Thank you. Stephanie is just saying all that because a few years ago I complained about having the slot between lunch, between 11.30 before lunch and she gave me the last slot. So all that is sort of made up. So it's really a pleasure for me to be here. And really, I know this is the last talk, so we don't have to go too dim on the lights. This is fine, but I changed my talk just a few days ago when I spoke to Dr. Coulter when she really asked me to kind of give an update of where we stand now in the new trials. And I hope you indulge me because I decided I would go on a more historical thing, a more historical tour of our landscape, which is again a dangerous thing to do as the last lecture. So I'm going to actually start way back in the beginning for cardiovascular outcomes. And I just want you to think for a minute where you were in 1970. You just think for a second. You know, there were a lot of big things going on at that time. You know, the Beatles broke up in 1970. The computer floppy disk was introduced, so these big events. Richard Nixon was the 37th president of the United States. No editorial commentary. And locally, the clinical facilities and hospital staff were Baylor, my institution, and our institution, and the Methodist Hospital affiliated, no longer together, divorced. And the TMC board approved deeding 5.5 acres of land to the University of Texas as a site of the new medical school in Houston. So big changes here in Houston. So I worked really hard to try and find a picture of a cardiologist who would go on to give a series of successful lectures of women's advocate in health care and a series of successful lectures. And today I find she wears tights to work, or stockings to work. Not really her, but I worked hard to do it. So really in 1970, I think when we think about cardiovascular outcome trials and we think about, in general, the first diabetes outcome trials or the first randomized controlled trial that I can think of was actually published. And that is the University Group Diabetes Program. This was a North American study, which was started in 1961 to 1969 that had a little over 1,000 individuals in five groups. First randomized trial. Placebo, Tobutamide, which was a sulfonioria. Phenformin, which is a precursor to metformin. Insulin and fixed-dose. And insulin and adjusted-dose. Yeah, no, no, this is great, right? And so Dr. Cook said we haven't gotten very far. I had to walk to the library to get this and make a copy because it's not electronic. But if you look at this, this is just the editorial company, the main outcome. And I'll just read it. It says, for some time, differences of opinion have existed as to whether or not the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus can be postponed or prevented by control of the blood sugar in these patients. So in 1970, we're asking the same question we're asking in 2016. So we haven't gotten that far. So this is actually the glucose control in the, in the trial. Now if you look, there are four curves. There's one placebo. There's one Tobutamide, which is a sulfonioria. There's insulin and standard dose in insulin and, I wonder if this works, in the variable dose. Now you remember that I said that there were five arms to the UGDP and Phenformin doesn't make it, right? It doesn't make it to the finish line. It stopped early because of this, because of lactic acidosis and adverse outcomes. So medicine that lowered glucose but had an off-target effect that had to be stopped. So this is a common theme as we go forward that we're learning this lesson that although we can lower glucose, you know, we have to, we may not be doing the right thing. So if we look forward at the outcomes, we can see that again this disconnect that exists. We can lower glucose successfully, but do we get the outcomes we want? And so this is cardiovascular mortality in the study published in 1970. And one can see that right off the bat, that Tobutamide, a first generation sulfonioria, had increased mortality to the other three arms. So an interesting finding again that we lowered glucose but there was this mortality signal. Again explained by different sort of hand waving things, but no one really knew what had happened. Maybe it was a statistical issue, a methodological issue with the study. I want to fast forward now to the mid 90s in the UK PDS study because it says provide some interesting information. As you remember UK PDS was a study of patients who had newly diagnosed diabetes. About 2% of them had heart disease and they were randomized to intensive versus standard glucose control, intensive being around a hemoglobin A1c of 7. In that arm, there in the study there was also a small sub study where obese patients were randomized either to sulfonioria or insulin versus metformin and the outcomes are shown on this slide. So what we see is that metformin was associated with the statistically significant reduction in myocardone farsion as well as in total mortality. Albeit there were a small number of individuals who were enrolled in this study.  Now this is again interesting because in that metformin group they actually didn't have lower blood glucose in the sulfonioria or insulin. In fact sulfonioria and insulin was somewhat lower than metformin but we saw this cardiovascular benefit and indeed metformin in part related to this remains first-length therapy for people with diabetes in the hopes that it also has cardiovascular risk protection.  In the mid-90s I was a hot shot medical student and intern and you know at that time if you think back what people were dying of when we were rounding as students, they were dying of AIDS, right? They were dying of AIDS and there was this huge political push that the drugs to treat AIDS were being slowed as far as approval in the FDA. That approval was too slow and people were dying so the FDA decided well we need to fast-track so we can get these drugs to market and so the first drug ever approved on this fast or this rapid fast-track approval happens to be a first in class medicine that treats the underpinnings of diabetes that treats insulin resistance a TZD. Triglitazone, not AIDS, not HIV medicines but really a diabetic medicine and that was Triglitazone. So approved in 1996 and actually what began use in March of 1997 in the U.S. Very successful drug, again first in class that captures 12% of the U.S. market for oral agents for diabetes. Shortly thereafter it's launched in the U.K. but then we start to see trouble. In December 1997 there's 135 cases of liver toxicity as well as success and it's withdrawn from the U.K. markets. At the same time historically there's a study going on the diabetes prevention program which had lifestyle metformin as well as Triglitazone arms and it's withdrawn from the study because there was a death in the study so the NIDD case stops it but it continues here in the U.S. until the March of 2000 when it's pulled off the market and so during this time a very successful drug right TZDs are very good as far as treating insulin resistance and improving HDL, reducing triglycerides, improving glucose. There are 94 patients who had liver failure with 66 deaths in the U.S. So it's a lesson again we have a medicine successful lowering glucose but it has an off-target effect that was unanticipated and although very financially successful for I believe it was GSK. So finally as we think of the landscape this I think was really what kind of changed everything. So we had these lessons and this is a meta-analysis that was published in the Newman Journal in 2007 from Stephen Nissen where he looked at rosy glitazone compiled some data that's been heavily criticized for some methodologic issues but nonetheless this issue that rosy glitazone again very commonly used may increase the risk of myocardium infarction and cardiovascular death. So we had a series of studies which had shown that there were potential adverse effects to some of these medications that can lower glucose. Now around the same time these studies of intensive glucose control come out a chord advance in VADT. These are the studies that said hey we know that high glucose is bad for cardiovascular disease what if we lower it to near normal? Can we reduce CV mortality? Can we reduce cardiovascular outcomes? And these outcomes are shown here on the slide for a chord advance in VADT. In each of the studies there was around a one to one and a half percent difference in hemoglobin A1c but one can see that despite achieving this glucose difference we didn't actually improve cardiovascular outcomes in this group of individuals. Much to our surprise and in fact a chord was stopped prematurely because more people died in the intensive arm than those individuals who were treated with standard therapy. And so lots of reasons why this happened you know these patients had diabetes for a long time they had complications and perhaps it was just too late. And then this is issue of perhaps maybe the medicines that we're using just aren't very good to get them where they need to be. Perhaps the adverse effects related to hypoglycemia to weight gain outweigh any benefits that we see with glucose lowering. So we have that issue with pharmacotherapy and at the same time we have this explosion in the number of people who have diabetes in the U.S. Again if you start when the UDGP study starts in 1960 and you go to 2009 you can see this remarkable increase over time in diabetes and so it's increasing. And then we see that this help burden you know despite how we treated despite our improvements in blood pressure control and lipid lowering therapy that there's this disconnect that exists or this discrepancy in survival between those individuals with and without diabetes this is for men and this is for women just showing that the presence of diabetes shifts survival curves downward and leftward. So despite our improvements in how we treat people this survival is impacted and continues to be part of that. And then finally as we set the landscape we have this explosion of new therapies have become available. These are listed from the recent diabetes care