s? huge scandal football players were like like hazing other football players they would get it would be kind of demeaning actually it's not like they wrapped you in cellophane or put like a thousand ping pong balls in your car or whatever it would be like it'd be kind of like I don't know how to say it without saying it as professionally as possible it's like a like sexual acts were being performed on players but like with everyone's clothes were on it was like simulated acts you know like if you like messed up a play or screwed up with something in practice well out-practice and stuff? yeah like it's on campus instead of taking like laps in the locker room they'd like run a simulated train on you or whatever you know and like again no one's clothes were operating a simulated train? I'm trying to say this as professionally as possible but I mean which is pretty demeaning extremely in front of your teammates and then like a locker room setting but there was like there were like wrinklers where the captains would do it because it happened to them when you were a freshman and so then it just became this whole culture and you know coaches knew about it they didn't need to change it people got fired, people were getting sued some people are saying it's not bad some people are on of course it's a controversy to them yeah I am I mean no one's like beating each other so I guess that's fine but it's just a lot of demeaning sort of stuff I went to visit my friends at school not to say what school or what fraternity but they were pouring pot sauce in guys' faces the guys went blind no they were like seeing the school and then with the same frat it gives me chills just the eyes toothpicks under your toenails and you have to kick a little why would you do that? I'd be like sorry I'm going to go to a frat with a different haze I would not do that hot sauce in your eyes the guy went blind they were like 30% yeah that's your face is this fresh in here? I'd assume so so when I was excited about college you're blind for the rest when I was in San Diego everyone's asking me to do it again first of all I don't want to get hazed and second of all I would be getting hazed by second semester freshman or sophomores and I'm going to be a junior that's just so demeaning for myself did you transfer? actually joined the golf team I quit because the high school I went to did you go to baseball? yeah and I was like 19 so before the game when you beat up the plate I'd throw a bunch of umpires and coaches and I'd be like is there a coach not here? is there a coach not here? yeah a coach that is harsh and then after you whoop him you go there and the other manager is the coach not here? you gotta suck where's your coach? where's your coach? actually we're pretty good we're like 6 and 2 nice it was actually fun the problem was the kids I coach were the same age as my brother Matthew so I've known all them since they were little kids and stuff so they didn't look at me as a coach they looked at you as disrespect which was fun to me in the beginning then they started taking advantage of me I was making them run crazy they hated me towards the end it means he coached them well but you know what they're gonna look back it's like I became a better baseball player because of my well conditioned at first I and Jared the head coach of Marcy he was like I can't let them do all happened at one time during practice they were all scooting around and he comes over to the coach these kids are on JV they want to make Marcy so Marcy coach comes in is reaming them like really back it was fun it wasn't as fun as it was with your brother with your brother on this kid? no he went to a bar I went to a bar you never coached your brother anyway? no how hard do you want to work on your game then? how hard do you want to work on your game then? it's hard it's just dispensing brotherly advice just can't help it It's a lot of work, but I'm interested in how long it's going to be for the people. Yeah, it's like, you know, it's different when you're in the middle of it. It's almost time for a meeting. Yeah, exactly. It's a lot of work, but I'm interested in how long it's going to be for the people. It's a lot of work, but I'm interested in how long it's going to be for the people. It's a lot of work, but I'm interested in how long it's going to be for the people. Alright boys and girls, no, no action. Alright, you know what? Let's still give away some money. We're not going to give away the full boat. We did not accomplish that, unfortunately, but I talked to Nick. Nick was like, you know what? Can we do something for these guys here? Nick was like, yeah, how about we go top 10? 100 bucks. Just as a little thanks, as a little close but no cigar prize here. Which I'm sure people will still appreciate, right? It's break credit. So I know some people are going to wake up to this video tomorrow. If you're listening now and you're part of the action, thank you. Appreciate it. And then we'll let the Fnatic's live guys get some of those recaps and labels and whatnot going. What's going on everyone? I'm Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com. Unfortunately, we fell a little short, boys and girls, of the break credit promo, but we're still going to give away a little bit of break credit. We originally had to complete that mixer right there as well as that filler to complete it. But unfortunately, we just didn't quite get there, which is fine. But we are going to give away a little something. So we're not going to give away the full boat, but we'll still give top 10, 100 bucks each. So $1,000. So let's go to the promo list right here. And we even extended it at night too. We got really close. I thought we were going to do it. So there's all the different breaks that we did that were eligible. I think Chris did most of these last night. So thanks everybody. A little consolation prize for you. I also included the breaks that we did today, which was the Big Hit Express 7, plus the filler for that Big Hit Express, the Phoenix box that we did late at night. So let's gather all the entries, 390 of them. Dice list and top 10 after nine. Three and a six, nine times. Good luck. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and ninth and final time. So after nine, big drum roll here, top 10, 100 bucks each. Thanks everybody for giving this a go. I'm getting close to the top right here.  Spot 11 done. My apologies. But I appreciate you getting, hopefully we have some hits to send you. Top 10 though. Happy times. 100 bucks of break credit each. We got Jimmy with some break credit. His brother Danny with some break credit. Aaron with break credit. Don, you got in. Aaron W again. Darren, Don again. Tammy, the top two. Jose and Sean Maddock. So congrats to the top 10. And we run these break credit, these type of break credit promos relatively frequently. So keep it on the website. Keep an eye on jaspyscasebreaks.com and take advantage of the next break credit promo. Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us. We'll see you next time for the next promo. Bye-bye. Let's, you know what? I'm going to do that break credit now. Because if I put it off until after, if I sign off and then do other stuff and blah, blah, blah, later, what's going to happen is I'm just going to blow, just blow through my mind. I'm going to completely forget. But we are done for the night, ladies and gentlemen. Class is dismissed. Appreciate everybody getting into the group breaking action. We'll be back tomorrow. I think Jason might be going live a little bit early for that immaculate collegiate. It's a brand new release.  