Welcome everyone and thank you for having us in the Open Education Conference 2022. I am Paula Corti, I am from Italy, and I am the Open Education Community Manager at Spark Europe, working with the European Network of Open Education Librarians in order to implement as far as possible the UNESCOI recommendation. And we need today, I am, I have the privilege to share the session with Tatiana Kolesnikova from the Nipro University and transmitting from the basement over all in the Nipro, in the Nipro. And Mira Buistuk, who is also from Ukraine and is with us from the Netherlands, from Groningen University. And I'm turning my microphone off because I want to leave the floor to them and mainly to Tatiana, to share her experience. Tatiana, you may begin. Dear colleagues, my sincere greetings. I would like to begin this presentation by saying that I am a very happy person for many reasons. First of all, because my family and I are alive, despite the terrible war that Russia is waging in Ukraine with the intention of occupying its territory, destroying the Ukrainian people as a nation and erasing its history, culture, science and education. Secondly, I am happy that I was born and live in Ukraine, among the working, intelligent, talented, husbandly and free people. Thirdly, I am happy that I have a favorite job and a wonderful collective of single-minded people, both in the library and in the university. Secondly, because I was born and live in Ukraine, among the hardworking, intelligent, talented, courageous and free people. Thirdly, because I have my favorite job and a wonderful team of like-minded people, both at the library and at the university. Fourthly, I am happy thanks to Spark Europe and NOEL. I, my library and my university have made it to a wonderful mission to be ambassadors of open world and open world resources in Ukraine. And also, I am incredibly happy that I can be at this conference among thousands of colleagues from all over the world, who are leaders of the mind of the open world and its ambassadors of each country. Ukrainian libraries continue to work in the military and often in extreme conditions. The libraries are working under the guise of evil. So, in most of the territory of Ukraine, we have become physically inaccessible, because our libraries are closed, but we are working remotely. We provide various services and support for students' learning. We provide scientific and scientific activities, including events, increasing information literacy and the fight against fake news, checking academic texts on the signs of the plagiarism, administering repositories, providing access to the content of the world databases, services of digital publishing of newspapers. We continue to work in wartime, often in extreme conditions. Librarians work under the slogan of intimate ability. True, in most of Ukraine, we have become physically inaccessible, because our libraries are closed, but we work remotely. We provided a variety of services to support student learning, teaching and research activities, including measures to improve information literacy and fight fake news, checking academic texts for signs of plagiarism, administering repositories, providing access to the content of global databases, digital library publishing services of journals, and so on. We took care of the preservation of old prints and ensured the transfer of backup IT structures to the cloud environments. And of course, we used the opportunity to introduce solutions to open the world to satisfy the needs that are not easy to satisfy in other ways. We took care of the preservation of old prints and ensured the transfer of backup IT structures to the cloud environments. And of course, we jumped at the chance to implement open educational solutions to meet the needs that are not easy to meet in any other way. And this was and remains our information front. But in almost eight months of the bloody war, the libraries were led to the steps that do not carry the purpose of the library, and there is a manifestation of humanity and mutual help. This is, for example, improving the volunteer movement, humanitarian and psychological assistance, providing protection for the needs of the military, the courses with the first medical aid, the equipment, the collection of money for the needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and others. During these almost eight months of the bloody war, our librarians took actions that do not always have a pure library purpose. These actions are rather a manifestation of humanity and mutual assistance. This includes, for example, joining the volunteer movement, providing humanitarian and psychological aid, weaving protective nets for military needs, organizing courses in first aid in case of injury, fundraising for the needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and so on. The philosophy and practice of openness for Ukrainian libraries is not something new. In 2007, academic and university libraries accepted openness and explained it to the scientists. The libraries, working on OpenSchool ошиб, developed open academic thinking, were able to learn the tools and experience of the library. Today in Ukraine, more than 100 libraries are supported by the university libraries. The libraries also work on projects of digital publishing, supporting university scientific journals on the UGS platform. The philosophy and practices of openness are not new for Ukrainian libraries. Since 2007, academic and university libraries have embraced openness and are explaining it to scholars. While working on OpenSchoolership, these librarians have developed open academic mindsets, skill sets, experiences, and tools. Today, most repositories in Ukraine, almost 100, are supported by university libraries. University libraries also implement digital publishing projects, supporting university scholarly journals on OJS platforms. They fill out the content of Ukrainian Wikipedia with their own documents and teach students to look for strategies for OER. Moreover, they enrich the content of the Ukrainian Wikipedia with their own posts and teach students search strategies for open access resources. The process of opening and rebuilding digital structures has been accelerated since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Without a doubt, this was oriented by university libraries to provide online services and to activate various types of guidance and support for OJS and OER. The processes of supporting openness and rebuilding educational and scientific digital infrastructures have accelerated with the onset of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Undoubtedly, this has reoriented university libraries to the provision of online services and activated various areas of implementation and support for open education and OER. So far, there is no way to talk about specific actions and achievements of the open world and OER in the middle of all of Ukraine. In recent years, the Ministry of Science has made its priority more systematic work from increasing and approaching academic skills of Ukraine with European research and innovation skills. It is too early yet to talk about specific actions and achievements in open education and OER across Ukraine. In recent years, the Ministry of Education and Science has made it a priority to work more systematically to bring Ukrainian academia closer to the European research and innovation community. Several institutions in Ukraine have made it a priority to work more systematically to bring Ukrainian academia closer to the European research and innovation community. Several institutions have already embraced some open practices, but open education and OER are not yet mentioned in official national documents. In August of 2022, we saw the first positive impacts. For example, Opytol-Volnyk-Mon for the establishment of a higher education system of implementation and recommendation to open UNESCO World Resources, which was proposed to fill with the goal of carrying out the first consultations between the Ministry and the academic community. However, in August 2022, we saw the first positive developments. One of them was the Ministry questionnaire for higher education institutions on the state of implementation of the UNESCO recommendation on OER, which is meant to inform the first consultations between the Ministry and the academic community. For a more concrete explanation of the topic, as the war in Ukraine became a catalyst for the development of OER, we saw how the work with OER in the scientific library of the Ukrainian State University of Science and Technology and the director of which I have something to be. For a better understanding of the topic of how the war in Ukraine became a catalyst for the development of OER, let's take a look at how and where the work with OER began at the scientific library of the Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies, USUST, which I have the honor to be the director of. The topic of OER and OER was developed in 2019 and at the beginning it was an analysis of official UNESCO documents and research articles and practical research of the world's academic libraries. We began working on the topic of open education and OER in 2019. In the beginning, we analyzed official UNESCO documents, research articles and practical experience of academic libraries around the world. By having a theoretical basis, we understood that the library should act as an organizational structure that would provide an optimal balance between the efforts of the teachers, including the number of authors, and the mechanism to help with understanding of OER, as well as creating and using and publishing OER. Already having a certain theoretical basis, we understood that the library should act as an organizational structure that would provide an optimal balance between the efforts of the teachers, who also function as authors, and the mechanism for helping to understand OER, as well as to create, use and publish OER. As far as the library's activities are concerned, in the direction of OER, they had a local character. They should, first of all, rely on certain foundations at the university and, secondly, have a strategic meaning for the years ahead. And the correctness of such our view already confirms today, when we stand before the calls of a trivary and complex war. And we would move from model Sprint to model Marathon. Since the OER efforts of the university library were local in nature, they should, firstly, be based on a certain foundation at the university itself, and secondly, have strategic importance for years to come. And this vision of ours is being confirmed today when we are facing the challenge of a long and exhausting war. We seem to be transferring from the Sprint model to the Marathon model. The philosophy and practices of openness in the university library take root in 2009. Back then, the library deployed and began to administer the first institutional repository in the Dnipro region on the DSPACE platform. Since 2011, the library has already begun to work as a digital publisher and, together with various faculties, created the first open access scientific journals in the regions on the OJS platform. Parallel, the libraries worked with the platforms of open conferences at the OKS, and since 2021, they have begun to develop long-term processes of books on open monograph press. For example, since 2018, our library has been present in the library publishing directories. In parallel, librarians started working with open conference platforms on OCS, and in 2022, began to master the book publishing processes on OMP. For example, already six years ago, the library started working with open conference platforms on OCS, and in 2022 began to master the book publishing processes on OMP. For example, already since 2018, our library has been present in the library publishing directories. That is why librarians in the research environment, as well as in the ecosystem, were already full-fledged partners of scientists, publishers, and traditional university studies. That is why librarians in the research environment ecosystem have already been full-fledged partners for scientists, teachers, and traditional university publishing. That is the university community trusted the library and continues to trust it. Since 2019, by February 24, 2022, the library has improved the knowledge of publishers and librarians themselves about the importance of OJS and OER and their advantages. We discussed how formally at webinars, at meetings with the lecturers and lecturers, lectures with students and PhD students, and also informally with users during their study in the library department. From 2019 to February 24, 2022, the library was raising awareness among teachers and librarians about the importance and benefits