Kevin Dorn welcome. We're so glad you have some time today. I know you're very busy as the City Manager of South Burlington Why don't we start with your reaction and the city's response to the stay-at-home stay safe order of the governor? we have Had all non-essential personnel now staying at home. They're either working from home or if they can't work from home They're on paid administrative leave. So we're in compliance with the governor's orders our first responders of course our police and firefighters and our some members of our Water treatment facility are essential employees and have to be in And then I'm in and the deputy city manager We're trading off being in so everybody else library Public works public works is available to be called in but they're off Recreation parks planning and zoning and so forth are now either working from home or they're Unadministrative leave. What are you and Tom Hubbard your deputy doing? We're trading off days today's my day Yeah, and every other day we're trading off. So one of us one of us is always here And what kind of responsibilities? I'm sure your days are completely full But can you give us a little snapshot of what you're concerning yourself with? Well staying in touch with our Department heads. So the work continues to go on in the city a lot of people working from home And so we maintain contact with our department heads today. For instance, we had a 10 o'clock management team leading meeting so all of our managers participated in that meeting About 15 of us and then at noon today. We had what we're kind of calling an employee city hall Our town hall meeting We had about 35 members of our team who dialed in or called in just to get an update on what's going on With city services and in their departments Each of our department heads then lauren glenn is talking directly with their employees on a regular basis So there's a lot of communications going on a lot of monitoring of the state Department of health and the governor's websites A lot of discussion about planning and continuity of operation as the situation changes Do you feel that your continuity of operations plan was up to par for this? this event emergency Well, it's only as good as the the the health If we had large segments of our police department or fire department who were In quarantine or were not able to work we would we would start to get into a problem And we're working with other communities on a mutual aid agreement That would help help across border if that occurred. But yeah, I'd have to say that That as best we could have been we were prepared for this From an emergency standpoint And what is it you think important for people in south burlington the residents to know What's important for you to communicate to them? Absolutely great question. What I want to communicate with them is very simple The essential services of the city of south burlington continue to be provided uninterrupted our police are on patrol Our firefighters and ambulance teams are responding to calls just as they always do The sewage treatment plant is fully operational and staffed Our partner at champlain water district is delivering Clean pure water that is as good as it has ever been So the essential services of city government That the public expects are being provided and will continue to be provided So if this lasts for two months, which is entirely possible What how are you planning for that? What does that bring to mind for you in terms of what you need to do in a leadership position? First and foremost concern for my team members health If this extends two months the probability of infection Goes up And when I have critical team members or any team member for that matter who is infected in this manner by a dangerous virus that causes concern for me but um our our Public safety team leaders are staffing in a manner that creates some reserve capacity In case this happens primarily in the police department And so I think we're well situated to to ride this out again. I I mentioned before there is a a draft Of a mo you between the the various communities and internship in county to provide mutual aid And that could see our fire or our ambulance teams going more into other communities or our police department sharing those resources across borders Uh and helping one another out and I think the strength of the region will will shine through here Because we are all in this together as many have said and that includes our public safety Are you satisfied with governor scott's response to this crisis? Yeah, I think so I think um You can always You can always find something to criticize and hindsight being this monday morning quarterback I don't really have anything to criticize. Um I think they've been out in front of this. I think that the health department and the governor's office are Are really looking at this and it's a worst-case scenario. I know that they are planning very very hard For contingencies and on the on the basis that it would be a worst-case scenario Of course, we all hope for a best-case scenario But I I have a sense from what i'm hearing and who i'm talking to that they are doing an enormous amount of planning around this And uh, and I have confidence that they're gonna they're gonna come up with the best solutions I imagine you're also concerned with the economic implications of this crisis on the city's finances Yes, we're already The deputy manager tom hubbard who is our Treasurer and I have already talked about this. We've already come up with projections for the remainder of the fiscal year And started we've instituted a spending freeze on all spending So it all has to now be approved By tom or I if it has to go forward and it's a critical thing so things like Important medical supplies for the fire department We're gonna we're going to approve that of course But other kind of discretionary spending that we would otherwise be doing there's a hold on it and uh It will have a significant impact on our budget It will have a devastating impact on our tourism and hospitality industry and we know that already We appreciate all that the united states congress is doing to try to backstop some of that with With the hospitality industry in particular, but now with the stay at home at home order Our manufacturers are feeling this our construction workers are feeling this and all as well So it's going to have a huge impact on the economy How much does the rooms and meals tax bring in to south brollington? Well, we the local option tax in total So we have a percent on sales and a percent on rooms meals and alcohol is about 3.7 million dollars annually So that's a big chunk of Revenue for us but We're planning that and and and fortunately in a sense The impact is going to span two fiscal years And so it's two budgets that will absorb as opposed to just one in this case How is the city council faring are they continuing to meet? They're doing great. Um, they are meeting electronically now They've adapted to this new technology, but they've decided that they will not take up any What you would deem to be more controversial issues until such time as the public can fully participate We're in the middle of interim zoning, which is in and of itself Controversial and they have decided to set that aside until all parties who want to participate will be able to participate in in a robust way They'll continue to make decisions about vital city business Approving disbursements any legal decisions that have to be made and so forth But anything that's policy significant policy related It could be deemed as controversial. They've set aside And will there be other Commissions