Good afternoon on Thursday folks, Ted Rawson here at downtown Honolulu Studios of ThinkTec, Hawaii. It was our show where the drone leads where we talk about subjects that are relevant to the emerging and useful aspects of drones. We have with us today a guy who's been around Honolulu for a long time in the high-tech area, the venture capital area, entrepreneur area, and he's been escaping being on this show all that time. But we got him today. I'd like to welcome on board today Mr. Vince Kimura. Vince. Thanks for falling for the bait this time coming out of the show. Thanks for having me on the show. And the way it works once you're on, you've got to come back. Love to. Love to. So you're on here on our show where the drone leads and you as the founder, CEO, and original thinker behind a new emerging company called SmartYields have an interest in drones. Yes, we do. And let's talk a little bit about that. SmartYields first of all and how you got that started and where it's going. Sure. So gosh, starting with a drone. By the way, we have a drone on the table here. This shows where the drone leads. You and I both have to say the word drone once and then we can talk about whatever we want. Sounds good. Well, this is a great drone. Thank you. This is actually the drone that we met that years ago. Yes, it is. Yes, you're showcasing this drone. This is your European technology. So we said drone about five times so we got that out of the way. Now let's talk about SmartYields. Well, thank you. So SmartYields is a tool we see to really help small growers in particular take the guesswork out of farming. And growers all around the world have a really big issue, one, they're making decisions based on their gut. And the second thing is they're using tradition and what they've done in the past and what their grandparents have done, et cetera, as the decision, decision support. So as with any industry, agriculture being the oldest industry in the world, we're kind of questioning like why is that the case? Why isn't there more technology and support and money being poured into food? And really, when you look at the food supply chain, and I don't want to go into the specifics of this because everyone knows it, is that we have to eat. We have to put food on a table. Food is a national security issue in every country. When you look at the issues affecting the Middle East for that matter, it's all about how you can provide that. And going back to what I call Mazloff's hierarchy of things is you've got to be able to enable your children or whatnot to have that to then actually do other things like education, et cetera. You're talking about technology and new insights that technology brings forth affecting a really old traditional business, especially here in Hawaii. Especially in Hawaii. And we're making a transition from large scale plantations with sugar and pineapple to a whole different framework of agriculture. So the architecture of agriculture. So you're right in the middle of this transition. Yeah. And I think the neat thing about this is the analogy of the technology piece also plays in the food side of things. When you look at the history of the industrialization of agriculture, moving towards mechanized agriculture that we had back in the 40s, 50s, and whatnot, we started to think of food production on a global scale. And what we see today is actually with logistics, with the improvement of data and information. And then it's also our consumer. We ourselves are demanding higher quality, fresher, local. And we're willing to pay for it. And that's really the big change within this kind of food supply chain. It's weird. And I always bring this up, but how is it today, there are a billion people starving in the world, but yet there are two billion people that are overweight and obese. So really, we actually have a lot of food there. But it's a matter of where that food's grown and where that food ends up. There's a lot of different factors in this whole game. There's also the things that go through my mind. You go to the store and you look at the counter and you get bananas from Chile. Here in Hawaii, which has got to make, Hawaii brews the best bananas around. And yet we, stuff we buy is from not here. So somehow, the logistics system and the reward structure and the continuity of the quality of the produce, this sort of thing, somehow that slipped away from us here and let the large scale producers replace that with their stuff supplied from elsewhere. We're going to go and fix that now. Oh yeah. But you have to get the right solution to go fix that. You have to get the right answer. You have to get something that's appealing to the customer with the right price schedule and such and timing and consistency. So there's a lot of factors here that fit into this optimization equation. And you're going to go help make that happen. We're trying. Other people who want to join you, right? In fact, how do people get a hold of you, Vince? Yeah. Well, we have a website, obviously, SmartYields.com. Okay, SmartYields.com. And that's probably the best way to reach out to us. You know, we're all on Facebook, but we have a very active Facebook feed that our chief marketing officer, Ryan Ozawa, who I know. We already know Ryan, really, yeah. So, you know, he updates that regularly. So we're constantly looking to try to improve this.  There's the education piece, right? It's how can we empower and make this tool, you know, just as much as you learning how to use Google Docs, you know, today, or using iPads and whatnot. Students today need to be utilizing data science tools that marry in indoor growing or outdoor growing. If I can suggest, there's probably also the retail side or the wholesale side of this that has to be adjusted. I just, I don't recall what made me think of it, but I went to one of the large big box suppliers around here and said, how come you guys aren't buying anything local? And the answer was, this is probably seven years ago. So the answer was, the quality is variable. The irrigation is by rain and rainfall. It's not consistent, can't be counted on. So material may or may not show up on a given day. And the quality may change from day to day. And the small farmers markets are such, that doesn't seem to bother them much because the customers are okay with that. But in the large retail grocery outlets, it's got to look the same and be the same, be on the same table, same exact amount, day after day. So part of what your optimization is going to be on is going to have to be on the issue of that issue of quality and sufficiency and consistency or reeducate the public to say that's not the thing that you necessarily need to optimize on. Maybe quality is a better thing. Maybe nutrition value is a better thing. So there's a whole lot of stuff. And you're in the middle of all this, which is the interesting part. Oh, it's great though. How did you get started in this sense? Yeah. So I started working with farmers specifically on food safety, food safety control, and our farmers are amazing here. And I think coming from the tech industry, working for some of the big consulting companies that work for KPMG and whatnot, I got to see a lot of the best practices. And I got to see how really you can have the greatest technology in the world. But if the end user doesn't believe in it or doesn't understand it, it'll never work. And I think working with agriculture specifically has been a humbling experience. And it's been so enjoyable. I've been blessed to have some great mentors in the industry who've really kind of opened my eyes to that. And there's nothing better than growing up on a farm and chatting with farmers and hopefully finding a solution that can help them using technology. And I would say every single time I walk away, they kind of give you some omiage, right? Some whatever they have that they've been producing. So greatest people on earth. That's great. You know, I was at the agricultural today at the capital bank about a couple of months ago, thank you very much. And I was walking around there and I was kind of struck by the inability to readily discern where the center of agricultural thinking was. There was a lot of, the Department of Agriculture had many booths and the university had many booths and there was a lot of many booths around. But there wasn't like a place where, this is where, this is the Eiffel Tower of Agriculture, the center of it all, the Pentagon of Agriculture. And you must be seeing that as well. They get quite a distribution. Different islands have different concepts and different things they grow. So optimization as you're thinking about, and in fact we need to talk about what smart yields is actually going to do, what the product looks like and how somebody can access it and make it useful to them. You got to deal with all this variation. Yeah. You know, it's interesting because we just deal with data. That's what we wanted to do. We saw early on that there's a lot of data out there. So the common denominator is data. Absolutely. Okay. And you're going to process that data, operate on it and turn it from data into information. Yes. We call it insights. Insights. Yeah, it's not, no more information. No more insights. No. Okay. You know, we learned early on in our process and you know, when you look at some of the other folks that are trying to do this as well.  You know, there's 570 million farmers in the world. You know, in the United States we have 2.1 million farmers. Hawaii 7,000 registered farms. But beyond that too, when you look at the home gardeners or what not that are trying to grow is, you know, again this change in this, from this global to a regional to an uber local landscape of food production. And the big thing that we realize is that we need, we need to share information, right? There's a knowledge transfer piece, right? We need to build trust within each other. We need to tackle this food security, food stability issue that you mentioned, you know, on a, on a, on that scale together. And so with all that data that's out there, we want to move our data together, right? So we want to bridge it in there so now everyone can see that we can share it, right? So, you know, Farmer Joe and Farmer, you know, Tom, next to each other, you know, they can still be at ease, right? With knowing that, hey, we're, we're, we're, quote, unquote, next to each other, we might be doing the same thing, but we can still utilize the data that would add benefit. And what I, what I, what I mentioned that is, for example, pests, you know, pest tracking, that's a big issue that every farmer deals with around the world. You know, we, we start looking at community data points, right? We start figuring out what are the, the factors that cause bugs or beetles or thrips or whatever to move or migrate. And that's the information we need to head them off of the past. That's cool. Now what you're speaking of is, is a data rich, but insight oriented extraction scheme of some kind, an illustration scheme, an expression scheme, and optimizations and such. But the way you're describing this, Vince, this isn't limited to Hawaii. This may be a Hawaii product that you're creating, but it's useful anywhere where there's data that can define the process. Yeah, we've been very, very humbled and lucky. So the government of Hong Kong has actually invested in this as well. So they've created a grant program out of the innovation incubation program they have there to do some proof of concept pilot programs out there. We see Asia and China specifically as, as a big game changer, because a lot of the food production there. China itself has almost 3 