న౿ న౿కాడరం నాస్సిసి నారారిప్స్ మౙమ్థై ఇదిందాడాందాం మ౒ందిరోదికైమాస్ నైరాసిసంసి తమరందింది మానుందికినే మాసాందాం౦ి. uhh I think answer you got almost same, you know. Yeah I think answer you got almost same, you know. yeah So, again this is the problem. Most of the m tech students are not doing that. Only MS PE3 students are doing. I think MS also is equivalent to m tech. Because in the mind and all that age wise, emotions wise, so that is why I think MS equal to m tech, they are also not solving the problems. But do not blame me if you do not get the mark. Again I am telling you. Ok one way of learning subject is, when yesterday or Friday when we solved that problem, I gave the hint how to solve, if you would have solved you would have been happy. Ok now you told something I did something it came alright I am happy. Confidence always comes. But the moment you postponed one till the third quiz you are going to pay for it. I know third quiz I think, ok I will see just one day before third quiz that is what the mentality of many people if you do that you will never get marks, okay good so batch reactor i think you have not solved only Ramakrishna you solved you also solved it, okay i know most of these non isothermal problems you will not have analytical solutions you have to draw the graphs and idea of giving assignment is for you to experience the graphs formulae the way you write the balances all that that will give you experience if you solve the problems in your room i know most of you are not listening to me also, okay yeah if you start liking graphs i think that is the most beautiful way of doing problems really i think analytically you may make the mistake but graphically you cannot generally make the mistake, right so that is why i am trying to maximize your learning as much as possible and your optimization is you are trying to minimize learning as much as possible and maximize marks as much as possible, okay so now i think particularly non isothermal reactors unless you do many problems i am going to send today tomorrow another assignment on non isothermal but not many problems again may be five six problems, right but unless you do that i think you will not get happiness in learning forget about marks but your learning your happiness is only getting marks without solving a problem how do you get 100 out of 100 correct no most of you feel that you should not work but you should get 100 out of 100, right how is that possible i say it is impossible right i think you know on this planet even if you want to have child you have to wait nine months you cannot have i want child in two days how can you have planet i think the nature of the planet is totally different that is why even learning also it is different for learning it takes time talking in chemical engineering words learning is by diffusion you see he is happily like that he is telling, okay that is an indication that i have to stop, right because whatever you are saying i am not listening so i think why are you saying so if you have that kind of attitude early morning eight o clock what do you learn you tell me you can level learn anything that is what is happening in India, okay absolutely that learning happiness is totally gone, right so i think that is now it is left to you but that is your will now, okay so now plug flow reactor we will start i think batch reactor we have done i think also problem we have done, yeah actually batch reactor i gave the simplest one adiabatic reactor in fact the same problem you can solve by taking for example i will write here this side which side maybe i do not know where you can see, okay so this corner i will write for UA equal to that is only data missing for solving non isothermal reactor i will give you some two three values and then you can try that, yeah so maybe you can try UA equal to point zero point five and also four i have in between but i am just giving you this the units of this is kilo calories per second Kelvin, UA delta T, right the other term where you are removing some of the heat, right it is exothermic reaction you have to remove the heat so UA value is given as point five and also four those two values you can now take now it is no more even of course area under the curve also you will get later but now you have to do by trial and error, no no no you do not have to draw the graph there but you have to draw the graph in all these problems as conversion versus time and also temperature versus time in all non isothermal reactors volume directly you can get area under the curve if you have adiabatic reactor but in general what we do is we try to plot X A and T versus length if it is plug flow reactor, okay yeah and if it is batch reactor this will be tight if it is mixture flow reactor very happy I think because I think distance dissolves itself because Z equal to zero because there is no variation inside the reactor so that is why you will have easy solution there, right so these things X you will it may increase this is X and T depending on whether you have adiabatic reactor or non isothermal non adiabatic non isothermal non adiabatic heat removal if there is sufficient heat you may go like this and then come like this is T if you are removing heat if it is adiabatic simply again increase it so these are the things and then normally you will be given that okay 90 percent conversion then you have to draw the line here okay this is 0.9 sorry, okay this one this one is 0.9 X A 0.9 so automatically now when you are solving X A 0.9 also given by length, right so you have the length of the reactor anyway in the beginning itself you should assume some diameter, right so the diameter length and diameter will give you total volume of the reactor, okay otherwise if it is time same thing again X 90 percent I draw this line, okay sorry, okay so this line it is crossing here X graph then this is the time R Z so once you know time you know now how to calculate volume of the batch reactor you know we have done that right time means that is the reaction time plus you have discharge time and all other times okay filling up cleaning all the timings you have to add and then total capacity must be given so much you have to produce so based on that you calculate what is the total volume of the batch, okay good so that is the procedure now let us go for plug flow reactor where once you understand batch plug flow also is not difficult we will show that we have the reactor something like this, okay good so now anyway we have the jacket outside so for easy assumption it is T C entering and T C leaving otherwise I have to also find out the logarithmic temperature difference between you know this is T C 1, T C 2 then I have temperature 1, temperature 2 or temperature in is T 0, T final then you have to find out what will be the logarithmic temperature difference but that is one thing normally we do not take in the simple problems unless you really go to industrial problems there you have to do all that right, okay so this is the one but as usual here we need the mass balance and heat balance so let me write V 0, T 0, okay X 0 equal to 0 of course CA0 is there something here also I have FAF, V F, T F, X AF and CAF all this and earlier we have taken a small strip here and then wrote what is entering what is leaving but now for this energy balance we will take that strip somewhere very near so that I will know T 0 and what is the increase in temperature T then I will go to T 2 or T 1, T 2, T 3, T 4, T 5 like that because here also because of the distance Z, okay or correspondingly time, presence of time in the batch reactor I have only two I am going to have only two equations and three variables here also same thing same thing here it is Z earlier it is T right delta Z will come and capital T temperature and conversion X so again by trial and error so by trial and error it is easy to start with this small strip and then go one by one right so that is why we will show that our strip just slightly exaggerated strip something like this oh okay something like this we will have this is the strip then my outside heat transfer also till here only and this is T C everywhere T C so this is also T C this is also T C right okay so this is the one and this area because heat transfer is taking place in this area because the tube is okay like this correct tube is like this and of course entry for reactants outside we have this jacket and heat transfer is only through this area how do I get that that area phi into D right yeah okay so that is the one which we will have but total area of heat transfer let me say this is D A dash okay in that small strip D A dash is nothing but phi D into delta Z if I take this one as delta Z or D Z okay delta Z delta Z here also I wrote that but anyway small one so let me write then now the M B for this M B is always for key reactant and in our case it is A going to R R is only one reactant that is the key reactant or if I have two also normally we are taking A and this I do not have to tell you F A naught D X A equal to minus R A into D V this is equation 1 and now this D V I can write in terms of D Z so that will be minus R A into if I take A as the cross sectional area that is why A dash I put there this is D Z okay so that means volume of this element okay this A is nothing but again phi D square by 4 okay good if D is the diameter yeah so now energy balance for the entire mixture that is entering yeah will be heat inflow equal to I think we are writing for exothermic so this will be generation heat generated okay heat yeah equal to heat outflow plus heat removed heat removed by external means that is the one okay Sushmita you are looking at