Welcome to Sheboygan County government working for you. My name's Adam Payne. I'm the Sheboygan County administrative coordinator and with me today is co-host Bill Gehring, chairman of the county board. And our guest, Mike Collard, who's one of the newer members of our management team in Sheboygan County. Mike Collard was our personnel director when we hired him and now he's our human resources director. As you know, last month when we mentioned who our guest would be, again I said that with us would be Mike Collard, our personnel director, but there's been a change and he's going to describe that in a moment. Sheboygan County, as many of you know, is one of the largest employers in the county Sheboygan County government. We have about 1,300 employees, 23 departments, and today Mike is going to tell us a little bit about the roles and responsibilities of the human resources department. Before we get into that, Mike, why don't you first tell our viewers a little bit about yourself as well as what's happened with this change in title? Well, sure. First to tell you a little bit about where I came from, as you know, I've been working in county government for about five years prior to coming to Sheboygan County. I started out as a corporation council, which is the county attorney and personnel director in Adams County, which is a relatively small county, about 20,000 population in central Wisconsin. I came there from Milwaukee having practiced as an attorney for about 12 or 13 years in Milwaukee. I had a general trial practice and worked with several law firms there, but felt it was time for a change and wanted to get into the field of county government, which I'm very interested in. So I worked for a time as the county attorney for Adams County and personnel director. I liked the personnel management field and the administrative side of local government, and I went from there to a term as administrative coordinator from Arquette County, which again is a small, relatively rural county in central Wisconsin, only about 15,000 population. But there I served as the function of personnel director as well as finance director and the other things that an administrator has to manage in a complex organization like county government, as you all know. Just this December, it's been about three months now, I came to Sheboygan County as the human resources director or as the personnel director. In fact, I was personnel director until just a very short time ago, this past Tuesday, March 18th, the county board passed a resolution to change the name of the personnel department to human resources department, also changing the name of the county board committee from the personnel committee to the human resources committee and my title from personnel director to human resources director. Now, was that quite a promotion for you and your staff getting that change in title? I feel very honored to have a promotion after only a three month term in office. But realistically, it's just a more accurate name given the current usage among human resources professionals nationwide. There has been a trend over a number of years for the title personnel, personnel manager, personnel director to be used in a much more limited way, referring mainly to employee benefits hiring and personnel policies, whereas human resources has come to mean a much broader scope dealing with all the aspects of working with employees, including labor relations, working with the unions, working with employee groups on various issues, benefits, and a much broader scope of issues that can relate to employees of an organization. And that's certainly what our department does and what my job involves. So it's a more accurate term given the current usage. How many staff do you have in your department? We have a total of four full-time staff in our department, so in addition to myself, we have a personnel analyst who's the number two person in the department, handles a wide variety of issues, helps working with the unions and working with a lot of issues. We have a benefit specialist who's primary job is to work on our benefit programs for employees, the health insurance, dental insurance, and the other programs we have, but also has a significant role in safety and employee security matters as part of our loss control effort. And a personal secretary who handles a lot of the day-to-day work of the department, especially working with new employees and setting up their enrollments in our benefit programs, orienting the new employees and working on recruiting. Now, as I mentioned, Sheboygan County government, one of the largest employers in Sheboygan County with approximately 1,300 employees, certainly you're going to have people moving on to other positions or retiring. What's the process of hiring here? If someone's interested in becoming a county employee, what steps would they take? Well, first of all, we are fortunate to have a fairly low turnover ratio. In other words, most private businesses who have 1,300 employees, it's obviously a very large workforce. Most organizations would be doing a lot more recruiting than we do in most areas since in most areas of county government we have a very stable workforce. People tend to stay with the county for a relatively long period of time compared to most organizations. Obviously, there are always going to be a certain amount of turnover from retirements from people just finding other opportunities and so forth. In particular, the largest degree of recruiting that we do and hiring that we do in the county is at the health care centers. As you know, Sheboygan County operates two large nursing homes with different client populations in those homes, over 400 beds filled and over 600 employees at those nursing homes in different categories. That's by far our biggest area where we look for new employees. The procedure that someone would follow that we use for all of our recruiting, whether the health care centers or other county jobs, is to use the Sheboygan County Job Center as our resource and as the collection point for applications. So if anyone is interested in applying for a county job, first of all, you can find out what jobs are open either by calling my department or better checking at the job center because we always list all openings at the job center. They're listed on the internet, they're listed on the state computer and so forth. The job center for people who don't know or aren't familiar with it is really a partnership between Sheboygan County government, state government and a number of private contract partners who work in the employment area as part of or contractors with various state programs. And they have their own building, it's out on Wilgus Avenue near Taylor and that's where our recruitment process begins. People who are interested can check there for openings, as I said. That's also where you get the application form. If a person wants to apply, we require an application form to be filled out and then turned in again at the job center. So we have one collection point, one place where we receive all the applications. So that's how the process would begin. Now we have bargaining unit employees, we have non-bargaining unit employees. What generally is the process for making decisions on how someone is selected? Well it depends on the particular job and on the particular department. Generally speaking, the hiring decisions are made by the department heads for the particular job or by whoever that's been delegated to by the department head. So after the application is received, the application form is submitted and filled out, it's checked over but then immediately submitted to the particular department for review to determine whether that's a person who would be selected to proceed further in the employment selection process. For many types of jobs, we do require employees who meet at least the minimum qualifications to take some sort of test. What that depends on, what sort of test that is depends on what kind of job it is. But even for clerical staff, we do generally have a test that measures skills in the area they'll be working in. The same is true for instance a highway worker, a road worker. We have a much different test that would measure how skilled that person is and how well that person matches the type of skills that we would need to do the job. We think it's very important to select the right people. We don't have a high turnover in part because we take some effort to make sure that we hire people with the right skills for the right job and that's a very important aspect of any human resource program. So we normally have some sort of testing program and an interview. Depending on the job, the interview may involve one or more people and may even be a second interview for a few jobs. And then we would extend an offer to the successful candidate. As part of that process, we also routinely do background checks, both to check references and employment history before we decide whether to make an offer. Then after a conditional offer is made, we do an actual background check through the state to see if there's any criminal history. For people in the health care professions, particularly or in social work fields, we have to make sure that those people have a clean record that not that they don't have any convictions. We don't necessarily hold even a conviction or certainly an arrest against a person. That just gives us reason to determine whether there's something specific in that person's background that affects the particular job we'd be considering that person for. So we need to, because we hire a lot of people who are put in positions of authority by virtue of their government job, if we hire a social worker or a health care provider, we have to do a thorough job to make sure that we're not endangering the people they're meant to serve. So I feel we do a very good job of that and that we have a very good workforce as a result. And again, if there's someone interested not only following the newspaper but stopping it at the job center, and that's the best place to submit an application. Can they submit the application at the personnel department or would they be referred to the job center? They have to be submitted at the job center. So the personnel department or the human resources department. Thank you. It's going to be a learning curve to