million hectares of greenhouse. It's more than anywhere else in the world combined, you know? So it's, it's a combination. It's a really complicated issue. The biggest challenge with small or large farmers is how they can reduce two things. One is their labor costs. And two is their energy usage, you know? And I use energy also to include other, other inputs, right? So those two things, labor cost and energy usage, that's interesting. Those are items you would like to reduce, obviously. And those are somehow related to the product and the, and the quality of the product and the, the consistency of it, this sort of thing. But you focused on things that they can see directly right in front of them, their costs. And that's interesting because that's a, there's an assumed connection then between the cost reduction, but we're still holding on to the quality here. So at some point in time, increasing the quality or increasing the consistency would be secondary factors that want to be added in here, which could become primary at some point in time. Yeah, the biggest challenge we have today is there's no baseline. There's no baseline. Baseline, yeah. So you need to be able to compare that information, you know, with that. What are we seeing here? This is actually our, our website. So I, I'm going to announce it today, Ted, because it's on the show, but we are formally launching our, our basically product. So this is our old website. And next week at the energy accelerator program, the interactive week, we're launching our, our formal. So to be a new website, we'll have a short video, or something externally launched on our beta. Yeah, yeah, we haven't mentioned anything yet. So this is, this is ground-baking stuff. So we're going to be launching 2000 beta users out there, you know. 2000. 2000. In Hawaii, all over the country. So we've got a really great mix between education folks. So we, I don't know if you've noticed, but we actually are working with, you know, the next future growers and scientists and, and innovators of our time. And that, that starts, you know, right in the classroom. So the, the insights and, and really the simplicity of things, that's what we need to do, right? We need to make something that's not, that's easy to use, right? That's, it's, it's, uh. An application on your cell phone. Yes, absolutely. And also something that has lasting value and can adapt to change as time goes on. In fact, I was, I mean, when you were talking about this, it looks like that the data analytics are the core of the functionality. And the sensors can come and go and change. The UABs, if they're involved, can come and go and change. The products can come and go and change. But the analytics, it processes all that and looks at the optimization and applies the algorithms and such. That's the fixed part that continues on forever. And it's interesting, in this game here of Unmanned Air Systems Drones, which you said to the sixth time now, that's the same sort of thing. The big picture on the future of business here isn't in the drone itself. It's in the software that does the analytics. It's in the counter drone, which means preventing somebody from using it wrongly. And the third piece is the, the analytic products that, that is produced. And that includes training. So nowhere in there is the unit itself. The thing we focus on, the major part of the future of the economics. And I think you're seeing the same thing over where you are. The exact same thing. It's all about education. And that starts at the, at first grade, I'm sure. But let's, and that's the same thing here. There's a lot of commonality here, basically, in what you're doing and what we're attempting to accomplish here. I think you guys are ahead of us. But let's, let's pick up after the break here. We've got to take a one minute break. But let's pick up and talk about what somebody will get when they talk to you and how their, how the application will work, what kind of data it takes to make it happen, and what actions it'll take as a result of something coming out of smart yields. That's what I'm going to point out. Okay, right after our break. My name is Calvin Griffin, host of Military in Hawaii, which airs here on Think Tech Hawaii every Friday at 11 a.m. Please join us. We'll be talking about issues concerning our military, veterans' community, and other related issues that concern all of us. Aloha. You can join the Hawaii Farmer Series every Thursday from four to five on Think Tech. And I'm your co-host, Matthew Johnson, here with Justine Espirito. And we are so thankful to have this show to use as a forum to get to know all the movers and shakers in agriculture in Hawaii. And hear kind of their background and history as well as. Their perspective on what they're doing and also the future for agriculture in Hawaii. So join us every Thursday. You can tweet in your own comments and suggestions and be a part of the conversation at Think Tech High. And we hope to see you every single Thursday. It is Thursday afternoon, folks. Ted Rawlson here, hosting the second half of our show where the drone leads with a visitor first-timer on this show, but not a last-timer. Mr. Vincent Kimura, Vince of CEO and founder of Smart Eels LLC. Oh, no, Incorporated. Here in Honolulu. And what a fascinating conversation. There's so many dimensions to it we had before the break. It's hard to kind of push your arms around it. Such an interesting issue you're dealing with. That is the data management leading to optimization of farming from a systems engineering perspective, if you will. So we're going to have a launch next week of your application, which is a cell phone app of some kind that somebody can get a subscription to, or they can somehow associate you. What do they do? Once they have this cell phone in their hand with this app loaded, what does the farmer do? Let's take a guy on a 10-acre truck farm somewhere and let them out. Yeah. That's a great question. And I think that was part of the biggest challenge we were building up to in this kind of new, young startup that we have going into 15 months here. And figuring out who the end user is, what their pain points are. And there are a lot of pain points in agriculture. So as we've evolved through this, and I kind of fondly call this our third iteration, but as we've learning, we're figuring out the archetypes. We're figuring out who the end user is. And really, it's the gal or the guy on the field, scout on the field. It's the information that they see, hear, touch, smell. That's the information we need to capture. So utilizing hardware sensors or integrating data from drones or satellite imagery, that's just a piece of the picture. So it's really the, as we like to call it, the event management based on the data, why things go up or down or maintain. And the changes of that to then figure out how we can better improve productivity. But expressed at the level of that person who is sitting out there in the truck at the front with the equipment and the tools and is the one facing the reality. So that person helps you collect information and also then receives back guidance on what to do. Is that how this all works? Yeah. So I mean, it can be anything related to potential risks or factors. And I think that's really been the core around talking to farmers and growers about what do they need, making, how to make their day or their operations more efficient and smart, right? So it's not a matter of if but when things break or we have, you know, boars come in or we have issues or theft or whatnot. So right now we're issue rich. We're issue rich. And solution like, right?  And then in the middle of that, you must have incredible algorithms that look at humidity and temperature and water content in the soil and nature of the chemical enhancement and such and the point in the crop growth. All that must be modeled in some ways. Yeah, I mean, again, you know, I'm not about reinventing the wheel here, you know, we're all about leveraging what's been done, how to improve it, how it can take other applications, other industries, other technologies from other sectors and apply that to the, again, the oldest inch in the world. So, you know, we're really grateful to have some really amazing folks on our team, you know. You know, you just said something that made me think as we deal with the other applications of drones here, we find that those of us inside the business think that we have to go to the most extreme, exotic answer or analysis or product. But in fact, most people who are not users of, we'll say, drones today are happy with the first level of improvement because it's something they haven't ever seen before. That first level of utility changes their whole function and improves it. They don't have to get all the way to the very end of the, we had an example in the Philippines of looking at a Burndaw building after the Yolanda Hurricane, our tycoon and expressed the three-dimensional aspect so that Burndaw building, so people could figure access and where the debris is and this sort of thing, but looking at the, you can fly through it and all this fancy stuff. They said, you know, that's like way too fancy. We just need a picture. You don't need a really complicated analysis which took you 20 minutes to do. Can you just give me a picture? So, you're kind of starting at that same point. Just give me a picture. Tell me what I should do next based on this information I've got. Yeah, you know, it's interesting, you know, from a design thinking perspective too. It's, we always seem to have the answers and going back to the end user, you know, what do they really want? You know, is the solution. We had an answer to the question we asked, not the question they asked. Yeah, what is the right question, right? So, you know, the application of drones into agriculture is a no-brainer. We know it, it's the future. It has to be, right? When you look at productivity and labor and serving and information like that, you know, we see it as a huge solution, right? It's not just the serving. It's not just the imagery. It's the integration for, you know, for example, fertilizer application or even pesticide application. You know, it's the integration for logistics and I think that's really the big thing too. You know, we're, we've been chatting with this one company where we're signing basically an MOU with this group called SkyLift Global and they're very innovative folks out of Colorado and luckily the CEO is a Thunderbird buddy of mine MBA program and they've got a really fascinating drone concept that they've done is they've converted the typical quadcopter idea to more of a helicopter idea and you know, they right now today have a one-to-one ratio so a 100-pound drone can have the 100-pound payload which is impressive. The kicker... 100 pounds is a lot of payload. It's a lot, yeah. I'm gonna put my kids on there. I'm gonna, I'm gonna, you know. And, you know, we see this, this application go beyond everything, right? I mean, it's gotta be, right? I can see this image where, you know, folks are on the field, you know, on Kauai or whatever and they're harvesting and they have an area where the drone comes in. You put the, you put the harvest there. It doesn't sit in the hot sun, which is a big issue for food safety, right? And you have it automatically go back and forth and the kicker on this thing compared to the other drones that are out there is this is purely electric, right?   