CHAPTER XVII of MEMORIES OF OLD MONTANA by Conn Price. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Recording by Gary Clayton. MY MARRIAGE. In the days that I write of there were very few women folks in the country and a less number of girls. But there was one family who had one girl of about seventeen years and I thought she was very attractive. I worked about twenty miles from where she lived and used to go to see her quite often, but she had two brothers about eight and ten years old and they were wild as Indians and their main sport and pastime was riding wild calves and yearlings. The girl was about as wild as them and usually joined in those bucking contests, so when I went courting her she wanted me to join in on the fun. As my everyday work was riding and handling cattle, this kind of sport didn't interest me. I was serious and wanted to make love, so those boys were a great worry to me as when I wanted to court the girl the boys wanted to ride calves. One time when I was particularly interested in talking to the girl they wanted me to go out to the corral and ride calves and of course I wouldn't go, so one of them suggested I act as a horse and he would ride me. To get rid of him I consented.  Then I was to start bucking, which I did. When I got to bucking my best I bent over forward and threw him off pretty hard and hurt him some. He got up crying and the girl was laughing at him for being bucked off. He said, well I would have rode the SB if he hadn't thrown his head down. Anyway I got rid of him for that day and had a chance to court the girl. As most any story is not complete without some love and courtship in it I am going to write my experience in that matter. I was married to Claudia Tull in the year 1899. She was a daughter of Bruce Tull who was a brother to Joseph K. Tull, governor of Montana at that time. Now Bruce Tull was a very fine aristocratic southern gentleman and knowing that a cowboy didn't usually climb very high on the ladder of culture he didn't think I was desirable company for his daughter. So we had to carry on our courtship secretly from the old gent and as about the only amusement of those days was country dancing and as we all went to them on horseback, which usually was 15 or 20 miles, we would ride to a dance. As I could not go to my girl's house together we would designate a certain rock or creek out on the range to meet at and would go from there to the dance. That is where I would leave her the next morning after the dance. Her father thought she went to those parties with her brother who was in on our secret so in all our courtship it was unknown to him and it was the shock of his life when we slipped away and got married. My wife had a pinto horse of her own that her father had got from the Indians and given to her and he must have had some fine breeding back in his ancestry somewhere as he could run like a blue streak. I usually rode the same horse every time we went out together and the two horses became very attached to each other.  I unsettled her horse and turned him loose in the pasture and rode away. Her horse ran along the fence and put up a terrible fuss about being separated from my horse. My wife's father saw him acting up and wondered what in the world was the matter with him but he hadn't seen me. That was one time we nearly got caught in our secret courtship. I was working for a large cattle company and we had our great many saddle horses. They used to stray away from the ranch quite often and I used to ride the ranch hunting them. There was an old German who had quite a large ranch about ten miles from us and a good many cattle and horses. He used to try to keep in contact with me as much as possible to find out if I had seen any of his stock and to tell him where they were. So he used to tell me whenever I was anywhere near his ranch to come there and eat and feed my horse. About three miles from this old man's ranch was an enormous big rock that one could hide a couple of horses behind very easily and my wife could get up on top of the rock and see the whole surrounding country. That was one of our meeting places and we had a date one day to meet at this rock at a certain hour. I could always see her and her pinto horse coming for several miles so I was at the rock this day waiting for my girl and the old German was out riding this day looking after his stock and saw me quite a distance away and came to where I was. He spoke very broken English and of course was glad to see me and inquired about his stock. He said, Velikon, what do you look for? I told him I had lost a horse and was hunting for him. He wanted a description of the horse so if he found him he could hold him for me. Of course I had to give him an imaginary description and I wanted to get rid of him as I expected my girl along at any minute. But he insisted that I should go to his ranch with him and have dinner and feed my horse. I used every excuse I could think of. Told him I wasn't a hurry to find the horse. Thought he might be sick and would die if I didn't find him right away.  Of course that was just what I didn't want. I had a hard time but finally got rid of him and went and found my girl. Some months afterwards my girl and I were at another rancher's place and quite a crowd of people had gathered there that day. The old German came and in the general conversation he said, Kahn, did they find that horse you was looking for? And was he sick? I told him I found the horse and he was fine. My girl was listening to the conversation and her face turned as red as a firecracker. Of course I had told her about the meeting with the old man at the rock. I think everybody has more or less trouble in their courting days but it seemed to my wife and I that we had more than our share. As I said before, my wife's parents didn't know we were keeping company at all. In fact, didn't hardly know me. There was a very noted dance coming off about twenty miles from her home that we had planned to attend. When low and behold, a few days before the dance, a very wealthy and refined gentleman and an old friend of her father's, with a fine team and top buggy, which was very rare in those days, came to her father's ranch to ask her parents to take her to the dance. They at once gladly said yes and she in order not to tip her hand had to consent and mind you, we were engaged to be married at this time. Of course, with me not knowing anything about this transaction it placed her in a very precarious position, as she had a terrible time getting in touch with me to explain to me what had happened. It didn't sit too well with me, but in order to keep everything under control, we agreed that she would go to the dance with this man and I would go alone. I guess the fellow must have had some suspicion of the way things stood, as he told her the next day when he was taking her home, that he noticed she and I seemed to feel very much better when we had our first dance together. He tried to question her about me and told her I didn't even own a cabin. She acted very innocent and unconcerned about the matter, but he must have figured he was out of the race because he never came to call on her again. When we got married, we had to steal away like we did when we were courting. I borrowed a team and spring wagon, and we had to drive forty miles and the snow was about belly deep on the horses. Then we had to wait over in Shelby until the next day to go to Great Falls. The job of getting her away from the ranch was the hard part of it. My wife's room was upstairs in her home, and we had agreed that she would throw her stuff out the window about eight o'clock at night, and I would pick it up and carry it to the wagon I had parked about a hundred yards from the house. I didn't have any idea how much stuff she had until she began throwing it out.  Her father sat reading about ten feet from where I was picking it up. I would take all I could carry on my back to the wagon and came back for another load, and as she was still throwing stuff out while I was gone there would be a bigger pile than ever when I got back. I believe she would have thrown the piano out, too, if the window had been big enough, and the worst part of it was her father had two bloodhounds, and they bellowed and howled every time she threw out a fresh cargo. It was a very cold night, and I wore a big fur overcoat, and every time I bent over to pick up a package they would howl louder than ever. They thought I was some kind of animal.  I was watching her father pretty close through the window, and every once in a while he would caulk his head sideways to listen and acted like he was going to get up and come out, then would settle down and go to reading again. During those intervals my heart was sure pounding and I was all sweaty with fear. I have often heard of people being very nervous when they placed the bride's ring on her finger, but I know that is nothing compared to the ordeal I went through. I forgot and left a lot of things around where I loaded the wagon and it snowed a lot after that. Every time my wife missed something of hers we would go to that spot and shovel snow. Neither one of us had any idea of what it took to set up housekeeping and it is amazing what we bought. One thing we both agreed on was a carpet, as we intended to move into an old cabin that had big cracks in the floor. When we got home and checked our outfit it seemed to be mostly carpet. Then I think every friend we ever had gave us a lamp for a wedding present, so we had a whole wagon load of carpets and lamps. We had hanging lamps, floor lamps, and lamps to throw away, but hardly anything else in the way of housekeeping. When we arrived back in Shelby there were about twenty-five cowboys in town that had come to celebrate Christmas, it being Christmas week we were married. And they were all at the train to meet us. Most of them had a good sized Christmas Jag on and the different congratulations I got from that bunch would sure sound funny today if I could remember them all. They were all old-time cowboys that I had worked with for years. We all went to a saloon to celebrate the event. Each one would take me aside to pour out his feelings and congratulations and give me hell for stealing away to get married without telling them. Some of the names they called me wouldn't look good in print, but that was their way of showing their true friendship. One old bull-legged fellow that I had known from the time I was a kid had a little more joy juice aboard than the others. He didn't have much to say, but stood at the end of the bar and drank regularly while the celebration was going on. He had one cock-eye and kept watching me all the time until he got an opportunity to attract my attention. He nodded to me to come over to where he was. I went over to him and he looked at me silently for a moment and said, Well, you're married, are ya? I said yes, and he asked, Did you marry a white woman? I answered yes, and he said, You done damn well, but I feel sorry for the girl. In the meantime, while we were away getting married, my wife's father wrote her a letter to Shelby where we had our team and wagon and told her all was forgiven and to come home, which we did. I went to work for him and as he owned plenty of cattle and horses, I seemed to be just the kind of a son-in-law he needed, but we sure had a supply of carpet and lamps that we didn't know what to do with. END OF CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII of memories of old Montana by Conn Price. A few years after my marriage we settled on a squatter's right, on the head of Kicking Horse Creek in the sweet grass hills in Montana. The land was unsurveyed at that time, and one did not know where his boundary lines were. So one staked off what one thought was about right, and it was respected by most stockmen. I lived seven years on that squatter's right, and when it was surveyed I proved up on it at once. The government allowed me from the time I established my residence. I also had fenced in about three thousand acres of government land, which I had the use of for ten years without any cost. It was quite easy to borrow money those days, so I soon was in the cattle business for myself. After some years Charlie Russell came to see me and in our conversation he asked me if I would like a partner. That suited me fine, as that would give me some money to work on. So I told Charlie I would