On Maddock with that right there. Jose has a few different emails he's using. Let's see what the latest email was. So I know where to send it. It would be that email address. Eight. Make it nice. All right. Send that. Cam, you got your break credit? Don, you have two, so I'll just send it all in one. Although I think if you have multiple break credits, I'm almost certain. I'm almost certain that you can combine break credit codes. DMACC. You got your hundred bucks. It's like Aaron got two as well. Aaron, I'll send you yours. All right. DCONs, break credit. JCONs, also break credit. I think I mentioned that in the video just in case they think they're shorted a break credit code. All right. Let's close this out. Let's close that out. I already uploaded that video. Let's close that out. All right, gang. Well, whoever's lurking and listening in the background. Thanks for lurking and listening in the background. Maybe Sal already said his goodnight's. Rex may be listening in the background. Alex, perhaps. Any local folks listening and lurking in the background. Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us. We'll be back tomorrow for new release day. So pre-order 2023, 2023, new draft class. Panini, Immaculate Collegiate Football tonight, and we'll be breaking that tomorrow. Thanks everybody. Have a great night. Bye-bye.


Welcome to the next lecture of statistical thermodynamics. So far we have discussed molecular partition function and then we have connected the molecular partition function with various thermodynamic quantities. For example, with internal energy and with entropy, but specifically the molecular partition function when we were discussing, then we were restricting to one system in which the number of particles or number of molecules are fixed and also the total energy is fixed. What I mean is that the molecular partition function q is equal to summation j exponential minus beta E j. This was discussed for the system in which there are total number of particles or molecules is fixed that means summation i n i is equal to n and also the total energy is fixed that means summation i n i E i is equal to E and all our discussion was based upon the assumption that the molecules do not interact with each other. That means the total energy that we talk about is the sum of individual molecules present in different energy levels and since we were not allowing the molecules to interact. Therefore, the contribution to total energy from any intermolecular interaction was neglected and if now let us say we allow the molecules to interact. Once you allow the molecules to interact, there can be attractive interaction, there can be repulsive interactions, we can list several type of interactions. Some of the interactions can be exothermic, some of the interactions can be endothermic. If exothermic interactions take place, heat is released and if endothermic interactions take place, heat is taken and therefore, the energy is going to be changed. It is not then simply the energy possessed by each molecule and their summation. Then in addition to that the interaction energy has also to come in. Now, we will switch over to the systems which will permit interaction between the molecules. That means we will discuss a system in which the energy of the overall system can change. That means we are allowing the molecules to interact with each other. To begin that discussion, let me introduce the concept of ensemble. So, what is an ensemble? Let us start discussing. The comment if you read here what is written over here is the crucial new concept now we need when treating systems of interacting particles is ensemble. The literal meaning of ensemble is collection. So therefore, like so many scientific term, the term has basically its normal meaning of collection, but it has been sharpened and refined into a precise significance. We will discuss a little bit more details of this. So, how do we set up an ensemble? First, let us take a closed system of specified volume composition and temperature. What I mean is consider this one block consider this as a system. What we have is n fixed when you say n fixed and volume fixed that means composition is fixed volume is fixed, temperature is fixed, but energy is not fixed because if the molecules interact the energy may change. So therefore, let us first consider a system in which the number of molecules are fixed, the volume is fixed the temperature is fixed. In other words, a closed system remember the definition of open system, closed system, isolated system. A closed system is the one in which matter cannot go out, the energy can go out and here the matter cannot go out is contained in this definition that the number of molecules will not change. So, a closed system of specified volume, composition and temperature and then you think of it replicated several times. So, that means if you consider this system now you replicate this system in all direction. This is a imaginary replication. So, this can be n this special symbol whatever is given n times. This n that is the number of the systems in this replication can be infinity n can tend to infinity. So, focus on this n v t which is fixed and then it is replicated in all direction multiple times and how many times here we are giving this n. This value can be infinity that means this one particular box which represents a system of fixed composition volume and temperature can replicate infinity times. Now carefully try to understand this concept now. Temperature everywhere in each system is constant that means you are maintaining a thermal contact of each system with each other that is all the identical closed systems are regarded as being in thermal contact with one another. So, they can exchange. Suppose if you have a system in which the molecules can interact with each other and then if you want to maintain isothermal condition when you maintain temperature that means you are maintaining isothermal conditions. How you can maintain isothermal condition? Even if you consider construction of some calorimeter or some system in which you carry out a reaction the interactions take place, but you want to maintain isothermal conditions. Then the excess heat which is generated or the heat which is consumed that has to be compensated for that means excess heat generated should go out or if the heat is taken in it produces some cooling then some more heat should transfer. So, that is the meaning of being in thermal contact with one another another so that they can exchange energy. Now you are allowing the molecules to interact with each other. Now the total energy of the systems is let us say I give another special symbol to it. This is the total energy of all the systems that means this system plus this system plus this system plus this system add up the energy of all these systems let this be designated by the special E character. Now because they are in thermal equilibrium with one another they all have the same temperature and how to maintain the same temperature we just discuss that means you let the energy be exchanged energy be compensated