No fire hazard. Yeah, there's no fire hazard. There's, you know, it's great. I mean, it's, it's, it's so cheap and expensive to operate. To me, you know, that's a very interesting point you made about quadcopter versus helicopter versus fixed wing. And that's, that's really something that the industry is going to have to work on from the technology perspective because this stuff all came either from downscaling, manned aircraft, which are typically fixed wing or single rotor helicopters or came up from the model airplane business and it just got there. It didn't really optimize its weight unlike what you're doing in the crop production area. So this is a picture here, of course, of a quad rotor that are some kind of, I guess a quad, I guess of some kind. But the interesting thing is fixed wing like this is about five times more efficient for battery charge than is a, than is a rotor borne system. But this can't be any other way because rotor borne is just an expensive way to hold the weight whereas on a, on a, you need one to one thrust to weight ratio or more on a quadcopter. You need maybe five, one fifth of the weight in terms of thrust on something like this. It's a much more efficient system. You get the wings carrying the load, not the rotor. But you have to launch and land it in a complicated environment whereas a helicopter can go straight up and down. What's coming is the world of hybrids where you have both the functionality of the fixed wing for the long duration and the high performance and then they convert to a quadcopter or a tricopter of some form of vertical lift for the ascent and the descent. So you can get them into a small place and get them out. So you think of one monologue for a minute. We were talking about Kevin the other day. I get people confused here. And one monologue is 2,800 acres, more or less, the farm area. And it must be 100 different people in there, I would think, in that range. So they're all gonna have different things. They're all little microclimates. Some are up against the co-allow, some are closer to the ocean. So there's a lot of variation. One monologue is a perfect test place for this functionality. In fact, something like this, either a hybrid or a fixed wing like this, could probably cover one monologue in a day, in terms of a collection. And then 10 days later, do it again, whatever the update rate might be. And then the issues of how the information's used, how you separate information from various people and get the right information to the right guy. You don't wanna have my information provided to you, necessarily. So there's a lot of issues of workflow management that come into the picture if we were to think of one monologue. It would be a perfect place to think of a controlled test. And it's also got some serious wind conditions up against the co-allows of water turbines. And so I think that that's a great place to think of a project of some kind. How do we do that? How do we grab one monologue?  I mean, no matter what you do, especially integration of technology like this, especially with drones or UAVs, you know, you have a lot of folks that are really worried about someone else living with information. So, you know, those parameters that you always kind of set have to be defined.  No, you can't. So there has to be a third party or whatnot who fits the right mold of showing just the data that they are relevant and appropriate to see. And everything else is kind of grayed off. But the data needs to be joined and supporting everyone with the community. For example, if it's a bunchy-top banana virus or something like that that blows with the wind, it doesn't make any difference. Who's got boundaries around their property, the bunchy-top banana virus goes where the wind takes it to. And that's, so there's an example of a shared item that does have preparatory information control aspects because the DBTV could affect one parcel more than the other. So there's, how would we grab the farmers in Guamanalo all and start thinking about this? Yeah. Well, you know, I think from my perspective to doing a successful pilot or a proof of concept for that matter for this kind of environment is really, you've got to get key stakeholders involved. You've got to bring everyone to the table. You've got to agree to those terms. Smart yield is the place they all come together. Yeah. Isn't that right? We'd love to make that marketplace. You're the common denominator here. Okay, that's cool. So that would be a reason for coming together. Whereas if you were dealing with, if you're a fertilizer provider or something, that may be too preparatory and too commercial-interested. But you're the generalist. You sit on top of all of it, regardless of what the guy grows or where his location is, what his market is, you can attend to his needs. So smart yield at the middle of this, Guamanalo, Ahupo, sharing of some kind, and Poybol, perfect model. So we get to people, we know the people, right? We need to, maybe the next year, spend that time getting it all together and coming up with all the privacy control issues and all the preparatory information issues and think of that. And then the public-private partnership working behind it. Yeah, I agree. Okay, wow. We can do that in Guamanalo. And what a great place to take that leadership. It's a great area. The farmers there are so passionate. They're amazing individuals.  It's near and dear to your home. So once again, people can get ahold of you to talk more about this or to be part of it. This partnership we're speaking of here through your phone number and your website. Yeah, please send us an email via our website. There we are, okay. A message on Facebook, we're on Twitter. So we're on all the social media channels. Okay, and we gotta get you back on the show again as progressively as this thing develops. Okay, let's learn, let's share this information. This is not, we've gotta do a darn good job of kind of getting everyone on board. And you're not alone. I mean, the public safety people are in the same exact situation you are. There's a lot of value, a lot of concern. It's gotta be done right, and everybody's gotta be part of it. So you take care of the agricultural optimization. They take care of fire prevention optimization or law enforcement optimization or coastal erosion issues. So, but it's a very similar process all the way around. Yeah. But this one has, the agriculture certainly has something that is daily important to us, the food we eat. Right? Right here in Hawaii. So Vince Kamuro, thanks for coming on our show, man. Thanks for having me, Ted. Appreciate that very much for what you do in here. Boy, I wish I could give up as you guys, okay?


Final Curtain by Nioh Marsh. The book's dedication reads, for Joan and Cecil, with my love. CHAPTER I. SEAGE OF TROY Considered severally, said Troy, coming angrily into the studio, a car-bunkle, a month's furlough, and a husband returning from the antipodes, doesn't sound like the ingredients for a hellbrew. Collectively they amount to precisely that." Lady Bostock stepped heavily back from her easel, screwed up her eyes, and, squinting dispassionately at her work, said, Why? They've telephoned from C.I. Rory's on his way. He'll probably get here in about three weeks, by which time I shall have returned cured of my car-bunkle to the girls in the back-room. At least, said Miss Bostock, scowling hideously at her work. He won't have to face the car-bunkle there is that. It's on my hip. I know that, you owl. Well, but—Catty, Troy argued, standing beside her friend, you will allow and must admit it's a stinker. You are going it, she added, squinting at Miss Bostock's canvas. You'll have to move into the London flat a bit earlier, that's all. But if only the car-bunkle and Rory and my leave had come together—well, the car-bunkle a bit earlier, certainly—we'd have had a fortnight down here together. The A.C. promised us that. Rory's letters have been full of it. It is tough, Catty. You can't deny it. And if you so much as look like saying there are worse things in Europe—all right, all right—said Miss Bostock, pacifically—I was only going to point out that it's reasonably lucky your particular back-room and Roderick's job both happened to be in London. Look for the silver lining, dear—she added unkindly. What's that letter you keep taking in and out of your pocket? Troy opened her thin hand and disclosed a crushed sheet of note-paper. That—she murmured—oh, yes, there's that. You never had anything so dotty. Read it. It's got cadmium red all over it. I know. I dropped it on my palette. It's on the back, luckily. Miss Bostock spread out the letter on her painting-table, adding several cobalt fingerprints in the process. It was a single sheet of pre-war note-paper—thick, white, with an engraved heading surmounted by a crest, a cross with fluted extremities. Crikey, said Miss Bostock, anchored to manner. That's the Crikey. Being one of those people who invariably read letters aloud, she began to mutter. Miss Agatha Troy, Mrs. Roderick Alleyne, Tappler's Endhouse, Bossecott, Bucks. Dear Madam, my father-in-law Sir Henry Anchored asks me to write to you in reference to— Sample complete. Ready to continue?


Welcome back to the AI for good global summit here in Geneva now Geneva of course is well known for having the huge motor show And there is a link and with here with Bryn Belcom. Who's the chief strategy officer for robo-race? basically You're working also with the autonomous drivers Alliance Now here everything is really about the good you through AI Often working with Africa or social inclusion Which car racing got to do with any of this? Yeah, exactly Where does motorsport play a role in the future in the future of society really? It's always been like an R&D environment technology environment It's always been able to connect with the public build trust in new technologies So we have sort of motorsport really started and for us now in this sort of AI and robotics Era that we're all growing up in and certainly my daughter's growing up in how do we connect them with this technology and show Them how this technology is being developed. So Yes, in our competitions, there are no human drivers in the car that you see downstairs with robo car There's no place for a human driver. It's all about the software that goes into the vehicle So we've completely turned motorsport on its head. It's not a manufacturing competition anymore It's a software development competition and AI competition and then for sure we want to make sure that that's ethically sound What do you say estimate sound? What do you mean? If you look at most sport at the moment you have Sporting rules and regulations so that there are rules to the game rules of the road rules of interaction and engagement if you Exceed those rules then effectively you might go to see the stewards and then the stewards have to make a decision Whether you were right or wrong and you have to give evidence to say well This is my understanding of the situation and that was my understanding and then they make a decision How does that apply to AI that becomes? Explainable AI at that point. What decision did you take and why did you take it? What risk did you think you were taking? What did you perceive in the environment as the risk all of that is directly applicable? Whether it's in a motorsport environment or on the road in motorsport It just means we can create these edge case scenarios We can create these extreme circumstances and prove the technology in those domains and that when the public see that We'll build the trust that's the that's the plan now, you know, the UN has 17 sustainable development goals Do you fit into that? Yeah for sure So we look at normally goal number three and goal number 11 so 11 being the sustainable cities So for sure increasing