سفة ذاتية لا ينفكوا عن عنه سبحانه و تعالى never detach itself from him سبحانه و تعالى very good then the author says الحمد لله الذي أرسل رسوله بالهداة و دين الحق ليذهله على الدين كله و كفى بالله شهيدا و شد الله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له اقرارا به وتوحيدا و شد أن محمد و عبده و رسوله صلى الله عليه و على آله وسلم تسليبا مزيدا after the author mentions and he said بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم he now went on to saying اه or he went to the he went to the حمد لله which is by sending praise onto الله سبحانه و تعالى so he started by saying بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم and now straight away he's going to say he's saying الحمدو praise is لله سبحانه و تعالى الحمدو لله سبحانه و تعالى the word الحمدو the elef allaam in الحمدو is للستغرق the word استغرق in the arabic language you feedه شمول والعموم استغرق means what you feedه العموم والشمول it means that word every meaning that it can carry praising in all of its meanings is for الله that's what the elef allaam benefits us some said no it means الجنسية the elef allaam not جنسية they said it's جنسية and the reason why they said it's جنسية are not استغرق because they said that the praise can't be done for other than الله and if you make استغرقية then if you make استغرقية grammatically then that means that the praise is it's only for Allah and no one else can be praised when in reality others are praised من عام so that is the discussion so elef allaamdou لله allaamdou لله praise is for Allah اي جميع المحمد لله all praise is for him سبحانه وتعالى what does haamd mean haamd is أثناء بالصفات الجميلة والأفعال الحسنة the word alhamdou linguistically linguistically it means what it means praising it means to praise with characteristics which are beautiful are you with me that is what it means that is what it means and there is a difference between الحمد and شكر حمد and شكر there is a difference between the two حمد is that you praise somebody for something that they have they are حمد means you praise somebody for something that they are not something that they've done for you are you with me and also what they do for you those two you come حمد means you praise somebody for something that they've done for you and you can also praise somebody for what for that which they haven't done for you just that which they are the fact that Allah owns the heavens and the earth that's not something you're doing for you but the fact that he owns it سبحانه وتعالى he's praised for that that's haamd whereas شكر on the other hand is only when you do something for me can only أشكر وك I can only praise you in the word أشكر وك is when you've done something for me so from that angle شكر and حمد حمد has a vast meaning big meaning are you with me very good if you look at it from another اعتبار from another angle شكر has a bigger meaning than الحمد when we look at where it occurs from حمد only occurs from the heart and the mouth خلص you praise the person from beneath your heart you actually mean it and of course you say it with your mouth but it can't pass that whereas شكر on the other hand is what's in your heart you can also you can also say it and also an action is a شكر an action of the limbs is شكر نظر الله تعالى وتعالى he said in the Quran so from that angle شكر has a vast meaning than حمد and حمد so بينهما عموما وخصوص is what the علامة say so the شخص said الحمد لله praises for الله so we've taken what the word لله means الله we've already spoken about it الذي أرسل رسوله the one who sent down his messenger الذي the one meaning الله تعالى is praise worthy the one meaning الله who sent down his messenger the word أرسلاء means بعثه he sent رسوله his messenger here what is meant by the messenger here is محمد specifically صلى الله عليه وسلم the word رسول linguistically means من بُعث برسالة is the one that's sent with the message technically it means وإنسان وذكرون وحية إليه بشرق وأمرة بتبليغي technically what does it mean it means it's a human being messengers will never sit down from the jinn the messengers were sent down from human beings ذكرون is a male there's no such a thing as a female there's no such a thing as a ابن حزم got it wrong here the view that ابن حزم held that a woman can be is incorrect because the evidence that he used is في اليم ولا تخاف الله سبحانه وتعالى we set revelation on ummusa so they said that here وحي means that she's a is incorrect why why is it incorrect because الله تبارك وتعالى he also says that about the namel the bees الله تبارك وتعالى he what he set revelation on them the word revelation here means when Allah guides them to do something correct okay very good هو إنسان ونذكر ونوحية إليه بشرع وأمرا بتبليغي and he was ordered to convey it he was ordered he's given a legislation and he was ordered to convey it that's what a messenger is بالهوداء praises to the الذي أرسل رسوله he sent down his messenger بالهوداء with guidance خوداء brother means what خوداء brother means امين العلم النافع beneficial knowledge الهوداء means beneficial knowledge and it's basically everything that the prophet ﷺ came with in terms of news that he told us and all the commands and the prohibitions all of that is that's beneficial knowledge guidance brothers is two types والهوداء نوعان guidance is two types the first type of guidance is the guidance that means to show the path and to bring the people to the path this is type of guidance and الله تبارك و تعالى he said it in the Qur'an و أما ثمود فهديناهم فاستحب العما على الهوداء if you look at this ayah if you don't understand the difference between the two types of guidance you may lose and you may slip here you see the Qur'an my brothers and sisters is not it's not an academic book that you go to a library and you pick it up and then you just read it and choose a chapter randomly and you just take it out like that the Qur'an requires a many sciences to be in place before you can even be able to understand what the Qur'an is trying to tell you you see and one of these verses are from those verses that require that type of understanding and this is an example الله says in this ayah و أما ثمود as for the people ثمود the people of ثمود الله says فهديناهم we guided them فاستحب العما but they gave preference and they started to to like to be blind from guidance that's what they wanted so if Allah guided them then how did they end up in the health line how they disbelieve in them the guidance here doesn't mean to bring them to the path straight path sorry it doesn't mean to place a hack in their hearts what it means is that الله showed them the straight path that's the first type it is the one that was affirmed for the Prophet ﷺ as well و إنك لتهدي و إنك لتهدي إلى سراط المستقين are you with me و إنك لتهدي إلى سراط المستقين and verily you guide to the straight path this one was affirmed for him صلى الله عليه وسلم there's another type of guidance this type the second type of guidance is the one Allah only does and no one else can do this other than him who would this is who that بمعنى التوفيق والإلهم it is actually to place the hack in the person's heart to make them accept the truth and this is negated from the Prophet ﷺ هذا this one هو المنفيه عن الرسول this is negated from the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم ولا يقدروا ولا يقدروا عليه إلا الله تعالى and no one is able to do this one except Allah as he said in the ayah إنك لا تهدي من أحباب ولكن الله يهدي من يشاء محمد you can't guide whoever you want you can't but Allah سبحانه وتعالى He guides whoever he so based on that what do we know that the guidance that was affirmed for him and the guidance that was negated from him we need to know that there are two different type of guidance so after the sheikh brought this one he said الحمد لله الذي أرسل رسوله بالهودة then he said the Deen of the Haq brothers is what صالح righteous actions العمل الصالح righteous actions the word brothers Deen the word Deen is from those words that have so many meanings just like the word طاعة obedience and the word حكم if you look at the Quran and Sunnah and you follow its meanings there's a lot of meanings أحمد شاكر well known محدث أحمد شاكر his brother محمود محمد شاكر because the brother of أحمد شاكر he has a book called أباطيل و أسمار where he basically talks about historical words that came from the