meeting during this time The development review board is going to continue to to meet electronically just like the council is Um, the planning commission has suspended its meetings until further notice and all of our city committees Um that come underneath the city council all of them have suspended their meetings So there are no meetings going on in south burlington public meetings of the or of the public bodies Except for the council and the drb So I imagine this is uh, it has really called on your leadership skills And I wonder what What kind of reflections you have on that leading in a time of crisis? Well, it helps to be an old guy like me And and many of us my age have been through difficult times and in different jobs in the past So I guess I I guess I kind of build on on that Leadership has to be calm. It has to be thoughtful. Uh, it has to be collaborative Uh, and I think that's all things that our leadership team here myself deputy manager Tom Hubbard and all of our department heads are very good at it's a very seasoned very experienced very smart A group of people who I'm privileged to work with And we share that burden together and I have total confidence in them I found in our organization that The flexibility and the problem-solving capacity is is just been breathtaking. Isn't it? Yeah I've got I'm fortunate also in addition to the some of the older folks like me. I've got a bunch of young folks too who are Brilliant young people and to sit back and watch them problem solve is is is fun to watch so um, but that combination of youth and energy and and and a more grizzled Experience population. I think is going to work well for our community So I imagine this for all of us. It's very stressful for a variety of reasons How are you relaxing? How are you finding some outlet in this intense period? um I don't know. It's I'm fortunate that my I have one of my daughter's home who's having who's able to work from home She's up from boston and so I get to spend a lot more quality time with her I've told my staff lauren glenn and I said this to the to the Meeting that we had the town hall meeting This is a terrible thing, you know, we have people who are dying We have people who are scared.  I know that's hard to say but in in these very very difficult times you got to find a silver lining such as it is and Um, this is this is in a sense a rare Unwanted but rare opportunity to be able to do those things Um that you wouldn't otherwise be able to do in our very very hectic lives these days So in addition to assuring the people of south burlington that there is a continuity of operations And they will be safe and the infrastructure is working. Is there any message that you would like to give them? Abide by what the governor is saying There's a reason they've asked us to stay at home Um, the social distancing aspects of this are important They they are working with the very best professionals in the medical field both in vermont and nationally I would say to our um our residents Abide by what the governor is asking us all to do We are one great big team And we've got to pull together on this I want to thank you so much for your time I've just thought of one more question which which is is there anything in south burlington neighbor to neighbor small scale Help that's happening that you've seen that is inspiring yeah, I I know our police officers have always had this morning call program With seniors so we have a lot of seniors like most communities do and there's a daily call that goes out to a group of them Just to make sure that they're okay in the morning and now our police department is following up on that by Working with those people to get them needed prescriptions Needed supplies into their homes. These are shut-in people anyway and And now they're even more cut off The food shelf here in south burlington continues to be open and will continue to provide things for people in need And then you hear stories anecdotally about neighbors helping neighbors People who are sick or maybe sick or have to self-quarantine Of neighbors just stepping up to the plate and saying hey, I'll go to the store for you And more I hear more and more of those stories creative ideas on how we can help each other. It's very it's a it's a very Thoughtful approach to this and people are pitching in And vermont I think is well suited in a lot of ways for this kind of small scale action. Don't you? Well, absolutely. I think Irene opened our eyes to the need for that on a statewide on almost a statewide basis and Now we do have a statewide crisis and and It's that same ethic that is coming to play here and it's and it's great to see Kevin doran. Thank you so much city manager of south burlington We really appreciate your time and of course if you have any messages or anything you'd like to get out Please don't hesitate to reach out. We're happy to help Thank you very much and thanks for this opportunity. All right, kevin. Thank you Okay


So in this video we'll talk about how to make something called Byzantine chain. Now I'm sure you're saying, wait a minute, isn't this supposed to be a math channel? And the answer is, well, it's mostly a math channel, but I do other things besides mathematics. And so one of the things I do to pass the time is I make chainmail jewelry. And one particular type of chain is known as Byzantine chain, and it looks something like this. Which is the piece I was working on in the picture. And a slightly different form of it is here from the Font of All Knowledge Wikipedia. So there's a number of different ways of making Byzantine chain. So here's how I do it. I call this the six-ring method, because we start by forming sets of six rings. Now if you've seen the other videos in this series, which is pretty impressive because this is the very first one I've made, you'll have seen how we can form jump rings by wrapping them around a mandrel or a drill bit, and we get these open jump rings. So we'll take six of them, and we'll start by closing two of them, how about these two. Next we'll take an open jump ring and attach the closed jump rings to it. And we'll do that with a second ring. That'll give us this four-ring sub-assembly that has two rings attached to two rings, and we'll have two rings left over. Now if we're just starting the piece, you'll want to attach those last two rings. So you'll have a six-ring chain, two attached to two, attached to two. It'll look something like this. Here we're going to switch to the magic of CGI, because unfortunately my fingers and my tools are not transparent. So our next step is what's called making the bunny ears. And what we're going to do is we're going to fold back these last pair of rings, like that. And then we'll pull them up through the center of the next set of rings, like this. Now we're going to bring in the other rings that we've created. So we'll hook one of the open rings around the end of the four-jump ring assembly. And we'll bring that in in defiance of gravity. So here you see that four-jump ring assembly we made in the earlier picture. And here comes the complicated part. What we're going to do is we're going to close the red ring so that it locks into the two green rings. And we'll bring in another red ring to make the same connection. And now we're ready to continue the Byzantine chain. So again, what we'll do is we'll do the same process with these two green rings at the end. And after you've been doing this for a while, you can do this while you're binge-watching episodes of Grounded for Life. Next up, how to integrate a transcendental function, or possibly making more chain mail jewelry. I'm not sure which.