mobility and use of the technology in that space. We're electric So when we start to look at emissions That's another another thing we focus on and I like to say that when we get hung up on the sort of self-driving and the autonomy and that becomes the the debate Actually, the fundamental shift is vehicles are becoming intelligent So they've got sensors to perceive the environment now, which they didn't have before So they're aware of the situations that are around them. That's the first thing And then the second thing is that they become drive-by-wire So all of the interfaces are now digitally controlled because the computer needs access digitally Previously it's all been physical steering wheel throttle and brake So when you put those two technologies together you open up complete like plethora of options anything from assisted To adapted to augmented to autonomous driving All of those become business choices service choices So there's technology that we've been looking at which could actually let's say have a brain computer interface from a paraplegia Who's just Influencing the behavior of the car controlling the car a tactical and strategic decision-making layer not at the physical operational layer What again talking about the goals the good the goals for good now I've read a lot that For example truck drivers in the States who often know their own trucks They're driving those and that it's actually good working-class jobs. Yeah with autonomous vehicles They could lose those jobs. What's your argument that you would use to counterpounce that? I think it's it's again. It's very interesting So we say electric connected and autonomous are the three pillars that are sort of changing the industry's focused on shared mobility as well But for us, they're the technology pillars that we're looking at so there has been some research to kind of look at well Can you move the truck driver? Can they actually go into an office environment and still be involved in driving the truck in moving that in moving those goods? Involved in remote communication to the vehicle so there's a load of different opportunities that are going to come up And you know, I don't know if I was a truck driver if I could go into a nine-to-five and still go home to my family as a lifestyle Potentially, that's a better lifestyle than being on the road all the time You know, I don't like driving. I just can't wait for this How much longer do you have to wait? I don't know. I love driving and that's what was fascinating for me You know, I don't really want to see an era where humans are sort of regulated off of the road You know for me, that's a dystopian environment this idea of like everything's fully autonomous in like in 30 years time There'll be no human drivers anymore For me, I don't I don't want to see that do I want to see every vehicle being intelligent Do I want to see every vehicle have an increased safety while I'm driving? Would I like to have an AI system looking over me making sure that I'm fully aware of the environment for sure But yeah that and that's really where I think if we're going to be looking at saving lives We need to focus so it's not just on self-driving technology. It's another issue actually Since the intelligent software will know where I've been to where I'm driving to protecting that data about my movements Yeah, I think you should have access and you should have rights over that data If you're an individual if you if it's a service if it's being provided by a Mobility company then there's also a question about should that data be shared or not So if you look at the airline industry if you look at accident statistics and accident information, that's shared It's shared without fear of Legal prosecution So it's shared in order to improve safety shared learnings And that's really where the industry the automotive industry will shift as we move to more mobility as a service Because that data now becomes available and it isn't about the person it is about the vehicle itself And I think that's a fascinating shift Um, it's your first time here. I think right now. I came to the last year. It was my first time Okay, so and have you found it worthwhile? Yeah, it's been an amazing event and to see to see how much the events grown from last year Like in the number of days and the number of people and the size of the venue is incredible and to maintain the quality of content at the event I think the organizers has done a fast fantastic job. So Thanks very much for your time. So there we had very welcome Talking to us about rubber race and you'll be seeing some rubber race competitions pretty soon. No problem. Thank you very much your time


changes in spreadsheet graphics may come slowly, but they do come. And one of the more interesting developments in data visualization in spreadsheets, and especially in Google Sheets, is something called a sparkline. Now, this is a concept that derives from work by Edward Tufty, really father of modern data visualization. But the idea here is to create a very small graphic that fits in line with text. And in the case of spreadsheet, it means it fits right in a cell. What I'm going to show you is how to make these in cell visualizations for several different kinds of data, because the sparkline function in Google Sheets is pretty flexible. Now, this is a formula. So I type equals, and then I start typing in sparkline. And you can see it says it's going to give me a miniature chart within a single cell. I just need to tell it what data I so I highlight this data. And then I close the parentheses. And then there it is, I now have a timeline chart, it's really small. I'll make it bigger for right now. Let's scroll down a little. And so now I've got this little timeline chart that shows the variation in donations over time, it sets it so that the lowest values at the bottom, the highest values here at the top, and it just moves over one step at a time. It doesn't indicate months, it's just going from this cell to this cell to this cell. But here's the neat thing, because it's a formula, I can do what I do with other formulas and I can drag it to apply to other columns. And so now I've got this little timeline for each one of them. This is really a marvelous thing when you've got a bunch of different data sources, you want to look at them really quickly. Also, because they're in each cell, you know, I can just make the cell bigger, if I want to. And now the charts are bigger. Also, you have the option of changing some of the properties of each sparkline. So for instance, this one right here, it looks like it goes from really low to really high. But if you scroll through the data, you see that it actually goes from 12,000 to 20,000. And so it's a little misleading to have it start that low, we can change where it starts by fixing a parameter called Y min. So I'm going to double click on this. I'm going to come right here. And I'm going to paste in a comma and then in curly brackets, because that's how you do arguments in Google sheets for sparklines. I put in quotes, why men that's the thing I want to change comma, and then the value I want it to have I enter. And now you can see it's bumped up. So that it's a little over halfway up. That's a big improvement over what we had. You can change other things as well. You can change, for instance, the color and the line thickness, which I'll do with this one. This is our total. So it should appear a little bit differently. I'm going to put in there. Two arguments. One, I'm going to change the color. And this is a hex code. It's a way of specifying colors as frequently used with computers. This is the dark red that I've been using in lots of other things. Then I put a semicolon because I'm going to include a second argument that is line with and two means two pixels. And now I've got a total chart, which is a stands apart from the others, but also let's just see the change in time. And so this is a really handy way to look at data and the flexibility being able to do in a cell is a fabulous thing. Now I'm going to come over, I'm going to put this back down for a moment to 100%. I'm going to come over to this next column. This is called win loss. Now you may not be doing this in your data. This originally comes from sports about whether a team won a game or lost a game. And I'm putting in some zeros to indicate that they didn't play or there was a rain out or something like that. You can adapt this to other things like for instance, whether you got a new client or the loss of client, I don't know, whatever works well for you. I'm going to come down here and I'm going to put in another spark line. I'm just gonna go a spark line. And I'm going to select the data. Now if I just do this by default, it'll draw the same kind of line graph that I have over on the others. And that might be helpful. But with when lost data, there's a special kind of spark lens, I'm going to open up that one. And I'm going to insert this extra information, where I say chart type is when loss all one word here. And when I do that, it gives me this little collection of bars on the top half and on the bottom half. Let me zoom in on those. I'll go back to 200. Scroll over a little bit. Come down here. And so you can see that we start with two wins, we got a couple of rainouts and then a loss of win a few losses. And it's a way of seeing this pattern of a dichotomous variable over time, you can do things like you can put different colors for the tops and for the bottom to put a line through the middle, you can, there's a lot of options for coloring this. But this is the default when lost chart. Now I want to come and finish with one other one. I'm going to back this down to maybe 150. And that is the social media follower data that I've used before. I did this with a repeat chart, which allowed me to draw just vertical bars using a formula all the way across. There is a way to do this with spark lines, but it takes a little bit of adaptation. So let me do this. I'll enter sparkline.  And the reason I'm going to get an error is because it says you need at least two data points and I only gave it one. But I'm doing a different kind of data. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to double click on this. And then right here, I'm going to insert that I'm doing a bar chart. So I put comma and then in curly brackets chart type comma bar. And when I do that it draws a bar that fills up the whole cell that's actually kind of neat. And I can drag it down but you'll see there's another problem here. It just automatically assumes that each bar should go to the maximum. So right now it's not telling us anything. What I have to do is I have to change the maximum on each of these so that each one of these bars has as its maximum, the maximum value here and I can't which is this 50. So I'm going to double click on this one.  And now what I'm putting is max is equal to the maximum of this range of data and I have to use the dollar sign to a dollar sign seven, so that it always stays row two to row seven as I drag the formula down. Now the first bar is not going to look any different. But as I drag it down, now you see that all the other ones adjust, they show you what proportion they are of the maximum score of 50. And so spark lines are a really creative and new way of visualizing several different kinds of data changes over time, wins and losses over time, even simple bar charts, but all done within cells, which allows you to rearrange them in a number of ways. They've got a lot of other options, you can explore some of those. But this is a really a fun development in data visualization in Google Sheets.