that I think I am not able to follow this my delta Z is only this yeah phi D into phi D is only length area is multiplied by D Z D Z this one this is the area not able to follow okay this is the strip and what is the diameter D if I open it what is the length of that if you say phi D it is only this length you are taking then thus so now this is the area through which it is transferred so that is how okay yeah so now writing the equations for this for individual things here for all total streams you have to take f of i sigma of f of i C P i T not that is what is entering because we are taking here okay plus I have heat generated heat generated is minus R A yeah tell me delta H R into d V right yeah so minus R A into d V as one word as one thing multiplied by minus delta H R minus delta H R exothermic heat you are taking so minus delta H R is a positive quantity okay yeah so now this is equal to again same thing out at this point outside if I take outside if I take that will be sigma of C P i T plus heat removed by external means is U A delta T right what is A here U R so this will be U D A dash T minus T C okay T minus T C correct okay so naturally even in this problem or even in the batch reactor problem unless you take that strip very very small you will not get very accurate results correct this strip this should be as small as possible if you take okay let me take 50 percent as one D Z the remaining 50 percent as another D Z then you do not get much I mean you will get something but I think it will not be very accurate volume if you are asked to find out volume for given conversion so that is why that should be as small as possible because that will be see the T we are telling here correct no this is inlet this is outlet T is coming out here right but if I have sufficient distance inside also I have many other T's so that is why the average that means if I take smaller and smaller then you will get this T as close as possible then you are slowly going step by step with a small increment then your results will be more accurate this I do not have to tell you any difference equation method always tells you that and you are doing mathematical methods in chemical engineering correct no you have that course now or next semester yeah so idea of those courses are is only you know to help you to solve all these difference methods and all that good so now this is the one so now I think numbers gone this is three this is four equation four yeah so as usual this equation I will try to rearrange that is sigma F i C P i T minus T naught now we are more comfortable instead of writing T naught here and T there yeah so that is equal to not that is equal to plus U A U D A dashed yeah T minus T C minus minus delta H R equal to zero okay so now of course I can write what is this number phi phi now let me write specifically even though I have not written now D A dashed is phi D D is the diameter of the tube okay so now substituting equation six and two you have to write somewhere substituting equation two and six in five two and six in five what you get is sigma C P i T minus T naught plus U okay phi U capital D D Z T minus T C minus R A D V minus delta H R multiplied equal to zero so this is equation seven yeah good so now of course we simply substituted equation two and equation six in five and then we got this but equation two oh I did not substitute it okay right right right okay so we will write that sorry that is all I think I have to write only that minus minus yeah F A naught D X yeah F A naught D X yeah okay good so now I have the relationship between temperature and conversion the way we expected for energy balance please remember do not forget that the extra information what you need for non isothermal reactor design is the relationship between temperature and conversion and that relationship you get from energy balance right okay so now I have to solve equation eight equation seven and yeah using equation two for me to get that kind of profiles concentration versus temperature sorry concentration versus length or temperature versus length right okay and you would have seen now again we have only two equations that is all these two two and seven okay and I have three variables of course I can also write this in terms of writing those two equations F A naught I am writing this one delta X A equal to minus R A A delta Z that is one this is may be in terms of difference delta then I am writing this one as eight and ninth equation is these sigma F I C P I delta T this one I am writing delta T plus pi U D delta Z this we will leave it as T minus T C minus because this is outside temperature F A naught okay minus delta H R F A naught delta X A equal to zero please check I think whether I have written something wrong or not so eight and nine are the equations what we have to use good yeah now what is the procedure to solve that because I have these two equations right this equation will give me the relationship between X versus T and this equation will give me I mean it will not give me actually I have here temperature conversion as well as length all three are there in this whereas here we have only two that is temperature and conversion because minus R A is not there right minus R A contains T and X both correct no and also Z because of this balance d V minus R A into d V so that is what you have to remember these are the basic things which you have to remember if you remember those you know the basics then automatically whatever problem is given to you you will automatically try to solve that because you know the procedure that is why I was telling you fifty percent you know problem is solved if you know the problem clearly what is the problem here my problem is I have two equations and three unknowns how do I solve that and I know that my energy balance gives me only relationship between conversion and temperature okay good yes so the procedure is exactly same as yeah what you have given in for batch reactor so first one what is that step to solve this choose yeah delta X A may be for example point one or point not five okay or if you are very very passive person I think more accurate and more sophisticated more what you call I think not sincere but I think there is one word yeah if you want to be very very accurate right then you have to go for delta X A equal to point not not one that will take you two years okay yeah I mean because every step when you want to calculate but that is why reasonably as engineers you have to take that step such that you will not get inaccurate results but still you will not get okay I mean you will get accurate results okay so those that is the balance and that balance no one can tell you that balance should be only with you okay I mean as teachers you only just tell but finally you have to walk through the door okay dialogue from matrix okay yeah you have to walk through that so choose delta X for example point one and then next tell me I think the procedure you should know by this time now guess value for delta T that means in this increase I think you know physics also if you want to remember okay now I have chosen delta X as 10% conversion so now your guess will be okay for 10% increase in conversion what should have been the temperature increase that is what that is what is the guess value right so now guess delta T right that is how I think you know initially we started with 100 degree centigrade and let me say that you know you may have okay 110 may be the temperature degree okay that T so now once you know that then we have to yeah three calculate now I know T X and then calculate okay I will only calculate T from here no no delta Z also is there sorry DZ also is yeah DZ also is now I will calculate DZ from here sorry I think I told you wrongly that means I was telling that this will give me only temperature and conversion that is only for adiabatic system not for non isothermal system I think why no one I think all of you are sleeping definitely so this delta Z is there you should have told me no sir delta Z is there how can you say that it gives you only temperature and conversion temperature conversion only comes for adiabatic system how do you know expression is known to you but RA contains temperature and conversion what conversion and what temperature that is what what we are trying to find out what conversion and what temperature okay understood or that is a good question all of you I told you know all Indians are brothers and sisters but only one brother or one sister may ask in the class okay so that is why I think you know most of you may be having the same doubt so RA is written in terms of K naught E power minus E by RT if it is first order reaction then CA naught into 1 minus XA right so it has T it has X but I do not know what is in this element in my small delta that strip you know delta Z what is that T and what is that means theoretically what I should have is at every cross section I should have the R and corresponding X so once I know that then I can plot 1 by minus RA versus XA area under the curve will give me the volume okay but here I do not know I have to find out that R right but I do not have to draw the graph here and then I can yeah so what if I know T and X I can calculate delta Z right you can also guess for example for this delta X right what will be the length right may be 5 centimeters right so then calculate delta T delta T means delta T is nothing but T naught T minus T naught so that T I am able to find out here so that is why I have been telling you unless you take this one smaller and smaller that R will not be accurate okay because Ramakrishna asked that question do I know at least R