Okay, so welcome to the 12th HMI Data AI and Society Seminar. I'd like to start by acknowledging the traditional custodians of the land where we meet and pay my respects to our elders past, present and emerging. And today we've got no man go well, who's coming to us from Switzerland from the, from ETH said there, he completed his PhD over there just this year congratulations the month, and he's taking a postdoc there at the moment. And so the man's going to be talking about data missingness and algorithmic fairness. So the man if you'd like to start you can go ahead and share your screen, and we'll get cracking. Okay, so do you see the full screen or do you just see also see next slide anything to see in the full screen. Okay, okay, good. So thank you everyone for joining today. This is early our Australian time. So as I said, I'm going to talk about this recent work the importance of modeling data missingness and algorithmic fairness. And this is still work under review not yet public anywhere on archive. So this is joint work with my collaborators from Microsoft I'm Mr my name is this Monday, and Alfonso is a master's student at EPFL. So, as we all know that algorithms are being used now in many applications of societal importance like criminal justice, hiring university admission, healthcare loan approvals etc. And since many of these algorithms are data driven they can learn pre existing biases social biases from the data. And when they're applied to take decisions for the future, they often take bias decisions. Algorithm has received a lot of research attention recently with from researchers coming from different fields. People have come up with a lot of definitions for fairness. What fairness means for for algorithmic decision making, and also techniques to satisfy those definitions for different algorithms. So, a common approach now for training for fair machine learning classifiers is something like this. So the first thing that we need to train a classifier any classifier is obviously a big training data set where different rows contain observed outcomes for different feature values. Right. So, for example, if you're training a classifier to, let's say, take making loan decisions, then our data set may look something like this. On the left hand side, we see different feature values, like prior credit history salary education sector for different individuals. And on the right hand side, we see the outcome the observed outcome whether the respective individuals paid back the loan or not. So this is our data set. Then what we do is in the second step will very carefully think and decide on an appropriate fairness metric for that particular application for example it could be demographic parity, or equality of opportunity, and then we'll pick up a state of the art fair machine learning algorithm, and then we'll apply it on this data set to train a classifier with fairness constraints. Finally, we'll just deploy this train classifier to make future decisions. So this is like the current approach of training fair machine learning classifiers. So this seems like a good approach. Right. But are there any problems in this approach. Well, there is one big problem, which is that there is no guarantee that this supposedly fair classifier that we just trained using the state of the art machine learning classifier algorithm will actually take fair decisions in the real world. And the reason for that is missingness in training data. So what do I mean by missingness in training data. So, let's consider two individuals who in the past applied for loan with a bank, and they had these different features let's say x1 and x2. The bank looked at the features of the both individuals and for the first individual, it approved the loan, and for the second individual the bank denied loan. So what will happen after some amount of time that you will observe the true outcome for the first individual, whether this person paid back the loan or not. And this feature and outcome pair will become part of the training data set. Whereas for the other individual true outcome was never observed. And so this feature and outcome pair goes completely missing from the training training data. So if I, if I can summarize that slide in one line is that training data even if it contains objective ground for the outcome and infinitely many samples is often one sided due to some kind of systematic censoring by past decisions. So there are obviously other kinds of issues in in data that that can cause bias for example you may not be able to measure the outcome sometimes. The outcome may be subjective or may not be there may be some kind of errors in it but what I'm just considering here is that very objective ground truth that you cannot observe correctly. But there is some kind of missingness in the training data so you don't observe everything you just observe partially some of the records. So while most of the work in fairness literature ignores this problem but there are some recent work that do consider this problem I'm not going to go into the details of all the related work for now, but towards the end if there is time, time left to probably go through it. I can just summarize that in this work our focus is on general identifiability of distributions from from missing data. And what does it imply for a fair machine learning algorithms. Before we get started, let me also give a very quick introduction to causal graphs so causal graphs are probabilistic graphical models that are used to encode assumptions about data generation process. So for example, if you want to represent the causal relationship between variables gender, age and obesity that and we assume that both gender and age have a causal relation with obesity then we can use this causal graph to represent that relation. Where edges represent the causal relation between variables. Now, when there is missingness in training data Karthika Mohan and you the pearl propose this elegant framework recently for also representing the missingness mechanism through causal graphs. So assume that for the same example of gender, age and obesity. Let's say we observe the age and gender completely for all individuals, but obesity has some missingness so we don't observe obesity variable for every individual. You can see in this obesity star column where for some records you actually observe whether individuals obese or not as for these two you have the missingness. So you don't observe the correct data. And then there is this separate variable that we have added which we call as let's say missingness mechanism that represents whether you observe the true variable or not for obesity. Whenever this are not our subscript O is zero. You observe it, you observe the obesity variable and whenever this is one you don't observe it. So you can think of it as some kind of on off switch. Now, when we want to represent it in the causal graph, we can use. The first part is the same GA and O variable. Now we add this new variable O star, which represents the variable that we actually observe. So it's the version of variable O, but we don't observe O we observe O star and O star is affected by this are not our subscript O variable, that is the missingness variable. And it's also obviously affected by the original variable. Oh, so the first case is what we call as the missingness missing completely at random case, because in this case are not does not have any incoming edge from any of the other variables so there is missingness in obesity variable but it's completely random. So this is the classical terminology for any statistics for missingness in data missing completely at random. And then the other case is let's say missing at random in which the are not variable has an incoming edge from one of the other observed variables, let's say a. So, people of certain age and try not to report their obesity, let's say, so age causes indirectly missingness in the variable obesity. Now there is this final case missing not at random where are not has an incoming edge from variable or itself. So in this case, the variable itself is causing its own missingness. So, people who are let's say, have a certain obesity level, they tend not to report their data. So, this is the case of missing not at random where the variable itself causes missingness. So, there is some notation here that I'll be using in the rest of the talk. So, x, I'll use to denote nonsensitive features of individuals that observable nonsensitive features. Z is the sensitive attribute of individual D is the past binary decision that we say is affecting the missingness in training data. So, why is the true outcome that we observe after some time whether, for example, somebody paid back the loan or not, and you is using it to denote unobserved features. So unobservable features are features let's say that are not in the training data set. But for example, a human may have used those features while making decisions, but they are not part of the data set so for example, if a person came for an event with the human then the human may have observed how this person was dressed, what was his hairstyle etc but you know these things are not in the training data set but they may have affected the decision, past decision. And why hat is going to denote class classifiers prediction that we are going to train on this missing data and incomplete data. Again, there are lots of fairness definitions in literature but I'm just going to focus here for example on demographic parity and equality of opportunity. So demographic parity requires that the probability of classifier, giving a positive decision is independent of the sensitive attribute of the individual and equality of opportunity requires that the probability of the classifier giving a positive decision is independent of the race or the sensitive attribute given that the true outcome is also positive. So, so now let's say we are interested in training of classifier that satisfies this EOP constraints. And many algorithms actually require while training these fair classifiers to estimate these EOP constraints from the training data. So, how do we do it so consider this simple graph where X are the non sensitive features as I explained, they are let's say affecting the true outcome, and then there is a variable Z, the sensitive attribute that is affecting, let's say the features. And these are by the way causal graphs are just examples here. I know that the causal graphs can be different. So you can have your own causal graphs and draw similar conclusions. So we're just using these causal graphs for example here. And then what you do is you train your classifier and then you make predictions on this training data set, which you call as why had and then you compare why had with why to measure the accuracy of your class or how you do it in a similar way to estimate whether you are meeting the equality of opportunity constraints or not. But there is this problem in the training data set that you don't observe actually the full training data full data set but you have these past decisions that were again I'm assuming were taken based on let's say, X and Z. And because of those data past decisions you observe only partially the variables Z, X and Y.  And then now what you can do is you can only estimate the conditions of your classifier on these selected training records. So what you have is why had a star not why. Okay, so when we want to estimate your P constraints from this incomplete data, what we are actually estimating is P of why had a star given why had my star and Z star. Okay, and what we actually wanted to estimate was P of why had given why, comma Z. Okay, so this by definition you can write as this so whenever D is equal to one that is whenever decisions were positive in the past. You observe the same thing whenever D is equal to zero it's missing right so by definition you can write wise star variables as the original variable given D is equal to one. Now this is not equal to the, the metric, the constraint that we actually wanted to estimate which was P of why had given why comma Z so this was the actual EOP constraint that we wanted to satisfy what we are estimating is why star given Z, why star and Z star. And why is that the reason is that if you look at this graph, why had is not conditionally independent of D, given the variables, why and Z. So, this is, there is a technique for reading this conditional independence from a causal graph it's called the D separation criteria, again also proposed by you the pearl in 1988. I have one slide here to explain how this is read from the causal graph but I'm just going to skip it because it's a bit technical detail. If somebody wants me to explain it. I can go through it quickly. So, what what we concluded from this previous slide was that when we have missing data that missing data, then the constraints that we are estimating from our data are actually incorrect. So whatever guarantees that we are providing based on evaluating our algorithms on this training data in complete training data are not going to hold in practice. That's true if you want to estimate let's say the demographic parity constraints also. So again, here you want to estimate P of why had given Z, but what we are estimating is P of why had a star given Z star. And then you can show that this is not equal to the quantity that you actually wanted to estimate because again why had is not conditional independent of D given Z. So the D separation criteria D separation criteria you apply again to make this conclusion from the causal graph. So this was actually