Empaths have frequently been depicted in the media as a kind of real-life superhero. Their ability to feel what others feel means they have a very high social tolerance and a strong drive to help or save people. To top it off, compassion and affection actively flow from them. Which makes narcissists their customized predators. The narcissist's voracious need to feed is bottomless. They're custom made to trap and hold onto empaths, draining them and never giving them back. The empath believes they're providing compassion like a safety blanket. When in reality, the narcissist is using that same compassion as an anchor for their hooks. Dislodging and escaping those hooks requires shattering illusions about the narcissist and revealing the faults inherent to the source of empathic behaviors. So grab a glass of water as some hard to swallow pills are being served. Doesn't taste great, but they're good for you. 1. Narcissists will never fulfill the covert contract. Here's the hard truth. On some level, we all do things for some sort of self-benefit. A holy person fasts to reach a higher plane of consciousness. Giving to charity feels good because we're helping others. And empaths give goodness to get goodness. That's their covert contract. Never heard of that? Well, you wouldn't have. As being unspoken is the nature of the covert contract. It also fuels the hamster wheel of resentment. The contract is an implicit expectation that giving emotionally earns a return of fulfilled emotional needs. Admitting the expectation is a breach of contract. The empath perceiving themselves selfish and effective. So when they don't get their meats net, they ramp up the output. Assuming they haven't earned the return. All the while silently feeling hurt, worthless, and resentful. Unspoken expectation is frustrating for anyone. With a narcissist, it's a disaster. To provide any return, you have to care about the other person. And narcissists don't. They see others as mere feeding trials. And if a regular person is a snack, an empath is a catered all-you-can-eat buffet. To leave the wheel, the empath might need to admit their underlying beliefs, base themselves, learn that they are absolutely in their right to enforce their boundaries and ask for what they need. While stating it kindly and respectfully, of course. Number two, you can't save someone who doesn't want it. Empaths want to help, improve, and save people. They think, I could really help them if I, which can work to an extent. For many, but not with a narcissist. To accept help means you need assistance. Assistance is needed because there's something that needs to change. Changes are made because something could be better. If it can be better, that means it wasn't perfect before. It follows that accepting help about your behavior means accepting the idea that you could improve or change. Narcissists, by definition of their condition, believe themselves and constantly impress on others that they are idealized beings. So they don't need help. They don't need to fix what isn't broken. Lacking empathy, narcissists feel no issues in feeding off others for ego maintenance. They enjoy it. If they accepted help, they'd be double whammy'd. They'd have to stop feeding and they'd have to admit they need some fixing. The bitter pill is you can't help someone who doesn't want to be helped. They won't fix something they don't see as broken. Solution, take a healthy swallow of water and realize their delusion is not your problem. Number three, emotions can't replace your brain. This is not simply a gut feeling. Gut feeling is often due to real evidence that is subconsciously picked up but just isn't in clear detail. Empaths fall prey to emotional thinking. Emotional thinking is based completely off feeling. Overriding logic, reason, and anything else presented. Even if it's opposing hard, tangible evidence. This is a risk when emotions are your superpower. Sometimes they go rogue, making the person turn away from the facts. An example is when someone feels they're stupid, despite achieving average or higher than average grades or even a degree. Like any predator, narcissists sniff out the opportunity knowing that empaths tend to choose emotion over evidence. They're set up as easy prey to fool and trap. The narcissist simply overwhelms the empath's compassion trigger. The empath who is completely unquestioning of their emotional thinking can disregard any and all other abuses and signs to help or care for the poor victim. Any questioning and the narcissist cranks the dial on the heart-string puller, steering the empath away from outside wisdoms or truths. To break free, the empath needs to value their mind and ask questions. They have a right to know. Number four, narcissists are disordered and morally bankrupt. The definition of bankrupt is completely lacking in a particular quality or value. Thus, being morally bankrupt, narcissists can't be trusted to do what most people would do. Most people will have some level of predictability due to identifying with how others feel. For example, they won't lie to someone about their partner because it will hurt them or wreck their relationship. Narcissists, since they lack empathy, their emotions are centered around themselves. They feel superior and self-entitled to favorable treatment. How they choose to act depends only on personal gain, meaning they will lie to someone about their partner if it breaks them up, giving the narcissist a fresh ego-feeding supply. Unpredictability is cliffhanger-like, and it gets worse when they feel their supply pulling away or getting low. The empath gets clingier or more attentive, trying to anticipate which way the narcissist will go. Thus, the narcissist gets more attention and has reeled their supply back in. Compassionate benefit of the doubt is employed by the empath to disregard or hand-wave questionable behaviors. However, this needs to stop in order to confirm if they're being used. Questioning or calling them out cuts off their supply, threatens the narcissist's idealized image, and forces them to look at their own insecurities. They would now view the empaths as useless, maybe even dangerous. They will leave them alone, and by doing this, the manipulation stops. Number five. It's all a fantasy. It's not real. This is a two-fold fantasy. On the first level, the narcissists live in their own fantasy world of overblown self-importance, where everything revolves around their idealized selves. The second level is the empaths, allowing themselves to be fooled by the narcissist's fantasy. They're manipulated into focusing on saving the narcissist and believing they will receive love in return. Neither which can nor will come true. The whole fantasy may be spun into a grand tragic romance of soulmates seeking to complete each other. When in truth, it plays out more like a karmic lesson of this is exactly everything love is not. The empath has to in order to escape except this disappointing truth and learn from it. Number six. Abuse means genuine love was never a part of the picture. Love does not involve abuse. This isn't negotiable. Abuse means this isn't an accident or a single bad day. It's a pattern of repeated purposeful, conscious, garbage treatment over time. This also means that the fake affection can be from any type of constant interaction deemed a relationship. It could be romantic, familial, or even that coworker who does you a solid. If there is a habitual pattern of abusive or denigrating behavior, they are devoid of emotional empathy. The bitter pill here. It's one many of us non-narcissists have a hard time with. Empath or not. The truth is that no matter how nice the narcissist was at the beginning of the relationship or even after a fight, they never loved their partner. This is so emotionally psychologically unbelievable. The empath is grasping at shreds of reason, saying that surely some of it was real, or it was real before something went wrong. Hard fact is, narcissism isn't a part-time deal. The whole thing was a purposefully built illusion. Every single thing they did or said was with the cold, singular purpose of keeping the ego meal train running. Getting past this and out of the narcissist clutches means accepting that time lost can't be retrieved or retconned into something true. They need to value their future. Stop letting it be drained and wasted by the narcissist. Their best option is to cut off the supply and walk. We understand that if you're an empath, being in a similar situation or are currently in one, those six truths probably felt like dry swallowing horse pills. Like taking bitter medicine or waxing, though the results of partaking have long-term beneficial effects. There are also necessary truths to truly accept in order to get out of the narcissist's tarp hit. Did you resonate with or recognize any of these points? Lend and share your insights in the comments. We've thrown our rope of hope, and if it helps you or others, maybe you'll swing on to the next video. Thanks for watching.