gather the cattle and horses, and he would come to the ranch and we would count the stock and appraise the outfit. He said, you know what there is? You count the stock and appraise what other stuff you got, and send me a bill, and I will send you a check. And when we dissolved partnership and sold out, we settled the same way. He had great faith in mankind. Charlie and I built up a very nice little ranch. He and Nancy both filed on some land adjoining my old place and we run about three hundred cattle and about sixty had horses. Our cattle brand was known as the Lazy KY. Our horse brand was the letter T. It was very hard to get a desirable brand at that time, as the recorder of brands would not give you a brand you ask for, but would pick out a brand for you, and if what he sent you didn't suit, you sent two dollars more until you got the kind of iron you wanted. We had a great deal of trouble getting a horse brand until we got the letter T. Governor Joseph Tool owned this brand in the days when Montana was a territory, and he had not used it for many years. A great many people tried to buy it from him, but he would not sell it. But through his brother Bruce Tool, who was a cattleman, he agreed to let us have the iron, and as he admired Charlie's work would not accept any pay for it. Also the recorder of brands, in courtesy to the Governor, transferred the brand without cost. So we owned one of the oldest brands in the state, and as we never transferred the iron to anyone, I believe it still stands on record in our names. But Charlie and I started in the cattle business too late to get the full benefit of the open range. The cattlemen were like the Indians. At one point they had everything they wanted, free range and free water. But the sheep men soon began to squat on the watering places, and it wasn't many years until they had outnumbered the cattlemen. There was a general hatred between them, as the cattle wouldn't graze or water where there were sheep, and the sheep would go everywhere. That was bad. But was nothing compared to when the farmers came from the east and homesteaded the land. I seen that country change in two years from where there was open range everywhere to where there wasn't a foot of government land left, either in Montana or across the Canadian line. And in 1910 we had a very dry year and had to gather our cattle and bring them home. So decided to sell out. The farmers filed on every waterhole in the country, and they all had dogs, so the cattle didn't have a chance. Some of the old timers hung on for a while and reminded me again of the Indians. As they said the farmer couldn't last and would starve out, and the country would all go back to open range. But when I seen those farmers raise 50 bushels of wheat to the acre on that virgin soil, I could see the hand riding on the wall. Of course that land soon wore out for raising grain, and most of those settlers sure had a hard time to get by, but they are still there. It never will be a good farming country, but they have ruined it for the cattlemen. They have even drove the sheep out. One time when the sheep and cattlemen were at war, I knew two cattlemen that was very hard put by the sheep. They have monopolized all the free range and water, and as it has always been commonly understood that saltpeter would kill sheep, they decided to work on the sheepmen. So they sent away and got 100 pounds of saltpeter, and as it was a very serious crime to poison the range, they were very careful.  One of them rode next to the sheep herder, so he couldn't see the sack the other one had on his horse.  One of those fellows was quite a large cattlemen, and after the job was completed he got scared and left that part of the country for about a week, so that in case of an investigation he would have an alibi, that he was not at home at the time of the poisoning. When he came back he hunted up his partner in crime to know what luck they had had. He told him the sheep had eaten all the saltpeter and hadn't killed one of them. He said, I'll be damned, I give up, those sheep are too much for me. The range war got to be very bitter in that locality and I was very glad to get out. Whenever anyone lost a cow or horse he blamed someone for killing it, and the feeling got so bitter that it looked like it was leading up to where someone would get killed, and they did. Charlie and I sold out to a man by the name of Peter Wagner, and we had a neighbor by the name of Al Pratt. He was very quarrelsome with everybody. Wagner was quite an old man. Pratt was a young man.  Another time had knocked him off his horse and run over him. The surveyed road to town went between our house and barn, and in wintertime the snow drifted so deep it was impassable, and I had left about an acre of ground open where people went around the snow drift. About six months after Charlie and I had sold out to Wagner, one morning Pratt started to town on this road with a team and buckboard. When he came to this spot the old man was there on horseback standing on the detour. Pratt started to drive on Wagner's land, and he told him to follow the county road. Pratt said the road was impassable and tried to force his team past the old man, but he grabbed one of the bridles of the team. Pratt struck Wagner in the face with his buggy whip. Wagner jerked out his gun and shot Pratt once in the neck, once in the back, and three shots hit the buckboard. Pratt fell out dead. At the trial I was called as a character witness. The prosecuting attorney asked Wagner how many shots he fired. Wagner said, one, to save my own life. When he asked him to account for the other four shots, he said he was riding a hard mouthed horse and he tried to run away at the first shot, and in pulling on his bridle reins with his left hand he forgot what his right hand was doing, and thought he must have kept pulling the trigger on his gun. It was an automatic and, of course, as long as he kept pulling the trigger, it kept shooting, but he couldn't explain how the gun kept pointing toward Pratt's body. The corpse laid there in the snow for 24 hours before the sheriff and coroner arrived, and there was a gun found by the body. Wagner claims self-defense. I testified that Pratt had pulled a Winchester on me once and threatened to kill me, which I think helped some. Wagner was quite wealthy when this happened. He got free, but he was flat broke when he got out. He had told me several times prior to this incident that he was deathly afraid of Pratt, which I believe makes a very dangerous man when he is afraid of another man. One thing about our neighborhood I never could understand was as long as the people were very poor they were peaceful and neighborly, but when they got a little prosperous some of them were in court the year round. We had a justice of the peace nearby, and he sure had plenty business. I listened to one case that seems very amusing to me now. The judge liked to play poker, and when he wasn't busy with court duties he was usually in a poker game. This case was between two ranchers over the cutting of a wire fence. The trial was held in a little store. Each one acted as his own attorney, also testified in his own behalf. While one of them was testifying, the other one was sitting on the store counter, swinging his legs and listening, and when the other fellow made a statement he didn't approve of, he said, that's a damn lie.  After the trial the judge took the case under advisement for a few hours. Late that night I met the judge and asked him how the trial came out, and when he told me I expressed some surprise. He said, hell, that other fellow couldn't win in this court with four aces. Charlie used to come to the ranch quite often and enjoyed riding horseback, but I always had a hard time to convince him the horses were gentle. We kept about ten head, and as I was the only one who rode them, they were always fat and raring to go, and as when he and I worked together in the past I was nearly always riding colts. He said he didn't believe I ever owned a gentle horse. So one time he came to the ranch to file on some land and we had to ride about fifteen miles. He told me to be sure to give him a gentle horse and I thought I did. I saddled his horse next morning and gave him the bridal reins and turned around to get on my horse when I heard a terrible noise. I looked around and Charlie was down on his back with his foot fast in the stirrup and the horse jumping and striking at him. I ran and caught his horse and got him loose. He had lost his hat and his clothes were dirty. He said this is another one of them damn gentle horses you have been telling me about. Now I have got to ride him fifteen miles with a hump in his back. I will feel good all day. I don't think I tried to get him to gallop, but he said every time he tried to hurry that horse he would hump up like he was going to buck until he would pull him down to a walk. He wrote me a letter when he went home and painted a picture of himself down on his back with his foot fast in the stirrup. He said it reminded him of a friend of his in great falls that sold a man a horse and told the fellow it was a regular lady's horse, but had killed two men in butte afterwards. For thirty years Charlie Russell owned a pinto named Monte that could almost talk. I don't believe Monte was ever in a stable until he was twenty years old. When Charlie quit riding the range and went to living in town he built Monte a stable but Monte didn't like civilization and would not stay in the stable unless he was tied up. Then he would be very nervous and would never lay down.  He took no chances on being shut in. Charlie and I had about fifty head of mayors at the ranch. That was of the mustang stock. We raised some good tough saddle horses, but in general they weren't much to look at. Pentos, buckskins, all kinds and colors. So I began looking for a better grade of a stallion to improve our herd. I finally contacted a fellow by the name of Jake Dehart and he told me he had a fine stallion to sell, so I went to look at the horse. He was a terrible looking sight.  His legs were swelled up almost as big as his body. He hadn't shed his winter coat of hair and looked like anything but a horse. Dehart showed me the registered papers of the horse and they were okay. In fact, he was an imported horse in a fine breeding. I didn't know whether I could save the horse or not.  We set a date when he would come to the ranch to look at the horses that I was to trade him. I told Dehart I thought I could give him about twenty head of horses for his stallion. Our horses run on the open range and it took several days to gather them. When I got them all gathered and in the corral, they were sure a tough looking bunch, but when I would think about Dehart's stud, the Mustangs looked the best of the two, so I began culling out the worst ones for Dehart, but he didn't come on the day agreed on and looking the calls over, I figured there was some too good to give him. Dehart didn't come for several days and when he did arrive they were sure a sorry looking bunch of horses. Some of them crippled, some of them had been cut in barbed wire, some blind in one eye, some with their hips knocked down and some locode. When Dehart did come he walked up to the corral and looked over the fence at the horses. He said, My God, I thought you had better horses than those things. Where are the rest of your horses? I told them that was all I had. Of course, I had got the rest of them out of sight. Poor Dehart was in a bad spot. He had a lot of money in the stud and he was afraid he was going to die and it was either take this bunch of junk or nothing, so we traded. Shortly after I had made the trade Charlie came up from great falls to the ranch to see how things were getting along and didn't know I had made the trade. There was nobody home the day he came. I was out on the range riding after cattle. This big terrible looking animal was standing in the corral. When I got home Charlie asked me where I got that mountain of beauty. I told him about the trade. Well said Charlie, he is sure a good sleeper. I watched him for an hour in the corral. He never moved a near. Charlie said Dehart must have got me drunk when I made that trade. I told him if he saw what I had traded for him he would think Dehart was the one that was drunk. I doctored that horse and brought him out of his sickness and he produced the best