fine. This imaginary collection of replications of the actual system with a common temperature is called canonical ensemble. What it means is you have one system you have defined its NVT properties that means energy can change and this is an imaginary replication in all the direction and this as a whole is called canonical ensemble. Let us discuss this concept of canonical ensemble in a little more detail. The word canon means according to a rule you are setting up a rule over here. An ensemble means collection which is literally and captured into the definition of canonical ensemble. All the identical closed systems are regarded as being in thermal contact with one another so they can exchange energy. This is the thing that we have already discussed that in order to maintain a thermal contact in order to maintain a fixed temperature you have to allow exchange of energy. There are different types of ensemble. You can fix NVT common that is what we have just discussed you can fix the composition constant. You can fix the volume constant you can fix the temperature constant and that one is called canonical ensemble. So, remember canonical ensemble is a collection of systems their imaginary replication in which NVT are common. You can also now consider a system in which you do not want to maintain temperature constant you want to maintain energy constant that will be NVE common. So, if energy is held constant that means now you have to allow the temperature to change such an ensemble is called micro canonical ensemble. So, what is micro canonical ensemble collection of systems in which each system has fixed number of molecules fixed volume and fixed energy. There is another type of ensemble which is possible and that is called grand canonical ensemble and in grand canonical ensemble what is common is chemical potential volume and temperature. Remember our discussion in chemical thermodynamics it was stressed upon at that time that chemical potential is central to chemistry. Chemical potential is change in free energy with addition of one mole of a species when the temperature pressure and composition of all the other species in the mixture is constant and there the concept of chemical potential was expanded or it was applied to derive many useful relations and to discuss many useful observations. So, that means you can base your discussion on the basis of any of these three ensembles one is micro canonical ensemble, second is canonical ensemble and the third is grand canonical ensemble. It is up to you that which ensemble you would like to use for further discussion. For further discussion over here in a major way we are going to focus on canonical ensemble that is n v t is constant that means you allow the energy of the system to change that in other words means that you allow the molecules to interact with each other. So, let us now read the comments in the micro canonical ensemble the condition of constant temperature is replaced by the requirement that all the system should have exactly the same energy that is what is n v e what does that means that means each system is individually isolated you are not allowing the energy to change. If you do not allow the transfer of mass and energy then the system becomes isolated alright. In the grand canonical ensemble the volume and temperature of each system is same volume temperature, but they are open right open means you are not fixing the number of molecules you are not fixing the energy therefore it becomes an open system. So, therefore in the grand canonical ensemble the volume and temperature of each system is the same, but they are open which means that the matter can be imagined as able to pass between the systems the composition of each one may fluctuate, but now the chemical potential is the same in each system. So, depending upon the system which you are considering one of these ensembles can be used and further theories can be developed. The important point about an ensemble is that it is a collection of imaginary replications of the system. So, that means you are free to let the number of members be as large as you like it can be even in infinity that means this total number of replications total number of systems can even become infinite. The number of members of the ensemble in a state with energy E I is denoted N I. One system may have some energy, second system may have some another energy, third system may have energy of number one, fourth system may have some different energy. So, in general the number of members of the ensemble in a state with energy E I is denoted by this special character N I. This is one member this is second member this is third member of the whole ensemble. So, how to write the total number of members of ensemble in a state E I is we are calling this as special character N I and similarly now you can talk about weight of a configuration as we discussed earlier while talking about molecular partition function. There we talked about only one system remember there we talked about only one system in which N and N are and E were fixed. Here we have several systems and that forms an ensemble and there can be certain members with certain energy and therefore their number and population can be defined and by the same arguments that we discussed earlier we can talk about the weight of the configuration of the ensembles and the special character W. Let us define that as the weight of the configuration of the ensemble. Remember this N special character N which is the total number of members is not related to this N is not related to number of molecules in a given system do not get confused with that. This special character of N is the sum of each member means 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 this is the 20 that means here this special character N is 20, but this N the number of molecules in each system is different. So, this is unrelated these two are unrelated. So, by the same arguments when we were discussing instantaneous configurations and there we talked about the dominating configurations. It is very unlikely that the whole of the total energy which is represented by this character will accumulate in one system. Some of the configurations of the ensemble will be very much more probable than others it depends upon the weight of the configuration. So, we can anticipate that there will be dominating configuration and that we can evaluate the thermodynamic properties by taking average over ensemble using that single most probable configuration same argument that we discussed earlier while talking about molecular partition function. And the thermodynamic limit can be that the total number of systems can tend to infinity and this dominating configuration is overwhelmingly the most probable and it dominates the properties of the system virtually completely. We have to keep that in mind. So, how do we now define the weight of a configuration? Now, we have several systems and the addition or that means the total number of systems is this special N character and let there be N 0 number of members in 0th energy state. Remember N 0, N 1, N 2 they represent how many members of this ensemble are in ground state, first excited state, second excited state etcetera etcetera. So, that means when we talk about an ensemble and weight of a configuration will be given by this N factorial over N 0 