remember to use that name for all of us. And one point I should make, too, is that as you know, a large department in the county is the human services department, and that's the department that covers the social services, the community programs, the Department of Aging is part of that, and in fact the job center staff is part of that. There's inevitably confusion between human services and human resources, which have nothing necessarily to do with each other. At least it's health and human services, so hopefully that'll help a little bit of the confusion. Anyway, if we get calls for the human services department, we know how to transfer them over. Very good. Vice versa. But in any event, just to put it in a little plug for job applicants, the main area that we are constantly recruiting for is in the health care center's field. We have the Sunny Ridge Nursing Home here in Sheboygan. We have Rocky Knoll out near Plymouth, and they are constantly in need of good health care professionals at various levels and also support staff. One of our biggest job categories is a nurse's aide or nurse's assistant, often called CNAs because they're certified nursing assistants. To be eligible for that job, you have to have a certificate from the state. That's why they're called certified, but that requires just about a six-week program to be eligible for. People who are interested in that as a career and it's a good career path to follow can enroll in that course either at LTC or sometimes we actually offer a course for that directly at Sunny Ridge, directly through the county. If you're interested in that, please contact either of those institutions because that's a field in which there's a very good demand for people who are looking for a job and it does require some skills. But a six-week course is not too bad for the right person who wants to make that skill available. All right. Very good. Thank you, Mike. Mike, probably most of our viewers don't realize that a majority of our county employees, in fact, about 90%, are represented by a union. We do have eight separate unions representing these employees, so the county doesn't just set the wages. Wages and benefits have to be negotiated. Does negotiating benefits and working with unions take up a large part of your time? That's right now clearly the biggest part of my job, partly because we're in the middle of negotiations with six out of the eight bargaining units. And for people who don't know, a bargaining unit is just a group of employees who believe they have common interests in bargaining and setting terms of employment and so forth. And they form a group, and this is a process governed by statutes and then state regulations. And then they form a union, either form their own union or reach an agreement with one of the national or statewide unions to represent that unit. And working with those units in various ways will always be a big part of the human resources job since, as you say, most of our employees are in one of those bargaining units other than management employees, we have almost all unionized workforce. So the union agreements cover a wide variety of issues that we deal with on a daily basis. So there are two main parts of that job, one is to negotiate the agreements with the union and the other part is to work with the agreement, put the agreement into effect. The agreement covers things such as wages, it covers benefits, but it also covers a wide variety of things such as hours of work, overtime, compensation, compensatory time, how employees can bring grievances or complaints to the attention of management and how we have to deal with that. So there's a lot of activity in just working with those agreements and working with the union representatives to adjust problems or to deal with issues that have to be addressed. Coming this year with negotiations, can you give us a brief update of the status report? Sure. We, as I said, are in the process of negotiations with six out of eight bargaining units. That's because for two bargaining units we have contracts in place that extend at least through the end of 2003. So by the end of the year we'll be back in negotiations with those two, but right now those contracts are settled and we're operating under them. For the other six units, their contracts expired at the end of 2002. So the law provides that when a contract such as those expire without reaching into agreement yet that we operate under the old contract until we reach agreement on a new contract or until a new contract is determined by an arbitrator. And that's where we are right now, we're operating under the old contract. But usually, once we reach a new contract, there's usually a retroactive wage adjustment if there is a wage increase. We have not yet reached agreements with any of those six and two of those six were working with a mediator, a state-provided mediator who works with us to try to reach an agreement. On the other four, we're negotiating directly with the union. Either way it's a negotiation and we're trying to work out an agreement. Because of our understanding with the unions, we don't negotiate in public, as you know. And so we don't release any details at all about what proposals have been made, either proposals by the county or proposals by the unions. Those negotiations work a lot better in private, although once a tentative agreement is reached, the decision by the county board on whether or not to ratify that and accept it is a public debate if there's a debate, but that's a public process. At this point, I can't tell you where we are on particular negotiations because that's still being conducted in private. The term QEO has been in the news quite a bit lately. Does that apply to our county bargaining units? No, it doesn't. The QEO stands for the Qualified Economic Offer Law. And to explain that, I have to explain a little about the mediation arbitration law that applies to all local governments in Wisconsin. This is a state law. We're not covered by the federal labor relations law as a unit of local government, but we are governed by the state law. And the state law, first of all, requires local governments to bargain with the unions in good faith if there is a union representing employees. And requires us to bargain to try to reach agreements with each of those unions. It also, though, provides for a process of mediation, working with state-appointed mediators and arbitration if we can't reach an agreement. The QEO law was designed specifically for school districts in their negotiations with employees, and it essentially says you don't have to go to mediation and arbitration with a school unit, with a bargaining unit representing teachers. For instance, the school board can avoid that whole process by offering the union a qualified economic offer, which means that the school board would have to offer at least a 3.8% total increase in the compensation package, including both wages and benefits. Benefits have been increasing very quickly of recent years for most people, for most organizations, so that QEO law has resulted in some cases in school boards having the option of offering actually a wage cut and to make up for the large increase in benefit costs, or perhaps a very small wage increase to still reach that 3.8% level, and then the unions really can't do anything directly about that in terms of the law. That law does not apply to county government or to other forms of local government. It's just restricted to school boards. So we have to work with the general framework of the mediation and arbitration law. What happens if we can't reach an agreement in mediation? It could be a fairly long process, and we've been negotiating for several months. In fact, since January, when I took up my duties here and got the ball rolling again on negotiations, and it may continue for several more months, depending on whether we can reach agreement. But if we can't voluntarily reach an agreement, either side, either the union or the county, can file a request with the state to appoint a mediator. And a mediator then will schedule meetings with us and come in and see if the mediator can help us reach an agreement. The mediator's job at that point is not to impose a contractor to tell us what the agreement is going to be. It's simply to try to help us reach that process. Sometimes things break down. Sometimes an outside influence will help move the process along. Of course, in my view, it's better if we can continue to negotiate directly, and there's usually no reason why you can't. See if you can work on agreement without getting to that point. But if necessary, that's the next step in the process. If the mediator comes in and finds that the parties are just not able to reach an agreement, the mediator decides when things are more or less hopeless in terms of reaching a voluntary agreement. And that can be after one short meeting, or it can be after a number of meetings with the county and the union officials. But once we reach that point where the mediator makes that decision, then the mediator will decide to send the process to the next step, which is arbitration. If we have not reached an agreement at that point, we eventually have to decide what our best offer is to the union, the best package deal is on wages, benefits, any other issue that may have come up in bargaining. We have to put it all together as a package and make our best proposal to the union. And then the union has to do the same thing to the employer, to the county in our case. The union has to give us their best offer, their best proposal. And they may be close together or they may be far apart, depending on how negotiations have gone. But once both sides are fixed in their best offers, then both offers are submitted to an arbitrator. And the arbitrator, again, is a person appointed by the state commission. And they're the same people who do the mediation work, but not in our case. In other words, the mediator that works with us on a particular contract will be different from the arbitrator who will be involved at the next step of the process. And once the best offers are submitted to the arbitrator, then there are written arguments presented. There's paperwork documentation provided to the arbitrator and perhaps some testimony, a hearing by the arbitrator to hear what the issues are, hear why the county