shown in a paper by Nathan Keles and Angela Joe in 2018 ICML 2018. So it was the trend and equal opportunity classifier of this famous paper by Mozart's equality of opportunity in supervised machine learning. They trained it on this stop question and first data set from New York City, and then they applied the classifier this fair classifier on the general NYC population. So, because it was trained to be fair the expectation was that it will be fair when applied to the general population, but the observation was that, whereas it only 11% of non white non Hispanic innocence were wrongly targeted up to 20% of white innocence and 16% of other and 15% of black innocence were wrongly targeted in class class and this by the way was a fair class fire. So, so clearly missing, if we ignore this missing issue while training the class fire the guarantees are not going to hold. This is something that was already shown in a paper. But this causal graph framework that that I'm discussing actually allows you to to reach more similar conclusions general results for for a wider class of algorithms that do not let's estimate these constraints nightly from the training data but they, for example require these restrictions so if you read fairness papers you will often see that they assume that let's say the risk scores are the true risk scores of the people of individuals are known. So the risk scores are basically these probability distributions P of Y given X, P of Y given XC. So this is a general assumption while designing for algorithms that there is that exists some method by which you can estimate these true distributions from the training data. Now we are going to see whether it's a good assumption or not. Can you actually estimate it from training data when you have missingness in the training data. Then basically whatever algorithm you have designed again as I said it's guarantees are not going to hold. So let's first consider the case of fully automated decisions. So when past decisions that cause missingness in the training data were fully automated in the sense they were completely based on observed features and all these observed features are in your training data set. So D is here is only dependent on X and Z and the rest of the story is the same that the cause missingness. In this case you can show actually that P of Y given X the distribution, the risk score can actually be consistently estimated from incomplete data also. So P of Y given X, Z can also be estimated correctly, but P of X, which is the distribution of the features themselves that cannot be estimated. And it's actually non recoverable, which means that there exists no estimator and given no matter how many training data samples you have you can never recover this true distribution from your training data. So your algorithm assumes that this distribution is known. Keep in mind that you know this algorithm is not going to work. Then I keep the same graph as I had in this case. But let's say I add one edge between Z and Y. So I assume that the sensitive attribute also has a direct causal impact on the outcome here. Now in this case, if we see whether P of Y given X Z can be estimated, then again the answer is same P of X, again the answer is same, but for P of Y given X the answer changes. So earlier it was easily recoverable consistently estimated but now, if you naively estimated, it's going to be a wrong estimate. Just because I added one edge in the graph. Now let's consider the case of human decisions when past decisions were made by humans, and that caused missingness in your training data. So to distinguish it from automated decision making, I'm going to assume that humans use these unobservable features while making decisions. As I gave examples, let's say what the person was wearing or his hairstyle etc. So this is the same graph as earlier. Now I added this one node you and D, and I'm assuming here that you is this unobserved feature that may have effect on the observe features and may also affect the past decisions of the humans. And that decision finally caused missingness in the training data. So now, if we reason about whether P of Y given X Z can be recovered. Yes, it can be easily P of X, it's, it cannot be recovered again, even in this case. Now, let's consider one more example of human decisions. So here, this is the same case as earlier but now I'm going to change this one edge that was coming from you to X. Let's make this edge point from you to Y. So, an example could be, let's say a human judge. When a defendant comes for hearing can observe whether the defendant has come with his family or not. So that feature about the defendant can affect the judge's decision, and it can also affect whether this defendant goes on to commit a crime in two years or not. So just, you know, this feature whether this person has come with a family or not to the hearing. So, but this feature may not be recorded in your training data set. So I call it an observed feature. This story is the same the rest of the story that this decision causes missingness in the training data. So, P of X again, it's the same thing. But now here we have a negative result that now if this was the case that humans were using these unobserved features and that unobserved feature had an impact on both the decision and the outcome. And then you cannot estimate the risk is course no matter how many samples in the training data you have. You can also use this common causal graph to model also how much machine aided decisions are made. So, here I'm assuming that so this is the same graph as earlier, but now I added one more node here da which represents the representation of the algorithm. So the algorithm also looked at X and Z, and came up with a decision da the human looked at algorithms decision. Also the features independently, and then came up with a decision D. Okay, and that decision ultimately caused missingness. So if that that was the case, then you can show again things are not as difficult as compared to the previous case. P of X is non recoverable but the risk is core at least you can recover. But now if I add that human characteristic of adding of using the unobserved features. Again, right so in addition to looking at the algorithms input, the human also uses someone observe feature. Then you have a negative result again that you cannot estimate the risk distribution. So this is in general a problem because on one hand we say when we talk about regulation. I think I checked the Australian framework ethics, ethics framework also they also have this notion about human oversight. In, in, in EU framework also EU Commission framework they talk about human oversight GDP are there is article 22 there that shows that says that individuals have right not to be not to be subject to come completely automated decision making so a human has to be always involved. And if on one hand. So these human involvement is something that you know we see as as increasing trustworthiness, but on the other hand we have these negative results that show that if humans are involved in decision making, then things get so difficult, and it comes to actually learning from the data that is being produced. To summarize, what I discussed till now is that estimating joint distributions of features is impossible in almost all cases of missingness caused by past decisions. Conditional distributions may be recoverable depending on the nature of past decision making and the causal relationship between the variables. Missingness caused by automated decision making is relatively easier to handle than missingness caused by human decision making or machine a decision making. And I am not going to give more examples here but we have more examples in the paper where we show that even a small changes in the causal graph where you keep everything same but just change the direction of the arrow. The X do not affect the features you will not affect the outcome but you assume that the outcome affects the features. So it could be like, if we are talking about test scores as features and why as you know true outcome whether a candidate is qualified or not, then it that in that case you may want to think that, yes, it's the candidates skills that determine the test course, and not the other way down. So if you just change the edge the direction of the edge in causal graph, then you may have actually very different conclusions about whether the distributions can be recovered or not. So all these conclusions are very sensitive to actual very precise causal structure of missingness. So far I think I gave mostly negative news that the distributions are not recoverable but actually if you look there were also lots of positive news that some of the distributions are recoverable, especially if the sans string is fully automated. So what, as an example, we showed that in multi stage decision making how you can use these results to design an algorithm that is actually in the real world when even when you have missingness in the training data. So consider this two stage decision making setting. So in the first stage decision making decision maker uses some features, let's say X one of the individuals whether to promote them to the next stage or not. And then in the second stage, the decision maker collects additional features, let's say X two for the individuals who go to the second stage, and then final decision is made, whether about whether the person is let's say hired or not, or a loan is given to the that person or not. So you can think in university admissions in the first stage it could be test course and then the second stage you may ask for letters of recommendation etc. So additional features are being collected in different stages, and the second stage only sees the output of the first stage so people who pass the first stage, only for them you ask for recommendation letter so there is also this missingness that is being caused by the first stage decisions, and then again by the second stage decisions you also cause missingness based on two features. So, in this case, we can show actually that. So there are three distributions that are of interest. The first one is P of Y given X one comma X to the risk score. And you can show that this can be easily recovered from the training data even if training data has this missingness P of the disjoint distribution P of X one comma X to as in the earlier cases it's still non recoverable you cannot recover it using an estimator P of Y given X one we show that it's if you do it naively it's incorrect but using a simple factorization technique you can actually recover the correct distribution from the training data. So, now the question is can we design a fair algorithm that uses only P of Y given X one X two and P of Y given X X one and not P of X one comma X two. But then how does it compare to the algorithm that actually makes use of all three distributions. So, we propose this algorithm, detailed free decentralized and fair algorithm, and that solves the following optimization problem at every stage of the selection process. It maximizes the precision precision of the decision taken at stage I subject to some budget constraint at stage I so at every stage you want to reduce the number of candidates that go to the next day so that is your budget. So you have some budget constraint at every stage, and you have a fairness considered at every stage. So the idea is that you can actually write this objective optimization objective and the constraints using only the recoverable distributions, and you can avoid the use of P of the joint distribution. Now we compare this empirically with an algorithm that assumes that somehow P of X one and X two is known to the algorithm. We compare on three data sets that the results are actually very comparable. So on X axis, we just have this budget of different of the first stage like what fraction of candidates go to the second stage. And then on the y axis you see the utility which is basically the precision of the decisions taken at the final stage. I mean the, the thing the trend to notice here is that there are two algorithms e a ggl which is the oracle algorithm that uses these non recoverable distributions. I mean that is somehow assumes that this distribution is correct distribution is given to it. And then we have our algorithm the DFS square algorithm that does not use any non recoverable distribution. And as you can see that the utility difference is not significant actually. So you can design algorithms that will that can avoid the use of these non disc non recoverable distributions. And so the guarantees will actually hold in practice. So to conclude the points I made was that first the probability estimates that we use in our supposedly fair algorithms may not be consistent due to data missingness, and therefore, any fairness guarantee of the training states does not hold in practice. And depending on the causal mechanism of data missingness and applications, we can sometimes design algorithms to be fair, even if trained with incomplete data, and we can probably do that without compromising the utility of the algorithm. The final, I guess, which was very interesting point for me was that the human involvement in in decision making presence challenging research questions from data censoring and missingness perspective. I mean we always know that you know humans make things complicated, but from from fairness from the censoring and missingness perspective also at least we have this formal result now that it does make things hard. That's it from my side. I'll take any questions. Thank you.