factorial, N 1 factorial, N 2 factorial etcetera etcetera. Now, let us go back to our discussion of molecular partition function. We will adopt the same procedure that we adopted in molecular partition function. There we searched for the configuration which has maximum weight. We discussed in terms of log w then d log w we said that equal to 0 and try to find out the expression for Boltzmann distribution. The procedure to be adopted here is exactly the same that is the configuration of greatest weight subject to constraints that the total energy of the ensemble is E, constraints you remember. Earlier while discussing molecular partition function we had two constraints that is the sum of the number of particles in each state has to remain same and second the total energy of the system must remain same. Here what are the constraints to be used is that the total energy of the ensemble is E and that the total number of members is fixed at N. We are not going to do those derivations again because the procedure is same, but simply let us now discuss the result. Remember earlier it was N i upon N is equal to exponential minus beta E i divided by molecular partition function, but when you do the calculations or derivations for this ensemble what you get here is the number of members in the i th state divided by the total number of members in the ensemble is equal to exponential minus beta E i. E i is the i th state in which the N i number of members are placed and Q is the canonical partition function. Now instead of small Q what we write is capital Q. Let us read the comment the constraint configuration of greatest weight subject to the constraints that the total energy of the ensemble is constant at E and that the total number of members is fixed at N is given by canonical distribution. Remember this is the same format is the same definition as you used for molecular partition function, but only here this different notations they apply to ensemble and we have this Q which is summation i exponential minus beta E i. So, what we have discussed here is that instead of considering only one system if you now consider various systems which allow different properties to be fixed and then you can develop your theory based upon that. For canonical ensemble we chose NVT fixed that means you allow the molecules to interact with each other the energy can be exchanged and we derived the Boltzmann distribution for such an ensemble and came up with a new form of partition function which we no more call molecular partition function, but we call canonical partition function. We will have a little bit more discussion on this canonical partition function and see how to recover molecular partition function from canonical partition function in the next lecture. Thank you.


NAMASKARA NANISRO DOCTOR MALLIKARJUN KALISHATI ANTA I am a consultant hematologist, hematoconcologist and bone marrow transplant physician at Manipal Hospital Bangalore Now, if we admit one such patient for bone marrow transplantation first we give them conditioning chemotherapy, stem cell infusion and then we will wait for those stem cells to engraft So, the whole process may take about 3-4 weeks So, it will take about a month In some patients, the count recovery is early and in some patients it may take longer Now, in otologous bone marrow transplantation usually engraftment occurs by 2-3 weeks in measure of the patients In allogenic bone marrow transplantation it may take a little longer, it may take about 3-4 weeks So, it will not have fixed duration In all patients, if engraftment occurs on the same day it will not guarantee patients may take variable number of days but majority of them will engraft between 3-4 weeks of time


Okay, there can we start now so we were talking about this question the city order right fourth option you see When this nitrogen loses its lone pair of electron then what happens? We'll have a double bond here This hydrogen will be as it is and here we have the positive charge right When it lose the electron to H plus or anything like that So because of this positive charge here the system becomes conjugated now and since it has 4 pi electron It is anti-aromatic Right, which is very unstable Right, hence its basicity nature nature will be leased in among all these four right Here you see I will discuss this second option in the last Here you see it can easily donate this lone pair of electron and here also it is possible but because of Minus I nature of this oxygen Right, if you compare first first and third the tendency for this molecule to lose Lone pair of electron will be high hence the basicity of first Will be maximum Right, then we'll have second Sorry third then we'll have second and in the last we'll have fourth because it forms anti-aromatic right Why third one is not? Why this second one is at the third position that you see You see this nitrogen It is actually there's a rule called Brett's rule. Have you heard about this? Brett's rule Yes, or no. Have you heard about this rule? Okay So right under this what is Brett's rule that sp2 hybridized carbon or atom sp2 hybridized atom atom at bridgehead position at bridgehead position is not Possible Right now, what is this bridgehead position? for example, you see this molecule right and This carbon use this carbon So at this position is the bridgehead position or this position is the bridgehead position at this position If you have any positive charge which makes this carbon atom sp2 hybridized this is structure. It becomes highly unstable then highly unstable Why it is highly unstable because you see because of this positive charge this carbon atom is sp2 hybridized And to make this a stable this two bond which is this one bond should be like this then only the Bond angle should be around 120 degree right this carbon means this bond should be this side this side. It should be like this But here it is like this you see one two and three so like this The bond angle is not possible and there will be a huge angle strain over here That's why it is highly unstable position. This we call it as breadth through Okay, like you see this molecule. It is not possible Even if you have this kind any kind of this kind of structure you see I'll give you some more example This kind of structure also this position is not possible However, this position is possible this positive charge here at this carbon. It is possible even if you have bond like this This kind of structure this positive charge is also possible here Right this two bond and positive here. This is also right. This is also possible. This is also possible Okay, at this point if you have positive charge it is possible But at bridgehead position it is not possible another application of this is what we cannot have sp2 hybridized carbon So it is not like always we should have positive charge over there Means in this example, you see if you write down double bond like this This is also not possible because again because of this double bond this carbon atom is sp2 hybridized Okay, this we call this breadth through what happens here because of this rule only when this loses this lone pair of electron it becomes positive charge here and The oh, I think this this is not the bridge bridgehead position. No. Yeah, actually, this is not bridgehead position Anyway, this you let it be this is this rule is not required for this