feels their offer is more fair, hear the union argue why the union believes its offer is more fair. And then if the party still don't agree, the arbitrator will simply make a decision. And the arbitrator has to either pick the county's offer as a whole or the union's offer as a whole. It's like the old baseball arbitration used to be. It's all or nothing. The arbitrator doesn't decide what the most fair contract is. The arbitrator decides, is the county's offer more fair than the union's offer or vice versa, but he can only pick among those two. So that provides some incentive to both sides to come up with what's really a fair proposal as their final proposal. But once the arbitrator makes that decision and picks one or the other, then that is imposed as the new contract. And the county board is powerless to overturn that. And there really is no appeal from it. There is no procedure whereby we can say the arbitrator made a mistake or he didn't consider the right things. That's a final decision. And then we proceed under that contract, under that arbitrator's decision, until the next contract expires, which is usually two years at a time. It doesn't come up. It comes up fairly quickly. Health insurance seems to be a major benefit these days. The cost seems to be going up every year. What are we doing to control that cost? And how big a cost is that really to the county overall? Sheboygan County has done a lot of good things to help control those costs. And we've had a sizable increase recently in the budget for health insurance. A 29% increase in the last year. And that has caught the attention of a lot of people. But one thing to keep in mind is that most other organizations, both private businesses and governments, have had sizable increases in premiums over the past five years already. And we've been fairly fortunate in delaying the sizable increase until this point. In fact, when you look at what our premiums are compared to what health insurance premiums are, other places ours are really pretty reasonable for the type of broad coverage we offer. So I feel pretty good about what we've done. One thing we do is we work with a group of other Sheboygan-ary employers. Many of the larger employers throughout Sheboygan County, including the city and the school district, as well as private businesses are parts of this group, are members of this group that negotiate as a group with the major health care providers. There are two major systems in Sheboygan County. The Aurora system and the PHN, the St. Nicholas Hospital system. And the group negotiates with both of those provider systems to obtain the best possible discounts in what the doctors charge, what is charged for tests, and the different medical procedures. So we've done a lot of work in that area to keep down our costs to a fairly reasonable level. And we're continuing to work on that. Obviously those contracts have to be renegotiated from time to time and they come due next year. So that will be a major event for us. But we also do things with our own benefit structure and we're always reevaluating our health insurance plan. So we need to keep a focus on that and try to get the best deal for our employees that we can on health insurance. Thank you. Mike, there's been a lot of emphasis, as you know, on Homeland Security and just security in general. Though you've been with us for a short period of time, I know you've already been actively involved with this discussion. What is Sheboygan County done to help protect the security, not only for our employees, but the public that often utilizes the buildings? Well, the Human Resources Department is one of several offices that have some role in security countywide. We are charged with the responsibility of running the loss control program, which is primarily designed to improve employees' safety. You know, the safety in dealing with chemicals, safe procedures in handling toxic chemicals or in blood-borne pathogens, disease control, things like that. And we have a number of programs we work on in that area. A major initiative we've taken recently is to develop these county ID badges for county employees, which you see us all wearing. These are a very recent development in our department. And the policy now is that all employees will wear a photo ID. And that helps with security in that if people are... We have 1,300 employees, not everyone knows them all. And if people are walking through the courthouse or through administrative building departments or other county facilities, it's very easy to identify who's a county employee and should be there. And maybe members of the public might have wondered in areas where they shouldn't be, but it just provides us better control over that because people are observant of who's wearing an ID badge and who isn't. It also, in addition to the security help, provides us with better visibility to the public. The public doesn't have to wonder, you know, are you really from the planning department? Are you really from the social services department? If they see you wearing that badge, there's a greater confidence that the public has that they're dealing with someone in an official capacity. So I think that'll be beneficial on both counts. Well, very good. The time passed quickly today and a lot of information, but certainly appreciate in your short tenure the work you've done for Sheboygan County and it was a pleasure to have you with us today, Mike. Not only do we have the badges, obviously, which are to improve security, but I know Mike in the Lost Prevention Committee has been involved with other security measures, whether it's in the courthouse, what have you. So a lot of good work being done. And again, glad to have you as our guest today. Next month, we're going to be learning more about the Register of Deeds Department and meeting with Darlene Navas, who has been our Register of Deeds for a number of years and is very busy right now with all the refinancing. In fact, personally, I think our family's refinancing for the third time in the last year. And I imagine that's the case with a number of our viewers out there. So next month, Darlene will be our guest and we look forward to you joining us then. Thank you.


We're surrounded by the Internet of Things. Thousands of sensors are laying data from cars, factories and stores. These sensors and the data they produce ensure safe driving, food safety and efficient production. However, there is much more we can do with the large amounts of information that is generated. At IBM Research, we're developing AI technologies to connect and understand data in ways never seen before. We combine machine learning with knowledge graph reasoning to enhance the data with layers of semantic abstraction. This gives us new natural user interfaces that allow us to gain new insights from the data. A lot of the data that's coming from us is IoT based and that's Internet of Things based, so that's machine to machine data. When you get a lot of data thrown out, it ends up being a very difficult task of trying to extract real insight from that data set. The only way we're going to solve this problem is to teach the machines to make sense of the data so we can ask it questions and expect reasonable answers. We developed a knowledge graph for IoT. The system knows all about IoT and understands the meaning of different types of data. It works in a similar way to the way our brains think. Imagine a temperature sensor in a building. An office worker tells the system, hey, it's too hot in here. It analyzes the speech's text and extracts the concepts hot in here. It understands that hot is a concept for heat. It quickly accesses the knowledge graph to find all assets in the area. It then uses AI analytics and sensor data to determine if the temperature is actually too high. It realizes the office area is located close to a window. It checks the illumination sensor, automatic blinds and weather to see if there is high sunlight causing excessive temperature and finds nothing unusual. It tries a different branch in its knowledge graph. It finds an AC unit and uses AI diagnostics to find the heating valve switched on. So we can actually identify the problem and then commission work automatically to the relevant people to go fix that problem. It is a scalable solution that enables IoT to learn behavior to understand operation and to self-diagnose problems while making human machine interaction more natural and intuitive. It's a general purpose artificially intelligent multi-dimensional knowledge graph for IoT. It combines reasoning with machine learning to analyze and understand very large data sets in real time. This enables new insight from complex systems at scale.


About 250 Marines make up the Black Sea rotational force that travels Europe and Asia, working with partner nations. Their first stop was in Tbilisi, Georgia, for agile spirit. Working hand-in-hand with the Georgian soldiers for a couple of weeks has given Sergeant Davis a positive view of the Georgian people. Thanks to the soldiers, he also has a positive start to his deployment. It's been a pleasure training them. I will definitely miss training the Georgians because they're very humble people, they're very friendly, and they want to learn a lot. Jal Spirit's been a wonderful experience for me so far, and I'm pretty sure the rest of my deployment will be as well. From Tbilisi, Georgia, I'm Air Force Sergeant Nathan Perry.


In World War II, a plot was devised to drive Hitler mad by bombing him with pornography. Yes, you heard that right. The OSS, which was the American Intelligence Agency before the CIA. The OSS had planned to use bomber aircraft to drop tons and tons of leaflets, pamphlets, magazines, all printed up with hardcore porn over Hitler's quarters because they figured that he was either a prude or a sex maniac. Didn't matter which, because either way, this would drive him mad. Now, the plan itself was never put into action because the American Air Force flatly refused to do it and also the British refused to help with this because they said that it was un-gentlemanly. The Nazis and the Japanese, however, did do this to the Allied soldiers and it was done to devastating effect because they flooded the trenches with porn which created distraction, depression in fighting amongst the soldiers. It really did drive them mad.