I haven't kept you waiting. Yes, this is the crime club. I'm the librarian. Death is a knockout. Yes, we have that story for you. Come right over. Take the easy chair by the window. Comfortable? The manuscript is on this shelf. Here it is. Death is a knockout. A very exciting story of a golden opportunity that was melted down by murder. Let's look at it under the reading lamp. It was the night of the Joey Troy Billy Samson light heavyweight boxing match. And the crowd was already pushing into Madison Square Garden, filling it up. A few blocks away, another match was taking place in a small cafe. Between Hank Barnum, a sports writer, and lovely Anne Cooper, a reporter. Look, Pete's sake, and you might try to be reasonable. Don't tell me, Hank. You're a personal friend of Pop Evans, Joey Troy's manager. You were the first one to give Joey Troy a break in print. There are no more tickets left. Why didn't you ask me a few days ago? I might have been able to swing a patch. I didn't see what I see now. What do you see now? A human interest story. The romance between Joey Troy and that girl of his. What's your name? Mabel Smith. Oh, yeah. Oh, but Anne, that's been going on for years. I told you all about it. It was never important until tonight. And tonight? I've got a yen to do a feature. Joey Troy, the brainless wonder fighting for a crack at the champ. Tonight, Billy Samson. Next year, the champ. Who pushed him up the cliff to those dizzy heights? Pop Evans. No, dear, not according to my story. It was a girl who stuck to him, inspired him, gave him the will to make good. Oh, by the way, who's that gorgeous redhead coming this way? Huh? Oh, that's Mabel Smith. I figured you'd be having dinner in this joint. You mind if I sit down? Mabel, this is Anne Cooper. Hello. Yeah, Hank, I got to talk to you about something very important. OK, go ahead. What about her? She's all right. Oh, OK. I trouble, Hank. You enjoy? No, it's Marty French. He wants Pop to get Joey to throw the fight. But Pop ain't doing it, and that means it. Oh, no, take it easy, Mabel. What's the proposition? 50,000 of Joey takes on the chin in the fourth round. Well, why didn't Pop tell me about it? He's scared, Steve. The story broken, the papers, the fight might be called off. Would that be bad for Joey's morale? He don't know what's cooking, Miss Cooper. We didn't tell him. Why not?  He'd go after Marty and kill him. What do you want me to do, Mabel? You're going to be in Joy's corner tonight, like always? Yeah. Well, keep an eye on the towels they wipe his face with between rounds. Make sure there's no drug on them. All right, honey. I'll do what I can. I'll be watching from the eighth row ringside. So long, Hank. I'll see you later. Goodbye, Miss Cooper. Goodbye, Mabel. Well, there's going to be a hot time in the old town tonight, and I'm burning up because I won't be there. Are you listening to me, Joey? Sure, Pop. You know I was listening. Now, keep pushing him. Don't give him a chance to get sick. You want me to take him this round, Pop? I'll let you know. You better tell me now, Pop. I don't hear so good when I'm fighting. There's the buzzer, kid. Now, we've got to clear out. But, Pop, what do I do? Go after him. But don't leave yourself open. OK.  Now, Pop, that's the fourth round coming up. What's so special about the fourth round, Hank? I think it could be a lucky number. Is that all? What's the matter with you tonight?  And what's the idea of checking the stuff we take in the ring? There's no harm in smelling the towels, is there? Well, it ain't necessary, either. Joey, get after him. You got him going now. Use both hands. Both hands. Don't give him a chance to get sick. He's going to knock him out, Hank. He's going to knock him out. Both hands, Joey. Don't let him get off the ropes. Pop, what's the matter? I don't. Pop. Pop Evans. Hey, somebody get a doctor quick. I didn't think you'd do it, Hank. I didn't think you'd try to commit murder with 20,000 people around it. People, are you sure you saw the gun? I told you. Marty French was sitting next to me. I know where the shot came from. I didn't hear a thing, and there isn't a mark on Pop. There was a shot, Hank. Marty was telling me how tough it would be if me and Joey never got married. And then Joey went to work on Billy Samson and him. He's coming, too. Shot. You see? He heard it, too. That's when he fainted. Shot. Joey. Joey. Take it easy, Pop. You got to relax.  I got to see Joey. He's been shot. He's all right, I tell you. Where is he? Upstairs winning a fight for you. Marty. I saw him carry your weight, Pop. I thought maybe I had an accident. You tried to kill him. Me? Hey, what's this? Something for the press? You got a gun on you, Marty. I'm going to tell you. Right if you'd rather talk to a cop. Hank, let's not have any trouble. Listen, Pop, are you afraid of this, Marty? I don't want any troubles. The way I let people talk about me, chalk it up to a good mood. I got news. Joey lost. No, sweetheart.  He gets first crack at the champ. When did it happen? Two minutes and 18 seconds to seventh round. I wasn't there to see him do it. I've been with him in every fight. And the biggest one so far. I've taken pictures now. And he's talking on the radio. You know how much I dropped tonight, Pop? That's got nothing to do with us. A hundred grand, sister. But don't get me wrong. I'm not sore. I'm considering it an investment. What does that mean, Marty?  Stick around.  Such as? Just stick around. Now, I bought a bottle of champagne. The best. What for? We're going to have a few drinks to Joey, to the next champ. Not with me or not. OK, then beat it. What? Say, who do you think you're talking to? Pop, tell her what I mean when I say, beat it. Maybe you better not wait for Joey. Yeah. All right. I know where I stand. I'll be at the apartment. What's the matter, Hank? You look puzzled. Pop, let me tell you. There was a deal on for the night knee re-naked. I didn't take any money from him, Hank. He sent one of his gangsters to train in camp with an envelope the sneak gave it to me and drove away. There was 20,000 bucks in it I didn't know. I promised you 30 more, didn't I? And I told you where to go. Where's the 20 grand? Where? Why, you dirty crook, I gave it back to you yesterday after Joey and I got back from the train camp. Oh, quit kidding, pal. You're not making any impression on the press. He is, Marty. I believe him. You don't say. Are you going to write about it? Huh? We'll wait for Joey, huh? Maybe he'll want to drink some of this champagne with us. I don't feel like talking. I'm depressed. You and Hank wasn't there to see me finish, pal. What took you so long, Joey? They was taking a lot of pictures, moving pictures. Where's Mabel? She had to go home, kid. Oh, for her? She always waits for me to get to work. She had to go home, big shot.  That's what you think. I don't want you to bother me. I don't feel so good. What's the matter, son?  Sure. You don't have to act like you're lost. I ain't putting them on never again. What? I mean it. Fighting's too dangerous. What? I'll be a monkey step son. Oh, wait a minute. Let's find out what he means. You know what almost happened in the ring tonight? What happens every time some guy hits me hard? What's that? I get mad, and I don't know what I'm doing, and I might kill some guy sometime, and then I'd be sorry. Oh, no, you're tired, kid. Come on, I'll give you a rub down. I don't want to be sorry. I don't want to kill nobody. You haven't killed anybody yet, and you're not going to. I'm scared, Pop. I never said it before because I don't want you to feel bad, but tonight. What's so different about tonight? I think they took Billy Sampson to the hospital, Hank. Oh. You'll get over it, Joey. And next year, when you're beating the champs. I don't want you to talk to me, Marty. Then you tell him, Pop. He's in the big money now. You're not letting him quit, are you? Listen, Joey, we've quite a long time to get you to the top. And what do you think you're going to do to Mabel if you walk out in us now? Mabel. She wants to be the champ someday. Maybe she wants you to be famous and have a lot of money. She's been waiting for you, son. For me to be champ? Sure she has. Now, if you quit, now you'll break her heart. That's worse than getting mad, ain't it? Yeah.  I don't think. Open that bottle of champagne, Hank. We're celebrating. Open it yourself. I just seen a miracle go to waste. OK, I don't mind. Is that the meal stuff? Right out of my private cellar. You want to pour it? Yeah. I like champagne. I'll get the glasses. Yeah, do that. And then we'll drink to the partnership of Marty French and Pop Evans. Partnership? I'm taking a half interest in Joey, Pop. For how much, Marty? The $20,000, I left him on deposit. And the $100,000, I lost on the fights. I got none of your money. Now get out of here. Now wait a minute. First, you sign this paper. A partnership agreement, $50,50 on Joey as long as he fights.  Am I? Are you going to put it on the front pages, Hank? Or tell the district attorney? OK. Then I say Pop took the money from me. Let him prove that he didn't. Hey, what's this I hear about a partnership?  I don't want you taking it for no partner. I don't like him. Yeah. You'll get over that, too. Well, I guess I picked the wrong time to be nice to you guys. Let's have the drinks. Yeah, here's yours, Marty. This one's for you, Pop.  One for you, one for me. Well, here goes to the next chair. And this is good. Can I have another one? Sure. Keep the bottle. Well, so long, pals. I'll see you tomorrow, Pop. Don't waste your time. You coming, Hank? With you.  Come on. Where? For a little walk. I got some plans I want to discuss with you. Not tonight, Marty. I'm spending it with nice people. I said you're coming, Hank. Would that bulge in your pocket be loaded? You want proof? Good night, folks. So long, Hank. I'll be there, pal. Let's have it, Marty. That's the idea of pushing a gun at me through your pockets. A gun? You fool, easy, Hank. Take a look. A package of chewing gum. I'm going back. The gun's in the other pocket. I'm going with you. Yeah. Oh, here. Keep yourself entertained. Have a stick. Oh, thanks. Well, you don't mind if I do a little chewing, do you? You've got a mouthful already. Yeah, somewhere like it. Keeps me busy. What about those plans you wanted to discuss with me? Oh, yeah. You and I are going to be boozing pals for the night. Really? In the morning, I suppose you'll throw me over for a blonde. You don't get it. We're going to be inseparable. You're going to be my alibi. Your what? Yeah, that's right. Something's liable to happen to one of those lugs in the dressing room. Now, look here, Marty. If you think your gorillas are going to. Don't get excited. I said liable. And that means that I, uh, uh. Hey, what's the matter with you? I don't know.  Marty. Marty. Well, I'll be. He's dead. That's an exciting situation, isn't it? What do you think will come of it? We'll return to the story in a moment. You see, I'd like to talk to you for just a minute. As librarian of the crime club, I'm extremely interested in what you think of crime stories. And all of us will be very grateful to you for a short letter about them. Do crime stories supply a kind of relaxation for you after your day's work? Do they perhaps take your mind off the various problems that you'd like to forget for a little while? Do you find them interesting as sidelights on the minds of evil doers and as illustrations of the eventual failure of evil? Won't you take just a few minutes to write to us to tell us why you listen to crime stories? Your thoughts are so important to us. A letter or a card will be most deeply appreciated. Won't you please write one to the crime club in care of the mutual broadcasting system, New York 18? You'll be doing a great service to us. And you'll be helping us in planning these programs for your enjoyment. The address is the crime club, care of the mutual broadcasting system, New York 18. May we hear from you? And you shall hear from us now as we continue the story of death is a knockout. Marty French is dead in the corridor outside Joey Troia's dressing room. It is 15 minutes later. And in the dressing room. I tell you, Hank, Joey didn't put a thing in Marty's drink. Listen, Pop, the police are going to be here in a few minutes. They're going to ask a lot of questions. He was all standing around this rub-down table, wasn't he? Did you see him do anything out of line? Not here. But we didn't see him pour the champagne. Wait a minute. I don't like what you're saying, Hank. That ain't friendship. All I want is the truth. Do you take that back? Take it back? No, Joey. Stop it, Pop. Pop, you're the boss. But he's got no right to put ideas in my head. All right, Joey. Now get dressed. We're going home. Maybe we're waiting. When did this happen, Pop? On the way home from the garden. After the cops told us we could go home.  