pre-islamic time and those words were used but they had so many meanings so many meanings and والله أحمد شاكر as he's a muhadith أحمد شاكر his brother was an adib literature he was at the pinnacle لغوي something else and he was also a historian مؤرخ a historian so طارب علم a student of knowledge he should look into the works of الشيخ محمود محمد شاكر the brother of أحمد شاكر so the sheikh he brought الحمد لله الذي أرسل رسوله بالهداع و دين الحق يوظهره على الدين كله و كفى بالله شهده why did Allah set down the pre-islamic guidance and دين الحق ليوظهره على الدين كله ممعنة ليوظهره على الدين كله it means ليعليه to make it superior على جميع الأديان all of all the religions to give it superiority above all religions بالحجة والبيانة والجهد but how is it going to be above all religions it's going to be above all religions by way of proof you bring out the proofs and you bring it out there this religion is a religion that has to be above all religions it is by way of proof it is also by way of clarity بيان and it's also by way of jihad by way of what jihad fighting with disbelievers and enemies of Allah it happens in all those forms and all those ways until what until this religion it becomes apparent and it becomes it prevails over all religions and that is how Islam spread it's spread by those proofs clarity and jihad all of them are working together and then the sheikh said وكفى بالله شهيدا الله is sufficient sufficient سبحانه وتعالى in witness but what does he mean here witness that the prophet is a messenger from Allah أنه رسوله and your brothers these verses are the verses that give طمعنينة القلب even if the people turn you down even if the people turn away from you even if the people disbelieve in you even if the people question you what is enough for you is what وكفى بالله شهيدا وكفى بالله شهيدا it is enough that Allah is your witness it is enough that you have Allah who سبحانه وتعالى who testifies to this but the prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم Allah is his witness that he is a messenger you see أن الله تبارك وتعالى is also what ومطلع على جميع فعاله الله ينظر الأفكارات من the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم وانه يتباركه وليس فقط وانا صلوا على أعدائه وأن الله يتبارك إلى المسيجة على جميع فعاله الله is the one he is sufficient for you محمد don't worry everyone can let you down I'm here for you you see and this إخواني my brothers and sisters is a دلالة تنقاطع a clear cut evidence على ستق هذا الرسولي that the prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم was truthful because if he was lying and he was making up these things that Allah have given in victory that Allah have supported him and supported him no rather Allah would have destroyed him as يساري صورة الحاقة ولو تقول علينا بعض الأقاويل ولو تقول علينا بعض الأقاويل محمد if you made up some statements against us not a lot it's some بعض الأقاويل some statements if you just made up and added it to the Quran verse is here and threw it in لأخذناهم منه باليام we would have grabbed you with our right hand ثم لقطعنا منه الوتين and we will cut your jugular vein out of you we will destroy you kill you if you do that so this آية هو الذي أرسل رسوله بالهدى ودين الحق اللي يوظهره على الدين كله وكفى بالله شهيده this is is the آية or evidence to show that the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم he was truthful and he never lied and that's why Allah did not do that to him Allah spread this religion for him الله gave him the upper hand over his enemies at the time they put him low they criticized criticized him and his household they didn't just leave him but they moved on to his wife as well and they called her aizaniah they said she committed zina and he never came across in the life of the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم a day worse than that never never came a day like that to him عليه صلى الله عليه وسلم where his own wife is accused of zina you can imagine how it is and سبحان الله the issue reached some of the sahabas and they actually thought that it was correct some sahabas where جلا no one carried it on they mentioned the story رضي الله تعالى عنه may Allah be pleased with all of them so this my brother means that everything الله تعالى is the one who gives what victory and he's going to protect his religion he's going to you just have to come with what you just have to put the effort down you just have to do what you just put the effort forward وأشهد what I testify to اللا إله إلا الله ما معنى وأشهده إميذ وقره وأعترفه I testify اللا معبودة بحقه إلا الله that there is none واذي واشيب except الله تعالى that's what I testify to وحده لا شريك لها again it is what it is اي تأكيد لما تضمنت شهده اللا إله إلا الله it means if you will if that what was what was already mentioned is just emphasizing on that وحده لا شريك لها is what إلا الله and وحده they're good إلا الله and وحده are strengthening each other لا إلهنا يلا شريك لنا asked تأكيد emphasizing on it which is what that which was already been said so the نفي and the إثبات both of them that were in it because those are the those are the two pillars in which the شهاداتين stands on both of them have been emphasized with وحده لا شريك لها so the وحده as I said is a تأكيد للإثبات لا شريك لها is what تأكيد للنفي it's an emphasis for the negation the sheikh went on to say اقرار به وتوحيده اقرار به وتوحيده both of them are مزدر ذبو now اقرار is a مزدر توحيدا is what وحده وحده توحيدا is the master so what are they both also doing here right now the sheikh was also emphasizing what you mentioned again are you with me is also نعم so the sheikh is trying to say my توحيد is اخلاص sincerity في كل عبادة in all of my عبادة whether it's قولية from statements that I say or فعلية an action which I do or اعتقادية or a belief that I have all of them are sincere thoughts of Allah وأشهد وانا I also testify وقر بليساني وأعتقد بقلبي I testify with my mouth and my tongue and I also believe in my heart which is what أن محمد and that prophet محمد عبده ورسوله that he is his slave and his messenger and when he says he's his slave and his messenger this is what the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم is and I want you to learn all this point which is very important our prophet محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم he's not reached قولوية he hasn't he's not إله so he's below that so he's an abd he's a slave and he's not an ordinary slave so he's a رسول so he's at that level if you try to put him lower than that level it's disbelief if you put him above that level it's disbelief both are disbelief if you put him below a رسول you're a kaffir if you put him above a slave that you're a kaffir and that's what he meant عليه الصلاة والسلام لا تطروني don't go overboard with me كما أطلت النصار عيسة منه مريم don't take me overboard like the christians took عيسة منه مريم above his don't do that to me I'm a slave that's my level don't take me above that and he's also a messenger don't take him below his level don't take him below his the christians what did they do to عيسة منه مريم they took him above his normal status being a slave صح didn't they do that what did they become because of that كفار what did the jews do to عيسة منه مريم they put him lower than his level and they said he's not even a messenger he's nothing are you with me so they will be both disbelievers so our messenger صلاة والسلام we have groups that do that today we have a group that what who has taken him above his status they say he knows all the everything he knows everything all the unseen he knows everything they're not muslim they're kufar they're not what they're not muslim they're kufar because الله تبارك وتعالى he says عالم الغيبي الله is the one who knows the unseen الله is the one who knows the unseen عالم الغيبي فلا يهذر على غيبي أحد and he doesn't make it apparent to anyone from his creation سبحانه وتعالى صحيح سبحانه وتعالى so that saves a person from what الإفراط والتفريط do not go extreme both ways الإفراط والتفريط to go short above the status of his صلى الله عليه وسلم then the sheikh said وأشد أن محمد العبد هو ورسوله صلى الله عليه وقت الصلاة لغة وقت صلاة نموستيقية it means what it means الدعاء what does it mean here technically well what would we mean it here right now that we're speaking وأصح ما قيلة في معنى الصلاة من الله على الرسولي when we say الله sent salutation on the messenger what it means is that that which بخاري narrated in his صحيح and you can't just say بخاري narrated and just leave it like that but what you have to say is رواه البخاري معلقا بخاري narrated it with معلق but he narrated it with what بيرسيغة الجزن البخاري بوت إن كتابه تفسير بوت إن كتابه تفسير in the in the in the in the ayah which what إن الله وملايكته يصلون على النبي يا أيها الذين آمنوا صلوا عليه وسلم تسليم وسلم وتسليمه إن ذا آية إمام البخاري رحمه الله آفته بوت إن كتابه تفسير and then he put this back he put the call of أبي أبو عالية he said عن أبي عالية sorry عن أبي عالية أبي عالية رضي الله تعالى عنه السن صلاة الله على رسوله ثناؤه عليه في الملائل أعلى the salah from الله تعالى تعالى means ثناؤه praising him في الملائل أعلى in the in the gathering of his angels الله praise the Prophet ﷺ in the gatherings of his angels he's praising him that is what it means very good


