So, good afternoon to all of you. In the next 25 minutes, I have been given the task to talk about renewable energy options for buildings. So, you had already a series of lectures focusing on green buildings, focusing on passive and so I am going to touch upon the active renewable energy options. So, the way we plan it, let's start with a set of questions. The first question, these are the questions that we are going to answer in this talk is, how much energy do we use in our house and we will try and do a simple quantification so that we can, so each of us, all of us live in house and so if we want to see how much energy we use, we can do this and this is a simple number to calculate. Then we look at what is the end-use pattern for the building, then we ask the question why opt for renewable energy at all and then list out the different options and then close with some examples and then challenges for renewable energy systems in buildings. So, before we look at it, when you look at from an energy systems point of view, we need to look at the energy that is available in nature which is primary energy and this could be your solar, it could be wind, but it could also be fossil fuels, it could be coal, oil, natural gas and that goes through a series of sequence of steps and through energy conversion facilities to give you a secondary energy which is refined oil or electricity goes through transmission distribution system and then you get the final energy that you pay for. The final energy that we pay for normally for our house will be maybe electricity and LPG and then that goes to our equipment and then then you get the useful energy and the end-use activity. So, we may do when we do the calculation, we can do the calculation at the point of the energy service which is what we are interested in that is we want comfort conditions, we want heating, we want cooling, we want some motive power, we want illumination and in order to do that we are buying energy which is final energy or we are using some energy from nature which is the primary energy. So, at any of these levels either the energy service or the final energy or the primary energy. So, we will calculate the final energy and the primary energy for a typically for a house and so let us look at this, how would you calculate it? Let us say we have your each house is paying an electricity bill. So, take your electricity bill, I have taken a simple example of a house which does not have air conditioning and say we are using 120 kilowatt hour per month and depending on the number of people you have in the house and the amount of times that you do cooking. So, you will have a certain amount of LPG users, I am just assume let us say 1 cylinder per month is a reasonable assumption for a small family and if you look at this we can then take this and convert the numbers take that 120 kilowatt hour and then you convert it into kilo joules and divided by 1000 to get mega joules. So, you get 432 mega joules per month, if you look at LPG 1 cylinder has 14.2 kgs and so, multiply that by the energy content of LPG and you get another about 600 mega joules and so, if you add these two up you get essentially the energy use in your house and you can just plug in your own numbers and this is now the energy that you use the final energy that you are getting. If you want to convert it in terms of primary energy remember that the electricity that you are using has already been has already taken much more in terms of primary energy because you have a coal power plant facility and that has an efficiency. So, we take this 432 divided by an approximate number of 30 percent LPG also has some refining and you know from crude oil if you are getting it, but that efficiency is about 90 percent. So, if you add it up it comes to about 2100 mega joules per month. So, you can immediately do the simple calculation similar calculation for your own house and then depending on. So, if I look at that multiply it and you get so many giga joules 25 giga joules per year suppose it is a 4 you know we have 4 people divided by number of people and this gives you immediately 6.3 giga joules per capita per year. We will just keep tab of this number because I want to compare this number with what are the numbers for other cities in the world. We can also look at what we are interested in in all of this is we are may be interested in energy, but we are interested in the price that we pay for the energy. So, typically you will be if you are talking 120 kilowatt hour we are in the slab 100 to 300 kilowatt hour the way most of our electricity is priced is we have a slab system if you use more per month and you are in a higher slab the price of electricity is higher. So, 100 to 300 kilowatt hour roughly about 5 rupees per kilowatt hour multiply that. So, that means we are getting about 7000 rupees per year is what we are paying on electricity and for LPG we are paying about 5400 rupees this is subsidized. So, if you take it unsubsidized it is about 10800. So, for energy for this house that we talk of we are paying 12600 rupees per year as compared to and if it was unsubsidized 18000 rupees. We will look at this this number is to be kept in mind because when I am going to talk to you about renewables we will see the same numbers for renewables. So, that you can get a sense we cannot talk about energy without talking about emissions in today's world every time we could look at. So, you can immediately look at this multiply the electricity by an emission factor depends on what kind of how you generate your electricity. So, if it is more of coal then the emission factor will be higher if it is more hydro it will be lower. So, for an average for the Indian context it is about 0.9, 0.89 kgs and LPG is about 65 kgs you can multiply this and you immediately straight away get what is the amount of kg of CO2 per year and per person and this is