Come in, sir. Come in. Good afternoon, sir. Good afternoon. Please sit down. Please sit down. Thank you, sir. So, Himanshu, why do you wish to join civil service? Sir, there are two reasons. First, I am very inclined toward this service because of the opportunity and the dynamism that the service offers. And second, sir, it is a great career opportunity to provide stability as well as a great path ahead. Absolutely, absolutely. But, Mr. Himanshu. Yes, sir. I'll ask you something on the Kashmir valley. Yes, sir. There have been demands from the Kashmiri pundits to be rehabilitated, right? Now, what were the circumstances in which these people had to leave? What necessitated them leaving the state in the first place? Sir, on a particular day in the 1989 or 1990, there were rumors created that Hindus or a section of community will be massacred or they will be killed. So, in the fear of that rumor, many people left. Some did not, but many of these left. How many do you think, when you say some left, what do you mean by that? Sir, in thousands of people left. So, is that a few? Sir, not a bunch of them. 150,000 families. Okay, sir. And many of them were massacred. It's only, the threat doesn't work. It's only that, you know, many of them were killed. Yes. And then, of course, this threat that they would have to leave. Now, which are the organizations which were responsible for creating this problem there? There is groups operating in the valley. Who are doing this? So, these were the militant organizations which may have emanated from the cross-border area. Which one are these? Why do you say may have? You're not sure? This thing may have emanated from this. Of course, they emanated. But there was a radicalized part of youth which also led to humiliation, sir. So, which are the two main terror organizations which are being financed from Pakistan, who were responsible for creating the may have in the valley in 1990? Sir, Jammu and Kashmir Popular Liberation Front. It was a long time back. Sorry, sir. You have heard of the Jayashya Mohammad and Lashkarat Aiba? Yes, sir. Now, Hafiz Sahi has been recently indicted in a court in Pakistan. Yes, sir. Why was that done? Sir, mainly to escape the pressure from the FATF and to show that we have done something significant in the terror combatant. So, and what is the FATF? The FATF is an intergovernmental organization of, I think, 39 nations. Which is working in the area of combating terror financing, money laundering. So, are they meeting now or are they scheduled to meet or what? Yes, sir. They are meeting from 16th, yes. Where? Sir, in, I am not sure, Paris. Paris. What is our interest in this meeting? Sir, our primary interest is to isolate Pakistan by putting, by persuading, say, like-minded countries to put Pakistan into a blacklist, but that has not been fulfilled. Yeah, but at least we were able to get that into the grey list, right? Yes, sir. Okay. Right. Now, if you rent the papers, the LOPAL issue has been in the newspapers. Yes, sir. Any idea why? Yes, sir. I think a member from the LOPAL committee has resigned. How many members are there in the LOPAL? Sir, it was long back when I read. I think it's eight. Eight. Yes. Four judicial and four non-judicial. So, which one has resigned? The judicial or non-judicial? Judicial. Judicial. Judicial was not resigned. Any reason why? Sir, he cited personal reasons, but from some newspapers it is cited that he resigned because there was no work being done in the LOPAL. No progress in the framing of rules, not given official accommodation because of various issues. Okay. Now, have you heard of this Act East policy? Yes, sir. What is that? Act East policy, sir, can be regarded as the second part of the LOKI's policy. Okay. It was mainly to shift the focus of India's foreign policy to the East Asia, including the countries of ASEAN, to strengthen our relationship in the field of connectivity, in the field of trade, investments. Sir, now, as part of this project, there is something which was called the Kalada Multimodal. Yes, sir. Sir, what is this Kalada Multimodal? Where does it start? Where does it end? And what is the route? Sir, it is a Kalada Multimodal project. It is a transport connectivity route originating in the Sitve Port of Myanmar. And sir, then from waterways it also has roadways as a part of it. And finally, sir, it meets, I think sir, in Mizoram at some city. It comes to the border of Mizoram. Yes, sir. But you left it in between. Where does it start? Sitve Port, sir, in the Myanmar. It starts from Calcutta. Okay, sir. Calcutta by C2, Myanmar, from there by Kalada and River, and then by the O2. Okay. Nice. Thank you. Amanshu? Yes, sir. Have you heard of traditional comprehensive economic partnership? Yes, sir. We opted out of RCEP, opted out of it for seven years. What were the reasons why we opted out of it? Sir, the government has measured the cost as well as the benefits of joining the RCEP. And I think in my view, the benefits were not outweighing the cost, so costs were more. So we decided not to join it. What were the benefits and costs? Sir, benefits included that by joining such a large block of countries, a large block of grouping, we would have been a part of a larger grouping which would have allowed our exports to boost. As well as when we have advantages in services sector. So our services would have been given a boost. But services were not being considered. Yes, sir. So that's why, sir, we did not join it. Apart from its losses that we would have made by agreeing to the terms that were offered to us, our dairy industry as well as our agriculture sector would have been hit very hard because allowing milk and allowing dairy products from other countries would have hit our farmers very much. Okay. And also perhaps we didn't have the capacity to compete in the export markets. Yes, sir. To take advantage of the movement available in RCEP. Now, China is also concerned. And now recently there is outbreak of coronavirus. Yes, sir. What area of our economy would be impacted if this continues? Sir, all these areas which are highly dependent on imports from China as their intermediate goods will be impacted. These can include our automobile sector. For example, sir, we have sensors which are coming from China, which are used in many automobile production. So unavailability of a small sensor may lead to non-sailability of a big car. So it will impact the sensor in this automobile industry. Sir, apart from its pharmaceutical industry will be very hit because there is some component called APIs, active pharmaceutical ingredients, which are used in the farmer production and we are heavily dependent in China. So that will be impacted. Now, India and China are part of a regional group in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Yes. What kind of people are going to be hosted by India? Yes, sir. India is hosting the annual meet of SEO countries. Heads of government meet? Yes. Heads of government meet, sir. Okay. And have we invited the Pakistan Prime Minister also for this? Yes, sir. We have sent a formal invitation to the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Are India, China and Pakistan either conduct joint military exercises or have they conducted joint military exercises? As part of, sir, SEO framework, we did have a counter-terrorism exercise. Okay. Cooperation, Cooperation, Cooperation and that. Yes, sir. Our exports to GDP ratio have been declining for few years. Yes, sir. What are the reasons for the potentiological reasons? Sir, mainly seeing the math, sir, exports are not increasing. Exports are stagnant and GDP is increasing the exports. Exports are stagnant. That's the case. Sir, exports are stagnant because we are losing out to some countries in our neighborhood. For example, Bangladesh, Vietnam, in textile sector because of their more favorable terms of trade with the developed world. As well as, sir, the logistics cost, we are not able to keep up our exports. There we would want them to be. There are many sectors, I think, except the imported fields and the cost. Yes. Sir, there is one more issue that has been a major cause of problem in many sectors. That is, the timely payment is not being made. For example, sir, when we export, there is a remission of duty. So the government should pay it. But it goes by months and then years. And then interest will have the working capital gets stuck. So these are various issues. And the severity of credit. Yes, sir. Various banking issues we are facing. You have lived in Haryana. Yes, sir. Recently, there was something, some dispute going on with Haryana and Delhi governments on some issue relating to pollution. Are you aware of it? Yes, sir. What is it? Sir, it has become an yearly issue and pollution becomes too large. The governments do the blame game to that pollution is coming from the other side due to stubble burning. Stubble burning, what are the main causes of pollution in Delhi? Pollution in Delhi has local causes as well. So a large part of it can be termed from the transport and transportation sector. Then power generation sector, I think the power generation power plant at Badapur has been shut. And sir, apart from these two, there are issues from the construction sector which Supreme Court has very stringently addressed. And there are other sources like waste burning, garbage burning. These are all sources, sir. Continuing with the same pollution, you've given all the reasons for pollution. Yes, sir. What can be done to address the problem of pollution in Delhi? Just name 1, 2, 3, 4, that's it. Okay, ma'am. A collaborative, the scheme that Centre has launched for the four states for Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Delhi. It could be implemented well. What is the scheme? It is a scheme for combating stubble burning by providing subsidy in the hiring of machines through Custom Hiring Centre so that the farmers are able... So that's fine. Yes ma'am. Second, ma'am, by controlling the dust which originates from the constructions. I have certain guidelines given by the NGT about how construction waste has to be kept in mind. Yes ma'am. And ma'am, apart from it, road dust has to be cleaned by mechanized trucks. Yes. Anything else? And ma'am, the solid waste management issue should be tackled without... It should not be burned, ma'am. Okay. Now you've also written in your positions of Health and College, outreach coordinator for something. What is this you've done? Ma'am, I did an internship with the Government of Delhi. Social Delivery Department. PGMS is a public grievance management system. These complain platform where people can file their complaint and then the government can see them. So what did you see as far as repressor of these complaints was concerned? Many of the complaints, ma'am, were addressed. But when there were few complaints, a portion of complaints which were not addressed for a long time. So my role there was to bring into the notice which complaints are not being addressed and to call people whose complaints are not addressed that have they been outreaching what have they got. All right. So now you've also written YouTube. What do you mean by YouTube? YouTube is a platform to... No, I know that it's a platform. Yes ma'am. What is your role there? I like to watch YouTube and YouTube on a free time. YouTube. What do you generally watch? I generally watch, ma'am, depends on what, if I'm very stressful. One important. I watch, ma'am, largely about the history channels and geopolitics. All right. Fine. So you're from Haryana. Yes ma'am. One hears about the cuts and they are considered illegal bodies. Yet the cuts so it remains even now. Why is that so? Haryana is largely due to agriculture. Economy largely has a feudal setup and feudal setup leads to kind of feeling that I am the king here. So these carp and chaiets are originating due to the lack of fear of rule of law. Have the cops done any good work? We only hear in the paper about all the negatives but I'm sure they must have done some good work also. Yes