Web impressions define how to use them to grow your business. Hey guys, we hear it all the time, right? There's all this data out there, but they keep talking about impressions. Impressions this, impressions that. Well, in this video, I'm going to walk you through exactly what web impressions are, and I'm going to show you how to use them so that you can make more money online. So stay tuned to the very end, and don't forget to subscribe if you haven't done so. Hit that subscribe button. Turn it from red to gray. Don't forget to ring the bell. Turn all bell notifications so you're notified each and every time I go live, or if I upload a new video. Okay, so first off, let's figure out what impressions are. Okay, so impressions are nothing more than when you post content online, whether it's a video, whether it's a picture, whether it's a blog, no matter what it is, this content, how many times people actually saw that, how many impressions were out there. And I wanted to find some differences in viewable and regular impressions in just a second, but let's look at some of the ways that impressions could be used. First thing, it could be used in pay-per-click. Maybe you're running ads and it's a pay-per-click, and then you're going to have a certain number of impressions you get for that pay-per-click. Maybe you're posting something on social media. Then it would be how many times that post, whatever it is, was actually seen by somebody. It could also be page views. How many times was one of your web pages viewed by somebody? That's an impression. And of course the last one would be organic search results where somebody's searching for something and your information came up and they saw it. So those are actually impressions. Now while impressions alone are not a metric that's going to help you do your marketing, it will let you know how your marketing's getting out there, how many people are actually seeing your marketing. So that's the important factor on impressions. Okay, so let's talk about how they're actually measured. We've got served impressions and we've got viewable impressions. So a served impression could be, maybe you've run an ad and that ad's gone out there and somebody lands on that page but they have an ad blocker on their computer. So they don't actually see it even though you served up that ad. So real impressions are calculated based on how many people actually saw your ad, actually saw the ad, actually saw the content, the video, the picture, whatever it is, they had to have at least seen it. So now let's look at impressions versus reach. Those are two different things. So if I'm on my computer and I see your ad five times, well that's five impressions but it's not reach. Reach is how many individual people actually saw your content. So it doesn't calculate how many times the same person saw the same content. It calculates how many people actually saw the content. Two big differences and you need to know those so that you know if you're getting good reach with whatever you're posting online. So let's talk about your impressions on various different platforms depending on where you're posting it. Let's say social media. So let's look at Facebook first. When you post something on Facebook, there's three ways that your impressions are actually counted. So let's look at each one. The first one would be organic. So it's organic. You post something out there and some people see it. You didn't pay anything for it. You didn't do anything extra. The next one is going to be paid impressions. So the next one on Facebook would be if I paid to run an ad, how many impressions actually went out there? How many people actually saw that ad? And then the last one would be viral impressions. Now, a viral impression, you say, oh, that means if it goes viral, not at all. What viral impressions mean on Facebook is how many people actually shared your content. So you could post something on Facebook. Somebody can click share and they can share it to their audience or they can share it to a group or they can share it to a page. Those are your viral posts. Okay, let's look at another area, our pay-per-click impressions. So these are ads that you may run on Google. Let me put something up on the screen here so you can see the difference. Now, as you see, the first two results there on Google are ads. You can see I've got an arrow right next to it. And the next one is an organic impression. So that's one where somebody typed in something and that particular thing came up, but I wasn't paying for it. So the pay-per-clicks are the ones on top. Now let's look at website impressions. You can actually track this with Google Analytics and you can see what impressions are getting. But let me show you a screenshot here so you can see what I'm talking about. We've got this right here and you've got organic search impressions and they track the number of impressions your page has received in organic search results. In other words, the platform actually measures how many times Google showed your page to a searcher. And any discussion about impression measurements should acknowledge the factors that can influence your impression counts and make them less accurate. I've also mentioned some issues affecting served impressions, but you should also consider that bots might view your content and drive up the numbers. So it could look a lot higher than what it really is. In addition to that, impressions will count multiple views by the same person as a new hit, even though new people aren't seeing it. Resulting in numerous impressions for somebody refreshing the page or seeing the same content over and over again. Now, this all begs the question, why should you even care? Why should you track these impressions? Well, they aren't the end-all-be-all, but they are an indication of how well your content is getting out there. And it's important to know because impressions have a lot to do with advertising, too. So when you're running an ad, let's say on Google or you're running an ad on Facebook or Instagram or whatever, what's called a CPM. In other words, you're going to pay a certain amount cost per thousand, that's called a CPM. And it's going to tell you how many people are going to see your ad per thousand and what that's going to cost you. So that cost matters, too. So when we're thinking about impressions and let's say we're running a pay-per-click ad and we know we had X number of impressions and we had X number of clicks, we can look at what we call a click-through rate, a CTR, and see how well we're doing. If the ad goes out there a thousand times and you get 20 clicks, you've got a 2% click-through rate, okay? So the idea is we want to try to change that ad to get that click-through rate up because that click-through rate means that somebody clicked to go see whatever content that you have out there.  Okay, so now we're down to the wire here. How do we improve our impressions? That's the first thing we want to do. Now, social media platforms, first thing they look at is engagement. Are people engaging with your post? Are they clicking on it? Are they liking it? Are they subscribing? Are they commenting? What type of engagement are we getting? So if we can increase that engagement, if we can figure out a way to increase that engagement through changing our pictures or videos or verbiage or whatever it may be, that's going to increase our engagement so that more people are actually going to see our content. The next thing we can do is we can create targeted content. So, especially if you're running an ad, you can target certain audiences. You can try to figure out who your potential viewer is, your customer, whatever you want to call it, and try to create content and target it towards those particular people. By doing that, you're going to increase your click-through rate, your engagement, and so many other things by targeting exactly the audience that you think is going to be interested in your content. The next thing you can do is run AB tests. And what an AB test is, is you have one piece of content, and then you duplicate that piece of content, maybe you change the color on the second one. Maybe you change the headline on the second one. Only change one thing, okay? And by running these AB tests, you can figure out which one's going to run better. You can get rid of the one that's not doing as well and use the newer one, and then run another AB test. You should constantly be running these AB tests so you can constantly be improving your ad. When you run an AB test, the new one may not perform better than the old one. You're going to have to get rid of that and try another new one. But these AB tests will really help you get your numbers up, your click-through rate up, and so many other things. You also want to try to improve your ad quality. The better the ad quality, the more impressions, the more impressions, the more clicks. So try to improve it. If you're doing videos, try to do higher-level videos. If you're doing pictures or photos, make sure those are higher quality. If it's written content, make sure that content is really great and useful to the end user. In doing these things, you're going to get better results for your content. Now, ideally, you want to incorporate with that good SEO. Figure out what keywords you're targeting. And this goes for no matter what kind of content you're doing, this really matters. If you're doing good content and you've got it SEO'd properly, people are going to be able to find it. If you don't have it SEO'd properly, people aren't going to be able to find your content. It's really important that you do that. Learn SEO. I've got other videos on this channel where you can learn SEO and know how to do it. It's absolutely free. Just go to my channel. Go into the search bar for my videos. Type in SEO. And those videos will come up and you can watch those. I hope this has helped you out. If so, put a comment below. Let me know what other problems you're having online. I'd like to help you with that. I've been selling online for 12, going on 13 years now. And we've sold millions of dollars of product, both digital and physical. I also own a survival food company. If you look below, you'll see the information on that. You can check that out too. Thanks so much for watching this video. I really appreciate it. Don't forget to give me a thumbs up. I really need that. Don't forget to subscribe. Hit that subscribe button. Turn it from red to gray and ring the bell. Turn on all bell notifications so you're notified each and every time I do a video live. Or if I upload one just like this, okay? Also, in the description below, there's a free course. You can click and learn. It's absolutely free. Thank you so much for watching this video. I really appreciate it and I'll see you in the next video.