and doesn't include insulin but we can see there's a by guanide, sulfonylureads, the TZDs, DPP4 inhibitors and the different medicines that are available, GLP1 receptor agonists, SGL2 inhibitors and a variety of other medicines that are now available to treat type 2 diabetes. So it's all of this that really influenced the landscape. The unrecognized off-target effects of diabetic medications, the finding that improvement in glycemic control, A1C, is not necessarily concordant with CV risk reduction and the clinical burden of diabetes continues to grow as well as the surge in hyperglycemic therapies. And it's in this setting that the FDA says no more no more we can't do that anymore. So in 2008 the FDA said we're not going to allow this to happen you know all these signals so it says that if you're in industry you have to study these drugs and people who are high risk for cardiovascular disease and it's not good enough just to lower glucose but you have to show that they're safe in these individuals in whom they're going to be used. And this led to this explosion of clinical cardiovascular outcome studies that are now being ongoing and now being completed. These are actually seven studies that have been published in the last year and a half to two years which are part of these CV outcome trials looking at medications not to lower glucose but can these medicines are they safe first it's not a priority and two are they effective at lowering cardiovascular disease and people who have diabetes and who either who have established disease or are high risk for disease. And so we have a few and I'm going to go over the last three in a little more detail but we have them for the DPP4 inhibitors saxaglyptin, alloglyptin, and citaglyptin. We have clinical trials for the GLP1 agonist, lixicinotide, loraglitide, and somaglitide which is not commercially available. And then we have an SGL2 inhibitor empicliflozicin. Now again these are non-inferiority studies predominantly that's how they're powered that's what the FDA said first show is it's as good as and safe compared to placebo. And we can see that for these studies they met their non-inferiority outcome but more recently we see some promise that indeed there may be some benefit associated with these medications to lower CBD relative to placebo. One of our research interests has been in heart failure hospitalization and we can we'll show this in more detail again there may be some hope. But again if we just look at saxaglyptin no one ever thought that this medicine might be associated with greater rates of heart failure until we did the clinical study. So let me turn now to the clinical outcome studies and I'm going to start with the SGL2 inhibitor and empagliflozicin and the empareg study. So I know you're familiar with this but just as a reminder the SGL2 receptors is in the proximal tubule of the kidney and it inhibits the glucose sodium co-transporter causing glucose urea as well as naturesis in the kidney. So this receptors are regulated and people with diabetes inhibits it and so there's loss of urinary glucose excretion as well as some degree of sodium. Now the SGL2 inhibitors are associated in general with the hemoglobin a1c reduction of about 0.7% because of the glucose urea and probably naturesis there's modest effects in blood pressure five and three millimeters their modest weight loss felt to be to the energy and balance or caloric imbalance as you have glucose urea as well as reductions in plasma volume. So what is the empareg study? The empareg study was a study to examine the the long-term effects of empagliflozin versus placebo on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in 7,020 patients who had type 2 diabetes and who were high risk for cardiovascular disease. These include patients who had a prior MI, coroner disease, stroke, unstable angina or occlusive PAD. They are randomized one to one to one to either 10 milligrams of empa, 25 milligrams of empa or placebo and they were followed for a median of approximately three years. And these are the primary outcomes that were published last year which show that empareg is associated with a significant reduction in the primary outcome of cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI or stroke with a hazard ratio of 0.86. And we can see if we look at the survival curves that indeed this begins to separate early. Now if we look at the individual components the predominant component that drove it in that outcome was cardiovascular death which is shown in here. So for early this study for the first time showed that there was a medicine that was associated with reduced CV death in patients who had diabetes. This is another way of looking at that composite outcome looking at the three-point MACE outcome that we discussed. Again CV death was the one that was significantly reduced. And indeed when we look at the other two outcomes non-fatal MI, coroner infection as well as non-fatal stroke the atherosclerotic outcomes we didn't see any a benefit that there was some heterogeneity that existed within those endpoints. So moving forward looking at something that we've been interested in studying from a personal research area is the effect that it had on heart fader. Again an unexpected finding that there was a 35% reduction in the hazard ratio for heart failure with emporeg relative to placebo. And again interesting because these curves begin to separate very early right very early relative to for example statins or even blood pressure medicines you know the curves just really go apart. And then finally total mortality again mirrored cardiovascular mortality and was reduced with emporeg relative to placebo. So for this study the primary outcome really seemed to be driven by CV mortality with no difference in M iron stroke. The empore and placebo curves began to separate early approximately three months and even sooner for heart failure. There was no heterogeneity between the different doses between 10 and 25 as far as the CV mortality endpoint or the CV outcomes. Mark reduction in heart failure events and in adverse events in general was well tolerated. The biggest adverse event was genital infection was increased with emporeg relative to placebo and this was more common in women. So we were left with this unexpected finding you know why is that and I think the you know why is an sgl2 inhibitor reducing cardiovascular mortality and I think the answer to that no one really knows. There's been several proposed mechanisms you know what could be going on with it related to metabolic changes blood pressure changes myocardial energetics structure function and kidney and I just want to go over that and maybe one by one just look at the different possibilities and at the end of the day I'm going to say I just don't really know what happened. So first let's talk about glycemic control was what the benefit we saw actually related because it controlled blood sugar better. Well it did control blood sugar better you can see here's placebo empotenazine purple empa 25 is in blue and you can see that over the difference there were modest differences in A1C 0.45 and 0.28 so very small differences that you see and we saw in the other studies that glucose controlled where you got differences of one to one and a half it didn't make that much of a difference in mortality. So I think that this difference in glucose control is probably not the reason that we saw the benefit. What about potential effects on blood pressure I told you earlier that it can affect blood pressure so here we see that in general the empa 10 and empa 25 had similar blood pressure control probably related because the empa 10 provides maximum maturesis as a empa 25 but you can see despite the change of five to two millimeters in systolic and diastolic blood pressure that there's no change in heart rate so there's a difference but there's no change but these differences are modest five and two millimeters in a core blood pressure if you go back and think about diabetes those differences were 10 millimeters and we didn't see an outcome. So again I don't think five and two millimeters really explain this difference as well. I think probably the most interesting part of this medicine is perhaps it had some effect on kidney and some is something on volume reclamation and and renal hemodynamics and if you'll spare me I'll just go through this a little bit it so normally we have glucose filtration as well as and there's sodium and glucose absorption that occurs in the proximal tubule. When you have diabetes there's hyper filtration that occurs we know this is the hallmark of diabetic kidney disease is hyper filtration really related to tubular glomerular filtration pressure gradient. So in people who have diabetes they have increased sodium and glucose reabsorption so there is in decreased sodium delivery to the macula densa. So when the when the kidney senses is a decreased sodium delivery what it does is it causes afferent you know it thinks it needs to dilate so it causes afferent arterial vasodilation which in turn will essentially lead to more hyper filtration in people with kidney disease. So what some elegant investigators have shown was in fact in people when you use SGL2 inhibitors that you have increased sodium delivery to the macula densa so you have more sodium going downstream because the co-transporters reduce and in turn there's a feedback that causes afferent arterial constriction which reduces to this tubular glomerular filtration so there's decreased filtration that may occur within the kidney. And so this may explain some of the differences that we can see and in fact in just a publication a few months ago when we looked at EMPA reg again you saw that people who were treated with EMPA reg had improved not only cardiovascular outcomes but improved renal function over time. This is the incidence of incident or worsening nephropathy in EMPA and red and placebo and gray and we can see some marked reductions in the hazard ratio associated with EMPA. So perhaps it's something related to cardiorenal that we're seeing related to heart