ma'am. There was a ma'am, a lady. In the past marriages. Yes ma'am. As well as a selfie with daughter program also was there. It was started by the cops. Selfie with daughter. A lady was there, was the head of the punter. What else? As well as in the field of... Okay, fine. So now we come to the next problem here. The negative or the stewed sex ratio in Haryana. Why have we not been able to address the problem despite all these acts that we have? You know we have the PCP and GTL. Yes ma'am. And Beti, Bachao, Betipara, all those schemes are there. Why are we still not able to address the problem? There are many reasons. The main reason is the mindset that we have. Okay, so Petriyaki is the main. Yes ma'am. What can we do to overcome this problem? I believe that education empowerment and health empowerment to women is the main idea where we can address this issue strongly. Because it will address the root of the problem where women are not empowered in males to take decisions about abortions. Alright. Now can you mention some of the global challenges that we are faced with today? Just mention them 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 2, 1, and 10. Terrorism will be fast ma'am. Then global rebalancing the transition era we are in because from Unipolar. Then the space race that we are having. The race to the weaponization. Global challenge anything else? Climate change. Yes climate change. Good energy, drugs, human trafficking. All these sustainable development goals that we are aiming for our challenge. Why are we so concerned about climate change? Climate change ma'am is both natural as well as anthropogenic phenomena. What are the natural reasons for climate change? Natural reasons for climate change could be like volcanism is a phenomenon. Anything else? What about forest fires? Forest fires are one of the reasons. Human reasons? Human reasons are excessive combustion of fossil fuels which lead to excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Which causes a greenhouse effect leads to rising temperature of the atom. So what would be the negative effect of rising temperatures? Rising temperatures ma'am would lead to problems like melting of the snow in the polar regions. Which would lead to increase in sea water level. And then when the sea water level increases the areas which are close to the coastal areas may be submerged. We may have a problem of climate refugees. Apart from it ma'am if the temperatures increase then we will have problems of heat waves in the city. Anything else? Then ma'am urban heat islands. And scarcity of water, scarcity of food. Because food will become... Thank you. Tell me. Yes sir. Usually when you read the newspaper you get the impression that India and Pakistan somehow on some contentious issue always. Recently they have operated on certain things. One thing. What is that? Yes sir. So recently they have cooperated on the Kartharpur issue. Kartharpur corridor they have cooperated with us to build the Kartharpur shrine. No. It's some economic... Something which has impacted the economy in both the countries. I'm sorry. What's that? Rural economy. I'll go further. If Pakistan sought our help then we gave it to them. Sorry sir. I thought the local infection... Yes sir. Yes sir. What kind of help did we give them? I mean they sought help from us. Sir I'm not ready. Yes sir. Okay. Tell me corruption is a big issue in India. Yes sir. Nobody doubts that. Why doesn't it go down or is it going down? Yes sir it is going down. Yes sir. You mean we are less corrupt than before? Yes sir. How good? Sir... But here we used to hear of what that was large and all those small fries. In lakhs and crores maybe 10 crores. And now we have CWG. We have telecom scam. We have full scam. Sir I think sir we have this Malaya scam.  This bank NPA. So how do you say that it is going down? Sir I was referring to the current period. Because sir scams when they... Current period. This period scam will come out in the next number. Yes sir. You see you so forget the current period. Sir even the frauds that are coming out today as you said have been coming from the past. It always happens like that. But the current government would not let the corruption get out. So you can't do much about it. There might be bigger scam for all you know. But it will come out only when they are out of their path. So how do you say it is going down? Sir I think the measures of transparency that have been implemented in the implementation of schemes like direct benefit transfer have saved a lot of money. As well as sir as the private sector takes part. You are a person who is optimist and so you think it has gone down. And perhaps it will go down. Tell me another thing. Yes sir. You know in human development index we are down below. In ease of doing business we might have improved a bit but still we are nowhere near the stop. Yes sir. For capital income of course we know about 2000 dollars. Yes sir. So why is this? Sir I think sir we are still developing economy. We have just been 70 years of democracy and democracy. So it takes a lot of time for such a large country to reach that level. So we are investing it. Maybe we have not invested in the past in the health and education sector which are the basis. Israel did better because they were a smaller country. Yes sir. And South Korea also because South Korea went through health. Yes sir. Around the time they became independent they went through health and then they also stood up. What sir. Is it because size of the country? No sir. Size is one factor but the investments in health education and research are the basic factors because they help improve the productivity of labour. Alright. So we didn't invest much. Yes sir. Are we investing now? Yes sir. So we are increasing but we are still far from the potential in investment. Thank you. Okay. Now economics is your main subject. Yes sir. I will ask you one or two questions. Has India's economic position in the world ranking improved? What is the position among the economies? As in total? America is number one. Yes sir. China is number two. Yes sir. Then comes Germany, Japan and all that. Where are we? Sir we are the fifth largest economy. Fifth? Yes sir. Who have you beaten? Yes sir. United Kingdom. So what is our size of our economy? Sir it is approaching 2.3 trillion. We are now 2.9 trillion sir. 2.97 or 94. Yes sir. What is our GDP per capita income? Sir it is $2,000 in dollar terms and if we talk about PPP exchange rates it is $7,000. And what is America's and China? Where are they? So the America's I last to what I read was $5,362 trillion. And China is more than $10,000. $10,000. Okay sir. So we are nowhere. Yes sir. America's 6, 2, 7, 9, 4. We are nowhere. America is a puny economy. Now what is the size of the budget which has been presented in parliament? It's 30 lakh crore. 30 lakh crore. Yes sir. Generally the revenue expenditure is more. Yes sir. Much more than the KPEX. Yes sir. Is there a change in this budget? Is there an improvement in the KPEX? Yes sir. From what I read there was the capital expenditure has improved by a certain percentage. Yes sir. Since I asked you a question you took I guess certain percentage. No sir. How much? 13 percent. What are the main sources of revenue visualized in this budget? Sir this budget envisages revenue from both taxes and non-tax sources. All right. One is taxation and GST etc. Yes sir. From the non-tax sources we have from the capital receipts we have disinvestments from 2.1 lakh crores. 2.1 lakh crores. Yes sir. And sir apart from disinvestments we are receiving money from sir... What are the other sources which are being visualized in this budget? So from Vivaatsa Vishwas scheme we will be able to... All right. Okay. Repent. Yeah if it succeeds we will make some money out of it. Yes sir. What else? From GST collections? GST is the biggest component. Sir I am able to recall this. No. You are not able to read the question. Sir read it. The spectrum sale is not going on. Yes sir. They hope to garner 1.3 or 4 lakh crores. So all that is there. Okay. Whether they will be able to do it or not is a different thing. But Tri has set the price extremely high. Yes sir. And Telcos are very unhappy about it. What price have they set? Sir not aware. Per 100 megahertz. What price have they set? 50,000. 50,000 crores. Okay sir. Telcos are crying votes because Telcos are already under pressure on economic pressure. What reason are they under pressure? Sir due to the recent Supreme Court judgment on each one. What does it say? Annual adjusted gross revenue. What is the quantum of it? Sir it is close to 1.5 lakh crore sir. All right. The finance minister made a very bold statement. Yes sir. That seven green shoots in the economy have appeared. Seven green shoots. Wow. Now do you agree that green shoots are appearing? Sir. You are an economics man. Don't go by what the finance minister says. If you analyze what do you see? Sir I don't see in the recent month. See or don't see? You give me specific areas where there is any improvement or not improvement. Sir index of industrial production improved in the November period. But then it again in the December when the reports came on the next day when the finance minister. December January it has gone on. It has gone to minus 1.8 something. 0.7, 0.30 something. Yes sir. IEP index has gone down. Yes sir. So the next day when finance minister said that green shoots are appearing the next day the IEP was out. So the statement was. So it is not. No sir. All right then where is the green shoot tell me. Sir but in purchasing manager's index the other green shoots are. Purchasing manager's index only shows that the inventories are being. Yes sir. Inflated are being. They are ordering more and more raw materials. Yes sir. That does not indicate that the production has increased. So you are confusing the truth. You are an economics student. And that is what Mrs. Sita one did. She went only by PMI but not by the actual performance. All right but there are green shoots. Okay sir. You have not identified them. All right. Sir. Yes. Talk later. Supreme court has recently given a major ruling on reservation. Yes sir. What is it said. Supreme court stated that reservation is not a fundamental right. Right. It is only an enabling provision. No one can compile any state to give reservation. Correct. All right. We will close the interview. I will give you a feedback. How do you think you have performed? Sir it was okay sir. I think it was okay. You are okay. All right. Very good. My feeling is that you have to work a little on economics here. Economics is for shortage of time I didn't ask you more difficult questions. Okay sir. I think there are green shoots. Service PMI has improved. Sir I didn't want to interrupt you there. Sir I was saying this.  You have to perform not me in this interview. You have to say then the food production is expected to be record this year from 283 million tons government the first estimate official estimate which has come saying 350 million tons. Yes sir. A million metric whatever it is million tons. So that is a green shoot. Service sector has improved. PMI index has improved in the last three months. November, December, January. The IIP index came down. So these are some of the green shoots which are appearing. Okay sir. The power demand is also improving. Adiya power demand had also gone down badly because industries were idle. Yes sir. Now power demand is also improving. So these are some of you can say. So and then Haryana you will have to study hard then about your economic current developments. It is a very big subject. You will have to study a lot. You will have to study budget as well as the economic situation in India. Then current affairs you were asked about the exodus in Kashmiri pundits, terror groups, etc. Local crisis, activities, RCEP, etc. All these are important issues on which you have to work. Thank you sir. We will be back soon. Okay. Thank you sir. All right. Thank you. Thank you. Good luck. Good luck. Thank you sir.


