Well, hello everyone. Many thanks for joining us for HydroTerror's next webinar in our webinar series. We've got a great turnout, so I really do appreciate you guys spending the time. So today's topic is managing our air under the new Environment Protection Act. Now, recently we had a representative from EPA speaking on this topic. However, unfortunately, he was caught up and could no longer present, but we're very fortunate to have Paul Baynham fill his shoes. Paul's a specialist in air quality monitoring from a company known as Moat Ltd. He has got 25 years experience in air quality monitoring around the world, including countries such as Europe, US, Asia and the Middle East. And he is currently a senior air quality scientist with Moat. We've worked with Moat for several years on and off, and they provide us with guidance around various technologies for air quality monitoring. Importantly, Paul used to be head of CAVINS, which is the main industry guidance association or clean air society of New Zealand. He is no longer in that role, but he was formally head of that for several years. So let's do our presentation. Here we are. So before we get charging into this, we love to get your questions and they form a really important part of these webinars. So if you want to ask a question, please use that Q&A section, which is at the top of your screen, and type in your questions there. Please don't use the chat because it gets a bit tricky if we've got two things going at once. So into that Q&A button is the best way to go. Why do we run these webinar series? Well, we like to generate awareness of things that are going on, and there's certainly a lot going on in the world of ambient air quality monitoring and regulation. We also like to facilitate training both in the technologies for monitoring and in the regulations that are important in that area. Finally, we like to understand industry needs, and that's where we love to get your feedback through that Q&A process. So in terms of the sort of running sheet for today, I will be talking to the changes in regulations. Jason from the EPA has been very generous with providing me with many notes on this. So I will run through that. In terms of moving to, I guess, the adaptive management side of air quality and where the whole industry needs to go, that's where Paul is going to draw upon his local and international experience and share some case studies around where he sees this area going. And then we will run through some case studies. And finally, we will have some time for Q&A. All right, so for those of you who aren't aware, there is a new EPA Act out. It came out in July, and we've run several webinars on that. Rather than going over too much old ground, we will be circulating this webinar which has links to the EPA site which has a bunch of YouTube and a whole lot of guidance around what the new EPA Act is all about. So I would stress due to that and look at some of those guidance documents because the game is changing. Importantly, I'm going to spend quite a bit of time talking about the environment reference standard which is Publication 1992 which came out in June 2021. I will go into that in some detail. I would really stress to yourselves that there's a great guidance document called Guide to the Environment Reference Standard which has a whole lot of detail around this. It also really provides you with guidance on how these criteria are meant to be used in the context of this new framework. So I will be talking to that in some depth today. Okay, so in terms of the regulatory framework and how it's changed, it's not just the Act that's changed. It's obviously a lot of the subordinate regulation that sits under that Act. That's important to understand that. So the state environmental protection policies don't exist anymore, for example, and a whole lot of the guidance documents that you may have traditionally thought of as your bibles to guide your work are now either being rewritten or they are being linked to this new legislation. So not all is new, but quite a bit is new. At the heart of the new regs, it really is a set of obligations on duty holders.  So the cornerstone of the Act is this thing called the general environmental duty. Now, a lot of you may have heard about that already. So I might be going over a bit of old ground for you, but it's important to understand this. The general environmental duty requires Victorians to understand and minimize their risks of harm from pollution and waste to human health and the environment. Now, that's an incredibly important sentence in this new framework, because it used to be that we would play the game of there were criteria to be met, and as long as we met those criteria, our liability was limited. These days, that is no longer the case. The criteria there to let us into what a sort of minimum standard should be, but they are not enough on their own. What is enough on your own is to comply with your general environmental duty. So that means in some instances, the EPA will require you to do more than what's set out in the criteria and they'll be perfectly defendable position to do that. What does that mean? Well, with respect to the general environmental duty, there's five matters that must be considered to determine what is reasonably practicable for you to have done. It needs to look at the likelihood of a risk of insuating, the potential degree of harm, the duty holders knowledge about the risks, the availability and suitability of controls, and the cost of control. Now, some of those are fairly loaded dot points, right? Like the duty holders knowledge about the risks. Well, it's no longer enough to say you didn't know. Like, for example, this guide to the environment reference standard really provides enough guidance to link you to practically all the various guidance documents associated with the Act. To say that you weren't aware of that document is not going to be in a defendable position. So there's a lot more onus coming on us as side operators and the like to make sure that we are actually meeting this general environmental duty. And there's some really significant fines and things associated with not meeting that. So it has real teeth. All right. So on to the environmental reference standard. As I mentioned earlier, this is really replacing those state environmental protection policies we're all probably familiar with. The Act states under section 93 that the ERS is to be used to assess and report on environmental conditions in the whole or any part of Victoria. Okay. So what that means is that this is a really important guidance document on how to assess and report on environmental conditions. But compliance with the criteria within the ERS does not necessarily mean you're meeting your general environmental duty. It's really important that's repeated many times in this guidance document. Why is that so important? Because the intent of the Act is to move away from a compliance structure to one of continuous improvement. Sorry before we move on. So this triangle on the right just sort of provides you with a bit of an idea of the environment protection framework. So you can see that the ERS level there is really immediately below the Act. So it's the subordinate legislation there. There are other subordinate legislation as well. So there's things like compliance codes, orders that the EPA can raise, for example, as well as strike regulations. But the ERS or this environmental reference standard is most applicable to the topic of today. Okay. So I've been through this guide to the environment reference standard in some detail for you. And in terms of the things that I now will follow up on, I do strongly stress that you read that guidance, but I've tried to pull out the nub of it for you today. So the ERS includes the following components. Environmental values, which is a statement about a desired outcome for human health and the environment. These used to be called beneficial uses in the old sense, right? Then we have indicators defined in relation to each environmental value. So once again, these used to be criteria is shaded to beneficial uses. They've now decided to call those in the bottom of it. The indicators are the parameters used to assess whether environmental values are being achieved or maintained or if they are threatened. Objectives are the assessment benchmarks. An objective is the concentration or amount of an indicator used to assess whether an environmental value is being achieved, maintained or threatened. We used to call these criteria and these used to be the sacred cow. If you could design a facility to meet those particular objectives, then we thought that was good design and that was well done. These days under this new regime, it's not quite the same. We need to be showing that we're, to the maximum extent, practicable, reducing emissions, full stop. Areas of application. The ERS defines the areas or the area or areas to which the environmental values or specific indicators and objectives apply. For example, the environmental values, indicators and objectives for ambient air apply to the whole of Victoria. All right. So we used to have a whole lot of separate state environmental protection policies, but they're sort of bundled together in this document. So the ERS is itself made up of many reference standards. These reference standards are in groups that cover four aspects of Victoria's environment. Ambient air, ambient sound, land and water, which includes both surplus water and groundwater. And many of the reference standards that you would have grown familiar with over the years are still really used in this documentation. Okay. So they've been effectively shaded home to this. And there's a good reason for that. They were based on solid science. So there's no reason for a lot of them to inch. Gotta refresh my memory on this one. Sorry. The most important thing out of this slide is the ERS does not override the GED. There is no fundamental connection between the GED and the attainment of specified objectives of environmental quality. So using objectives in this way would undermine the regulatory potential of the framework. So that's a direct quote out of this guide. So what does that mean? Let's stop and ponder that for a minute. Sorry. It means that if we meet those criteria that we've just looked at, it doesn't mean we're meeting the GED because there is no fundamental connection between the two. The EPA is looking at how we run our facilities in a different context. We're using the ERS to help guide us in the way we do things to sort of come up with what we think a reasonable performance measure may be. But at the end of the day, satisfying the EPA that we've met our general environmental duty is done by showing that we're continuously improving, that we are doing the best we can do to the extent practicable. So the ERS does not indicate levels up to which a person can lawfully pollute. That's what the criteria used to be. To meet the GED, a duty holder must minimize risks so far as reasonably practicable, including where that would provide a level of environmental quality greater than the threshold for achieving or maintaining environmental values of the ERS. So I think that I probably laboured that point enough. Please keep that in mind. I'll skip over that next bit. Actually, I will read that out. So ambient ear monitoring and management proposals should not be designed simply to make the quantified objectives in the ERS. So in the past, we used to design facilities to meet those criteria. You no longer do that. You design it to the maximum extent practicable to avoid pollution. In particular, a proposal should not be reverse engineered so that the measures it proposes to comply with the GED are selected on the basis that they are sufficient to meet the ERS. Then they go on to say it is unlikely that measures developed in this way will actually comply with the GED. So there you go. So a different driver now for how we design and minimise pollution of air. Well, it's actually of all parameters. So what's the process? Well, the process is still very similar to what we're all used to. Step one, you look at the environmental values. Identify your areas of application or segments established for each area, the environmental values that apply. Step two, you undertake your monitoring and assessment. You determine the indicators and objectives. You measure and monitor the indicators. You compare the measure measured indicators against the objectives considering the uncertainty of the measurement. Step three is your interpretation. So considerations are the environmental values achieved, maintained or threatened. What is the degree of risk