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overlord here So production has started on the sequel to last year's very successful sci-fi thriller acquired place directed and written by John Kramiski who many of you know from the office I do as well starred him Emily Blunt Noah Jup, I think that's his name and Millicent Brown Millicent Simmons Brown or Millicent Brown Simmons one of those but anyway the Production on the second film began earlier this week John Kramiski sent out a tweet saying a production has started the film To my knowledge was set to come out in May of next year But now it's been pushed up a few months earlier is actually coming out in March next year Which would be a month earlier than when the original came out. I'm not mistaken In the film, they've told us or John Kramiski at first He wasn't even gonna come back to write or direct this from what I recall I think that's what was said from him for him specifically And while he is writing and directing it for those who have seen the movie He is not starring in it and then also for those who are asking how is he writing and directing it? If he's not in the movie do not ask stuff like that go make yourself knowledgeable on the process of filmmaking Anyway, the movie itself. I think it's going to dwell into a bit about the origins of the creatures We may get some info in regards to where they came from what happened those 90 or 80 something days before the first film We may get a backstory as to why or how more specifically what led to the military not being able to come up with something How come no one else came up with something regarding these things? We're there are gonna be a ton of new cast members No, nothing has been announced outside of one specific person or two Two specific people that I was made aware of and because it came out in the news I know Brian Tyree Henry who starred in this year's child's play remake He's one of the new cast members Emily Blunt and the kids are back I believe Emily Blunt will be our focal character. She'll be taking the lead this time around Not that she wasn't like a lead in the last movie But like she she more than like we'll get more screen time and more attention will be put on her character Than anything so she might be the character that's looking to carry the narrative With the kids and the new comers. What do I think will happen in the movie? I'm not really too sure I think we may see them hook up with another survival group That would be something I would like to see How exactly this will lead to the monsters or the creatures aliens whatever you want to call them How exactly this will lead to them being attacked by those creatures again? I'm assuming it would have something to do with the fact that maybe they have been out there living on their own the creature start The creatures chase them Maybe they run into some type of safe haven and they find it is inhabited by other people who've been surviving out here in the safe haven I don't know There's a whole entire universe to explore here with a lot of explaining to do as well Because while the first film was well made and it was well shot Well acted well directed the only really issue that it had it was its writing And I that's really just a risk you take when you write movies like this The logistics of everything have to essentially get thrown out of the window to make the story believable But some of the things in a quiet place. I think we're a bit too over the top I still give the film a seven out of ten for some of the logistics. They were still a bit like, okay Do we really have to do that? There's nothing that we have nothing else that we could have done that would have been more logical here Uh, so hopefully we get a backstory on the creatures We've been told that's what we would be getting but you know things could always change Hopefully We we get to find out where they came from I don't think this is going to be the last movie in the series I think that they're going to make this a nice trilogy A quiet place three could be the final thing or this could turn into a whole shebang Like the purge like the conjuring universe everything that we get coming out every other year or two I don't want that to happen here. I would like a nice trilogy If they stop with this movie, I'm fine with that as well as long as we can just If you're making a a movie that's getting good critical reception is making a lot of money You can make as many as you want to I guess but For my thing, I don't see the I don't see a quiet place lasting beyond three movies. Let alone two movies Uh, I'm glad the film's in production Expect more news to come out though in regards to the cast and the filming process and set picture come out soon And we should find a whole lot more details in regards to the plot But let me know what you guys think about that down in the comment section below If you haven't already subscribe return on post notifications so you never miss a video in the description I have links on my social media accounts. I'm on facebook twitter and instagram You can message me there to let me know what movies news or reviews you'd like me to cover in the future But all that in mind guys. I will see you in the next video


This paper presents a comprehensive diagnostic algorithm for chronic traumatic encephalopathy, C.T. It outlines the limitations of existing diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome, T.S. slash C.T. and suggests a new diagnostic protocol. This protocol includes a detailed medical history, psychiatric assessments, and blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. This article was authored by Ioannis Mavridis, Ioannamiruna Balmas, Alan Sciobica, and others.


Good evening. Good evening. We'd like to call the Durham City Council meeting to order at 7 o'clock p.m. on Monday, September 15th. I certainly want to welcome all of you that are here with us this evening. If we could just take a moment for a solid meditation, please. Thank you. This evening I'm going to turn it over to Councilman Eddie Davis to introduce young men who are going to to be presenting. Well thank you Mr. Mayor. We are honored to have several members of Troop 137 from St. Joseph's AME Church on Fayetteville Street and they will lead us into pledge. I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation, another God. I don't know about Councilman Brown your job might be, unless you get a uniform you might be in Japan. Well we certainly appreciate it thank you. Ask the clerk or she will call the roll please. Mayor Bell. President. Mayor Pro Tem Co. McFadden. President. Council member Brown. Council member Cattati. Council member Davis. Council member Moffitt. And Council member Shul. This evening we have three proclamations to present. The first one, recognize National Disability Employment Awareness Month and I would ask the Mr. Hogan. Manager of Durham Parks and Recreation, Esther Coleman, Employment Program Coordinator, OEDWD, Marge Walters Clemens, Chair of the Mayor's Committee for Persons with Disabilities, Deborah Jowles, Director and Jennifer Lunsford Program Assistant, Equal Opportunity Equity Assurance Department if you would join us please at the podium. Whereas the month of October has been designated by the United States Congress as National Disability Employment Awareness Month, whereas Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Washington Law against discrimination promote independence, empowerment and quality of life, whereas workplaces welcoming the talents of all people, including people with disabilities are a critical part of our efforts to build an inclusive community and strong economy, whereas we as we consistently work to break down barriers and work together to ensure that people with disabilities can participate fully in the workplace and all aspects of community life, whereas we must continue to work for a community where all individuals are respected for who they are, celebrated for their abilities and encouraged to realize their full potential and achieve their dreams, and whereas the City of Durham celebrates National Disability Employment Awareness Month through numerous events including Disabled the Label, an event hosted by the Durham Parks and Recreation and many partner agencies, and this is done on Saturday, October the 4th from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. at the Holton Career and Resource Center, and an employee recognition program hosted by the Mayor's Committee for Persons with Disabilities to Honor Employers who hire persons with disabilities on Thursday, October the 23rd at 6 p.m. in the City Council Chambers. Now, therefore, I, William A. Bilbell, Mayor of the City of Durham, North Carolina, do hereby proclaim October 2014 as National Disability Employment Awareness Month in Durham, and hereby urge all to take special note of this observance by joining together and reaffirming our determination to achieve a society that affords independence, justice, and dignity for all. I witness my hand in court to serve the City of Durham, North Carolina. This is the 15th day of September 2014. Now I present this to Ms. Hogan. My name is Clemens. I'm the Chair for the Mayor's Committee for Person Disabilities. I would like to give honor and respect to our Mayor, William V. Bilbell, and our City Council members. Sincerely and graciously I want to say thank you to you and our manager, city managers, and department heads for your continued support of the Mayor's Committee for Persons with Disabilities. The committee has become more involved with the city and county departments, community, agencies, and outreach advocacy, who can assist us with getting the right information and resource out into the community, who has for this assistance. Thank you so much for your strong and hand support. We really appreciate it. Each and every day and every year you always do something for us. And I want to say to the community we have the best, the best Mayor and City Council. Thank you very much. God bless you. I'm Sarah Hogan. I'm a recreation manager with the City of Durham Parks and Recreation Department. And it's my pleasure to work in a city where people are valued, where people of all abilities, races, economic conditions are part of our community and the fabric of our lives here. The Parks and Recreation Department is very busy and this year I wanted to give you a few updates, hopefully very briefly, about what we've been working on. We continue to work with general services to ensure that our facilities are accessible, working to ensure that at least one of each type of facility, the ball fields, tennis courts, dog parks and fishing and boating areas are accessible. We'll soon be working with general services on the project out at Lake Mickey to make that peer and boating area accessible. We'll continue to work on ensuring that our information is accessible both to our public and to our staff and working with our marketing and public affairs staff to ensure that the message that all are welcome is clear. This summer, the summer of 2014, we served 64 children and youth youth and teens included into our traditional programs. These were youth that had disabilities or teens that had disabilities that were included in our traditional summer camps. In addition to that number of 64, we served an additional 39 youth and teens in our special programs camps. Now that number's down slightly from last year, but what we think is that as people become accustomed to being served, they don't necessarily identify themselves as often. So we are not at all concerned. We think we we're still doing an excellent job. And as we include people, they're just becoming part of the program and we don't necessarily identify them as as having a disability. We continue to adapt our programs and increase the assistance we offer to patrons toward traditional services, adapted aquatics toward traditional swim lessons, adapted fishing toward our community opportunities, like we mentioned, like Mickey's Peer being being upgraded. And the special program summer camps and after school programs, moving folks who are ready and willing to more traditional type school aged care