Hey everyone, Conkruzer, Artistic Director of Color for John Paul Mitchell Systems here to share with you guys an exciting technique on how to color textured hair. We're going to talk about the fragility of the curl, how to keep it intact, how low energy volume works better than higher energy, and what lightener should I choose when I'm looking to do this type of a service. We're also going to wrap that all together with Paul Mitchell's brand new beige series from the Demi. We're going to talk about why those colors look so great on just about every single skin tone and how you guys can really accentuate your color box bigger by partnering and using these amazing colors. So what we're going to do is we're going to section off into four quadrants. Everything starts into four quadrants for me and then we're going to really start to break down where we want your eye to be drawn. So we're going to go right to those temple areas in the beginning of our sectioning. We are going to weave those out and again whenever you guys are weaving colors stays true with everything you're doing. Think about the percentage of likeness you want. For this look we want an overall brighter change. We're not really looking for much of a root change. Overall we're really looking to incorporate the natural color with the beige colors that we're using but we really want to brighten those end colors. Draw the eye to those big curly texture that we're going to, how we're going to be styling it in the texture that we're working with. So we're going to work in those side panels. We're going to place three foils back to back in weaves. They're very soft weaves again very natural, fine weaves so they look really soft and natural. We're going to apply those back to back skipping some hair in between of course but working with our synchro soft. Why are we working with synchro soft? Because it is a super conditioning lightener. It's going to lift softer. It's going to take a little bit longer to lift but that's okay. It's going to take me a little bit longer to highlight here to get through the texture, get through the curls but mainly the thing I really want to focus on when you're working with textured hair is you guys really want to focus on making sure that you're not disrupting the curl. Once those three panels are put in into the left side I'm going to switch and work on the right side just to keep everything consistent and even and then I'm going to swing side and I'm going to work with the TZ texture. When I start to work with that interior I don't need those foils going right up to the root so I'm going to save a little bit of time. I'm going to TZ it. I'm going to let that lived in texture, let that depth kind of sit in that middle area through here and then what I'm going to do is just hit those ends up again drawing the attention to the ends. That's really why we're doing this. So we're going to hit a couple little TZ's in through here. We're in our top section in through the crown area. I'm going to take those two sections that I have and combine them as one then I'm going to work right across the hairline and what I'm going to do is I'm going to weave that out really closely right to the hairline here that's really important and I'm going to work off a combination of again really fine weave textures to create softness and draw your attention to the hairline and then I'm going to combine that every few foils or so with the TZ. We're bringing that color all the way to the regrowth we're adding a concentration of blonde that's going to really break up the root a little bit it's going to kind of soften the overall look and whenever I'm teasing I'm leaving the natural color as depth so it's almost like negative space if that helps you guys figure it out. So whenever you want to bring the you know bring more lightness and brightness go right down to the regrowth and whenever you want guys want to create a little bit of a softness a little bit of negative space leave a little bit of that natural and TZ the main thing we want to do again is brighten the ends in a perfect combination so as I move away from the hairline I'm going to be more TZs less foiling until eventually that foiling right to the base goes away by the time I'm hitting mid midway to the top I'm just teasing why because I don't need blonde shooting out of the top of the area here I just need a little bit of softness so mainly all those weaves are going in around the hairline and as we back it up we're going to be really using her natural color to really act as a buffer as a softness where we really focus on that color now hitting the ends so we're using a depth that's present mixing with a beautiful blonde color and combining those results to get an overall beautiful light soft blonde now that I'm in the back I'm going to be working up slight diagonal and I'm just going to weave those colors up and work back to back to back I'm going to apply that up until I get really up around that crown of the head again and then I'm going to allow that base to act as a buffer and just really start to TZ back to back in through here and you guys will see even on some of those TZs I'm really thinking about how much a blonde that I want so think about this way when you're when you're using your blonde you're erasing you're creating brightness but by not placing color you're creating depth and you really want to find balance there and that's what an artist should be doing not just painting by numbers but really working with the texture that you have and thinking about the whole piece as an overall project versus thinking about following a tech so once that's all done we're going to go back we're going to shampoo we're going to show you guys the foils at 10 minutes 20 minutes and 30 minutes so you guys can see even with that 10 volume how beautiful the sinker lift soft is going to lift how beautiful and even that lift is going to be and you guys will be surprised at the end even with 10 volume on really fine textured hair like this it's enough right so don't make that mistake by going in with too aggressive of a lightener just because the hair is darker make that mistake of going in with a heavier volume because you think you need to remove it the hair is baby soft the hair is fine and it's going to lift on its own the main thing you want to consider here is keeping the curl intact and the less aggression we put on it the safer and the better the curl pattern will be and that's why these two products work so well together now that everything's done you guys can see we wanted to show you the technique dry so you guys can see where the lift comes you can see the concentration of blonde at the face then you can see as we started to work with that tz more towards the high point of the head you can see where that depth comes in so what we then go in with on as a toner you know my first initial instinct is let's try this toner and that toner let's use three different toners toying doesn't have to be that complex let's go in with one toner here we are going to go in with our 8nb or eight stroke zero seven that eight stroke zero seven is mixing the one to one mixing ratio of palmetial processing liquid you have this beautiful gel like consistency as you guys can see and what i'm going to do is just section it off and one of the things you'll notice as i'm sectioning i'm working with the ends when you guys are working on curly textured hair don't try to split it right at the root and then pull it apart that way start to detangle the ends a little bit just like anything when you guys are detangling hair start with the ends i'm going to separate those curls a little bit rather than pull or drag her hair i'm going to really kind of be soft with it work those ends and then work my split my sectioning down from the ends first that's a little pro tip there i'm going to continue to work through it and you guys will see in 20 minutes the brilliance of what is the demi the brilliance of what is eight stroke zero seven or 8nb this series and i think you guys are gonna be really excited with the end result here's the finished result hopefully you guys can see how beautiful the curl pattern still is intact how wonderful the lighting products work together at most importantly the brilliance which is the demi that tied all this technique