something that you can easily do for yourself and you can see for your house for your electricity and cooking this is the amount of energy this is the cost and this is the CO2 and then we can do the similar calculation for the other renewables that we talk about later. So, if you look at this is from a global energy assessment and you will see that the giga joules per capita for different countries for residential uses and you will see that this red part a large part of these are cold countries and a large part of the energy which is used is basically for space heating and if you subtract if you remove that and you look at the remaining part of it then you see that we are somewhere over here when we talked of that 6.3 giga joules per capita, but these are different kinds of numbers. So, let us move on and let us look at in the Indian context as a study in Delhi and you can see the end use electricity by different appliances. So, you see that you know we are looking at cooking and lighting and also there are other you know the television refrigerators air conditioning and then there will be a different mix for summer and winter. So, we need to understand these kind of appliance ownership different countries also have different supply mixes. So, if you look at India for instance it is not it is something which you may surprise you or today are building energy use is predominantly renewables and however, this is because it is predominantly for cooking predominantly cooking by biomass traditional renewables very low efficiency. So, if you look at primary energy supply as people move up the energy chain and you go for more and more convenient fuels this is going to get shifted this biomass section is going to get shifted into kerosene or LPG or electricity and. So, if you look at the mix of other countries you will see that heating and electricity and natural gas etcetera all come in. So, this is just so when we talk about the present situation for electricity and power generation we are mainly thinking in terms of large centralized generation which is going to supply you electricity through a grid when we talk of future possibilities we are also looking at each building having its own generation. We are thinking in terms of cogeneration tri generation decentralized distributed generation and demand side management. So, this is something that you have to keep in mind it is not necessarily only the context that we have. So, if we now talk about that building which has 120 kilowatt hour per month use I have put down based on that study there is a world bank report which has a study of appliances and for those appliances with the ratings we have built up for each of these appliances and end use curve and the total load profile as you can see the load is not constant and you have to meet the peak most of the peak is basically in the evening and night time. So, for this building we have this requirement is about 0.4 kilowatt peak and on an average we are requiring for this house it is a non air conditioned house remember we are talking of 0.16 about 160 watt is the average through the day and keep these numbers in mind because I am going to now design we will look at a PV design for the same kind of building. So, before we do that let us now look at what is the what are the motivations why should we opt for renewable energy. One motivation fossil fuel prices are increasing and most of the places in India we have energy shortages we have electricity shortages you all know that the US dollar is way you know we started with 45 and now it is like 64. So, energy security when you look at the amount of money we are using to pay for our oil bill energy security means that if we can have control over the energy that we are using and we can have an uninterrupted supply which means that we again renewables offers you that option. The most predominant driver today is greenhouse gas emissions global warming and climate change. So, even if we have fossil fuels the overall CO2 emissions that are caused by fossil fuels implies that we cannot continue to have our future energy systems only be fossil fuel based also there have been and are continuing to we are continuing to have significant improvements in renewable energy costs are decreasing there is a very steep learning curve and we anticipate and expect that renewables are going to increasingly become more and more cost effective. So, that is these are the reasons why we should be looking in for renewable energy now there are variety of renewable energy options and we will touch upon a few of them because currently based on present technology these are the ones which are likely to be suitable for buildings. So, we look at solar we look at solar thermal solar photovoltaic we look at wind we can have ocean thermal energy for large scale centralized we look at some biomass geothermal small hydro wave energy and tidal and of these in the context of buildings the ones that are short list for the options are solar we can go for solar and solar photovoltaic for generating electricity solar thermal for space heating and for cooking and water heating we will look at biomass could be used for water heating could be used for space heating, but biomass predominantly we will look at for cooking wind could be for electricity again electricity then could be used for all electricity also appliances geothermal cost effective solution in many cases for space heating and space cooling and of course this is not an exhaustive list you can think of various others, but these are in today's technology in my opinion these are the ones which are most near cost effectiveness. So, let us start with solar and solar photovoltaics and these are some pictures taken from the web of solar PV modules and I am sure many most of you have seen some of these and you have different kinds of products for instance lighting products these are of course