The first category is of marine deposits, very soft soils, very high moisture content, substantial portion of this type of soils would be organic matter. Now when the soils are soft and when they have high moisture content by virtue of these two things they will become very very compressible alright. Now when they become compressible what will happen, it is a boon or it is a bin. So marine deposits by virtue of their nature that they are close to the marine systems have very soft sensitive soils. Let me put a word sensitive here, when we say human beings are very sensitive, suppose if I say you are very sensitive what is the meaning of this? You get influenced by everything very quickly is it not, somebody say is not good, now you will be down for at least 6 hours, clear? Like that only these soils are very intelligent materials, they are very soft but very sensitive also, the moment you touch them they get disturbed alright, very difficult to take out the sample from the ground to bring them to the laboratory and to test them and to get the parameters which can be utilized for design purpose. So these are very soft sensitive soils, high moisture content why because they are in the water body all the time, organic matter is present, it is a bane for geotechnical engineers but boon for what, which industry, I am yet to see any agriculture form sitting on the marine clays, only oil forms can be there, hydrocarbons, so organic matter which becomes a bane for me is a boon for the guys who are into petroleum industry, Bombay High, there is only one Bombay High, have you heard about anything else, except for KG basin now, in Assam you have some oil fields, in western part of the country now you are talking about Ashura Reha and all these Navaratnas which have come out very recently in the deserts. So wherever you have organic matter, by the way calcium carbonate present in desert soils could also be organic in nature, clear? It could be inorganic also, it could be organic also, so this organic matter plays both ways, these deposits are known for good oil reservoirs, these are the petroleum reserves but as far as laying the foundations, construction of infrastructure is concerned, creation of buildings is concerned, very big problem, these are highly compressible just like a sponge. Another category is let us talk about the black cotton soils which somebody was discussing but believe me, you are lucky that you are studying geomechanics in the coastal region, look setting at the marine deposits, the saying is those who start their profession with marine deposits flourish much more, I hope you can understand why, because the challenges and the ways to learn the material and perfect it are much more as compared to any other part of the country. So the guys who are sitting in the northern region or hardcore southern peninsula unfortunate, they cannot practice this even much, you know, when I say practicing I hope you understand the meaning of the word practicing, is this part clear? What is practicing of a subject? What do lawyers do? They practice law, you agree? So this is the subject which is to be practiced, is this part clear?  The meaning of the word expensive is somebody is from Vidharb, who is from Vidharb? You, not really, but Indore, not Indore say, parts of Karnataka, Nagpur, yeah but these are the deposits where you have black cotton soil, Nasik is a beautiful example, all right. So these are the places where you will have mostly black cotton soil where you see the cash crops being grown. So these soil deposits are very good as far as cash crops are concerned, what are the cash crops? Cotton, number 2, there you are right, Haldi, oh I do not know, okay Haldi, third one, cash crop where main cash crop, sugar cane, big, big sugar industries are there in the whole Maharashtra region, all right. So because of the property of the black cotton soil it is, retains lot of moisture, not because of being organic and fibrous in nature, who was talking about fiber, you were talking about fiber, not being fibrous in nature, but by virtue of its minerals and the minerals which are present in this material are known as Mont Morillo Knight, clear. This is a cousin brother of Bentonite, another cousin brother of these minerals is Smectite, where do you use Smectite? In which industry? Sports, clear, so if you want to make pitches, so you have to have Smectite much more in proportion, it becomes a good recipe. So black cotton soil will have mostly Montmorillonite which is a type of a Bentonite, but it is quite rich as far as the agricultural properties are concerned why, the soils particles are very active chemically, so somebody was talking about in the very first lecture, sorption capacity of the particles is too much, clear. So the moment you add fertilizer, not even a fraction of fertilizer will go unutilized. Each particle of the fertilizer or each drop of the fertilizer in the liquid form will adhere on the particles because of their mineralogy, clear. And this also is a curse, bane, why? By virtue of all these things they attract moisture a lot. So the moment they come in contact with free water, if it is raining heavily and water gets logged, this mineral is water thirsty, hungry. What it does? It can take as much as moisture as possible, clear. So that is the problem and when the dry spell comes, dry season comes, this moisture gets lost. So it looks like a spring action, it swells shrinks, swells shrinks. So as far as the buildings are concerned is say not a welcome material. In earlier days the thumb rule was get rid of this material, excavate and replace the soil with better soil. Nowadays the problem is the constructions have become so big, huge. How would you dig it? Where you will place it? How will you bring soils from other place? How will you compact and so on? Lot of challenges are there. Now as far as the formation is concerned these are formed mostly from basalt and trap. Trap is type of a rock and that is why we call it as the decant trap, decant peninsula in India and this is mostly basaltic in nature, all right. So the type of rock which we have in Bombay region is very dense, very hard basaltic material, it is okay. So that is why it is very difficult to make infrastructure here, you know, excavation is very difficult. So this process is known as swelling and shrinkage. This also hints at the property that this soil is very intelligent, it can sense the atmosphere very soon, is it not? So the moment the atmosphere conditions change it starts behaving. Incidentally in case you get a chance to work in pharmaceutical industry most of the geotechnical engineers govern pharmaceutical industry by the way, I do not know whether you are aware or not. There was a time when I did a lot of consulting for Sandos and this is a very interesting process. Later on I think I told you about my association with Reliance Life Sciences also where we were talking about, you know, controlled porous media in the form of a controlled drug delivery system. So I can play with the minerals, I can make them so porous like rasogullas, all right. So those who have diabetes, what do they do? They squeeze out all the sugar syrup, correct and they just eat the porous part. People like us who are fat, they have consumed a lot of sugar and the bellies are out, clear? So this is the difference. So I can create a porous media where I can keep anything inside. I can keep a fertilizer, I can keep let us say chemicals, I can keep bacteria, whatever. So this is how you can play with the minerals. So you can fill them with something, you can squeeze out, you can allow them to shrink and so on and you can use them. Another category is anything else which I have thought of telling about the black cotton soil? No. So these are the good crop yielding soils, most of the farmers in Nasik and Satara and all these areas, you know, they grow a lot of sugarcane, then cotton, cashew nuts, three are cash crops. Fourth is now pomegranate, you were talking about healthy, I am not sure and what else somebody said? No, pomegranate is a big business in Maharashtra. Alright, the another one is laterite. How many of you are from Kerala here? So maybe the northern part and the middle portion of the Kerala bordering with Karnataka, I think you would have later write. Incidentally, when this Konkan railway was being done, 1995-96, the big challenge was how to cut these type of lateritic rocks and that was my first or second project. I was associated with the Konkan railways, you know, very hard rocks, but perforated, vesicules they would be having and that is because of the leaching. So anybody is from here from Mangalore? Wow, which part of Mangalore you are from? Near airport area or maybe towards the refinery? What is the name of the place? Kodikal. So somewhere close to NIT Surupkal? Yeah, so that is mostly later, lateritic belt. Alright, red color soil, you will be having impregnation of yellow and white inclusions. These are magnesium oxide, iron oxide and so on. The big problem is like human body, all these minerals keep on leaching out. In local language, they call them as shady soils. Have you heard about this? SHEDI shady soils. So a lot of people who have done research on this in this. So all these salts keep on leaching out because of excess rains and the system becomes vulnerable, clear? So these are the by decomposition of the rocks. It is an interesting chemical process which goes on by this. What happens is that bases which are present in the system, all sorts of bases hydroxides and silica. So this is getting removed and these are mostly oxides of iron and aluminum. In layman's language, we call them as red soil. In part of northeast also you will be getting the lateritic material. So these are the lateritic formations. Then comes the alluvium or alluvial