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Inuzor Education. Today we will talk about function arc secant, which is an inverse function to a secant, which in turn secant is defined as you remember one over cosine, so arc secant is inverse to secant. And as usually, I will talk first about secant and its graph, and then I will inverse it. And by the way arc secant, this is the fifth lecture in the mini series about different inverse trigonometric functions. We have already covered arc sine, arc cosine, arc tangent, and arc cotangent. They're all on Inuzor.com, so this is number five and the one which will remain after that will be arc cosecant. Okay, so let's talk about secant. Now as I was saying, this is one over cosine, so let's first start with the graph for a cosine, which looks like this. This is zero, this is y, x, pi over 2, minus pi over 2, pi, this is 3 pi over 2, and this is minus pi and minus 3 pi over 2. So, we start with a cosine. Now let's do one over cosine. Well, obviously in the cases when the cosine is equal to zero, one over cosine would go to infinity, so we will have asymptototus here. So, this is an asymptote, and this is an asymptote, and this is, and this is, okay. Now, in between the asymptotes, now that's very easy. At point zero cosine is equal to one, so one over cosine is equal to one as well, so we start from this point. Now, going left and right from zero, cosine is getting smaller and going down to zero, which means one over cosine will get bigger and will go to infinity. And in both cases, it's plus infinity because the cosine remains positive. Now, very similar situation is here. At pi, cosine is equal to minus one, so one over cosine is also equal to minus one. But then, left and right from this point, cosine goes to zero, which means one over cosine goes to infinity, but in this case it's a negative infinity because the cosine is negative, so it goes like this. And similarly here. So, this is the graph of secant. So, let me wipe out cosine. We don't need it anymore. So, what's the inverse of the secant? Well, in this particular case, there is no inverse function for a very simple reason. What is an inverse function? I'm just repeating myself for every trigonometric function. What is inverse to secant in this particular case? Inverse to any function. It means that if you have this function, y equals to secant of x. So, direct function, the original function for every argument, which happens to be an angle in regions in this case, you can find the value of a secant very simply. What's the angle? Let's say it's this one. You draw the perpendicular until it crosses the graph, go across to the y, and that's the value of the function. Now, in case of inverse function, we have to do the inverse procedure. Given the value of the function, find the argument, the angle basically. Well, the problem is that some values of the function have absolutely no argument which corresponds to them. Let's say this one, which is one half. Well, there is no value of the argument, there is no angle secant of which is equal to one half. It's either one and above or minus one and below. There is nothing like one half or zero or minus one half. So, that's number one complication. Number two complication is that if you have a value of something like this, then you have two different angles, cosine secant of this angle is equal to this value and secant of this angle is equal to this value. So, we have more than one. So, in some cases, we have no arguments. In some cases, we have two arguments or more. Actually, if you will continue the graph, you will have infinite number of arguments. All of them have the same value of the secant. So, we cannot define a function in inverse to a secant if we deal with this particular definition of a secant. What usually we do in these cases? Well, very simple. We restrict the domain and we restrict the range, we restrict everything in order to be able to do this inverse procedure. Now, first of all, how can we restrict domain? So, we can have no more than one value for our argument if given the value of the function. Well, there are probably many ways of doing this, but one of the ways which I suggest is to use this interval from 0 to pi. Now, in this interval, the function is monotonically increasing here, monotonically increasing here, but it's always unique, which means if you have a value of the function, it has only one intersection with the graph. So, these branches, this and this, the combination of these branches, or if you wish, secant with a reduced domain from 0 to pi actually can be inverse. Now, the inverse function is the function which gives you the value of the angle in regions if secant is given. In this case, we can define this function, but there is one more complication. For every function, we have to know two things, the domain and the range. So, in this case, we know we have reduced actually domain from 0 to pi, actually I have to exclude the ends because that's where, oh no, the ends, I don't have to exclude, there are no asymptotes here. Okay, so ends are included. Now, y, however, is a little bit more difficult. It's two pieces, it's one and greater or minus one and smaller, which can be actually described as absolute value of y greater or equal to one, which basically means the same thing, either y is greater than one or less than minus one. So, this is domain and this is the range. So, whenever we invert the function, whenever we define an inverse function to this, what usually happens? Whatever used to be a domain becomes a range of the inverse function, whatever used to be the range becomes domain. So, our new function, which we call our accident of x. Now, x belongs to basically this area, which means it's from minus infinity to minus one, including the one union with one comma plus infinity, or in other words, absolute value of x greater or equal to one, that's the same thing. And y would be from zero to pi. So, that's how we define our inverse function. Now, let's talk about the graph. You know that the graphs of the main function and inverse function are symmetrical relative to the bisector of the main angle, right? So, first of all, let me wipe out these pieces where the function is not defined anymore, our original function. I mean, we don't need it. That's our original secant. Now, let's think about what happens if I want to reflect it relative to the bisector of this angle. This used to be the domain. Now, it will be the range, right? So, from zero to pi, I will have the range of my function. Now, somewhere in the middle, pi over two, I have this asymptote. It will still be an asymptote for the inverse function, but instead of vertical, it will go horizontal, right? And my graph would be like this. Now, this is minus one. This is one. So, the combination of these, as you see, x is absolutely greater than one. That's the domain. The range is still from minus one to one. The only difference is, you see, the domain here is not just a consecutive number of points from zero to pi. I have to exclude one midpoint where we have, so x not equal to pi equal to, right? Which means here, in my range, I also have not all the values from zero to pi, but not equal to pi over two. So, there is a restriction on the domain here. At this point, function secant is not defined. So, at this point, there is no, so it's not in the range of the function cosecant. So, this is the graph of secant. This is the graph of the cosecant. Range is from zero to pi, except pi over two. The main is to the left of minus one and to the right of the plus one, which is absolutely greater or equal to one. Well, basically, that's it. The function is not odd or even, so there is nothing to talk about in this case. What's important is we have reduced the domain to prevent multiple values of the argument for a single value of the function. And that actually allowed us to inverse the function with a couple of restrictions that the main is not equal to pi over two, and the range is outside of the absolute value of one here. And that was transferred to the inverse function when we have the main outside of the one and the range was in zero to pi without the pi over two point. Well, that's it for function arc secant. To tell you the truth, I don't remember the problems related to arc secants. For whatever reason, out of these inverse trigonometric functions arc sine and arc cosine rarer but still used arc tangent, arc cotangent, arc secant, and arc cosecant for whatever historical reason are not used much in the problems. So in any case, the definition is there and that's what's important. This function is no better, no worse than anything else. And it's interesting basically that we have such a complicated play with domains and the range in this case. Thanks very much. Please examine again the notes for this lecture on Unisor.com. And as I was saying, this is lecture number five. We will still have the arc cosecant as the last lecture in this mini series. Thanks very much and good luck.


We're back. We're live with think-tech energy in America Usually we talked to Lou Puirisi wherever he is in the world But we understand he is tonight Attending Samson and Delilah either that or he's playing Samson in Samson and Delilah. We're not sure But in any event we do have a show with a prank the energy policy research Think tank in Washington with its researcher in Mexico. It's really a global show, isn't it? Emily Medina Emily Medina joins us from Mexico City. Hi Emily. Thank you for joining us So Emily, let's talk about you know your area of specialty. Let's talk about Mexico Let's talk about the economy in Mexico and how it's doing because we know That Mexico is heavily involved both ways Export and import in oil and gas from the United States and elsewhere And we want to find out how it's doing because we care about our partner to the south We all care. Well, most of us care about our partner to the south. Can you talk about the economy in Mexico over the last year? He has seen a few changes in Mexico first of all Andres Manuel of El Salvador Mexico's president took off it in late 2018 so we've been already a year in his administration and There's a lot of talk about and what's been changing in Mexico so There's a couple of things that are important to mention so a Year ago. I'm gonna have an approval rating of 85 percent in Mexico, which is huge. Yes and he won with an overwhelming majority And Right now this approval rating has gone down to 62 percent So this is largely due to the fact that Mexico has seen an economic slowdown over the last year our economy had a technical recession in 2019 and And today and the outlook is doesn't appear much better for 2020 and This is mainly due to the fact that he's taking a different direction in terms of Mexico's energy policy and Which is basically saying or Having a different view that what we had in the previous administration with which was a lot more open to participation and I'm low actually I've been very critical with the neoliberal model and This has been reflected on that specific economy And so yeah Well, I you know, I just I wonder that's a pretty dramatic decrease in approval You think the economy is the only issue I mean are people so focused on the economy and oil and gas that they would have a dramatic 20-point drop in approval in Only one year or there are other factors working to alongside To make people less enthusiastic about him Yes two of the main factors have been that since he took office he pledged on fighting corruption and reducing violence in the country and Those two things haven't been addressed fully We have a record of violence in the country the numbers that just been increasing since he took office in terms of homicide rates and Summing aside In the country is a big issue as well and he hasn't responded in a way that Makes the thing that One he cares or that he actually has a strategy to to revert There's a violence rate No, those two issues have been and very and definitive on the approval rate The issues that have to do with violence and corruption So people really I think were very optimistic and hopeful that the new president would fight hotels and and and violent gangs in the country and His strategy has not shown positive results in terms of declining rates of violence and Oppositely we see record numbers of Homicides in the country, but is there any suggestion? Is there any suggestion that he is under the thumb of the of the gangs or is he just incompetent? It's mostly has to do with the strategy that his Been using I mean if it sounds almost I mean funny He he said, you know, but I thought it's not a lot of us Which basically means I mean he's gonna hug instead of shoot So that's been his strategy. I mean his based on you know Being Nice to go tells I mean that doesn't work. I mean you need to have a good strategy To fight the violence group And his strategy has not been ideal No, you know gang violence and corruption gang violence and corruption It's kind of like terrorism because it scares you because you don't know when it's coming to your town next You don't know when your friends relatives associates are going to be gunned down or get involved in some unpleasant You know gang activity and so I can I can see that that would affect You know the way people think about the government, but let me let me offer other Issues for you to chime in on for example We still have the contention between Mexico and the United States the the migrant issue Which is oh so tragic And it isn't resolved. I mean if it is please tell me, but I don't I haven't heard that it's resolved lately And I I don't know the status of the wall you hear all kinds of stories about the wall How part of it blew down in a wind in a breeze one day? So I don't I don't know if and Trump is using money That was supposed to be for one thing and using it for another thing and the whole thing seems to be a kind