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My name is Sarah and I'm a student in Psychological Methods and Data Analysis. I think the cool thing about Psychological Methods is that it's really at the basis of all research.  Understanding human behavior is not easy. Human behavior is very multifaceted, it's complex, and it requires very rigorous research methods. And the data that are collected lend themselves to many different types of analyses. And these are the types of analyses and methods that we teach in our major of Psychological Methods and Data Analysis. I think the fact that we're also talking about intangible constructs makes it so interesting. For example, we want to measure intelligence. We cannot see intelligence, we have to measure it in some way. And that is really a fascinating problem, I think, and I think it's really amazing that we're actually able to do that. Psychological Methods and Data Analysis is really core discipline within psychology. It's taught in all psychology departments across the world, but you cannot always follow it as a major. So this is really a unique place at Tilburg University to teach these methods at a very high level by following courses by top researchers in the field. Some of the courses are really focused on psychological research. For example, how can you properly conduct an experiment? Whereas other courses are more about data analysis. For example, a data science course that is really all about big data sets and how you can extract patterns from that big data set. So the major is not a big one in the sense of number of students. It's also a very good thing for education because it allows you to do a lot of discussion with the group to really dig deeper in what the methods mean for behavior. You should enroll in this major if you're interested in doing research. So if you really want to get to the bottom of things. And also you should like to do a variety of things because one day you're writing code, the other you're solving a difficult integral, and then in the end you have to apply your method to substantive research problems. Choosing this major means that you have very good prospects to become a scientist, either in businesses or government, but also most of the time as an academic. So many of the students who choose this major will end up doing a research master and maybe even pursuing a PhD. So I hope to get my PhD degree and after that work in academia as a researcher. So what I really want to do is to investigate which methods we can use for more complex models.


So today I'll talk just a little bit at first about why congressional procedure matters, why it's important, followed by an introduction to the rules that govern procedure in Congress and then of course where you can find these rules. And then finally, it's a really big topic, but I thought I would share what I think are five like really important facts that everyone should know about congressional procedure at the end of the day today. So first, like why do we care about this topic and by we, I mean the collective we, not only we foremost as librarians and researchers, but also as citizens, I think this is an important topic to be aware of. So the main reason it's pretty important, especially for us as librarians and trying to help our patrons find congressional information is that these rules guide the process for how laws are made. So here is a really great graphic displaying the traditional path of a bill as it works its way from introduction to becoming law. And this path, like I said, is guided by these rules of procedure that we're talking about today. And the most important thing to know is that, well, this is considered to be the traditional path of a bill as it makes its way through Congress. There are a lot of deviations to this path that are allowed and driven by the rules. So it's important to be aware of this again in terms of helping our patrons find information, particularly when, you know, the history of a given bill deviates from what we tend to think of as how a bill usually proceeds through Congress. So that's a big reason why it's important. But you don't take my word for it. And let's see what some of the real experts on this topic have to say about the importance of congressional procedure. So first we have John Dingle, who is a former U.S. representative and the longest serving member of Congress. And he has a really famous quote where he says, I'll let you write the substance of a law and you let me write the procedure and I'll screw you every time. And basically what he's saying here is pointing out that control and mastery of congressional procedures can really have a big impact on lawmaking. As we'll talk a little bit about today, they can affect, you know, the substance of a law as well as whether a law gets passed at all. From a research perspective, this topic is also really important because as highlighted here by Victoria Norse, who's a law professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, as well as a former congressional staffer, she points out that there are significant dangers to roaming around legislative history with no appreciation for congressional procedure. And basically Professor Norse researches and writes a lot about the importance of lawyers and judges really understanding well how Congress works and undergrants standing congressional procedure because if they don't, it can lead to misinterpretations of legislative history. So, right, judges often look to the legislative history of a particular law to interpret the meaning of those laws. And the outcome of the case can really turn on their interpretation. So, it's important for lawyers and judges, law students, and again, I think just citizens to understand how procedure can impact legislative history so that we can interpret it correctly. All right, so that's why I think this is an important topic. Now just a little more introduction to the rules. So here today I'm talking about the rules of procedure for Congress. So these are the internal rules that Congress adopts for itself that guides how it proceeds in its lawmaking and other activities. I'm primarily talking about what are known as the standing rules of the House and Senate, but there are other sources of rules of procedure that I'll get into as well. So first, where does the authority to create these rules come from? Right, so where does Congress get the authority to establish its rules of procedure? Well, it comes from the US Constitution. Article 1, Section 5, clause 2 is known as the Rules of Proceedings Clause. It basically says that each House may determine the rules of its proceedings. And this has been interpreted pretty broadly. So Congress has a lot of authority to set its own rules and interpret its own rules. So in terms of how these rules go about then getting adopted is the House and Senate each have their own set of standing rules. They used to have shared rules, but now that each have their own and how they adopt them is a little bit different. So first in the House of Representatives, the