soils. A typical alluvium is the one which is river broad sediments getting deposited over somewhere. Now this is what is known as alluvium, all right? A deposit of sand, mud, etc. formed by flowing water. So these are the layers of sand, cells, clays and this is a typical alluvium. These type of soils are who was from Varakpur, yes. These are prone to liquefaction, is this okay? Can you read this? So if earthquake comes, it strikes this strata, the soil mass start behaving like liquid, L, I, Q, U, E liquefaction. It just behaves like a liquid and we will study the state of the material. What type of state of this material is? How it gets induced because of the earthquake triggering? So the more and more motions which occur in the ground, all right, in the form of the shear waves. The liquefaction might occur. Fine, silty, sandy material is very prone to liquefaction. But I am sure you must be aware that a lot of money is now invested in the eastern part of Bihar. A lot of big, big factories are coming over there now, particularly DLW spending a lot of money, Siemens is doing a lot of work there, a lot of land reclamation is being done there and so on. This is a villain. If you can take care of this, you can do very good infrastructure. We will discuss about what liquefaction takes place. Now liquefaction is loss of strength of the soil mass due to earthquake. Earthquake is a natural phenomena. It could be manmade also. Yes or no? How? Iduki Dam is a good example of man-made tremors. Is it not? Terry is a beautiful example of man-made tremors. I might be laying a foundation of a moving let us say vehicle or a forging unit where the hammer gets dropped from a height. Under all those circumstances, there is an impact and impact is causing the loss of strength of the soil because of any vibration, movement, shear waves travelling through the system. Is this okay? Another category is desert soil. We have discussed a lot about it and I hope you understand the issues. Very difficult to stabilize these type of soils. Either these are Aeolin or Lewis which we have discussed today. I am sure those of you are from Rajasthan area must have realized that after independence, several tens of years it took to create a railway line over there. We agree with this.  You know this, they were good engineers, good technologists. They have just utilized the geomorphological features of a place to convert it into a beautiful city and they were sustainable. Remember, we are dying for water. Bangalore has no water. Bombay city might not have any water who knows but these are the places where perennially there is no issue of water shortage. I hope you agree with this. You will never hear that in Udaipur water shortage, water scarcity. It is a miracle but not miracle. It is a scientific thought which was executed very nicely. So we have discussed this. Now I was talking about the infrastructure over there. The biggest problem is as I gave an example about the Indo-Pac border. You cannot create even railway tracks. What happens? The soil gets eroded. Is it not because of the wind? So desert soil is the biggest problem is how to stabilize them. Indian Army is doing a lot of good work there. Incidentally, if deserts are not there, where we would have tested our nuclear weapons? Imagine. So this is a boon. You agree? Where Pokhran was done? Very close to Jaisalmer, 30, 40 km away from Jaisalmer. So if you are going towards Jaisalmer, you will be passing by the area which is cordoned off completely by Indian Army. They do not let you go over there. So if you get a chance to work with atomic energy, AERB or BARC or like these type of organizations, you will realize that how this detonation of the weapons is done in sands and why. So you might get an answer to this question as the subject grows slowly and slowly. There must be some mechanisms. So I was talking about the shocks earthquake, then I was talking about the shear waves, then I was talking about how the migration of the shear waves occurs. And then if I have to test the weapons which are nuclear, these are the right places or the sea. Where would you like to do out of the two places? Testing of nuclear weapons, if not a given country, all right? Then comes the boulders. I think we discussed about this when we were talking about colluvium deposits, if you remember, all right? So on the steep slopes, many times the boulders, clay matrix, it falls down, it gets deposited and then it becomes very difficult to create infrastructure over there. These are the typical deposits of the country. Mostly the boulders are because of the rivers which are flowing through hilly terrains. Try to come out with the challenges associated with these deposits as far as engineering and infrastructure development is concerned. Though I have been telling you all sorts of problems, but it is a good idea to go through this in a literature form and read this. And in case you have a feeling that you want to give back to the society from where you have come after a few years, this is going to be a very good homework. So this homework is not time bound. This is for your entire life. Know your region properly. Try to solve the problems of the region and for that you have to study all this. So how to do engineering? How to do technology demonstration in most of these deposits which are so difficult to manage where people are unable to give a solution, all right? This is what you should learn. So let me take you through the some of the most challenging tasks which geotechnical engineers are imposed upon in their career and people describe them as problematic soils. And let me tell you one thing that this is the old concept. So when I was a student, you know, this is how we were introduced the topic, problematic soil. But after due course of time, I realized that there is nothing known as problematic soils. These are challenging situations. And if you are not having challenging situations, the profession would not have been so prospering, you understand? So this is where I write that because of the problematic soils, our profession flourishes. I do not know whether you guys know or not. I am the consultant to Navi Mumbai International Airport. The whole project was my brainchild. And I convinced the government that this is how it should be done in the least time and with the least money. Ideas just come when you teach in the classroom and somebody asks you a question. Reclamation is one of the examples of how this Navi Mumbai International Airport has been done. So before I stepped on to the ground, the site was problematic because it was a part of the creek. And active sea is a Panvel Creek. I do not know whether you are aware or not. Creek is the one place where most of time water remains stagnant. It might be flowing also. So Panvel Creek, if you see on the Google map, it is adjacent to that is the 1300 acres which is 3 times the IIT Bombay campus. And this is what your new airport is going to be. Just for instance, I am giving you this example. So there was a time when this problem used to be a problematic situation.  So what I am trying to convey to you is unless the problematic soils and challenging situations are not there, the profession cannot flourish. So when I was making these slides today, I got a phone call that somebody wants to meet me at 6 o'clock. You know why? I will show you. This profession is becoming mostly you know a sort of a legal, techno legal, social profession. So this is where I write that it creates a lot of professions. Let me describe few situations. I am sure you must be coming across these types of problems. This is a common problem. Why to go to Himalaya? Even in Bombay itself, this is a big problem. Most of the slums are located on hillocks. And every race, you read in the newspaper that the buildings have collapsed. Is it not? So look at this. The entire slope has got washed out. Now this is a typical boulder. You know, we were not been talking about. The whole soil profile is weathered soil. It was a beautiful basalt, decant trap. In the due course of time, over maybe millions of years, the top surface of this rock got weathered and these are the remains on which people have started making their buildings. So because of the rains, what happens? The whole slope has got washed out and look at the foundation. Foundation is hanging now. The clever Janta Bombay, what they will do? They will create a pillar over here and they will support the building again. The beautiful example, you go whenever you are going to these places, I mean not to name such areas where you will find such type of solution which exists indigenous solution and people are living comfortably, I cannot of course. Pipelines have got exposed. It is a typical bouldery, clay, silty deposit. Appears to be a weathered material. You were talking about weathered material, somebody from this section. I think you were talking about weathered material or before the break. Anyway, this is the weathering of the material. Mostly caused because of water ingress and water causing pressures in the material, material gets fragmented. This is also a type of a slope failure. So when you drive through Ratnagiri area, you know, there are so many slopes, Khandala Ghat, Karjath, all these areas where you will find a lot of landslide occurring mudflots, we call them. So the entire mud has come down. There is a typical class of problem with geotechnical engineers come across.  