zero that means entry R zero entry R zero what is the equation is just imagine what is the equation R equal to yeah T 4 minus U by R T CA naught right temperature is known and conversion also that means R naught I know but only thing is this point R corresponding to that one point you know may be if I call that one RA1 that I do not know right so that is why you can imagine this as a smaller strip and then find out if you what you have to do is if you are imagining slightly bigger strip like point one also may be bigger strip if the reaction is very fast particularly right point one so that is why then you may have yeah so here I have R naught here I have RA1 some people more accurate people will say that average of that two I will take understood no not understood started sleeping no okay this is R naught this is RA1 RA naught RA1 but actually there is a distance what I need is for each and every cross section so if I make this one as smaller as possible then that will be very close to RA1 and then because there is a reaction there will be depending on we do not know whether increasing or decreasing because temperature increases and the concentration decreases that effect will be there and initially anyway R increases so that one I have to take that is why when you take slightly bigger strip for example delta XA equal to point one strip then I can take this is RA1 this is RA naught now in between the average of those two arithmetic average simply if this is let us say 10 and this is now 20 as an example so in the strip the average rate is 50 okay so that is the kind of thing you have to slowly start doing that okay now calculate now tell me calculate what you can tell Z X line yeah delta Z anyway Z equal to 0 in the beginning I am guessing no see 100 I have guessed 100 is the T naught 110 I guessed right so that means delta T is 10 degrees delta T only 10 degrees raise so T naught plus that delta T will give me T at this point right so that means at this point at this point at this point I have T XA and also I know Z because Z I am calculating T I am guessing and I have chosen my delta X as point one so all three I know that means I can now calculate what will be the rate at this point right okay good now how do I know that this is correct or not now check this in this equation that is the fourth step you know yeah what do you write there for the fourth step calculate not calculate I think check probably check equation 2 here I have written 2 here check equation 2 okay if LHS is not equal to RHS yeah check equation for LHS and RHS I mean checking means only checking RHS LHS but still I am writing there okay so now if you are not able to get LHS equal to RHS then yeah now 5 if LHS is not equal to RHS now go to step 2 and repeat yeah go to this is difficult step 2 and repeat now okay go to step 2 okay what is the sixth one so that is all 5 what we have written there last time problem that is all repeat 2 to 5 so that is the one so really it will be very very good when you do this kind of you know trial and error because you need patience that will also make you learn patience okay because problem with present generation is with us we have patience with you there is no patience and you also need all the results instantaneously have you instantaneously that is what I think you know you time concept you do not have the moment you think you should be happening that only happens in old mythology and all that where god god wants to appear means chick you will come there disappear means again chick you goes out okay good we will stop here this is over then I have to talk about something about adiabatic reactors and of course next is CSTR okay yeah yeah how or what delta Z yeah but how do you know that is correct no but delta Z also should vary no same thing only what we are doing that is what same thing only whether you choose delta T or delta Z does not matter or here also delta X this is what in the last class also that is a good question again this is also I was telling you choosing delta X is not the ultimate okay I chose because that is convenient for me to have 10 percent conversion what he says is let me take delta Z here that is what you are telling you know you can take delta Z and correspondingly in that length what is the conversion that is also logical what is the temperature right you can also do that right so that is why I mean X I have chosen because most of the time we talk about X delta Z also can be chosen in fact anything even delta T also you can choose this is what I also mentioned in the batch reactor 0 to X only 0 to Z that is why I have written here from the beginning here here here here you have to go yeah because T not I know if I take somewhere here I do not know what is T entering what is T leaving that is the reason why T not here and Z not also I know 0 so like that it is easy for me X is 0 so 0s we know very well so that is why we thought from that point what is that what you get you have to just guess if you guess is not wrong guess is not right then you have to again change okay delta Z you can guess I mean like for example 10 centimetres what should be the conversion minus r a initial minus r a I know I know X equal to 0 there T not and then what is the other one that is all only T and X in the in R right so at this point I am calculating all that here from the from these three steps so I know now T I know X I can calculate R here that is what is your question now how do you know R a R a contains what T and X a so now by I am guessing one X a and I am calculating okay delta Z anyway I am also sorry choosing X a guessing this and then calculating this and then checking there once the check is right then I know what is X that is what I have written here somewhere yeah what is T what is X what is that all three I know at this point so unless you do one problem you do not enjoy that I say one problem you have to do it delta X or delta Z is big then this problem is inaccurate this method gives inaccurate result yes as small means that the smaller the accurate more accurate that means every cross section you are touching almost if you are able to go to that level equation we have taken split into delta Z and delta T that is what difference method that is why you should take as small as possible yes okay and if you want some problems which have been solved the problems have been solved by Smith in 13th chapter I do not know in the 13th chapter is heterogeneous systems but procedure is same there packet bed is the plug flow reactor okay so along the length you will go so 13th chapter if someone is interested you can just go and see next semester anyway they have to be interested but it is the same procedure okay they take


What's going on everybody got Cal here relating sports cards and we are ripping this is one box of Merlin soccer this one is going to be for Mitchell. Good luck my friend. Let's see what we got sir Wasn't crazy packed him. He probably had like 20 or so people who weren't um employees come through It was it was it was fun, man. It's fun saw some nice cards I'm just trying to make some trades and everything have some good food. Good time, man Not complain There were some people who were buying boxes, but they didn't uh, they didn't want to do the breaker on the break live thing so Didn't have too many people take us up on that one, but It was fun. Yeah, come on My duke we got a Sondra to nollie first refractor is to nollie New castle man now. It's like our Merlin refractor It is going to be alex lauri for the rangers on the one per box Merlin refractor Yeah, jay and uh jay and jay Yeah, how they got a box two samples ripping. There's a zombie simons under 21 There's a rookie quince in Merlin Merlin Merlin Jared bowen. Oh Mitchell Vinnie jr. On the Merlin masters There's a luke.  I don't think we have the ball relic. It's usually a bit thicker There's a bingerman sesco to 275 salsberg. Still got our auto coming though Come on come on kelly mendo bingerman sesco under 21 sony osilva There's a denis burkamp ageless alchemy for arsenal There's a atomic the 250 die on kuleshevski or totnam day on kuleshevski There's a victor bonafas. Nice one there for saint. I think he's doing really well for um, it's a leipzig Victor bonafas on the refractor rookie one of the better rookies to get out of here now He's been killing it He is auto of jota jota for Celtic Jota That one does have a little bit of damage. Honestly, Mitchell. I'm sorry man. We're gonna have to send a box with this It's got a little um Little uh, whatever that is some plastic coming off Sorry about that my man. We'll send a box with this can get that replaced by tops Sorry about that my man See some more color here. We got five more packs. Come on See some color barrios that one is merlin masters levendoski Come on come on rookie of usama el azuzzi speckle That one is the 150 aurelian true mani For the uh, hooray on madrid The frenchman to 150 to a mani Say under 21 new nomindas and last pack It's eddie and ketia for arsenal on the refractor Alrighty there, Mitchell. Sorry about that man. Not the best box of merlin Appreciate you as always though, sir. We will get these right out to you