of open education and OER. We communicated both formally on webinars at meetings with department heads and teachers and during lectures for PhD students and informally with users during their visits to library departments. But frankly speaking, it did not arouse much interest among our teachers and students at that time. At that time, the library was slowly moving forward, using a tactic of small steps, a little bit, but constantly. On the website of the library, a new information block of the open education resource was created that was systematically filled and renewed with new resources. We created and published articles about research and social media. However, librarians have been moving forward a bit slowly, using the small steps tactics, little by little, but constantly. A new information block OER was created on the library's website, which was systematically filled and updated with new resources. We created and published articles in professional publications and posts on social networks. On the national level, the West was working together with the university libraries of Ukraine. This morning, on the 21st of the year, I was held an all-Ukrainian webinar on the open education resources of the role of the university library. In addition, my colleague Olena Matveyeva was held an all-Ukrainian research that was carried out by all Ukrainian researchers in the library of the West, that I research Ukraine, and that is ready to work with OER. At the national level, the activities were aimed at the community of university librarians in Ukraine. Thus, in May 2021, I conducted an all-Ukrainian webinar OER, the role of university libraries. In addition, in 2021, my colleague Olena Matveyeva and I conducted an all-Ukrainian study among the libraries of Ukrainian higher education institutions on the readiness to work with OER. The university administration and community trust the library can see its initiatives and pilot projects as a set of strategic opportunities to invest in infrastructure for the dissemination of scientific knowledge. It was during wartime that director and vice-factor of our university gave the green light to the OER community. They support the library's calls for the introduction of new models of information support for distance learning and teaching in Ukrainian. In addition, we understand that after the war, hundreds of people with disabilities affected by the Russian aggression will want to get higher education or retrain, but they might not be able to come to the university physically. And it is the library that should be ready to support the library and the community. The library of OER is also ready to support the library and the community. And it is the library that should be ready to support inclusiveness with its resources and services. And this is the social justice we are talking about. The university hosts an original center for higher education for persons with disabilities. And one of the first steps in the direction of ensuring social justice and supporting OER was the introduction of a clause on the possibility of using OER in educational programs in the regulations of our university. We started to conduct a library consultation for teachers and post-school teachers on the issue of copyright and licensing. We also saw that more than 200 teachers and scientists visited the West online, what we never saw before. Until their course, the scientific information system for students in PhD, I, as a teacher, gave lectures on OER and OER and received from them, at the end of the semester, the independent work of the search strategies of OER for this dissertation. This is a short video for 5 minutes. As a result of this support, we held meetings with key stakeholders and started holding library consultations on copyright and licensing issues for teachers as potential OER authors. We also saw over 200 teachers and researchers attend a thematic online event, something we had never seen before. As an associate professor, I added a lecture on OER to my course for PhD students. At the end of the semester, the students submitted their independent assignments on OER search strategies and created short videos of up to 5 minutes. We studied the technical possibilities for creating, curating and maintaining open textbooks and using multimedia in them. Additionally, we prepared for public discussion regulatory documents on creation of open textbooks and open access teaching guides. In the framework of the pilot program, we also prepared for public discussions on OER and OER and open access teaching guides. In the framework of the pilot program, we also prepared for public discussions on OER and OER and open access teaching guides. In the framework of the pilot program, we also prepared for public discussions on OER and open access teaching guides. In the framework of the pilot program, we also prepared for public discussions on OER, which had been organized in institutional repository and was integrated in thebellary system of OER. So far it is the only Ukrainian open hands in OER. And in the process of preparation, As part of the pilot project, creative and determined teachers of our university created four open textbooks as OER in partnership with librarians. These textbooks have been placed in the institutional repository and integrated in the international system OERC. So far, these are the only Ukrainian textbooks in the OERC. Two more textbooks are being prepared as we speak. The OERC was created and published on YouTube for the first time in June 2022. The cycle of the open world and the open world resources is important for the Ukrainian higher world. During June 2022, three open video lectures out of ten of the cycle on open education and OER were created and published on YouTube. The creation of open lecturers and the cycle of open video lectures is an example of an intellectual volunteer, publishers and libraries. When the motivation of the staff became a useless desire to work for the benefit of the university, the cafes and students, and not for personal benefit. The creation of open textbooks and a series of open video lectures is an example of intellectual volunteering of teachers and librarians. The librarians, when the motivating factor was a selfless wish to act for the benefit of the university, department and students, not for personal gain. The scientific library of OERC is an organizer of the annual international conference of the university library on the new stage of the development of social communications, on which, in the new year and this year, the powerful team of NOL speakers has performed. The current answer is confirmed by the fact that, according to the results of the online conference, the trends of the library of the universities of Ukraine in the military are open science, inclusion and open world resources. In addition, the NOL performance team has visited three leaders in the nomination of the best speaker. Our university library is the organizer of the annual international conference, university library at the new stage of social communications development, at which a powerful team of NOL speakers presented last year and again this year. The relevance of their presentations is confirmed by the results of a conference survey. The survey reveals that the trends among Ukrainian university libraries in wartime are open science, inclusion and open educational resources. Moreover, the performance of the NOL team entered the top three in the best speaker nomination. And this is very, very important for the NOL and the OERC. Our library would never have been able to achieve this tragic military time and in such short term achieve the results that we have today without the active support of the NOL and OERC. And this part is also very important. I'd like to say a few words about NOL and OERC. Our library would never have been able to achieve the results we have today in this terrible, tragic wartime and in such a short time without the active support of Spark Europe and NOL. This is not just the professional support of highly qualified experts who teach, answer questions, provide their suggestions and offer possible solutions to the difficult problems we're facing. This is the sincere support of friends who care about us and our families. I feel their warmth even at a great distance through the monitor screen, because this is humanity. And my university is the only Ukrainian member of Spark Europe, and it is a great honor for us, but also a great responsibility. And my university is the only Ukrainian member of Spark Europe, and it is a great honor for us, but also a great responsibility. Ukraine has received its initial, difficult period of war, and we will continue to become stronger. Each of us has its own service. And right now, like never before, we are aware of the importance of our work, of service to the interests and needs of the university community, often even in dangerous conditions. And this is our contribution. The contribution of university librarians to approaching withive the contribution of university librarians to approaching our victory. And I sincerely believe that with such international support, noble and strategically important ideas and practices of open education and OER will spread very quickly across Ukraine. The University Library is and will be the ambassador of open education and OER The university library is and will be the ambassador of open education and OER at the university region and also in the country, despite the fact that the war is our new reality. Despite the fact that the Usus library sorely lacks modern computer equipment, despite the fact that many young researchers, many young teachers have gone to the front to defend their homeland, while more senior teachers do not have sufficient training to create videos or multimedia and are not always ready for OER, despite the fact that librarians need training on open education and OER in Ukrainian language. And I also sincerely believe that the black struggle of the Ukrainian world, due to the terrible war of Russia against Ukraine, will soon become an incitement struggle. And it will also be thanks to global practices of openness. And this will happen thanks to, among other things, global practices of openness. Together, we will achieve the advantages over Russia, as well as over the country by aggressor, and we will defend the rights of each country to the highest human rights, democracy, different cultures, national science and the open world. Librarians in Ukraine in 2022 are modern heroes, who together with colleagues use digital open materials to support students in this time of violent crisis and do their best to maintain their cultural resources available for all, at least in their digital format. The annual network and what we did with the members and Spark Europe are just helping from afar from providing practical support and creating tools and resources that can be adapted and translated into local language. We as a community are learning from them. Resilience is a word we sometimes overused during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was nothing compared to the ground and open literally underground work. Librarians and teachers are doing in Ukraine. We have members from different European countries, and we consider open education and OER, a field rush that can now offer chance to keep the doors of dialogue open. And in the future, a road to reveal the trust and cooperation. As the open education community at large, we must continuously and consciously choose to do our best to help these brave librarians support students and local communities as they are now. While the whole world is watching with admiration, Ukrainian people protecting their homeland amidst the brutal war waged by Russia, Ukrainian librarians are fighting their own battles, often less visible, to provide access to education and support scientific research. They are undertaking and successfully implement implementing open education and open science projects that are essentially directed at social justice and inclusion for current and future generations of students, teachers and researchers. They are leading by example and setting high standards of resilience and indemnitability for all of us. And these are the values that all of us at NOL stand for. As a Ukrainian and as an open education librarian myself, I'm grateful to the NOL for providing the platform on which we can join our efforts to support our colleagues in Ukraine. Support them in their noble and often pioneering role of paving the way for open education in times of crisis and unleashing the transformative potential of OER for the times of reconstruction that will inevitably follow with the victory of Ukraine. I'm honored and privileged to be working alongside Tatiana and Paola