to the environmental values? Is the risk addressed and how? As far as reasonably practicable. Now, that's a really important one. And what is the residual risk? You then undertake your reporting, make your management decisions about practice change and reassess. That's a pretty good process, right? So what they're saying is use the indicators to sort of track your performance, that make sure you're optimising your performance to the maximum extent practicable. In this ultimate guide to the environment reference standard, you'll find a couple of sections that I urge you to read. Chapter four on ambient air and then appendix A. So there they go into quite a bit of detail about the derivation of various criteria and that sort of thing. I need to be conscious of time. Okay, so this is really just to highlight how things have changed, right? What happened to the beneficial uses? The beneficial uses from the state environmental protection policy ambient air quality are now in the ERS as environmental values along with their relevant indicators and objectives. What happened to the NEPM? Well, prior to the commencement of this ERS process, Victoria's implementation of the National Environmental Protection Ambient Air Quality Measure was through the SEP. So like many other documents linked to that environment, the old Environment Protection Act, the NEPM is now effectively linked to the ERS. What happened to the SEP, Air Quality Management? The ERS replaces the SEP. All right, so a lot of change. So the ERS generally adopts the objectives in the NEPM with some modifications, including a lower PM10 annual standard of 20 micrograms per meter cube compared with the 25 micrograms per meter cube in the NEPM. The ERS also contains other environmental values, indicators and objectives that are not in the NEPM. So they do have a new category for example. These include environmental value of useful life and aesthetic appearance of buildings, structures, property and materials. So we all know that air pollution affects those things. They now actually make us consider that. So what are the six environmental values for ambient air? Life, health and well-being of humans. Life, health and well-being of other forms of life, including the protection of ecosystems and biodiversity, local amenity and aesthetic enjoyment, visibility, the useful life and aesthetic appearance of building structures, property and materials and climate systems. Now there are no criteria around the climate systems at the moment, but they recognize that we have signed up to international agreements around reducing emissions for example. I may leave you to read through these separately to myself because we're going to run out of time for Paul otherwise. Actually I can probably fit that one in. So in terms of indicators and objectives, the indicators and objectives for ambient air are provided in Table 2.2 and Clause 6 of the ERS. So that's where you go to find those. Then Table 4.1 in EPA Publication 192 provides an overview of their derivation and interpretation. So you may say, well what's that publication? Well that's this one, the guide to the environment reference standard. So if you read that standard and you read the ERS, you'll be in good hands. Most of the indicators are presented as concentrations expressed in parts per million for gaseous pollutants or in micrograms per cubic meter for particulates. Note, many of the ERS ambient air objectives do not represent a level below which air pollution concentrations present an acceptable risk to human health. That's a direct quote. So what that means is to meet your GED, you may well have to go lower than those criteria set in here. That's just a little bit of an extract from that Table 4.1 that I mentioned. It shows how they've laid out the indicators on the left and how they derive the derivation of the objective of those. So they actually give the reference document that that's sheeded home to, which is pretty useful and they provide some interpretation. So there's a really comprehensive table in this guide to the environment reference standard worth a look. Important to note that the indicators and objectives only represent a limited set of pollutants, okay? But that doesn't mean that we don't need to monitor them. It just means they don't have criteria for them. So in some applications, you will need to develop your own criteria on your own indicators and monitor for those. And that really is on a side-by-side basis, depending on what you're doing. Okay. So finally, how can the industry apply the ERS? You can refer to these Zambian Air Environmental Values indicators and objectives, and you saw a sort of process for how we can go through and assess and monitor. And that can help inform your as a record or a report, if you like, of how you're going with respect to your general environmental duty. But it's not to say whether or not you comply against that general environmental duty. It's a bit like a scoreboard, but it's not a true measure of your effort. So the GED is the one that the EPA is more interested these days. If you need to be able to prove that you are doing these things, and that's why we have the ERS, it provides indicators to help prove that we are performing well. I'll skip on that last dot point. Okay. So a few things have gone. We used to rely on a guide to the sampling and analysis of air emissions and air quality. That one has now been superseded. If you click on the links in this brief here, you'll be able to find the new documents. There's another one coming. Okay. It's got a pretty awkward abbreviation, but it's the guideline for assessing and minimizing air pollution in Victoria. This is publication 1961. So this is pretty important in the context of us doing air quality monitoring. So this guideline provides a framework for assessing risks to the environment and human health from air emissions, provides new air quality assessment criteria, which replace the design criteria in the state environmental protection policy for air quality management. It provides guidance on modelling, monitoring, and risk assessment methods, and guidance on how to minimize air emissions and manage any remaining risks. So what's the status on this document? Well, it's finished with its consultation, and it's due to be released before the end of this year. So well on the way. Another guidance document relevant to today is EPA Publication 1883. Now, this is very much in draft, but it has been released to the Kazantz Committee and their membership. And if you want to have a look at what that draft looks like, we've put a link in here for you to have a look. But you can see it's going to address levels one, two, and three of ODA assessment and how to assess the risk of ODA. Now, I'm about to hand over to Paul, but just in summary around the regs, traditional regulation involved setting a limit and assessing compliance with that limit. We're now moving towards a regime of adaptive management where we need to do the most that's practicable to do. And it's quite a shift to do that. Without further ado, I will hand over to Paul. Thank you, Richard. And hello, everyone there. As Richard pointed out, my name is Paul Boehner. Just a quick point of clarification. Richard indicated that I was the president of Kazantz. I should just clarify I was a branch president of Kazantz. So I just want to clarify that before we proceed. So following on from Richard, who's basically done the really hard work in terms of digging into the regulations, my job's relatively easy by comparison. I'm just addressing how I think the regulations can be interpreted from a monitoring perspective. So as Richard suggested, traditional regulation or the old regs basically involved setting a limit and then simply assessing compliance with that limit. Next slide. Yep, next slide. Sorry about that. That's all good, Richard. So basically previously, it was relatively prescriptive and was often quite standards driven. I'm talking about the monitoring here. So in many cases, the monitoring for equality required compliance with a particular standard often required particular types of equipment. And generally, that equipment was quite specialized both in and relatively expensive to run. So here in Victoria, site operators frequently manage that equipment that elsewhere in both Australia and internationally, the equipment either may be managed by regulators on the boundary on the behalf or sometimes a combination of the two. Next slide. So why have the regulators decided to move away from this? So this is part of an international trend largely. And it reflects the fact that the setting a compliance limit is often retrospectively looking at whether that limit was complied with or not. It doesn't really bring into consideration the fact that in many cases, the site operators have some ability to manage those emissions and improve on them over time. So the previous regulations are really focused on reducing an emission or complying with a particular limit, but going no further. Now, the regulators really recognize, for example, if we look at particulate, the limits for particulate as Richard indicated earlier, don't necessarily indicate the safe level for human health. In fact, so far we haven't found a safe level for human health for particulate. Now, what it basically does is it brings the level down to a risk that's deemed to be acceptable. However, over time, the regulators would like those levels to drop further recognizing that at present there has not been a safe level detected. The other issue is with that compliance is that it generally leads to quite high costs. And that reflects the fact that the equipment and the servicing involved is relatively expensive. Next slide. So where to from here, as Richard indicated, we're sort of on a bit of a journey towards a continual improvement or what's also internationally referred to as an adaptive management technique. So what does this involve? Well, basically, essentially, it involves the compliance monitoring, which is Richard indicated the RS. But it's also indicating it's imposing an emphasis on site operators or site managers to demonstrate they're taking proactive approaches so that they're not just complying with the limit, they need to demonstrate that they're going further than that. Where there is a breach or a problem, they're taking action prior to that where possible. They're also taking continual improvement. What effectively that means is learning from past mistakes and putting in place actions to prevent things from occurring in the future. So for example, if you have a continual problem with a particular piece of picket or plant, and every three and a half weeks it causes a problem, there would be an expectation that over time you would look into the frequency of those issues and look at what can be done to reduce them. Now, one interesting thing that has occurred internationally as a result of this is often requires collaboration with neighbouring operators. I'm not going to go into too much detail here, but those of you who manage sites, and I understand it's probably the majority of people listening to this webinar, you'll be well aware that you don't exist in the bubble, that there are things occurring around your site. And frequently it's the cumulative effects of those that can give rise to complaints. Next slide. So yeah, so basically what I'm going to touch on now is I don't want to spend too long on this, but effectively what I'm going to do is look at a couple of examples of how I see this changing. Now before I go on, I should just point out two things. Firstly, these regulations are new, the Act is new, and the interpretation is likely to change over the course of the next few years as people become more familiar with the concepts of terms and case laws developed. So just bear in mind that what I'm outlining here in my talk is basically based on what I've seen occurring internationally in relation to similar legislation that's been introduced in other parts of the world. But you know, over time it may change slightly or somewhat just depending on particular circumstances. So I'm going to touch on a couple of things. One is a tunneling and construction type project, and in many cases that'll involve emissions in particular. And then I'm also going to touch on wastewater lagoons and particularly the gas and odor monitoring side of things. Thank you, Richard. So just a quick refresh, and I apologize for the people that know this. Basically particulate matter or PM is a collective term. It basically covers both solid and liquid particles suspended in the air. And this can range from big particles, thanks Richard. Hopefully not that big, to