of confusion in the American Media so I wonder how people feel about the wall and the migrant issue and those poor people who were camped outside And and their daughters are molested and they starve and they get sick In these forced camps that that's a trump has created just on the south side of the American border How does that affect the situation and the economy? No, what's been happening is pretty terrible. I mean Mexico has become Trump's law so and That's really Bad news for for migrants because That means that Authorities are now feeling more harshly with the migrants coming in and It is really A human rights abuse what we're seeing in several Several migrant centers and And in in points that cause the country where we have migrants coming in from Central America, for example From Guantanamo and what have you and at the border? We are seeing that the The Mexican authorities have been dealing with it in a pretty valid manner They've sprayed and pure gas and and they've done, you know Those types of things to to contain the cause the issue of Migrant flows coming from Central America and crossing it throughout Mexico to get to the US so What happened is that you know before we had the government Basically, I mean had a different understanding with the US administration in terms of their treating migrants and right now the tone has escalated and basically Trump's and nature that that Mexico took harsher measures and to address the migrant issue and they haven't been addressed in Orderly ways because I don't know if it's because of a lack of resources or just the the lack of capacity to deal with this issue but And their response and the way that they're dealing with it because of the pressure from the US administration has been to just be the Mexican wall Yeah, so Well, I you know, I always think that at the bottom of all these Diplomatic engagements or non-engagements. There is there is the human psychology involved and if I were Mexico or if I were Abrador I Would I would the average Mexican person would say gee we're really being victimized here We have a president in the United States as opposed to earlier presidents who just pushes us around something awful And he threatens us and he attacks us and and of course he has imposed tariffs on us And he calls the shots and we dance and I think that you know if I were Mexico What does Mexico has 80 million people something along that line? Yeah, so Yeah, if I were Mexico I'd be I'd be concerned that I was being taken advantage of and pushed around And I think that that probably you know is something that would it focuses on the government You know, why doesn't the government protect me? Why doesn't the government stand up to this man? Why isn't the government? You know telling me he's off base But it's very hard to do that obviously especially with Trump and I imagine you know when you look at an economy You are reflecting public confidence confidence in the marketplace confidence in the government confidence in the future Confidence in your resources including human resources So I suspect that that that has to be a factor to that affects this Approval rating and that affects the economy. What do you think? Yes, I mean he's been heavily criticized for his strategy in dealing with the migrant issue in the country and he's and his giving in to the Trump administration or the US administration instead of you know of studying and Terms to combat the issue in a more holistic way That's Go ahead. Yeah, and if we want to I mean and this is also gonna affect our security issues in the country Because we have people coming in that are not being processed and correctly and This can create all sorts of repercussions cost your money It costs your money for the administration over the migrants who come across your border from the south And it costs you you know the cost of administering in terms of human resources government government resources and so forth On the other hand, I was telling you before Mexico has a responsibility I think and I mean the biggest one of the biggest economy in Latin America and I think it has the The resources to deal with this issue in a humanly way, and it's not doing so Mm-hmm. I was telling you before the show that I saw an article or two about How Mexico was was turning more polyglot? That it was entertaining migrants from elsewhere for as permanent residents as people who had you know Visas who could live in Mexico and form communities and get jobs and contribute to the economy I don't know how people in Mexico see that whether they like that or not But you know just from an observer point of view it seems to me that it could be a very good thing You know to to allow immigration into Mexico to participate in you know in a better economy How do you see that how does how do the people in Mexico see that? well, I think I mean a lot is gonna have to do with the How issues are handled so we need to have a plan to I mean if we're gonna receive migrants we need to have a plan to provide them a job and you also make sure that and We have the security protocols in place So that the people that are coming in are coming in in a good way And that we have a plan any It is In terms of I mean if we have the current situation I think it could be a problem to accept so many people and not have a plan So for example our economy, you know, like I said and Technical recession, I mean this means that our employment rates are the lowest they have been in years Mmm. So if we so that's gonna be an issue, I think If we don't have jobs for the people who are coming in and even for the Mexican citizens, I mean if we see this This unemployment rate, I mean even Mexicans are having a problem getting jobs, you know and a large part of our economy depends on informal jobs and We need to have a better management of drifts of providing maybe We need to first I mean take the Uninformal jobs and and bring them to so that they can be formal jobs and increase our economy and maybe I mean we can include I mean migrants economy in that way, but first we need to have Strengthening in the economy and we need to have more investment so that people can actually have jobs. Yeah Has as investment changed since Abadou got in an office has investment changed since Trump got in office So are you seeing the same sort of the same levels of foreign investment that you were seeing before? Well, that's that's also been huge issue So just if we focus just on Mexico's energy sector We're seeing that investment has then decreased over the last year and I mean I think you took off So this is because we have The mechanisms that we had in place to bring foreign investment are now and so So and that's Specifically what I mean with that is having the oil and ground and the farm out and closed to private investment This has been to the government's decision I'm not sure. I mean The reason for it in terms of economically it makes no sense. It's more of It has to do with this nationalist agenda of having the Mexican government and Bring the oil production up by itself So his slogan or for ten makes me to talk off it was to rescue Mexico's energy sector and to rescue and the state-owned oil company Petróleos, Mexicano and And This has been contrary to what we've seen We have panmex with record of losses just in 2019 and the losses were about 19 or able to round it up. It would be 19 billion, but it's actually 18 $24 billion loss In 2019, which is the highest loss that we've seen in panmex And historically It's actually nearly double the loss that we saw in the previous year Is this because the price of oil has gone down? We're in a time now when the price of oil is not necessarily going up It sometimes goes down. Maybe it's one term trend to go down And is this because is the loss in panmex Due to the fact that oil energy prices are going down on a global market Yeah, it has to do with a series of things So yeah, like you said, and the price of oil has been helped and our food exports Sells decline because of this and and also because the Decreased in oil output coming from panmex, which was about seven percent per year What about the two factors? I mean having Defined in production, you know, we're seeing a seven percent decline in panmex production Which is today 1.6 million barrels of oil per day So we see a decline in production and we also see Reduced oil exports because of it and also reduced sales Revenue from sales because of the declining and oil price so all of those factors have to do with the Panic losses and also a huge issue has been that and the government has been very Serious about investing on Mexico's refineries. So that doesn't help the picture Because we know that downstream has More reduced margins and investing in exploration and production activity So when we have six refineries, they're operating at one third of their capacity and we're and we're still pouring money into them We lose the opportunity of investing in other projects that are more profitable like exploration and production and if we also have cancellation or Stop however, you may call it to the oil around Then we have you know the the opportunity to capture that And foreign investment that would help and bring your production up and help our economy Then we are in trouble Well, you might be in more trouble actually Emily because we have the we have the virus and I don't know if there are a significant number of cases of the virus in Mexico these days But I would imagine that most most places on the planet are at risk And my question is you know if we have and we probably will have a global downturn here Whether you call it an epidemic or a pandemic or an endemic This probably going to affect travel. It's probably going to affect trade It's probably going to affect the economies of most of the countries You know that are that are at the top of the heap and maybe some at the bottom too So that's got to affect Mexico too. So if I give you in the next year A reduction in global economic activity because of this What happens to Mexico especially a view of the fact that Mexico is already in a bit of a downturn from other causes Yeah, it's unfortunate that we're Um being I mean this issue with the virus at the same time that we are struggling with our economy And so yeah, we're starting in the wrong foot Yeah, right And I think the the virus I mean it's gonna definitely have an impact on on crude act for Mexico as the oil demand globally decline and This is gonna, you know, in fact our economy and we need to to find ways to I mean to Provide certainly and provide The mechanisms that allow and investment to come into the country. So we have So a big issue and I think what also affecting economic growth in Mexico has been and The increasing uncertainty coming from the government where Just an example We were expected to have an interview plan for infrastructure investment in the country in mid-February And still there's not a plan in place So I mean if we don't have Options for private investment to participate then It's hard to expect the economy to grow What about the other aspect of the virus that have you got cases of coronavirus in Mexico? Are people afraid of coronavirus in Mexico? Are they slowing down their economic and work activity because of it? I believe we have about five cases of coronavirus throughout the country They've been contained and they're being handled People did panic over the coronavirus and you know the stocks for face masks and antibacterials and ran out in many stores because of panic Sales and so In terms of how we address this issue, I mean I think and You know, there's been increased in communication on the effects of the coronavirus and how to treat it And what have you so I mean in Mexico is pretty far away from where the virus is I mean It's I don't think it's gonna be Huge issue in Mexico Well given all of that given all that we've talked about in the past few minutes If I made you the president of Mexico Emily, and I'm inclined to do that actually What would you do now to improve the economy to improve Mexico's position in world trade? Mexico's ability to you know Develop its resources and so forth. What would you do? I would provide certain need for investment I would open the channels that allow foreign direct investment and Mexico I mean in domestic investment Right now companies Mexican foreign companies Don't have the certain need to put their money in Mexico Because of the Signals that's been coming from the government, which are basically To be at energy is sovereign and You know, I mean those types of messages don't provide journey and For private participants to and increase their investments in the country and I think and that affects the Mexican population in general as we Are going to continue seeing our production decline And we're going to see and you know increase energy prices because of the lack of investment In exploration and production activities. They're much needed to Reverse this trend well, Emily, let me let me say that You you represent I think the future of Mexico and I will vote for you As the president as soon as I get a chance But I also feel I also feel that Mexico is you know Mexico Canada. They're our best friends Mexico. We're bonded to Mexico We have so many Mexicans and Latin Americans in this country We are inextricably intertwined with Mexico and we should have a much more robust relationship with you And we should help you in every way we can because you can be you know our best friend south of the border And I would like to see that and I hope the next administration can actually have that happen in any event That's that's Emily Medina. She's from E print the energy policy research Foundation in Washington And she has joined us from Mexico City by a V mix call And we are delighted to talk to her at all times and I hope we talk to you again Emily. I really appreciate you're coming down Thank you very hello via Kandiyos