This is the story of how one species changed a planet. The latest chapter of our story begins in England 250 years ago. Fueled by coal, then oil, several brilliant inventions appeared. They ignited the Industrial Revolution, which spread like wildfire through Europe, North America, Japan, then elsewhere. The Great Railways, then cars and highways, connected people across the globe. Medical discoveries saved millions of lives. New artificial fertilizers meant we could feed more people. Population rose rapidly. But this was nothing compared with what was to come. The 1950s marked the beginning of the Great Acceleration. Globalization, marketing, tourism and huge investments helped fuel enormous growth. People swarmed to cities, which became even more powerful engines of creativity. In a single lifetime, the well-being of millions has improved beyond measure. Health, wealth, security, longevity never have so many had so much. Yet one billion are malnourished. In a single lifetime, we have grown into a phenomenal global force. We move more sediment and rock annually than all natural processes, such as erosion and rivers. We manage three-quarters of all land outside the ice sheets. Greenhouse gas levels this high have not been seen for over one million years. Temperatures are increasing. We have made a hole in the ozone layer. We are losing biodiversity. Many of the world's deltas are sinking due to damming, mining and other causes. Sea level is rising. Ocean acidification is a real threat. We are altering Earth's natural cycles. We have entered the Anthropocene, a new geological epoch dominated by humanity. This relentless pressure on our planet risks unprecedented destabilization. But our creativity, energy and industry offer hope. We have shaped our past. We are shaping our present. We can shape our future. You and I are part of this story. We are the first generation to realize this new responsibility. As the population grows to nine billion, we must find a safe operating space for humanity. For the sake of future generations. Welcome to the Anthropocene.


Hello and welcome to the chair of the week video with me Dave Madden. Today's date is Thursday the 7th of June 2018 and the time has just gone 12 10 British summertime. This week's chart of the week is the Dow Jones as we call on a platform the US 30 After many months of broadly pushing higher after the major sell-off and start of the year We're finally seeing signs that Dow Jones could be looking to actually break higher It's set to it's set to open at a three-month high today And also if you take a look at the price action over the last number of months We have seen a series of higher lows this red line here is the Trinity moving average and on a number of occasions the Dow traded south of the Trinity moving average over the last few weeks It's been firmly above the Trinity moving average Which is a positive sign if you draw a line between the lows of February and the lows of May we can see We can see that that trend line support is coming to play and of course the Dow Jones is well above that trend line So also positive It is worth noting that the S&P 500 is also set to open at a three-month high and only yesterday We've seen record highs above the Nasdaq and also the Russell 2000 So it confirms with the ties in nicely with the broader set positive sentiment in US equities And also if you look at take a look at the price action in recent sessions as been moving higher here And take a look at the MACD indicator We can see it swung from negative momentum to positive momentum and the positive momentum is actually expanding now So the move higher in recent sessions has been confirmed by the increase in positive momentum So the momentum is clearly with the buyers If it could do continue to push on higher from here the next level to watch out for to the upside could be the mid March high of 25,507 and if we go beyond that we could be looking at the mid February high of 25,821 Beyond that 26,000 is it's a big psychological number to watch out for and then beyond that We could be looking at it's district region here of 26,250 where there's not a consolidation And if you go beyond that we can then be looking at retesting the all-time highs of January of 26,706 What if you do move to the downside that could potentially be an opportunity for fresh buyers to enter the fold So if we do drift lower from here support may come into play at this this yellow line here at the one or two moving average Which comes to play at just south of 24,824,796 Notice how recently this particular line acted as both support and resistant in recent sessions And if I acted as both support and resistant in recent sessions, it makes it more likely that it will do in the future a Drop below there could take us back down to this to this blue line here the 50 moving average Which comes to play at 24,470 and once again notice how a few occasions the market drifted below the 50 moving average But it still managed to retake it again. So these are areas we could see Potential support coming to play should we turn lower If you move south of the 50 moving average the next Very to watch out for whether this will be this red line here the eternity moving average which comes to play at 24,000 24,146 there has been a couple of occasions where the Market drop below the eternity moving average in recent months But as I thought Spanish should regain it. It's only if you break this trend line here Which which comes into play in around 23,750 Could could then that should be a sign that the market is actually gonna head retest the Favorites of the 2018 lows of 23,138. Well, that's all for me this week. Thank you very much


An 8-2 Yankee lead over the Nationals and in the top of the fifth and spring we get to talk to the Yankees skipper Aaron Boone All right Aaron First of all, what did you think of Masahiro Tanaka today two innings of work in his spring debut? Good. I thought he was overall pretty sharp Got hung the one split that he he gave up the Homer But I thought accomplished what he want worked in the cutter through some good splits A good day's work for him and kind of getting them up to that two innings and Onward and upward for Masa. We've heard a lot about the cutter in the implementation of it for Masahiro Tanaka How do you envision that? Amplifying his arsenal this season. Well, I mean if it if it can become more of a factor for him You know, it just gives him another weapon You know more against left-handed pitching to kind of give him a little bit of a presence inside part of the plate And should help, you know help his split play a little bit better as well to those batters Aaron obviously the devastating news yesterday with Luis Severino that he is gonna undergo Tommy John surgery tomorrow I mean, what was the emotional reaction like of the club when you guys got that news? You know obviously I think you're Mind and your heart just goes to Luis and what it means to him and obviously last year missing as much time as he did And kind of fighting his way back and becoming a factor for us down the stretch and in the playoffs And just excited about what was ahead for him this year.  