using CFLs and now you have solar lanterns using the LEDs and you can have solar home systems and solar power supplies and this is a installation for instance a 5 kilowatt peak installation at a small village on the way from Mumbai to Pune at Rajmachi village it is a 5 kilowatt peak solar system. This is a picture of a passive house with zero energy building and you can see the solar PV modules on the side let me go through these and these are some schematics of how you can connect your grid connected systems and there are several such things if you can just look at these systems and many of these systems are functional this is one of the you can see the PV integrated into a building it is the CII building at Hyderabad. So, and different concepts and you can look at the European Union and you have different kinds of images of building integrated photovoltaics which are there at IISC Bangalore where they have a BIPV lab and they put a panel of about 5 kilowatt peak and they have got this paper report some of the results that you have from this BIPV. So, this is actually integrated along in with the roof and this is the glass panel which we are looking at and you can see this is the schematic of that structure you can of course, see that the output of this varies over the year and you have a DC output and then in the AC there is a conversion loss efficiency and this details are there in the paper in the reference. So, one of the challenges that we have is the solar insulation the supply is not constant and typically over the day when you see this is the time when you have the requirement where you have the supply the load that we had we saw that that has a different kind of requirement. So, then unless you have a grid connect if you are going to have an isolated system then you are thinking in terms of batteries and storage which is again costly and. So, that is the and of course also there is a seasonal variation. So, for instance if you look at Mumbai you can see that different months during the monsoon months the solar insulation is a little less than the other months. So, now let us look at that same installation that we talked of 120 kilowatt hour per month and we want to design for that system let us see what are the panels that we can choose. So, I have chosen a panel which is a BP 3125 panel and this is the current versus voltage curve for this a peak rating is 125 watts. So, we choose 10 of these panels and that would be if you look at the energy under the area under the curve along with the battery and the some efficiencies assumed that is enough for meeting the requirement that we had shown. We also take a battery let us say battery of 4 kilowatt hour and for this system then this is my solar generation. If you can see this this is the solar generation of course the peak of the solar generation as I said was 1.2 kilowatt peak rating and of course this is for a particular insulation. So, the kilowatt rating is little less and then for that this is the load and then you have some of sometimes the load will be come from coming from the battery you have a battery charging and battery discharging and you can take this from me, but you can cross check it you can take this area under the curve is equal to this area. So, now let us look at when you do this approximately with the numbers that you can have this system is going to cost the PV modules will cost about 70,000 rupees battery will cost depending on the rating 25 to 30,000 I have taken 30,000 and the balance of system and the inverters controllers are the 30,000. So, we are talking of a total approximate cost of 1.3 lakhs and the annual savings of about 7200 and that is the reason why all of us do not have PV powering our homes. However, many parts of the world and even India is proposing that that we all often we induce because we have a preferential tariff. So, even if you just look at this and you think in terms of a preferential tariff of 15 rupees per kilowatt on the many parts of the world the tariff for a PV based electricity is even higher than this. So, even if you just look at that and you say that we have grid buy back and net metering grid buy back and net metering means that I can take from the grid whenever I want and I can supply back to the grid whenever I want and the advantage then is I do I can get rid of my battery. So, that will reduce your cost and now your cost is only about a lack and now your saving annual saving is about 21600 with a 15 rupees per kilowatt. So, the payback period is 4 to 5 years which is which is reasonable and. So, if you have the right kind of conditions even now it is at the margin and then if you look at some of the malls or some of the other places where your electricity price is even higher then and PV costs are going down. So, in future you can think in terms of looking at some of these things. The other technology currently which I mean many of you are from Bangalore or from Pune you will see almost everywhere there are solar water heaters and this is something where we are looking at most of the water requirements that we have are at relatively low temperatures. So, even flat plate or evacuated tube collectors you will you will see that it pays back for itself if you are replacing electricity for in about 3 years or so at today's prices. So, even without any subsidies this is something that is viable and this can be used solar cooking something which is potentially possible, but not the problem is that we need to then change our cooking habits. So, flat plate sun box cookers, but the problem is then you will not be able to do deep frying and several of the other things that you could not be able to do. On the other hand if you have concentration for instance you have the shaeffler and then you concentrate it then you will see incidentally this image of the kitchen this is actually a solar kitchen. So, there is no flame there