House adopts new rules for each Congress, on each Congress's two years. And it expires at the end of that Congress. They're actually drafted by the majority party in advance and then adopted as a House resolution at the beginning of the new Congress. So each Congress has basically its own new set of rules. And then in terms of amending the rules other than when it's adopted each time, this is usually done through the passage of a House resolution. In the Senate, it's a little different. Since the Senate considers itself a continuing body, right? So unlike the House, which turns over every election, basically a third of the Senate can change every couple of years. They don't re-adapt new rules each time. Basically the rules of the Senate continue to be in effect until amended. In terms of amending the Senate rules, they also often do it by Senate resolution, but it's a little different than in the House, which is just a simple majority. In the Senate, you probably know when something is up for a vote, whether it's a bill or resolution or change the rules, there can actually be two votes. The first vote is to the vote to end debate on the measure before the Senate and proceed to a vote. And then ultimately, the vote on the measure before the Senate. In the Senate, you have to have a super majority. So two-thirds of senators agree to end debate on a proposed resolution, change the rules, and ultimately proceed to a vote. So this is where a filibuster comes in to play. So they need two-thirds of the senators to agree that they'll stop debate, potentially end the filibuster, and then proceed to amend the Senate rules. Okay, so that is how the Senate goes about usually changing their rules. Although I'll talk about a really interesting way that they basically get around some of their stringent amendment procedures at the end. So that's how they're adopted in the House and Senate. And as I said, they each have their own rules and they are quite different. The differences between the House and Senate rules are driven in large part by the differences between these two bodies, right? So they are very different in size, right? We have the House with over 400 members in the Senate with only about 100. So in the House, it's much bigger, right? There's a lot more people to kind of keep in line. And membership changes every two years. And this is very different from the Senate where it's much smaller, right? You have staggered six-year terms of the senators and so a little bit more continuity. So in the House, there are more rules which can be changed more frequently. It's very structured with more strict adherence to their rules and a guiding principle in how the House operates is simply, right? Majority rules. And this is reflected in their rules themselves, right? In the Senate, again, it's smaller. So they've got fewer rules that aren't changed as often, a little less strict adherence to their rules. And the rules are often guided by a real respect for the minority party in the Senate. It's not that the Senate doesn't follow their rules or they ignore their rules again. It's more that there aren't as many rules and they don't amend them very often, right? So a lot of situations arise where, right? There's no rule on point and they have to figure out what to do. Okay, so what do these rules cover, these various rules of procedure? And we'll look at some examples in a moment. They cover a lot. They cover how bills are debated. They cover voting. They cover how amendments can be made. So a lot of these really substantive components of lawmaking. But they also cover things like committee appointments and staff, various financial issues like disclosure and acceptance of gifts. There's also quite a bit in there on decorum, which I think is some of the more kind of interesting pieces. So decorum and things like smoking. And also right of interest to this group, rules dealing with documentation and record keeping, which I of course also think are very interesting and well. So here's a couple of examples from the Senate rule on debate and I'll show you the kind of the equivalent in the house as well. So in the Senate rule on debate, and these are the Senate scanning rules. So for example, like I said, there's a lot of things on decorum. So it says, when a senator desires to speak, he shall rise and address the presiding officer, and shall not proceed until he's recognized. The presiding officer shall recognize the senator who shall first address him. Right, so kind of very formal how you go about proceeding to speak and debate on the floor of the Senate. Also, no senator in debate shall directly or indirectly by any form of words impute to another senator or to other senators any conduct or motive unworthy or unbecoming of the senator, right? So no crashing each other in the Senate. And then you also can refer offensively to another member's state. So it's kind of interesting. On the house side, kind of very similar rules setting up debate and decorum. A member of the house who desires to speak or deliver a matter to the house shall rise and respectfully address the speaker. And on being recognized, may address the house from any place on the floor. Also, when a member is speaking, the rules say that you cannot pass between the person talking and the chair. So another example is decorum on the house floor. And then again, keep it respectful, keep it professional. Remarks and debates, which may include references to the Senate or its members, shall be confined to the question under debate avoiding personality. So this is just one example of the rules. Again, just dealing with how we'll debate bills and also things like decorum and procedure. So finally here in this section, who are the key players when we're talking about the rules of procedure in the house and Senate and how they set up their rules and follow their rules? So here's the key players that I've mentioned so far, at first, the chairs. So in the Senate, this is generally the, this is the presiding officer, which is usually the president pro tempore, which is the most senior member of the majority party, or very often has her designee.  And then the house supports the speaker of the house. The chair plays a very important role because if an issue arises in the house or Senate on a question of whether something does or does not comply with the rules, they make the initial determination of whether or not it does. So they rule whether something is in order in compliance with the rules or out of order and not complying with the rules. Their decision can be appealed to the entire chamber, which then can vote on whether or not something violates the rules. But they do make the initial determination. Also, both the house and Senate have rules on committees. In the Senate, it is the Senate Committee on Rules Administration. And in the house, it is the House Committee on Rules. The House Committee plays a more central role than the Senate Committee, which I'll talk about a little bit more at the end. And then finally, both the Senate have parliamentarians. So these are individuals who are experts in congressional procedure. And they help the chairs decide on issues of procedure in the house and Senate when an issue arises. The parliamentarians' recommendations and decisions aren't binding, but because they are the experts, they are often followed. And they can have a really significant impact on legislation. For example, during the passage of the Affordable Care Act, at one point, whether or not the act was going to proceed to passage really did turn on the ruling of the Senate parliamentarian at the time. So these are really important individuals as well. So now in terms of where to find