Hopefully at some point next year, but Just feel for him right now as a team will we're equipped to handle this and we'll manage and we'll figure it out and It'll create another opportunity For someone else to kick that door in Yeah, Aaron, you know, it's obviously a transition on your pitching staff your new pitching coach Matt Blake You know, we're hearing a lot of grave reviews from the pitchers so far, you know How's that gone so far anybody else in the off-season you're interviewed that you might have been impressed with too No, but Coney was great in the in in our interview process It was it was a rigorous process when we went through we interviewed a lot of guys and Coney by the way You did you did great and and everyone feels that way about you and knows all the things that you bring You know just with with who you are and your knowledge of pitching But ultimately we did settle on that plate Sounds like the right choice to me. He's he's been great. You know, he's got his his understanding of You know, I think the delivery and pitching Obviously a lot of the new new things that are used in our game from a pitching standpoint He's very up to speed on and understands But he's he's he's really just got a good way about him that he's able to easily connect with people And I think that's really shown up here so far at camp and feel like we're off to a really good start You know as a result of him, you know, Aaron Do you see that it seems to me like the players are Getting more involved with some of the new data and technology more receptive to it even some of the veteran guys Is that a good read on my part? Yeah, I think that's kind of the the next You know as this continues to evolve, you know, these guys are more and more familiar about, you know How they're being measured and the tools used and and some guys you see more and more Incorporating these things on their own in the off-season So there is more of a not of a knowledge of it and it's been interesting to see our guys Kind of with amongst each other, you know when they're in there when they're in the bullpen and you know throwing throwing pens And there's four guys down there. They'll kind of communicate with each other What do you see in and they they have an idea what they're looking at and and looking for different things? From some of the informational things that we're able to bring them But that communication between players is happening a lot more than than even a year ago And we saw Brett Garner get here with a pitch in his second plate appearance How is he doing? Is there any you know, is he alright? Yeah, he's fine.  No, he's fine back to the pitching side of things What stood out to you thus far about Jordan Montgomery and camp? Velo first of all The Velo that we've consistently seen in all of his sides His his live BP's and then his his first game. He's been he's been 92 to 94 Consistently where you think about him in the past. It's been 89 90 So we've really seen his fastball play better here in the early going the change-up in the curveball Which are two really good pitches for him look the part and any sharp with them But we're really excited about the way Monty looks his body's in great shape. He's you know, I feel like Potentially taking it, you know to another level and I think if his fastball gets the kind of play that it looks like it's getting right now You know it that's an exciting prospect for him Yeah, and I know he was I think probably the best rookie pitcher in the American League a couple years back I mean if you stepped up well against the almost every other rookie starting pitcher I mean what is he gonna be ready for a full workload or is he gonna still require a little protection? Yeah, I mean we'll see I mean, you know Obviously at some point if everything's going well, there's probably some level of pullback or protection that he'll need But you know, he'll have a chance here out of the gates to just kind of continue to prove himself and show himself But you know, you talk about that rookie year. He had in 17 Goni, I mean he was doing that kind of typically pitching around 89 90 miles an hour where his Now if we're seeing this true bump in in Vilo I think it's I think it could be even more of a game changer for him to really highlight his his outstanding change up at curveball You know, it's I know you can probably work around the fifth starter role As you see Jordan Montgomery's numbers there in 2017 those 29 starts solid numbers. I mean What does a guy like a Debbie Garcia have to do to break through I mean I know that he's young He probably needs more time in the minor leagues. Is there a chance that somebody like that can explode on the scene here and change your mind? I think there's always a chance I think the biggest thing that we want to make sure you know because You know, obviously with Seve going down and with packs not being available to us probably the first month of the season Like we don't want to just force someone here Out of out of a short-term need so when you talk about a guy like David Garcia and some of our you know other guys Not that they can't kick in the door and potentially Impact is very early, but we don't want to do it just based on need and feel like we're rushing any kind of development Just out of the outstretched arm over Shella so first and second two out which gives us a little more time with Yankees manager Aaron Boone Aaron Miguel and do hard getting his first start in left field today I mean how at this moment in time obviously this is the first time we're seeing him in a game But I mean how realistic do you think it's going to be for you to feel comfortable trotting him out into the outfield early in this season? Well, I would say early returns on the work that we've seen Are really encouraging so I absolutely think it's possible You know now it's about doing it in the game and seeing what it looks like it feels like and So he's gonna get those reps down here as much as we can while while also being smart in the way that we build them up Knowing that he hasn't played in a year So we got to be mindful of that but the early retreat returns of how he's looked out there I've been really good, you know You had the first play in the game where Glaber's you know called for it and make he came in and Rightfully called him off and took charge out there. So that was good to see But you know the good thing is maybe he's healthy. He's physically in a really good spot and Just looking forward to seeing him play and be healthy and hopefully You know can can prove himself in a couple other positions and give us that option How about his work around first Aaron? How's that looked? No, we haven't seen that in a game yet But you know that's something he's flirted with a little bit in the past and been working a lot on you know backfields and stuff So we'll get him in there At first here again You know at some point probably in the next few days I think that his next time out will we'll have him back in the outfield again And then you know obviously we can neglect third as well So we'll continue to move him around try and be smart with it But but hopefully it's you know, he can continue to give us more and more options because obviously is that special The O2 from Tommy Cainley is fouled away Aaron, I know you get asked this on a daily basis, but our fans will always want to know So what's the latest on Aaron judge and when we might see him? Yeah, judge. He's doing good He's He's you know, we're kind of because of the calendar more than anything Taking it slow with him. So we're building them up. He didn't hit today. Today was the day off from from hitting He'll hit again tomorrow in the cage and throw I would say we have the off-day Monday will come out of there Tuesday and probably have a good idea that potentially Sometime in the middle later part of next week They'll probably debut and looks like he's on track for that but health-wise he's doing great All right, great stuff Aaron. Thanks for all the time as always. All right guys. Good to see you


The combination of single-cell and spatial gene expression analysis technologies provides a more comprehensive understanding of tissue heterogeneity in clinical samples, allowing for the identification of biomarkers involved in cancer progression and rare boundary cells that contribute to tumor spread. This article was authored by Amanda Jansik, Robert Shalanski, Andrew D. Gostow, and others.