colts in that country at that time and I later sold him for five hundred dollars. In another way the trade proved to be very profitable. I wanted to vent the brand on the horses when Dehart took them but Dehart said no. He was going to ship those horses out of the country and didn't want any more brands on them as it would hurt the sale of the horses. Instead of doing that he sold them all at the railroad station where he had intended to ship them from. It was about twenty miles from our ranch and in about the middle of our range where our horses run and where I turned loose the rest of our horses after the trade was made and the people that bought the horses from Dehart turned them loose on the range without either branding them or venting them. Consequently those horses in a few days were back in their range mixed up with our bunch without any way to identify them and all branded with our iron. I told those people about the matter and tried to get them to get their horses but they didn't give it any attention so in a few months I sold all our horses on the range with the iron. When I sold the horses with the brand they sure put up a howl. They threatened me with court action, said they would have me arrested but they couldn't do anything about it as it was their own fault so I figured I got the stallion for nothing. One time when Charlie Russell and I were in partnership in the cow business I lost some yearling colts and as the country was all open in those days and no fences our stock would sometimes stray two or three hundred miles away from home. So after about three years after I had lost those colts I heard of some horses up in Canada which had my brand on them. I had a neighbor who had lost some colts about the same time as I had so we decided to go up in that country and try to find them. We each took a couple of good saddle horses and started out. That country was very thinly settled those days just a little stock ranch here and there sometimes twenty five or thirty miles apart. As it was late in the fall and the weather was getting quite cold we had to make some of those ranches to camp overnight on account of horse feed and a place to sleep. One evening we rode into a ranch that a couple of Irish brothers owned and asked them to stay overnight. They said sure you're welcome as the flowers in May. Neither of them had ever been married and did their own housekeeping and cooking. The evening we got there they had just butchered a beef. We helped them hang it up in the barn and went to the house to cook supper. It was sure a dirty looking joint and the brother that cooked supper had his hands all stained with blood and dirt from butchering the beef. He had to make bread for supper and didn't wash his hands but mixed up the bread with his hands, blood, dirt and all. But we hadn't had anything to eat all day and we're plenty hungry so we ate it and thought it was fine. We hunted horses all next day and along in the evening came to what looked like an old deserted ranch where nobody was home. After making a lot of noise and shouting a man came out of the cabin. He was a Mormon and was living alone on this old ranch. Said he was sick and had been in bed three days and that there was no food on the place and that he couldn't keep us overnight. It looked like a bad storm coming up and we didn't know any place to go. We told the man we were going to stay anyway and as we both had six shooters he didn't argue too much with us. We put our horses in the old barn and went to the house. The Mormon went back to bed. We went to the kitchen to see if we could find anything to eat. It was the dirtiest looking outfit I ever saw in my life. The frying pans and kettles didn't look like they had been washed for six months. We got a fire started and cleaned up things a little and looked through all the old boxes and found some beans, dried apples, and flour. By ten o'clock that night we had what we thought was a pretty good meal. I went to the Mormon's bedroom and asked him if he wanted anything to eat. He didn't answer me but it began getting out of his dirty blankets. He hadn't even taken his clothes off. We got him to sit down at the table and he ate more than both of us. After we got him filled up on food he got to talking quite friendly. He said he had been a Mormon missionary in some jungle country and had spent several years converting natives into the Mormon religion. In listening to his experience as a missionary I couldn't help wondering what kind of a job he did because if there is anything in the old saying that cleanliness is next to holiness he was sure a flop. The next morning was very cold and stormy but we were anxious to find our horses and our quarters were none too comfortable so we bade our Norman friend goodbye and rode away. He was about 40 miles from any town and we didn't see any means of transportation around there so we often wondered whatever became of him. Well, we headed for a big lake about 20 miles from this Mormon's place. We heard there was a lot of horses ranging in that part of the country and there found our horses so we drove the whole bunch to an old roundup corral that we had located that day. I had three horses in the bunch and my partner had one. Those horses were three years old and were not halter broke. In fact, they had not had a rope on them since they were yearlings and then were only caught by the front feet and throwed down to brand them. So we had to catch them that way now.  Just before dark we spotted a ranch and some corrals so we headed for there. We found a man there who had come from Michigan and taken up a homestead out on the Canadian prairie. He evidently was a man of some wealth as he had spent considerable money fixing the place up. He wasn't very keen about letting us stay overnight. He kept sizing us up and I guess he had heard a good deal about cowboys and rustlers and thought we were a couple of horse thieves. We explained our condition to him and told him the circumstances and that we were a long way from home so he finally decided to let us stay. While this fellow looked like he had considerable wealth, he didn't have very much to eat. As he didn't make any excuses about it, I think we had his regular bill of fare. He didn't have any meat, no butter or sugar or coffee. My partner was a coffee-fine and this fellow gave us cold milk for breakfast. My partner was very blue all that day and said he felt very queer, like the world was coming to an end or something terrible was going to happen, but that was because he missed his coffee. This man charged us ten dollars for very little to eat and a very poor bed and as it was not the custom to charge anyone those days for food it made my partner very mad. When we got our horses saddled and ready to go next morning, my partner went to the barn and as he was gone quite a while I asked him what he was looking for. He said he was looking for something he could steal to get even with that old guy, but he said this fellow was so stingy he didn't have anything worth taking. Well we finally got going back towards home. If the weather had been good it would have been about two days ride, but about ten o'clock a bad storm came up and by noon it was a real blizzard and out there on the plains you couldn't see a thing or know what direction you were going in, but after wandering around for some time we came to a Cooley that we recognized, Virta Gris Cooley. It was about 25 miles long and we knew it put into Milk River which was the direction we wanted to go. Also we knew there was a ranch on Milk River at the mouth of this Cooley. We followed this ravine all day and about night came to the ranch. They welcomed us in and gave us a good supper and a feather bed to sleep in. It was a terrible blizzard and I think we would have lost our lives if we hadn't found this ranch. My partner was rather a spooky fellow and had some kind of a phobia. He was always worrying about a cancer or some other dreaded disease, so while we were lying in that good warm bed and talking to how lucky we were to find this ranch a funny thought came to me to give my partner a scare. He had his head covered up and was about to go to sleep. I nudged him and said, Bill I forgot to tell you that this place was quarantined for smallpox a short time ago and he made one jump and landed out in the middle of a room and said, my God I would rather go right now out into the blizzard than stay here. Then I had a hard time to convince him I was joking and I don't think he rested very well the rest of the night.  We got home the next night and it was a very profitable trip as I had found three head of horses I didn't know I owned. Somewhere on the trip I had got lousy and I believe I had more lice on me than any man that ever walked in public and big ones too. My wife threatened to make me sleep with the dog but finally took pity on me and let me sleep in the house provided I would sleep in a room by myself. I don't know if all Canadian graybacks are as big as those were but I had to boil all my clothes about three times to get rid of those big tough babies. End of Chapter 18 Chapter 19 of Memories of Old Montana by Con Price. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Recording by Gary Clayton. Memories of Charlie Russell. I first met Charlie Russell in the fall of the year 1888. He was knight herding beef cattle on the Judith Basin and Moccasin Range Roundup. Charlie was very modest and never claimed to be a great cowboy but I noticed the bosses always gave him a very responsible job as the cowmen of those days were very particular how the beef cattle were handled. We usually started the fall roundup about the first of September and the gathering and driving to the railroad sometimes took until the 15th of November. Now from the first day we worked the range. We cut out some steers fat enough for beef and those cattle were under constant herd night and day and the men were supposed to handle those cattle so they would gain and flesh while we were holding them and any cowboy caught running or roping those steers was fired at once and great care was taken to keep the cattle from stampeding. When we got all through we would have two thousand or twenty five hundred head of cattle in the herd. I remember a rather amusing story Charlie told me in years after we had quit working on the range. We were talking about people we liked and disliked. I said to Charlie I always thought you liked everybody. He laughed and said no there was one roundup cook I have never forgiven for what he done to me. He said I was night herding cattle. One dark night the cattle were very nervous and kept trying to stampede. Just before daylight my horse stepped in a badger hole and fell right in a nice patch of cactus and prickly pears. Charlie said he didn't miss any of those cactus. When he got up his body felt like a small cactus field. His partner caught his horse and stayed with the cattle and Charlie headed for camp. The cactus was distributed in his body so he couldn't sit on the saddle so he walked and led his horse. When he got to camp the cook was starting breakfast. I knew this old cook and he was plenty brave. None of the cowboys were up yet. Charlie went in the cook tent where there was a lantern and took off his clothes to doctor himself and pull out some of those cactus. This old cook never spoke to anyone if he could help it and as no one had any right to come in that cook tent unless the cook called them to eat, Charlie was taking a privilege contrary to custom. Anyway the cook evidently did not notice him until he had all his clothes off and was disgracing his cook tent by undressing in it.  He had a big butcher knife in his hand.  Charlie told me whenever he met a new acquaintance and he said he was a roundup cook by profession. He looked on him with some doubt as to his being human. I was associated with Charlie for a good many years and I think I knew him as well as anybody could and I think as a man and a friend he had very few equals. He was a fine western artist but Will Rogers said Charlie would have been a great man if he couldn't have painted a fence post. I think that told the whole story. Charlie enjoyed telling jokes on himself which very few people do. He told me about one time the captain of the Judith Basin Roundup sent another cowboy and himself to the Moccasin Roundup to Rep. That was to gather any cattle that had drifted from their home rain. The other man took a violin which he played a little and Charlie took some paint and some brushes. The next year the boss of the Basin Range met the boss of the Moccasin Range and said, What was the matter last year? I had a lot of cattle over on your range. I sent two men over there and didn't get hardly any cattle.  