Hello everyone, this is Ahmed Dan of AhmedDan.com You are watching one of my Egypt travel videos and today I am taking you to the great pyramids of Giza in Egypt These are the three most famous nearly 4,000 years old pyramids and are the last remaining of the ancient seven wonders of the world The Giza pyramid complex holds the great pyramid of Giza, the pyramid of Khufri, the pyramid of Mankor and the great Sphinx of Giza The desert plateau is surrounded by other small complexes from unfinished or broken tombs, ruins from the temples and smaller satellite pyramids The great pyramid was the tallest structure made by humans until the Eiffel Tower was completed in Paris, France in 1889 Giza pyramid complex is located in Giza, a bustling suburb of Egypt This is 13 kilometers from downtown Cairo and 8 kilometers from the Nile Because of my hotel was in Giza, it was not far from my hotel I thought the Giza pyramid complex was located in the middle of the desert, but its location has Giza city on one side and desert on the other side The view of Giza city in the background from the pyramids look very beautiful, it has that ancient feeling To enter the great pyramid, you need to climb up quite a few steps which are steep stone steps to the middle Where the entrance passage is located on pyramids and there is always a line of people waiting to get in Entering was not included with my tour, I didn't purchase the additional ticket required to get inside Instead, I took my time to walk around the pyramids with my two other female tour mates from Canada and Hungary Thank you for watching this video, there will be more Egypt travel videos coming up, so I'll see you shortly. Thank you


What do you think has led to your success in the batter's box? Making sure I'm doing my homework in every pitcher. A big key for me is hitting the machine. And I like to hit pitches that wherever the pitchers go to pitches. And that really gets me focused. I really don't hit BP anymore. I just get my work in before the game. And I try to work on whatever the pitchers trying to get me out with. And yeah, it's honestly my keys to obviously being healthy again, which is I'm feeling good. So it's good. Does anything change for you hitting second? No, I mean, I've hit anywhere from second to seventh this year. And obviously, you want AJ and G back in that lineup hitting early in the lineup, too. But I like to know that I'm in the lineup every day. And it doesn't matter where I'm hitting, I'm ready to go. What have you thought of this offense as a whole? It seems like on any given day, a new guy steps up. Yeah, I mean, look at Tyra. I mean, Tyra I think was the MVP of our inner squad games. The guy had like four home runs and he comes in, hits a huge home run tonight. It's crazy, all these guys, you know, I think we have the deepest bench in all the big leagues and, you know, for these guys to come in against, you know, any team that we've played against and, you know, have a lot of success as a credit to the Yankees as a whole and to the guys being ready and staying sharp.  Thank you, Luke. We'll take another from Brendan Cutty. Hey, Luke, thanks for taking the time. We've heard you guys talk about not wanting to put too much pressure on yourselves when injuries happened, but you guys are missing Aaron Judge and John Carlos, and now DJ for an extended period. Is that easier said than done? For sure. I mean, I think most teams would have a hard time with guys coming up, you know, from their alternative sides. And, you know, obviously we're hoping to get those guys back as soon as possible, but we're so deep. And I mean, it's incredible. And, you know, I think Aaron said last night that we had the deepest team in baseball, and it's true. And, you know, that goes with our pitching staff, too.  It's really impressive.


Welcome to the second section of tutorial 8. So we have been trying to understand more about Doppler weather radar data, how to visualize the same using open source packages like WCT and where to access, where to download the DWR data. So we have seen two options that is next RAD and the MOSDAC site. And we slowly moved on to Python wherein we were trying to install the libraries that are relevant for opening the next CDF files from Doppler weather radar data. So let us try to move further. So in the last section we stopped at installing PyArt and its dependencies that is NumPy, Matplotlib, SciPy and NetCDF4. And then we created a blank Jupyter notebook and then we named it as tutorial 8 followed by name of the course. Let us try to visualize the data now in Python. So as you see I have named the notebook as tutorial 8 followed by name of the course. And I have imported PyArt and from Matplotlib I have imported Pyplot as PLT and I have imported NumPy as NP. Now since we are handling NetCDF files we have imported the module from NetCDF4 library. Now let us try to read the data for which I am going to use PyArt.io.read and the path where the NetCDF file is being saved. So I want to learn more about what the radar contains because I have read the NetCDF file to radar. Now this radar.info gives me information about the opened file. The array size and the fields that is the variables you can see reflectivity and velocity, the coordinates, the spectrum width, the angles. So all these information are present inside the file which has been read into the variable and named it as radar. So from the radar.info output we can observe that there are 20 elevation angles. So we can extract the reflectivity and radial velocity from one particular elevation angle because you know every time the way the radar collects information is it is going to scan 360 degree at one elevation. So likely increase the elevation scan again, increase the elevation scan again and so on. So for this particular data there are 20 elevation angles and to visualize the data we can pick any one sample elevation and try to see how the reflectivity image is going to look like or the radial velocity image is going to look like. So let us try to extract the required variables from the file. For this also I am going to introduce you to some functions which are useful to extract the variables at a particular elevation angle. So I am going to use radar.get underscore slice. This function takes input as elevation number. So I have given the 3 as the number. It takes input as elevation number and it provides output coordinate information about that specified elevation angle. And then I am going to use radar.fields that is for extracting the reflectivity and radial velocity information. I am going to use radar.fields function which takes variable name and slice underscore indices that is coordinate information as input. So now I am typing radar.fields using it to extract the reflectivity values from the data into REF. And then I am going to use radar.fields to extract the velocity information and then assign it to velocity VEL. And also I need radar.azimuth. You know that that particular function is used to extract azimuth information that is the number of azimuth angles. And finally radar.range function we are using to extract the range information that is the number of observations in the range direction. Now remember to visualize the extracted reflectivity data and radial velocity data we have to convert the data to Cartesian coordinate system which is what we are trying to accomplish by this line. So the following lines whatever you see on the screen it converts the data in range and azimuth direction to Cartesian coordinate system X and Y that is why I am using the formula sin theta and cos theta conversion. So now let us try to visualize the single elevation angle reflectivity and radial velocity. Why single angle? Because I mentioned that there are 20 elevation angles at which DWR gives you the information in this case and out of that you are picking the third elevation angle 3. So how to plot a figure and the functions to create subplots these were discussed as part of previous tutorials. So let me just type the commands without going into much details because by now I am assuming that you are familiar with how to plot a diagram plot a raster in Python. So you are specifying the limit of X and the limit of Y and contour F is used to plot contours. Let me add or set the title. My aim is the downloaded net CDF file I have read it into Python and I want to visualize. In WCT what happens is at the click of a button you are able to visualize but you may not know the data structure and what is contained in the .nc net CDF file. So here what you are doing is you are reading the file analyzing the variables. So looking at the structure of the data contained in the net CDF file and by now you know the variable names that is reflectivity and radial velocity and you are using specific functions available in PyArt to extract these variables one by one reflectivity and radial velocity and then you are converting to Cartesian coordinate system and finally you are using the plt.figure function to visualize the figure. So let me finish adding everything. So I am trying to plot the reflectivity wherein I have X labeled as east-west direction from radar and Y labeled as north-south distance from radar. Similarly I am going to add the limits and try to visualize the radial velocity and add the labels X label and Y label. So I am adding the X label as before east-west distance from radar and the Y label as before that is the north-south distance from radar. And then let me use the color bar plt.colorbar and finally plt.show to display the plots. So let us wait for the reflectivity plot to come. You see the colors, stronger the reflectivity, lighter the color and then you see the radial velocity plots as well. So these plots you see are for Hurricane Katrina, the file that you downloaded from the next rad site. So that is why you can see that near the eye the reflectivity and radial velocity are high. So visually you get an idea that higher the reflectivity, higher the severity of precipitation that is going to occur. Now you may have noticed the warning messages that were appearing every time I run the commands