But, let's not wait any longer, I want to get to our first award of the night. Our first award is a brand new category, this is the new NEA Foundation Equity Partner Award, which honors individuals and organizations that have demonstrated an outstanding commitment to address equity and opportunity gaps in public education. And we could not have found a better fit for the inaugural recipient of this award than Californians for Justice. Californians for Justice describes itself as a youth-powered organization elevating the voices of youth and empowering young people to create a more just future. Through Californians for Justice, youth leaders partner with teachers, schools, policy leaders, and forge powerful alliances that advance a youth-centered vision for healthy, just, and vibrant schools. Through high school clubs and after-school programming, youth become community leaders organizing and activating their peers to take action at school board and budget meetings and more. Their alliances have advanced transformative changes throughout the state of California to prioritize educational equity and racial justice. They are fierce and their impact is as impressive as it is widespread. The NEA Foundation is proud to honor tonight's recipient of the first ever NEA Foundation Equity Partner Award to Californians for Justice. Accepting this award, please join me in welcoming Californians for Justice Communications Director Hannah Esqueda Freeman. Wow, we are fierce, definitely. Thank you so much to the NEA Foundation for honoring us with this inaugural award. It's really exciting and there's so many great people that I need to thank, including our board and leadership team. But I want to take the opportunity to give a special shout out to all of our amazing organizers. They are the ones who work day in and day out directly with our students in Fresno, Long Beach, Oakland, and San Jose high schools. Yes! Yes! Yeah, so definitely a big applause for them. At Californians for Justice, we firmly believe that Black and Brown students are the leaders who we need to be transforming our schools. Yes! Youth organizers have led and shaped each of our campaigns over the last two decades. From winning local and state budgets, shaping policy, and even adopting and implementing the historic equity formula in California public schools, which prioritizes low-income foster youth and English language learners. We are so proud. I'd like to briefly share a quick quote from one of our amazing student leaders, Megan Lane, out of Long Beach. So Megan says, quote, being a person who was affected by the school-to-prison pipeline and student tracking, school transformation is important to me. Californians for Justice was a way to get me out, get me out of the place where everyone was pushing me to go. CFJ was there to take me in and help me really focus on my education, but also what I find valuable in life. Just really appreciate our students. I want to close by just saying thank you all so much for supporting our efforts. We really believe that together with students, educators, teachers, admin, unions, and community allies, we can transform our public schools to be the places of healing, joy, and opportunity that our students and families deserve. So thank you.


Welcome to Newsdesk on SiliconANGLE TV for Thursday, October 18, 2012. I'm Kristen Folletti. Third-quarter earnings reports are rolling in. What are they revealing for Nokia and Verizon? Here to provide his breaking analysis on the rise and fall of earnings and to provide some valley perspective on color is SiliconANGLE founder John Furrier. Good morning, John. How are you? Nokia this morning published its financial results for the third quarter of 2012 hosting almost three-quarters of a billion dollar operating loss on nearly 10 billion in net sales. So what action does Nokia need to take to get out of this slump? I mean, I think Nokia is one of those stories that was such a huge company in terms of phone penetration over the years with mobile phones and had a huge dominance on a global basis. Have just been decimated by the smartphone business. So obviously, they're taking their lumps.  What they really got to do, Nokia has recognized that they are where they are. They have some market share outside the U.S. in a big way. They still have a chunk of market position and they have to recognize that they are essentially at the back of the pack at this point and not try to win the number one spot right away. What they need to do is just stay with this growth in the market and understand that they'll still get more share and have a specific share growth plan. That's my analysis because the market is still growing with mobile. So they have a ton of opportunity left. It's not a total implosion at this point. Do you believe Nokia's backing of Microsoft's new Windows Phone 8 operating system, which doesn't launch until October 29th, is what stalled sales? Absolutely. And that's one factor. We talked about that yesterday about Intel and their earnings. Cosade has this effect. Everyone's kind of down on Microsoft, but it's such a big position in the market and any swing with Microsoft affects other players. That is clearly the case here, and Nokia certainly is hitching up with Microsoft and betting the ranch on that relationship. Do you think the new Lumia 920 and Lumia 820 will be able to reverse the smartphone slide in the fourth quarter? I think it has a good chance of at least creating a change in direction for the company in terms of up or down. I don't think it's a sink or swim. I think the sooner they get a good product out in the market, they'll just get a lift off the overall growth. So I do think that they will help them, and ultimately their execution will ultimately determine. Again, this market is growing, so if you can just get in with a product that's good enough and you price it properly, it will stay with the growth of the market. And again, pricing is critical because of the competition is so high for the first couple of players in the business, Microsoft. I mean Apple and Google, for example. So get in there with the product, price it effectively, and draft off the leaders. That's a good strategy. If it does that, it should do well. Mark Risen-Hupkins helped us dive into all the specific details yesterday regarding the rollout of Windows 8 on the Surface, Xbox, and the desktop. The Surface is part of the new world that Nokia is playing in with regard to Windows 8 mobile. But what does that mean for long-term partners of Microsoft like IBM, Dell, HP, and others? Well, I'm sure Mark did a great drill down. He's got that covered. What's Microsoft's working on? And he's been deep in Microsoft, as well as John Casoretto. My angle on this is a little bit different. I mean, I've worked with Microsoft for now 20-something years and going back to my relationship back with it, HP. Microsoft has always been basically based on relying on all their hardware partners. But with Apple and Google vertically integrating, and you've seen that even with Oracle and the Enterprise, Microsoft's basically trying to build their own tablet and hardware platform, which I think is just more of an R&D effort for them, but they have to end up going there. Purpose-built hardware is a big trend, but this is a direct conflict with Microsoft's core business strategy. And again, they do zillions of dollars with these guys. So HP, IBM, Dell, all of the hardware manufacturers rely on the operating system of Microsoft. So the Surface is great. It's getting a lot of hype. It's cool, and some great conversations going around that. But deep in the ecosystem of their business model, it's a direct channel or product conflict for Microsoft.  