I killed them, Naples.  I remember while I was pouring the champagne, I was listening to Marty tell Pop he was a pop. I was getting mad or every time he opened his mouth. It was a bottle of rub-n-down stuff on the table with the skull and bones on the label. You didn't use it.  I understand, honey. But maybe I did. Hank kept saying I did. How am I going to deal with him?  Matches and money. That's all you ever think about. Squeeze the gold out of him. What do I do to you? Maybe that ain't no way to talk to Pop. Don't tell me how to talk. Why don't he let us get married? Why don't he cancel that no-marriage clause in your contract? Well, I signed, Naples. Did you know it was there? Did you even bother to read the paper? No, honey. I was a kid and Pop said it was OK, so I listened, Pop. Joey, have I been a good manager to you? Oh, who says you wasn't? Didn't I take you into my house when you had nothing? I fed you. I clothed you. I'd built you up to be a leading contender. Well, I ain't complaining, Pop. All right, then. Believe me, son, marriage is no good for you now, not until you're the champ.  You hear that, Mabel? I got it to what Pop says.  Even so, now that I'm thinking, you wouldn't want to get hitched in no murderer. That again, huh? Well, maybe you know why you killed Marty. Yeah, he was getting them Pop's hair. He made me mad. Pop's hair? Sure. Say, Pop, even if Joey had 50 managers, he'd still get his 60%, but a partner would cut your profit in half. What are you getting at, Mabel?  No, that ain't so, Mabel. Pop ain't no killer. No. Watch me prove it. Get away from that phone, will you? Try and make me. I'm going to call the cops, and I'm going to get them the whole set up between you and Marty. Drop that phone. Hey, Pop, got it, are you trustin' on me? Well, I'm sorry. I didn't mean to lose my temper. But I want no more talk of murder. Now, look, Ann Cooper, you may be the light of my life, but you haven't got a better reason to be. But, Ann, darling, a girl can be lonesome. Oh, but, Ann, it's against the rules at two o'clock in the morning, and besides, I'm tired. Pop, you're out of circulation? Good night, dear. Good night. What is this, lover's lane?  So, all right, all right. But you better not be the milkman. Hank, I'm sorry to be bothering you. I think nothing of it, maybe I'm running open house. Joey's in trouble. Something besides murder. I'm serious. I just saw something in the papers. The coroner found poison in Marty's stomach. No kidding, and how did he get there? Joey thinks he did it. Hank, you gotta help me. Joey's innocent, but when I left the apartment he was talking about giving himself up. Now, that, maybe, may be the only idea he ever had. I thought you were his friend. What motive did he have for killing that gambler? He's crazy about Pop, and Marty was trying to hone in. Sure, on Pop. Now, would Joey rub out a guy with poison? You think it was too subtle for him? I know it. He'd do it the hard way with his knuckles. Could be. Say, Mabel, was the glass that Marty drank the champagne from Tessit by the police for poison? I don't know. Why? I thought that might have been in the papers, too. How'd you like to drive downtown with me? Where to? The Morgue, for a bird's eye view of Marty. Yeah, I'd like to, but I'd better stick close to Joey. In his frame of mind, you never know what he'll do next. Oh, it's you, Mr. Barnum. Come in. I'm always glad when somebody walks in here. How's business? Very quiet. What brings you to us at this hour? Marty French. Oh, yes. Would you like to see his body? Not this minute, but I would like to examine his clothes. Are they here? You, too? Who else? Well, there's a lady looking at him now. A lady? In the wardrobe room. She's very beautiful, Mr. Barnum. I don't often get a chance to... Is she about this tall? Yeah. And has she got blue eyes and a full mouth? A lovely mouth, Mr. Barnum. And when she walks, does she... Yes, Mr. Barnum, just like that. Is she a friend of yours? She was. And you don't know who I am for you, a live woman. Oh. Hello, darling. Hey, what are you doing here? Are you still lonesome? You wouldn't take me to the fight. Did you know there was going to be a murder? No, Ann, dear, but that's no reason for you to be picking a dead man's pocket. The police said he was poisoned. He drank champagne a few minutes before he died, and there was no poison in his glass. Are you sure of that? That's what they told me. So I came here looking for a clue. I'm a reporter, remember? What did you find? Oh, nothing much. This package of cigarettes, some loose change, and this package of... Oh. And just imagine how I felt when I pulled that out of his pocket.  Where's the package of chewing gum? How'd you know about that? I'm psychic. Let me have it. Oh, Hank, it's my favorite brand. Well, you better switch, honey. That kind good is what, for what, ails you. If you want to stop ailing for good. How can you be so sure that gum contains poison?  I like proof. All right, I'll give it to you. Here? Why not? It's a beautiful spring night, and the bugs run all their glory. Pardon me if I think you've gone. What? Bugs. Thank you, sweetheart. I take a stick of this gum, unwrap it, break it up into little pieces, and lay them on the sill of the car window. My mother always told me never to trust a sportswriter. In a few seconds, little bugs with wings will zoom out of the atmosphere to nibble at the bait. And won't they be surprised?  Ah, here they come. Look at them go for that sugar-coated poison. Have a good time, little brothers. You're helping me find the murderer. Oh, but Hank, are those bugs? Yes. Isn't it amazing? They're dying like flies. Joey, will you stop moping and go to bed? I ain't staying here in the apartment with you. I want Mabel. No, I don't know where she is. I've looked all over town for her. You ain't telling me the truth, Joe. You don't like Mabel. You twisted her arm. What's the matter with you? Boy, you're like a wild animal. Yeah, a wild animal. I get mad, and I don't know what I'm doing. I could kill a guy and not know I'm doing it. Come on, now you're tired.  I notice you getting mad like that, too. I killed anybody. I didn't know about it. That's the way you got it on me, Pop. Everybody knows I'm a dope. What are you trying to do, pin that murder on me? Mabel said you got the reason, didn't she? Well, that's it. Well, now listen to me, son. I'm not taking the nap for you or anybody else. What's so funny about that? You ain't so smart, Pop. I just tricked you up. Huh? You seen me do it, didn't you? So you do what? You saw me slip the poison in the glass. Now look at here, Joey. I don't want any more talk. Go to bed. I'm going to find Mabel. And then I'm going to give myself up to the cops. Look, Joey, please listen to me. You've got a brilliant career. We worked hard. We're near the top. You can't throw it away. Get out of my way, Pop. Think of me. I'm an old man. I can't go out and start looking for somebody else now. It takes years to build a good fighter, and I haven't got the time. Pop, you're making me mad. You owe me something. I pulled you out of a poor woman's agent or a human being. You're not going to let me down. I don't want to covet the appetite. I'm the winner. Pop, you're right.  I don't mean to hit you. We're going around in Central Park at 4 o'clock in the morning. What do you think we are, Hank? A couple of sailors? I don't like it any more than you do, Ann. But we've got to find Joey. We're not going to find him. Go to bed. Huh? There he is, sitting on that venton of the obelisk. Well, of all things. His favorite spot. That's where he met Mabel for the first time. Hello, Joey. Oh, it's you, Hank. Yeah, and this is Ann Cooper. How do you do? Pleased to meet you. What are you doing here, Joey? I couldn't find Mabel, so he wanted to be alone with my thoughts.   She wouldn't do nothing like that. She's a good kid. Now calm down, Joey. Have you seen Pop recently? Yeah, about an hour ago. And you know he's dead. Huh? What are you trying to give me, Hank? He ain't dead. He was when we saw him, Joey. Well, I hit him on the jaw because he made me mad. But I brung him through and he went to bed. We didn't find him in bed. He was on the floor. Somebody had cracked his skull with a hammer. Wait a minute. Do you say it was me? Would I dare? Not if you know what's good for you. Oh, I'm Mabel. Mabel, honey. I figured you might be sweating it out here, Joey. I couldn't find you anyplace else. They're telling me I killed Pop. Don't pay attention to him. They're not your friends. So you know about Pop too, huh? Why shouldn't I? I found him and I called the cops. Would you know who killed him? One of Marty's boys. And Pop got him because he killed Marty. Is that what you told the police? Yes. And I gave him the whole inside story about Pop and Marty too. Well, I guess that settles that. How about some gum? You got some, Hank? Mm-hmm. Right here. What kind is it? A popular kind. A kind Marty used to chew all the time. We found it in the pocket of his coat at the morgue. Huh?  I'm not afraid of nothing. Give me a piece. OK. One for you too, Mabel? No. I never chew. Oh, that's too bad. How about you, Ann? I don't mind. Don't forget to take the paper off, dear. Stop it, Joey. Well, what's the matter? Don't put that gum in your mouth. Why not, Mabel? Come on, Joey. We're getting out of here. Just a minute. We've got a few things to talk about first. If you add them up, they'll total like murder. Tell me, Ann, do you think the automobile will ever replace the horses? This is much more romantic. Carriage ride in Central Park by the dawn's early light. Yeah. Ann, darling. Hold your horses, Ann. When did you decide that Mabel killed Marty? When you found that package of chewing gum. He wasn't killed by the champagne, so therefore, and to whip. But how could she have slipped it into his pocket? You were all in Joey's dressing room together. She didn't do it there. She performed that bit of hocus pocus during the fight while Marty Frank was sitting next door, thinking about Pop's business. Oh, I see. And Marty was much too absorbed to know what was happening.  Because of Joey. What do you mean? Well, her idea in getting rid of Marty was to frame Pop. The old guy had a hold on Joey. She couldn't break. Then the unexpected happened. What unexpected? Joey, the big dope, developed guilt feelings and was going to throw himself at the chair. Oh, you never know, do you? Oh, well, Hank, don't you think the horse has many advantages over the automobile? Well, you can't eat an automobile.  So romantic and so peaceful.  Not yet. But it never hurts. Like a moonbeam on it. And look at me. What was the matter? Would you kill a couple of men just to get me? Don't be silly. Of course not. But I'd slaughter a couple of dozen women. And so close is tonight's crime club story. Death is a knockout. Steadman Coles wrote the radio script. Roger Bauer produced and directed. Tonight's cast included Sidney Smith as Hank Barnum, Ted DeCaulcia as Joey Troy. Barbara Joyce played Mabel Smith. Bill Smith was Pop Evans. Arthur Vinton was heard as Marty French. And Joan Tarkin was Ann Cooper. Oh, I beg your pardon. Hello. I hope I haven't kept you waiting. Yes, this is the crime club. I'm the librarian. Yes, come over a week from tonight. We have the very exciting story of love and politics in which the deciding vote was cast by death. It's called Herces, Don't Hurry by Stephen Ransom. In the meantime, well, in the meantime, there is a new crime club book available this week. And every week, it bookstores everywhere. Yes, it's available now. Fine, and we'll look for you next week. This program came from New York. This is the mutual broadcasting system.