you know. They are nothing but deprecation warnings. So I can use these two lines to ignore the warnings or suppress the warnings. So you know deprecation warnings are nothing but it tells me to stop using some existing feature either because it is going to be removed or because it has been superseded by a better alternative. So the compiler and even the IDE wants me repeatedly whenever I am trying to use a feature that has been marked as deprecated. But then you know if you know that your code is correct and you wish to suppress the recurring warning messages, you can use the two lines that I have written to suppress it. So I am suppressing all the warnings and of course this is not recommended always, but I am just showing for representation purpose. Let us try to understand more about the Doppler weather radars in India. So towards your left side you can see the location where radars are available in India and the details are from India Meteorological Department that is the IMD website. So shown here is sample of the plots that are being made available. This plot is by the radar at Delhi. So the IMD that is the India Meteorological Department it provides products like these which are updated at every 10 minute interval and we have Doppler S-band radars, C-band, X-band radars along with non-Doppler S-band radars in India. So typically I know you will notice that along the coastline there are numerous locations where radars are available. So S-band radars are typically preferred in the coastal stations owing to less attenuation because you know the coastlines, coastal regions are battered by cyclones that tend to produce heavy rainfall and therefore if radars of higher operating frequencies are installed in coastal regions, those radar rays are going to be obscured by heavy precipitation and hence effective coverage range of radar will be reduced. That is why we tend to have specific frequencies of radars at the coastal regions. So here what you see is the level 3 Doppler weather radar data. You know it gives information like reflectivity, radial velocity, precipitation, intensities and so on and they are for a particular altitude. As before the Doppler weather radar data from India is also going to be captured in different altitudes and shown here is the data corresponding to one particular altitude. So now that we have completed how to visualize the NEXRAD data, let us try to handle the data from Indian Doppler weather radar. So for this if you remember in earlier part of the section I mentioned about going to MOSDAC website, creating a user ID password, downloading a sample data. So for representation we have used the Trivandrum radar data from Kerala and one file is being used to complete this exercise. So as before I am going to import a dataset from NETCDF because you know these data come with .NC extension that is they are NETCDF files. And this dataset module is used for opening and extracting the variables from NETCDF files. We already know that numpy is imported for handling arrays and we are also familiar with matplotlib and cartopy modules which are used for plotting the figures. So what I am doing is I am trying to import all the necessary libraries that are required for me to visualize the reflectivity and radial velocity information from Indian DWR data. Import matplotlib and again from matplotlib I need null for matter. We will see what they are used for. First let me import everything. As before I need null for matter, func for matter. It is already written. So let me not repeat it. So now we have imported all the necessary libraries required for us to visualize the data. Let us first see how to open the NETCDF file because we have the NETCDF4 library installed for helping us with this. So I am going to use the dataset function and as before I need to specify the path where the file has been located. The path is same. So in the interest of saving time I am going to copy paste the path and just change the name of the file because the nomenclature for next rat data is different. The nomenclature for Indian Doppler weather radar data is different. I do not want to make any syntax errors. So what I will do is I will try to minimize the windows so that I can see the name of file and then type it dprf underscore corrected dot nc. So now we have opened the NETCDF file. Next we need to extract the relevant information from the file. By relevant information I mean the reflectivity and the radial velocity variable. So this tutorial is going to focus on these two variables. So let us try to first see what the data contains. You can see the variables that the data contains that is the time information, latitude, longitude, information, heights, the dimension or the size of the data is also given and the data type is given whether it is float 64 or float 32 and so on. So what we will do is we will see how to visualize reflectivity using the max z plot. First let me read everything. So I have read the data into fn and now I want to extract the reflectivity, velocity, latitude, longitude and height information from fn. Because we have seen before that there are numerous variables that are present in fn. fn is nothing but the name I have given to the file that contains information about the NETCDF file. So as I mentioned earlier to visualize the reflectivity information I need to use a specific function known as max z. So max z plot is like the most commonly used figure by meteorologist for understanding the nature and intensity of precipitation occurring over a Doppler weather radar covering region. So first let me try to use np.squeeze and np.nanmax. Now visualizing the max z plot gives wide information about how the reflectivity echoes are spread in all directions. So shown here are the steps to plot the max z plot. Now initially what we try to do is we use the nanmax function. The maximum reflectivity values along height, latitude and longitude are computed using the nan np.nanmax function. And the rest of the lines are used for calculating maximum reflectivity values along the heights, latitude and longitude direction respectively. So some attribute error which means spelling mistake let me correct that. So what we have done is we have tried to create the max z plots to begin with we have used the np.nanmax function. Now the plotting max z plot has four sections. We will try how to write lines of code to address each of these four sections. Now the first section is how you define the axis for the three figures and how you define the color bars. So let me try to define the axis left bottom width height. So here the variables a x underscore x y and a x underscore x and a x underscore y they contain axis information for plotting the maximum reflectivity along the height along the latitude and along the longitude. So this is the first section wherein I am defining the axis. PLT dot axis is used to define a x underscore x y underscore x and underscore y. So what are we trying to do? We are trying to plot the max z plot. Why is it important? Because it is most commonly used by meteorologists for understanding the intensity of precipitation occurring over a region from Doppler weather radar data and it also helps us to understand the nature of precipitation. Now this particular plot has four parts. We are trying to address these four parts or four sections. Small spelling mistakes which we need to correct. So every time you make a mistake in typing by your oversight what happens is the lines are going to prompt you to correct the same. So now I have defined the axis. They are empty because I have just defined the axis and now let us go to the second part that is I want to plot the maximum reflectivity along the height using PLT dot contour F function. So what does it do? It plots the contours. So let us see the commands to implement the same. So we are setting the axis label for matters to make the plot look more legible. And then we need to plot the maximum reflectivity along the height using PLT dot contour F function. So now you can see I have defined the axis. I have set the label for matters moving on. I want to plot color map is kept as jet. So once I use PLT dot contour F I can plot the grid. I can you know make the color bar be visible. All these options are made available in Python. So because you know once you know how to create plots and how to plot them side by side using subplots you can use it in a variety of ways. So now you see the plot being displayed. What is this? This is maximum reflectivity values which are plotted along the height. Now let us move on to the third section wherein the maximum reflectivity along the latitude needs to be plotted. So what are we trying to do? We are trying to plot the maximum reflectivity along the height, along the latitude and along the longitude. Again I am going to use the contour F function. So by looking at the color bar you can get an idea that higher the reflectivity darker will be the color according to the color bar. So wherever you see dark red lines or orange lines that denotes high reflectivity z and what am I doing here? I am trying to plot the maximum reflectivity along the height, along the latitude and along the longitude and each time I am using the contour F function which is used to give you contours. So once when we have completed the plotting to make the figure look more legible we can label the axis. Let us try to set the x label and the y label. Every time I am using dot set underscore x label and dot set underscore y label. Elevation and kilometers. Now I see the final plot which has been labeled elevation latitude longitude and which has a color bar that helps us identify the