programming. During our programs, we evaluate how we're doing and one of the questions we've been asking for the last year and a half is, if you have a special need, which requires an accommodation, was an appropriate one provided. And so we've been tracking that. And I'm pleased to say that our numbers continue to improve over time. Over the past six months, we've looked at our mature adult program evaluations. We had one person out of about 126. One person say they were disappointed with what we did with accommodating their needs. We had two that said we did a pretty good job. But there were still some things we should have done. We had 24 people say that they were happy that we gave them what they needed and they were pleased. We had 126 people who said they didn't really need an accommodation and therefore they didn't really need to answer the question. For our summer programs and this includes our events or summer camps or general programming, we had one person say they were disappointed. So the inclusion efforts or accommodation efforts that we were making didn't meet their needs. We had two people who said that yeah, we did some things that were right, but there were still more we we could have or should have done. We had 40 people say that yes, we provided well for their needs. And so we're real happy with those numbers. Certainly we have not arrived, but it's a good journey and we're on our way. The last thing, of course, is to make you aware that as I stood here last year and talked about some grants we received, we've used those funds. The arthritis foundation grant we got for Walk with Ease was a $4,000 grant. We got about this time last year. We rolled out the program in January and served 56 persons who had joint or mobility issues in that program. And the funds will allow us to continue to program into the future materials, staff training and our resources to continue to provide that service. This is the fifth year we've done a Challenger Flag Football League.  Lastly, as you've seen on the monitor, we're doing the Disabled Label event this weekend. And this is a name change. It was formerly Unity in the community. We had some confusion in the community about what that meant or who that was for. So we borrowed a name from someone else who gave it to us freely. It's Disable the Label. So we're going to Dis the Label and enable it. And that event is on Saturday, October the 4th from 11 to 2 at the Holton Career Resource Center. There's information in the back. If anyone would like to take that with you. It's a free event open to the public. And we just would love for you to join us. Thank you so much. Thank you. I guess that's just another indication of how we strive very hard to be a very inclusive community in all aspects. Our next proclamation is National Hispanic Heritage Month and Delilah Nolerson, the manager of Human Relations Division, Halloma, Vargas, Chair, Mayor's Hispanic Latino Committee. See available. I know Pilar is not here. She's the director of El Centro. She's out of the country. Rosalie Vaselli, Hernandez is a committee member. Annabel Rosa, also a committee member. And Maria Padilla, a committee member. Thank you. Sorry about that. The proclamation reads, whereas National Hispanic Heritage Month is celebrated from September 15th through October 15th. And as a time of celebration and appreciation of the rich cultural tradition and numerous contributions made in our communities. Whereas the theme for Hispanic Heritage Month 2014 is Hispanics, a legacy of history, a present of action, and a future of successes. Whereas we recognize the positive impact that our Hispanic communities have on the social, cultural, and economic development, statewide and nationwide. Whereas today, many Hispanic Americans are thriving, but others are still struggling to overcome obstacles, including language and cultural barriers, as well as discrimination. Whereas the City of Durham is committed to seeking to improve existing opportunities and to open new doors for Hispanic and Latino residents in the City of Durham. Now therefore, I, William V. Bilbell, Mayor of the City of Durham, North Carolina, do have our proclaiming September 15th, 2014 through October 15th, 2014 as National Hispanic Heritage Month in Durham. And here by urge all citizens to take special note of this observance. It witness my hand in corporate seal of the City of Durham, North Carolina. This is the 15th day of September 2014. I'm going to present this to Delilah and I'm sure she will introduce others. Thank you. Okay, thank you very much, Mayor Bell. I would like to turn this over to Yalima Vargas, who will provide a few brief remarks. Good evening, everyone. Thank you all of you for being here tonight. I would like to share something very short with you. In commemoration of the Hispanic, National Hispanic Heritage Month. I would like to thank the City Council and especially Mayor Bill Bell for this proclamation. Although there is so much work to get done towards the growth and integration of the Hispanic, Latino community in Durham, it is clear that the city is working diligently to change our shortcomings and to build our strengths as a city and more importantly, as a community. Although frustrating at times, change always takes time. Patience, but most of all, a clear and strong sense of unity and purpose for the common good. I'm here tonight to celebrate with my colleagues and with each of you the contributions that the Hispanic, Latino community has provided to the great nation over the years, which is the United States. We're very proud to be part of this community and we want to continue being part of this great community. This is what diversity is really about. Tonight and with this proclamation, we must welcome integration, respect, fairness, growth, and of course, a lot of colors. And no, an easy task many times for sure, but a great challenge for a vibrant and proud city such as Durham. I thank you one one more time for your time and for opening to a great diversity and a great, great opportunity for Durham. There is a lot to be done, like I said before, but I'm very proud being part of the city.  I also want to thank everyone who came tonight with us, Jose Allegria representing the Central Hispanic as well. And thank you so much. Have a great night. And at this time, I would like for each one of the participants to just give their name and the agency that they're with and also the country that they represent. I am Maria Ines Roballo from Colombia and I am a community member. I am Annabel Rosa. I am an attorney working and living in Durham and originally from Puerto Rico. Good evening, everyone. Jose Allegria from Mexico, social worker working with Central Hispanic. Rosa Lebo-Cherri, I'm from Puerto Rico. I'm working in the city of Durham in parks and recreation. Okay. And lastly, we would like to just make you aware of Hispanic Latino events that are going on in the city. The city of Durham Human Relations Division of the NIS department will celebrate Hispanic Heritage Month on Wednesday, October the 15th from 12 noon to 1 30 p.m. And the program will take place in the committee room upstairs here in City Hall. And you're all invited to attend. If you plan to attend, you will need to RSVP no later than October the 10th by calling our office at<PHONE_NUMBER> or you can email Juanita English at Juanita.English at DurhamNC.gov. And I like to call Rosa Lea. Talk about her story a bit. Yes, we would like to invite all of you for the Latino festival is going to be held in Rob Quarry Park. This upcoming this Saturday night, the next one on September 27 12 to 5 p.m. in Rob Quarry Park 701 Stadium Drive, live music and entertainment featuring Tercer Divisa, Orquesta Cache, Estrellas Calintanas, and Flamenco Vivo. We will invite all of you to be with us and dance with us. Thank you. This is a good night. Another example of the city trying to be as inclusive as possible in all aspects. Last, I'd like to present a proclamation recognizing schoolhouse of wonder. And I would ask Mike Gully, chairman of the Board of Schoolhouse of Wonder, and Wendy Tonker, the executive director they would both join me if you don't mind. Thank you. The proclamation reads, whereas October 5, 2014 marks the 25th anniversary of schoolhouse of wonder, serving families in the city of Durham, where schoolhouse of wonder leverages hands on nature based adventures to nurture children to become their most kind, curious and confident selves, where schoolhouse of wonder engages 4,000 children ages three through 17 each year through their three principal program areas. They are outdoor day camps, outdoor field trips and leadership training, where schoolhouse of wonder programs are anchored in their core values, those core values being modeling and teaching self awareness and empathy, celebrating individuality. Difference is just a different witnessing, hearing and respecting each person, appreciating nature as the best classrooms and sending every kid home dirty, tired and happy, where schoolhouse of wonder introduces thousands of children and their families each year to the beauty of the Eno River and teaches them the importance of preserving our community's natural resources, whereas the city of Durham Department of Parks and Recreation has served as a vital partner with schoolhouse of wonder since 1989, whereas anyone so desired can learn more about schoolhouse of wonder by visiting its website at www.schoolhouseofwonder.org. Now, therefore, I, William V. Billville, Mayor of the City of Durham, North Carolina do have our proclaim October 5th, 2014 as schoolhouse of wonder day in the city of Durham, and hereby urge all citizens to take a special note of schoolhouse of wonder's contributions to our community and to participate in these programs. And witness my hand, the Court of the City of Durham, North Carolina, this is the 15th day of September 2014. I'm going to present this to Mike and the comments that you might have. On behalf of the Board of Directors, I like to thank Mayor Bell, members of the City Council and citizens of Durham for supporting schoolhouse of wonder. We'd also like to encourage, acknowledge the vision and commitment of our founders, Dave Cook and Wayne Poole, and our first Executive Director, Karen Kelly, and recently retired Park Manager, Beth Highley for the sacrifices they made to establish a strong foundation upon which we are built. We feel very fortunate to have such a strong collaboration with the City of Durham, especially with the Department of Recs, Recs, Department of Rec and Parks and Recreation for our entire 25 years of service. We would especially like to thank Rhonda Parker, the Director of the Parks and Rec creation department for your effective leadership and for being such a supportive partner. We look forward to the many more years of serving the community together. Thank you, Mike. And thank you, Mayor and City Council. We are excited with this partnership because the City of Durham is all about partnerships and because we can't serve everyone by ourselves and we have here a similar mission to introduce young people to nature and especially at our beautiful West Point on the City Park, West Point on the Enos City Park. So we're excited to continue this partnership with School House of Wunder and we're excited that you're celebrating your 25 years of existence. And I like to introduce to you Wendy Tonker, who is the Executive Director and has been the Executive Director since 2011. Thank you, my