You sent a fiddler and a painter over there to act as cowboys. All during Charlie Russell's life as a cowboy he drew pictures for pastime. Sometimes with a lead pencil and sometimes with a paintbrush and even in his earliest and rough work one could always recognize the man or horse that he had used for the picture. We used to wonder at those pictures but he or us never dreamed that he was the making of the greatest western artist of his day which I believe has been conceded by art critics. The last riding for wages that Charlie did was for the Bearpaw Pull at Chinook on Milk River. They were a combination of the Judith Basin Pull that he had worked for several years but had moved their cattle across the Missouri River into the Bearpaw Country. Charlie told me the reason he quit punching cows. The last winter he stayed on Chinook. Him and some other boys had a cabin that they wintered in and it was so cold they put on German socks and blind mittens to cook and eat breakfast and nearly froze at that. I think it was in the year 1892 he bid goodbye to the range and saddled and packed his horses and headed for great falls to try his luck at painting. He told me he had tough going for quite a while as he did not know the price to ask for a picture. I have seen some of Charlie's pictures that he sold for ten dollars at that time that afterwards he sold one to the Prince of Wales for ten thousand dollars that I couldn't see a great deal of difference. I think this money difference was due to his business manager, his wife, Nancy C. Russell, who certainly deserved great credit for making Charlie's name famous. She is in very poor health at this time, 1939, and has suffered for a long time but she has a great fighting heart and has never said whoa in a bad place. As a cowboy Charlie Russell was sure strong for cowboy decorations. As I look back on him now I can see him seldom with his shirt buttoned in the right button-hole and may be dirty with part of one sleeve torn off but his hat, boots, handkerchief and spurs and bridle were the heights of cowboy fashion. Of course those were the days when we didn't get to town only two or three times a year but when we did go to town we dressed like millionaires as long as our money lasted. When Charlie quit riding and started painting for a living, some of his friends advised him to change his way of dress and get some city tugs. That he would not do. He never liked suspenders or shoes and never wore them. He disliked fashion and said it was just an imitation of somebody else. He always wore a good Stetson hat, a nice sash, and a good pair of boots even after he had quit the range. It reminds me of two city men I knew had come to a cow ranch on business and had an old-time cowboy taking them around. One day they were discussing the beauties of nature and when each one decided what he thought was the most beautiful thing he ever saw one of them asked the cowboy his idea of beauty. He promptly answered the prettiest thing I ever saw was a four-year-old fat steer and he may have been right as nature had given the steer everything it had to make it beautiful in its class and he knew he was a steer and was satisfied with his lot and didn't pretend to be anything but what he was. That was the way I knew Charlie. He loved nature and the West and was western from the soles of his feet to the top of his head and had the finest principle and the greatest philosophy I ever knew in anybody.  Charlie would say I am glad to see you too and to save his life he couldn't place him. He would talk to him about everything he could think of hoping the fellow would say something that would refresh his memory but usually without any success and he said he had to be very careful not to say no or yes in the wrong place and give himself away. I remember when I was back to Montana from Cripple Creek, Colorado in 1894 I came into town Cascade Montana where Charlie was living in a boxcar but didn't tell Charlie how I arrived. In the few years I was away from Montana Charlie heard I had been killed by a horse. I didn't know anything about that report so when I walked into his cabin we shook hands and had quite a talk and of course I thought he knew who I was. He was sitting by the stove frying bacon and I caught him looking at me in a sort of a puzzled way and I knew at once he didn't know who I was so I said to him you don't know me. He said yes I do. Well who am I then? He said if I didn't know Conn Price was dead I would say you was him.   We found an old Prince Albert coat somewhere that I wore and a big handkerchief around my neck. I surely looked tough. He sure got a kick out of that model. Well he painted that picture in a rough way and didn't give it much attention and never gave it any consideration as to value. It was more of a joke than anything else. I think about two years after he was married he went to New York and in some way this picture had got mixed up with the rest of his stuff so it landed in New York with him. He said New York was sure tough then for an artist breaking into the game. He said there was only two classes of people there, poppers and millionaires and he had a hard time to keep out of the popper class. But some artist friend loaned him the use of his studio and Charlie was trying to do a little work and took this old picture there. One morning a foreign nobleman came in and was looking the studio over, mostly the other artist's work, and he came to this old picture. After examining it for some time he said, How much is this picture worth? Charlie said he needed money pretty bad just at that time and wanted to ask him $150 but didn't know whether the old boy would go for that much or not. While he was hesitating Nancy, his wife, stepped over to where the old fellow was and said, This one would be $800. And the man said, Very well, I'll take it. Charlie said he nearly fell off his stool with joy. After the fellow left he told Nancy, I'll do the work from now on, you will do the selling. And I believe that bargain held good until the day of Charlie's death. Charlie didn't like the new setup. He was a child of the open west before water fences and railroads spanned it. Civilization choked him even in the year 1889 when the Judith country was getting settled up with ranchers and sheep had taken the cattle range. He hated the change and followed cattle north to the milk river country trying to stay in an open range country. He said, I expect I will have to ride the rest of my life but I would much rather be a poor cowboy than a poor artist. He didn't know he was graduating from nature school in the education front your life had given him. In the fall of 1891 he got a letter from a man in great falls who said if he could come there he could make $75 a month painting, his grub included. It looked good to Charlie as he was only making 40 a month riding. So he saddled the old gray and packed old Monty the pinto and hit the trail for great falls. When he arrived in great falls he was introduced to a guy who pulled out a contract as long as a lariat for him to sign. Charlie wouldn't sign it until he had tried the proposition out. This fellow gave Charlie $10 on account saying he would see him later. After a few days he met Charlie and wanted to know why he hadn't started on the work.  The contract read that everything Charlie painted or modeled for one year was to be the property of this man and he wanted him to work from early morning until night. Charlie argued with him that there was some difference between painting and sawing wood and told him the deal was off. He hunted up a fellow he knew and borrowed $10 and paid this fellow that had advanced the money to him. Charlie said he wouldn't work under pressure so they split up and Charlie started out for himself.  We rented a shack on the south side of town. Our bill of fare was very short at times as Charlie was the only one that made any money and that was very little. We christened the shack and gave it the name of Red Onion. We had some queer characters as guests, broken gamblers, cowboys, horse thieves, cattle wrestlers, in fact everybody that hit town broke seemed to find a red onion to get something to eat. Among them all it was hard to get anyone to cook or wash the dishes but at mealtime we always had a full house. Along about springtime I got a job in a cattle outfit and I told Charlie. So he said if I was going away he had an announcement to make to the gang and in effect it was that the red onion would be closed and go out of business. I believe it was the spring of 1889 we met at Philbrook in the Judith Basin for the spring roundup and a lot of the boys were celebrating at the post office and store. The postmaster told us someone had sent him a piece of limb burger cheese through the mail. He didn't know what to do with it as he didn't know anybody civilized enough to eat it so he gave it to the cowboys who put in a lot of their time rubbing it on doorknobs, the inside of hat bands and drinking cups. They had the whole town well perfumed. When someone noticed an old timer that had come to town to tank up on joy juice and had got so overloaded he went to sleep in the saloon, his heavy drooping mustache gave one of the boys an idea. A council was held and it was agreed that he should have his share of the limb burger rubbed into his mustache under his nose. Being unconscious old bill slept like a baby in a cradle while the work was done. Next day Charlie Russell saw him out back of the saloon sitting on a box and looking very tough. He would put his hands over his mouth, breathe into them, drop them and look at them and shake his head. Of course Charlie knew what was the trouble as he had helped to fix them up the night before. Charlie went over to him and asked, how are you stacking up today? Old Bill looked at him in a kind of a daze and shook his head. Me? I'm not so good. Charlie asked, what's the matter? Are you sick? No, not more than usual. I've felt as bad as this a thousand times. But oh God!  After a few seconds he slowly lowered them shaking his head and groaning. Oh, it's something awful. I don't savvy. Charlie very much in sympathy with him said, what seems to be the matter, Bill? Damn, if I know, but I've got the awfulest breath on me. Peers like I am plum spoiled inside.  Nobody could live long with the kind of breath I've got on me. Oh! Then he would breathe into his hands again and say, oh God! I believe he would have died if they hadn't told him what was the matter. All the years I knew Charlie I never knew him to go to church, although I know he was a real Christian at heart. But there was an old-time preacher, a Methodist by the name Van Orsdell. He preached in cow camps, school houses, or anywhere that he could get even a few people. Brother Van told me when he graduated from the ministry he came up the Missouri River on a steamboat to Fort Benton. He had a very good voice. He said he sang hymns to pay his fare. That must have been in the early 1870s. When I knew him first he used to ride horseback through the country and hold services and he was sure loved by everybody. I listened to one of his sermons in the cow country and there was quite a sprinkling of cattle rustlers in that locality. And I remember in his talk he told us if we would do as God wanted us to do we wouldn't need a fast horse in a long rope. He told us he overtook a bullwacker, a freighter, pulling a big hill out of Fort Benton one time. Brother Van was riding a horse and he followed along behind this fellow and the language he used for those cattle was sure strong. He said the fellow called each steer by some religious name with an oath after it, such as Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, and so forth. When the bullwacker got to the top of the hill, Brother Van asked him what was the idea of giving those cattle such religious names. The man said, It's appropriate, for instance there is old Methodist.  