failure that in turn may have something to do with cardiovascular mortality. I'm sure that cardiorenal was discussed in part this morning with heart failure with preservative where it may play a bigger role. And finally there's the issue with heart failure that maybe we're just seeing some fancy diuretic that people are losing volume in patients who may predispose to heart failure they may have stiffer ventricles and indeed if we cause a little more diuresis that we'll see improved heart failure outcomes. I think that may be helpful for heart failure but I don't think that explains cardiovascular mortality because the diuretics in really that we use for treatment of heart failure as we heard in the previous lecture really aren't associated with improved mortality they're really associated with improved symptoms. This is just showing that you get hemoconcentration which we think may be in due part related to diuresis or hemoconcentration. So that's possible. So I'll say that we really don't know why we saw that benefit but despite that last week, last week, December 2nd, I'm really behind in my Christmas shopping. It's moving really quick. I think that was last week. The FDA made a big big change. The you for the first time the FDA approved a medication a new indication for embolgophosis and to not reduce glucose but to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and CV disease which is a big step for the FDA and I think we still have to I mean just sort of hot off the presses and how we deal with this in the future I don't know as far as treatment algorithms. So I want to finish just with the last two studies as far as GLP1 agonist. Again I know this audience from there with them but just this point of review the GLP1 is secreted in the intestine when we ingest food. GLP1 causes insulin secretion decreases satiety it reduces appetite it decreases gastric motility increase decreases glucagon production all felt to have the glycemic effects that we know are part of GLP1 agonist. We know that DPP4 inhibitors inhibit the enzyme that break GLP1 and that's how they work. So here's GLP1 as far as their metabolic effects but there's a lot of literature suggesting that perhaps GLP1s have a potential cardiovascular effects. This is actually a publication that we published five years ago looking at just summarizing some of the effects some of the studies that were available both animal models as well as some clinical studies looking at the effects that GLP1 had on blood pressure, modest effects on blood pressure as well as weight, some human studies on endothelial dysfunction, heart failure, MI, and ischemic reperfusion. And when we published a study we thought it was a good paper, worked hard on it. I actually probably never thought it was true but when we look at it I think we see some promise. In fact a study that really showed that there may be some benefit beyond just glucose control is the leader study which was a study of loraglotide in cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Took a little over 9,000 individuals with type 2 diabetes who were high cv risk and randomized them to 1.8 milligrams of loraglotide or victose versus placebo. Included people with renal dysfunction which was a unique aspect to this study because they're often excluded and treatment options are limited in that group. Again the primary outcome was similar to all the studies. It was a MACE outcome followed for 3.8 years. The average age was 64, 35 percent women and 82 percent had established cardiovascular disease. And these are the outcomes. Here on the left is the primary outcome, the MACE outcome, and we can see that there was a 13 percent reduction in the primary MACE outcome with loraglotide compared to placebo. If we look over these outcomes again looking at death from cardiovascular causes the hazard ratio was 0.78 against statistically significant favoring loraglotide. Nonfatal myocardial infarction trended in the same direction but was not significant and there was no difference in nonfatal stroke as far as their outcomes. So other observations in leader is that A1C when we look again looking for explanations or differences between the groups hemoglobin A1C was reduced modestly in the group. There wasn't a huge difference when you compared them at the end of the study. There was modest weight loss associated with loraglotide as well as minor changes in blood pressure albeit statistically significant. Again there's a signal that there's lower rates of nephropathy that occurred with loraglotide compared to placebo in the study. For those of you who use GLP1 agonist you know that the most common adverse effect is nausea, vomiting, and some of the GI effects and that that was increased in the loraglotide group compared to placebo. And I think what probably doesn't make the sound bite but we do have to keep an eye on it is there was this numerically greater pancreatic cancer that was seen with loraglotide versus placebo. It was 13 versus 5 a p-value of 0.6 and I think we'll just need to keep an eye on this signal there's always been a concern about the effects of GLP1 on pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, medullary cancer. This is the first time I think that I can see from a randomized trial where there does seem to be this imbalance so I think we'll have to look at this in the future as we move forward and I think it echoes what we heard about at the beginning that with these medications we really have to be concerned about off-target effects. No one should really die today from a treatment of type 2 diabetes from a medicine related to it when we have so many options so we need just to keep an eye on that. And then finally the last study that I want to mention is published last month in the New England Journal which was a study of semaglotide unlike loraglotide the semaglotide is is currently not approved it's similar to xenotide or bidurium which is a once weekly injection so it has a long half-life. This study was smaller around 3,300 patients with diabetes and high cv risk and again uses different things one one to one one 0.5 milligrams or one milligrams once weekly of semaglotide or placebo so they were matched. Again the primary outcome was cardiovascular death non-fatal amyro non-fatal stroke and a shorter study this was 2.1 years again it was primarily a non-inferiority study but when we look at it and we look again at the primary outcome we can see with this long-acting glp1 agonist that there was improvement in the the outcome was lower in the semaglotide arm relative to placebo again a novel finding in these studies non-fatal myocardial infarction trended to be lower in this study non-fatal stroke was lower compared to placebo and death and cardiovascular causes were similar. Again if we look at the primary outcome again a benefit in this most recent study there were differences in the two arms as far as a1c the semaglotide 10 there actually was no difference between the two doses as far as cardiovascular outcomes but there were some differences that are shown on this on this slide related to a1c weight blood pressure as well as heart rate so we do see some differences related to the medications it did affect hemoglobin a1c but the cardiovascular outcomes were similar in both studies so this is just a reminder again that again when we read these studies we have to go beyond just the primary outcome and we really have to look at adverse effects and there was an unexpected signal that was seen with retinopathy with this medication now we know that there are lots of tests that occur you know there are lots of outcomes that are looked at and so whether this is just a play of chance or whether it's real it's unclear but nonetheless when we look at the incidence per 100 person years semaglotide had a greater incidence of retinopathy complications relative to placebo a hazard ratio 1.76 so again no free lunch and we need to keep an eye on these outcomes so i think i'm that's going to stop here and really thank you for your attention that you know we talk about the landscape of diabetes and cardiovascular disease it has been shaped by multiple factors including the continued and growing burden of diabetes and cvd the realization of potential off-target hazards of anti-hyperglycemic medications beginning in the 1970s and continuing to last month the notion that we have a large number of treatment options available today many choices both between classes as well as within classes and that there has been some promise really what in my field of what we do research this is really remarkable that for once we're actually seeing drugs that have promised as far as reducing cvd which is still the number one reason why people with diabetes die but we definitely need future studies to define optimal treatment strategies and algorithms and decide what medicines we use first and when and in what combination so thank you


Air University is professional and personal development. Personal growth is something that's very important. The more we're growing, the better we're going to be able to perform with not only our professional lives but also for our personal lives as well. So being able to come together with your other peers who are top performers in their fields and be able to continually push each other and help each other along their professional development really is key to the product that we're putting out. We're able to integrate that into the classroom for all of our students as well as pushing each other as a faculty to continually perform better and continuously develop. And when you have your students who are coming from international countries that we're partners with, you have your sister services coming in. One of the things that you see is we do things right but other countries have very effective ways of doing things well. So being able to take those lessons that other countries have learned or the sister services have learned and being able to integrate those into the classroom and being able to talk about those things, that makes everybody better. And that's their university.