maximum reflectivity values. So let me zoom out so that you get the full picture of the plot in one go. So this is the maximum reflectivity plot of the downloaded data. Now one can observe that the max z plot contains three figures, one at the center, one at the top and one at the right. So the center figure provides information about the maximum reflectivity along all the elevation and by looking at the center plot you can observe that a wide spread 2025 DBZ echo is observed towards the north of the radar location. And there are also of course scattered small clusters of 30-35 DBZ echoes observed throughout the plot. So the center plot does not give much information about the depth of these echoes. The top and right plots gives us information about the maximum reflectivity along the longitude and latitude respectively. So if you look at the plot at the right side you can see there are echoes between 30-35 DBZ. Now typically when we have strong echoes which are tower shaped structures they represent the presence of convective type rainfall. Convective type is the type of rainfall which is accompanied by heavy precipitation which has a high intensity rainfall in short interval of time. So what we have done now is we have tried to visualize reflectivity. Similarly we can add a few lines of code to visualize radial velocity. So in this particular section we will be trying to visualize radial velocity using the average velocity plot, average velocity plot. So a few lines of code are already written because they are similar to what we have seen just now. So I am using np.squeeze and np.nanmin. It performs the same function as we discussed earlier and as before we get to define the axis. Now when you ask me the difference between max z plot and average velocity plot, the answer is both of them are similar but then there is one major difference that is instead of calculating the maximum values here we will be calculating the average values along elevation along latitude and along longitude. So max z plot we are trying to calculate the maximum value along latitude longitude and height and in this case that is in the average velocity plot the only difference is that instead of maximum value you are trying to calculate the average value along latitude longitude and height. So this is the complete set of codes that are used for calculating the velocity average along the elevation latitude and longitude and for displaying the mean velocity plots because the functions used here are very similar to the max z code I am not repeating it but then feel free to pause your screen and then have a look at how each line of code is written. So what I have done is I have used similar lines of code only differences instead of maximum I am trying to calculate mean average and then I am trying to label the axis as before so that I can see the final plot that is final result. So as before for the max z plot as similar to that the average velocity plot will also contain three figures one at the center one at the top and one towards your right side. The center figure gives us information about the average radial velocity along the elevations and we try to look at positive values of rain band if it is present from the center plot. So let us try to plot it and then we will discuss how to interpret the plot. So now I have the plot which has been labeled and as mentioned I have a plot at the center I have a plot at the top and I have a plot towards the right side. This is average velocity plot and typically we try to look at the center plot and infer whether or not we have positive values of rain band say located to the north of radar and it that helps us understand whether the band rain band is moving away from the radar or not. You try to get an idea of the movement of rain band and sometimes we can also get to notice high velocity rain cells say that are moving at the rate of 10 to 15 meter per second that are embedded in this low moving rain band that is also possible. So what we have seen is we have tried to read the net CDF files first of Nexrad then from MOSDAC site and we have tried to visualize the same using WCT package as well as we have tried to import the net CDF files into Python and use the existing functions in PyArt to open the file to extract variables of reflectivity and radial velocity and finally to create plots like the max z plots and the average plots wherein you have three figures one at the center one at the right and one at the top that helps you to get information about the rain bands and the reflectivity values. Now rainfall estimation using reflectivity data this is just one section that I wanted to discuss as part of this tutorial because you know mostly rainfall is measured using in situ rain gauges that are instruments which are placed in situ. So one of the major disadvantage of rain gauge is that it provides you with point measurement of rainfall. Wherever you have the instrument it captures the rainfall and then it gives you point information. It does not stay true to the spatial variability of rainfall across a region and this gap gets filled by Doppler weather radar data because you know variables like reflectivity that is z has a direct relationship with the rainfall rate.  So for each radar site the values of constants are predetermined and then used to estimate rainfall from reflectivity. For example for the Trivandrum radar data that we have used already the constants of a and b will have it will be known beforehand and then we can directly use those values to estimate the value of corresponding rainfall. So with this let me try to summarize what we were learning as part of tutorial 8. So we learned how to access the Doppler weather radar data from Nexrad and Mostach and we learned how to handle the files of Doppler weather radars using Python and very briefly we touched upon rainfall estimation from BWR data. So let me hope that you found this section useful and I shall meet you in the next class. Have a good day.


Welcome to Think Tech on OC16, Hawaii's weekly newscast on things that matter to tech and Hawaii. I'm Raya Salter. And I'm Elise Anderson. In our show This Time, we'll cover the 2017 Hawaii State Science and Engineering Fair at the Hawaii Convention Center. We'll walk the floor, we'll check out the exhibits, and we'll talk with the amazing kids and visitors who are there. With all the exuberant kids, and all the parents, teachers, judges, and visitors who came to celebrate the kids, the fair, and science, some say it was the best science fair ever. Here are some of the kids we talked to. You'll really enjoy them. They're charming and dedicated to science. They're Hawaii's future. Meo Diaz, and I go to Kaimiki Middle School. I'm in the seventh grade, and then I did my project about athlete's foot. I wanted to find an effective home remedy for it, because home remedies are safer, cheaper, and more accessible than conventional medicines. Athlete's foot is caused by Cantonese. So to test the five different remedies I tested, I tested them on yeast. So the five home remedies that I tested were baking soda, apple cider vinegar, epsom salt, hydrogen peroxide, and tea tree essential oil. The most effective was the apple cider vinegar and the baking soda, and the least effective was the epsom salt. Hi, I'm Patricia Saiki, and I am from Hilo Intermediate. So my project is basically about just seeing how dirty our school is by testing the doorknobs. Well, usually I see kids picking their nose or scratching something, and then grabbing the door, and then I have to grab it behind them, and I'm like, I don't want to do that. So I just decided maybe I could show them how dirty what they're doing to it, and how many people touch that, and what's going on. So I just picked four doors, and then I did the door handles, because that's what's used most. I found out that the bathroom stalls and the D101 room, which is a classroom, had the most bacteria, and then the cafeteria and teacher's lounge had the least, which was really surprising, because I expected the cafeteria door to be dirtiest, but I wasn't. And I think the teacher's lounge is actually being cleaned more than the kids. I'm pretty sure that's what's going on, because they're the cleanest. My name is Jessica Logan. And I'm Laura Osiako, and we're from Trinity Christian School, Kailua. So our purpose is to determine whether or not the kinetic energy of a moving object changes as the function of its mass. Okay, so our hypothesis for our project was that if we add 7.5 grams of lead weight to this car, that'll travel 0.5 percent further every time we roll it down the track. And we predicted this because of our formula. Ke equals one-half mv squared, as you can see all around our board, and Ke stands for kinetic energy, m stands for mass, and v stands for velocity, and we square velocity. And our second part of our project was to measure the velocity of the car as it hits the bottom of the ramp, and we measure this by this motion detector, and this fancy calculator right here. And our prediction for that was 2.01 meters per second, using our same formula. We predicted that it was going to go 0.5 percent further on this, on the distance, and it went 0.62, so we were very close in our prediction and our results. My name is Christian, and I'm from Moanalua Middle School, and this is MediAlert, which is a solution to a problem many older people have, which is taking the medicine correctly and on time. Overdoses and underdoses is very dangerous and can cause many health effects later on. So my solution is a modification to the regular Pocase, which gives a visual and auditory alert, so it has leds, so