and so this can enable wide variety of cooking and the problem is this is Ajay Chandrak's innovation where he actually even in a household with a balcony you can just put this concentrator there and you can have a pressure cooker putting that. So, there are this is today is based on this this kind of cooking can be a supplementary cooking. However, for institutions and community kitchens you can look at concentration and steam and you can have steam based cooking and that could be almost like a viable option. The other option is when we look at biomass and we are talking of biomass gasifiers we need to look at getting more convenient and LPG kind of quality of flame and for that we have a number of designs of biomass micro gasifiers and biomass gasifier cook stoves and so and these typically will cost you of course will cost you initially 2000 to 4000 rupees and there have been different kinds of schemes and you can see the flames which we are talking of these flames are as good in terms of the density we are talking of efficiencies of conversion of the order of 50 percent and LPG is about 60 65 percent. So, this is technically these are possible some of these are commercial for instance this is a design which was ISC was involved and BP and there is a company which is now looking at it URJA this has a fan in it and they are also looking at here a fuel chain where you take biomass and you pelletize and these biomass pellets this will come to about one-fifth the cost of your LPG and there is a small initial model had lead acid battery now there is a nickel cadmium battery which is used in these. There is another interesting it is a award winning innovation it is a bio lights stove and the idea in this is that the flue gases the products of combustion which are here you have a thermoelectric generator and that drives the fan that also provides for you an option where you can have an LED light or you can charge your mobile phone and in terms of cost still they are talking of something of the order of about 70 dollars price, but there are ways in which so you can see this is an active area and this is something which can also be thought of and near our home in the in Pune there is a association called ARTI appropriate rural technology institute and they have this biomass gasifier stove they also have you know when you look at vegetable kitchen waste you can use that kitchen waste to give you a bio gas and you can run that and so you have two digestors one is possibly on a rooftop and one could be actually even on there was small unit which can even be put on a small balcony and these are this is another option which is there and geothermal of course we can look at just the ground heat pump or heat cooling, but there are also places where you can use the heat which is available for cooking and so this is these are the this is basically the geothermal map of the Indian context and we can think in terms of integration of the geothermal with building integrated PV and so you can look at building integrated PV and then heat recovery and then ducting and system of light so geothermal heat pump typically very common in many of the European US countries we are talking of small delta T's so you can use the ground as a source of heat and in the Indian context you can use the ground as a source of putting in in your air conditioning system instead of having the condenser you can put that back into the ground and then your overall efficiencies will improve and now there are some companies were in this space. In the case of wind Professor Swathi talked about that large building with wind machines you can have also small wind machines and this is the Auroville's wind generator 2 kilowatt peak rating and it can be put adjacent to the building and then you can have the interesting thing is wind and solar the resources are actually complementary so normally when you have high wind you have low sun and low sun high so there is if you combine wind and PV then the overall ratings will be so there's a synergy in that and currently if you want to do this you know you want to have a 5 kilowatt or a 10 kilowatt hybrid system the government gives you quite a bit of subsidies so you can get actually a 10 kilowatt system for about 2.5 lakhs or so and I think about 70 percent is subsidized and it's another option okay so I've come to the closing of this lecture I have given you a quick overview of the different kinds of renewable energy options that are possible for buildings what are the challenges and what does the future hold in store for us we have there's significant scope for technology development in all of this technology development and cost reduction when you do renewables in building the first few things that you have to do is integrate the demand side management first see that can you reduce your loads so whether it is by passive or it is by more efficient systems reduce your loads look at efficiency demand side management and then passive then configure the active systems for your and then the main challenge here is to match your supply and demand and storage is right now costly so cost effective storage is going to be another challenge for the future there is an issue of decentralized and centralization overall our grades are energy supply systems our society is all gone towards the centralized kind of model many of the things that we are looking at for buildings imply a decentralized model and we may even go back to DC right now all our appliances are AC so we take that PV the calculation that I talked of PV then take it to an inverter then get it to AC and then have the devices running on AC but we can think in terms of having a DC grid in the interim there will be hybridization so you will going to have renewables and fossil and then you have to have controls we are talking of smart metering micro grids all of this the cost angle will come in we can