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Unisor Education. We continue talking about mechanical work and we will solve a couple of problems. This is part of the course called Physics for Teens, presented on Unisor.com. By the way, if you found this lecture on YouTube, just searching the YouTube material, you better switch to Unisor.com because the same lecture is referenced from the website, but it's presented there as part of the course. So you have basically all the components of the course including textual material for each lecture, including problems, exams, etc. Plus the same website contains prerequisite for this course, which is called Mass for Teens. And the site is completely free. There are no advertisements, no financial strings attached. So I do recommend you to go to the whole course and take the whole course actually. First maybe mathematics as prerequisite and then the physics. Okay, now let's solve a few problems related to the work, mechanical work. Now the first problem is this following. You have an inclined slope and a certain force, which we don't know yet, which one, is pushing the object of mass m up the slope. Slope has angle phi and the height to which we move it is h. Also it is known that the object is moving up the slope with acceleration a. So these are four components which basically are describing what exactly we are doing. Now unfortunately we have the friction and there is a coefficient of friction given. Now using these components of the movement and the friction we have to calculate amount of work. Our force is performing, which is multiplication of the force. In this case force is constant obviously because there is a constant acceleration. Everything is constant here. So the force is constant so we just multiply it by the distance this force is acting. Now the distance is actually a simple thing because this is the hypotenuse of this triangle. Right triangle and there is a catatose h. So obviously distance is equal to h divided by sine of phi. Now the force is more important and it's kind of more difficult to calculate. And here is what we can do to get to the force. Let's think about this object. Now we know basically everything about this movement. So most likely we can apply the second Newton's law. Well since we know that there is an acceleration in the mass, I definitely know that m times a is equal to the total force which is acting in this particular direction. Now what kind of forces are acting on our object? Well obviously unknown force f which is pushing it up. What else? Well obviously there is a weight. Now the weight let's have it here. Weight p is equal to mg where g is free fall acceleration. And this is not actually the force which we would like to use in our calculations. We would like to represent this force as a combination of two forces. One acting parallel to the slope and one acting perpendicularly to the slope. Why? Because the one which is parallel is actually contributing or preventing the movement along the slope. And the force which is perpendicular to the slope is also very important because this is the source of friction and we have the coefficient of friction here. So let me put it this way. The final force which is equal to m times a is given. It's equal to the combination of three forces. One force is pushing it upwards which is our force f which we would like to find out the work it performs. Now there is a force which prevents this motion. This is the component of the weight. Now if this is phi then this is phi and this is phi. So this is minus because it prevents it. It goes to an opposite direction. mg times sin of phi. And also preventing the motion which means it's also going against the movement is the friction force. Which is this force times coefficient of the friction.   And knowing f and knowing s multiplying them we will get the work. Now in the textual material for this lecture I also ask to calculate with real numbers this work if certain numbers are given for acceleration, mass, angle and coefficient of friction. So try to calculate it yourself when you finish listening to this lecture. Solve this problem again. Derive the formula like this. Use the formula and real values which I present to get the final number. I also get the final number as an answer and I hope I didn't make any arithmetic mistake. You can check your calculations against mine. So that's it for this first problem. Let's go to the next one which is kind of similar. Okay the next is slightly different but still similar. The same inclined with a slope angle of slope phi. Now I don't have the height and I don't have acceleration. I don't know that. What I do know is that the object which is initially at the very top of this slope at rest is pushed down by force f, known force f. In this case we do know the force. Now we also know that at the very end it has a linear speed of v. So whenever it reaches the end of the slope under the actions of this force f, then the final speed is v. And I also have coefficient of friction mu. And again my problem is to find out work. Now f we know, so we don't know the s, we don't know this distance. However we do know many other things from which we will derive the distance. So first of all what we can say is we can write more or less the same type of equation based on the second Newton's law. And basically see what happens. Again m times a which is where a is acceleration of the movement along this surface. It's equal to the sum of all the forces which are acting. Now obviously our force f is acting. What else is acting? Well if the body object is here then this is its weight. Then again two components, one is parallel and another is perpendicular to the slope. Now this component of the weight actually helps us because it also directed down. And we are moving our object down the slope. So I have to add m times g times sin phi. Right? Because this is also angle phi and this is angle phi. Now the friction which is a combination of mg cos phi and mu is definitely preventing us. It directed this way. So this is an equation which is very similar to the one which was before in the first problem. The only difference is I have plus here instead of minus because we are moving down and not up. So in this case my force of gravity, well more precisely component of the force of gravity helps us. Another component of the gravity which is the friction that actually also as in the previous problem goes against our movement. Now in this case we know f which means we can find out a.  Something like this right? Now we know a which is good. Now we can find out the time. Why? Because a times g is equal to final speed v. So now we can find the time which is equal to v divided by a. So we know a, we know v, final speed. So that's how we find the time. And now s is equal to at square over 2. This is the standard formula of kinematics of the movement with a constant acceleration at the time. We know a, we know t. So basically we know everything. And that gives you the s and knowing f you have the work. And again in this particular problem I have given in the textual material for the lecture the real values for given variables. Try to calculate everything else here and check against the number which I provide on the website on theunisor.com for this lecture. That's my problem number two. And let's go to the third one. Okay, now let's say we are on a known planet. So we don't know anything about this planet. We do have however an object of mass m which is on certain height above the ground. And then we just let it go and it goes down and at the very end it hits the ground with a speed v. Now which force is acting on it? Only one force, the gravity, right? Now my question is what is the work which gravity force performs to basically get this result? Well we don't know the height, we don't know the time, we don't know the free fall acceleration. We don't know anything except mass and the final speed. Well let's try to, nevertheless let's try to calculate the work. Okay, now let's assume that the time is t of the falling. The free fall acceleration is a and the distance or the height it goes the distance is s. Well obviously I know from the kinematics this. Also from kinematics I know this. Now we have three different unknown variables without which we can't really do anything. Well we do have two equations, we need something else, right? Well we do know that the force of gravity f is equal to m times e, right? Okay, so what can we, what can we find from this? Well the work is equal to f times s. Well let's try to manipulate with these numbers, with these equations to get to this equation. Obviously since we have only two equations with three unknowns, well we will have to probably use one of the unknowns as a base and calculate others. Like for instance we will take a as an unknown. Well then t is equal to v divided by t, by a, sorry. Now if I will substitute it to this, I will have s is equal to a t square which is v square divided by s square and divided by 2. Which is equal to v square divided by 2 a. Now knowing f and knowing s, basically we express everything with unknown acceleration of the free fall a. However what's interesting is that the w is equal to f times s which is m a times v square divided by 2 a and a cancels and the result is m v square divided by 2. So this is basically the final result and as we see we have expressed the work performed by the force of gravity expressed only in terms of the mass and the final speed. And if you remember when we were talking about the work, mechanical work I introduced the concept, I was talking about that the work is actually as a measure of the result, not how we achieve this particular result. So that's very, very important, no matter how we go to a certain goal, it's the goal which measures amount of work we have to really exhort by going there.  Now in this particular case it's straightforward, we don't waste any energy, we don't waste any time or anything like this. It goes straightforward. However what is interesting is that no matter what happens, our goal is the final speed of the object of mass m and that's the goal which defines completely amount of work which is necessary to achieve that goal. Well that's it, I do recommend you to go to Unisor.com and look through the textual procedures, look through the calculations, do it yourself, I think it's a very useful exercise, I think if my answers are correct and basically that's it for today. Thank you very much.