very small particles, thanks Richard. And those are the ones that typically the regulators are most interested in. So in in terms of the regulations, they'll often talk about PM 10, PM 2.5, or TSP. And the dust nuisance effects are often the larger particles, those are 20 microns and above them basically collectively referred to as TSP or total suspended particulate. The health effects that the regulators are also concerned with are often PM 10 and below, increasingly becoming PM 2.5, and internationally there is now a trend towards the monitoring of PM 1. Thank you, Richard. So what can happen? Well, this is an example of a solar panel deployed in the field. There's been an activity adjacent to it that's covered the solar panels with dust. In this case, it was a regulated solar panels, and obviously they got somewhat disappointed when they lost power. So this is obviously a clear example of a dust nuisance event. Thanks, Richard. So in terms of ambient monitoring associated with tunneling and construction, typically there are the two sort of primary stages involved with tunneling and construction. The first one is the construction stage, and that's often focused on dust nuisance and particles associated with the entry and exit points, often maybe associated with vehicle movements, the transport of materials to and from the tunneling and boring machines. And then once the tunnel is completed, there's often an operational phase that's often associated with exhaust emissions and sometimes associated with modeling and verification. So we'll touch on those a little bit now. Thanks, Richard. So if we look at the construction phase, traditionally there will be a relatively small number of fixed monitoring stations often placed around tunneling exits, and relatively expensive instruments. So the cost between $40,000 and $70,000 to install, and then you've got operating and service costs, which are anywhere between $20,000 and $30,000 a year. Most of these units require mains power, and they're often in very fixed locations. Thanks, Richard. So this is a brief rundown, and those of you who do this type of monitoring will probably be familiar with this type of instrument. The photograph on the left shows a typical station, basically with a fence around it. And then there's three types of instruments that are commonly used. The one on with the black inlet is a Teom tapered element oscillating microbalance. The one in the middle is a BAM, and the one on the right is basically an optical nephelometer, but it's polychromatic. Thanks, Richard. So how does the new act change this? Well, basically what we'll see is that, I mean, I suspect what we're going to see is that there's still be a requirement for those instruments that are currently in place. But what we'll probably see over time is increasing numbers of smaller instruments. They're usually optical instruments, and they transmit data in real time. Now, these instruments range in price from $50. You can buy them on eBay through to $50,000 for the more expensive units. Typically, the units for this type of application are going to be in a price range of between $6,000 and $10,000. And I'll cover off a little bit more about these in a moment. Thanks, Richard. So this is a photograph of a typical type of instrument. This particular one has a meteorological instrument attached to the top. And what we're starting to see is that these are not reference analyzers. These do not meet the standards that were set previously. But what they can do is provide quite a bit of an additional information, and the smaller the light of the portable. Thanks, Richard. So what we tend to see is during the next phase of the tunnel operation, once the commissioning is underway, there's often distributed networks increasingly being used to validate models. And these low-cost particle monitors generally have really good agreement with those big expensive analyzers at very small particle sizes of between PM2.5 and below. They tend to be very useful, whether it's a high level of public interest or concern, because they can be cited adjacent to complainants' properties on lamp posts or in the vicinity of parks where people congregate. So they're often more mobile and portable. As concerns or public perception changes, these things can be relocated to different locations, particularly with roadway construction. Often the tension points will move as the road construction completes. In terms of the commissioning and operation of tunnels, they're often deployed or co-deployed with integrated gas monitoring options, such as NOx monitoring, typically interested in NONNO2 and carbon monoxide. Thanks, Richard. That's just one example of basically some monitoring in this particular location. It was in the vicinity of a tunnel exit. Thanks, Richard. So what are the advantages and disadvantages of these low-cost particle monitors? Well, just keep going, Richard, until you cover off all those advantages. I'm just going to go over these fairly quickly. Many of you will be aware of this anyway. So they're fairly cost effective. They're simple to operate, easy to deploy. They can often be run on solar. They don't require mains power. The high resolution, now, that has some big implications for taking action. Okay, so some of those reference analyzers, they'll produce 10-minute or 30-minute averages. These devices will produce one-minute averages with, you know, 60 or more readings in that one minute. So what that means is that if there is a high value that's leading to an event, the site managers can take action before there is a breach of consent. And that really comes back to some of those general environmental duties that I think are outlined in the act that Richard covered. The devices will transmit data in real time. They're obviously set up to send text and emails. And as I mentioned earlier, they're very good agreement with reference analyzers that those smaller particle sizes, they can be coupled with met monitoring relatively easily. And the advantages, they can often be rented for a short time as well. So there's no cost in terms of having to purchase these things, if you're just doing a small validation study. So the disadvantage of these things, obviously, they're less accurate for large particle monitoring. I can go into that in detail, but I suspect most of the people here will know the reasons why that is. They're also less accurate where there's multiple sources of particular. One of the reasons for that is these devices basically count particles and then apply a correction factor. That correction factor assumes that all particles have the same density. And what that means is that if you've got particles of different density coming in, perhaps construction activity, diesel smoke, but a sea salt, something else occurring on another day, then the accuracy of the instruments tends to become more unreliable. The other disadvantage is that there's a large number of monitors on the market, okay? I think at last count, I counted over 140 of them, there's probably more now. And it can be quite confusing to select the correct advice. Some of them are simply random number generators. And some of the key features that are essential to make good measurements are outlined there. Thanks, Richard. So just in summary, in terms of these low-cost particle options, they're great as an early warning tool, often as part of a distributed network. And some of those accuracy issues that I mentioned in the previous slide can be addressed in part by co-locating them with a reference analyzer. So some of those more expensive analyzers that we talked about earlier, you can co-locate these smaller cheaper devices alongside those to develop a correction factor and then distribute them and move them around as things change. And they're also very useful for post-construction validation studies. So the slide on the right there just shows an example of a number of these devices just being mounted alongside a reference analyzer just to develop that correction factor I mentioned earlier. Thanks, Richard. So now we're just going to touch on gas monitoring of lagoons. So traditional monitoring stations, those of you who operate those type of wastewater treatment plants will be well aware of the types of gas monitoring. I'm not going to go into detail, but typically hydrogen sulfide, ammonia or VSE monitoring. Thanks, Richard. And here's a few examples. The one on the left is basically a reference analyzer. It's associated with, in this case, a fairly small landfill pond desludging. It causes a number of odor complaints. So there was some monitoring implications there. And then on the right-hand side, just some odor monitoring. This particular one is a static sample, but the sample in question can be used to collect samples periodically. Thanks, Richard. So how does this progress in terms of the new act? We're seeing internationally trend for multiple methane monitors. Sometimes these are co-located with organosulfoenosis, although I'll put a bit of a caution on those devices shortly. And they're often used as part of a distributed network around a boundary of a property. They can provide some useful insight into ambient concentrations, but they really need to be used in conjunction with metrological monitoring. Obviously, the way the wind speed and wind direction is absolutely critical for ambient monitoring. So just as I mentioned earlier, some of those E-nose devices are available and they do work. But my experience with them today is they do suffer from a number of different effects, including humidity. They do tend to drift a bit. And there are a number of positive interferences. The most common ones that people have encountered are alcohols, but there are a number of others as well. So I guess while they're a work in progress, I would just caution people to just be a little bit careful with those E-nose devices. Long-term outdoor deployments have generally had limited success to date. I am aware of a few cases where they have worked well, but they tend to be the exception rather than the rule. Thanks, Richard. And that's just an example of an E-nose device that's been developed by NASA for monitoring various things on spacecraft. But that gives you an idea of the type of devices that are being used. Thanks, Richard. So in terms of landfills, obviously traditionally, people do basically surveys, landfill surveys, often with either people walking or using PID units. There's a photo ionisation detector. The ones we tend to use are basically differential optical methods. That's just basically a folded beam. Thanks, Richard. So on the left, you can just see on the front of the golf cart, there's basically one of those folded beam devices. It's got basically about a 15-metre path length. Just bounces the beam inside and back, just measures methane. And it produces a spatial map. So the image on the right is typically what you see. Those people that operate these types of things will be very familiar with these types of maps. They're basically highlight areas where there are methane gases arising. And very commonly, there's quite strong relationship between odorous gases. Your organic soft compounds typically are sometimes amines associated with those methane deposits. Thanks, Richard. So what you tend to do then is, once you've got spatial surveys, the next thing you can look at is flux measurements, or potentially Yeti covariance. So that's getting a little bit sophisticated for most of our applications. Basically involves putting a monitor over some of those hot spots that we've identified before, and just measuring how they're changing over time. For both landfill, in particular, there is obviously a change in time as the landfill ages, and there's necessary to resurvey. But typically, they're used commonly. Well, not commonly. Occasionally, we're seeing optical flux towels used for this, but they're quite expensive and very specialized equipment. Some of you will be aware of the flu technology, forward-looking infrared. It's reduced in price, but still quite expensive. And it tends to be more useful for spot readings and indicators, although I am aware increasingly it has been used as permanent mounts to overlook a particular site. So what we're starting to see now is for this general environmental directors to try and look at open path monitoring alongside low-cost detectors around the boundary of the site. So this typically represents what we call BPR, best practical option, best practical means, depending on which part of the world you're in. Thanks, Richard. And that's just an image from a flu camera. This particular one is taken showing some emissions from the tundra in Siberia, just showing