Then there's that old steer I call Baptist. If there's a water-hole anywhere he will find it and get into it and throw water all over himself. An old Bishop there, he leads all the other steers. He had a religious name appropriate for each steer. Brother Van got a kick out of that. Brother Van was a very devout Methodist and one time he and Charlie were discussing religion. Charlie said he didn't believe in so many branches of religion and said he thought the people should have a general round up and make them all one. Brother Van said, That's a fine idea, Charlie, and make it Methodist. One time at Malta, Montana, when we were shipping cattle, a cowboy got killed. He was riding a young horse and the train came by and this horse got scared and run away with this boy. It ran into a wire fence and hit the wires just high enough on his legs to cause him to turn a somersault and land squarely on top of the boy and broke his neck. Brother Van preached a sermon over that boy's body. When I look back at it now, it seems to me the boy's body was laid out in an old store and I think there were about twenty cowboys with their chaps and spurs on and the old time cowboy was a rather queer kind of a mixture of human nature. Sometimes he drank whiskey to celebrate and have a good time. Other times he drank when he was blue. I guess to try to raise the spirits. Anyway, this morning quite a number of them had taken on quite a load of the old joy juice. When the sermon started, Brother Van preached a very forceful sermon and the tears rolled down his old cheeks like raindrops and in looking around after that sermon was over there were very few dry faces among that tough old bunch of waddies and they were all as sober as if they never had a drink. Speaking of batching, some people of this day may not know what it means but for us cowboys it meant this. Four or five of us would get together in the fall of the year and get a cabin in some little town, buy some groceries and go into winter quarters and everybody cooked according to his liking and if anybody didn't like the way one fellow cooked he could cook to suit himself. I remember one winter a bunch of us batched together and there was a great variety of tastes. One fellow loves maple syrup and live mostly on that and a little bread but mostly syrup. Another old timer wanted to put bacon in everything he cooked. He said it gave the cooking tone, he meant flavor. He spoiled most of his cooking for the rest of us. I believe if he would try to make a cake he would have put bacon in it. I liked hard-boiled potatoes. Nobody else did so that was my specialty. Charlie Russell was the coffee and hot cake man. We all agreed he had no equal in those two things. One time we had a Christmas dinner and in some way got a chicken. I don't want to remember how we got it and we held counsel as to how it would be cooked and of course the old timer came for it at once with his bacon idea but we told him the chicken was old and tough and we would have to boil it. That didn't make any difference to him as he said any way a chicken was cooked if had to have bacon in it to be good and to give it tone. Anyway he went out and the bacon was put in. Really I think there was more bacon than chicken.  Charlie himself didn't boast about those dumplings but his alibi was Bill's bacon ruined the whole mixture. I don't know as to the truth of that statement as I never knew Charlie to make dumplings again. One time I was in Great Falls Charlie was circulating a petition to get an old-time cowboy out of the penitentiary. He had been sent up for wrestling cattle and had served about four years. Charlie asked me to go with him on his rounds and I did. We called on people for several days and there was not a man or woman turned us down until we met one of the wealthiest men in Great Falls. He read the petition and handed it back and said he can ride in the pen as far as I'm concerned. Then he began to criticize Charlie for circulating the petition. There was where he made a mistake and the things he told them must have cut pretty deep into his feelings. Charlie said, If you don't want to sign the petition that's your business but don't you roast me. I knew this man. He was once my friend. I don't approve of what he'd done but he has a wife and two children praying for his release and he has been punished enough already.  I thought I could see the old boy's whiskers tremble because he knew what Charlie meant. I have never forgotten what Charlie said when we left this fellow. He said justice was the hardest cruel word that ever was written. He said if all the people that were crying for real justice got it they would think they were terribly abused and would not want it and would find out they wanted a little mercy instead. While Charlie and I were partners he got an attack of appendicitis and someone told him to stand on his head and walk on his hands and knees and it would cure him.  So finally he made an appointment with the doctor for an operation. The morning he went to the hospital his wife Nancy was with him. When they dressed him for the operating table he called it putting a set of harness on him. Nancy was very much frightened and looked like she might break down under the strain. So to quiet her he began to tell her how simple the operation was and that he didn't mind it at all and started to roll a cigarette but his hands got the shaking so bad the tobacco all fell out of the paper and of course Nancy noticed that and it really made matters worse than if he had said nothing. After he had gotten over the operation he had some very severe pains. One day when the doctor came to see him Charlie asked him if he had lost any of his tools. When the doctor asked why he thought so he said he was sure he had some of them sewed up inside of him. There was an old doctor in Great Falls told Charlie and me a rather amusing experience he had about that time. There was a fellow came through the country and camped in several places around Great Falls and one day he murdered a whole family and throwed them in the river.  During that time he killed himself and he was buried in the popper's graveyard.  For some reason Doc could not get the body and as he didn't like the idea of prowling around the graveyard at night he chose one cold rainy morning to go out and dig this fellow up. It took him quite a while to get him out of the ground and as he just had a small buggy to carry him in he had to break the coffin open and put him in a gunny sack. Doc said while he was working on the corpse the sun came out and the weather cleared and he thought everybody in Great Falls went for a ride or a walk. There was people all around him and looking at him rather queer and he was afraid he would be arrested for a grave robber but he finally got to town without anybody seeing what he had. Doc's entrance to his office was on Main Street and no other way to get in so he drove into an alley back of his place. There was a Jew running a pawn shop there facing onto a side street so Doc took his sack with the corpse and went in the back way of the Jew's store and dropped it in his woodshed and went into the front where the proprietor was standing behind his counter. Doc slipped up to the counter and whispered, So I left a stiff in your shed back there. I will get him when it gets dark. He said the Jew's eyes began to grow large and said, That's a stiff. Doc said a dead man. The Jew began to scream and was attracting people on the street. He said, My God, my God, take him out of here. I will be arrested for murder. Doc whispered to him to hush but he hollered still louder so Doc picked up his sack put it on his shoulder and walked up the main street into his office. He told us he was sure relieved when he got that corpse in his back room. He had the skull on his desk when he told us the story and said whenever he looked at it it reminded him of one of the most strenuous days of his life. While I was working for the DHS outfit I think it was in 1896. I got a letter from Charlie Russell telling me he was married. He said the gospel wrangler had caught him and necked him. The word necking didn't mean then what it does now. We would sometimes have a wild horse that we couldn't hold in the bunch and every chance he got he would run away and we would lose him. So it was the horse wrangler's job to catch this horse and with a short piece of rope taught him to a gentle horse and the old horse would lead him wherever he went. He had to eat and sleep and go where the gentle horse went. So Charlie said he was necked and didn't think he would get away for a while and gave me a pressing invitation to come and see him and I wrote him the day I would be there in the train I would be on. But something happened and I was a day late. Charlie met me at the train. After we had visited for a little while several other boys joined us and we were enjoying our general talk. Charlie turned to me and said, What happened you didn't come yesterday? He said, When the train arrived I was at the depot and looked on the blind baggage car on top of the train and down under the cars and the brake rods. The conductor knew Charlie and said, What are you looking for Russ? Charlie said, I told him I had a letter from a friend of mine that he would be on this train and I come to meet him. That was the first time I knew he knew I had got out of that box car several years before in Cascade. I recall one time I was breaking horses close to the town of Cascade, Montana. I would ride a colt into town nearly every day. A blacksmith and a barber got heckling each other about riding broncs. The blacksmith bet the barber four dollars he would ride the first horse that I rode to town. Charlie Russell was stakeholder. I didn't know anything about this bet until I had come to town and both parties tried to find out the merits of the horse, whether he would buck or not. And as I knew the steak money was going to be spent for drinks, I told each one a different story. The blacksmith he wouldn't buck. The barber he would. So as to be sure to have the bet go as the blacksmith was a little scared, but he was a big, powerful young man and the horse was rather small, he took a chance. The bet was he had to ride the horse to the livery-stable and back, which was about two blocks. He got on. With a death grip, with the reins in one hand and the other on the saddle-horn, he started and was getting along fine, going slow, when a stock man by name H. H. Nelson started by him going home. He had a big canvas overcoat on and could not resist a temptation to shake his coat as he rode by the bronc, and down went the bronc's head. I think the first jump the saddle-horn hit the blacksmith in the eye, and the next jump he was on the ground. Somebody caught the horse and helped the blacksmith up. He said, that is all right, I have lost this bet, but I will make another one. I will whip Nelson the first time he comes to town. We sure had a great time spending at eight dollars, and I think everybody else spent all they had besides. We named that a quiet day in Cascade, and Charlie drew a picture of it with chickens and dogs and everything running in all directions, and some old man with a cane trying to get out of the way. I remember a very amusing incident on a round-top. We had been out on the range for about three months, and nobody had shaved. We came into a little town, a shipping point, and when we had got the cattle all loaded on the train, we found out there was a barbershop in town, so we all patronized it. But there was one stingy old fella in the outfit that wouldn't spend the quarter to get shaved, so when we got started back on the range, he felt out of place as we were all shaved and slicked up. He asked if there was anyone in the outfit that could shave him. I told him I could. Now I had never shaved a man in my life. The cook had an old razor in the mess box, and God knows Whedon had been sharpened. We had no safety razors those days. I started in on him. Of course his beard was full of sand and dust, and I used cold water and lye soap to make the lather. When I got to working on him, the blood followed the razor wherever I touched him. We didn't have any mirrors so he couldn't see himself bleed. The boys would ask him occasionally how he was getting along. He said the razor pulled a little, but Khan was doing fine. Charlie Russell was laying on his belly looking at the performance, and he laughed till the tears rolled down his cheeks. When I got through with him he looked like he had broke out with the smallpox. He picked