the rules. So where can you find the standing rules as well as some of the other rules and laws that guide procedure in the house? That's what I'll go through next. There will also be a handout that will be sent to you afterwards and posted on the webinar's website that has where you can find all these rules that I'm talking about as well as a list of other really great sources that provide background information as well as some additional explanation of congressional procedure. So the main sources of the rules and procedure in Congress. So far, like I said, I've been primarily talking about the standing rules that the House and Senate adopts for themselves. But there's also the US Constitution, right? So we saw that the US Constitution has a clause which enabled Congress to establish its own rules of procedure. And there's some other provisions as well, such as those dealing with quorum. The main rules that you think about are the standing rules, which we've been talking about. In addition to the standing rules, the House and Senate also have some other rules that guide their actions. In the Senate, the Senate also adopts what's called standing orders. Standing orders are very similar to rules. And they basically have the same effect as a rule. They're adopted by resolution and generally in effect until they're amended or repealed, but there is basically a difference in how standing orders get adopted. They're easier to adopt than a rule. So sometimes a standing order will be adopted rather than trying to make a rule change in the Senate, which can be hard. In the House, they also have what's called Jefferson's manual, which guides their proceedings. Jefferson's manual was actually created by Congress Jefferson when he was Vice President and then President of the Senate. It was originally meant to guide Senate procedure, but interestingly today, it's not followed in the Senate. But it is used in the House and it applies to the extent that it's applicable and not inconsistent with the standing rules of the House. Next, in addition to those sources of rules, there is also precedent. So precedent I mean essentially the rulings on procedure that can play an important role, an important role. So like I said, when an issue comes up on whether a given action violates the rules, it goes to the chair of the House or Senate who then decides whether or not a particular action complies with the rules or not. And those decisions do create precedent, which then guides later decisions on procedure in the House and Senate. And precedent can be very important. And then finally, there are some statutes as well as other resolutions, which impact congressional procedure. The main area that this comes into play is often for passage of the budget as well as appropriations legislation. There are a lot of laws which guide how Congress is supposed to proceed with adopting the budget and dealing with appropriations legislation. So those are kind of like the main sources of rules and procedure in Congress. A few of the things to be aware of are committee rules. So each of the committees have their rules of procedure as well. There are also internal party rules. So these would be the rules of the Republican conferences, what it's called, or the Democratic caucus. And these govern things, kind of like what you would expect. So things like how they're going to elect their party leaders, for example. Like the whip and the speaker and the majority leader and all those types of things. These aren't officially published, these internal party rules. You can often find them online. I think the Republican conference might make theirs readily available, for example, on the internet. And then finally, this wasn't complicated enough. We also just have informal practice and customs. So there's no published or adopted rule anywhere. It's just what the House or Senate tends to do. This is definitely important in the Senate. So one example of something the Senate does for which there's no written rule, as far as I know, are what are called holds in the Senate. Holds are kind of controversial. Basically, a senator can send a letter or a note to the majority or minority party leader of their party, saying what their preferences are for policies that get put forward in the given session of Congress, as well as their preferences for when legislation comes up. It's just a request, but these holds are often honored because otherwise, if they're ignored, a senator may choose to filibuster, right? And that would ultimately be a waste of the Senate's time. The holds are important. They're used often. They're often called the silent filibuster. And again, there's no rule for this. It's just something that they do. All right, so where are the standing rules as well as things like orders and Jefferson's manual published? So the Senate manual, the official title is much longer, but it's known as the Senate manual, contains the standing rules as well as the standing orders, laws, and other resolutions that affect a procedure and business in the Senate. And this is available on FDCIS, the government publishing office's website. It's basically prepared during the second session of each Congress by the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. Right, the publication is known as the House Rules and Manual. And again, it has a longer name. It contains the standing rules of the House, as well as I mentioned, Jefferson's manual, as well as other laws and resolutions affecting procedure. This is prepared and published by the House Parliamentarian and printed as a House document. As I said before, the rules are put together in advance of the new Congress by the majority party. And then the publication of the new House Rules and the annual is authored by a resolution and then it's printed at the beginning of a new Congress. And as I said, both of these are available on FDCIS, as well as other sources. So in terms of finding precedent, which again, these are essentially kind of unwritten law, right? These are the decisions and rulings of the chairs on procedure or votes of the entire chamber on whether a given action complies with the rules or not. These are, while they are just a precedent and a decision that was made on the floor of the House and Senate, they are collected and published. On the Senate side, they are published in something called Riddick's Senate Procedure. This is a single volume that was actually last updated in 1992 by then Senate Parliamentarian Alan Fruman. I think an updated edition is in the works. But for now, this is the collection we do have of Senate precedents. Otherwise, to find them, a researcher would just have to consult the congressional record for incidents of when rulings on procedure have arisen. On the House side, we actually have three publications covering different time periods. So we have Heinz precedents, Cannon precedents, and then Deschler's precedents, which again, compile these decisions which have been made about whether or not a given action complies with the rules. And so what all of these contain is essentially a statement of the precedent that has been established and then citations to incidences where the issue has come up. And these are also all available on FDCIS as well. So here's just an example of a precedent and what information you can find in Riddick's. So Riddick's has a section on expunging matters from the congressional record. So the congressional record is the official record of debate and action on the floor of the House and Senate. It's not a verbatim transcript of what goes on, but it is the record that we have of debate. And so basically, there are precedents dealing with when a Senator can have something