they led up twice a day, and they show when you need to take your medicine. And also a buzzer that will give you a sound. I'm Claire Hughes, and I'm from Waikaea Intermediate. My project is about Rapidohia Death, which is a really big problem on the Big Island, and so it kills trees by getting into it and blocking the water from getting to its limbs, and it's a fungus. And so I just was liking to work with that because it's going to help my community, and I was really interested in it. So it just gets into the limbs and it just saturates all the water for itself. Peabark, they're looking at trees and forests and trying to find a cure, but there is no cure yet. I'm Julia Matsuzaki, and I'm from Waikaea Baptist Academy. How can I create liquid form water from the surrounding air around us? I was trying to think of a way of making water in a different point of view, and so I was thinking of making it from the surrounding around us, because in the air there's humidity and that when I take that and I put it into a device like this, the air starts to come, the air and then humidity starts to kind of stay over here, it collects water molecules and then it drops into this cup and then it starts to form water. So I used this electrical outlet, but I was thinking from my next step I would use a solar panel so that it would be able to use around the world and other places except just that. I'm Ian from Island Pacific Academy, and I chose the project because a lot of things in the news recently have been showing that terraforming can be done sooner and sooner, and so I wanted to do a project showing ways that we can terraform. So I simulated the environment on Mars and I showed that the Mars environment, it can be an even better place to grow plants than on Earth. Well in the soil there are some nutrients that can help plants grow better than on Earth. In the atmosphere the more carbon dioxide can help plants go through photosynthesis a lot better. Oh I'm Julianne Viernes and I'm from Waipahu Intermediate. This project is about the effect of temperature on the power of solar cells and I tested it by putting three different plates at different temperatures, one at ambient temperature, one at hot temperature and one in a chilled temperature and I placed solar cells on them so that the temperature of the plates would change the temperature of the cells. Then I would put the cells under the sun and then using a multimeter I would measure the voltage in the current and then using the formula voltage times current equals power I would find the power output. For the voltage it seemed that colder temperatures had higher voltages but then in current I didn't see as much of a trend there though I hope to see one later if I would make any improvements but it seems that for the power it seems that due to the voltage being higher with colder temperatures it seems that most of the time colder temperatures yielded higher power. Hi my name is Alyssa and I'm from Waipahu Intermediate School. Hi my name is Trent and I'm also from Waipahu Intermediate School. So last year my partner and I attended a presentation by NOAA the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and they talked about the growing issue of oceanic garbage patches. This project was created to decrease the amount of litter found in the world's oceans. With keeping this topic in mind our solution to this problem evolved a machine that was programmed to pick up litter on the ocean shorelines. So it has an ultrasonic sensor which works similar to a sonar and it has a scoop like attachment that would be able to hold on to the detected object. I'm Alana from Kayamiki Middle School. I'm Monica. I'm Ariel. So we chose this topic because coral since we live on an island that's surrounded by coral reefs this is relevant to us and since tourism is such a large part of the economy and part of the reason why coral reefs are dying. We found out that zinc oxide or like chemicals that are more natural based are better. But we should stop using chemical based sunscreens because that's affecting our coral reefs and how they settle. Hi my name is Katrina Kuo and this is my project. The purpose of my project is to create a device which I call the medicine is winter system also known as MDA that will be able to inform patients how much medication they consume and alert patients in case a medical overdoses and remind patients when to take their medication. I wanted to do this project because I watch news and learn that according to the National Institute of Drug Abuse 38,000 people die per year so I want to help save lives and prevent this. So I also like to program and with the codes and stuff so I put these two project ideas together to create this device. So this device will be able to calculate the number of pills left in a medicine bottle and tell their patients when to take their next medication. So there's also a countdown timer on the screen to show when it's time to take their next medication and there's two LED lights which are to show the green light is to show it is time to take their medication and the red LED light is to show it's not time to take their medication. Well I wanted to test like different light sources and see if it affects like power ring, I like power radio. So I had to build like a solar panel contraption to charge some batteries and then I would then put it inside the radio and then turn it on and then time how long it lasts. Well I found out that sunlight is still the best and nothing really can beat it. My name is Summer and I'm from Stevenson Middle School. So my project centers on the discovery of a novel solution that is a physical mode of action and combines pediculostidal and ovicidal action by using the alcohol in my solution to dissolve the cutaneous wax that surrounds the exoskeleton of the louse as well as using the PVP which is a co-polymer available in many hair care products to provide a film over the egg that prevents the nymph from hatching and restricts oxygen transfer. I'm Ren and I'm from Kameki Middle. I'm Enzo and I'm from Kameki Middle too. In Hawaii you know how the rail is being built yeah so we realize that the technology that they're using to build the rail is not necessarily the best and that there could be alternate possibilities that are better. So we researched a couple of possibilities and what we found was an idea and it was called the Hyperloop and it was created by Huan Musk the founder of Tesla the car company. So basically what it is is a maglev train which is a train that uses magnetic levitation to reduce the friction between the train and the ground and then it puts that kind of train inside a vacuum sealed chamber where there's no air so there's no air resistance there. So to propel the train actually on the bottom is all electromagnets so in the front it actually attracts the train and in the back it actually repels the train to make it move forward. I'm Lacey and I'm from the big island. My project is about hard water it's not ice it's a term used by geologists and hydrologists and it's basically the minerals passed through the water cycle that collects in the water. Through my project I did three things first I did water bottles with the same size same brand and I used soap sets so to measure the height if it's a shorter height then it's harder water. So I used 50 milliliters of water and 0.5 milliliters of soap and I shook it 20 times I had you can see here the tank water it's a shorter height in height so I measured that and it only came out to be 13 milliliters which is way shorter than the rest of the floor. Next I used champagne foods because they're glass and I used water spots which is the minerals and dirt deposits stayed behind when it dries and evaporates. So I dipped it each one in the different water resources and waited 10 to 20 minutes for it to dry and as you can see here the tank water again has more water spots than the rest and it has if you count it because it's more visible it's 63 water spots. So I'm Tracy and I'm an 8th grader at Kime County Middle School and my project's about using this coding program and plugging in an exponential equation and a logistic equation to find out a trend line and calculate its r squared. If your r squared is close to 1 in which that means that your trend line that you create is accurate if microbiologists punch in a time number in a different code the coding program will spit out a value and that value if your r squared is close to 1 will show you a value that the bacteria should grow in so in a way you can kind of predict how bacteria can grow. My name is Grace and I'm from Maipahu Intermediate. So cognition is the processes of the human brain so these can be things from reasoning to perception and learning. My project focuses on perception of information and I measure this using what is called a color shoot test. So this shoot test measures the shoot effect which is the interference time between two pieces of conflicting information. For example if you look at the color cards down here the word is shown in a color that is different from what it reads as. So my hypothesis for this experiment was that people in the quieter environments would perform 1.5 to 2 times better than the ones in the louder. And then to test this I used a vacuum cleaner as a produced sound and then I placed it at different distances from the test subject to alter the noise level. When I collected my data and did all the calculations I found that there was a difference of 1.09 between the quietest and the loudest surroundings. So my hypothesis wasn't completely supported by my data but as you can see on the graph there's