and our wonderful colleagues all over the world, the inspiring volunteers and down to earth dreamers that moved education forward. Thank you all for your attention. Glory to Ukraine. Tatiana, there is a question for you. What can we do to help? So if you want to ask someone something, this is the moment for you. If you already have something very clear in your mind. Tatiana, there is already a question for you. What else can our participants do to help? If you already have any specific requests, now or maybe later, please send them. Okay, if possible, I will send a request a little later, but I have already sent that we have a lot of such problems that need to be solved, but this will be done gradually. There are quite a lot of issues that need to be resolved, but they will approach step by step and Tatiana will get back to you. I think it was Catherine who asked about any additional support. Yeah, it was Laura, but there are many more. Yes, so Tatiana would like to also get back to you a bit later and, well, to sort of establish communication and connection and ask for some specific support that could be provided. Thank you very much for offering that. And thank you all for your nice approach in the chat and consider that we are more than happy to connect you with Tatiana and to work together. As you can see, we are overcoming barriers of languages and doing our best to support each other, even using automatic translation. Don't think that we are all professionals here. I'm thankful for having Mira, because she knows both languages, but we can do this together. So it's just to be willing to do something and we can have a step by step approach. So it's small things or big projects, we can do a lot together. And thank you for adding us. Mira, I would like to work in some specific project with our library, some specific project. And Tatiana would be really interested in joining some specific projects with their library, of course. So if all of you wonderful colleagues from all around the world have specific projects in mind where a Ukrainian scientific library could participate, your suggestions are really welcome. And thank you a lot for your proposals and for support. Any other questions for Tatiana? We still have one minute. Meanwhile, let me thank Tatiana personally for the work that she's doing, which is incredible, amazing, and really she is my hero. Tatiana, I would also like to thank you personally for the incredible work that she's doing and for her true heroism. And also for many people in the chat, who are also enjoying their job, the work that you and your colleagues are looking forward to doing. Thank you, thank you, because I'm going to cry now. Tatiana is grateful and emotional. So just so you know, her library is a finalist for the Open Education Award for Open Resilience in 2022. So even, I mean, the final results of this award will be published on the 20th of October, but she's a finalist with her work and we are grateful for what you are doing. Paola, she announced that your library has become a finalist of this award that you were talking about on the Friday. And on the 20th of October, the finalist will be announced specifically in this category, but in any case, you are a finalist. And that's wonderful. Thank you, thank you. And welcome to the chat. Thank you, colleagues. Thank you. I want to say once again that I'm happy that such an audience. It's the first time I'm performing in front of such a respected community from many countries. That's why I'm very grateful, maybe something was wrong, but I'm happy that I'm here with you.  Because this is her first experience of, well, such a large international conference and she's really grateful to be here, honored and humbled and happy.


Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in dentistry and work. So, today's topic in conservative dentistry is MTA that is mineral trioxide aggregate. So, as we all know the quest for new materials are never-ending especially in the field of dental science. So, various materials have been formulated, tested and standardized to obtain maximum benefit for good clinical performance. So, one such material is MTA. So, which was introduced by Dr. Mahmud Tarabinejad in 1993 in California. So, it was originally formulated to provide the physical properties, setting requirements and characteristics which is necessary for an ideal repair and medicament material. Okay, so it is mainly for the repair and medicament. So, it has proven that MTA exhibits good sealing ability, excellent long-term prognosis, relative ease of manipulation, good biocompatibility and tissue regeneration. So, in 1998 MTA has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration that is FTA. So, we have basically three powder ingredients in MTA. First one is Portland cement which is a very commonly used protapax filling material. But it is one of the ingredients that is it constitute around 75 percentage then bismuth oxide to improve the radio opacity and gypsum 5 percentage. Okay. So, if we say chemical composition it consists of tricalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, tricalcium oxide, silicate oxide and bismuth oxide. So, its composition is almost like Portland cement but only the additional thing is mainly the bismuth oxide to improve the radio opacity. So, the particle sizes are smaller and uniform in size whereas the particle size of Portland cement vary in size but our MTA has more smaller and regular in size. So, we have basically two types of MTA. The first one is gray MTA and second one white MTA. So, GMTA or WMTA. So, the gray MTA why that peculiar color gray is because of the ferrous oxide. Okay, ferrous oxide gives that gray color. So, it contains tetrachalcium alumino ferrate nothing but ferrous oxide which is responsible for this gray discoloration. So, it can cause discoloration of teeth so that it is not commonly used in anterior tooth and it has got larger particles and it is having larger particles and longer setting time but good compressive strength whereas the white MTA the ferrous oxide is replaced by magnesium oxide. Okay, so it has magnesium oxide. So, there is no problem of tooth discoloration it has got lesser particle size and shorter setting time and similarly it has got lesser compressive strength. Next about the mixing of MTA. Okay, so it is commonly followed the three is to one pattern the MTA paste is obtained by mixing three parts of powder and one part of water. Okay, so to get a party like consistency. Okay, we can mix it on a paper or even on a glass lap using a plastic or metal spatula then this mix is placed in the desired location and condensed lightly with moistened cotton pellet. So, that is about a mixing. Now, let's see the properties of MTA. So, the first about compressive strength compressive strength. So, the compressive strength it takes an average three to four hours for the MTA material to completely solidify. So, it has shown that once it is set its compressive strength equal to IRM or super EBA but less than amalgam. So, this IRM and super EBA restorative materials specially the rotent restorative material retrograde filling materials. So, the compressive strength is equal to IRM and super EBA but less than amalgam. So, the compressive strength of MTA within 24 hours of mixing was about 40 megapascal but it increases to 67.3 megapascal after 21 days. Okay, this is 24 hours. So, this is a compressive strength. Okay. So, the gray MTA exhibited greater compressive strength than whiter MTA. Now, the pH. So, the second property is pH. The initial pH is 10.2 very alkaline pH. Again, it goes to 12.5 after three hours. Okay, that is a second property. Third property is radio opacity. Radio opacity it is actually less radio opaque than IRM and super EBA amalgam or Gattapacham and it has similar radio density as Zinc Oxide Eugenol. Okay, it's radio density is similar to Zinc Oxide Eugenol but lesser than the other materials. So, the mean radio opacity of MTA is 7.17 millimeter of equivalent thickness of aluminum which is sufficient to make it easy to visualize radiographically. The next property is solubility. Okay, the fourth property is solubility. So, the MTA shows basically no sign of solubility and the solubility might increase if we add more water during the mixing. So, the set MTA when exposed to water release water. So, it releases calcium hydroxide which might be responsible for its cementogenesis property. So, that is solubility. The next thing is marginal adaptation. Marginal adaptation and sealing ability. So, it seals well. So, MTA expands during setting which may be the reason for its excellent sealing ability. So, its thickness of about 4 mm is sufficient to provide a good sealing, sealing of the root apex. Okay. So, it has also got antibacterial and anti-fungal properties. So, it is basically works against bacteria groups such as intracoccus, ficalis, streptococcus, sankus, pseudomonas, and E. coli, candida albicans, staphylococcus, epidermis, all these bacteria will be destroyed. So, the seventh property is biocompatibility. So, it is very biocompatible and it is not mutagenic and is much less cytotoxic compared to superebian IRM. So, this supports the superiority of MTA over formacosol as a pulpotomy medicament. Okay. So, that is a biocompatibility. And next property is reaction with other dental material. So, MTA does not react or interfere with any other restorative material. GIC or composite resin which use a permanent filling material, do not affect the setting of MTA when placed over it. Okay. So, the possible interactions might occur when MTA cement is combined with the other materials during endodontic treatment. That is chloroxidine. It might cause difficulties for correct setting. Sodium hypochloride might cause a shorter time of setting. Saline might cause a longer time of setting. Lignokine, again, longer time of setting. And the next property is tissue regeneration. Tissue regeneration is MTA is capable of activation of cementor blasts and production of cement. So, it consistently allows for overgrowth of cement and also facilitates regeneration of periodontal ligament. And it allows bone healing and eliminates clinical symptoms in many cases. So, the last one we have is the mineralization. The 10th property is mineralization. So, just like calcium hydroxide, it induces dentain bridge formation. Okay. That is the most important one, dentain bridge formation. So, the heart tissue bridge deposited next to MTA, it is mainly because of the sealing property, biocompatibility, alkalinity and other properties associated with this material. So, the dentain bridge that is formed with MTA is faster with good structural integrity and more complete than when compared to the calcium hydroxide. Okay. So, it proves to be a better at stimulating reparative dentain formation. So, it resulting in less inflammation, hyperemia, necrosis, as well as a good thicker dentain bridge with more frequent odendoblastic layer formation. So, when we compare with calcium hydroxide, so the first property is heart tissue formation. Heart tissue formation is not very much in calcium hydroxide, but MTA gives root and induction. Okay. Root and induction. Then the calcified bridge. So, it is continuous with dentain and it is very fast. It is not continuous, not continuous and it is slow. The biocompatibility is high, biocompatibility. High here, calcium hydroxide, it is low. Degree of inflammation, it is high, it is low here. Inflammation. Then the setting. Setting is not very hard, but it is hard here. Then the pH is both having high pH, it is alkaline pH. Solubility. Solubility is a better property. MTA is highly insoluble, but this is partially soluble. Calcium hydroxide is partially soluble. Permeability. It is non permeable, whereas the calcium hydroxide is permeable to fluids. Then resorption. MTA is non-resorbable. Okay. Non-resorbable, but here it is. It increases the rate varies with density. Epical closure is very good with MTA, but unpredictable with calcium hydroxide. So, the basic clinical application of MTA are, as we all know, it is mainly used as a root and filling material. Epical closure. So, mainly is direct pulp capping. Then pulpitomy. Focation. Treatment. Then root perforation. Then the obturation, that is retrograde obturation. Then apexogenesis and apexification. And also radical resorption cases. So, all these cases are mainly the root repair material. So, that's all about MTA, mineral trioxide aggregate. So, we learned about the properties, its application, its setting, and little bit about its composition and introduction. So, this is very commonly asked to show up now in conservative industry. Hope you understood the small concept of MTA. I will come over to your topic in conservative industry. Thank you.