removed from the record, right? So the precedent that appears in Riddick's is saying that when matters have been placed in the record by unanimous consent under the precedents, they may be stricken out by a majority vote on motion as well as a unanimous consent. So unanimous consent, just a little background. The Senate does a lot by unanimous consent. It's basically they say we want to take a particular action by unanimous consent, which doesn't mean everyone has to agree to it. It just basically means as long as no one objects, we're going to proceed with a particular action. So right the President is saying if something has been placed in the record, it's fairly simple to have removed. You either need a majority vote to take it out, or again, you can have it taken out by using this unanimous consent procedure as well. So that is the precedent, and then Riddick's will list all the instances where things have been then expunged from the congressional record under this precedent. A lot of them, if you were to look this up in Riddick's, deal with remarks or documents referring to other Senators. Again, remember in the rules, you are not supposed to speak ill of your fellow Senators, but some of them are interesting. Like for example, one Senator accidentally referenced and put in the record some information from a confidential FBI report. So obviously that matter needed to be expunged. So those are the precedents. So they're pretty interesting, I think. So those are the basic sources where you can find the rules. There are a lot of rules. This is all really complicated. Like I said, you've got all the different sources of rules. You've got unwritten rules. There's various other reasons, helping someone research congressional procedure and figuring out why Congress did something, how they did something, what the authority for that particular action was can be really confusing. So in terms of just additional resources for finding these sources, I have, like I said, prepared a handout, which will be sent out with information on some of the really great texts that explain all of this. I relied heavily on these and understanding this all myself, as well as links to where you can find the publications I just talked about. And then also for information on congressional research, generally beyond just the rules, finding information like committee reports, where you can find the congressional record and debates in Congress. There are a lot of great resources out there for that, which I won't get into today. There's, of course, this great webinar series, like Linda mentioned. There'll be a session on congressional research in August. So if you're interested in this, I would definitely check out that webinar. Right, there's lots of great research guides. I know many people here in their library probably have a great research guide on legislative history or congressional information. There's also a lot of great videos online today. I know the Georgetown Law Library has a really great short video on researching legislative history. In other words, the key online resources for finding congressional information are, of course, ProQuest Congressional. Once you have access to that, as well as time online, those are both subscription resources. But in the area of congressional information, a lot is available for free. Commerce.gov is available for free. And that is where you can find information on the history of bills and legislation in Congress from the 70s. And then FDCIS, as I have mentioned as well, is where you can find a lot of congressional documents and congressional procedural documents. So last but not least, now what I think is to the most fun part of today are what I call the five facts about congressional procedure you can't live without. So this is really complex topic, really confusing, even for elected officials and their staff. I've been researching this for a while. I've attended several multi-day workshops, and I still only feel like I've scratched the surface. Like I said, there are House and Senate parliamentarians. There's full-time job. It is to understand this stuff. So it's just, like I said, a really fascinating yet obscure and complex topic. But I think there are five things that I've learned about that I think everyone should know. And so to make it fun, I've just created a BuzzFeed-style listicle. Okay, so first up, the most important thing to know is that schoolhouse rock lied to us, which I essentially mean legislation often does not follow that single linear path that I showed earlier in this presentation in which the little cartoon bill things about in the cartoon we've all seen and that students learn about in their civics and political science class. There are a lot of potential variations and nuances, like I said, that are enabled in part by these rules of procedure. So for example, just one example of how a deviation can occur. The Senate rules allow bills to originate in committee. So we're taught that a bill is introduced in the Senate, and then it's referred to a committee who holds hearings, et cetera, et cetera. The bills can actually originate in a committee. So you may have a patron who's trying to research the history of a law and find all the different versions of the bill, and they just can't find the version of the bill that was introduced. Well, that could be because there is no version that was introduced. The first version of the bill is the one in the committee, which you will see when the committee prepares their report on the bill to be sent to the full Senate. And this is actually what happened, for example, with the Affordable Care Act. It originated in committee. Number two, and this is, I think, one of the most important is that the rules are not self-enforcing. So Congress adopts these rules for themselves, but they're not mandatory. There's no one is a job in either chamber to enforce the rules, basically they can follow them or they cannot follow them. So if something happens near the House and Senate that violates the rules, it is up to a member of the House or Senate to raise what's called a point of order. So if someone does something that violates the rules of procedure, another member of the House and Senate may say raise a point of order, arguing that that action doesn't compile their rules of procedure. At that point, the decision goes to the chair who decides whether to sustain the point of order, agreeing that the action does violate the rules and can't proceed, or they can overrule it and they know this action does comply with the rules. But if no point of order is raised, there's no problem. Congress can just proceed with what they're doing and the resulting actions that they take are no less legal or binding. So they have these rules, but they can simply not follow them. And actually they do very frequently decide to waive the rules or suspend the rules in order to expedite the action they're taking or proceed in another way. Also really important to know for helping researchers who are looking for all the documents that are published while a bill is being considered and made into law, is that you don't need a conference committee to resolve differences in a version of a bill that's passed by the House and a version of the bill that's passed in the Senate, right? So students are often taught that a bill that gets passed in the bill is passed, one version of the Senate, one version of the House. It then has to be referred to a conference committee made up of members of both chambers who will then work out the differences in the bill throughout the final version, which then is voted on by both the House and Senate. And if they approve it, it goes on to the President