And we saw Google do this with the original Nexus phone. So it's not an uncommon practice, and I think it's a good balance for the vendors. So if Microsoft plays this properly, they can lead the pack and provide innovation as a lighthouse for the other ships to come into their harbor, which is HP, Dell, and Microsoft. So keeping them balanced and innovating on the hardware will certainly hopefully do that. If Microsoft decides to go fully integrated, then it's a direct threat, and then it'll have ripple effects throughout the industry. On the flip side, Verizon is reveling in their third quarter report. The wireless service provider has revealed their third consecutive quarter of double-digit growth. What can they attribute to their earning success? I think their earning success is directly related to the fact that they saw this coming big time. So if you go back five to six years, you'll see the transition as Wi-Fi was booming. All the carriers were investing heavily in CapEx investments, including AT&T at the time, which was a real crappy service. So AT&T and Verizon in particular invested billions of dollars in CapEx capital equipment for tower construction, tower placements, bandwidth, backhaul, all the plumbing to power the towers. And then what happened is obviously the growth of the iPhone and smartphone market comes in in 2007. That completely changes the market in terms of data and voice. And now with LTE, it's a huge lift for Verizon. So LTE, long-term evolution, which is the high speed, amazing speed, blows people away. Even the top geeks in Silicon Valley when they see it for the first time go, my God, look how fast this is. This is really powerful. This is going to power the data market that has been constraining their networks. And as long as they have the capacity, they're going to be differentiating on the quality of their speed. So Verizon really made their bones with this back in the day when the cell phone market was booming. They had great coverage and they had great reliability. So if they can move to that formula, which they have done with LTE, they will be a big winner. So let's turn to the Valley for a bit. Just about everybody seems to have an opinion on the mobile full photo sharing startup, Color. We talked briefly with Kristin Nicole earlier today. And they didn't, in fact, shut down the company, but are planning on selling to Apple. So what do you think was the source of this misinformation and confusion? Well, a couple things going on. So Color's the startup in Silicon Valley. Kristin talked about that had raised $41 million and then kind of been struggling. But there's two things going on. I'll take that in two parts. One is the ecosystem of Silicon Valley in general. There's also a Wall Street Journal article about Google Ventures and being so great. There's inherent conflict with the Valley right now. Right now in Silicon Valley, there just really isn't anyone that I'm seeing in the current cadre of investors, including the angel, super angel investors, that want to build a durable company. It seems to be quick flip artists going in here saying I'm going to put money in and sell it. Even the Wall Street Journal today acknowledged Google directly saying, yeah, the role of the VCs is to invest, find a company, grow it, and then sell it. That's not the way it should work. It should be invest in a company, go for the long term, build a durable business, build the next Apple or Google. So there's inherent dynamics going on in the entrepreneurial community, and that's driven a lot by a lot of factors. But so that's a big change going on right now. So there's disruption in the VC community around philosophy and also tactical investment decisions. Color was one of those investments where it really was a good opportunity. You had an experienced founder in Bill Nguyen. He worked at companies like Phone.com. I've met him a bunch of times. He is an experienced founder. He started companies. He's recruited teams. He's created liquidity. He's gone public. This guy is really good. Now he's eccentric and he's kind of wild and crazy, but that's a good in a good way, crazy. He raised a lot of money for a good opportunity with mobile file sharing. The big problem here was is that the press killed them. Sites like TechCrunch and these Venture Beat and these guys just absolutely destroyed them. And they should be ashamed of themselves for that because they were just completely hyping up these guys and then taking them down to drive pages. To me, that's the big problem here and that's negative journalism. You know the founders at Color and the culture of the Valley. What are the larger implications for tech startups? I think this is a great example of couple things. One is the ecosystem is changing. One around financing. And you got to really pick the selection of your parties. I was mentioning earlier the puff piece about Google Ventures is interesting. But the investment climate is old, old ways gone. I mean it was the article that was written. I forget who wrote it, but the old way of launching a company is over. Big splash in the pool and that's what Color did.   That's not like that anymore with social media. So that's one thing that's changed. The other thing that's changed is companies need to control their own narrative. And I think with social media in particular, Twitter, Facebook, it's a company's obligation to basically be on the network daily working with people. It's like open up a storefront. So the actual dynamics of public relations have changed. And if companies do that successfully, they can actually turn that into a product advantage for them in sourcing information from the crowd. So with mobile computing and crowd sourcing, the dynamics of the startup execution of conception, financing, launching a product has completely changed. I mean literally just in the past five years this is complete transformation. Well, John, it looks like we're out of time for today but thanks so much for joining us and we'll talk with you again soon. Thanks. For in-depth coverage on News of the Day and the latest breaking analysis, join us daily at News Desk on SiliconANGLE TV.