Thank you very much to the organizer for for doing this, even though we are in a very, very weird times. Okay, so very quickly because I just realized that I have a lot of things to, I would like to say a lot of things. Probably everybody of us has read something about the involvement of third states like the US and UK in the conflict of Yemen and through the arms transfers of, through arms transfer directed to Saudi Arabia. So basically Saudi Arabia is using British and American and American weaponry and also other other weapons coming from other third states. So looking at the scholarship that we have, we started to see around this phenomenon which is not new at all. I mean it's a typical Cold War and probably also states started to transfer arms and things probably even before the modern age. We have, we still have, we have this problem of saying what are we doing as third states, are we involved in the conflict, are we involved in what are the weapons, the weapons we transfer are going to be used. So, today in my, today in my, in the paper I present, I'm, I would like to, I would like to draw on some findings, findings from by a professor and I are, and I are professor, Professor Anna Stavrianakis, who was quite involved in the, in the research of this of the involvement of Britain, British involvement in with regards to Saudi Arabia, intervention in Yemen. So, first of all, a very general, a very general premise. Since at least the 1930s, states, but almost all states, or at least the major, let's say the major arms, arms producing states have system domestic systems whereby they need to authorize the export. So, every, the export of armaments. So, every arms exiting the country is authorized by, by the, by the government in various ways, but we always have an authorization. Then we have, then after the end of the Cold War, we started to have, we started to have a reform of these systems. And in this system, we started to see pre export assessments being provided by relevant legislation. And this pre export assessment include the prevent, the, yeah, the assessment of possible, of possible violations of human rights and humanitarian law, among other things. I'm just focusing on these two because they are the, the, the most legal, the most legal criteria. Now, for example, now we have also some international and super, a super national, super national legislation that actually impose this kind of, this kind of pre export assessment. So we have the, the European Union Council common position nine for four of 2008 and the arms trade treaty, speaking about speaking about this kind of pre export assessment based on human rights and humanitarian law. So, reading the professor Savrionakis findings, I realized that I realized that she has a point in saying that these, these pre export assessments can be actually used by state and that actually used by exporting states to actually escape responsibility to try to avoid, they try to avoid the involvement from anything that happens with the armaments beyond borders. So today with you I'm going, I'm going to go through very quickly through three scenarios that identified. I'm going to skip some things that I would have liked to present with you so if I miss something please just ask me some question and then I will have the chance to expand on some aspects. So this scenario is when we have another estimation of positive aspects by the arms exporting states and then under estimation of, let's say undesirable or inconvenient considerations. If you read, for example, President Trump statement of the 24th of July to 2019 you will have an idea of what, what I mean, Trump try to emphasize for example, the security and the defense, the national security and the fence, both of the US and of the Saudi Arabia, vetoing actually the Congress resolution to stop, to stop arms being sent to Saudi Arabia. I argue that this basically this basically is not is not an interpretation that we can accept as lawyers, because we can look at article seven of the arms treaty, even though I know that I even thank you even know I know that I mean the US is not part of the country, but it's clear in special in special regulations in special lex specialist regulations that security and defense consideration cannot overcome the risk of human rights and IHL violations. And I argue that this is common also in other in other legal regimes that consider this consider our military operations or risk of human rights or violation of human dignity. I just mentioned, for example, the principle of non-nurse in torture, for example, security and defense is no is no trump card for possible risk. But also if we look at article 14 of the liver code, which is considered to be one probably one of the first sources of IHL as Nils Meltzer points out military necessity is not is not does not derogate IHL principle so soldiers need to abide by IHL even when they are actually they are actually claiming that they are doing something for military needs. So this is the first scenario. And so it's a it's a way for saying that we need to to frame risk assessment properly according to the principles of that we have already in international law. The second scenario is when we have the argument or actually the even actually the possibility by the treaty itself for example the arms treaty. It's saying we are putting in place mitigating risk mitigating measures to decrease the read the level of risk in order to send arms abroad anyway. My idea. I'm basing the originality of my future doctoral dissertation is is the idea that these mitigating measures, even though they don't speak about prevention. These are these are actually evidence of an obligation to prevent. Exactly like the tree of the tree of the Alabama Corfu and genocide case are explaining us. Of course, we don't have a provision like the genocide case, which exactly spells out prevent the duty to prevent. But if we look at the purpose of the arms treaty. And we look also at the relevant relevant case the commission case law, we can and we can see that the exporting state is put in a position of preventing some undesirable and lawful effects of the arms trade and mitigating mitigating risk mitigating measures needs to be interpreted in that way. Finally, unfortunately, probably it's the most contested point of my paper and I left it. I left it at the end. I would like to argue as well that there is a link between the due diligence obligations due diligence obligation the case of arms transfer regulation and complicity. I would like to argue as as other people have already have already done in other fields. That you did the respect abiding by due diligence obligations actually put the arms exporting state in a position for having an higher degree of knowledge with regards to the final destination and the final use of the of the arms. So, these are my arguments, I just wrap up. I'm really fascinated by, by what some authors say, say that thinking about risk means thinking or imagining future. I would say that as international lawyers week when we made in the future, we should think about the future that has no torture human rights violations or IHL violations in the future. So, we need actually to read the risk assessment rules in that way, in a way that risk assessments are not be are not used as a jail free card for arms exporting state and even arms exporting state have their own responsibility for the final use of the arms. Thank you very much.