I do not know how many of you read newspapers and there is a big debate going on in the parliament also now. A famous highway which is in JNK and which they want to construct and about one and a half month, two months back there were 5000 vehicles which got stranded over there because of landslides. It is a rather interesting problem, you know. Pipelines are the veins of the country, arteries and veins of the country. Why? Like your body, you know veins and arteries, what do they do? They flow blood. These are the pipelines which are flowing as a water. You must have seen water comes in Bombay city from Nasik. Most of the time when you drive through the Nasik highway, we are not water sufficient by the way. We get water from different dams in Nasik. They were done by Britishers or crude oil, again the economy. Now if these pipelines are located in the regions like this where the ground is not stable, what is going to happen? It will result in losses, alright. So rather than conveying the fluid, there is a lot of spillage. The pipelines get distorted, they might get broken and so on. The cause over here is if you look at this, the foundation has got completely washed out. So next time when you are travelling from Thana towards Nasik, remain awake and keep on looking at on the left hand side of the entire pipeline system and see what type of foundation they have provided. By sabotage, if somebody blasts off the foundations, it is a right now NSG topic to work on. National Security Council, you know how to stop sabotage against the pipelines which are carrying precious oil, hydrocarbon or water even. Water is also very precious by the way. So look at this soil erosion has occurred. Subsequently the road has collapsed. These pipes have also yielded and just because of the poor drainage, I am sure this you must be seeing every day in your hostels also or maybe buildings where you find cracks which are occurring on the walls. And this is again because of, remember we have talked about the climatic conditions and black cotton soil too much expensive material. It attracts water, repels water and so on. Separation of the wall. There are several situations where the doors and the partitions which are done, they got separated from the floors or the walls. And this again because of the differential settlement. So we will be discussing about the settlement in details. It is a classic example of 1945-1947 when the entire road has become you know almost like a snakey we call it topsy-turvy. Why? It is all because of settlements. Most of the roads in the city are like this. It is so what do you call it, derogatory to live in a society where the roads even cannot be made properly. Look at this. Another interesting case where the, this is the beam which is getting detached from the wall and the crack is developing. These cracks would be, they could be traversing top to bottom in a zigzag manner. They could be vertical splits. They could be even horizontal also depending upon the situation. One of the interesting cases which I am dealing with right now is for an MNC where the tolerance limit of the turbines. I think I gave you an example we are aware of is half a MM. So when you design turbines, the tolerance is 0.5 MM. Now ultimately the turbines are going to sit on a foundation which is located on the ground. Imagine if this type of situation happens, what will happen to the turbines? How would you run them? So this is where the industrial activities get too much influenced by the stability or instability of the ground or the soils. Look at this situation. Again as I said the oil tanks are the economy of the country. You know if they are flourishing, economy is flourishing and that is the reason the western part of the country is flourishing as compared to the other parts of the country because we are into the oil business here alright. So we dictate the terms with the international market. Unfortunately the place where you are storing the oil sometimes might be undergoing heavy distress in the form of the settlements. So in case the settlements occur in huge structure the other day I was giving in a dimension of a oil tank is about 50, 55 meter diameter. Height could be anything from 30 meter to 45 meter depending upon the storage and the amount of land which you have. So this is what is going to happen. Your tanks are not stable. I will show you some other picture also. Sorry this is the one. Look at this. The overhead water tank you know is differentially settling. So if you have a very close view on this you will see that the whole tank is settling on the one side and it is cracking also from the base. Again because of the poor soil conditions. Siloes I do not know how many of you are aware of silos. Siloes are the places where you store grains alright fertilizers granular material. So there is no difference between sands and wheat and rice and sugar they are all granular materials for me. So the way I would like to store rice the way I would like to store fertilizers I would like to store sugar also there. So these are the silos which are huge structures. They could be for army also. I might be storing their missiles. I do not know whether you are aware or not place very close to Bombay has these type of silos where often strategic importance. So there they are storing something different. Now look at this this soil erosion is occurring and these are the transmission what do you call them power houses. Power houses alright. So this is where the foundations of most of the power structures are located. But because of the soil erosion what is happening all the structures are in a dilapidated condition. How would you deal with this type of situation. It is a strategic situation. All these things are related to each other. The piles have failed and hence the podiums which you create on in multi-storey buildings they have also collapsed. Go and see these places then you will learn what is happening over there what the problems are. So I am sure you can realize over here that these are the piles which were straining some compacted soil mass and some of the piles have failed. So that means the soil which was retained over here to create a you know important structure above the ground because of some reasons this system is going to fail that means you cannot lay the foundations for those type of structures. We call them as lateral earth pressure. The soil which is retained on the right hand side of these piles these are known as piles. These are the structural elements. The pressure is so much or maybe because of the erosion the soil has moved out and the piles have failed alright. Most of the buildings in Bombay city are at elevated podiums and if you go and see next time onwards you will realize what I am trying to discuss and why this was in the newspapers. This is something very interesting. I do not know whether you are aware of this or not soil nailing. Did you see something of this sort when nailing has been done to retain the hillocks the stiff cliff the nails have been embedded to stabilize the slopes. By the way all these nails are wrongly done and that is the reason the collapse has occurred. So this becomes a case of litigation. The guy spent money and it failed. Who is responsible? So there are several cases the more and more infrastructure is happening the more and more problems are being observed becoming a critical situation. So here the slopes were stabilized but the entire thing has failed. Look at this this is the road failure again because of the inadequate drainage. So both side you have water bodies and or the same water body and this was reclaimed. You did not allow drainage to occur water has found its own path the road has collapsed. This is another good example of how building settled. I was talking about when we were discussing the staircase has completely got detached from the building. The plinth has cracked the building is going in as a matter of few days when this will be in the national network. This is a beautiful example you know the staircase are still hanging in air and where they are supposed to be the entire thing has settled down but very uniformly Grace got added potential I will show you what happens then. So we are going to do all these analysis. We are going to study these things how to find out how much settlement has occurred whether the building is safe or not and so on. There is a beautiful example of other side of the building which I showed you the whole building is settling down and there are cracking taking place you know all along the building from the plinth and so on. I do not know whether how many of you have seen such type of structures in bombicity. Most of the oil tank forms are having this fate. Had it been water tank I would not have bothered so much crude oil hydrocarbon. If it collapses it is going to be an absolute disaster. I hope you understand why. Clear? It is not only that is going to fall on your head. Before it falls on your head it is going to be a time bomb. It will catch fire and God knows what is going to happen may explode even. So this is the modern day civilization and one thing is sure people have ignored soils completely. They thought that whatever is sitting beneath is not going to be problematic ever but it is not so. All these structures remind you that what is the importance of studying the issues related with soils and rocks and the subsurface. This is a very close look at what will be the problem if this type of situation occurs in the tank forms. All the piping arrangements which have been done are defunct. They have cracked. Why? Because you are designed these pipelines to be connected to a certain portion of the tank. Now when the tank settles these pipelines have got sheared off or veered off or they have got cracked completely. How many of you have come across this type of situation? Now this is known as soil subsidence collapse. We also call it caving in and the sinkholes. You must have come across sinkholes. This happened at Sakinaka about 5-6 years back. This is the story of 3rd August 2019. So the Gurgaon traffic severe line running underneath road and the water from the rain might have weakened the road causing it to cave in. It