question You let it be this one But here if you see if it loses this lone pair of electron, so we'll have positive charge here Right positive charge here, which is there in the plane perpendicular to this ring Right in the perpendicular to this thing. So obviously if you compare 1 2 and 3 Right this ring, which is perpendicular here is Comparatively less stable because of this conjugation here in this ring Right, so that is why this is lesser basic than these two compounds and this one will be the least basic Because it is anti aromatic Another way what you can say because of this resonance also because of this resonance also The nitrogen atom the basicity of nitrogen atom will be suppressed because if you compare these two This is also logic and apply this nitrogen is sp3 hybridized. I'm sorry. This nitrogen is sp3 hybridized This is also sp3 hybridized And this one is sp2 which is comparatively more electronegative That's why the basicity of this will be lesser than from one and third and this one is anti-aromatic. Did you get this? Breast rule is not applicable here. I got confused But this is also one point one, you know rule we have which you can keep in mind Understood this Got it next one question number 20. The answer is B Question number 20 Aditya Khushal is getting B What about others? Let me know the answer Okay, you see Living group ability we Defines with the electron withdrawing nature. Okay, so All these group With respect to oxygen since the options are given the more electron withdrawing group attached to oxygen Makes that particular group a better living group Correct so What did I say? more electronegative More electron withdrawing group attached to oxygen makes the group a better living group Okay, so if you see this is not electron withdrawing it is methyl So this one obviously it is the it is the what it is the least You know it has the least tendency to go out as a living group Second will be the least for sure and we have only one option Right second one will be the least we have only one option when oxygen attached to EWG electron withdrawing group Better electron withdrawing group easier will be the tendency for this molecule to come out as a living group Methyl group is a electron releasing tendency Second one will be the least this is the option and if you see CF3 is a electron withdrawing group and sulfur also attached with two oxygen Which is true in case of third and fourth molecule But then we have methyl in third and CF3 in the fourth so CF3 also withdraw electron So this will be the most or the best living group then third and then one and then two option D Okay This is the next question Got it. 21 is C intermediate during the addition of HCl to propene in the presence of peroxide Do we have anti-marconic off does it follow Anti-marconic of addition. Yes. Oh Wait, no Why amok is only for HBR. Yes. So first of all this Kharash effect or anti-marconic of addition or Anti-marconic of addition is only for HBR For HCl it is not possible Right and addition of HCl It also does not follow free radical mechanism free radical Mechanism ANC not possible But it follows what it follows Ionic mechanism ions forms Ionic mechanism and the reaction forms reaction follows with a with a stable Intermediate Carbonium ion or carbocation hence option B is correct Yes Free radical is for halogen. It is halogen halide Sorry, it is a hydro halide Got it. See this kind of mistake occurs in the exam Okay, and this happens because of the reason that you don't Read the question properly. You are hurrying your to give the answer. That's why it happens. Is it clear? next question number 22 option C is right because if minus I effect is less then It has very very less tendency to leave Or to release H plus ion furnace and furnace H plus ion, right? And that is only possible here in case of bromine and that too option C Lesser minus I lesser will be the tendency to release H plus ion and hence the smallest dissociation constant Okay, when when the molecule has less tendency to go into forward direction is dissociation constant will be Least next question 23 in this The bond length are same. What is the reason for this? What is the reason for this? Okay, one question one additional question. I'll give you on this you see This molecule and I am drawing the resonating structure of this. I'm drawing the resonating structure of this all of you Tell me the answer of this one So we'll get this positive charge and negative charge Now the question is the question is suppose. This is one two carbon and one two carbon Can you tell me the approximate value of bond order of P1 P2 carbon? This is the question. I am not asking the exact value. I want The approximate value 1.5. Okay, just a second this one you see do we have any difference in these two structure? suppose this is a first carbon second carbon third Ford One two three four five Again, what is the bond order here? Of C1 and C2 1.5 only is it what about others tell me the bond order that you know, you know the bond order and bond length are Propositional, but that also you can say Less than 1.5. Okay. Now you listen to me See this is that first of all these two are different structure both are what both are resonating structure of Benzene Both are resonating structure of Benzene Is it there? You know the case of equal resonance. Is it the case of equal resonance? Yes are no, this is the case of equal resonance. Yes or no, tell you Yes or no. Yes, right. Okay. It is the case of equal resonant Is this the case of equal resonance is this is the case of equal resonance? this one No, it is not equal resonance means what? When the pi electrons are equally distributed over the entire molecule which is what we have here. But since this part is not involved in resonance you see if you draw the resonance hybrid of this molecule your structure will be like this right it will be like this half only the half part is not involved in resonance. But when you draw the resonating structure of benzene ring the pi electrons are completely below the light and resonating structure is this so this is the when there is when there is uniform distribution or equal distribution of pi electrons are lone pair that is equal resonance and it is unequal resonance right. Now listen to me very carefully this is both it is the case of equal resonance so stability of both molecule will be equal stability will be same and when stability of the R s is same so both R s will contribute equally to the resonance hybrid right equal resonance means what I what I told you they will contribute equally to the resonance hybrid contribute equally to the resonance hybrid. But here it is not the case right here there it is not the case of equal resonance so one of the resonating structure may be what major contributors and other one may be minor contributors is it clear till here why I am saying it as major or minor is it clear since the condition is not for equal resonance it means the stability of these resonating structure will be different one will be more stable other one will be less stable correct the one which is more stable are major contributors right so we can say major contributors will have more stability fine this will contribute more into the real structure correct so in this case since the contribution is not same we cannot take the average value of bond order what did