Hi everybody, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com here with the promo randomizer for Jaspys Big Black Friday Cyber Monday weekend promotion over $5,000 of stuff being given away including $1,500 of break credit for the name on top, second name will get a sealed case of archives baseball, third person will get a Lionel Messi Argentina jersey which I have over here, very nice, there he is, all authentic, camera, oh I turned it off, there it is, there he is, just won the Ballon d'Or today as well, fourth name down will get a case, fifth name down will get six boxes, so a lot of great stuff here. So remember, any break that had BFCM promo in the title will be included on the randomizer, so Jason did a number of breaks on Friday and Saturday and I did some on Sunday and here on Monday as well. So that filler was involved, the hit parade, football, dual case baseball, another filler pack was involved, basketball mixer, basketball dual case break, baseball mixer, hit parade football dual case break, the divisional break, or the filler for the divisional break and if you got into the division it equaled four promo spots, so that was quadrupled up right there, then there was the hit parade football jazzy exclusive number seven, clearly authentic, the hit parade basketball dual case break, the nine box aired out mixer, the optic baseball hobby box, plus the bowman chrome baseball break, which we just did not too long ago, it's almost 500 names, there are 492 names, so let's gather all those names, there's some new dice, there's a new list, first off, I mean it's going to be a tough promo to win, but first off I just want to say thank you, everybody, I just want to say thanks to everyone who got into the action and who helped fill up all of these breaks over the weekend to chase these prizes, so I appreciate it, do you have a chance, well if you were in any of these breaks Rex, yeah, were you in the basketball filler, no I don't think you were, were you in that mosaic filler, is that what you're talking about, no you're not in there, no you're not on this list Rex, so you must not be in a break that had BFCM in the title, alright, so anyway, big thanks to everybody who got into the action, thanks for your support, you know, all year long thanks for your support and thanks for your support over the weekend and you know that's what helps us unlock, be able to do promos like this because of all your support, so thank you everyone and now let's see who's gonna win, let's roll it and randomize that monster list there four and a one five times, so it'll be top five after five, good luck, one, two, three, four and once more, right, yep, fifth and final time, good luck, alright so big drum roll, drum roll, drum roll, drum roll, drum roll, drum roll, only the top five win something but again I appreciate everybody, I appreciate you, thanks for supporting us, let's see who's in the top five, we're getting close, alright very close and there's Jimmy, you're part of the top five, Jimmy, congrats, Chad, congrats, Steve Wright with that early bird spot congrats, there's Adam Cupperman and David B, congrats to all of you, congrats to the people in the top five after five and there we go, David you win the $1,500 of break credit congrats to you Adam, you got a sealed case, a 10 box case of 2021 tops archives baseball hobby edition shipped to you sealed, Steve Wright you won the Lionel Messi jersey, that's pretty cool, Chad with the 12 box case of 2021 tops update baseball hobby edition shipped to you sealed and Jimmy with six boxes of 2021 Panini Chronicles baseball hobby edition sealed, shipped to you, there you have it, thanks once again everyone I can't say thank you enough and I appreciate all of your support and we hope to keep seeing you around here on Jasp, at jaspyscasewrakes.com on our Instagram channel on our what not channel so thank you everybody I'm Joe I'll see you next time for the next one bye bye


Hey friends, we are at Minnie's Hollywood Dine at Hollywood and Vine. Yes, so excited for this It is a character buffet. Yep, but all the characters are dressed up in their favorite Halloween costumes Yeah, like Minnie right here. Look at her. Lovely. Lovely. Lovely So excited to try the food. We're invited by a lot of good lovely friends. Yep, it's gonna be a great night Let's go do this This photo opportunity here. Oh, I love it. Oh, oh fellas Look at that, and they already have pre-autographed Cards right here with Minnie's Halloween Dine. How awesome is that? I love it. Add it in here. It is so awesome. Oh, there's Mickey. I see Mickey. I see Mickey Look at him. So it's Count Mickey. Oh, yeah Look at Mickey. So entertaining. Oh Yes, thank you. Oh You look so happy Look at that handmanship That is adorable. It is. C has come over to say hello to the group Wow So is Daisy a witch? Oh, honey Of course, I don't know that with the difference between a witch and a spider Daisy a witch?   We can't take you anywhere Yes Oh, yes Now we're getting a ladies photo with Daisy and look they all have matching ears. They actually made them Isn't that so awesome? Wow, they all look really good. Very very skilled ear makers Oh No, no, no, no, no Look at this. I cannot even believe it You guys know how I feel Look at this magical tray full of drinks magical star cocktail It's your favorite and they both got one No, I got the Long Island Rose Rose you get Long Islands Carpe diem Can we do a long cheers? While Mickey and Daisy have already come to the table we still have some time in between The other character interactions, so let's get a plate of food and check out what food they actually have to offer Okay Look at the boo breads a spritz-wreck dinner wall Spits wreck dinner roll. Look at that Warlock broccoli slaw with soy nuts butter. Huh? I love how everything is actually themed Halloween Witches vegetable potion great season go salad. Wait. It's like Scooby-Doo great season great season go salad And then they have the boogeyman salad spellbinding Zombie mussels look at that. That is awesome Monsters beef meatballs creepy corn nibbles vampire repelling mashed potatoes.  Oh, there's just so much Wow, they even have braised short ribs And of course The carving station Terrifying turkey He's sleepy Yep, they got kids frightful favorites over here And that is right where I'm heading I know it to get some broccoli, right? No, ah, there's not enough for everyone tombstone taters, huh? That's pretty awesome. Got tater tots mac and cheese rice Wings broccoli They got a lot of good stuff over on the other side.  So just a little bit of everything A port mission a port mission goofy is at the table Goofy is at the table drop the food Had a run over here. I made a pal. I'll take that plate. All right. Good.  I mean you guys understand right if goofy is at your table You stop what you're doing and you get back to that table So I'll go back up and I'm gonna get what I can get left on my plate before I actually get my actual plate We'll eat some food meet some more characters and then go over the desserts You can just take that right to my table. Thank you You dropped your mashed potatoes on the ground And I can definitely point out that he has attacked the kids buffet action Get it get it I Have to say I'm very Happy with my choice of this long eye on the nice tea. I went back up for my second plate I got to say short ribs all the way. I love them. I love them. I love them He's got some salmon Even tiny little squids Is it really? Yeah I've never even noticed that See oh my lord, I don't know they came that small. There's squids inside the pasta.  Yes Da na na na na na space Donald you look fantastic. I like your motherboard.  Oh That would have been It's still very awesome, but you know, it's really cool. Look what they're doing They're having all the characters autograph this really nifty Starbucks coffee mug. I think that's really unique Do you remember the audience? Let's see. Do you have a picture of it? Yeah, I have a picture of it Where is he? I don't see him. There's no Donald in that picture I know you're not in it, but thanks Oh, there's no Donald. You're not even a picture of Donald in there There's a picture of yourself. Do you remember that time you were in that show? Yeah Oh Nothing like dining at Hollywood and Vine and getting to listen to the Haunted Mansion. I love it They have 999 different offerings, right? Look at this turkey leg, I'll take it. I Want to have a plate. Oh, no, I need a plate. I get a free turkey leg What is phenomenal, this is just amazing all you can eat turkey legs. I've never heard of this ever They have turkey legs up there Turkey leg They had it sit there and they're like, oh, do you want the leg?  I mean these everyone Well, I guess it's dessert time first of all They have a soft serve machine right here where you can actually get chocolate twist vanilla and Sprinkles and caramel and chocolate, but they also have a whole bunch of Halloween Desserts Oh, yep. Yep. You're like a chocolate chip cookie. Isn't that spooky? Wait, that's the regular one But they do have banana cream puffs Carrot cake candy corn chocolate pot to cream. Look at that Pumpkin cheesecake and this is pumpkin pear arena I hope I said that right And apple pie ghost I got to try this apple pie ghost. I only have once a plate. What's that? Chocolate cupcake with orange frosting See these are Halloween sugar cookies. Why couldn't they mean the chocolate chips like something spooky like spotted Cruella cookies?  How do you say I got the meat sweats? Oh, I got the meat sweats There you go. The short rib was phenomenal and I ate like three or four of them.  Yeah, they're short ribs. Yeah. Yeah, so I feel better the pork loin was good What do you guys think? What else was good? Was really good Buffalo chicken, I did try that. I was pretty good.   I may be playing it off a little bit, but not too much because you are a good Daisy thank you. I'm sorry. I called you a witch.  Thank you Wow What a dog Bye And look at the whole table just pointed out to me We found an actual second thing that says MGM studio right here in the Hollywood and Vine That's okay, you guys take credit I Love this sign right here. Look at this little guy right here. It's amazing, isn't it? Sorry guys Hey, look at that Would you look at that? See you have a great day.  Thank you very much for everything Yeah Thank you to all these guys right here For letting us hang out with you. Yes new friends new friends and old ones Love you Thank you And that's going to do it. That's it. That's the end of the vlog. It was fun. Yes. It was great I ate too much and I got the meat sweats I've basically like saying I always eat too much But thank you to all these guys like I said before they're fantastic great company new friendships right here are born Yes, and That's it. So love the life you live I said it Wow, so yeah down the days it got out of their space and I can't fight her. She's a spider spider. Oh, I can't believe I did that. They got changed very quickly And jumped right out of here in front of said they're like Katy Perry. Oh, I like it. I Notice Veronica is staying tight to the fence because there's like one single line of shade and the rest is scorcher hot sun Stay close to the fence


Yeah, pretty good, I mean obviously I've got a new co-driver this weekend as well and virtually a new event for me so it's been a lot of fun. Yesterday we took probably the morning loop to find a rhythm, by the afternoon it was all feeling pretty nice and then this morning we were able to build on that again I think our time this morning showed that we were we were doing pretty well this morning so yeah all is well. How was the build up because like you said you got a bit of attention on your regardless of how new you are at the sport or whatever else. Were you nervous heading into that first stage on Saturday morning? Yeah people kept asking me all week you know are you nervous and you do things like testing and then you do recce and they both give you confidence but still come stage one on Saturday morning I was pretty nervous but you drop the clutch for the first stage and then it all goes into straight into stage mode so from there on it's just been one stage into the next building on the experience and getting used to the notes in the car which are all working really well. Now tell us about the machine it looks almost like one of your dad's championship winning go sort of four-wheel drive cars but it's not and you and your dad have been working on this tell us a bit about it. Yeah so we got the car about 12 months ago this is its third rally and it's a standard engine you know very standard sort of a car we've got a close ratio gearbox in it which improves everything you know by a lot as any rally people know other than that though yeah it's a it's a pretty strong little thing we've given it a few hits this weekend particularly this morning we gave it a hard time but yeah it's keeps getting us to service so. And I see the old man's on the jack there too so he's you're looking like the works driver and he's always got the overalls on. I know I don't like this look you're gonna be in trouble so. People will judge me. But the reason you've gone for this is to get kilometers it's not all about big high horse power it's front wheel drive you want this to be reliable and get your skills and get as many cases you can dump. Exactly we need a car that finishes rallies you know that's the best for my experience and it's a really good learning car it's pretty slow in the steering but I think if you jump straight into a good car you know you're not going to learn as much as you are from a car like this and it has to be driven really hard to get the most out of it which is what we were doing this morning so I think I'm I'm learning the basics in a car like this and then you know we'll look down the truck at moving to something faster. I think you've done a fabulous job so far keep it going for those last three ones it all nice and straight into the finish later on this afternoon. Thanks Dino see you soon.