Today, we take a look back at the last nine years of the Universal Postal Union under the stewardship of Director-General Bishar A. Hussein and Deputy Director-General Pascal Clivar. The years have been punctuated by place names, each one representing cooperation, hard work and progress, Doha, Istanbul, Paris, Moscow, Addis Ababa, Amsterdam, Geneva and finally Abhijan. Bishar Hussein was first elected Director-General of the UPU International Bureau on 10 October 2012, during the 25th Universal Postal Congress in Doha. At the same time, Pascal Clivar was elected Deputy Director-General. The Kenyan-Swiss team received a second mandate during the 26th Congress in Istanbul in 2016. They have fulfilled an advisory, mediating and liaising role for the 192 members of the UPU from the beginning of 2013 until now. It has always been clear what Bishar Hussein and Pascal Clivar wanted to achieve for the UPU and the postal sector during their years in office. The leadership team promised to establish strong and visionary leadership for the UPU. Mr Hussein and Mr Clivar endeavored to promote mutual cooperation among union members. Looking at the positive working climate among members today and the strong position of the UPU, this has been achieved. In the field, the UPU has made technical support for the postal organizations of developing countries a priority while encouraging and supporting the interests of all UPU member countries. Not of respect for the long and distinguished history of the organization and in the best interests of the UPU's future, the pair committed to maintaining the neutrality of the UPU. The Universal Postal Congress is the supreme authority of the union. It brings together plenipotentiaries of all member countries every four years to discuss the state of the global postal sector and decide on its future. At the Doha Congress in 2012, the member countries agreed on a comprehensive agenda for the 2013 to 2016 period. This postal strategy aimed at strengthening the postal sector's three dimensions, physical, financial and electronic, was overseen by Mr Hussein and Mr Clivar. Interconnection, governance and development were established as key axes to strengthen postal services worldwide while responding more effectively to market changes. The groundwork was laid in 2013 with the launch of regional activities to meet the Doha postal strategy's ambitious objectives by 2016. These activities sought to improve the interoperability of the international postal networks, to disseminate technical knowledge and expertise related to the postal sector, to promote innovative products and services, and to foster sustainable business development of the postal sector. By 2016, the mission had been accomplished with all goals met. This success required a tremendous effort by the International Bureau, including restructurings and rationalization measures in many areas. And then came Istanbul. With the approval of the Istanbul World Postal Strategy at the Congress in 2016, the UPU set yet another ambitious agenda for the ensuing cycle. In order to monitor the implementation of the new strategy, regular reports were presented to the UPU's Council of Administration. In addition, a series of annual strategic reviews have been produced to provide a snapshot of the year's achievements. For the current cycle, a prime area of concern was the governance structure. The UPU had to pursue its efforts towards speeding up decision-making processes, reducing the number of formal working groups, meetings and documents. In this way, it could free up resources to fulfill the ever-expanding mandate of the organization and maximize benefits to member countries. A second major focus was finding a way to keep the organization and the sector sustainable amidst funding challenges and increasing competition from private sector players. Achieving both of these goals has meant maintaining closer contact with UPU members than ever. Among the highlights in recent years is a new fixture in the calendar, the World's CEO Forum for Postal Chief Executives. The exclusive CEO event has proved to be an excellent forum for leaders to discuss opportunities and challenges in the industry. By working together and sharing first-hand experiences in a free and open setting, CEOs have gained valuable insight and inspiration on how to shape the future of the sector. The inaugural annual forum in Paris in 2016 was followed by successful gatherings in Moscow, Istanbul and Amsterdam. Extraordinary times, called for extraordinary measures and the organization has twice needed to respond quickly to evolving events in recent years. The UPU's second-ever Extraordinary Congress, held in Addis Ababa in 2018, proved to be a pivotal moment for moving the organization forward on several fronts. The Extraordinary Congress managed to achieve consensus on one of the UPU's longer-standing discussions, UPU reform. After two years of intense work, the UPU's ad hoc group on reform, led by the People's Republic of China, presented a new package of proposals focused on speedier decision-making in proving the UPU's efficiency and management of resources. The package included the introduction of a system of qualified, equitable distribution of member countries on the UPU's bodies as well as enhancing the UPU's role and relevance. Its recommendations were broadly adopted in Addis Ababa. During the Addis Ababa Extraordinary Congress, the Director-General also asked member countries to consider the plight of small island developing states, leading to the creation of a special contribution class to reduce the financial burden on these nations and allowing them to participate fully in the UPU's work. The union also made significant progress toward modernizing postal products and their associated remuneration structures during the five-day Congress. The next challenge to emerge was when the government of the United States of America informed the Director-General in October 2018 of the country's decision to withdraw its membership to the union over the international system for remunerating the exchange of letters and small packets. Both Mr. Hussein and Mr. Cleaver were optimistic that a solution could be reached to reverse the decision. They set about trying to resolve the matter amicably, bringing member countries together over the course of a year to find consensus on a new system. This was finally achieved in September 2019 when the Third Extraordinary Congress in Geneva found common ground on postal remuneration rates, adopting a system that would allow countries to self-declare rates while protecting low-volume developing countries from the impact of the swift reform. It was a historic breakthrough. The UPU succeeded in laying to rest the ghost of remuneration rates that had haunted successive conferences for half a century. Through dialogue led by Bishar Hussein and Pascal Cleaver, the union managed to emerge from the Congress stronger, having agreed on a remuneration solution that offers something for everyone. This development is an expression of the growing realization that the UPU has a role, not just in post, but also in e-commerce and trade. In considering the way forward for securing the organization's role and relevance, members are exploring opening it up to the wider postal sector and engaging the private sector. The Postal Operations Council and the Council of Administration met in April 2019 to discuss policies on the access of wider postal sector players to UPU products and services. Representatives from governments, regulators, designated operators, the private sector, civil society and international organizations were invited to a 2020 forum which was a key milestone in the history of the organization. A proposal approved by both councils will see the UPU open up its supply chain-related IT services to priority partners such as customs and airlines in a move to improve the efficiency of transport and security across the postal network. The councils studied the possibility of opening up other UPU products and services such as its postal payment services, training platform and online solution for carbon analysis and reporting, OSCA to wider postal sector players in the future. The postal sector faces radical and profound changes with no precedent in the UPU's 146-year history, liberalization, privatization and the tremendous surge in e-commerce are transforming the sector and introducing a range of new players involved in the supply chain and final delivery. The Director-General and his deputy recognize there is an urgent need to accelerate the process of private sector engagement. A task force was set up to this end and its recommendations have been fed into the strategy developed for the next four years of the UPU's business cycle. At present around 80% of the UPU's products and services are closed to the wider postal sector but change is possible and change is coming. These principles of inclusivity have also been reflected within the UPU's secretariat. Back at UPU headquarters the organization's leadership has focused on promoting equal rights for different cultures, genders and minorities as well as promoting efficiency and rigorous standards for the UPU. Updated hiring practices have ensured a more balanced geographic representation among staff and work to encourage applications from more female candidates. Over the last two cycles the organization has also committed itself to transparency, undertaking many internal, external and UN Joint Inspection Unit audits between 2013 and 2019. It has reviewed 305 recommendations from its auditors having already completed 216 recommendations which brings us to the present day and the repositioning of postal operators with a new strategy the 2022 Abhijan World Postal Strategy. It is designed to dovetail not just with this decision but to take advantage of the newfound role and relevance of the UPU. More than ever the UPU is a relevant organization that is assisting governments, regulators, postal operators and other key stakeholders in these challenging times for the postal sector and the wider world economy. The pandemic crisis has highlighted the public service role of the posts in a very positive way. The far-sighted vision of the Shah Hussain and Pascal Clivaire over the last two terms has reinforced the universal postal union's position as a provider of essential services to postal operators. Thanks to their leadership the organization is now a powerful platform for innovation and creativity that is helping to reshape the international postal network for the 21st century.