name is Wendy Tonker. I'm the Executive Director at School House of Wunder. I'd like to thank Miss Parker, Mr. Ford, who's the current Park Manager at West Point on the Eno Mayor Bell and City Council members for your support of School House over the last 25 years. We love being outside with kids. There's nothing we love more and kids are spending less and less time outside today than they did when I was younger and perhaps when some of you were younger. We one of our points of emphasis over these past few years is to reach a broader spectrum of kids from also socio economic walks of life. And I'm really pleased to share that just this year so far we've been able to with the support of mostly individual donors from Durham offer more than 40 week long camp scholarships to children from Durham and the surrounding area. And with ongoing support from the city and the mayor and parks and recreation, we look forward to extending that reach well beyond 50 each and every year into the future. So thank you for your support. We're looking forward to the next 25 years. Mr. Mayor, while you're taking your seat, I'll say that my daughter has attended some of the camps at School House of Wonder and they do indeed send them home tired, dirty and happy. That's great. I was impressed when when they got up to speak, she had these little notes and I said she go read that because I have big letters but you did it from hard so you didn't have to use your notes. That's what I was impressed with. If you had read those things I said wow they got good eyes too. Okay, let me ask other priority items about the first body deputy city manager. Mr. Mayor, the manager has no priority items this evening. Likewise, city attorney. Thank you, Mr. Mayor, no priority items and likewise, Madam city clerk, no items. Mr. Mayor, if I can get my system working here, I guess we can get started. Are they announced by members of the council recognize Councilman Moffitt? Yes, I want to take the opportunity tonight to actually two things sort of spontaneously. The first is that we recently had a number of promotions in the police department and I want to acknowledge all the people who were promoted but in particular the former captain Sarvis who is now assistant chief Sarvis who's here and just congratulate you and it's good to see you. And also I just want to take a moment and say that one of the things I love about Durham does so many people doing so many different things and many of them doing them quietly and one of them is here tonight and has no idea that I was going to say this but he was in a peace corps, I don't know, two decades ago or longer in Africa and Sierra Leone and during the Civil War he lost contact with the village that he'd been with. He worked hard to make contact with them again and he's started a non-profit called Africa Yes. And through that non-profit mostly to his own, his own efforts and his own, you know the finances of himself and his family, he's worked to provide support for the village and even now when they're now working for, you might have seen an article in the paper about Ebola and the village itself is going out and working in the region and they're getting support on like manuals and what to do through the contacts that Steve Cameron, Steve's here and I just wanted to acknowledge him and thank him for the work that he's doing for the world. Thanks. Thank you. Recognize the mayor Projom. I just want to acknowledge again the achievement of a young woman from Durham, North Carolina. Her name is Elmira Mangum. She was reared in Waltown, is a product of the Durham City Schools, is a graduate of the great university called North Carolina Central, right here in Durham. She is going to be inaugurated on my birthday, a national holiday, October 3rd at Florida A&M University. What an honor it is and what I want to do is to somehow make October 3rd her day in Durham and I'm going to try to go to Tallahassee as a representative of her city on that special day. So we'll need to make that happen. We are just so blessed that this is happening to Elmira and other women who are heading or leading universities. Dr. Sunders White at the NCCU and the young woman who, for More House, Mayor Bill, who's at Elizabeth City State University. She's also from Howard. Howard, excuse me, excuse me, excuse me, so she's called a school student. No, I'm not aware of that. Okay, but anyway, it's just blessed to see women leading universities and they are going to be much greater than they've ever been. I can feel it. Thank you, sir. You're quite welcome. And since you've mentioned that, I'd like to recognize Councilman Davis because he has a relationship with this young lady from the Congress. You might want to tell him what your relationships are. Well, Mayor Pro Tim has known her a lot longer, but she is an inlaw. She's my wife's first cousin. If not, we proceed with the consent agenda. As usual, I'll just read each heading and if someone pulls it either on the City Council or on the public, we will discuss it later. Item one is the approval of City Council Minutes. Item two is Derm Open Space and Trails Commission Appointments. Item three is the Derm Housing Authority Board of Commissioners' Appointment. Item four is Audit Services Oversight Committee Appointment. Item seven is the award of Dedicated Housing Funds to Vermillion Homestead LLC and 60-Unit Affordable Rental Town Home Community. Item nine is the North Crown Department of Transportation Scheduled A and Scheduled B Municipal Agreements. Item 10 is Resolution Authorizing City Auction. Item 11 is Selection of Third-Part Administer for Workers' Compensation and General Liability Adjusters. Item 12 is Third Amendment to Assignment Agreement between the City of Durham and Durham Bulls Baseball Club for the operation of the Durham Athletic Park. Item 13 is FY 2015 Contract between the City of Durham and Center for Documentary Studies. Item 14 is Greater Durham Chamber of Commerce Legacy Foundation Grant Project Ordinance. Item 15 is 2014, 2016, Job-Driven National Emergency Grant Project Ordinance. Item 13 is Acceptance of a Grant from the North Carolina Course Council. Item 20 is an item that can be found on the General Business Agenda. Item 21 is an item that can be found on the General Business Agenda as a public hearing. I'll entertain a motion for the approval of Consent Agenda items as read. It's been properly moved by Mayor Pro Tem, seconded by Councilman Cattiding. Madam Clerk, will you open the vote? Close the vote. It passes 7-0. Moving to the General Business Agenda, 2014, Second Quarter Crime Summary Report. Good evening, Mr. Mayor. Mayor Pro Tem, ladies and gentlemen of the Council, City Attorney, my name is Larry Smith and I'm here to present the Second Quarter Report, which is also the first six months of the 2014 and I'm the Deputy Chief of Operations. This report covers the Department's six performance measures. This report covers the Department's six performance measures, violent crime, property crime, Part 1 index crime, clearance rates, response times, priority 1 calls, and staffing levels. The Executive Summary also includes additional information about significant accomplishments and highlights during the First Quarter. First we'll talk about Part 1 violent crime, which includes homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. Part 1 violent crime is up 30% from this time in 2013. However, homicides are at a three year low. Part 1 violent crime accounted for approximately 15% of all Part 1 crime during the first six months of 2014. The numbers that go along with that are as follows.  The rise in violent crime has been driven by a 50% increase in the number of reported aggravated assaults. There have been an upsurge in the number of shootings into occupied homes and vehicles this year. In many cases, there were multiple potential victims. Our aggravated assault statistics are calculated by the number of victims, not the number of incidents. The number of incidents has actually risen 32% while the number of victims is up 50%. Our violent incident response team investigates all instances involving shooting into residences and vehicles. They gather intelligence to help investigators learn more about motives and possible suspects, and to assist district commanders in targeting patrol areas. We also work closely with our federal ATF task force to file federal gun charges when appropriate. Next is Part One Property Crime, which includes burglary, larceny and motor vehicle theft. Property crime is up 8% over the first six months of 2013. However, motor vehicle theft is at a three-year low. Part One Property Crime made up approximately 85% of all Part One crimes during the first half of 2014. Larceny is accounted for more than half or 52% of all Part One crime. And the numbers that go along with that are as follows. Burglary is up 16%, larceny is 6%, motor vehicle theft down 15% for an increase in property crime of 8% over the first six months of 2013. For a total index crime increase in the first six months of 11%. We are continuing to do our residential awareness program to focus on residential burglaries. Excuse me, shoplifting accounted for 29% of our larceny during the first six months of the year. We have one investigator who focuses on shoplifting who works closely with other investigators across the Toronto area. Recently, many of our commanders also met with the management of some of the locations where many of our shoplifting are occurring. Larceny is from vehicles and vehicle parts and accessories make up approximately 37% of our larceny. We continue to encourage people not to leave items such as purses and electronics in plain view in their vehicles. Next is clearance rates. Our clearance rates for the first six months of 2014 are above the FBI national average for cities in all categories except aggravated assault and overall violent crime. The lower than average aggravated assault clearance rate calls to drop in the violence crime clearance rate. We recently met with our investigators to focus on what may be causing this drop in clearance of especially aggravated assault. We're looking at issues such as repeat offenders, lack of cooperation by victims and investigators case load. Next is response to priority one calls. There were 5,375 priority one calls from July 1st, 2013 through June 30th, 2014. We did not meet our target of responding to 57% of priority one calls in under five minutes. Rather, we responded to 52.4% in under five minutes. We did not meet our target of 5.8 minute average response time. Rather, our average response time was 5.95 minutes. Next is staffing levels. Our sworn ranks are fully staffed at this time. However, there are 24 operational vacancies. There are 14 non-sworn vacancies at the end of the second quarter. And there are currently 17 non-sworn vacancies. Finally, we'll move into some of the second quarter community events. I'd like to share photos from some of the many community events in which the Durham Police Department participated in the second quarter. On April 25th, also from the Durham Police Department attended the Durham County Special Olympics games at the Durham Academy Upper School. Officers cheered on and encouraged the athletes. Also on May 29th, also from the Durham Police Department in North Carolina Central University, participated in the law enforcement torch run to raise money for the North Carolina Special Olympics. The route covered 11 miles from Durham Police Headquarters to Glenwood