the basically methane escapes from particular parts of the tundra. Thank you. All right. So I'm probably going to pass back to Richard now. And thank you again for your time. Well, thanks very much, Paul. We've got quite a few questions to get through. So I'll sum up quickly. The key learnings, I think, to take home from this is there's a lot of new regulation. I've done my best to get my head around that for you today. Compliance with the ERS criteria is not necessarily enough to meet the general environmental duty. So we're moving towards more about what's the maximum we can do to prevent emitting. Absence of the criteria in the ERS does not mean a parameter, does not need to be monitored. New guidance on how to monitor ambient air pollution has been finalised and will be released before the end of 2021. New odor guidance is on its way. And adaptive management and continuous monitoring of performance appears to be the trend for the future. And I would say that what Paul's shown us today, that the trend will be towards probably multi-sensor low-cost networks or low-cost multi-sensor networks, moving away from such a dependence on reference stations. So over to Q&A. We've got a lot to get through. No one's followed my instruction of not typing in the chat, but that's okay. We'll start with the Q&A, though. David Detrick. It's interesting to see odor in the ERS and objectives as free of offensive odors monitored by complaints or odor units. Good question. I think we might wait for that new odor guidance document to come out at the moment, the way that we're assessing odor as not that guidance hasn't changed yet, but there's a change on the way. Simon Tremlett. The new guidelines more aligned with the US EPA or the more restrictive EU standards. I'm not sure, Simon, to be honest, but perhaps Paul, do you have a context of the EU standards and the US EPA standards? Yeah, they both basically provide a bit of a backstop. So you'll be aware that there is clear compliance limits, but increasingly what we're seeing now are things like good practice guides or best practice BPO and BPM coming on top of that, and that's where the general environmental directives or the continual improvement is kind of an additional layer that is superimposed on top of those standards. I don't think the new guidelines are necessarily aligned with either the US EPA or the EU. It's just more of an international trend towards just continually improvement rather than polluting up to a standard. Okay. Are there any vibration standards in the ERS? That's a good question. David, you've got a lot of questions here. I might email you separately in response to these given a short amount of time I've got to answer those other chat questions. So I'll shoot you an email in response to those questions, including the one about noise. Back on Simon Tremlett, how does the cost of maintaining distributed systems compare when QAL2 and QAL3 requirements are to be met? Do you have an answer to that question, Paul? No, I don't actually, Simon. That is a good question. Typically, the more detailed the distribution system, the more cost is involved. I think that's probably a case-by-case basis. I've seen other jurisdictions where the cost is effectively goes up almost by an order of magnitude each time. I don't think that is the case in this context. And I think it really comes down to a case-by-case scenario. So I probably can't provide any more detail than that. I'm afraid, Simon. So just before we move off that one, Paul, obviously the capital expenditure for these sort of low-cost sensor networks would initially be cheaper, like comparing with the reference station. Are you saying that over the long period you think because there's just more sensors out there it's going to cost more to maintain? No, not necessarily. I think what typically happens with these types of things is the regulators like to retain the existing monitoring array that's already in place. So that's those reference stations. What they like to do is supplement it with lower cost monitoring. In time, what you can do is use that lower cost monitoring to demonstrate that some of those reference stations are superfluous and no longer needed simply because another reference station is capable of covering that information. So in the medium to long term the costs tend to come down. The cost of those lower monitoring devices I've given people an indication of the likely cost associated with that. But it tends to be a compliance plus rather than an alternative. Right. Okay, so we would need to shift away from the EPA's current sort of I guess certified systems to measure in compliance to a greater acceptance of these more indicator. Yeah, the EPA has accepted. I mean they do use these devices themselves for various studies. So there is a general acceptance. They have a place. I think some of the criticisms and some of those disadvantages we touched on are well, you know, the EPA's well aware of those. And they'll be just looking at saying, hey, look, if we're going to use these instruments, they're great for certain tasks. And one of those tasks, it seems to me is very clearly fits quite nicely into that GED, no general environmental directive of basically continuing improving things and demonstrating that improvement particularly where it may not be obvious from a traditional reference station. Okay, now we're going to move to the chat section. Has quite a few in it. Nice photo of Altona coastline from David. So we've got some two and fro communication. Sorry, I have seen that one. Thumbs up from someone. Thank you. Could you please tell us what are the most common problems, main contaminants about urban things? Well, not today. Just happy, but more than happy to discuss with you. In terms of the main contaminants around air quality, though, Paul, what would you say the big ones are? Traditionally, in urban areas, they tend to be previously they were particulate, but we've seen internationally particulate levels have dropped. We're seeing increasing levels of nitrogen dioxide and in around urban centers in that that is just reflective of the change in vehicle emission technology over time. So it's becoming more problematic for a couple of areas. As temperatures increase in various parts of the world, we're also seeing ozone increasingly becoming a bit of a challenge. And there are some great low cost ozone monitoring devices entering the market these days. So in terms of urban pollutants, I would say CO is carbon monoxide is generally no longer an issue. Perhaps in some third world countries, it may be, but largely it's been dealt with. CO2 is and the World Health Organization guidelines are likely to show reductions in international standards there. So those guidelines are going to become more restrictive over time. We'll probably see smaller time horizons for particulate. And we're seeing with increasing vehicles, sorry, increasing EVs on the market, electric vehicles, we're seeing those non tailpipe emissions, things like brake entire wear starting to become a little bit more problematic. So I suspect the focus will become on those things over time. Thanks, Richard. I wondered, I did want to ask you about is I know that Moat was involved with, I think it was a university over there in Auckland setting up a a broad monitoring network for wood smoke. Were you involved in that project? Yeah, we are. We do quite a bit of wood smoke monitoring in various centres here in New Zealand. We don't always have the sunny warm climates that the Australian northern parts of Australia tend to enjoy, although I am aware that you guys have a bit of a wood smoke problem in Melbourne, certain parts of Melbourne, certainly down in Tasmania as well. So we've done a bit of work there and it's been quite interesting. The granularity you can get from those small monitors really shows that where the reference analysers may not necessarily be capturing where those peak emissions are. And also the modelling that has been done on some of those communities wasn't really capturing what was happening at all. So when we actually went and did the monitoring, we found quite a different picture than what was actually predicted, which has caused the modellers to re-evaluate their models and improve them as a consequence. So it's kind of been a bit of a win-win for everyone. One thing that interested me in that project was, I was talking with Brett Wells about this, was the ability to detect when you needed to go out and check the function of a sensor based on the predicted concentration that should have been reported at a sensor versus what was actually seen. So a sort of reactive maintenance program based on using modelling as the benchmarking which I found pretty interesting. Yeah, that's basically becoming increasingly common where we have these low-cost distributed networks who effectively run algorithms across them and they're not necessarily sophisticated, but what they do is they look at the variation in concentrations between instruments and also within an instrument. And where there is a change you can often identify or associate it either with an instrument or an instrumental issue, an environmental issue or in some cases a change in emissions. So the data itself can be really useful for basically drilling down and saying, oh yeah, the situation's changed, the pattern's changed, and then looking into what that may be. So in some cases, often with these sensors they do align very strongly with reference analysers and it's great that that occurs, but the value really comes in in figuring out what's going on in behind the scenes. One thing's for sure, like we used to think we didn't need to have smoke monitoring, but after the bushfire, what we had, it's becoming more important. Do you have a new monitoring of smoke in vineyards and vineyard areas? I know that there's a huge amount of damage and loss of crop because of our smoke tainted grapes up in our, up around Wendor-Ratter and areas like that. Have you been involved with that at all? Yeah, we have a bit. We found that, I think a couple of years back when you guys had those last substantial wood fires, you're kind enough to send a lot of that smoke our way. And around three or four days later, we got hit by it. So yeah, we had quite a bit of, it was around November, December from memory. So a number of our crops were, it's fairly early in our season, but a number of our crops were adversely affected and we did get involved in monitoring. Around that time, the grapes a little bit early for the grapes, but we did have quite a few of our stone fruit, our cherries, and there was a big concern around tainting mainly for our export crops. So we got involved in that and we're able to provide some useful assistance to some of those orchidists. Because it's really important if they can be warned early, they can cut crops because they know they're going to rot off their crop, you know. So it's, it's, it's a value. So I might catch up with you after about this. I've just noticed that there's three new Q&As. So I better have a quick look at that. Simon Fremlett, they currently use disables 12.5 Hertz to 20 kilohertz, even for vibration slash LFE complaint monitoring. I might catch up with you afterwards, Simon, to get a bit more detail on that. I can circulate that out to the group. Another one from Peter Richardson. Do you know when new garden stocks on source air pollution monitoring for regulatory purposes will be published? A very good question. So I'm only going, what I was told sort of yesterday by EPA is that they're obviously splitting what was one document into two. And now there's the, you've got the one we've just gone through. And then you've got a separate one for the point source. So I'm not sure if they're progressing at the same speed or not, but I will check and come back to you. I'll have to speak to the EPA and check in on that, but they will be able to tell me. One point source. One thing's for sure. There's a lot of new guidance and it takes a bit to get through it all. Okay. Well, we're about five minutes over our time frame. I think we've been through all the questions. Look, thanks very much for your attendance today. We had a really great turnout and Paul, it's a credit to you that we had so many here today. So thank you very much. And it's really a pleasure to have a true specialist on a webinar series talking about air quality monitoring. If you'd like to get in touch with Paul and myself, just shoot me an email and I will connect you up. But thank you very much for attending today. Really appreciate your attendance and your questions. Thanks very much and thanks Paul. Thank you, Richard. All the best, everyone. Bye.