So this month has been pretty wild, had some really big winners and also some kind of like wacky ones. This worst ticker was just wasn't that liquid and I had like just way too many shares. And for me, this is something that was like kind of new. So what I'll do in this video is show some of my worst trade and show the reality of trading that sometimes even if you've been trading for a while you're gonna have those random days that it's just a disaster and you just don't know what to do or what you did until like the day is over. So this morning is pretty much done. One more day left to demand. Hopefully it's gonna get better. Like nothing much, it's really a month that like there was good opportunity. I kind of messed up a few things around but honestly, at least I'm green. That's a good part. I made a bit of money. Gonna help to pay the bill, but that's pretty much it. By the way, if you enjoyed this video don't forget to like and subscribe. I also did link all the best tools for day trading down in the description. So don't forget to check them out and let's get back in the video. So let's go over the first one. So I'll break down the daily and then we'll go to the execution and I'll actually, I could say how much I lost on each of them. So the trade came on that specific day over here the big red bar that we see. And I was actually shorting it and I managed to lose money. Sometimes it's impressive that the stock managed to go down like 20 to 30% and you still lose, right? The idea was the stock went up pretty much from the 40 cents all the way to the 85 cent in like, let's put it this way, like a month. And we had like a really wide range bar and then we're starting to really fell at the high. It was running on like no news. It was just running cause the EV sector was pretty hot. So this was just following the trend. So when the main sector was gonna start to cool off I was expecting this to unwind and also it is a 70 cents or 80 cents stock. It is trash. So I'm expecting this to unwind pretty quickly. So I'll move to the 15 minute. So the stock had like a really nice move the previous day if you were looking to short it they went from 86 all the way to 72. So pretty wide range. Then the following day it's sometimes these stocks just start to sell off and this is what we actually did. So the data I traded it is where the arrow is and you guys can see there's some pretty clear level. We have this like line over here that I put that's a pretty nice level. We have this pre-market range and we also have the previous day low and the previous day kind of real low. So like the wick low and also the pivot low. Technically everything worked out correctly and here's the execution to make it more clear. So the idea for this setup was a multi-day breakdown and it did work right. We had a pop in the morning.   So I shorted 22,000 over here. I think I wanted 25 but I got filled 22. I added 20,000 over here. So I had 42K on this and all of a sudden my average now because of this really bad ad it was right in the middle. So it was like 70 cents. So when we have this like really strong push I was expecting this to kind of grind sideways. So I didn't really mind giving it that much risk but the fact that we kind of went down and then we just spiked up very drastically I was really scared for a recline because with 42,000 shares, 510 cents it would be like 5, 6 cents if I have to risk higher day which I think would be too far.  Anyways, we come back, we break low we have a small bounce I try to short it versus VWAP. At this point I know this is going lower like I'm pretty convinced but then what I do is I short 42 or 45,000 shares I remember and you can see that my stop this is what happened. When you start trading like I don't know 50K or 70K shares in a position you have to start to be worried about liquidity so I'll bring back this chart over here and we can see that the volume was really low so it was like 400K or something like that and I'm there with like 10% of the volume on a two minute candle so if you take a one minute just divided by two that's about 200K and I own 50,000 shares and that was just a bigger loss than I expected just because of slippage and you know a penny or half a penny when you have that much size actually makes a difference so at this point I just stopped out of everything and I took another big loss so I lost about 2.5 cent on 42,000 shares so about 900 bucks on the first trade over here I had 50K or 42K and I lost another two cents so I lost like total about two grand on this or 15, 1600 and you have to consider that I traded about 200,000 shares so that's another 400 bucks of commission and then I'm just pretty much tilting and I try to short it again even if I know it's not liquid enough and I just take like a big loss again not a loss, I sorry I break even trade but then even this little trade there so it costing me like 100 bucks to get in and out of that trade so I'm still even if I'm breaking even I'm still losing another 100 bucks so on this trade that looks like nothing and if we just bring back the intraday chart everything worked out perfectly but the big problem with this sticker was the liquidity and that made me lose 1600 plus 400 of commission about two grand I think was like 2100 when I look at my broker statement just something that's painful when you look at something that trash right by the way if you enjoyed this video don't forget to like and subscribe I also did link all the best tools for day trading down in the description so don't forget to check them out and let's get back in the video so the next trade was on Rivian and it was on July 11 so actually beginning of the month or mid month I would say and it was on that specific day over here so the idea for this was that the stock really started to break out and I was expecting a pullback when something moves that much normally it does at least give like one good day of pullback and that's really what I was looking for I thought the chart was extended enough and there was enough meat on the bone to start looking at a short especially after we have like one, two like three pretty wide range day I thought it made sense volume was also really good so I thought everything was in place for that kind of setup so when we look at the 15 minute we can see that this is the previous day we had like a really big flush and then we just pushed really high and then we kind of closed in middle of the range so when something closes in the middle of the range it's hard to know if it's gonna go up or down so I like to play the outside level of that move so I was looking initially for short in that area of the 2560 we can see that it's a pretty nice level and I'm also looking at like that 4 AM print slash like this top over here just giving it enough space so any kind of push in that area I thought it was really attractive for long and it would probably be a good short so when I'm trading something like this before going over the execution and all that stuff I'm not looking to get like 10 or 20 cent I'm looking to get like a really big move because these trade don't come that often like it's not every day that we have a stock that kind of broke out that much on like that much good volume and everything kind of lines up so I don't wanna accept like a 20, 30 cent scalp I'm really looking for a big move because I know that when they work like they make my month so that's kind of the story or the idea behind it so we can see that on the open we do have a flush and I'm saying that look this might not even pop so I'm shorting some versus like pretty high but when I see that we really reclaim I just cut the trade over here this is where the disaster really started to come in there's this thing that when I try to get really big I'll be sometimes over exaggerating it so I'm gonna use way too much size but I also do this thing which is not really ideal but I'll get really big and if I start to think that I might be in trouble I'll start taking like a quarter or a half off but when we start to work again or look like we're gonna work again what I do is I just put it back on and I kind of just adjust my risk until the trade really start to work but it also can do the opposite is get me in and out and in and out and just start to take a lot of small losses that just ends up being a good one in this area over here that's pretty much what happens so I risk too much I think I lost about a thousand, thousand 100 on this first try over here but the really bad trade came over here so I think it was pretty much a bad trade just because you can really see with the type of price action that it is that it's just not trading directionally like it's not trading clean and it's just bouncing, it's trapping it's just you wanna see sure a big push up and then after you wanna see something that cracks and kind of never reclaim the view up but when we're like everybody's getting a headache on this thing because it's actually just not really breaking or it's not acting weak but there's something I really don't like about this trade is the fact that I get so aggressive in these lows I feel like this is where they trap the most and I lose the most is really when we're starting to kind of break low and I'm trying to add instead of trying to get a better price higher and just accept that it should break and if it doesn't at least I can get out for like a small profit versus getting really big into a lower breakdown and then when it doesn't break down I'm just taking a pretty big loss so I lost about 1,700 bucks on this trade so let's jump into the last one and this one was the worst one of all of them so it's NKLA and I'm looking for that specific green day over here so the chart is really extended on the daily and when I see something like this I say sure we had like the first big red day yesterday but there's still a lot of meat on the bone to go lower so when we look over here at the execution this is where it gets pretty stupid so over here we can see that I just shorted some with like a pretty random stop like I don't even know what are these trades then we have a bounce and I'm shorting again over here and I'm like stopping out like right there like these are like absolute like random, random trade so I'm shorting back over here and stopping out like right over here like I just don't get like what I was doing on that day I was like definitely tilting like nothing makes sense then in terms of PNL I think I don't have the stuff open but I lost around take like 900 you do mistake and you gotta learn from it so that's why it's important to review your execution and it's Friday so I'm gonna call it