to be signed and ultimately passed in the law. These days, there may not be a conference committee called to settle differences between a version of the bill passed in the House and the Senate. Conference committees are used less often in recent years in favor of alternative options. One option is known as amendment exchange or ping ponging. So basically this is just trading amendments back and forth between the House and Senate until an agreement is reached. And when this is taking place, it can be preceded by informal negotiations by the House and Senate, which of course there would be no official record. And this is a trend that we're having fewer and fewer conference committees. So most laws that are enacted, they are simply passed by one chamber and then passed by the other without amendment, right? So if the House passes a bill first, it goes to the Senate. A lot of the time, the Senate will simply pass it without amendments. For laws where there is what's called post passage bargaining when they each have a different version of a bill, about a third are involved in this ping ponging, for example, while only about 16% according to a recent study, Dota Conference. So there are the fewer conference committees. So if you're helping a researcher, research a piece of legislation where the House and Senate pass different versions and they're confused about why there isn't a conference committee, this is why. There are basically other options for working out differences between the House and Senate. Fourth, and I alluded to this before, it's important to understand the power of the House Rules Committee. So as I said, both the Senate and the House have committees on rules. For a reason I'm about to explain, the House Committee is extremely powerful and plays a key role in whether or not legislation can get put up for a vote in the House. So basically in the House, so a bill is introduced, it goes to a committee by the hearing and decides to report the bill out to the full chamber for consideration, that bill often can't just then proceed to the floor of the House for debate and then a vote. There are a number of ways that legislation can get to the floor of the House and Senate for consideration. So different ways that they can get a ticket to the floor to then be debated and voted upon. For controversial legislation, to get to the floor of the House, the legislation first has to go to the House Rules Committee, which then will pass what's known as a special rule. So a special rule is actually a resolution that says that the legislation can get put on the House calendar for discussion, and it regulates how that bill will be considered. So the special rule will establish things like how long the bill can be debated, whether any rules will be waived in the consideration of the bill, and most significantly what amendments can be offered, right? So the rule from the Rules Committee will say what amendments people can propose to make to the bill, right? So they play this huge gatekeeping function for legislation to make it from the committee stage to the floor of the House for consideration. Now, this isn't all legislation. There are lots of basically different ways the bill can make it to the floor, but for anything major or controversial, it's going to have to go through the House Rules Committee and basically get a rule that it can be debated upon. And last but not least, since it's been coming up in the news a lot recently in the presidential election, I want to talk about what's commonly referred to as the nuclear option. The nuclear option sounds very dramatic. It is talked about in a very dramatic way, but the important thing to know about it is that it is essentially just a means to amend the Senate rules. Like I said, I want to talk about it today because I think a number of Republican and presidential candidates this year, they've been asked whether they would employ or they would support the employment of the nuclear option in order to repeal the Affordable Care Act. And so this is basically what we're talking about when we talk about the nuclear option, right? So as we've talked about all today, the rules of procedure cover a lot of things related to debate and voting. And in the Senate, under the Senate rules, you know, a senator can basically speak as long as they want during debate, essentially preventing a vote from occurring by what we know as filibustering. And under the Senate rules to stop debate and stop the filibuster, you need 60 senators or three-fifths of the Senate to vote to do so. So, and that is in the Senate rules. Now the Senate could amend their own rules to say that less than 60 senators are needed to stop a filibuster in a given instance. But like we talked about earlier today, actually amending the Senate rules is hard to do. To stop debate on a resolution to amend the Senate rules and proceed to a vote, you need even more than 60. You need a two-thirds majority to do that, right? And that is hard to overcome a filibuster in past legislation. It's even harder to overcome a filibuster to amend the rules. But again, remember that there are other sources that govern rules of procedure in the Senate and that the rules are not self-enforcing, right? So because of that, that the rules aren't self-enforcing, the Senate can essentially amend its rules by simply establishing a new precedent, right? So the precedent I talked about. So basically what the nuclear option is is amending the Senate's rules of procedure through the use of precedent, right? So basically this has come up in recent years in terms of dealing with Senate, the Senate approval of the President's appointees to judicial posts as well as other executive branch posts. A few years ago, none of President Obama's appointees could get through the Senate because they were going to be filibustered or there was a threat of a filibuster. So basically couldn't get any of his nominees approved and appointed by the Senate. So what the Senate did, and this is now the nuclear option works, basically the presiding officer in the Senate will make a procedural ruling saying that it does not violate the rules of the Senate to end debate, right? And stop a filibuster by a simple majority vote. So instead of needing 60 senators, we only need a simple majority, right? So this ruling will be made by the majority party. A member of the minority party will of course appeal this ruling and ask for a vote. But then of course the entire chamber made up of the majority party will vote to uphold the procedural ruling, thereby establishing a precedent and changing the rules that for presidential appointees, and when this happened, it was for appointees other than the Supreme Court, you only need a majority to stop a filibuster and vote on the appointee. So that's all it is. So like I said, it's got a very dramatic name. There's actually a funny little bit on the daily show that I've linked to here where John Oliver points out kind of how funny it is that it has such a dramatic name even though it's just a procedural change. But you know, it is a big deal, right? The Senate is all about respecting the minority party. The Senate is all about collegiality. And so employing this nuclear option to right overcome the wishes of the minority and the established filibuster procedure is kind of a big deal. So those are the five facts that I think are interesting and would be important to know about this topic. And that's all I've prepared for today. We have it looks like about 10 minutes left. So I'll just open it up to questions now. Or if anyone else has anything to share about this topic. All right. Join me in thanking Morgan. That was fantastic. Very interesting.