scabs off his face for several days. He didn't complain, but he never asked me to shave him again. Nobody felt sorry for him because he never was known to buy a drink, and he had three thousand dollars in the bank, which was a big fortune to a cowboy. I have some very true and sincere friends among all classes, but I don't believe there is any other people in the world that was as intimate and friendly on short acquaintance as the old-time cowboy and cowman. They would fight among themselves and some of them would steal from each other, but let one of them get in a tough spot and his clan would come to his rescue when everybody else had thrown him down. I was on a roundup on the Moccasin Range in Montana in the year 1888, and a small rancher lost a milk cow. He had come to the roundup to ride with us for a few days to try to find his cow. The next morning we left camp about daylight and hadn't went a mile from camp when his horse fell and broke the man's leg above the knee. We got the bed wagon and fixed some blankets in it the best we could and drove him twenty miles to a doctor. The boys raised three hundred dollars for that fellow, and none of them had ever seen him before that day he came to camp. There was an old-time cowboy and cowman, lived at Gilroy, California, that I knew for twenty years. His name was Ed Wilson. He is dead now, but when I recalled the many kindnesses he extended to me and those years I knew him, it has burned a brand on my memory that time cannot blot out. He was as rough and tough as a grizzly bear, and to know him on the surface meant you didn't know him at all. My wife and I had eaten Christmas dinner with him and his family for several years, and he had planned for it again the year he died. He had been quite sick for a long time but came to see me on the sand of December with an invitation to come again to the Christmas dinner. I was sick in bed and told him we would come if I was able, but I got worse and on Christmas day could not get up. He was also in bed on that day, but when noontime came and we didn't show up he had his wife, Pal, fix up a tray of turkey dinner and bring it in and show it to him. He smiled and said, that ought to cure the old son of a gun. He had it sent three miles to my home. He died a few days after. I never saw him after he came to give me the invitation. That is just one of the many kind considerations that the old-time cowboy had for the other fellow, and I believe if they were organized they would be the greatest fraternity on earth.


Howdy guys, IndiePixel here, and I wanted to actually roll through another VEX or intro to VEX video as we've been doing so far. So what I want to cover in this particular lecture or video is how to start to use the noises, all right?  So what I want to do is I want to cover how to use this because we can actually mimic the same functionality like in VOPs or like with the mountain noise or anything like that. We can actually mimic the same sort of functionality to get like a purlin noise, and there's actually quite a few of these individual noises available.  So if we come all the way down to the bottom here, you can see we actually have just about all the noises that are in VOPs, all right? So this means we can actually start to utilize these in VEX. So it kind of builds upon, you know, the video where we were talking about basic randomization with p-scale and like rotation and stuff like that. Let's start to, you know, utilize some noises, all right? So let's go walk through how to do this. So I'm going to jump back up and out and create a new geometry node, and I'm just going to call this noise video like so. And what I want to do, I'm going to hide all the other objects, turn on my grid, just so I know where I'm at in 3D space. And what I want to do is drop down a grid and on this grid, I want to increase the resolution a little bit. So what I'm going to do is just paste relative reference. Just add a few more points, nothing crazy or anything like that, okay? And I'm going to drop down a wrangle node. All right, and you'll start to see why this is super useful really quick.  So the first step in learning this is just to utilize the function in and of itself, all right? So if we go to go to the help here for the noise function, this is probably the most basic way to do it. We can feed it a position. All right, we can give it a pause. And so basically what I want to do is just feed in the point position. So let's say we type out something like float and we'll call this our y noise like so, is equal to noise. That's the function that we're going to use. And I just feed in at P right off the bat. All right, so nothing's going to happen because you know, we're generating the noise, but what we can do is we can say that the current position, it's y position, so dot y plus equals our y noise like so. And you'll notice right off the bat, we start to get a noise and this is cool. But currently it's based in world space, right? So the size of the grid really determines let's actually do this right here. So let's copy this parameter and paste that there and let's just start to move this. So you can see that the noise is really based off of the world space size of the grid. So what I want to do is I want to actually have control over that just like I do with any of the other noises that are in Vops, or if I were to drop down something like the mountain node, right? Let's do this really quick. So if I were to drop this down, you can see that, you know, we're getting noise, but we have these other controls to allow us to modify how the noise looks for our current size of the object. So it's not really dependent on the size of the object anymore. We're able to change it and that's really kind of the fundamental concept that I want to get through in this video is how do we do that with Vex and how do we do that with this basic noise function? Alright, so this is a great practice for the fundamentals of Vex. So let's go and actually create a couple of parameters here. So I'm going to just start off with one here. So I'm going to do actually make some more space. So I'm going to do a float scale is equal to a CHF scale like so. All right, and then I'm going to make sure I create that parameter there, and I'm going to set it to something like two. Okay, so what we can do is we can come down now and use a scale parameter or scale local variable, all right, and multiply our at P by that. All right, and you can see that what's happening is we're getting a more dense noise. Just with that, we're just multiplying it. All right, let's space it out to make it a little more readable for everybody here. So let's say I actually pull this all the way down. You can see that now. I'm changing that scale just like I was doing with that mountain note with the element size. All right. We're doing the same exact thing. Let's turn off the grid. We don't really need that anymore. We're doing the same exact thing. All right, but this is faster because these wrangle nodes are multi-threaded. So especially if you start using the Houdini engine. Or even if you're doing large sims, this is very, very important, trying to keep your graphs really efficient and optimized. So, you know, these wrangle nodes are going to be a lot faster than this mountain node right here. All right, so what I want to do is now I want to create an offset. All right, so you'll notice here in this mountain node here, we actually have this offset so I can actually move the noise in X and Z and in Y. Okay, so it's how do we do that inside of X now? So I'm going to create another actually vector in this case because I want to mimic that same action that we got inside of that mountain node. So I'm going to call this offset and we're going to create a CHV. So a vector channel. Okay, we're going to call that offset semicolon. And what we want to do is we want to add it on because think about this. If we have a position and we add a vector on, we're just moving that position in space. All right, we're not moving the actual point, but we're moving the noise left and right, up and down, forward and back. All right, so left and right is X, up and down is Y, and forward and back is Z inside of Houdini. Okay, so what we want to do is we want to take this scale value here and then just add on our new vector, this offset vector that we created. All right, so let's go and actually produce the parameter for that. And now if I move the X, you can see, let me actually move it over to the proper node there. And you can see now I'm actually moving the noise in the X direction and moving the noise in the Z direction and then moving the noise in the Y direction. So just like that, just with four lines of code, we're basically mimicking so far the functionality of this mountain node right here. All right, obviously, you know, I currently have it set to Perlin, so it's going to react the very same way, but remember, and I do want to make more videos about this, we actually have access to all the noise functions inside of Vex. And there's a ton of these different types of noise and they all take, you know, different parameters. But what I wanted to show is just the basics, right? We just need to get through the basics first before we, you know, get into the more complex stuff. So there we go. We now have offset. So the last thing that I really want to do is mimic the height. All right, so if we look at the mountain node and we change this height value here, you can see that we're intensifying the noise. And so all we really need to do in here is create another float. I'm going to call this amp. And we're going to say we're going to create a new channel float or float channel. Okay, and I'm going to call this the amplitude. And all we need to do is just multiply the final result of this noise, right? By the amplitudes or that amp local variable. So I'm going to multiply it by that. And that makes a lot of sense because if I just increase the value, right? Because this noise value, this noise function is going to return a number between zero and one for us. If I just increase it, it's just going to increase that Y value, just intensifying it really. All right, so let's go and create that parameter here. All right, and then let's just set it to something like two. And you can see now that we're actually intensifying the overall results. All right, so that is exactly what we're trying to do here. And the cool thing about this is what we can do now that we have that amplitude value in place. All right, so let's actually put in some comments here. We're going to say create parameters like so. And then we are going to say process noise. All right, and then finally down here, what we're going to do is we're going to say colorize. So let's just initialize CD to zero. All right, so we're black. Basically every point has a value of 0, 0, 0 for RGB. Okay, and then I want to say at CD.R is equal to our Y noise. All right, and that's great. You know, that looks pretty good, but you can tell the reds are getting really red. This isn't actually normalized between zero and one. I think we're getting values up to 1.9, actually, because we're just intensifying the zero to one value. Remember, this function just returns zero to one. And then we're multiplying it by 1.94. So if we have a value of one in our color in our noise function right here, we're actually going to get a value of 1.9, which means that we can then go and fit this now. All right, so we're going to fit Y noise between zero and amp. That's our max value currently. And we're going to fit that between zero and one. And you can see that that actually normalizes our color values. All right, so what we've just done is we've recreated basically the mountain node here with Perlin just turned on. Obviously, there's a ton of other parameters for this, but if all you need are some basic noises, just like in Vox, right? And in this case, it's a basic Perlin, okay? So that's all you need then really just, you know, let's put it into a Vex wrangle node. And these are all that this is all that you have to do to basically recreate that functionality. All right, so we have our offset, we have our scale. We have, you know, all the parameters that we could ever want. All right, pretty cool stuff. So that's what I wanted to show. Thanks so much for all you guys' support. I appreciate it. And I will talk to you guys here shortly. Thanks so much.