what did you do you have taken here one bond here two bond here one plus two divided by two resonating structure that's that's what you have done that part we can only do when the case is of equal resonance so in this case in this case bond order we can say it will be the number of sigma bond plus the number of pi bond divided by the number of sigma bond this is one formula right or we can also say the number of bonds number of bonds in resonance divided by number of RS number of RS okay now here you see both formula actually gives you the same value okay now number of bond in resonance means what since I am talking about C1 C2 carbon so we'll only count the number of bond between C1 and C2 so we'll have here what two bonds and here it is one bond two plus one there are three bonds so three divided by two RS we have the bond order will be 1.5 okay or number of sigma bond but you take care of one thing here we only take the bonds which is in resonance how many sigma bond we have here you see one two two sigma bond and one pi bond the two plus one divided by two again the answer will be 1.5 I can take one separate class for this if you want we can discuss all these things in so detail with so many examples I can give you okay but today since we are not discussing these things separately so I am just giving you a bit of idea okay if you see more number of questions more questions if you solve the things will be clear more right the point I am trying to make is what since we have equal resonance equal distribution of pi electrons so we can take average over here right but the same case will not have here we cannot take average over here and in this case we even cannot find out the exact value of bond order right but what we can say here that the bond order of C1 and C2 will lie in this range that is one bond here one two this is what we can say furthermore the bond order will have close to this value close to value one or two it depends on the stability of this or this rs the one which is more stable according to that we can say the bond order will have a value which is closer to two or closer to one got it is it clear now any doubt you can ask me guys speak up let me know if you have any right so in case of unequal resonance right in case of this case this case in case of unequal resonance I am just summing it up okay this is the last part if you can keep this one single line in mind you can understand in case of unequal resonance we cannot find out the exact value of bond order right but we can compare the bond order like in this case we can easily say that the bond order of C1 and C2 carbon will fall in this range right and in this also we can say it is closer to one because this rs is more stable than this because of two reasons since it is a neutral molecule more number of pi bonds no charge separation right so this molecule is more stable and it is the major contributor and that is why the bond order will have the value close to one and we can say it is in fact in between one to one point five right so in case of unequal resonance we cannot find out the exact value but and in that case we'll compare the bond order and like that only you will have the question they'll give you two questions two resonating structures and they'll ask which one will have more bond order or even they can ask you more bond length accordingly this because both will have inversely proportional relation correct exact value of bond order we can only find in case of equal resonance okay next class if you want I can give you many questions on to this right then you will solve you will understand this how to find out bond order and bond length even is it clear now like you see here in this case you should know to find out the stability of rs that's what I said that the rules that I've given you seven eight rule how to find out the relative stability of resonating structures that rule you must remember if you do not know how to compare the stability of these two you cannot say whether this bond order will be closer to one or closer to two so all these things are related I hope you understood this if you have any doubt you let me know we can discuss this I can give you more questions on to this for practice purpose into the next class okay okay next question can we discuss you know what is SIR effect SIP effect SIR SIT hysteric inhibition of resonance hysteric inhibition of protonation you know that okay so next class I will discuss few more things of GOC we'll solve few questions and few more things we'll discuss because in chemistry in these kind of chapters the more information you have the chances are better to get more marks okay so that is the thing don't solve all of you don't solve any tough questions okay basic understanding you should have that what you are doing actually okay anyways solve this question number 24 why answer will be eight why it is eight yes so again you see they are talking about energy of resonating structure okay that depends on the relative stability correct so again those rules you have to memorize okay more stability lesser will be the energy and we know neutral molecules are always more stable than the charged one okay so obviously option a is right okay there's no charge here so this one is the most stable structure separation of charge requires energy yes so you have to provide that energy obviously the energy will be will increase and the second thing what you can think just you find out the stability most stable compound will have the least in it right 25 what is the answer what is the error in first option a ram churn lead out are you getting it bond order comparison you understood ram churn you see this nitrogen is what here the nitrogen is bivalent only two bonds your answer is correct I just write it down it is bivalent and this carbon is pentavalent this is pentavalent and what yeah this carbon is also pentavalent right pentavalent so option b is correct one two four three yeah option b is correct okay next question we'll see guys you solve this just a second just okay what is the answer 27 one which is of incorrect pair we have to find right so okay first one we have resonance find second one second one is what second one is also a resonating structure right this is also a resonating structure rs not in equilibrium this is wrong right these two are in equilibrium what is this this is keto in all form right so this one is in equilibrium what is this option see this is right this is also right I think something is missing them I am also not getting it something is missing I'll just okay let it be this option I'll just cross check it okay I'll let it be this question means you are saying this is rotated like this it is a rotation about this you are telling I'll cross check this option you let it be now okay we'll see another question I'll cross check this you let it be this one okay this one you see tell me in the reaction this is ring expansion actually in the reaction shown below the six member ring is generated by something which bond yeah so what happens this bond this bond comes over here it is this h plus will come over here right then OH2 will go H2O will go out right H2O will go out this A will join over here 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 bond will have here this point will have this bond like this and then BR will attach here so this is