What if I were to tell you that we just got some pretty strong evidence that the Nintendo Switch 2 is a massively powerful machine at least relative to what the Nintendo Switch 2 could be and this is due to a semi-confirmation. It's technically a rumor or a leak depending on how you want to approach the sourcing on this but it is from someone who is one of the most reliable people for this stuff out there on a major AAA game coming day one to the next generation Switch. And this game is, yes, a next generation exclusive game so this isn't like a PlayStation 4 or Xbox One version or whatever, it's obviously not coming to Nintendo Switch and is something that is probably based on the franchise's history going to be a visual feast and yeah it's going to be there on the next Switch day one. What are we talking about? Well before we dive in I want to remind you we're on a road to 150,000 subscribers so I want to, you know, just preface that I would appreciate if you would subscribe to the channel to help us get closer to our goal, drop a like if you're enjoying the video and ring a link, that ding a link to be notified of all future uploads and videos and podcasts including our podcast tonight featuring some bro nation, Jake Randall, Andres Restart, Eric Moore, and maybe another special guest so stay tuned for that it's going to be a good show tonight at 8pm central time. Now let's dive into this because what are we talking about? Well there has been some reports coming out today about a massive AAA game coming to Nintendo Switch 2. Now the reports are actually not about it coming to Nintendo Switch 2, the reports are actually about the game's story. This originally broke at Insider Gaming but ended up spreading to a whole bunch of places who corroborated it and that is that Far Cry 7 had a bunch of story details outlined. Now the story itself is not entirely spoiled, this is more of an outline of events and again I don't want to dive too deep into this stuff because yeah story spoilers are story spoilers and the point of this video isn't to talk about Far Cry 7's story spoilers. No it's to talk about the fact that Far Cry 7 is coming to Nintendo Switch 2. In the tweet announcing the story details from Insider Gaming, Necro Felipe, one of the big guys who runs Universal Nintendo and yes was 100% spot on with the last Nintendo Direct the Direct before that and several little details along the way including some of the demos from Gamescom. This guy is connected and he's been right on a lot of things and I have a deep respect for what he does. He literally responded to that tweet and said, this game will launch day one on the next Switch system. His exact words. Now people were obviously like wait a second whoa whoa whoa whoa whoa. This system's not even announced, how can he be talking about this. So Alavan says I assume you mean it will have a version for Switch 2 at its launch rather than being a day one system launch title. If so you should probably clarify or edit and Necro clarifies and he says yeah it will launch day one along with the other console versions of the Switch next generation system. So what he is saying is that by the time this game comes out which there are some rumors and reports out there that this is a 2024 target title that the Nintendo Switch 2 will be out before this game comes out. So he's not saying oh this is going to be their day one at launch no no no no no no no the system is going to be out before this game comes out and this game is going to be their day one with the other console versions. That is awesome. What's even cooler is someone responded to him and said like the possible next gen Monster Hunter or Monster Hunter 6 question mark and Necro Felipe says yup. So I don't know if Necro Felipe here is confirming that we're also going to be getting the next generation Monster Hunter on Switch. It sort of seems like that's the way he's leaning here that he's kind of doing that. But dude that is insane. Let's think about this for a brief moment. What does this mean? Far Cry 7 as far as we're aware is a next generation so a generation 9 and an Xbox Series X slash PlayStation 5 exclusive game PC as well. And as far as we're aware it will not be coming to old platforms. And Far Cry is one of the most visually I guess oomph games out there. If you look at Far Cry 1 through 6 they literally are some of the most visually impressive games. Now what's also really cool about this is Far Cry is actually a franchise from Ubisoft. And Ubisoft as we know is major supporters of the Nintendo Switch. They collaborated on several things but they never really brought their latest and greatest games over. And if Far Cry 7 is coming over this would obviously indicate other games like Assassin's Creed the new ones would actually come over to this system as well. And I think the biggest news in this when we hear about Far Cry 7 coming to Nintendo Switch 2 assuming that it is again you can keep some skepticism for this is not a confirmation but this is pretty close to one even Necro Philippe's track record. The biggest takeaway is that this really means all AAA games are going to be coming to this system. If a AAA game can run on Nintendo Switch 2 the third parties that skipped the switch and regret that decision we've heard people at EA say they regret that decision we've heard people at Activision say they regret that decision. It sounds like they're going to be supporting in massive ways the Nintendo Switch 2. Nintendo Switch 2 might be the first platform from Nintendo to get full AAA game support. You know what's really crazy about this and how this actually turned out to work in Nintendo's favor the Nintendo Switch 2 is reportedly supposedly launching sometime next year maybe earlier in the year we don't know but either way it's launching sometime next year. The current generation systems in PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X have only just now this year started to get exclusive games to their generation where they're no longer making versions of games for PlayStation 4 and Xbox Series X I. Now that's still actually happening with some franchises but a lot of IP are starting to now make games exclusively for this generation and Nintendo Switch 2 is going to drop right in the heart of that happening. So what's kind of crazy is well obviously Nintendo Road Switch for a while they were still able to get games like Mortal Kombat 1 I know not an impressive port but they still got the game and other third party games because the PlayStation 4 was still being supported but now as we enter into when we're truly going to see what the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X are capable of with these generation exclusive versions of games what's really cool about this is that's when Nintendo's dropping their next system and this actually works into their favor because right as we get all these you know PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X like exclusive generation games that's right when Nintendo's given us the hardware that can run those very games so that is this actually worked out beautifully for Nintendo if you really think about it so I am really excited to see what's going on I don't know how this game is running I don't have any idea how it's going to stack up to the PlayStation 5 version what I do know is that obviously Nintendo's platforms can run this game and if it can run this game I don't foresee any future third-party game that couldn't run including a potential next generation exclusive Monster Hunter title which might have also just been confirmed or at least semi-confirmed again this isn't a confirmation it is a affirmation it is a highly credible leak slash report so you guys let me know what you think about this down in the comments below I am Nathaniel Rubble Jantz from Nintendo Prime I'm stupidly excited right now because I'm really really hyped about this but guess what I'm also really really hyped about the Milwaukee Bucks just got Damian Lillard team with Chris Middleton and Giannis Anzatecumpo along with Brook Lopez oh my gosh are we talking Bucks Championship this year I think we are you just found out I'm a major Milwaukee Bucks fan you guys are awesome I'll catch you in the next video