Today, at the International Court of Justice in the Hague, Nicaragua brought Germany to trial for its complicity by sending weapons to Israel in the midst of this genocide. We at Code Pink and groups around the country went to the embassy in Washington, D.C., and the consulates in New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles to show our support for Nicaragua in this case. Why didn't they bring the U.S. to trial? Well, the U.S. is such a rogue state, it doesn't even recognize the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. Hopefully, one day, the U.S. will be sent to trial as well. We were inside talking to the German representation. They made a point of telling us that any incursion in Tehran would be considered a line crossed. They failed to recognize that on Super Bowl Sunday, while hundreds of thousands of people here in the United States were busy watching a football game get passed back and forth across a hundred-yard line, there was indeed an incursion incident dropped by, where 50 bombs were dropped in the span of a half an hour. One and a half million people, that number ever growing, displaced, living in tents, living in the most unimaginable circumstances, continue to be assaulted, not just by air, but by land, and now the sea is also being turned against them. So when? When is that line too far? Because for the Germans, apparently, it has not happened yet. It fed a lot of formality, a lot of sense of there needs to be investigations, investigations take a lot of time, that there's no way to prove yet that there are war crimes occurring. Shame! Shame! We were fed what a lot of us have been hearing for months, which is that this is a process that requires the understanding of both sides, that there needs to be due process, and while there was a sense of grief in that room, there was no sense of urgency, the sense of urgency that we know is demanded, the sense of urgency that recognizes the humanity of the Palestinian people and the humanity of all of us, where we have been here for six months begging for them to just stop war crimes, to stop targeting civilians, to stop using 2,000 pound bombs in one of the most densely populated cities on this planet, where most of the people we have watched slaughter to date are children and women, and that is not to disregard the innocent young men, the men, the grandparents who have all been killed and now a population of people starving to death. It has gone far enough. This rogue state is targeting consulates, it is destroying the healthcare system, it has crossed every line, if there were ever a line to cross. It also leads me to believe that they are in control of the support of what's going on, let alone that they are, you know, they're not just really defending Israel on this international criminal stage, but they're also backing them because we know that 70 percent or so of the weapons that Israel gets are from the U.S. here, and I know they're almost 30 percent are received from Germany.


It seems like it's been forever since we last saw the Ravens play, and I mean it has been, especially after watching all these other games, watching all these other teams, it's like, man, we've missed our boys, seen our boys on the field, but now we have that opportunity to see them on Sunday when they take on the Vikings. But let's talk about what they need to do, what they better do, and what they need to fix in order for them to come out with a win on Sunday. So, YouTube team, keep it clean. What's going on? It's Aangraven here with another video, and in this video, we're here to talk about the game we got coming up. Five and two Ravens taking on the three and four Vikings. Purple on purple, we're going to see who wore it best. But in this game, we got two teams sort of headed in two different directions, kind of, because the Vikings, they are coming off a loss last week to the Cowboys, the Dakleys Cowboys, but hey, they still got a pretty good squad all around. And the Vikings, they just couldn't do quite enough. The pressure was getting occurred cousins. He missed a couple of opportunities with Justin Jefferson, and they just could never really get it going. Now, the Ravens, they're coming off a bye week, but the week before, they got pummeled. They got beat down. They got the black beat off for the Raven bird. So it was rough. It was disgusting. But they needed that bye week came in a really good time because that beat down came at a bad time. But they here now, they five and two, and they in first place in the AFC North, and they wanted to top teams in the AFC by their record. So these are two teams who are some pretty different spots, but it's still pretty early in the season. Now, when I watched the Vikings play last week, and when I think about the Ravens, how they played all season long, somebody that scares me is Dalvin Cook. He is somebody that when he's healthy, and he has been, he's on man, he is money. And he like he has such a quick burst. And that's the scary thing about it. And he brings strength with that burst to he brings power with that burst to. So these Ravens, the problem for them all season long has been tackling about 97 98% of the season, they've had a problem with tackling. They keep going for these big intimidating hits. They keep going for these big shots on the ball carrier, but instead of just bringing them down. And I know a lot of times when your team ends up being down in certain situations, or the defense is just, they getting drug, man, they getting dragged up and down the field.  So instead of just wrapping up and tackling somebody, no, that's not enough. You want to try to knock the ball out.  But it ended up like bouncing out of bounds.  Anyway, so it ain't been working this year, bottom line for none of the Ravens. It ain't been working. But they just keep going for these big plays on defense. And it's made them just give up a lot. Like, again, the Jamal Chase two weeks ago, now we wish we would have got the Jamal Chase that played the Jets instead of the one to play the Ravens, like the one to play the Ravens, he should have played the Jets and he should have flip flop. But anyway, that 82 yard touchdown, 82 yards, 84 yards, how long it was. That was like a eight yard game. But because they didn't wrap up, because it didn't tackle, made a small play a huge one. Givante Williams, I feel like I'm saying his name incorrect. The rookie running back from the Broncos where he literally dragged Marlon Humphrey like 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 yards down the field. Well, that that wasn't even about wrapping up because Marlon wrapped up. He wrapped up on that play, but the running back just took him with him. So that's, that's, that's what it needs to start. It needs to start with the wrapping up. That's what it needs to start. But you got to take the player down too. But anyway, man, these Ravens, they have a very tough task, not just Dalvin Cook also with the two wide receivers. Because a lot of times when I think Vikings and I think wide receivers, I think Justin Jefferson. And I don't need to see him doing no gritty on nobody. I don't want to see it. I got to feel them that we're going to see it. But as long as we don't see it too often, that's what matters most. I don't think he's going to get at least one touchdown. I think he's only going to get one touchdown. I don't think they're going to hold him out of the end zone. But I think overall, besides the touchdown that they're going to do a job on Justin Jefferson, but I know he's going to get his, I know he's going to get his. I don't think he goes for over a hundred. I think he goes for about 60, 70 yards in a touchdown. But it's important that these corners that they have a day, because not only is Justin Jefferson going to be out there, but so is somebody who the Ravens were looking at last year. They actually wanted him to. They said, what, you're unique and God quake. That ain't enough. Give us Adam feeling too. We're going to take a look around at him too. But it obviously didn't go through. But you got to deal with him as well. So Marlon Humphrey, Anthony Averett, Jimmy Smith, whenever you out there, if they decide to move one of their guys to the slot, Tay Tay, secondary just got to be with it. Now, in this game, I would love.  I've been saying that I feel like the Ravens should just simplify the defense. And what I mean when I say that is just have guys have less responsibilities. Have like a doff a way. Have him matter, matter, be gay, Kalea's Campbell. Have those guys be your up, Justin Houston. Have those guys rush to quarterback. Well, obviously on passing downs, but have them rush to quarterback. And then just have you can have everybody drop back every time. But I thought I'd say keep it simple for a little bit. Of course, mix it, mix it up a little bit too now. But you ain't like let's let's, to me, again, my opinion, I know some people disagree with it, but I say slow down on the all the exotic stuff. Having guys come from here, there, everywhere. I say just simplify it a bit.  Now fundamentals are a big part of it. Because again, you you make tackles. A lot of these games go a lot differently. If Ravens just wrap up and tackle, but they haven't been. So I know a lot of people whenever we talk about Wink, whenever we mentioned, oh, he should simplify the defense. Some people, oh, well, look, look what he did last year. Look what he did the year before. Wink has been really, really good. If even great with the Ravens. And I understand that and I appreciate that. And I love it. But that was last year. That was the year before last in football, in my opinion, it's about making adjustments just because something worked last year, just because something worked two years ago, just because something worked three years. It does not mean it's going to work this year.  