Avenue to Briar Creek Parkway. This year, the Police Department raised more than $5,800 for the North Carolina Special Olympics through the torch run and the April 11th cops on top event at Chick-fil-A Restaurants at Hillsborough Road and Rocksborough Road. Also, our District 3 officers held a mental health awareness and child safety, celebrate life, celebrate community event on May 31st at Forest Hills Park. Several agencies provided mental health and safety information, and there were food and games for everyone. The event was a successful partnership between the Police Department and the community and also for Michael Antonides, Neighborhood Port Folio Exercise Project. Officers from District 4D and members of our Citizens Observer Patrol met with residents at Common Grounds Meeting at Coinenia Coffee House on South Miami Boulevard. This provided a relaxed setting for officers and residents to get to know each other better. Also, in the second quarter we began what we call our conversations with congregations. In June, several members of the Police Department spoke with more than 100 members of the River Church about the Durham Police Department's many community outreach programs and initiatives. And finally, Project Safe Neighborhood started to launch its Citizen's Strong Durham Campaign at the end of the second quarter. The campaign highlights the critical role of community members in reducing violent crime in our city. We hope that through a variety of easy to implement strategies, citizens can decrease property crime and even more importantly violent crime. Some of these crime prevention tips have included reporting graffiti to the Durham Impact Team, talking with parents and friends about crime safety. We encourage you to engage with your children, call 911 to report suspicious activity and to get them to know your neighbors. And this concludes the report and also you have an executive summary and I'll entertain any questions that you may have. Thank you, Chief. I recognize first the Mayor Pro Tem. Thank you for that report. Yes, ma'am. Throughout the city I am receiving reports from citizens about gunshots. What can be done to lessen the occurrence? As far as... What are we doing? What are you doing? Well, education is the most important key to lessen gunshots. We deal with celebratory gunfire in particular when it comes around the holidays. But our concern is those gunshots that result in somebody being shot or something being shot. And that's where it's important in our investigations when we make a rest and also for our citizens to call out. Unfortunately, I think it's gotten all too commonplace in some places that some neighborhoods hear gunshots and they don't call. And so we encourage everyone, if you hear what you think is gunshots in your neighborhood to call. Because we don't know what that will be until we get down there. I noticed an increase in my own neighborhood because my neighbors were sharing that information. And Larry, excuse me, Chief, can I have... let me have the non-emergency to make sure my people get that. Five, six, zero. Right. Four, six, zero, zero. Four, six, zero, zero. Yes, ma'am. Yeah. It's becoming a real problem. Yeah. And oftentimes when we do one, I think sometimes people reluctant to call, especially in certain neighborhoods, they think it might be fireworks. But it could be gunshots. And so it was so called. Yeah, well, they saw some shells. Well, then that was definitely firearms. Okay. Thank you. Chief, can I have one more time again on the violent crime? I mean, obviously it's not moving in a direction at least that I'd like to see. I don't think anyone else would. And I understand this is a six month report. It is. So in terms of trending, we're almost into third quarter and our fourth quarter, I guess. Close to it. Close to it. What is it looking like? Well, we're trending in the right direction. I mean, obviously we're concerned about these numbers as well, but as of September 6, our violent crime statistics was rather than 30%, it's up to 2.98. So under 23. Property up 5.63 and so forth. Index crime increase of 7.9 rather than 11. So we're moving in the right direction as it relates to this report. We have made a couple of significant arrests. We've seen and after one of those arrests in particular that I won't share here because we're still following up on some information. We've seen a drastic decrease in the number of victims. We're hoping to get some more information from that particular arrest. It can help us possibly clear some others. Could you go back again and just repeat how aggravated assaults have counted when you say victims? I mean, well, you can go and tell what that means. Yes, sir. So how an aggravated assault is counted if somebody fired a shot through that window right there and anyone in this room who could have been hit by that round, that's that many number of victims. So maybe not you all, but everybody sitting here including myself so that would be 35 aggravated assaults. That's not happening that often, but what is happening is someone fires a round into a house or shoots at a house. There's four or five people in there. That's five aggravated assaults. So it's counted by the potential victim, not by the incident. And it's potential victims. That's not necessarily someone who's gotten hit. That's right. Potential victims. If no one got hit in the house, if the round comes through and no one got hit and five people got hit, that's helpful to clarify when you see a number like. Well, it's not just we've got a little bit of a troubling trend going on in North Carolina and I don't know about around the country with it just seems that's the way to deal with conflict today is to go shoot a house up and you've probably seen some of the stories recently in Wilson and some of the other areas that has experienced the same thing. Unfortunately, where a child was hit. But we're concerned about it. The moment that happens we send our violence and response team out to that residents that got shot and found out who's there, who lives there, what may have caused it and more importantly where might there be some retaliatory violence as a result of it. Let's go back to the community involvement. I know we consistently say that a deal with a crime is not going to be solved by law enforcement alone. You've got to have the community involved. Do you have any indication as to how many neighborhoods are signing up for a project safe neighborhood? Do we have any goals or just where I don't have that with me? Mr. Mayor, I could get that from Jennifer Schneider and she could provide that information for us. But I'm not sure. I do know that we're doing go out making many outreaches to neighborhoods and we're also starting to engage a lot of the churches. The conversation with congregations I spoke about came directly from the churches. We were setting up many things and asking them to come to us. But at a luncheon that myself said, how about you all come to us rather than we're coming to you? And so we did that and we're just trying to get that information out about the partnership what we need from the community as it relates to cooperating mainly in conversations with the district attorney and some of the ADAs. The biggest challenge we're having in solving some of our violent crime is victim and witness cooperation. And so we're just really trying to encourage folks to call 9-1-1 and work with us if you see something or hear something. We encourage victims and sometimes that's a real challenge. You know maybe we need to have a campaign. Is your neighborhood involved in projects except neighborhood? You know maybe we ought to have some goals in terms of how many neighborhoods we want to sign up. I just give that some thought. It's one thing to go out and as you said but I think if you've got some targets that you know you want to shoot for then you as well as get involved. I mean I just got an invitation to a neighborhood I think sometime in October they want me to come up because they're getting ready to organize some neighborhoods. I just think maybe we need a strong campaign encouraging neighborhoods to get involved in projects safe neighborhood and maybe we ought to set some goals. This is what we'd like to do. I think that's the goal of the citizens strong and I can check with Jim. That's fine. I might be asking a question to recognize Councilman Davis and Councilman Cotati. Thank you Mr. Mayor. I'd like to ask you Smith who is coordinating the conversations with congregations? Well it's coming through Jennifer Schneider again a project safe neighborhood and she's had several partner churches that have been very involved with her over the last several years. Some aren't but some are and so those ones that have said look we're willing to cooperate and have shown that by their action what they've done other than us going to them with the topic they pick the place which is generally their church and they say this is can you come this date and we say yes of course they feed us which is always good but we ask them what do you want to know about and it's an open discussion you can ask us anything you want to ask us and it's going real well we did the river we've done Christian assembly and I think we're going to be doing every other month what's going on and everything's on the table talk about anything they want to talk about that's councilwoman Katani thank you mayor thank you chief for this report and especially for the clarification I think that's really helpful I wanted to raise an issue I saw in the executive summary report it was on the car seat safety check and the note was that 89% of the car seats that were checked were incorrectly installed it's an alarming figure are we partnering with anyone to do some educational outreach what we do our traffic accident control team have officers that are specifically trained because the reality is most people's car seats are not installed properly and at least a couple times a year we do a big education campaign and let them know where those officers are and you can come by and the officer will put your car seat in for you and show you how it's supposed to be put in so it's put in for you question chief your department participates in the neighborhood college right yes ma'am do you talk about project safe neighborhoods or neighborhood watch just getting them involved and using that as a tool we do I do that presentation to the city college and to neighborhood college and yes but we don't have a lot of time we do and we enforce that as far as how do you get involved you talk about that yes ma'am well I'm willing to yield a minute of my time I think that's really important and you're referring to the city college correct yeah recognize councilman shul thank you Mr. Mayor and thank you for explaining about the aggravated assaults because I know I'm sure it's troubling to you all of it is to us and it does seem like it's something very hard to get a handle on and I can also see why it's hard to clear if you don't know who's doing it and somebody's kind of anonymously shooting into a house I can see why that's very hard to clear and I appreciate what you said about trying to think about how to clear them I think this is something I accept that aggravated assault category at least in terms of the numbers this is new in the past couple reports and so I appreciate you all trying to get a handle on it I know it's difficult I wanted to mention one thing that's not in your report but I've heard