So really, then, what does make it work? Well, it's that we have a range of children being included, and we're not just including the easy kids or the kids that have a little bit of a speech impairment, but we're also including the children with more significant challenges. And that all staff feel equally responsible, and competent, and capable. That's not just one person's job. And that whatever funding is there, and whatever external resources are there, you make the best use of it. And there's never going to be enough for everything we want to do, but we have to celebrate what we've got and leverage it and work from that and keep on advocating. Parents, of course, are our key partners. They are the experts about their children. So tapping into parent wisdom is a really important part of what makes it all work. And finally, and I just can't keep reinforcing this enough, we have to be agents of change. We have to work towards changing attitudes. We have to help make the systems more responsive to children. So once upon a time, an ECE told me a story about a little boy that she was providing support to. And she was particularly told not to bring her child to circle time because he was too disruptive. And when I heard that story, it really broke my heart. To me, circle time is like a fundamental citizenship right of preschool. Like circles where it all happens, right? It's where the peer group is formed. It's where the learning and sharing goes on. It's really an important part of the day and how dare we say that some children can't come. And yeah, it's true that some kids have a harder time and that's where your flexibility comes in. So I saw in a center a little girl with autism who absolutely refused to come to circle. And at that center, circle is a choice and I think there's lots of value in that approach. What they noticed was that during circle time she chose to go to the water table. She would have her hands in the water and she'd be watching what was going on over there at the circle group. And the staff noticed that she was quietly mouthing the words to some of the songs and answering some of the questions that were being posed over there. So at a staff meeting, they said, what are we gonna do about this? If we bring her to circle, she's gonna kick and fight and not wanna be there at all. Yet clearly, she's interested. So over the next few weeks, they did like a systematic desensitization thing. They slowly moved to the water table closer and closer and closer till finally it was right over next to the circle area. And the little girl kept her hands in the water which many children, as you know, find water play to be quite calming and therapeutic. And so she stood with her hands in the water instead of sitting on the carpet. What's the rule? Who says that's not okay? It worked for her and that group and Bravo to that team who figured that out and made it happen. You heard a suggestion a minute ago about using visual cues to help children be included. I wanna show you a picture of that. And I'll come back to this story again this afternoon. But here's a little guy by the name of Franco and he's very much a part of circle. He's non-verbal. I'm not sure if you can clearly see what he's got in his hand. It's pictures of all the songs they like to sing at circle time. And what they've done is they've cut them out and laminated them and put them on a binder ring and he's flipping through looking for the song that he wants them to sing. He doesn't actually sing out loud. He sort of hums a little bit now and then. He's very much a part of that circle. Can we see it one more time? What's he sitting on? A little stool. The other kids are on the floor. Franco's on a stool because he finds the carpet really itchy and he hates that carpet but if they give him a little stool to sit on, what's the rule? Is that okay? Of course it is. One more thing I wanna talk about individualizing in this picture. When Franco came to Daker because he's quite drooly, his mom was putting bibs on him and he had a bib and he would have like a few spares in his knapsack in his cubby. Okay, you all know this. When you're four and you wear a bib, what must you be? A baby, right? And so very quickly the staff said, okay, functionally the bib works but from a developmentally appropriate point of view, bad messaging here, right? So they thought about it. What could we do about that? They went to the dollar store, they bought a box of bandanas and Franco began wearing bandanas and when you wear a bib, you're a baby but especially here in Alberta, when you wear a bandana, you're pretty cool, right? So that's just how you individualize and how you can use visuals even for children who don't communicate verbally, he could still be a part of that circle time experience. Okay, so what is the role of the ECE? You know, I mentioned earlier that sometimes we put this on the shoulders of the least well-trained person of all and expect them to work miracles. Where really it is the role of the early childhood teacher. And so this data comes from the Ontario Ministry of Training, colleges and universities and it's what early childhood education graduates of a two year diploma need to be able to do with respect to inclusion of children with special needs. You can find this on their government website if you're interested. And they talk about a couple of things. They talk about how you need to be able to plan and implement, which we've talked about already. You know, you need to observe, you need to develop a plan, you need to evaluate it, you need to tweak it as you need to. And this gets us to the idea of using developmentally appropriate practices that what's appropriate for Franco is not a bib, but a bandana or moving the water table closer to circle or whatever else it might need to be. Here's another piece that they talk about. Oh, sorry, let me show you this picture. It's a photo of a circle time experience. What do you notice going on there? Not much of a circle, is it? So if you're into shapes, you might say, what kind of a circle is that? At this particular center, they have a number of children with behavioral challenges and different kinds of sensory challenges. And so their goal is to get kids together in a group. Some kids sit on the carpet, some kids prefer to be on the sofas. There's a little boy, let me see, this little guy there. And he's sitting on one of those little blue cushy kind of things.  He does have a staff person sitting close behind him with his hand on his back because the little boy sometimes topples off of it. But this is good for kids. My mom would have said ants in the pants kind of kids, like they just wiggle all the time. So this allows him to wiggle and to bounce and he stays at circle. So they've really individualized based on the needs of the children in their group. Something else about the ECE, according to the Ontario Ministry, they talk about that ECEs need to be able to use a variety of observation techniques. And when you use those observation techniques, it helps you to see what else do I need to do differently. It helps you to design and modify the environment to make sure that it works for all the children. So here's a picture of Erin. This is the same little boy that I showed you earlier going on the field trip to the fire station. And I actually, we're gonna try something right now that I'm not 100% sure is gonna work. I'm gonna step down and I have a book about Erin here that they produced at his center. He's now about 11. And we're gonna try and see whether this is gonna show up on the screen for you. I was told to stand behind Zoe, so here I am. So this is a book about Erin. Let's see if that's gonna show up there. Can you zoom in? There, are we closer? Can you see that? Not too bad. Okay, so at the center, what they do is once a year, they take all the photos that they've taken of individual children, because they do a lot of documentation. They're kind of doing a regio type of approach. And they put together a book for each child that shows what they did that year at their program. So this is a very inclusive preschool and school-age center. And Erin's been going there since he was a little guy. Okay, so here's a picture of him with his friends. I'm not sure if that's really clear, is it? Yeah, so you can see him with his friends. Oh, I have to remember, I wanna do the circle thing and show it to you all this way, but I'm gonna keep it focused here, right? And just some of the words that they say, these are the children's words because Erin's not verbal. At our daycare, there is the boy named Erin. Erin is not exactly like everyone else, that's for sure. He cannot talk very well and he can't walk very well. He can't always tell us what he's feeling. But Erin is one of our friends. Now these are the words of the other school-age children. They've been with him since he was young. They go to school with him, they come back to the