the structure here right H2O will go out and then this A will come over here option A is right yeah correct this one propane in absence of peroxide the same question but there was the presence it is the absence of peroxide what will be the intermediate the intermediate again will be a carbonium ion carbocation answer A will be right okay addition of HI in presence or absence whatever the question is this would be the intermediate okay like we have seen in the previous example for the next one two questions for today 31 31 the answer most of you are saying A why it is A we are following most stick yeah charged species are more reactive and neutral molecule are more stable this is again see actually these are not resonating structure these are not resonating structure first of all A is a different molecule BCD are not the resonating structure of A why because since we know in in the resonating structures the charge balance must be there means if BCD are the RS of A since it is neutral all these molecules should be neutral overall but it is not the case we have positive positive charge here I think we can compare BC and D easily and overall since it is neutral so this should be more stable right overall it is neutral so this should be more stable but if you compare BC and D these are different structures no if you compare BC and D this will be the most stable because of hyper conjugation and resonance here because of hyper conjugation with this alpha hydrogen and hyper conjugation with this no resonance with this pi bond pi bond right and hyper conjugation over here here we have resonance with this resonance with this and I think this is the answer this we won't discuss simply the charge of the neutral species will be the more stable okay this will be the answer A right neutral species will be more stable okay second one what is the answer 32 the stable resonating form of vinyl methyl ketone vinyl methyl ketone vinyl methyl ketone is nothing but this CH2 double bond CH C double bond O CHC right so if it comes over here and this pi electron goes here so this will be CH2 positive charge single bond CH double bond CO minus CHC okay but we have to compare with all this obviously this one will be not stable because positive negative charge will see carbon atom at adjacent position this put this type of structure is highly unstable because they have very high tendency to form a double bond here so this is not stable at all right this is also not stable carbon oxygen bond has tendency to form double bond here and again the same reason will have here also right so this is the most stable why because you see one more thing can discuss here will have the positive negative charge as maximum possible distance right right negative charge is present on electronegative element right that's why option A is the right way after this A suppose order of stability if you have to write A will be the most stable after this A will have C right we have C and then B and D if you compare so B will be more stable because electron is displacing towards the carbonyl group and then we'll have D comparative if you see opposite charges must be closer then it is then it is not stable Sondarya you see this if it is closer right this has more tendency to form a double bond here charge separation at adjacent carbon is not at all stable for this see what happens you think like this you have this pi bond how do you separate this how do you dissociate this pi bond for that you have to provide energy and to maintain this charge separation this energy you have to continuously provide to this molecule and hence it will be at higher energy state which is not stable you decrease the energy a bit this will form this will convert into a double bond okay is it clear why C is more stable we'll have this positive see we are comparing the comparison of this and this will happen right let's discuss this we have one pi bond one pi bond right if you see the octet here right if you see the octet except this carbon all carbon has its octet and oxygen has its octet right here also you see except this carbon all carbon has its octet oxygen has its octet all the conditions are same for this two molecule the only difference is what the distance between the two charges so comparatively if you see depending on the distance of positive or negative charge we are assigning stability to A and C right so more the distance mode will be the stability because closer distance if you have the less distance if you have they have tendency to more tendency to form a double bond or to separate the charge like this you have to provide energy into it then only this kind of separation is possible yeah this one you are talking about this one that's what i'm also talking about i am comparing A and C right all the conditions are same we'll have one carbon with positive charge here also we have one carbon with positive charge yes unlike charges our largest distance is comparatively again unstable right but since it is a relative thing we are discussing no this is a relative thing just a second you convert this here oh like charges when it is closed it is unstable right oh yeah like charges close unstable so unlike charges close it should be stable right okay yeah i got confused we'll have unlike charges no positive like charges close is unstable so unlike close will be stable yeah correct correct correct my mistake my bad i'm sorry option c will be right option c will be right yes correct unlike charges are there got it got it i'm sorry my mistake anyway so we'll we'll discuss this right you see just one thing you tell me have you done this kind of questions where you have to find out heat of hydrogenation or heat of combustion because this kind of question they usually ask this kind of question they usually ask in the exam heat of hydrogenation heat of combustion thing right did you did you finish that kind of questions how to compare heat of hydrogenation with the stability of resonating structures and all this kind of questions have you done okay fine so what you will do your homework is what and that will be easier for all of us if you finish your homework you just finished your you know the relative stability of r s the various rule that you have i will discuss i will discuss that into the next class but for that you required this information how to this information of relative stability of resonating structure correct do you finish that relative stability of resonating structure on your own next class we'll discuss that heat of hydrogenation heat of combustion part and few examples again we'll see under bond order comparison and calculation fine so we wind up the class here only we'll see you in the next class finish your homework okay relative stability rules you must go through okay thanks all thanks all good morning