redesign the houses for renewables and this is a challenge for all the architecture people because you can rethink the way you design your house so that you integrate renewables into it and finally the whole thing is future systems are not going to look like what exists today so there is scope for R and D and innovation and of course there has to be policy support to sort of make this happen I just want to acknowledge some people who helped me in preparing this presentation end with a just quotation from an American philosopher writer poet Henry David Thoreau who said what is the use of a house if you haven't got a tolerable planet to put it on so what we need to think of when we look at renewables is how do we make the houses that facilitate a tolerable planet okay and so there are a number of references I've tried to go through several things but I've quickly gone over it and you can go get a lot of details from these two pages of references okay thank you all


So anger is a completely normal human emotion, but what gets us into trouble is the way that we react to anger. Regardless of what you think about James Charles, he just dropped some awesome advice for anger management that we can all learn from. What is up everybody? This is Chris from the Rewired Soul where we talk about the problem, but focus on the solution. If you're new to my channel, my channel is all about mental health. Sometimes what I do is take different topics going on in the YouTube community and try to see what lessons we can learn from people's mistakes as well as their successes. So if you're into that stuff, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell and follow me on social media at the Rewired Soul over on Instagram and Twitter.  Well, anyways, everybody who's entered the giveaway, again, if you retweet this video, it'll be my pinned tweet. If you retweet this video, you'll get another entry in my first Shane Dawson Palate giveaway. But anyways, let's jump into this topic. So yesterday, James Charles sent out this tweet, just spent 30 minutes in a Starbucks parking lot filming a Snapchat rant about something bothering me, but instead of posting, I listened to myself rant and then clicked delete. Sometimes it's healthy to have a conversation with yourself before having it with others. This is such excellent advice from James Charles and I hope I pray that people learn from it. So those of you who don't know me and a lot of you wouldn't even realize this about me since you've met my happy-go-lucky self today, I used to have such bad anger management issues, all right? So seven years ago, I got sober from drugs and alcohol and everything like that. And one of my many reasons for drinking and using was because I was so angry all the time, all right? And even when I first got sober, like I had to really work on my anger management because I was causing a lot of my own problems. Like I said, anger is a normal human emotion. Like to think that you're ever gonna 100% get rid of anger is impossible. You're running a fool's errand. We're always gonna have anger that's gonna pop up, but what we need to learn, how to do is how to manage it in a better way. And James Charles just dropped some dope advice, all right? So for me personally, my anger management is a thousand times better than what it used to be, okay? So those of you who are interested, by the way, I'm gonna be talking about some tips that I put in my book, Rewire Your Anger. It's available in ebook and audiobook. If you wanna check it out, it's over on my website, all right? But the main problem is when we get angry, okay? And something that James Charles is learning, right? Is that when we get angry, we feel like that anger has to get out, right? And this is true, that anger does need to get out. But the delusion that we're sitting in when we're in that very high emotional state is that it needs to get out at a certain person or people need to hear about how we were wronged or how we were hurt and all these other things. Now, one of the bigger issues that a lot of us run into is, sometimes there's innocent bystanders, right? So those of us who have children or maybe have a significant other. So something made you angry, right? But then you take that anger out on someone who had absolutely nothing to do with it. And that's one of the main reasons why we need to get this thing in check. So one of the best lessons I learned is that I did need to get my anger out, but it didn't need to be at that person or it didn't need to be extremely public, okay? So the example I wanna use is with my baby mama. So when I first got sober, she wasn't my biggest fan, all right? So now her and I have an amazing relationship. And if you ever want me to do videos about co-parenting and rebuilding that relationship and everything, just let me know. Because she's one of my best friends, she's remarried, she has another son, everything like that. But we have such a good relationship now. But anyways, when I first got sober, it wasn't good, all right?  