Today is October 2nd and it's a super special day because it marks exactly five years since I moved from Chicago, Illinois to the beautiful state of Arizona and in this video I'm going to share with you five things that I love about living in Arizona and five things that I completely hate about living here so that if it's a move that you are considering in the future this is going to help you and kind of give you an idea about what to expect or if you're just curious about life in the desert of Arizona there it goes five things that I love about living here and five things that I don't like about living in Arizona. First of all we need to rewind back to 2016 when I decided to leave Chicago and move here. This move was motivated by a job that I got in Arizona and it was my first time coming to Arizona and I didn't know a single person here so when I told my friends that I was leaving Chicago and live in Arizona for an extended amount of time they thought that I'm crazy to move to the desert in the United States so for me and in my mind and especially because I didn't know much about Arizona I always thought that it's a barren desert the landscape is desert there's not much going on here but I decided to move because I needed to move for the job and also I just wanted to start a new chapter of my journey and my adventure here in the United States so I moved to Arizona and in my mind I am still thinking that it's a dry land and when you move here you kind of start to notice all of the vegetation that's kind of unique to the area the landscape is different but with time it kind of grows on you and that's the number one thing that I love about living in Arizona is the beauty of the desert and how beautiful the landscape is there are some of the best sunsets that I've ever seen in my life here in the southwest in general but in Arizona in particular the vegetation and the wildlife is great the landscape is great here in Arizona there are three national parks there's obviously the Grand Canyon National Park with great and immense opportunities to enjoy the outdoors like hiking backpacking camping whitewater rafting and then there is the Saguaro National Park which is also a great national park to learn about the vegetation in the Sonoran Desert and by the way I do have a video up here in which I talk about how you can spend your time in the Saguaro National Park in case you are here in Arizona or if you are moving to Arizona and then there's also the Petrified Forest National Park which is a little bit underrated but it's so beautiful with a lot of history so I highly recommend visiting the Petrified Forest National Park if you are in Arizona so three beautiful national parks here in Arizona that open a lot of opportunities to enjoy the outdoors and there are plenty of state parks and regional parks and so many mountain ranges if you guys have been following me for quite some time from moving from Chicago to Arizona you'll probably notice that it even changed me as a person and how I picked hiking as a hobby and how I became just so obsessed with the outdoors and going out for camping and backpacking and this is probably a reason why I even started this youtube channel trekking pals which is just incredible so if you are moving to Arizona there are immense opportunities for hiking it doesn't matter what city you are living in in the state of Arizona you will have easy access to many parks regional parks you can go mountain biking you can go hiking rock climbing it's just so incredible how great the opportunity is to enjoy the outdoors which was not possible when I lived in Chicago the second thing that I love about living in Arizona is the beautiful weather during winter now it's the beginning of October and the weather is starting to get a lot nicer so throughout the winter season here in Arizona the weather is so very pleasant it helps you with the boosting your mood and also it's a motivation to go out and enjoy the desert of Arizona and we also don't have to worry much about our wardrobe because since the weather is pretty much pleasant throughout the year it's pretty much the same wardrobe and that's one thing that I love about living in Arizona because when I was back in Chicago with winter time a lot of storms a lot of snow there is this morning ritual where you have to do a lot of snow shoveling driving gets a little bit difficult in the city while it's not something that we really worry about here in Arizona the third thing that I love about living in Arizona is the fact that it's affordable compared to a lot of large states even Chicago New York LA San Francisco living here is a lot more affordable when it comes to shopping when it comes to renting when it even comes to investing in real estate I know that things are a little bit different right now with the pandemic but at least back when I moved in 2016 I could see a big difference about how much money I had to spend for my living expenses in Arizona compared to Chicago and I found it to be a lot more affordable I did live with roommates in the past I lived by myself and then moved to my own home eventually and I can see throughout every stage it was a lot more affordable compared to Chicago the fourth thing that I love about living in Arizona is its location and how it's within a reasonable distance from some of the best or the most beautiful states like Utah New Mexico Colorado so if you like road tripping Arizona has a great location kind of in the middle and you can even drive to San Diego for a lot of people who live in Arizona who kind of want to spend some time by the beach you could easily drive to San Diego you can also drive to Mexico we have this area in Mexico this Mexico the country called the Rocky Point or Puerto Peñasco it's only three to four hours drive from Metro Phoenix and boom you are by the beach you are enjoying the the beach of the Sonora State I believe in Mexico it's just a wonderful beach destination if you are living in Arizona and by the way I do have an article in my website I'm going to link it right up here if you want to visit Puerto Peñasco or Rocky Point I have some great recommendations of food and places to see and where to stay you can check it up there but it's definitely one thing that I love about Arizona is the fact that you can just pick your car you drive for a couple of hours and you are in an area that has plenty of things to offer and finally the fifth thing that I love about living in Arizona is the fact that it's rich in Native American culture and that's not something that I was immersing myself in when I lived in Chicago South by way of moving to Arizona you can see that there is a big influence and there's a big heritage of the Native American culture you get to know more about the tribes they do have a lot of sacred mountains and sacred lands you get to learn about those and that was pretty incredible and pretty eye-opening for me these are my top five things that I love about living here before I talk about the things that I hate about living Arizona I want to hear from you if you happen to live in Arizona let us know in a comment what are some of the things that you love about living here moving on to the not so positive side of living here and the first one which is the elephant in the room is the heat it gets super hot from May I would say up until the end of September with June July August being the hottest month so it gets incredibly hot when I tell people that I am originally from Morocco and just by way of being close to the Sahara desert they think that I have experienced this temperature before but to be fair this is the hottest weather or temperature that I have ever experienced in my life it gets so incredibly hot during summer especially when you just move here for the first time you will be so surprised by how hot it gets you will arrive to the airport let's say you're flying in you get to the airport you open the door and there's this wave of heat that's going to slap you on the face and it just makes it difficult especially during summer to still have fun while living in Arizona you can't really go outside and enjoy the outdoor sure there are people who go out and start hiking super early in the morning as early as 3 a.m or even earlier than that or sometimes late in the evening or at night but it just takes away from you know all of the things that you want to do during summer it becomes a little bit impossible so unless you spend your time working from home or working in the office and you definitely need AC by the end of the day your options are very limited and you kind of have to be a little bit creative to find places and activities to do when it gets really hot maybe going to museums and exhibitions but I don't know I can't think of many options and things to do when it gets really hot outside what we've been doing during summer we would try to find or pick destinations that are a little bit away from from metro phoenix so you can still drive up to sudona or flag stuff three hours up north and it gets a lot cooler or you can drive like I was saying to to Mexico or San Diego but the heat it just kills you especially year after year after year I just hate how hot it gets during summer the second thing that I hate about Arizona and I know a lot of people might disagree is food the food seen in Arizona is a big disappointment to be honest I have lived here for five years and I've been to so many restaurants but rarely do I find a restaurant with high quality fresh food sometimes you just want some good place with good gelato or good pastry or french pastry I personally like Middle Eastern Mediterranean food and I rarely find restaurants of high quality which was never a problem for me when I lived in Chicago because food was great in Chicago and there are so many options all the time while here in Arizona it's not the case and even Mexican food because a lot of people said to me that oh there's great Mexican food in Arizona I don't think that it's great Mexican food here in Arizona to be honest let me know in a comment what do you guys think I have been struggling with food in Arizona it's not the best kind of motivated me to spend more time cooking at home which I do enjoy but I really wish there were better options to choose from third thing that I hate about living in Arizona is the fact that it grows wide but not tall and it's so spread out there are so many cities and you kind of have to drive one hour one hour and a half sometimes two hours to get from one city to the other which makes a lot of things challenging when I was in Chicago downtown Chicago was the hub everyone gathers in downtown Chicago the majority of the events happen in downtown Chicago while here there's sometimes things going on in downtown phoenix and downtown mesa and downtown tempi there's just not one centralized location where all of people go and it made a lot of things difficult for me sometimes even when you go to events and make new friends and then you realize this friend probably lives two hours away and then one hour away it's just hard to bring people together and it's hard to go and meet people and it's one of the things that I personally struggled with too I found making friends in Arizona a lot difficult you kind of have to put a lot of time and energy to make it happen but that's definitely one thing that I don't appreciate about living in Arizona next thing is the transportation and the infrastructure for the transportation system the transportation system is not reliable in Arizona there is not a web of trams and trains and buses that you can really rely on to get to and from places unlike Chicago and again I just keep comparing to Chicago because that's where I lived before and it just makes getting to and from places a lot difficult in here so if you are moving to Arizona you certainly need a car unless you live you know across the street from from your office or from where you're working which I did in the past but you still need a car I remember back in Chicago the train system was so very reliable with different lines there was like the blue line the green line the red line and it makes it difficult to go from one place to the other and you don't really need the car I never really need the car in Chicago but here in Arizona it's a totally different story if you don't have a car you will feel like you know you're just left out you are living on the edge of the world and there's just no possible you can you can still rely on ride chairs but it gets so expensive like I said earlier it's so spread out so getting from one city to the other can cost you a lot of money so that's not so great about Arizona I don't see a change in anytime soon because even right now with the construction that's happening it's still growing wide and wide and wide there's not just even with the buildings you will notice that in Arizona we don't have a lot of high-rise buildings some in downtown Phoenix but it's all kind of flat low and it keeps spreading wide and wide and wide the other thing that I don't like about living in Arizona is that you don't really get to experience seasons you don't really experience winter as winter and then fall and then spring sure the temperature and the weather is beautiful and pleasant throughout the year and then there's the summer season when this crazy wave of heat will hit you but we don't really experience fall as fall we don't have rainy days and when I