So that's why I say let's slow it down a bit. Let's get everybody's minds cleared and whatnot. Let's have them safeties. Let's have those safeties be our safety nets on defense to where they are actually the last line of defense. And they ain't always blitzing because you might as well put your clock into John Elliott, a linebacker, man, because they be around a lot of screaming so much. But no, seriously, though, just drop them back. Get these cornerbacks help, man. Give them help. Don't put them on the island. But you ain't got to do it so much. You can do it every now and then. But you ain't got to do it so much. But again, just my opinion. And I know there's people that disagree and that's fine. Ain't gonna bother with that. But it's just from my observation, from my eye test, from what I've seen this year, we got to slow it down a little bit. Let's dial it back. But we'll see how these things go. On special teams, Justin Tucker, same stuff, man. I mean, y'all know how it goes. We didn't really got to talk about special teams. I do. I would like to see Devon Duvenay just continue, get some more opportunities for kick returns. Well, actually, I only want him, what I would love to see, I mean, I don't envision it because it's pretty tough, especially the way the defense has been. But I would love to see where Devon Duvenay only gets one opportunity for a kickoff return. And that would be after halftime with Ravens receiving the ball. Reason I say that because that would mean that the Vikings did not score at all. Because in order for Devon Duvenay to get kick returns, Vikings got to score. That's the only way he can get kick returns. So hopefully he only has one. And that is, like I said, at the end of, I mean, at the beginning of the second half. But anyway, onto the offense. No slow starts. You cannot start slow. Don't start slow. You can't do it. You just, you're not allowed. There's been enough slow starts this season and that has had such a big impact on the way these games have been. Remember all them stressful games that they had at the beginning of the season? Slow starts. Remember the beat down that they took to the Bengals? Slow start. Who else did they lose to? All the Raiders. They had a like a wish you watch you started that one. But so many of these games, they've been starting slow. Don't slow. Don't start slow. Now, as far as the running game, the Tavius Murray probably going to be out. So it'll be Devontae Freeman, Levy on bail. So hopefully what they do, let's try to get somebody hot and Tyson Williams as well. Let's, again, my opinion, I'm not a coach, but I will say, let's stick with one running back. Let's really try to get that guy going. So he can pick it up and we can really see, okay, if he's getting into a rhythm, let's keep the same run. Hey, again, I'm not a coach, but let's keep the same running back out there for a couple of drives. See what he does. And if we're really running like that, if we really give him carries like that, let's just see if he can get into a rhythm, see if he can get into a little groove or whatnot.  Okay, Levy on bail, your turn. Okay, Tyson, your turn. Instead of just doing that. Remember, Ravens, you did that last year with JK and Gus and Mark. Didn't work. Y'all doing it this year and the running backs, the quality of the running backs has dropped a lot. It's not working. Let's try to get a hot hand. Let's try it. Try to get some, again, consistency. Try to get somebody consistency, consistent carries. And out in my suggestion would be for that to be either Devontae Freeman or Tyson Williams. Now we know the coaches have how they feel about Tyson. So probably gonna be Devontae. Well, if they even do it, but so they will have to be Devontae. So as far as with Nick Boyle, I've been hearing good stuff about him, but I will see if he gets activated. We'll know that later on today. Well, today when you see this I'm recording this on Friday, but you'll see it on Saturday. So we'll know today if Nick Boyle is activated or not. But even if he isn't, Mark Andrews, have yourself a day. It's okay. Have yourself a day. Because last time, it was National Titans Day. You get all this attention. Oh, yeah, I plan on going off to celebrate.   Mark Andrews, you can watch him take some notes. But Mark Andrews, let's have him have a bounce back day today. Well, tomorrow. As far as our wide receivers, just nothing but consistency now. Sammy Watkins plays Sammy Watkins is expected to play now Rashad Bateman, they said he's like a game time decision. He's questionable. Because he has some growing issue, a tiny minor setback problem, something a little scary. But if I just I hope he's okay. That's my biggest thing. I hope he's okay for the long run. Because I just with the growing is something that can linger is something that's a really big injury right there. And I just hope whatever the setback was, it was super minor. And hey, if it is something that's bothering him enough is it's something that way he's just uncomfortable, something where he would be hurting the team more than helping the team if he was on the field. Hold them out. Hold them out. I would have zero problem with that. I mean, of course, want to see Rashad Bateman play because he makes our team that much better. But if he's hurting more than helping, let them sit out, let that heal, especially if we're going to begin Sammy back. It's like, man, it's like NFL just don't want us to have nice things, man. It's like, we're right here. We can already get Sammy back. It's like, okay, let's go. Then all of a sudden randomly over Shaw Bateman, he ain't practice. Really? Come on now. But yeah, Hollywood, same, same stuff, man. I mean, we really ain't this game. This game is just a bounce back game for the Ravens in my opinion. It's got to be. It's got to be. They got to just get back in a groove, get back in the flow. And I think that they will. I really do think and with John Harbaugh, I forgot exactly what the record is him coming off a buy, but I know it's just amazing. So this team should be well prepared. They are the better team overall. I think Viking's still going to bring it, but I think Ravens, they end up, I think it's close for a little bit, but I think Ravens end up taking off. Yeah, I think they win this game convincingly. I really do. Now, if it ended up being a close game, trust me, I wouldn't be surprised. And I feel like if it is a close game, then I feel like I know what the issue is going to be, but hopefully that's not the issue. Hopefully they just, the tackling just improves a lot. A lot. Hopefully the slow starts improve a lot. A lot. Because I mean, I know y'all tired of him you say the same thing, but the Ravens keep doing the same thing. They keep doing the same thing, the slow starts and the bad tackling that has been two of their biggest issues this year. Two of their biggest issues. And this team like they, and they could be really good. It could even be great, but they just got to fix the small stuff. Now Lamar, hopefully his back is good. Hopefully his body is good. Hopefully he's well rested because you could tell when he would be hesitant to run. And even sometimes when he did run, he would not look like the same Lamar.  And anybody that's really been watching Lamar like that, you could see that he has been a tad bit slower, but even a tad bit slower for him, still really fast. But still Lamar hasn't been the same Lamar. And offensive, oh my goodness, offensive line. Man, I feel like that was the biggest issue last week for the offensive slow starts because really all game long, but especially in the beginning that the defensive line, Bingo's defensive line was all over Lamar from jump, from jump. I know some people like, oh man, it's a play calling.  Has some counter plays to not not running plays, counter plays, but has some place to counter their their pass rush. But the biggest thing was just execution, man, because they weren't blocking nobody. And Bingo's weren't even blessing like that. They had like four that they were sending and they were getting there. Michael Pierce is out, which is surprising because I remember a couple days ago, they were like, Oh yeah, Michael Pierce look like he's gonna face his former team. And he was practicing. But then all of a sudden he said, Oh, he's out. Okay. So anyway, man, I remember, I mean, it's easy to look back. But at the same time, I do remember there were a lot of people who were like, man, we should have kept Michael Pierce instead of Brandon Williams. And I mean, looking back at this one thing, I know some people said the same thing about Orlando Brown, Jr. and come from any Stanley. And I mean, it's easy to compare contrast, reminisce. But we used to have all those guys on the same team at the same time. It's crazy to think about sometimes the NFL is a crazy business, man. It's a crazy, crazy business. Daniel Hunter, he's out for the year. He's done. I think he missed, he missed either a large chunk of last year. Yeah, he missed a large chunk of last year too, I think with a neck injury. Now he's out for the rest of this year. I forgot what the injury was. So that's another big blow to the defensive line. So Ravens need to take advantage of that. They need to. This team needs to really take advantage. They need to really create mismatches, really create mismatches. And also need to make sure mismatches aren't created on them.  And it's another program. If you see something, say something, do that.  Offense, gotta adjust. Adjustments are so big. So Ravens, let's get this win. It's been a little while since Raven won a game. It's been like three weeks since they won a game. So this will be an excellent time to get back in that win column. Because it's been a while. Wow. Ravens fans, we're pretty spoiled in a good way. Because we're not spoiled right, but we are spoiled. And don't act like we're not. Because Ravens have had a lot of success over the years. Anyway, Team Keep It Clean. I appreciate y'all. Team Keep It Clean. I love y'all. And Ravens, let's make it happen, man. We out.