Even though I got sober, I was still not a very good person. I wasn't able to fully support our son and everything like that. But anyways, she had some choice things to say. And she would text me and everything like that, and I would get so angry. So angry, and I'm letting you guys know right now, kind of like the lesson we're learning from James Charles is, I truly believe one of the reasons that me and my son's mom have such an amazing relationship today is from all the text messages that I never sent, okay? So when she would say something that got me upset, right? Like it would hurt my pride, it would hurt my ego, and these are a lot of things that we don't like to address or we're incapable of addressing in that heightened state of emotion, right? But I would type out just paragraphs, right? And just pointing the finger back at her, here's what's wrong with you, here's what you did, and dah, dah, dah, dah, you think it's so perfect. Blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, all these things, right? And I'd write it all out. And then I would pause and I'd be like, oh, I'm feeling better, right? Like the way I kind of imagine it is, our anger is like this, this monster or this beast inside a cage, right? And it's just trying to get out, you know what I mean? Or it's like a bull in the china shop, right? And it's just jacking everything up and it's trying to get out. We want to let it out the front door to go wreak havoc on the entire city, right? But what if we let it out the back door? It could still get out, but let's let it out over there, right? And that's what I learned when it came to venting my anger but not directing it in the wrong way. So I'd write out these messages and then I would delete it and I would feel better, right? And I had to stop and really think and reflect on how many times did my anger and all these things like, did they benefit me in any way, right? Like I want you to ask yourself that real quick. If you deal with anger issues, if you're constantly snapping and popping off at people, how much good does that do, right? Like if we really think about it in the moment, it feels kind of good just like telling somebody what's up. But in the long term, how much does it really benefit us, okay? So there are many different ways to do this, okay? Like I said, like sometimes I would just text it and then I would delete it, right? I'm a writer too, so sometimes I just open up a word document.  I've worked with some people who would write a letter, right?  Or you could take from the James Charles playbook and record a video and then just delete it, you know what I mean? Like I've released some terrible videos on my channel that I regret and it was out of anger because I'm still not perfect.  But there are many, many, many videos where I've sat down, I've set up my lighting and everything like that, turned this camera on and I've gone off and then I never posted the video, okay? So try to think of different strategies in which you can vent, in which you can get this out, right? And here's something that I want to touch on real quick. Like in no way, shape or form am I saying that we should never confront somebody or talk to somebody who's hurt us or who's wronged us. Especially if it's somebody that we interact with on a regular basis, such as a coworker or a significant other or a family member. We need to have these conversations. But the problem is, is when we're in a heightened state of emotion, nothing good comes from it, all right? So what we need to start working on is doing one of these various strategies to get that anger out of our system, all right? And then have that conversation. Like it is healthy to have conversations with people and say, yo, what you did really hurt me, right?  Like James Charles, I don't know what his situation was. Like he said something later. I think it was like a relationship or an ex or whatever. Like sometimes like that person's just gonna be out of your life, so you don't need to try to repair or mend that relationship. You know what I mean? But if it is somebody like a friend, a loved one, like we need to calm down and then have a healthy conversation with them. The last thing I want to talk about real quick and just real, real quick because I don't want to dive into it is that I fully disagree with Kavos on this one because he was going back and forth with James Charles yesterday and he said, he said this. He said, but now you have told everyone you had a rant about something you felt was important enough to share on Snapchat, which now leads to speculation of what the rant was about. Shane and Jeffrey, maybe? And defeats the point of talking to yourself because now everyone knows. Or maybe you just want to make yourself out to be the quote, unquote bigger person, but this is just passive aggressive as heck and worse than an actual genuine rant. Now here's the thing, like I said, I completely disagree with it because me personally, as somebody who is always trying to learn from people's mistakes as well as their successes, I love when people share this stuff and I'm choosing to be optimistic. I truly believe that James Charles shared that to inspire some people in his audience. And hell, now I'm making a video to try to relay that message and anybody who missed it, I'm trying to inspire other people. Okay, but somebody like Kavos in this particular situation, they're assuming the worst, right? They're assuming the worst in James Charles, but I'm telling you right now, the only reason that I'm here where I'm at today in my mental state is because people have shared their stories. That's one of the reasons why in this video and many other videos I will share my experience to let you know, yo, I get it and here's what I try to do now instead, all right? So do me a favor, down in the comments below, let me know what your best anger management tip is, all right? You share that with the rest of the world down in the comments and let's swap advice and suggestions and everything like that, all right? And don't forget, make sure you retweet this video, I tweet of this video to get another entry in the Shane Dawson Palate giveaway, the first one, all right? And winners will be announced tomorrow, all right? But anyways, that's all I got for this video. If you liked this video, please give it a thumbs up. If you're new, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell. And a huge, huge thank you to everybody supporting the channel over on Patreon, as well as everybody who supports the channel by buying my books, like Rewire Your Anger, as well as everything in the merch store and everything like that, you're all awesome, all right? Thanks again for watching, I'll see you next time.


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