There are many important transitions towards becoming what's called mathematically sophisticated, but one of the more important is the introduction to abstract algebra, and abstract algebra is centered around this notion of a thing called a group, which leads us to the following party game. How can you tell when you're dealing with a mathematician? Well, there's a number of ways that you can determine this, but here's an easy one. Ask them to complete the following sentence. There's a 1.2 of people over there, and a mathematician is going to use words like, well, there's a crowd of people over there, there's a bunch of people over there, there's a lot of people over there, there's a collection of people over there, they might even say there's a set of people over there, and they'll use many, many other words, but the one word that you'll have to really fight to get them to say is they'll hesitate to say that there is a group of people over there, and mathematicians really hesitate when using the word group in any other context, and that's because group has a very specific meaning in mathematics, and that meaning comes as follows. Let G be a set, and we'll define a binary operation star, and this binary operation has the following properties. First of all, if I take two elements of the set A and B, then A star B is in G. So remember, this is a binary operation. I'm going to take these two things, A and B, and I'm going to produce something new, and the result of that operation is in G. We refer to this property as closure, and say that G is closed under star. Another property of star is that if I take a star B star C, where I evaluate B star C first, and then star that with A, I get the same result as doing A star B first, following that up by star C. Now we have a name for this property, an ordinary arithmetic. We call this the property of associativity, and so in a fit of creativity, we'll also say that star is associative. One more property that we need for a group. There's an element E for which A star E is the same as E star A is the same thing as what we started with for all A in G. Here's an important idea. It's the same element is going to make this true for all A, and we say that E is the identity element. And then finally, if I take any element of G, there's some inverse, A inverse, so that A star A inverse is the same as A inverse A star A is going to give us back the identity element. And if I have all of these properties in my set with operation, then I have a group. One important feature of a group is that commutativity doesn't have to exist with the operation star.  The most common mistake improves an abstract algebra and really in higher mathematics. The most common mistake is assuming commutativity when you don't actually have it. So here's an important thing to watch out for. Now let's take a look at some examples. We want to prove or disprove the set of natural numbers is a group. And so what we might do is we might put down our definition of a group and go through our checklist of requirements. So here's our definition of a group and let's see. Well, the set of natural numbers, so G is a set, so there's our requirement. The set of natural numbers is actually a set, so right here on the package. We need to define an operation star. Well, we don't actually have an operation defined. We have a set of natural numbers, but we don't have any defined operation, so that means we do not have a group. Now in your development of mathematical sophistication, here's a good habit to develop as a mathematician. A mathematician likes to turn one problem, one question, into many problems. So here, prove or disprove the set of natural numbers is a group. Done, this is not a group, but the natural next question that a mathematician might ask is, well, how can I make it one? If I don't have a group, how can I fix it? What can I do to make it into a group? So let's make one problem into many problems. The set of natural numbers is a group, prove or disprove. Well, we already disproved it, but then if it's not a group, how can I make it into a group? So again, we'll put down our definition. And the problem that we ran into is we didn't have a defined operation. So we need to define an operation star. So let's define a star b to b. Well, it's a binary operation, so I need to figure out what I'm going to produce when I start with a and b.  So thinking, thinking, thinking, how about something really simple, like define a star b to be a plus b? Well, now let's check. We've defined our operation, and so now we just have to check its properties. So first property, if a, b is in G, then a star b is in G. If I have two natural numbers, well, so is the sum of those two. That's also a natural number.  We'll verify, and if a, b, and c are all natural numbers, we know that the natural numbers under addition are in fact associative, so that also works. And let's see, we need to, oh, here's a problem, we need to have an identity element, a plus e has to give us what we started with. Well, because we're dealing with a set of natural numbers, this is not going to be true for the set of natural numbers. The identity does not exist. Now we can fix this, how can you make it one? We can fix this by changing our set from the natural numbers to the whole numbers. So let's go ahead and make that swap. So I'm going to swap out and deal with the whole numbers. And again, we'll define a star b to be a plus b, and because we've changed our set, we do have to go through all of our requirements once again because it's possible we've introduced something new. So let's check it out. We have closure if the sum of two whole numbers is a whole number. We have associativity. We have the identity element because the number zero is our identity. However, we don't have an inverse element. I can't find two whole numbers that add to the identity. If I have the whole number five, there's no whole number that I can add to five to get the identity zero. We don't have the inverse element, which means we have to change our set again. So let's expand our set to the integer. And so let's check to see if the integers form a group. So again, we'll continue to define a star b to be a plus b. And once again, we do have to go through all of our properties just to make sure we haven't lost anything in the process. We have closure. The sum of two integers is an integer. We have associativity. We have the identity element zero again. And because we're dealing with the integers, we do have the inverse. Given any integer, I can find another integer that when I add the two, I get zero. And so now the set of integers with the integer addition does form a group.


This research examined the impact of geomagnetic storms on the atmospheric density of the thermosphere using data collected by the Swarm-C satellite. It found that storms had a greater effect on the nighttime atmosphere compared to the daytime atmosphere, with the greatest impact occurring shortly after the storm. Additionally, the spatial distribution of the atmosphere was more sensitive to storms at night, while the temporal distribution was more sensitive during the day. This article was authored by Li Rongyin, Lei Wang, Li Jungu, and others.