Coming up on DTNS, Amazon wants to compete with cable TV, the scoop on whether giving up your phone passcode is self-incrimination and the first mistaken arrest involving facial recognition. This is the Daily Tech News for Wednesday, June 24th, 2020 in Los Angeles. I'm Tom Merritt. And from Studio Redwood, I'm Sarah Lane. In Salt Lake City, I'm Scott Johnson. I'm the show's producer, Roger Shane. Folks, we were just talking about old-timey baseball cards, five and dimes and all kinds of good stuff. Get that wider conversation. Get our expanded show, Good Day Internet. Become a member at patreon.com. Let's start with a few tech things you should know. On Wednesday, Slack announced Slack Connect. So up to 20 organizations, if they're paying anyway, can communicate with each other within a single Slack channel. The company says that Connect will come to unpaid tiers in some form in the future as well. The company also says it's been working on Connect for four years. Enterprise security key management using Connect will be available this summer. It should have been Connect with a K. Olympus announced it will sell its camera business to Japan industrial partners, JIP, which previously bought vial computer systems from Sony. They will continue to develop products under the Olympus brand such as OM-D and Zuko. Olympus's main business will remain medical equipment, so they're still really focused on that. The deal is expected to close later this year. Microsoft released a public defender. That is a preview of its defender antivirus software for Android. Only for commercial customers, though. It's the advanced persistent threat. Microsoft Fender ATP for Android will show up in companies' dashboards with the option to deploy it to employee devices. Defender for Android can scan for malicious apps on the phone. Detect and block malicious websites. And infected phones can be blocked from accessing company resources until they get fixed. Microsoft Defender ATP for Linux also exited preview today and is now generally available. Brazil has suspended WhatsApp's right to operate mobile payments just a week after the feature launched. Mastercard and Visa, which are used by WhatsApp to handle payments, have been asked to suspend money transfers on WhatsApp. The central bank suggests it did not get to analyze the WhatsApp system prior to launch. WhatsApp Pay launched in a limited test in India two years ago and is also available as a test in Mexico. Brazil is WhatsApp Pay's first nationwide rollout. Good news to all the Minecraft players out there. NVIDIA released a driver update to support Microsoft DirectX 12 Ultimate. A key component of DirectX 12 Ultimate is ray tracing. So your RTX cards now have something to do if you're a fan, I guess. Which is supported on NVIDIA's RTX line of cards. The new NVIDIA drivers also support hardware accelerated GPU scheduling in Windows 10, which lets the video card manage its own memory for improved performance and reduced latency. GM launched an on-star app in Canada and the United States for Android and iOS called Guardian. When an active on-star plan is available, you can have up to eight people use it accessing safety features, whether or not they're in the car. That includes emergency advisors, location sharing, roadside assistance, and mobile crash response, which can detect a collision using a phone's motion sensor and an Android automatically connect you to on-star. The latest version of Opera now has Twitter baked into the sidebar of the browser. So you can access your main feed, you can search, you can DM people without opening a website or opening an app. Opera says it's the first major browser to do this. It also previously added Instagram to the sidebar and has built-in access to Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Telegram, and the Connect. Google announced new default data practices for new users. In a blog post Wednesday, CEO Sundar Pichai wrote that automatically deleting web and app searches after 18 months will now be on by default for new users. Users can also still change it to be three months if they want. Google's location history is off by default, but even if turned on will default to 18 month deletion schedule. Google is also letting iOS users switch to incognito mode with a long press on their profile picture. That's coming to Android and other platforms soon. Alright, let's talk a little more about that Amazon thing. Alright, let's do it. Protocol sources say Amazon is actively pursuing, that's the quote, deals to license live linear TV programming. Think of it as the opposite of on-demand. Job listings indicate Amazon may add live programming to its prime service. That's a prime video. One job listing mentions concerts, political debates, and news in addition to existing streams of live sports. Other listings mention live TV broadcasters and cable networks as a potential partner. One listing says, we are building next-gen linear catalog systems to provide best-in-class linear TV experience to prime video customers, unquote. Well, you know, I pay for YouTube TV, which is, you know, it's the cheapest version of cable out there.  If Amazon builds something like this and as a prime member, they can undercut what I'm already doing with YouTube. Because when YouTube TV launched, I was like, seriously, $50 for all this? That's great. Then I'd be pretty excited about it. If it was anything more limited, it would be of little use to me. Yeah, I'm wondering what they're going to do. It'll be interesting because it could be something like that. It could also be something like Pluto TV, where it's just a lot of linear streams of video from big brands, but not necessarily the same thing you would get on cable TV. I would feel like if they did that, it would be free with prime video. It would just be another way to get you to use prime video because you'd have all this fun stuff. If they're going to do a cable TV replacement service like YouTube TV, that could be a big deal because we are now away from when those services first launched. When Sling TV, PlayStation View, YouTube TV, when they all first launched, they had to strike weird deals to get cable networks to agree. Because the cable networks didn't want to undermine the cash cow that was cable television. But cable television is no longer a cash cow or if it is, it's a very skinny cow compared to what it used to be. So Amazon might be able to get better deals and maybe create a more comprehensive and therefore competitive service. I don't know. It's possible. What I hope, I like Pluto TV for a bunch of reasons. Mainly though, it's my own weird reasons because I like curated weird channels. I like channels that say, hey, we're called the funky horror from the 60s and all you're going to get are 1960s horror movies.  I like that kind of thing to get sort of lost in. They have animation channels like that and so on, but they don't have any kind of big mainstream stuff. Little channels here and there, food networks, some news channels, but for the most part, it's these kind of weird sort of nichy things. And I like that. I'd like more of the mainstream stuff too. So maybe Amazon will do both of these things. Maybe they can bring these two worlds together and I can get linear TV as an option, hopefully with my exact same Prime subscription that I'm already paying. That would be cool. In fact, that's kind of crucial for me in this case. And I will, I'll buy into it, even if it's commercial supported. I will watch whatever they bring. I just want it to be full and lots of options and also just stick a little weird stuff in there if you can. Well, this next story is a bit of a head scratcher, but let's go with it. Three U.S. Senators introduced a bill that would require tech companies to comply with lawful access to encrypted information, even if that information was end-to-end encrypted. End-to-end encryption like that, used in WhatsApp, makes it impossible for anybody but a user to access data without somehow cracking the encryption. While not mandating how this would actually be accomplished, the bill would require companies to comply with warrants that request user data no matter how it was encrypted. The bill would also create a competition to offer a prize for anybody who develops a way to access encrypted data while still maintaining privacy and security. Yeah, so this is another take on making a backdoor without mandating a backdoor. The Urnit Act also does a similar thing. That was related to repealing Section 230, but this one's not. This one's just saying, hey, we're going to make it the law that if law enforcement comes to you with a warrant, okay, they've got the right to data, you have to give them that data. No excuses. You don't get to say, I'm sorry, it's ended and encrypted. We don't have the key to it. Which is basically saying don't employ encryption because or employ broken encryption. It's just impossible to offer fully secure encryption and also allow anybody to access it because as soon as you allow anybody. Yeah, then it's not truly encrypted. I mean, it's easy to just be like, wow, these people just have no idea how encryption works and that may be true. But it sounds to me more like just saying, listen, we respect encryption and privacy is really important, but we don't want you to use end to end encryption anymore. So let's create a fun prize for somebody who can figure this out. Because what it really means is we just don't want you to use encryption the way that it's being used well. The other response to this has always been like, there just isn't a technical way to do what you're asking. And the response from a lot of politicians has been, well, you're smart. You can figure out a way. You're just not trying. So we'll give you a plan. You've already built.  We're going to give a prize to somebody who can make a ball not fall to the ground when you drop it. You can come up with ways to fake it, but it's no longer just dropping a ball anymore.  Yeah, part of me is they would just say, we want backdoors into all this sort of stuff. So let's just, we don't like encryption. So stop encrypting things and just be straight up about it. Like that's what they're asking for. They're not asking for somebody to figure out a way to make it encrypted and not. The answer they wanted. Right. Exactly. So just either either ask that and be turned down because that, because no, or quit asking. Because this isn't very well veiled.  