still a general increase in time for them to complete the shoot test when it got louder. My name is Jordan Henry and I'm from Maipahu Intermediate. I like to drink Starbucks and tea a lot and I've been using a lot of whitening toothpaste so I decided so I wanted to see which one was actually working when I was getting them. So what I did was I used 30 eggs and I had 5 brands of whitening toothpaste which was Crest, Colgate, Armin Hammer, Sincedine and AquaFresh. I boiled the eggs and I then put the eggs into coffee because the eggshell has like similar qualities as our actual teeth since I couldn't use my own teeth. And then what I so I left that in for 24 hours and I took it out for another 24 hours and then I brushed each egg for two minutes and put it in like small up and down strokes because I saw I read that dentists say that that is the best way to brush our teeth. I then did that seven more six more times because I was representing a week of brushing. I did that for each egg and then I did that again four other times for my five trials and I found that Crest 3D White is the best toothpaste to use for whitening toothpaste because of the sodium fluoride level it has the highest out of all of them. The more sodium fluoride in the toothpaste the better the whiting toothpaste will work. Thank you very much. So our project is the optimization of algal biomass production under saltwater conditions so currently the world depends a lot on fossil fuels which is very unsustainable and it's not good for the environment so algae is argued to be one of the best alternative sources to these fossil fuels because it has a low cost production it's easy to cultivate and it can grow virtually anywhere. So a lot of companies have looked into saltwater algae but the problem with that is that many countries don't have a sustainable freshwater supply so because of that we decided to look into saltwater algae. So just to cut our hypothesis short we hypothesize that if we test different concentrations of sodium phosphate and sodium nitrate then the bottles with the 0.2 milligrams per milliliter sodium nitrate and the 0.4 milligrams per milliliter sodium phosphate will grow the most biomass. So we chose these two nutrients because there are many nutrients in the world that have different purposes in organisms but sodium phosphate and sodium nitrate are two of the most common nutrients. Sodium nitrate it's very important and chlorophyll which you know helps this photosynthesis. Sodium phosphate kind of helps plants convert nutrients into these kind of building blocks in order for it to grow. So our procedure is that first we want to kind of optimize the environment so we build a photo by reactor system with metal racks so we had an oxygen tank and we had an air generator and we had those like two things that carry those airs as well as light, aquarium lights to each of the algae bottles. So the reason why we decided to work with saltwater algae is because you know we're in Hawaii and we're basically surrounded by saltwater so like if companies want to use our research to like build their or expand their algae production enterprises here, saltwater is really easily accessible so over a two-weeks period we grow those algae in our photo by reactor system and we took it to our high school lab to analyze it for dry biomass content. So what we did is that we had it centrifuged, we used a drying oven to get the liquid out. I'm Annie Nakamoto and I'm from Waiakea High School. So I'm studying how the rapid ohia death disease affects the photosynthetic capabilities of the ohia tree and I'm doing this because the ohia tree is a very important part of Hawaii's ecosystem. It makes up 62% of our overall forest area and native species rely on it for habitat and it also protects our watershed so I wanted to see how the disease would impact our Hawaii's ecosystem as a whole. Carbon capture, I wanted to focus on that because I wanted to relate my project to climate change. We also talked with some of the teachers behind the kids and some of the members of the Hawaii Academy of Science which runs the fair and some of the dedicated judges who take the time to judge and critique their projects. Why do we care about the Hawaii science fair? Not only for these kids who are amazing and win awards and get scholarships but for all the kids and families who are inspired to learn engage and participate in science. They came from schools from around the island in the state they came with their parents teachers mentors and friends it was a celebration for kids for science and for Hawaii. Some will have one trips to compete on the mainland some will be national winners some will get life changing scholarships and be catapulted into fabulous careers but every kid there is a winner. The fair enhances the way they think and present themselves and that in turn builds lifelong confidence and quality of life. There are other winners too they include the parents teachers mentors and friends and the judges members and officials of the fair itself and for that matter all the people who came to the fair to join the celebration. We want Hawaii to be steeped in science and technology. We want every kid and parent to speak the language of science. We want them to be at the frontiers of science and participate in the mind boggling miracles being discovered. To do that we need to start treating these kids and the development of our science and tech sector as a top priority and to make generous investments in them. We need to assemble a critical mass of our most promising resources the techies the makers the startups the entrepreneurs and especially these science kids and get them to do something big. What is that something? It's nothing less than to reshape our economy and save our state. To build a world-class workforce one that will spawn great local careers and companies to go beyond the limitations of our one-dimensional tourism economy and find a sustainable niche among the challenges of the 21st century. If we don't keep up with the world today we and our kids will fall behind possibly forever. Some say this is already happening so it's not a time to be complacent but keeping up takes commitment not by a few but by everyone you know. If we can build a generation of kids like these kids at the fair yes then maybe we can do it. So that's why the fair is so important. It's a statement of their future and ours. If your kid hasn't participated in the fair make next year priority and if you didn't go this year go next year to show your support. Let's make the fair part of the life plan of every kid. Let's fill the hall and their curious minds with science. A few years ago in fiscal hard times the legislature stopped funding the fair. Since then the fair has worked hard to find new funding and things are presumably better for them now. If you get a chance to help the fair personally or through your public officials please do. It's for a good cause maybe the best cause of all. Want to know more about the Hawaii State Science and Engineering Fair or the Hawaii Academy of Science? Check them out at Hawaiiacademyofscience.org slash science-fair. And now let's take a look at our Think Tech calendar of events going forward. There's so much happening in Hawaii sometimes things happen under the radar and we don't hear much about them but Think Tech will take you there. Remember you can watch Think Tech on OC16 several times every week to stay current on what's happening in government, industry, academia and communities around the islands and the world. Think Tech broadcasts daily talk shows live on the internet from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays then we broadcast our earlier shows all night long and on the weekends. If you missed a show or if you want to replay or share our shows they're all archived on demand on ThinkTechHawaii.com and YouTube. The audio is on ThinkTechHawaii.com slash radio and we post all our shows as podcasts on iTunes. See our website for links. Visit ThinkTechHawaii.com for our weekly calendar and live streaming YouTube links or sign up on our email list and get the daily docket of our upcoming shows. ThinkTech has a high tech green screen first amendment studio at Pioneer Plaza. If you want to join our live audience or participate in our shows write to think at ThinkTechHawaii.com. Give us a thumbs up on YouTube or send us a tweet at ThinkTechHI. We'd like to know how you feel about the issues and events that affect our lives together in these islands. We want to stay in touch with you and we'd like you to stay in touch with us. Let's think together. You can call into our talk shows live. While you're watching any of our shows you can call in to<PHONE_NUMBER> and post a question or make a comment. We'll be right back to wrap up this week's edition of ThinkTech but first we want to thank our underwriters. That wraps up this week's edition of ThinkTech. Remember you can watch ThinkTech on OC16 several times every week. Can't get enough of it just like Elise does. For additional times check out OC16.tv. For lots more ThinkTech videos and for underwriting and sponsorship opportunities on ThinkTech visit ThinkTechHawaii.com be a guest or a host a producer or an intern and help us reach and have an impact on Hawaii. Thanks for being part of our ThinkTech family and for supporting our open discussion of tech, energy, diversification and global awareness in Hawaii and of course science as a central theme in all of that. You can watch this show throughout the week and tune in next Sunday evening for our next important weekly episode. I'm Raya Salter and I'm Elise Anderson. Aloha everyone.