Me Secondly is welcome to the fifth meeting of 2018 of the standards, procedures and public appointments committee, which will provide feedback. The first item for the committee is to agree to take agenda item 4 in private. This letter has been received by James Dornan MSP. member agree to take the citation in private. They include agenda item 2 to take evidence on the proposed cross-party groups on tackling I would like to welcome Anas Sarwar MSP to the meeting, Anas is the convener of the proposed group and I would like to invite him to make a statement. Thank you, chair, and thank you for your time this morning. Anyone who has seen the media in particular the last few weeks around Islamophobia and challenges towards not just Muslims here in Scotland and across the UK but across the world will recognise that there is a growing challenge with Islamophobia how it impacts on communities and the impact that it has directly on particularly women and I'll come also to that more in a moment and what we're trying to do is to get some recognition firstly that Islamophobia exists and then secondly bringing together all those people that are doing work in their individual silos right across Scotland around the table in one place namely in the Parliament but also as an opportunity to educate our parliamentarians about what more we can do to challenge Islamophobia head on and what we're looking to do with the group is to look at certain areas so one I've mentioned gender there's a clear gender nature to Islamophobia so if you look at Islamophobic hate crimes if you look at racist hate crimes you're almost twice as likely to be the victim of that if you are a woman rather than if you are a man and more often or not the perpetrator of the incident is usually a man so there is there's clearly a gender nature to to Islamophobia and to racism and that's one element one to have a direct look at secondly it's what framework we have as a legal framework is there are other gaps in the laws are more that we can do from from this place to to challenge Islamophobia and we're going to look at that in much more detail and we're doing that in partnership with the Equality and Human Rights Commission and also Police Scotland what role does Police Scotland have to play around reporting around recording around the barriers to recording around how cases are dealt with and then after that subsequently what role the Crown Office plays in terms of successful prosecutions and the kind of sentences that is going down for people that are the perpetrators of Islamophobic hate crimes but the key point I think that that's worth emphasising is the vast vast vast majority of Islamophobia and racism is not criminal in nature it's not something someone can report to the police it's not something that can have a successful prosecution but it's still impacts on life chances life opportunities and life outcomes and it's that part that in particular I think the cpg wants to explore around employability around the education system around access to public services all those are issues that we're going to look at in more detail and the final stream that I think we want to look at is when you ask young Muslims in particular what do they what do they think is the reason for the rise in Islamophobia the first answer is always the media and the second answer is politicians so we want to do some work around media monitoring the responsibility of media in terms of the language they use and and how they interact with individual communities and then secondly how we better educate our politicians as well myself included about the language we use and how we can we can recognise the actions that we take can have an impact on communities on the ground these are all areas we want to explore in much more detail I'm happy to take any question thank you for that mr sour in do the committee have any questions alexander thank you convener good morning there's obviously some common themes and some common issues that you've identified there are also other cross-party groups that may have an input into what you're trying to examine as well how are you planning to work alongside them to develop some of these common themes and take that forward so Fulton McGregor chairs the cross-party group on race equality which I'm a vice convener of so Fulton was at the the first meeting of the cpg when we set it up and there are areas that we're going to look at together particularly around the legal framework because I think there's a common interest there around around race and around religion and faith around reporting and how the police cooperate so that we've agreed already myself and Fulton that there will be certain meetings that we'll try and do together I've also had conversations with people that are serve on the one around religious freedom I think there's some issues around religious freedom which would be worth having more conversations around and then there's obviously the cross-party group that deals with antisemitism as well I think Adam Tomkins is the chair of that so there's already been some conversations around some of the work that the Jewish community really successfully did in terms of getting access to to decision makers particularly in the criminal justice system and how we can replicate some of that with the cross-party group in tackling Islamophobia thank you Kate following on from that in terms of the specifics for how the impact you see your cross-party group having on Scotland generally and working with other cross-party groups what would you like to be the objective I mean what what's the the objective the biggest challenge has been I think at times we have a Scottish exceptionalism an idea that bad things happen elsewhere but bad things don't happen here and I think one having a recognition that Islamophobia exists in Scotland just the same way that sexism homophobia antisemitism racism exist I think is an important part of that and secondly trying to define what Islamophobia is I think there's a very loose definition that people have in their heads but there's probably not a set definition in law about what Islamophobia is I think that's an important piece of work that needs to happen and then third is to try and educate communities it's trying to bring people together so I've been struck by how how much people have been willing to engage with the cross-party group so when I first put it together I thought we're going to struggle to fit people in a room you know but we had 162 individuals express an interest to take part in the CPG I think we have over 50 or 60 members of the CPG already in terms of organisations as well as MSPs it's already got a mailing distribution list of well over 300 people in organisations so I think there is genuine scope and interest from the public and what I've been very clear about is I don't want it to become just a talking shop because that's an actual fact that's the easy thing to do let's get people in the room and as a Muslim myself get lots of Muslims in the room we'll all end up fighting with each other so we've got to get people in the room and talking about actions and that's one of the key themes so the first meeting we're hoping to have if the CPG is approved is for example with the Equality and Human Rights Commission who will do a presentation on the legal framework there are then people who have suggested what certain amendments could be to the existing legal framework so we'll look at actions that come from that and then Police Scotland are coming to do a presentation also around hate crime statistics how they case handle what they think the barriers to reporting are and then how we can build up a relationship and a dialogue with the third party reporting for example being one thing that's been suggested and also how we publish those statistics to try and get that debate and conversation going so one is having the conversation and the recognition but secondly I think the most important part is what are the actions that we need to take small practical actions but hopefully can have a bigger impact on the longer term. I just wanted to ask you've obviously got some universities listed here but I imagine they're involved from the kind of academic point of view largely. I was just wondering how you were going to engage or include kind of engagement and communication both ways with colleges schools universities particularly the students who have kind of practical experience of what's going on are you looking at getting them involved or education unions absolutely so I'm delighted that Peter Hopkins Professor Peter Hopkins has agreed to be the secretary of the CPG Professor Hopkins has done research although he works at Newcastle University he's actually from Glasgow and commutes back and forth and has done research for 10 years in Scotland around Islamophobia and one of his great frustrations is he's done lots of research but very little people myself include have done very little with the research and the findings that he's had so I think there's definite scope for more research and collaboration with professors not just in Scotland but across the UK. We've also set up with Professor Hopkins taking lead on this an education working group which brings together other relevant researchers it brings together the college and university sector it brings together the ethnic minority educators group which is a group of ethnic minority teachers across Scotland and also action for children who have done a bit about work on creating a charter against racism and religious hatred in our schools that is being piloted in three schools in Edinburgh at the moment so all those people are coming together as an education working group to try and form a more detailed charter that can go into schools across the board and then also to fund to create a research document because one of the biggest challenges we have when I'm asked this question a lot is how bad is the problem I don't know the answer to that is the honest answer and I think there's some research that needs to be done so we can find out what the extent of the issue is secondly what the Muslim community's perception is but thirdly and equally importantly is to find out what the general population's perception is as well because the biggest challenge I think in terms of tackling racism and Islamophobia isn't actually taking on the hate mongers that that's actually the easy part so challenging those that have openly racist or Islamophobic views is actually the easy part because you condemn them you don't allow them a platform the much harder job is those people that have probably an unconscious bias towards people of a certain colour or people of a certain faith is trying to create a dialogue in a conversation where those people recognise that perhaps their own behaviour or their own language isn't appropriate they reflect on that and they challenge themselves and that's the key part is how do we get people to challenge themselves I think that's the only way that we can fundamentally make a difference in society thanks very much good morning first of all congratulations for bringing people together to propose this group just looking through the list of members I didn't see the Amadea Muslim community represented in that list and obviously one of the highest profile hate crimes that's been in recent years in Scotland was the murder of Assad Shah targeted because he was an Amadea Muslim I'm just wondering if you've already made that connection with them are they involved in the group or going to be absolutely so there are obviously within the Islamic organizations themselves there's an internal challenge there which is the cpg is not wanting to get involved with I've made that absolutely clear that it's not for the cpg to define which groups are Muslims there are not Muslims that is for people to self-define just like we have made this organization open to the Jewish community to the Catholic community the Protestant community the Hindu community Sikh community the exact same way it's open to the Amadea community as well and they are more than welcome to attend and more than welcome to be members that they've been reached out to yes so I've sent an invitation out to all faith-based organizations these are the ones that have responded so far great thank you which actually leads me quite nicely into the issue that I wanted to ask you about and thanks for joining us this morning on us it was about the rise in religious hate crimes over the years and actually specifically anti-Catholicism is more than all other religious hate crimes put together and it's 58 percent of hate crimes in the last statistics last year so I did wonder whether or not you would be looking to to do a piece of work on that with the cross-party group and widen it out I think you've answered that in a way by saying you've invited other religions to come along to the group and have an input but I wonder if you'd like to just comment further I think the challenge that you have with that is so firstly I think it's important that we get all faiths involved because only if it's done across all faiths and none will we be able to get action secondly I think there's best practice that can be learned from other communities who have who have been through similar circumstances but one of the challenges I think you have is and and people have said this to me that shouldn't we create a cross-party group on prejudice and hate in general rather than making it specific to Islamophobia and the challenge you have with that I think is if we were to have a cross-party group on prejudice and hate I think it's natural that based on population sizes there will be a there will be an order of merit or importance or seniority of that and I think in that basis Islamophobia to be frank would be quite low in the chain in terms of those different forms of prejudice and hate and that's why I think having a cross-party group on tackling Islamophobia in its own right I think is important and that's not to say that other forms of hate and prejudice are are negated far from it but I'm more than happy to work with any faith-based organisations about how we tackle hate and discrimination and actually some of the actions that will come from from the cross-party group some of the policy proposals for example I've already put forward to the First Minister impact on all faith groups it's not just the impact on Muslims impacts on all faith groups and I think that's an important piece of work that needs to happen. Thank you very much for coming along this morning Mr Sarwar the committee will consider whether to approve the cross-party group at agenda item 3 and we'll suspend briefly to allow you to leave. We'll move to agenda item 3 and that's for the committee to consider whether to accord recognition to the proposed cross-party group on tackling Islamophobia. So committee's agreed to approve that and that ends the public part of the meeting and we'll now move into private session as previously agreed.