say rainy days we have the crazy monsoon season which by the way the monsoon season we have a lot of rain usually around June and it's just crazy and nasty and sometimes flush floods but we don't have just a normal rainy day where you can just put your coat on and umbrella and go and have a cup of coffee or we have you know just like snowy winter days although to be fair you can still drive up north to Flagstaff during winter and you can see snow and you can play in snow and you can enjoy winter activities like skiing and snowshoeing and snowboarding but the majority of people not living in Flagstaff they are living in Metro Phoenix and you don't really get that it's not something that I hate but I just wish that we I kind of just miss the changes in in the weather that I used to experience back in the east coast or the Midwest and then talking about the weather we have our dry season during summertime and when you get super dry we have a lot of fires this year we had so many fires during summer that the national parks and national forests they had to close a lot of the forests and so people were a little bit frustrated because you can't go camping when the weather is pleasant like up in in Flagstaff or anywhere really all of the forests up north there's there are so many fires because it's so dry outside and I know that other states like California suffered a lot of this I know that the situation right now in one of our favorite national parks the Sequoia National Park and Kings Canyon National Park is just horrible right now but it's just when I lived in Chicago it's not something that I even thought about or had to worry about but you when you experience it close to you or close to home it kind of just hurts and especially when there's not much that that you can do by the way I kind of feel like I want to throw this out there about Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park they are one of the best one of our favorite national parks here in the country if you guys can go to the link that I'm gonna leave in the description box and donate to the national park just so that you can help with the current situation that will be so much appreciated I know it's not related to the topic but if you can please do this last one not that it really bothers me but I feel like I kind of have to talk about it and that is scorpions and snakes it's something that you have to think about if you are moving to Arizona I remember one day when I moved to my new house I was sitting in the guest bedroom just laying in the bed and you know just meditating and then as I lift my eyes I look towards the wall and I see this scorpion crawling on the wall I was terrified because it's just not something that I expected so it's something to think about and snakes I used to be so afraid of snakes in the past I mean not that they are going to be around where you're living unless you live close to to the mountains for example I used to be so afraid of snakes in the past but now that I kind of spent more time learning about their behavior and just by way of spending time outside and in the mountains I feel more comfortable around snakes I would say but it's definitely something to keep in mind I know right now when we go hiking you will certainly see snakes especially if you are hiking in the heat especially during the summer months but I learned that snakes are more afraid of you than you are afraid of them they don't want anything that has to do with you really so as long as you are making enough noise if you are hiking outside and you're not startling them you should be fine so snakes and scorpions is definitely something that you will have to think about if you are moving in here that's pretty much it for today's video obviously I am still living in Arizona right now and I have had so many great memories and experiences over the past five years there are days where you know I think wow it's great that we live here and then there are days where I'm just thinking oh it's probably time for me to move somewhere else just somewhere where there are mountains maybe Colorado or Washington but I do like the states I think that the desert is so beautiful and living here overall is not bad so thank you so much for watching and if you enjoyed this video please do give it thumbs up and subscribe to the channel my name is Habiba this is trekking pals and I will see you very soon on a new adventure


In the last three lectures, we looked at the proxies of the boundary layer flow model, namely the Stefan flow model, the Couette flow model, and the Reynolds flow model, the last one being the algebraic model, whereas the Stefan and Couette flow models were one dimensional models. Now, we look at the complete two dimensional boundary layer flow model. So, as to recover some ideas as to why we expect the simpler models to mimic the boundary layer flow model. So, in this lecture, I will introduce some definitions and then of course, look at the governing equations. And then of course, we will convert them to conserved property forms for all types of mass transfer problems. And then the main important thing is, we will recover the boundary conditions from mass conservation principle and the energy conservation. And ultimately, we will show that N w is equal to G b for small and large mass transfer rates. So, the definition of the boundary layer flow model is as follows. Here is a surface and this is the considered phase and this is the neighboring phase as you know, this is the interface. And in the considered phase, there may be presence of chemical reactions, there may be presence of turbulence, concentration gradients, temperature gradients and so on so forth. Infinity state is one where all the gradients vanish. The total mass transfer that is both convective plus diffusive mass transfer takes place at the interface from the neighboring phase. And in the deep inside the neighboring phase, we define a T state which of course, where the concentration gradients and temperature gradients as again like infinity state. Here again in the T state, they are 0 or we say that the fluid properties are uniform. So, convective mass transfer takes place due to concentration gradients in the considered phase. And since the Reynolds flow model mimics the real flow, the interface mass flux is given is N w is N w equal to G b and N w and G have the same units. N w is required as a boundary condition because it to the mass transfer equation as well as the energy equation. And as well as the momentum equation, because N w brings with it a certain velocity at which the mass comes in. So, assuming steady state mass transfer, now you have d by dx of rho m u psi plus d by dy of rho m v psi plus d by dy of gamma psi d psi by dy plus a source term where psi is any property like when it is 1, we get bulk mass equation because that term is 0 and S w is specified as 0 and that being 1, you simply get d rho m u by dx plus d rho m v by dy equal to 0 and that is the bulk mass equation under steady state. If I say psi is equal to u, then gamma psi would be mu m effective assuming there is turbulent flow and S psi would be usually minus d p by dx which is the pressure gradient. If psi is equal to omega k, then gamma psi as you know would be rho m d effective plus a equal to and source would be R k which is the species transfer equation. Then there would be the element transfer equation for which the source is always 0 because element alpha is a conserved property and H m is the mixture enthalpy. That would have a source term comprising mass transfer due to diffusion flux M double dash y k. The source there can be other sources like d p, d t, q rad and many other sources these are all ignored. We also ignored the viscous dissipation here and all equations are coupled requiring numerical solutions. Simplifications of omega k and H m equations are possible under certain assumptions so that they are rendered to a conserved property equation. We have gone over all these processes of converting omega k and H m equations to conserved property forms in variety of mass transfer problems. So if I write in conserved property form, the equation is simply this with S phi equal to 0, N w equal to G b and b is equal to psi infinity minus psi w psi w minus psi t. Now in inert mass transfer without heat transfer as you will recall psi is simply omega of the vapor and gamma is rho m d the diffusivity. In inert mass transfer with heat transfer psi equal to omega b as N H m and it is energy equation and we make use of the assumption of Lewis number equal to 1 that is gamma m h equal to rho m d plus equal to rho m alpha m in mass transfer with simple chemical reaction means we choose psi appropriately as a combination of fuel and oxygen or fuel and product and so on so forth and H m and again make the Lewis number equal to 1 assumption and also say that the specific heats are equal that is what renders the energy equation in the conserved property form.  In each case we need boundary conditions at y equal to 0 which will come from that form of the Reynolds flow model. So, for the inert mass transfer considered mass conservation between t and w states as you will recall this is our w w state this is t state and this is the infinity state and we specify n w here n w here. Then you will see that the mass which is coming in here is n w omega k at t and what is going out is n w times omega k at w and minus the diffusion mass transfer which is rho m diffusivity omega k by d y at y equal to 0. So, this would be the mass balance because this is the multiplied by omega k will be the convective transfer and diffusion transfer will be m dot k at w which is nothing but from Fick's law this is rho m diffusivity into omega k d y at y equal to 0. So, if I rearrange this equation take n w common out here then I get the form n w is equal to rho m d omega k d y at wall divided by omega k w minus omega k at t likewise for any other conserved property phi I have the same equation as you can see here and n w will be rho m d omega d phi by d y at w phi w minus phi t where phi would be as you recall omega f u minus omega over 2 divided by r s t equal to omega f u plus omega product by 1 plus r s a for a simple chemical reaction and phi can be any linear combination of eta alpha and you choose a alpha suitably for a given problem as we indicated last time. Now, these are the boundary conditions derived from mass conservation principle likewise we can do so for the energy equation. So, for example in the energy equation again if I consider this to be w w and this to be t t state then n w times h m t will be the flux coming in as well as q w will be another flux coming in whereas, what is going out is the convective flux n w h w plus m dot w diffusion of the w k h k sigma. So, if I equate the influxes with outgoing fluxes I would get the form which I have shown here. So, this is the incoming flux q w is also the incoming flux which would be on this side and n w is equal to h m w and this is the diffusion flux of species k multiplied by the enthalpy that goes with it of the species k. Now, q w is equal to k m d t d y because q w is shown inwards and that would be equal to c p m gamma h where gamma h is rho m alpha m d t by d y at the w and this enhance n w would written as sigma k gamma m d omega k by d y at w h k plus c p m gamma h d t by d y at w h m w minus h m t and this is the general energy equation conservation principle the final form of the numerator will depend on the mass transfer application at hand. So, let us see the part of the different forms that this numerator will take in different types of mass transfer problems. So, in a mass transfer with heat transfer if I make the assumption of Lewis number one as we usually do then gamma h will be simply equal to gamma m and hence c p m gamma h d t by d y would be gamma h into c p m is simply sigma omega k c p k into d t by d y and if I now absorb c p k inside this derivative then I get a gamma h into sigma omega k d h k by d y at w and hence you will say that the numerator now reads as gamma m into sigma k d omega k by d y at w h k plus gamma h into sigma k of omega k d h k by d y at w. But since we have assumed gamma h is equal to gamma m this is simply the differential these two terms are simply differentials of a product omega k h k d y at w summation of omega k h k is simply gamma m h d h m by d y at w over h m minus h m t h m w minus h m t. So, n w takes the same form as derived from the mass conservation principle, but with the variable enthalpy h m. Let us see the numerator when mass transfer with heat transfer and chemical simple chemical reaction. Now, here we take Lewis number equal to 1 and also say that c p k will be equal to c p m and for the moment let us say delta t stands for t minus t ref then we have enthalpy of the fuel would be c p m into delta t plus omega f u into delta h c that is I have associated the heat of combustion with the fuel and therefore, h o 2 and h product will be simply c p m delta t and hence summation of sigma gamma m d omega k by d y h k would simply amount to gamma m d f u by d by d y at the wall multiplied by d h c because the other quantity c p m delta t if I substitute c p m delta t for all the three species it will simply give me c p m delta t gamma h into summation of d omega k by d y at w equal to 0 because summation of sigma omega k is 1 and likewise c p m gamma h d t by d y would be gamma h d h m by d y at w from this relationship minus gamma h d h c by d f u by d y.  