daycare after school and on in-service days. And you can see there, he's playing pool with the kids, right? He's got bunny ears, just like any other kid. Erin likes to read books. And you can see here one of his friends is reading with him. Erin likes football. I think you guys do too, right? Erin loves to play in the water. Erin goes to school with us. The children push him in his push chair. It's about a half a block from the center to the elementary school that he goes. Erin gives great hugs. Erin loves music. Music is often a real way to reach children with additional support needs. Erin loves to hang out with his friends. Hey, don't we all? Erin has a great smile. Erin has a special mom who loves him a lot. We love Erin too. We're happy when he comes to our daycare. That's the last picture. You know, I saw this at a meeting that I was at and I fell in love with this story because to me, this is from the children, this is inclusion, you see this happening, right? And I asked the staff at the center and they asked Erin's mom and she agreed that I could have a copy of the book to show at events like this. And at first I thought I would just pass it around, but I thought, oh, there'll be too many people that won't get to see it that way, especially our friends that are outside of Edmonton. So thanks for letting me show you that. It's pretty nice, hey, nice story. And I'll have it up here if anybody wants to come up during the lunch break to take another peek at it. Okay, so back to my slide, please. Here's a picture of how music can be so soothing. Again, little Franco up close, listening to the song being played by one of the ECEs and a couple more kids close by. No, we won't maybe stop to talk about these reflective questions right now, but I would love to challenge you to use these over the lunch and certainly in your cars, on your way back home, wherever you're going and they are great questions to bring to a staff meeting. What do we provide for children here?  What does quality mean to us and how does inclusion fit into that picture? You know, are all children participants or are some kids just watching passively? How do the interactions feel? No, is it loud? Is it peaceful, right? Are there celebrations going on? And do we see the strengths of children first? Like in the story of Erin and like the story that we read about the little girl earlier, I'm forgetting her name, Moira, was that? Meryl, yeah. Do we see the children's strengths first? That's our big challenge because when you're committed to working with children, none of us signed a contract to say we would only have to work with the easy kids. What makes us special as early childhood professionals is our willingness and commitment to all children. And we actively work to embed what is it that we're doing with kids into the day-to-day, into our routines and activities. They don't have to go to a special program at Children's Hospital when they benefit from being in the day-to-day program with all of you. And our job is not just to passively stand by but to be a bridge builder. And we'll talk about that a little bit more this afternoon. How do you help nurture those social relationships? Here's some examples. Inclusion in the garden. At a center where they're very committed to growing what they eat as much as possible over the summer months. And you can see at the very back, I hope a little guy who's, where's my, there he is. He's being brought out. He's bare feet so he can feel the mud. He's in a supportive chair. But he's out in the garden. Did it, you know, take some effort to get him there? You bet it did. Somebody had to set that up and place him there, but then the ECEs could fade away because the friends take over. That's our role.  Not all kids, but some kids will benefit from that being there. Another circle time, another big group. Sign language is being used with some children in that group so everybody's learning sign language.


The Equitable Life Assurance Society presents, this is your FBI. This is your FBI. The official broadcast from the Files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation presented as a public service by the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States and the Equitable Society's representative in your community. Has this ever happened in your home? You're sitting listening to the radio when? Hello? This is the Radio Checking Bureau. Is your radio turned on now? By yes, it is. What program are you listening to, please? This is your FBI. Do you know who sponsors that program? Of course I do. It's the Equitable Life Assurance Society. Just last week I got my equitable representative to bring me that fact-facing chart for fathers they tell about on this program. And believe me, that chart's a real eye-opener. Naturally, I know that this is your FBI is sponsored by the Equitable Society. And in just 15 minutes, I'll give all fathers full information about the Equitable Society's fact-facing chart that this father found so valuable. Tonight's FBI file, the Sunshine Swindlers. The criminal who commits a minor crime and who remains near the scene of his crime ordinarily is hunted only by a local police department. But the criminal who goes after bigger game, who regards the entire nation as his belly wick, who commits a crime and then moves on sometimes thousands of miles presents a more difficult problem. The problem of finding one person in a nation of 140 million people. Every clue becomes an important one. For every clue might be the one which helps your FBI to bring the criminal to justice. But whatever the case is, the criminal who goes after bigger game, but whatever the difficulty is, however many times your FBI may have been frustrated, the search goes on. Because the stop would be to admit defeat and to leave the way open for the criminal to choose another victim. A victim who might be you. Tonight's file opens in a house located on the shore of Miami's Biscayne Bay. In the living room of this residence, a woman is sipping a long cool drink as a man at her. Hi, Claire. Hello. What are you drinking? Roman Coke. It tastes good? Mm-hmm. Looks good on you, too. What?  That's the dribble glass. I've been waiting two days to have somebody with that.  I gotta get out of here! I nailed you good! Get out, I said! Greetings, my dear children. I said, greetings.  Claire.  What happened? Another one of his practical jokes. Now, Charles, I've asked you. It was just the dribble glass? Dribble glass, itching powder, squirting flowers. So I get all day long around here. I'm fed up with it, see? Claire, control yourself. I'm fed up with this whole routine. Darling, please. But two weeks now I've sat around this joint all day long while you've been at the racetrack beach club. T-dancers? Strictly business, my dear. Some business. Claire, if you... I'd like to remind you that on the first of the month we blow this house in two cars, we've rented. Claire, listen to me. I've made a score. Huh? You mean you've met a dame? Yes. She's exactly the type we've been looking for. You telling the truth? Word of honor. Where'd you meet her? At the beach club. Her name is Reynolds. Grace Reynolds. Any joke? She's dead. What's the story on this? From the Middle West. Forty years. The widow. Hey, that's right up your alley. Precisely. What about Julie? She's practically illuminated. When do you see her again? We have a luncheon date at the beach tomorrow. Let me have a pen and some paper. I want to write her a note. Here's a pen. Here's some paper. Thank you. Now, I shall tell her how long and difficult the hours will be until we meet again. I want her to... What's wrong with this pen? Rubber point. Now, do you see what I mean? Excuse me. Are you Ralph Mitchell? That's right. Your agent in charge told me to see you. I'm Jim Taylor. Oh, hello there, Jim. Sit down. Thanks. I'll bring you here to Miami. Well, I've been working on a case in Baltimore. I'll give you a brief outline on it. Okay, far away. Well, a gang of jewel thieves have been operating up there. Two men and a woman. Uh-huh. The victim was a wealthy Baltimore widow. One of the men became friendly with her and took her out several times. He posed as a broker. What about the other two? Well, they were allegedly his secretary and his chauffeur, I see. Well, one night he took the victim out in his car, drove to a lonely spot, took her jewels, and left her there. Hmm. What are your leads? Well, they'd been living in a hotel in Baltimore. I learned that from the victim. But by the time I got there, naturally, they'd already checked out. I presume you have a description of them. Yes, as we've sent out circulars. But you should have one down here by now. Probably occur two weeks ago. Any of the jewelry turn up? Not yet. No. I gather you think the gang is down here. That's right. Why? Well, yesterday I finally established the fact that they'd bought plane tickets to Miami. I see. Might have