is happening very frequently. Read about this process. Why it is happening? Another interesting case you have to concentrate on the picture to realize what is happening here is because of complete water logging. Look at the parking is here. The whole thing is a big crater which has got formed. You know this is the pedestrian pathway. These are underground utilities in Japan. So this is the road pavement and the whole portion a big chunk and this is also by the way the road you can see the remains of the road. So this was connecting earlier over here and because of excessive rains, water logging, seepage, the whole thing has caved in. This is what is known as sinkhole or caving in process. Why? We will try to answer this. Look at this. Complete website is devoted on sinkholes. I hope you can realize what is happening over here. It is so dangerous. Now what is written over here is sinkholes also form due to the human activity such as collapsed abandoned mines. You are getting this point. So the more and more mining operations which are occurring and then you are trying to sustain the present-day society, this is what is going to happen. This is a beautiful thing to see. Look at this. At the middle of the road, there is a huge crater getting formed and because of what? I have dealt with few situations in Bombay city also. There is another interesting situation which might be this again from Tokyo. So if you have to analyze these situations, you have to study the mechanics of the material which are being used for creating these systems. Typical landslides, Bombay-Puna highway is famous for this. Go to the northeast every day occurs maybe in parts upper reaches of JNK, the big problem is landslides, road getting blocked, closed and so on. How would you stabilize them? How would you create these type of roads for our countrymen and so on is a big question. It is a beautiful scene. I do not think, have you ever seen this? Have you ever gone towards upper reaches of Srinagar? I do not know whether you can realize this or not. These are the big boulders and this is the highway and imagine it is only a matter of time when this boulder is going to fall down. Very good example of Badrinath and Kedarnath. When you travel from Deradun towards these sites, every now and then big boulders, every now and then these boulders fall on the cars and moving vehicles and so many people die, they do not even report it. Chardham Yatra, these are the transmission towers. I think there are several cases in India where you know transmission towers get uprooted and these transmission towers are the ones which are carrying electricity from hydroelectric dams or units. It could happen because of the wind, it could happen because of big foundations. Here what has happened, the entire foundation system has got uprooted. So, what you are seeing over here is a foundation. Now, because of the moment and the torque which has occurred on the entire tower which is about 50 meter high, weighing about 40 to 50 tons, all right, steel, the whole foundation has got lifted up and collapsed at the cut. This is what is known as uplift failures. It is a loss of contact between the soil and the foundation, okay. How would you handle this type of a situation? The RE wall failures, you must be reading in newspapers. There was a video also recently that the RE wall has failed somewhere. This is a good sign to see that how RE reinforced earth wall. This RE means reinforced earth wall. It has failed. Look at the cracks which have developed. Another beautiful example of how RE wall has failed from the foundation itself. The soil which you have filled up inside is getting washed out. Now, this is the time of the construction of the highway. Anyway, the essence of the story is that half of the road has collapsed and these are the real life photographs. Poor filled material or maybe lack of compaction or whatever. Look at the whole system has cracked, the foundation failure. Another view of the same, you know, which shows you how the entire road pavement has collapsed. The foundation soil has yielded and hence this tragedy has occurred. If you see from the other side of the RE wall, then you will see that how the collapse has occurred. The filled material has come out of the wall, panels have dismantled and the wall is defunct. Remember, each of these projects is going to cost at least 40-50 crores and once these type of things happen, there is no retrofitting. You cannot retrofit anything. You cannot make them overnight. So, it is a loss of time. It is a loss of property. It is a loss of time, money and whatnot, inconvenience to people because when this was being constructed, people were facing problem. Now it is defunct, people are facing problem. I cannot dismantle and throw it away anywhere. So, these are the issues which have to be borne in mind. Some other shots from different angles. You are doing investigations to see what went wrong. This is an interesting phenomena. I do not know how many of you have really seen this, sand boils. I think you were discussing about this. This is a very peculiar condition which happens in the deposits, you know, which are prone to liquefaction. We were talking about alluvial soils, very notorious. This is what happened in Ahmedabad. You know, building is intact. The entire thing got uprooted from the foundations. Very sad. This is what I have been discussing in the last lecture if you remember. You know, dissolution. Somebody asked chemical processes. I do not know. Somebody was sitting over here. And he was discussing about this chemical processes and I discussed about the dissolution occurring in the limestone because of the humidity and sea action at extremely high temperatures. So, this is one of the situations. So, most of the Middle East, Gulf countries, Oman and all these places, the big problem is you want to develop infrastructure fine. It is a beautiful sandstone limestone formation adjacent to sea. Sea water interacts with these formations, very humid climate, extremely high temperatures and sea water has lot of salinity. Clear? Chloride content, sulphates. What do they do? They start eating up these formations. So, this is one of the examples of chemical processes which are destabilizing the soil mass. Now, it is very difficult, first of all, to diagnose how deep these cavities are. You cannot keep on changing the plan of your building. You agree? So, by the time you go and start executing the job, you will realize where the columns are supposed to be and where the foundations are supposed to be there, you have a cavity like this. Unfortunately, these cavities cannot be sealed even. You start pumping cement concrete, millions of tons of cement concrete will go inside, but you cannot close them. There is a very famous hospital in India, particularly in Delhi where this happened. Try to find out the history of that place and then we may discuss. Go to place called Pisa in Italy and get a feel of why I am asking you to go there. It is a 4 degree lean. By the time you go and sit on the top of the terrace, you literally realize that yes, your CG is getting affected psychologically. It has been retrofitted, are you aware? But it has been left as 4 degree, why? Because if you make it, if you correct the settlements, then nobody will come over here.  The wonder of the wonders is that the building is intact, no cracks, nothing and it stands there. Whenever you get time, please go there and then you will learn a lot of things related to this. This is what happens when you know geomaterials are ignored. These are the slides made by Lijit. So, this is what happens. The entire building has toppled. Fortunately, this has not happened in Japan. This is the recent one. He is also from Kerala by the way. So, he has contributed this slide and it works. This is the recent phenomena where the dam has burst. This is a recent failure in Brazil in January 2019. And as the aftermath of this failure, the entire dam has burst, you know. And then like manmade lava which you are talking about the other day, it has gone tens of kilometers. It has just flown like a lunge of the residues or the mine tailings which you are talking about. So, anyway, so coming back to the point, when you are doing infrastructure development in problematic soils, challenging soils, getting a solution is very difficult. And this is what I will try to address when I am discussing this course. What are the major issues? Just to sum them up quickly and particularly to avoid failures, we have to learn from failures. We will be talking about soil investigations in this course for infrastructure development projects, roads, road widening projects, ports, powerhouses, fertilizer plants, specialized facilities and so on. Establishing the subsurface profile so that we know where the hard strata is and we can lay the foundations.  That will be in the fourth year. So, once you have the basics of soil mechanics, geotechnical engineering, you can use them in creating the best possible foundation system. Anomalies are very important. So, when we are trying to establish subsurface profile, anomaly, I showed you one anomaly, you know, like big, big cavities getting formed because of the solution. Geotechnical exploration and sample collection, I will try to discuss this also. What are the techniques which are used for geotechnical exploration and sample collection? And once you have retrieved the samples, how would you test them? Just like pathological examination which most of the doctors rely on. And of course, the last issue would be, how would you ascertain the suitability of geomaterial soils and rock for construction? And the question is, if you find that these materials are not suitable, how would you go ahead with the project? So, this is where the engineering and technology comes in.