So, even in simple chemical reaction with these assumptions of equal Lewis number equal to 1 and equal specific heats we recover the same form as we had done earlier with inert mass transfer with heat transfer finally, let us look at single component convective mass transfer. Now, in this case omega k is equal to 1 therefore, this part of the numerator will be 0 and c p m gamma h d t by d y would be simply gamma h because I can multiply c p m is inside this and therefore, that will give me h m by d y at w and hence I get n w equal to d h m by d y w h m w minus h m t which is again what we had earlier. Single component convective heat transfer means supposing I have a boundary layer form with air I am injecting in it air itself from the wall at a given rate. So, the energy equation would take the form that I have shown here. Now, if I further make the assumption that the specific heats do not vary between w t and infinity states then of course, I can make the assumption I can show that n w will be equal to gamma h into d t by d y w divided by t w minus t t. Thus in all cases of mass transfer mass and energy conservation principles give identical formula for n w and combining with Reynolds slow model which claims to mimic the real boundary layer flow model we can say that n w will be equal to gamma psi d psi by d y w over psi w minus psi t which we have just now derived is equal to g times b and that must equal rho m v w. So, you can see now that the momentum equations which require this quantity are coupled with the mass fraction and energy equations through these quantity. What it shows is that the rate of mass transfer would be proportional to psi infinity minus psi w. It will also be proportional to the gradient of psi at the wall and it will be proportional to v w which is from that. This shows that even if gamma is uniform the psi equation is non-linear the gamma is the property. So, even if it was uniform through the considered phase the psi equation is non-linear because velocity field u v is a function of v w and psi infinity minus psi w. Now this kind of coupling through the boundary conditions of momentum and the mass trans scalar equations is akin to the natural convection problem in which u and v are coupled to the energy equation through the source terms we call the buoyancy term. So, in natural convection momentum and energy equations are coupled through boundary through buoyancy source terms whereas in mass transfer the coupling arises because of the boundary condition at the wall. This is the difference between a natural convection problem and a force convection mass transfer problem. So, the coupling between the momentum and psi equations can be ignored when n w which is proportional to v w tends to 0 which means if the mass transfer rate is very very small then we can say that g star which is the value of g for small mass transfer rates then n w divided by b psi n w tends to 0 would be minus gamma psi d omega by dy divided by w psi w minus psi infinity. This follows from the previous equation which I have shown here. So, I have simply cancelled psi w minus psi t psi w minus psi t and this is psi infinity minus psi w is taken to the denominator. So, you get g star is equal to this quantity. So, the g star now depends only on the psi profiles and not on the boundary condition because v w is tending to 0. This definition is analogous to that used to define the heat transfer coefficient. As you will recall we define the heat transfer coefficient as minus k dt dy p w minus t infinity. So, likewise we say that the g star which is the mass transfer coefficient at v w equal to 0 is minus gamma psi d psi by dy at w divided by psi w minus psi infinity. So, the two definitions are now analogous and now you can see why we have been calling g as the mass transfer coefficient. When n w is large the coupling between the momentum equations and the psi equation is strong and n w equal to g times b psi. Hence, g must be a function of b psi and g star equal to g when b psi tends to 0. Yes, g star is simply g with b psi siding to 0, but it will also g will also itself be a function of g and perhaps even of Reynolds number, Prandtl number and so on and so forth. But we shall shortly see what the state of affairs are. By analyzing experimental data on mass transfer with and without combustion, Spaulding showed that within experimental scatter g by g star is equal to n w by b divided by n w by b as at very very small mass transfer rates is in fact equal to f b only. This is this is worth noting f b only. In other words, the equation shows that g over g star is not influenced by Reynolds number, Prandtl number or Schmidt numbers. This is what the experimental data shows both in internal flows as well as external flows. Flow over cylinder, flow over flat plates and flow through the tubes and so on and so forth. It may be a problem of evaporation, it may be a problem of condensation, it may be a problem of combustion. All these problems for which experimental data were available, Spaulding showed that g over g star turns within experimental scatters say about plus minus 10 to 15 percent as g by g star is a function of b only, which is a remarkable result that this ratio should not be influenced by any other quantity other than the driving force b. So, it is independent of Reynolds, Prandtl and Schmidt numbers. So, all that we would require now is that is the value of g star evaluated from Hcoff Vw equal to 0 divided by Cpm and f b to obtain g. So, what are the forms of f b and that is what we want to find out. Incidentally, this book Spaulding db convective mass transfer published in 1963 is a pioneering book on mass transfer and particularly of great relevance to engineering community. So, now let us see what the form of f b should be.  Now, if you recall this is the relationship which we had also predicted using Stefan flow model as well as the Couette flow models. Of course, Stefan flow model was for diffusion mass transfer only whereas the Couette flow model was for included convection in its form and therefore, this relationship is unique it does not contain any Reynolds number Prandtl number or anything like that. We take up the issue as to whether this relationship can actually be predict can also be derived from the Reynolds flow model just as we are shown that it mathematically that the Stefan and Couette flow models yield that relationship. So, in order to do that let us reconsider of a t state w state and the infinity state with the considered phase shown here between w and infinity state.   The physical idea behind introduction of g star star is that the real flow process is like heat conduction mass diffusion turbulence etcetera do behave like the Reynolds flow, but on a much smaller scale delta y y o minus y i tending to 0. So, if I now write the mass conservation over y o and t states then n w psi t would be the incoming flux plus g star star into psi times y o would be the incoming flux from y o surface and that would equal g star star plus n w into psi y i and therefore this would rearrangement of this would give me n w divided by g star star is equal to psi y o minus psi y i divided by psi y i minus psi t or this difference is nothing but d psi y and this is psi y minus psi t. So, if we consider large numbers of delta y between 0 and delta of the considered phase or between infinity and w states then simply n w into summation of 1 over g star star would amount to integration of 0 to infinity d psi y divided by psi y minus psi t and the integration would naturally yield ln 1 plus psi y infinity minus psi w divided by psi w minus psi t which as you know is nothing but b psi ln 1 plus b psi. So, if I take this result further then as b psi tends to 0 n w into infinity 1 over g star star would simply tend to b psi itself and so as b psi tends to 0 w to infinity is g star star raise to minus 1 would stand to b psi by n w and therefore comparison of with the observation of slide 11 what was the observation we made on slide 11 g over g star is equal to n w b over n w by b n w 0 is equal to f b.  So, this is a very interesting result that 1 over remember g is conductance and therefore 1 over g is resistance and therefore the total resistance between w and infinity states which we say is 1 over g star is nothing but sigma 1 over g star star where g star star is the resistance of the small element g delta y over delta y. So, we can interpret now that the 1 over g star the resistance is the sum of the resistances to mass transfer between w and infinity states and the inverse of that is the conductance of for mass transfer and in other words the ratio of the conductance at large mass transfer rates the conductance at small mass transfer rates or negligible mass transfer rates is simply a function of ln 1 plus b psi by b psi. This formula can be used for large mass transfer rates obtained in liquid fuel burning and in transpiration cooling as we shall see in later lectures where I will be considering problems. Small b psi usually occurs in combustion of solid fuels and in evaporative cooling or air conditioning and so on so forth. But where in these applications b psi would be a less than 0.1 in these applications combustion of solid fuel and evaporative cooling and in fact it will be of the order of 0.02, 0.03. Whereas in transpiration cooling and liquid fuel burning value of b psi can vary between 0.5 to nearly 10. So b psi can be really large in liquid fuel burning and in transpiration cooling. So we shall check how good is this formula from the analytical solutions we have derived so far for laminar flows as well as in turbulent flows and let us see how well this formula is so that we can confidently use it at different mass transfer rate. If the mass transfer rate is very low then of course there is no problem because g by g star will be simply 1 and you would have straight away there is no difficulty. If g by g star is simply is moderate then of course this formula will work. At very very large mass transfer rate remember the definition of b psi says that b psi is psi infinity minus psi w divided by psi w minus psi t. So when b psi is very large psi infinity minus psi w is also large and this means that when the property in the infinity state and the w state is large we would expect the properties to vary between the w and infinity state. So any departure from this formula if found in experiments would be largely due to property variations and therefore this formula is usually corrected for property variation and that is the matter for discussion in the next lecture.