A warm welcome to the 27th session in the second module of the course Signals and Systems. In this module, we will continue from what we did in the previous two modules where we had worked very hard to generalize the Fourier series decomposition to the context where the signals are not periodic. The way we looked at it was that if the signal is not periodic, it amounts to saying the signal is periodic with a period of infinity. In other words, we make the fundamental frequency go towards 0, smaller and smaller. I mean, you know, it is not quite meaningful to think of the fundamental frequency as being equal to 0, that is exactly what the period going to infinity would imply. But what we must try and visualize is that we bring the points on the frequency axis closer and closer and closer together until we get the whole continuum. So, we get the whole continuum of the frequency axis which we have to populate with appropriate values. And those values are really obtained by using the ideas of vectors generalized to the context of functions. So, let me review a few key ideas which we have built in the last two sessions from which we will go ahead in this session to take an example and to build a few properties. So, we said the Fourier transform of the function h t is integral from minus to plus infinity h t raised to the power minus j omega t with respect to t and this is denoted by capital h of omega. So, we use capital letters to denote the corresponding Fourier transform and this is essentially an inner product of h t and the rotating complex phase a e raised to the power j omega t. This makes a lot of sense. What we are saying is that the inner product or dot product of the function with a rotating complex number rotating with an angular velocity of omega, now remember omega could take positive and negative real values and positive and negative real values really correspond to anticlockwise and clockwise rotation respectively. So, there is nothing very special about positive or negative values they are equally real or unreal as you might think. So, this idea of projection you can think of it as projecting the function onto a rotating phasor rotating with an angular velocity of omega. And what we worked hard in the last session to show was that if I took two such phasors rotating with angular velocities of omega 1 and omega 2, these two phasors are orthogonal in the limit and that orthogonality was in a slightly more generalized sense. What we showed in the previous session was that if I took the inner product of these two rotating phasors e raised to the power j omega 1 t and e raised to the power j omega 2 t, it would look something like this. In fact, this would essentially be an impulse or you could write it as delta omega 1 minus omega 2 times some constant let us call it kappa 1, kappa 1 a constant. Let us not bother too much about the constant. But the idea is that you know you have an impulse. Now you know you have to take recourse to generalized functions here because if you look at this integral carefully, this integral is divergent in the conventional form. You know if you look at this integral diverges in the sense of conventional function and that is why an impulse is required. Now what it means in loose language is that if I take two rotating phasors rotating with different angular velocities, even if that angular velocity is slightly different, they are in a certain notion orthogonal, perpendicular. Of course, I told you this is very loose language, not very precise. What one should say to be precise is that when I take the inner product of one rotating phasor with another, it really goes towards a generalized function located at omega 1 equal to omega 2 in the omega 1 omega 2 plane. But if one wants to be informal and explain this idea informally, one can say with some correctness that when we take the Fourier transform, we are projecting this function ht onto a set of orthogonal vectors, a mutually perpendicular. And once we recognize that and once we also accept here, I have not proved, but we will just accept that this constant k 1 which I wrote here, you know in this discussion here, this constant k 1 here is independent of the particular values of omega 1 and omega 2. So, with that background, we can now go on to reconstruct, reconstruct ht from h omega essentially using what we call the inverse Fourier transform. And the principle in the inverse Fourier transform, multiply each component by the corresponding orthogonal vector and integrate over all such vectors. And we express this mathematically as, so you notice that this is the component, this is the so called orthogonal vector and this is the combination or the integral. And this constant we recognized was to normalize the vector to make it a unit vector, makes a lot of sense. Multiply the component by the unit vector in the direction of that component, integrate over all such components and you hope to get back the original function ht. Now, there is a subtle point here. We have decomposed along several components for omega going from minus infinity to plus infinity. Do these components contain all that there is in the original ht? That is a subtle question. And frankly, we do not have the wherewithal in this course to answer that. So, those of you who are interested in answering this question should take up a book on Fourier analysis. Perhaps refer to text on functional analysis or real analysis or transform domain analysis as written by mathematicians. Here in this course, we are not too worried about that issue. We will just take it that this set is complete in the sense that if we take all these components for omega going from minus to plus infinity, it contains all that we need to reconstruct. We have not lost anything in the process. So, this decomposition and reconstruction is invertible. Now, you know to be very precise, it is not true for all functions ht. In fact, we had talked about certain conditions for which a Fourier series decomposition exists, namely the Dirichlet conditions. So, let us review the Dirichlet conditions. Let us review them in a few words. A finite number of maxima and minima in a finite interval. A finite number of discontinuities in a finite interval and bounded variable. These are the three things we need. In a finite interval, there must be only a finite number of maxima and minima, not like sine of 1 by x, if you remember that example. In a finite interval, there must be only a finite number of discontinuities, not like that step function which steps after every half of the remaining interval and steps by only half of what remains. That was an example. You could construct many others like that. But such functions are not amenable to Fourier analysis. And finally, bounded variation. You do not want the function to go to infinity loosely, indeed, at any point here. Now, of course, you know, there are generalizations or there are what we call boundary cases or boundary ways to understand the Fourier transform even when this bounded variation condition is not obeyed. We have the periphery of the Fourier transform if you might understand. But for the moment, let us understand these Dirichlet conditions as being adequate to ensure that there is the possibility of a Fourier transform. So, the moment you see Dirichlet conditions being violated, you can sense there is trouble. Fourier transform might not exist. So, it is not as if the Fourier transform is guaranteed for all functions. There is a class of functions for which you have a Fourier transform when you can invert the Fourier transform. In fact, there is also some amount of ambiguity in inversion, particularly at the points of discontinuity. We shall take that up in a discussion. But for the moment, let us assume everything is hunky dory. In particular, if you have no discontinuities at all, things are very good. Point wise, if the Dirichlet conditions are satisfied, there are no discontinuities. Point wise, you can reconstruct the function from its Fourier transform. There is no trouble. Now, there are also other issues here. For example, you take the simplest of the functions, a sine wave. It obeys all these. Now, it has a Fourier transform, but not a Fourier transform in the conventional sense of function. So, the Fourier transform of a sine wave is not a conventional function. It is a generalized function. So, the Dirichlet conditions are necessary, but they do not guarantee a Fourier transform in the sense of conventional functions. The Fourier transform might require generalized functions to come in. We shall now illustrate these ideas with a few examples in the next session. Thank you.