And when you guys read it earlier, I just kind of had to wrap my head around and go, really? Are we okay? It's an impossible thing. Possibly. Yeah, this is just a bill. It is not even being voted on at this point. So don't get too over concerned yet, but we wanted to put it on your radar. Another interesting thing happening in the world of governments in the United States, the U.S. State of Indiana Supreme Court ruled that the Fifth Amendment's provision against self-incrimination does in fact protect a woman accused of stalking from having to unlock her iPhone for police. This is not the last word on this. If you're like, oh, good. Now I want to worry about having to unlock my phone. Courts across the U.S. have ruled differently. And therefore different regions have different protections. And the U.S. Supreme Court hasn't weighed in on one of these cases yet. I think we're waiting for the right one to come along. The U.S. Supreme Court precedents pretty much predate smartphones. The short version is they rely on what the suspect has and what you can prove they know. That's how the courts are determining whether you can force someone to unlock a phone or not. The closest analogy to a phone is a combination lock, right? Where you know the combination, but it's locked. Unless you tell someone the combination or you do it yourself, it won't be unlocked. And the rough rule is that the court has to prove, or someone has to prove to the court that the suspect knows the combination and knows what's inside the safe before they can be compelled to open it. Because that would produce documents. The Fifth Amendment says you can't testify against yourself. And so the court says, look, if you know the documents are in there, you can force them to give you the combination because that's not testimony. That's just having them hand over the evidence. But if you can't prove that the suspect knows either the combination or the documents, then compelling them to open it would be testimony. Because you're asking them to say something or come up with something that they know. You want them to show knowledge of something. So if you can't prove they know it, but you compel them to do it, that would be asking them to prove that they know it. That would be testifying against themselves. Does that make sense? The contents of a person's mind is what you hear used to describe that. You can't have them give you the contents of their mind. But with phones, it often comes down to the idea that you can prove they know the way to unlock the phone because you've seen them unlock the phone. That's pretty easy to prove. But you might not be able to prove they know what documents are on it. You might think there might be something incriminating on it, but can you prove that they know that that's on there or that you know that it's on there? The way you would with like, well, we know the documents are in there, we just need the combination. Now some courts say you only have to prove the suspect knows the code because producing the documents is in testimony. Since you're not asking the phone's owner what files are on there, you're saying we know the files are on there, we just need the code. You said Fifth Amendment does not apply. But other courts say that the police must be able to prove they know the documents are on the phone. Not just say they know, but prove they know. Otherwise it's what's called a phishing expedition where you're like, I want to open this up and see what's inside. Maybe I'll find something relevant to the case. And in that case, that would be forcing self-incrimination because if the person knows there's something on there but you can't prove it, forcing them to open the phone is therefore incriminating themselves. Yes, it does. I mean, all of this goes away if I say, let's just say a cop says, give me your phone. I want to see what's on there. You need to unlock it. And if I say I make the decision right then, well, yeah, I have nothing to do with whatever they're looking at. I'm going to unlock it and give it to them. All this goes away because I've consented for you to be in my phone. It depends. There could be cases where you could say I was forced into consent or intimidated. But yes, by and large, if you say I will unlock it and show it to you, it probably doesn't apply. Kind of like when they don't have a warrant, they want to look in your car. And you give them permission. Right. That's a whole different situation. But the Indiana court ruled that unless you can prove that you know the files are on the phone, you can't force someone to give you. Well, and the Indiana case and some other cases that ruled the same way, where the courts ruled the same way, I mean, it would be really hard for law enforcement to prove they know documents on a phone that is locked of someone accused of a crime. That's a tough one. Yeah, you'd have to have like an email from somebody else that says here's the files. I've said, you know, and you could say, look, we know they're on the phone because here's the email where he said he sent them. Right. Yeah. Like that. Yeah, like you've been videotaped. We saw the files over your shoulder. It's pretty specific. Very specific instance. Exactly. Well, we've talked a lot about Apple this week on the DT&S show, as you guys know, the move to ARM designs for its chips. We have not talked a lot about how much better they're going to be. Apple would have you think in their keynote that everything's going to be better, but we just don't know. Apple didn't announce a new chip for Max and therefore did not publish its usual charts and benchmarks. They just said Max would be moving to them. They are demoing Mac OS on an A12Z Bionic, which you'll find currently in the iPad Pro, the most recent version of the iPad Pro. The most specific Apple gets to say about the Mac with ARM will be industry leading performance per watt. They said that quite a bit. What Apple is not saying outright is that the A12Z Bionic would make a more powerful MacBook than say the current Intel low power laptop chips that they currently use. Apple did say ARM will give the Mac higher performance GPUs, which is interesting. From my point of view, I kind of, I could not get us out of my head when they started talking about it because on the one hand I was like, oh, I remember Rosetta. I remember the power PC transition I hated that time and sucked. And I know you guys have talked about that stuff pretty thoroughly, but I actually got a little excited because my iPad Pro is a workhorse and performs really well at the tasks I needed to do. And much of mine are art related and some other things. But there are the kinds of programs that tend to chug even on high end PCs and Macs don't chug on my iPad Pro. Again, you're working toward a unified platform, not dealing with a lot of driver issues and that sort of thing. That plays a role, certainly. But if what they're saying is that kind of usability or, I guess, potential power in the kinds of apps I care about is moving over to the Mac line to the desktop, to the laptop, wherever it may be. I'm more bullish on this than I thought I was. I'm actually kind of excited to see how that translates. We just don't know enough to say how that will impact every other kind of use case you may have for desktop. So, so many questions to answer. Yeah, and like usual, Apple being secretive leads people to try to fill in the gaps. And if you fill in the gaps with what they've given you, performance per watt could mean it's just really battery efficient, but not necessarily more powerful. And we've seen that before. In fact, the early Intel M core processors when Apple first switched to Intel had problems where, you know, they were they were battery efficient, but they weren't terribly powerful. So a couple of years for them to milk a lot of the of the power out of them. That doesn't mean that that's what's happening with the I-12 Z Bionic, but it does sort of lead you thinking like, well, if that's all you're saying is performance per watt, that tells me something, which it may or may not. Apple may not be willing to say the other part of it because they they're being Apple and they're being secretive. And I would love to know. I would love to know what a Mac Pro, a six to seven thousand dollar base price Mac Pro looks like with these chips on them. Yeah. I mean, do they even do that? They may stick with Intel for the high end stuff. I don't know. Signed arm to work in a supercomputer so you could certainly theoretically design it to work in a Mac Pro. Yeah, I'm really curious about that. Jess Whittlestone at the Lever Hulma Center for the Feature of Intelligence at the University of Cambridge and her colleagues published a comment piece in Nature Machine Intelligence this week, arguing for improvements in AI ethics. AI ethics today often respond to problems, but don't anticipate them. And that can cause delays in adoption. A recent example would be using AI to assist in patient triage that would affect which patients are highest priority. And if you don't have a built in ethical framework, many institutions say, we don't want to be the first ones to try this. There's just some issues there. People with AI expertise need to think through the implications of their work, say the researchers, and work with people who understand ethics through all levels right through implementation. Yeah, I thought this was really well, well put together because what they're saying is you need to think of ethics during the design. You can't just put something out there and wait for an oversight board to go, well, hold on, that's not very ethical or worse, wait for it to cause a problem in the workplace. Which is why your example is really well put, Sarah, if, if you're triaging patients, you don't want to try out the ethics of it and have someone tell you later that the ethics weren't good. You want the ethics to be hardened. And I think that's what Jess Whittlestone and her colleagues are saying is let's try to make this be something we can put out with the product and say the ethics are built in. We know that this doesn't have biases or if it does, we're transparent about them and we know that it shouldn't be used in these particular use cases because of that. Well, this article inspired a thought in my head, which was if you include a plan for the ethical implementation of your, of your tech of your AI tech, if that's part of the process, like this is suggesting. Won't that improve the rate at which you implement AI systems in the wild and therefore better iterate on them in the lab and therefore move them out into the wild again, because then you won't have institutions that are afraid of it. Yeah, I know that there's a plan. You've come in with this thing saying we know all of these things are issues or potential issues. So we've done this, this, this and this. And so implementation will be simple and easy and you're protected because