And any time I find lovies, I pick them up and they are gonna range from bread and butter to big money. Some of them can go for over $100 if you find the right ones, but people lose these or they get damaged and their kid wants it and they need a replacement. So they turn to eBay. This one actually sold for $55.15, which is fantastic and it's super, super cute. And she got this at a pop-up consignment shop for $3. Hey, Bolo Buddies, thanks for watching. I'm Ray Feller, $600 for a online little pony. Amazing, right? All right, let's get started. Hey, Bolo Buddies, thanks for watching. All right, in this video, I am bringing you 35 Bolo's items to be on the lookout for, items you can hopefully buy low and sell high. These items come from my Bolo Buddies members, members of my YouTube channel. That means they have joined memberships at level two or up to be a part of this video. If you would like to join, there is a link down below. All right, I'm gonna tell you where they got the item, what they paid for it and what it sold for and hopefully this is gonna help all of us learn what to be looking for when we are outsourcing. All right, let's start with the first item here. And this one comes from the Thrifty Nichols. Now, she does some thread-up boxes. She sells on eBay, but she also has a booth and she will teach you how she sells in a booth, which is super, super cool. I've always thought it would be super fun, but I imagine it is a lot of work. So if you have a booth, let me know in the comments, is it a lot of work?  All right, what did she find? She found this East Carolina University, ECUPD, The Pirate Handstitched Framed Art. And this is what this guy looks like. Would you have picked this up or would you have walked right past it? She got this at the Goodwill for $3 and she sold it for $45 plus shipping. The next item is this Harbor Second Brown Distress Tanned Genuine Leather Wallet Clutch Anchor Logo. And she said that this brand sells well for her. So not a brand I've ever heard of, so definitely good to know. Probably pretty easy to recognize if you see it with that little anchor there. And she got this at the Goodwill for $2.99 and sold it for a best offer of $30. The next item she sold is this dress. This is a Calvin Klein Women's Size 8 dress. It is a Fit and Flare midi. And she got this at the Goodwill Benz. This was a part of the hashtag Benz 10 challenge that we did. It was a scavenger hunt and I sent my members into the Goodwill Benz to search for 10 items. So if you want to see all of those videos, it was super fun. Put hashtag Benz 10 into the YouTube search and it will pull up all of the people that participated. And this dress cost her about $0.88 and she sold it for $32 plus shipping. The next item is this straw handmade Swedish goat. I just, I saw this in her store. She had already sent me her three and I'm like, will you give me the information on this thing?  I would have walked right past it and not even thought twice about it. So let me know if you guys would have picked it up. She got it at the Goodwill for $1 and she sold it for $65 plus shipping. All right, the next items come from Flippin' It Good and he is, he does a lot of retail arbitrage and he finds the most amazing stuff at like Ross and TJ Maxx and places like that. But he's also doing pallets, lost cargo pallets. Check him out for information about this, just crazy. Let's see what he sold here. He sold this Harley jacket. He got it at a yard sale for $5 and he flipped it for $95. It is a Harley Davidson men's size large black riding bomber motorcycle jacket. And you can see right here, it's got the big, I'm gonna guess, I think it's just a patch, maybe an embroidered patch, but I like how he did his photo because you can see the front and the back. So that's a nice little tip there. All right, the next item is this 1999 Resident Evil PlayStation 1 video game tested and complete. He got this at a yard sale for $3 and it sold in three days for a best offer of $60 plus shipping. This little Levi's Farm Women's jumpsuit. I do not recommend using, oh, what do you call it? Where you use their photo? I would post this, it does look better on the model but be very careful doing that. I know a lot of people do it on Poshmark but I know other people have said that they've had their listings pulled for that. I think certain brands are more strict about it than other brands, but I just would err on the side of caution and not use stock photos. That is the word, I would not do that. He got this at Ross for $9.99 and he sold this for $110 plus shipping. So got the cool little parrot on the side, really, really cool item. The next item comes from Gail's new end vintage and she does not have a YouTube channel. This is her eBay store. Lots and lots of items, big huge range of items, from toys to glassware, clothing, so check her out there. And she sells on, whoops, oh, I deleted it. Did you guys see it? Oh, I accidentally hit the X. Anyway, it was that belt buckle. You have to maybe rewind and pause real quick to see it. I am so sorry, but she got it in an estate sale for free and sold it for $49.99. The next item is this vintage Cambridge Wildflower clear relish set, etched six pieces 12 by 12. And this came from an estate sale. She also got this free and it sold for $110.49. Another item I would have walked right past and definitely would not look forward to shipping. All right, this horse is the trail of the painted ponies and it is a fancy little horse here. If you guys don't know about these, some of these can go for really big money. Troy Mountain Man Treasure over on his YouTube channel has been selling some of these for big bucks. Now they do range from bread and butter to big money. This one sold for a best offer of $35 and she ended up getting this for free as well. But if you see these, definitely, definitely look up that information on the bottom and some of them big bucks. Check out Troy Mountain Man Treasure. And again, this is Gail's new invented. She is linked down in the description of this video. Her eBay store is. And all of the YouTubers that participated in this video are also linked down below. So check them out for reseller content. Speaking of amazing reseller content, the Rebel reseller, her and her husband are fantastic. They sell tons and tons of plush, but they sell other things also, but she is like my plush go-to. Her and Zombie Bargain Hunter, they just, they're amazing and they just sell so much plush. But anyway, let's see what we've got here that she sold and it's not plush. So, and it's on Poshmark, which you gotta love. I sell hard goods on Poshmark. I have a whole slew of videos of what sold on Poshmark. And it's mostly, I really just show you my hard goods. I don't really show my clothing. I do sell clothing over there, but it's just stuff that's been listed for a long time. So this is a brass horn taper double candlestick candle holder. And she got this for a few bucks in a big lot. And she sold it for a $56 on Poshmark. So hard goods on Poshmark, definitely a thing. I highly recommend Poshmark. If you're not selling on Poshmark, what I do is I start my items on eBay and then I cross post them to Poshmark and Mercari and I use lists perfectly. If you'd like to check that out, there's a video in the description that shows you how to do that. I need to update the video because I recently did a video that shows you how to use the catalog. I'm trying to like talk myself into using the catalog because it has so many benefits. But definitely check out that video. I just did recently, if you would like to try list perfectly, you can get 30% off your first month with coupon referral code BOLOBUDDYS, all one word. Hard goods on Poshmark. And Rebel sells on Bonanza also. And I did Bonanza for a while, many, many, many years ago. And I didn't sell very much over there. And I don't think it's a super, you're not gonna get a lot of sales from the platform, but you may sell something here and there. So, I mean, I didn't have any major issues with it. I just wasn't selling enough and just decided to cancel it. So Rebel still uses it. So if you have questions about it, you can definitely get in touch with her. And she sold these for $79.15 plus shipping. And she got these at the Goodwill Bins. They are Sid the Science Kids, Boy and Girl, Gabriella, Posh, about seven inches. Stuffed animal toy. This is a Lovie. This one is by Mud Pie. It's a Lion Lovie pink security blanket. And anytime I find Lovies, I pick them up. And they're gonna range from red and butter to big money. Some of them can go for over $100 if you find the right ones. But people lose these or they get damaged and their kid wants it and they need a replacement. So they turn to eBay. This one actually sold for $55.15, which is fantastic. And it's super, super cute. And she got this at a pop-up consignment shop for $3. All right, Lola's Trunk Treasures. Here is her eBay store. Again, large variety of items and definitely check her out down below and you can click See All. And if you don't know, you can follow eBay stores by clicking on the heart. So if you wanna follow any of the stores down below, maybe they sell things that you like and you're interested in maybe purchasing or you just wanna follow them to see what else they're selling because they sell things similar to what you like to sell. It's a great way to learn. All right, let's see what she sold here. She sold these, the Tuttle Twins book series, lot of 12 books by Connor Boy's Kids. And she sold these four. She got them at the Goodwill for $0.99 each and it looks like there's 12 of them. And she ended up selling these for $69.99 with free shipping. And they went media mail. So media mail is pretty inexpensive to ship. It's a pretty good rate, but it does take a long time. Ville Roy and Bach, basket, rim, dinner plates, green, lattice, lattice. No, it's not lattice, it's lattice, right? Lattice, come on, I'm trying. Lattice, set of seven plates. She sold these for $99.99 and she paid 18 for a huge lot at the Goodwill. So I think she's got other items listed that are a part of the set. Here is the back. So really easy to look up because the information is right there. The next item she sold is this Martha Stewart Punch Now. I love finding the Martha Stewart Punch. This one is Drippy Goo Edge Border Punch Halloween. But what I wanna draw your attention to is this fabulous photo. Oh my goodness, I have some punches listed and I just have a picture of the punch. But I will tell you that this is fantastic. How she's got the black background, everything just pops. So kudos to her, that is amazing. She ended up selling this for $39.99 and the buyer paid shipping and she got this at the Goodwill for $4. Some of these Martha Stewart punches are discontinued. So they go for decent money, sometimes big money. All right, this one comes