Thank you very much, Jodi, for the nice introduction and to Code Pink for inviting me to come speak here and for being an inspiration. Y'all have been around for 15 years. My organization's been around for about 13 years, so it's been a long time of looking up to y'all. Lots of supporters from Code Pink. Medea's been a very generous supporter and we thank you for that. So I do want to let folks know that we're changing our name from Iraq veterans against the war to about face veterans against the war. And just the quick and dirty version of why we're doing that is because we've always been post-911 veterans. We've had veterans from, that served in Afghanistan, that served as drone operators, that served in other places around the world that are war resistors, and so we've always had this issue where the name Iraq veterans against the war didn't actually match up with our full membership and so that's why we're making that transition. And we're excited to let y'all know about that. The other thing I want to share is the work that we've been doing called Drop the Mic as in military industrial complex. And so it's a campaign that we have been building for a while now. It was born around May of 2015 when we had an organizing gathering in Detroit. We're a membership-led organization so all of the decisions that we make take a long time to discuss, debate, and make decisions with a democratic process. But we've done that and decided to focus in on the military industrial complex and thinking about how we can reclaim our resources from the military industrial complex and drop the mic. And so I came here wondering, hey, have they figured out anything beyond what we have in these two years that we've been digging into this because it's so huge and it's so complex. We started looking at these lists of kind of bad actors in the military industrial complex, looking at who's getting the most money in contracts, who's getting the most fines for violations, who's making the most profits, and a lot of overlaps on those lists and a lot of the same corporations folks have been talking about and mentioning here. So we are excited to hear folks' ideas and work that's moving forward when we talked about divestment as a tactic for our campaign a while back. It felt like it wasn't really our skill set and our strength as post-911 veterans talking about how this war budget doesn't actually support the troops, how it's robbing resources from our communities. So it's something that we're really interested in. We spend a lot of time looking at and talking to folks who are involved in BDS and other work in that area. And we want to figure out what folks are going to be pushing forward that we can participate and be a part of. So what I've been doing over this past year has been a drop the mic speaking tour. And we've teamed up with other organizations around the country. Ones that I specifically participated in were close to my home in Chattanooga, Tennessee. We teamed up with folks from Black Lives Matter and from a local organization, Concerned Citizens for Justice there, to talk about the connections between militarism at home and abroad. Similarly in Boston, we teamed up with Black Lives Matter in Boston to talk about those same issues. So something that we're really thinking about is how do we draw closer with folks who are looking at militarism at home and dealing with the issues here and not ask why aren't people participating in our anti-war activities, but how can we build those relationships to be stronger? How can we show up for these folks? One way we've been looking at that in addition to connecting with these organizations and groups that we want to have share their stories and their messages and build together. We've also been looking at the policy platform for the movement for Black Lives and the invest divest portion of that policy platform really clearly lays out a lot of what we're talking about and a lot of what we're trying to do as far as taking resources back from destructive industries and putting them back into our communities, putting them back into the things that make us healthy, happy, safe.  I don't feel like I have a ton of new information, the things that speakers have shared have really resonated. Some of the ways that we're looking at going after the military industrial complex, we've been calling the four P's of the MIC and so we're looking at their profits, their political influence, their public image and talking about the privatization of defense industries which is really leading to the out of control profiting that's coming from this destructive industry. We're talking about just transition as we change from this militarism economy that we're finding new jobs for folks, new ways for people to engage in the world that again is making their communities, our country, the world, hopefully a better place to be in. Yeah, definitely the 1033 program was brought up, the program that sends military equipment down to the local level. We found out in Colorado that even the child welfare service, I can't think of the name of the department right now, had one of the military MRAT giant vehicles and we're trying to understand why that possibly could make sense, what reason there could be for that department to have a piece of military equipment and it's the same across the country. It's in schools are getting equipment, weapons, ammunition passed down and they want to use that equipment. They want to go out and practice with it and they want to use it in the real world situations. People brought up SWAT. That's another area that there's been just exponential growth over the past 10 years where now even small rural police departments have SWAT teams. It's pretty unbelievable. I'm going to wrap up so I can help us stay on time and still have some time for questions if folks are interested. But I think it's been clear to us working on this for two years and still coming to a point of where we're like, there's all these different areas that we can chip away, that we can pull away support from the military industrial complex, that we can build up support for community-based health, wellness, safety. But how can we get more concentrated and more unified on how we're doing that work together and so I'm really interested in building with folks and figuring out how we can do that in a unified way and a way that has a lot of impact and really shifts the resources in this country. So thank you all so much. I appreciate it.


In addition to the eight main planets in our solar system, there are a number of large bodies too small to clear the debris in their orbit. These are called minor or dwarf planets. We know of five, but there could be dozens more. Here are three of them. Pluto, with its methane ice surface, is out in the Kuiper Belt at 7.5 billion kilometers. That's 4.7 billion miles from the Sun. At that distance, it takes almost 250 years for one revolution. Pluto is 450 times smaller than the Earth. It was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006, when other objects its size were discovered. Chiron is the largest of Pluto's five moons. With an unexpectedly interesting surface, it is half the size of Pluto. This photograph was taken by the New Horizons spacecraft in 2015. Ceres, the only dwarf planet in the asteroid belt, is 414 million kilometers. That's 257 million miles from the Sun. It was discovered in 1801 and classified as an asteroid. Once the dawn spacecraft entered orbit around Ceres in 2015, and its true size was understood, it was reclassified as a dwarf planet. Its diameter is approximately 945 kilometers, or 587 miles, making it around 14 times smaller than Pluto. Maki Maki was discovered in 2005 by a team at the Palomar Observatory. It is in the Kuiper Belt at 7.8 billion kilometers, or 4.8 billion miles. It is thought that Maki Maki's reddish-brown color comes from a layer of methane at its surface.