blah, blah, blah, like all of that seems prudent. They should just do it. Yeah. And that's what Whittlestone is arguing to. She's like, look, it'll you'll be able to adopt things faster. You'll be able to iterate faster. It's absolutely right. Hey, folks, if you want to get all the tech headlines each day in about five minutes, be sure to subscribe to daily tech headlines.com. There's a technology out there that I bet would have benefited from having ethics built into it from the beginning rather than putting it into the hands of people and finding out, oh, wait, there are problems with it. And that technology is facial recognition. In fact, Boston has joined cities like San Francisco, Oakland, California and Cambridge, Massachusetts in prohibiting the use of facial recognition technology for most municipal uses. They made exceptions for unlocking your phone or using facial recognition to preserve privacy, in which case the facial recognition software is just removing faces. It doesn't have to tell you who they are. Basically, if it's not identifying you or just looking for faces, you can't use it. Cities are banning facial recognition over the fears of its misuse. All facial recognition technology has some rate of false identification. And that's a higher rate among people with darker skin since machine learning is often trained on data sets of predominantly lighter skinned people. In fact, we now have an example of that in the real world. The ACLU of Michigan has lodged a complaint in Detroit Wednesday alleging that a black man spent 30 hours in custody after facial recognition software mistakenly matched him with a shoplifting suspect. He is no longer suspected of being the shoplifter, but he had to be under arrest for 30 hours before they realized they had the wrong person. The match was made in facial recognition from the Michigan State Police's digital image analysis section, which uses software from rank one computing. Not using Microsoft, not using Amazon, not using any of the big ones like IBM who are all saying, well, we're going to hold off using somebody else. Michigan Police and rank one guidelines do say that arrests should not be made on the basis of facial recognition. And it's unclear at this point if the police had other evidence, again, other evidence that was wrong, but other evidence that may have pointed and given them to reason to suspect this man. But the ACLU says it doesn't matter. You shouldn't have been using facial recognition in this arrest because it wasn't him. The worry I would have. I've always had about this sort of thing is if they make it too much of a factor in the arrest, too much of the reason why you're arresting them or too much of the burden of proof is on the match that they got from facial recognition, then what would happen is, I don't know, I'd end up some actor who looks like me would get in trouble for doing a terrible thing and then I would suddenly be in a database because I kind of looked like that guy or they got a false positive because I look like him. I was going to use an exact example, but I'm not going to. I don't want to get myself in trouble, but there's an actor I look like is all I'm saying. Anyway, the point is, yeah, I don't want that to be. I mean, it makes these sorts of things they get developed that make sense as like supporting arguments, right? Like if you've got other evidence that points to the thing and you say, well, and also there's the facial recognition. It's not the chief, but it's this other thing. We got to figure out where that is. Yeah. I mean, that's, I mean, at the very least, yeah, supporting something else. The fact that the police in Michigan and also rank one, which makes the software have guidelines saying, well, this shouldn't happen based on facial recognition.  And like you said, Tom, that that's not necessarily known. But what if it was just facial recognition? I mean, you can't just have a guideline saying probably shouldn't do that. It's not enough information. It should be you legally cannot do that. And if you do that, you're in trouble. Yeah, I mean, if the case is they just used facial recognition to bring the guy in, then it becomes a question of why didn't you follow the guidelines? Should the guidelines be law? That is one aspect of this conversation. If they say, look, facial recognition just pointed us to the guy. And then we found out he was in the store that day. He was driving a car that fit the description of the shoplifter. You know, it was just a case of mistaken identity because he fit the description could have happened to anybody. That's still a problem because my guess is if it weren't for facial recognition, they wouldn't have bothered this person. They wouldn't have gone. They wouldn't have made him stay in a jail cell for 30 hours.  Right. You can say, well, okay, but how often does that happen? I think we're all very clear that for black people, it happens all too often and having another instance of it certainly isn't helping. Yeah, to be to be to have been somewhere, you know, at a, at a, I don't know, coincidental time, yeah, and maybe driving a similar car and that sort of thing. It's like, OK, well, suspects get questioned all the time. And, you know, if they're not the right person or it's deemed that they, you know, they aren't guilty after all, that's something that we're all very used to that happens all the time. But yeah, the whole facial recognition thing is like, if that's sort of the, you know, the nail in the coffin of like, well, we got these three things, you know, where were you at 3pm that day?  It must be you. I mean, that's, that's, that's a real problem. Well, and that's where the guidelines are not being violated, right? But the fact that you had the facial recognition, like you said, now becomes the, the coup de grace to say, like, we might have let the guy go to say, well, don't leave town, you're a person of interest. But instead, we had the facial recognition and that may have given them the confidence to like, let's just arrest him. Could be other things too, of course. Well, this story and lots of others are always getting batted around like ping pong balls at our conversation at discord, which you can join by linking to a patreon account at patreon.com slash DTNS. Let's check out the mailbag. We got a good one from Alec in warm and sunny Fayette'sville, Arkansas, who says the SCADA that's an acronym for supervisory control and data acquisition platform that I use that Alec uses at work announced yesterday that they've released a free version for home use. This is a huge deal from my perspective, as it's identical to the package that we use at work, less some of the redundancy and enterprise administration features, but without the $30,000 price tag. So it's definitely not for the faint of heart. The platform allows just about anything to be controlled from a central server with real time data collection and the ability to build custom HTML5 interfaces, alarming and data collection. Here in the conversation on GDI yesterday, we were talking about smart bulbs and routines that work most of the time, but sometimes get a little wonky. This software has the potential to fine tune all of that. The Dublin Airport runs all of their baggage claim and tracking systems with ignition. That's the name of the software. Sierra Nevada, that's a brewery, runs their entire canning and brewery operation with ignition. List goes on. I'm very excited to play around with it and figured I would share it with you all. And we'll have the link in our show notes. inductiveautomation.com is the website. We'll have the full link, like Sarah said. Very cool. It's not something that, you know, the average user is going to just throw up and solve all their problems. I built an IOT. It's a very sophisticated piece of software, but the fact that a very sophisticated $30,000 piece of software is now available for free for home use. That's pretty great. And I can't wait for the people who do want to play around with this to do that and come up with the version that is easy for folks to be able to implement. This could be huge. Very cool. Very cool. Thanks, Alec. Shout out to patrons at our master and grandmaster levels, including Ragnold Vermidal, Reed Fishler, and Paul Reese. Also thanks to the one, the only Scott Johnson. I may as well tell you who the actor was. It's Judge Reinhold. Okay, everybody. That's who looks like me. Or we used to. We used to kind of look alike. We don't so much. I would not have, I've been thinking for the last few minutes, like, who is it? You just look like Scott Johnson to me. Back in my mullet days, many years ago, I looked a lot like Judge Reinhold, but it was a weird reference and I thought I'd clear the air so nobody wondered. I want to thank you guys for having me on, but second of all, I wanted to just drop a quick tease. Tom and I have been working diligently on the rebirth of the current geek show, which has been around since 2010 and various iterations. And going strong that whole time and we did some really cool stuff with it, but we are taking things to a literal new level and I'm so excited about it. The only tease I'm going to drop is within the next week or so, check out current geek.com. You can go bookmark it now. There's not much change there. The current show or the existing shows there right now, but there'll be more there soon. We're taking the show in places you will not believe. It's going to be so freaking rad. I can barely stand myself until we are ready to launch this thing. So pay attention. Check out current geek.com in the meantime. If you have any questions for me, there's contact links on the site. More details to come, but look forward to what will officially be called current geek chronicles coming to a podcast player near you. Alright, thanks for having me on. I'm Scott Johnson on Twitter and you can also find that show and everything else I do over at frogpants.com. Just saying. Justin Robert Young announces me doing a wrestling move on Scott. There you go. There's that. Hey, an episode of know a little more is coming tomorrow to the public feed about arm. If you're hearing all this talk about apple and arm, you're like, wait, but I don't know what arm actually is. I will explain it to you and why you might think they're a patent troll since they don't actually make things, but they're not. Get that episode at know a little more.com.  Hey, guess what? We have an email address. Guess what it is? Feedback at dailytechnewshow.com. Guess what? We're also live Monday through Friday at 4.30 p.m. Eastern 2030 UTC. And you can find out more at dailytechnewshow.com slash live. We'll start with Justin Robert Young. Talk to you then.