from Butterfly Hustle's awesome YouTube channel, go check her out. She sources, but she keeps it educational. So she takes you into the thrift store with her and she is just as sweet as can be. So give her a sub, show her some love with a sub. That's what I like to say. All right, she sold this Native American Sterling Silver Black Onyx Belt Buckle signed by Jay Douglas, elegant. I don't know if I said that right. But here it is, how cool is that? She finds the most amazing stuff. Where did she get this? She got this at the Goodwill. And, oh no, I'm sorry, she got this at a pawn shop and she paid 25 for it and sold it for a best offer of 150. The next item she sold are these antique Nancy Ann Storybook dolls. Lot of 20 with boxes, assortment, bisque, hard to find and cute. Look at these. So she got these at the Goodwill and she paid $65 for all of them. Are you guys ready for this? She sold these for $680.40 plus shipping. Is that awesome or what? I love it. The next item she sold is this Krisha, C-H-R-I-S-H-A Krish. I think that's how you pronounce it. Playful plush white rabbit Easter Bunny, 1988. How adorable. Easter Bunny plush, I always pick them up. It just seems like there's a good market for them. This one sold for $35.60 and she got it at the Goodwill for $1. The next item she picked up is these, it's a set of ashtrays. They are glass, gold rim, Grecian, Roman, Greek gold trim, four piece set. So here they are. And she sold these for $42.50 and she got them from a thrift store for $1.25. The next item she sold is this Roth, Rosenthal, Selb, Bavaria, Donatello, cup and saucer, gold accent trim, fancy, delicate. That one was tough. All right, so she paid 35 for an entire set at a thrift store and I think there were other items also but it looks like she has sold six of these for $34.99 each plus shipping. So that is awesome. The next items come from the Funky Pickle Thrifter and she is another Bolo finder. So many Bolo finders. Check out her YouTube channel. Her what-solds are amazing. She's gonna tell you where she got it, what she paid for it, what she sold it for and she finds stuff super cheap and sells it for big money. You are gonna love her channel but she is like my jewelry go-to, one of them. I have a few but she really knows her stuff and she will teach you. So antique jewelry haul, antique jewelry haul, check it out because you're gonna learn from these videos. They are educational. Okay, let's see what she sold here. She picked up these Rampage the Movie figures and she got these for $5 each.  If you don't know about this movie, these characters typically do well. There's one character in particular, it's this guy but he's bigger that I have sold and he is a big money Bolo. I've done pretty good with him but she sold all of these for $149.99 and she's got $15 each or I'm sorry, $15 total, $5 each and she got this from the Goodwill. So that's a great price from the Goodwill. This is three yards of fabric and I think she was just giving me something different here that was maybe unexpected to help you guys learn. So I do appreciate even some of the ones that are not big money but are kind of unexpected. This is a, it's fabric. It's three yards of fabric. Michael Miller Drama Queen comic strip novelty, fun retro. She got this in a fabric lot and it looks like she sold it for $34.99 plus shipping. The next item is this lot of two vintage Miracle Broach Scottish Greenstone Terra Pin Scotland Celtic. And she said that this miracle brand does pretty good and it looks like they're signed here underneath. You can kind of see it right there. So they are signed. So that's what you need to look for. And she paid a dollar each for these and she sold them for $39.99 plus shipping. The next item comes from Vishy, or Vishy, sorry. And she does not have an eBay store but if you use the link down below it's going to take you into this feed and you can see what else she has listed. So I'm just gonna kind of scroll through here. And again, that link will take you directly in here. And I like the list format. I know some people like the grid but I just like list better. All right, let's see. She sold this Disney Mickey Mouse six piece Christmas train by Danbury Mint. She got this at a tag sale for $1, which is unbelievable. And sold it for $59.50 plus shipping. Danbury Mint at an estate sale. I think it's a tag sale and a state sale. I know our state sale companies call them tag sales but that's a really great price. Ours are not priced that way around here. She got this blanket. It's a Bob Timberlake home collection tapestry, tapestry, I don't know, throw blanket winter birds made in the USA. And these blankets that always cracks me up when these go for big money because I see them all the time and I walk right past them. And I know a lot of people pick them up and do really well with them. But I just skip them over. I feel like it's gonna be something that I'm gonna sit on forever but then I see people selling them all the time. Excuse me. So let me know in the comments if you've sold these and how you've done with them. She got this at the Goodwill Benz and she sold it for $44.95 plus shipping. The next item is this Where the Wild Things Are. It is a hand puppet. It is plush and it is adorable. She got this at the Goodwill for $3.99 and sold it for $39.95. Now that is definitely something I would have picked up. How cute is that guy? The next item comes from Flippin' Palates. This is her YouTube channel and she hasn't been putting much out lately which is a bummer because she's really fantastic. She did put out a video about her eBay account getting restricted and it was something to do with shipping items internationally. So definitely check that out so you don't make the same mistake. All right, so what did she sell? She sold this Men's Rogaine Unscented Foam Hair Regrowth Treatment and she went to an Amish scratch and dent store and she paid $3.50 for this and it sold for $49 free shipping and I think she said it sold really quick and she thought she probably could have got some more out of that one. Maybe she undersold it. This is a Radio Frequency RF Skin Lifting Rinkle Removal Tightening Device Anti-Aging. So it's some sort of anti-aging device. She got this out of a palette and it was approximately $12 and it sold the same day for $151.50 with free shipping. The next item is this Pure Tone Up Total Eye Fitness Serum. And flipping palettes, they do palettes obviously but one thing they do is they get a bunch of items and it's multi-quantity and they just keep selling the items over and over and over which is great. Everybody has like their different things that they like to sell and that is what is so great about eBay is that we can all sell what we love to sell. She sold or this was approximately $3 a piece on a palette and she sold four of them for $19.99 each. The next item is this Brush Head, three boxes Quip White Brush Head Refill Soft Bristle Electric Tooth Brushes. So they're refills for electric toothbrushes. These also came from that Amish Store, $1.50 each and she sold this for $23.90 and she still has three available. So again, just selling the same items over and over and over and just flipping for a profit. List it and forget it and wait for the buyers. Farm Girl Scavenger Noelle, talk about a Bolo Finder. She has a series on her channel, let's talk about it and she picks a category and then she goes live and you guys can ask questions in the chat and she teaches you about different things to sell like this last one here, vintage advertising, art supplies, wait, yeah, art supplies. It didn't, I didn't, there it is. I didn't see it in the title. I thought it was art supplies. Art supplies right here and just different categories. So check out her past videos also because they're super educational. Even though she's live, she's still like feeding you info on what to look for. And let's look at her Bolo's because she is definitely a Bolo Finder and she picks up some of the most unexpected things. So this is a Vintage Afghan Crochet Granny Square Handmade Quilt and she got this at an estate sale for $3 and she sold it best offer for $79.99. The next item she sold is this Litter Genie, Ultimate Cat Litter Disposal System Refills, odor control, four pack. And she got this for a dollar at an estate sale and she sold it for $69.99 plus shipping. The next item is this necklace. It is by Laurel Birch, it's hand-painted and it is a choker pendant necklace. So Laurel Birch, I typically pick up anything that I see that is her brand. It ranges from bread and butter to big money. I recently picked up a purse, I still have to comp out and list but I think I paid like two bucks for it at a garage sale. But she got this at an estate sale for $5 and sold it for $89.99 plus shipping. And then last item for Noelle is this Santa's Marching Band Power Supply Replacement part. Noelle like I do, I also like to part things out. She likes to part things out and she has a video that shows you how she parted this out and she ended up selling this piece for $49.99 plus shipping. It's just the replacement part. The next items come from a rural squirrel. She has a channel and she mostly does Ben's videos and Ben's challenges. So she meets up with other YouTubers and they go into the Ben's and they have a challenge and most of them are like both of them are at the same Ben's. It's super fun, definitely subscribe and let's see what she's, I can't talk, I'm sorry. Let's see what she sold here. She said this is one of her favorites because she picked it up at the Ben's for 82 cents and it is a Hobo International purse. It's got the original tags, genuine leather cross body purse, she sold it for $124.99 plus shipping. I think she said she won one of her Ben's challenges with this, so I think that's why it's her favorite. And she sold these free bird by Stephen, leather laser cut Latisse, Lattice, Lattice booties. I think it's Lattice now that I said it.  So she, oh, they were hers. So they were just, I think they were hers. Yeah, they were hers. And she sold these for a best offer of $90 and she picked them up on clearance for 25. So if you see that brand, definitely be on the lookout. I love this one. These are California hardware, vintage geometric print, muscle pants, they're a Jogger style California hardware, how funny is that? Look at that wild print. Definitely vintage, fun item and she sold these for $40, picked them up at the Ben's for about $1.50. All right, you guys, thank you so much for being here. Thank you for watching. There's gonna be some other videos popping up here and here and a subscribe button down below. I'd love for you to check out another video. Thank you for watching. Be sure to subscribe if you're not. If you turn on that little bell, that's gonna alert you when I post videos. I would love it if you do that. And thanks for watching.