some very complimentary things from several people about how you all handle the recent situation with the protesters both appropriate firmness and appropriate patience and so I just wanted to pass that on thank you how are you keeping the medical vehicle theft down I mean what is it that you all are doing that's improving that situation well quite frankly I'd have to say I think in that particular category we're just fortunate this year but having said that let me say this we did also find out our crime analysis in Virginia and we found that moped are a pretty large percentage of our motor vehicle theft because we have a lot of colleges here and a lot of people ride moped and so what they did they went in and looked at the density of moped theft and they picked out a couple areas we've let the district commanders know about that done some things so we could have a crime analysis and they're always looking for ways that we can deal with issues and so they recognize that if we can keep our motor vehicle our moped theft down we affect our motor vehicle theft as a whole but that is a new program I can't say it's what's called this but that reminds me and I just had this in my notes present to the public one of your comp stat sessions without the the names of people I just think that the kind of thing you just mentioned is the kind of thing that our public would be very impressed by and the work that you are doing in comp stat and the kind of crime analysis that you are doing and the specificity of the actions that you're taking district by district and the way very specific situations I think is I know it would be difficult but there might be a way in which you all could present that and if you can I just think it would be great for our public to see the level of your the level of kind of brain power that's applied to this so just want to mention it thank you we have mentioned that to try to do a sanitized comp stat I think we can and that is something we're talking about doing have another question which category would include misdemeanor drug arrests of the type we've been hearing about and discussing lately at city council I was thinking would that be under all other offenses I don't know if you've got that in front of you there chief on the executive summary there's a chart I do have in front of me is it page 4 of the executive summary is what I've written down in my notes mine's not numbered I'm sorry is it a blue chart does it look like this okay yeah that's it so it would be part 2 of offenses January to June 2014 and I'm sorry your question was what again the question is where would we find the misdemeanor drug arrests of the type that we've been hearing about and discussing lately at city council I was thinking it was probably under all other offenses it would be under all of it of course you got drug violations there and they could include that and then the just wanted to say that reading the executive summary is as always is sobering and you all do very difficult work to keep us safe and it's very much appreciated and again I think if people could read this they would realize that the detective work the drug interdiction and the kind of good old fashioned police work I was in addition to those proactive work on things like getting the apartment security codes together I mean there was just so much in here and I appreciated it and I think those are all my comments so thank you very much thank you Steve I'll just take a break you fool Mayor said he wanted me to talk a little bit longer Chief Smith alright thank you Chief I'm sorry I didn't recognize councilman I just wanted to follow up on the comment about the crime analysis unit the as my colleagues know and a lot of other people know the Department of Justice had a team here recently working on gun crime violent crime and interviewed many of us but the first thing that the interviewer said Chief said I've been over I've seen that crime analysis unit that you have here and I just need to tell you that it's one of the things that we need to work that they're doing I can tell you from the office of the chief we recognize that they do a fabulous job and they give us information that sometimes we don't even think about asking for but that's that's what you want in the crime analysis unit they do a great job so thank you okay thank you next is the general business agenda public hearings I am 21 as evening steve medlin with the Durham city county planning department I'd like to first certify for the council that all notifications have been carried out in accordance with law and affidavits to that in fact are a part of the case file this item is three separate actions by city council related to the annexation of the stone gate reserve site the subject 3.79 acre site is located on the south side of stone gate drive east of Randolph road adjacent to the existing city limits the site is located on the south side of Randolph road adjacent to the site the public works department has performed utility impact analysis and determined adequate water and sewer services are available secondly a voluntary petition for contiguous annexation has been submitted by the property owner for the site the budget management services department has performed a fiscal impact analysis based on recommendation and then finally pursuant to the state law the city council is required to apply an initial zoning to the newly annexed area staff is recommending an initial zoning of rs 20 which is a direct translational zoning from the current county zoning but also consistent with the city council's policy designating the least intensive zoning district based on the tier regulations LLC and to adopt an ordinance to annex the 3.79 acres of Stonegate reserve and establish the rs 20 zoning designation the second motion is to adopt a consistency statement as required by NC general statute 160 a 383 staff is recommending that the council approve the extension agreement voluntary annexation initial zoning for Stonegate reserve and the associated consistency may have. Thank you. You've heard the staff report. This is a public hearing declared public hearing to be open. I would ask first order questions by members of the council of the staff report. Hearing none is anyone in the audience that wants to speak on this item. This has been a public hearing item. No one has signed up to speak about them. Is anyone in the audience that would like to speak on this item. I thought you said items. I know what you said, but you said item item. We'll have to do the separate. Just for clarity sake, because it's a new statute, I think you can do two separate motions. I know it's a little cumbersome, but we're just not quite sure what the statute, the way the statute reads, you need to do two completely separate motions. You help me with the wording, and I will be happy to do the first one. I move that we adopt an ordinance annexing Stonegate Reserve case BDG 14-0-0-6 into the city of Durham Effective September 30th, 2014. It needs to be all three component pieces. Utilities, extension, annexation, and initials. To authorize the city manager to make a one-time debt service, paying for the new volunteer fire department to adopt the ordinance of many of the United Development, the unified development ordinance established by the regional suburb in our S-20s owning of the property and to adopt a consistency statement to just the first rate. He stopped it. He stopped it the third one. Yes. Yes, I stopped it the third one as you move. Thank you. Is that it? Second. I was motion made by Councilman Schultz, seconded by the Mayor Pro Tem. Any further questions? If not, Madam Clerk, will you open the vote? Close the vote. It passes 7-0. Recognize Councilman Cattardi. Yeah, I move that we adopt a consistency statement as required by NCGS 160A-383. It's been properly moved by Councilman Cattardi, seconded by the Mayor Pro Tem. Any further questions? Hearing none, call the question. Madam Clerk, will you open the vote? Close the vote. It passes 7-0. Can you hold that screen there just for a minute? Yes. A lot of times I get a question from when I get home, out in the street, whatever. They don't always see all green votes. Can you explain, Madam Clerk, what happens? Yes, if a Council member is present and they do not actually push their button to vote, their vote is counted as a yes. Thank you. We've got time, so I figure I'll fill it a little bit. If it's no further. I'm going to close the public hearing. If it's, you don't have anything else. The public hearing has been closed again. I recognize Councilman Shul. Thank you, Mr. Mayor. I just had a question for the Deputy City Manager. For the, several people have asked me, and it was my understanding that we will be discussing the Manager's Human Relations Commission recommendations on Thursday. I hadn't seen it on the work session agenda, but I just want to make sure that was going to, that's going to come up for us on Thursday. Yes, sir. It will be scheduled, Mr. Shul, and I'll check to see about the distribution and why that's not been sent to you yet. It certainly should have been. It may be that it just hadn't been sent yet, but it just was checking in. Yes, sir. Okay, thank you very much. We'll be prepared. Yes, sir. Yes, ma'am. We'll see you to it. Who for adjournment? We're straight. Any further business coming forward to Council? If not, the Council is adjourned at 8.01 p.m. Thank you. You know, excuse the absent.


A.V.C.D. program seeks to help improve diet diversity, food security, and rural incomes across the country. In Western Kenya, the dairy sector is constrained by poor linkages between smallholder dairy farmers and access to evidence-based information. These are their stories. A.V.C.D. came up with the introduction of Brakeria. They also introduced Desmodium. We were taught that one can venture into dairy chain line with just grass alone. From the grass, you can sell it to your neighbors who are fortunate enough to have the grade cows and you can sell the same to the outside neighbors who might be need of them. I'm not a member of OCEPE practicals but through OCEPE I've benefited a lot because when I attended one of the trainings, that is where I came to know about the growing of Brakeria and in fact I was given the seeds for free. I planted it and I've had a lot of benefit from OCEPE. I've also got friends who are really interested. They don't have animals but they have started growing grass. The community is able to get quality for that. We have nursery establishment. They're able to get the seedlings at affordable prices. Within and around this area, there never used to be reliable water and courtesy of the county government, they now have clean and fresh water. Again, courtesy of Kizumo county government, they are in the light, there never used to be electricity. They have good quality roads and they have also benefited greatly in their respective small folder businesses. People are able to buy from them because the place is now more accessible. So from this grass, I managed to get some money and I added what I topped up with a small loan I got from my group OCEPE practical action and I got my first dairy cow called Dota. The grasses have helped me a lot so I've decided to extend. God willing, I know I'm going to make it commercial. It is not just going to be used for my cows but I'll also sell because I think I now have around 5 acres under grass. So I'll sell it and my animals will also get good food or good feeds from the grass.