worked with you on this case? Yes. Good, good. Any suggestions on our first move? Well, naturally, we should get the circulars to all the hotels, roaming houses, real estate agents. Right. And there's one of the lead I'd like to follow up. What's that? Well, when I searched their Baltimore hotel room, they found a catalog bit left behind from an outfit in Philadelphia called the Palisades Novelty Company. They sell a complete line of practical jokes. Well, as you know, practical jokers are incurable. Now, if one of the gang left that catalog, he might just turn up at a novelty store down here to replenish his supply. Yes. So let's get to work on that angle at once. This is Reynolds. This is a glorious day. Glorious. And it is. You know, I've just been thinking. Oh, what about? What a fortunate fellow I am. Well, how do you mean? Well, to have this beach, a warm sunshine, and above all, your charming companionship. Thank you. You know, Mrs. Reynolds. Oh, please. Call me Grace. May I? Of course. Well, thank you, my dear. I hope in turn that you'll call me Richard. Very well. Richard. That's much better. You know, Grace, I have a confession to make. What, Richard? If I followed my original plan, right now I'd be winging offward in a plane. Really? Yes. I had every intention of leaving this morning. What changed your plan? Would you really like to know? Yes. Meeting you. Oh, Richard. Are you pleased? Wow. Excuse me. Oh. What? Oh, hello, Miss Claire.  Oh, that's quite all right. Mrs. Reynolds. This is my secretary, Miss Claire. How do you do? How do you do? What do you want, Miss Claire? Your New York office has been trying to reach you. Oh. They said it's important. Tell them I don't wish to be disturbed. Yes, sir. What about Charles? Where is he? He's at the club. He's waiting for you. Oh, this afternoon. Yes, sir. How's the market? Steady. Good. That'll be all, Miss Claire. Yes. Goodness, I'm keeping you from your business, Richard. My dear Grace, the only business I have is to be with you. Hello there, Jim. It's just in time. Oh, what do you mean? There's a teletype just came in for you. There you are. Thanks. Let's go into my office, Jim. Okay. Any luck today? Yes, picked up a lead. I don't know what good will do or so. What did you find? Well, I went around to the novelty stores. I took these sketches that were drawn up from the descriptions we had of the three jewel things. A man in one of the stores recognized this fellow here. That was the chauffeur. That's right. He'd been in the store the day before and he bought, of all things, some rubber handcuffs and a toy mouth. I see. He asked for a lot of other items, but they weren't in stock. Do you leave his name or where he lives? No. No, but I'm having the store put under surveillance just in case he does return. And that at least establishes the fact that they are here in Miami. That's right. What's in that teletype? Oh, I asked Washington to check with the Palisades novelty company. Remember I found their catalog in that Baltimore hotel room? Oh, yes, yes. Well, I thought that if the catalog had been sent to someone in the hotel, we'd get a specimen of handwriting, but they had no record of any such request. You know, I don't understand why we haven't heard anything from the hotel and real estate people on that circular. No, I don't either. Well, if they're all down here, they're undoubtedly going to pull another job. I've got to catch up with them before they land the next victim. I'm in here. Oh, hello, my dear. Hello. What's this? What? This broken valve. I threw it at Charlie. Unfortunately, I missed. Now, Claire. Look, I've taken all I can from that guy. This is the end. What did he do now? When I woke up this morning, my hands were clamped together with rubber handcuffs. When I went to brush my teeth, there was soap in the toothpaste. I drank coffee out of a dribble cup. All right, all right, darling. We have more important things to discuss. Nothing can be more important. Now, listen to me. We're moving in on Mrs. Reynolds tonight. Hmm? So soon? My dear, I've had four days with her. With my technique, that's more than enough. What's the setup? We're going to work differently this time. I like it down here, and I think we'll stay a while. You mean after you take the jewels? Yes. How can you do that? I'm calling her now. Just listen and you'll find out. I don't get it. Mrs. Reynolds, servants are off tonight. There'll be no one in the house. Yeah. Quiet. You'll get a rest. Hello? Hello, my dear. Oh, Richard, how are you? Blended, thank you. I just called to confirm our engagement for the evening. Oh, yeah? I'll pick you up at about eight. That'll be fine. Darling, do you by any chance have to be home early? Well, I've dismissed my chauffeur for the evening. I thought after dinner we might take a ride in the moonlight. Just we two. Oh, I love that. Fine. Oh, by the way, Grace. Yes? Would you do me a favor? Of course. What is it? Well, this may sound silly to you, but would you mind not wearing your jewels? But why? Well, there's been so much talk of jewel thieves holding up cars lately. I'd just feel more comfortable if you'd leave them at home. Oh, well. Thank you. Oh, have you a safe place to keep them? Yes, I have a strong box in my dresser drawer. Excellent. Until eight, my love? Until eight. Good-bye. Good-bye. Claire, I have such a tickling in my nose. Wait a minute. Let me look in that phone. I thought so. Look, sneezing powder. Charlie did that. Who else?  He could have ruined everything. Why don't you get rid of him? I can't. We need him. We need him to get those jewels tonight. He's the best inside man in business. Do you need him after he gets the jewels? Oh, I see what you mean. Special Agent Mitchell. Hello, Ralph, Jim Taylor. Oh, hello, Jim. I was hoping it called. Oh, what's up? A man named Hawkins got in touch with me a few minutes ago. He's a real estate agent here in Miami. Yes. He's been out fishing for a couple of days and just read our circular this afternoon. Oh, I see. He claims that he'd rented a house about three weeks ago with a man named Montgomery, who answers to our jewel thieves' description. Oh, did you get the address? Yes. Where are you now, Jim? At my hotel. I'll hop right over there and pick you up. Richard. Oh. Well, how did everything go? Okay. Have you got the jewels? Yup. Well, where are they? Right there in that tin box. Oh, that's wonderful. The box is locked. You'll have to pry it open. That will be a pleasure. Now, give me the details. Very uneventful. Come in. I waited outside in the car. Ten minutes later, he's out with the box, and we drove back here. Wait until I get something to open this box. Where's the Reynolds' Dane? Oh, I just dropped her off at her house. Ah. Thanks for doing it. Did she enjoy the moonlight ride? No jealousy, darling. It was all in the line of duty. By the way, where's Charlie? He went out and put the car away. Oh. What are you going to do, like you said? About what?  Oh, yes. When? As soon as he comes in. I can hardly wait. Hey, what's that? The car pulling out of the driveway. Huh? Look. Look out the window. It's Charlie. He's driving away. What in the world? Open that box, quick. What? Open it. Claire. Claire, surely you don't think... That's got it. Oh, heavens. It's empty. Not quite empty. What is that? A rubber mouse. We will return in just a moment to tonight's file, which shows how your FBI promotes security for the nation. Now, a word to fathers about security for the family. Had a hard day at the office, father? You're pretty well relaxed now. Anything important can be put off till tomorrow. Well, here's one mighty important question that shouldn't wait. If I should die, how would my family get through the critical years until the youngest child finished high school? How long would my wife and children continue to be well fed, well housed, and well clothed? That question is so important that you ought to have an answer based not on guesses or hunches, but on facts. The Equitable Life Assurance Society will help you get these facts. It has prepared a special fact-facing chart for fathers that has these three advantages. It's simplicity itself. You can fill it out in five minutes flat. Second, you are guided every step of the way by easy-to-understand pictures which illustrate the unavoidable expenses your family will have to meet. Third, when you're finished with this fact-facing chart, you'll have a clear, accurate, and complete picture of just what income your family would need during the critical years. Mr. Cross, that's something I really ought to know. You mind telling me where I can get this fact-facing chart and how much they charge for it? Why, it doesn't cost a cent. The Equitable Society representative in your community will be glad to bring you a copy of this fact-facing chart. Phone him tomorrow, or send a postcard care of this station to the Equitable Society. That's E-Q-U-I-T-A-B-L-E. The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. And now back to the FBI file. The Sunshine Swindlers. There are times in the lives of all of us when we accept perfect strangers and give them places of confidence. Tonight's case and the files of your FBI proves how foolhardy such a course of action can be. For the criminal makes his living on the misplaced trust of his fellow men. Your FBI does not ask you, as decent citizens, to reject every offer of friendship made by a stranger. But your FBI does advise you to use an ounce of caution to check a stranger's story before you believe it.  But their honesty lies not in their faces, but in their hearts. The night's file continues. FBI special agents Taylor and Mitchell, acting on the tip given them by the local real estate man, drove to the jewel thieves' home. Their car unquietly circled the outside of the house. They are now returning to the front door. There's something funny here, Ralph. Lights are all on, but we didn't see anyone inside. I know. Garage is empty, too. Hey, do you suppose they were tipped off? Not by the real estate man. He's a reliable citizen. Hey, look there. What? Didn't notice that before. Front door is open. Yeah. Well, I guess we just walk right in. Well, I'd say they've gone all right. We must have just missed them, Jim. Look. There's a cigarette in this ashtray. Yes. What have you got there? Something that proves we've come to the right place. What is it? A toy mouse. I just found it in this tin box. The practical joker. That's right. Someone's coming up the front walk. Yes, a woman. Richard! Richard! Oh, I beg your pardon. Is Mr. Montgomery here? No, I'm afraid he isn't. Well, are you a friend of his? Not exactly. Something awful has happened. Oh, what's that? Well, I was out with Mr. Montgomery this evening, and when I returned, I found that all of my jewels were stolen. Uh-oh. He advised me not to wear them, and I didn't. But when I got home... Just a minute, please. He was with you when they were stolen from your home? That's right. He used a new technique this time, huh? Yes. What are you talking about? Oh, I beg your pardon. We're special agents of the FBI. What? We came here tonight to pick Mr. Montgomery up. He's wanted for jewel theft in Baltimore. What? Have you notified the police yet? No. When I found they were gone, I came right here. Well, suppose you give us all the details, ma'am. Then we'll get on the phone and send out a general alarm. Oh, what do we do now? Please, Claire, I'm trying to think. We can't just keep driving around the streets of Miami. I know. We checked the airport and the railroad station. I didn't think he'd abandon the car. But it's rented. So is this one, but it doesn't stop us from going wherever we please. Dirty double-crosser.  He undoubtedly overheard us talking about taking care of him. And say, wait a minute. What? I think I can guess where he's heading for. Really? Yes. Our charge is a creature of habit. I'm sure that one cylinder mind of his will make him take the jewels to the one place that he's sure he can get rid of them. Where is that? Miller, the fence in New York. That could be. We're heading for Palm Beach. What for? To get a New York train. Well, they run from here, you know. Our sudden disappearance may arouse suspicion. But if we take that much time, he may clear the jewels with Miller before we get there. It's too big a score. Miller won't handle everything in one chunk. So, darling, we play it safe and drive to Palm Beach. It's pretty discouraging, Ralph. Yes. Two whole days now and no trace of them. I know. You know, it doesn't seem probable that they would go into hiding here. They must have skipped town. In spite of our alerting airline, bus and railroad terminal. Yes. Well, I'm sorry, I couldn't have been more healthier, Jim. Oh, it wasn't your fault, Ralph. That's breaks of the game. That real estate agent had given us that tip any sooner. We'd had the three of them behind bars. By the way, did you see these? Oh, what's that? Photostats I had made of the Beach Club guest registry. All three of them signed in there, you know. Yeah, man, look at them. Sure, here. Thanks. We send copies to Washington. They can check the handwriting. Something might come of that. I'd like a copy of these, Ralph. Sure. Might be very useful. When are you returning to your home office, Jim? Well, I'm supposed to report back tomorrow. But now that I have these handwriting specimens, I'm going to ask for permission to make a stopover in Philadelphia. We'd beat us to it. Now don't get excited. Did you find out where he's living? Yes. He's right here in New York. Charles, greetings from Miami. What are you doing here? We found out where you were living. We decided to surprise you and drop in. Richard, never mind the small talk. Let's get down to business. Very well, my dear. Look, I...  You gave that impression. Well, that was just a joke. See, you know me. I'm all the time joking. This was your funniest. Well, now, Claire, you don't think I really tried to lamp off with them jewels? All we care about right now is the money you collected from Miller plus the rest of the loot. Sure. Sure. I got it right here, all of it. Wait. Huh? I want you to observe. I have a gun here. Just in case you try anything irregular. Oh, now look... Quit stalling. Get it up. Okay. Here's the money and here's the rest of the jewels. Thank you. And now I have something for you. Oh! I see no reason for us staying around here, Claire. Did you get everything? It appears that way, yes. Okay, let's go. You see, darling, this proves the old adage. All's well, it ends well. After you, my dear. I'd advise you to stay right where you are. Who are you? I'm the special agent of the FBI. Richard. I have a gun here, so don't try anything. What are you doing here? I came to arrest that man on the floor. Finding you here was an added surprise. How'd you know where to find him? As you know, your friend there like practical jokes. I learned that from a catalog he left in your Baltimore hotel room. So? So in Miami, I got specimens of his handwriting. I took it to the novelty company in Philadelphia and found out that he had written for another catalog from this address. Oh, that fool! How can you hold out your hands, please? I'd like to clamp on these handcuffs. Oh, and by the way, they are not made of rubber. For their guilt in violating the National Stolen Property Act, Richard Montgomery and Charles Day were sentenced to serve a ten-year term in a federal penitentiary. Claire Montgomery received a sentence of seven years. For his complicity in the crime, the fence John Miller was imprisoned for five years. And thus was closed another case in the files of your FBI. Files that are as full as they are because last year, there were almost one and a half million major crimes committed in this country. It is difficult for the human mind to understand the gigantic proportions of one and a half million major crimes. Though perhaps it would be more helpful to break that figure down, to tell you that it's been slightly over 26 minutes since this program went on the air. And in that time, in that period of less than a half hour, there have been 74 major crimes committed somewhere in the United States. 74 more jobs for your local police, your state law enforcement officers, and for your FBI. In just a moment, we will tell you about next week's exciting case from the files of your FBI. When the breadwinner of a family dies, what are the critical years for his wife and children?  Years in which the home must be kept together. To help you estimate just what income your family would need during those critical years, the Equitable Life Assurance Society has prepared a special fact-facing chart for fathers. Your Equitable Society representative will be glad to bring you a copy of this fact-facing chart. Phone him tomorrow, or send a postcard care of this station to the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. Next week, we will bring you another colorful story from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Bowtie Murders. The incidents used in tonight's Equitable Life Assurance Society's broadcast are adapted from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. However, all names used are fictitious, and any similarity thereof to the names of persons living or dead is accidental. Tonight, the music was composed and conducted by Frederick Steiner. Your narrator was Dean Carlton. This is your FBI is a Jerry Divine production. This is Milton Cross speaking for the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, and the Equitable Society's representative in your community, and inviting you to tune in again next week at this same time when the Equitable Life Assurance Society will bring you another thrilling story from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Bowtie Murders on This Is Your FBI. This is ABC, the American Broadcasting Company.