Well another year in another section title and trip to state for Grand Rapids girls basketball the Thunder Hawks are red hot winning their last seven and ready to roll down south. After their impressive 20 point win Thursday over Chisago Lakes, Grand Rapids is heading back to state for the third straight season. I think on our part of show is determination and for us to work as hard as we can and we're just been practicing so hard here. You know you put in all this work all season and you finally get the the glory of it at the end of the season so we we really wanted it this year we want to go far and they put themselves in that position playing their best ball of the season winning seven straight by an average 22 points score nearly 80 a contest. Just as a team we've all kind came together and we've been playing so well and I'm so happy to be a part of the team right now because we're not in a slump right now I mean we're at the top of our game and I don't think anything could tear us apart right now and even though the Thunder Hawks are unseeded and drew number three holy angels in the quarterfinals it doesn't faze them one bit. The way that the girls are playing now with confidence it seems like a whole different level that we're at you know like three years ago we were just happy to be there you know we hadn't gotten in for a very long time last year it was more of you know we need to accomplish some things this year there are lots of girls coming back to the state that were in that team last year they know what it takes and while the talk might be stopping the star star future Arkansas Razorback Destiny Oberg they feel like they can match them offensively step-for-step teams that play us sometimes have a really difficult time defending us if they put a lot of coverage on heaven or take heaven and Hannah both the way we have other girls on the floor that can do just as much scoring as those two girls when it all comes down to it the key is doing what they've done all season long sticking together and keeping our energy up it's helped us out in the long run I mean if we're ecstatic and we're just having fun out there then everything comes together and it just leads us to victory here's a look at the entire class 3a bracket Grand Rapids takes on Academy of holy angels Wednesday at the barn 4 p.m. taping if you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland news please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS


RCA Victor, world leader in radio, first in recorded music and first in television, presents the Phil Harris Alice Fay show. By your enjoyment, here is the Phil Harris Alice Fay show, transcribed by Jack Douglas and Marvin Fisher, with Elliot Lewis, Walter Tetley, Janine Roos and Whitfield, the orchestra under the direction of Skip Martin and yours truly, Bill Foreman. First a word from RCA Victor. Three letters. Yes, three letters. RCA now mean years of easier cooking for you. You'll find the RCA emblem on time-saving, work-saving RCA estate ranges. The only ranges that grill, bake and barbecue all at once. Yes, RCA brings you many wonderful features that take all the drudgery out of cooking. The unique hideaway griddle right on top of the range gives real grilled flavor. The sensational barbecue or meat oven gives roasts and poultry a true charcoal-done flavor. And the spacious, balanced, heat-bake oven with absolutely even heat assures you perfect results every time. All this in the beautiful RCA estate gas or electric ranges, plus automatic controls that do your cooking for you even when you're out. Here's the range you've always dreamed of, a new RCA estate. See them the first chance you get at your neighborhood dealers. Now the stars of the RCA Victor program, Alice Faye and Phil Harris. It's a matter of history that Napoleon retained control of his troops by his relentless discipline. Phil Harris is also aware that no organization can function properly without an iron hand at the helm. And we now find him administering a stern lecture to his orchestra. Hi fellas, okay fellas, that's quiet down, huh? Hi fellas, that's quiet down, that's it, quiet down. Now listen you guys, it may come as a surprise to some of you, but I happen to be the leader of this outfit. I'm in full control. I'm the general, the dictator, the boss. And you're gonna do what I say as long as I'm paying your salary. What salary? We haven't paid for eight months. You found the one flaw in my argument. It just happens that your last few checks were all used up by certain deductions. You know the fellas would like to have you explain those deductions, Curley. They are very simple. There's the musician's tax, the state tax, the withholding tax, the non-withholding tax. And the Clyde McCoy Memorial Fund. And last but not least, the most important one, the Phil Harris Benevolent and Protective Insurance Program. Curley, we've been paying into that insurance company you organized for 14 years. None of us ever received any benefits. Tut, tut, don't worry, you're covered. From what? Mr. Lewis, it states right in your policy that you get a check for $8.72 each and every week that you're laid up with jungle fever. Jungle fever comes from Africa. How are any of us ever going to be in Africa? The rats you guys take home every Saturday night, you're right on the fringe, Clyde. Right on the fringe. Now look, don't change the subject. This is the only band in the business with no discipline. Now look, there's going to be a new set of rules around here, and here's the first one. You remember last week the tenor sax player swallowed his mouthpiece? Well, from now on, there'll be no more playing in contour chairs. Elliot, tune up the band. Tune up the band? You heard me, tune up the band. Okay. She was a slave driver. What are you waiting for? I forgot how. Sound-a-nay. I showed you how to sound-a-nay. Look, on the piano, remember? Steinway. Oh, oh yeah. That's it. Now let me see. S-T-E-I-N-W. Oh, here it is. Yeah! Good going, Dad. That's it. All right, you got that, fellas? One, two. It's welkin' his champagne. That would have been perfect, but we didn't have no bottom in it. I didn't hear no bottom. I didn't hear no bass. Hey, uh, uh, Smalls, you. Why weren't you playing? Why, I wasn't playing. I'll tell you why I wasn't I playing. Because I don't like this kind of music as this. That's why I wasn't I playing. Oh, I suppose that you're too good for that kind of music. Is that it? Yeah, yeah. And a double, yeah. And Stitzelberg, Germany, where I come from, that's where they got good music. Well, I like the kind of music we play. You should have it yet. Stitzelberg, you should hear every Saturday night on the radio the Hammerschlagen hit parade. Sponsored by the Hammerschlagen sauerkraut company. Ah, what a theme song. It goes like this. Hammerschlagen sauerkraut hits the spot, there's it cold, there's it hot, comes the jazz martyrs and his, open up the top and listen to it fizz. The sauerkraut sounds like a real gasser. You could run a Jaguar and a Jew. All right. Let me tell you something, Smalls. You got to learn to play our kind of music on that bass horn of yours. So please forget about Stitzelberg. Forget about Stitzelberg? How could I forget about Stitzelberg? My family is there, all my sisters, my brothers, my mother, and, oh, my papa. Oh, my papa. I'm sure your father was a great guy. You bet your bottom clock versed he was. You should have known, my own papa, why he was so respected in the village whenever he would walk down the Pilgrim Plout. Everybody would say, there he'd go to Schwarzenegut, Direktor von Obermeister. Oh, was he the mayor? No. He was the head goose duck in a sausage factory. A who's duck? Yeah. When someone would fall in the sausage machine, my father would look in and say, who's duck? Well, look, guys, I want you to settle down and take this music seriously because we've got a very important job to play in a couple of weeks. Where's that, Curly? It's one of the biggest events on the social calendar. It's the annual hijinks of the Salinas lettuce packers. It's going to be a street dance. Really? Yeah. A street dance this year, instead of chaperones, they're going to have lifeguards. Because last year, one of the lettuce pickers got carried away by the music of the moonlight waltz and waltzed right down a storm drain. He was picked up by a Portuguese sardine boat near the Malibu pier. Oh, yeah, I remember. They awarded that guy the Arthur Murray Cup for the Samba. That's right.  Oh, Clyde, who cares about the price of coffee as long as we've got each other? Hey fellas, we're going to have to play real good on that job, so let's go to work now. You ready? Okay. Now watch me. One, two. Okay, buddy, hold it. Hold it. Hold it. Wait a minute. And don't talk back. Hold it. What's that? What's the matter, Jack? Don't you like gypsy? That's gypsy music? Yeah. I can't make a violin cry, but I sure can make a trombone sweat. Listen. Wait a minute. Now wait a second, Granny. Where'd you come from? What are you doing in my band? What happened to my regular trombone player, Ziggy? He couldn't make it today because he's sick. Sick? What's the matter with him? He's got jungle fever. If he's yellow, I'll pay him. Let me ask you something. Adame your age playing trombone. How do I know that you can cut the arrangements? Come on, Jack. I've got to make a few extra bucks. I've got a husband to support. Aw. Yeah, he's a midget. But he's solid, man. Let's get on with this bash. Now, hold on, Curly. Hey, Granny. Yeah. How'd you ever happen to get married to a midget? Well, I was playing a trombone at a nightclub one night, and I reached out my slide for a low note, and when I brought it back, he was hooked on the end of it. Look, I'll never be able to hold my head up down at the union, but I'm going to give you a try. Now, come on. Let's run through my song one. Every Sunday afternoon, they'd jump in his boat, and then they'd swim, and then he'd row, row, row. Right up that river, he would row, row, row. I hugged the giver, then he'd kiss a nine-man.  A little further, he would row, just he and flow.  In Johnny's boat, he had a cute little seat, and all the kisses that he stole were so sweet, and he knew just how to row. He was at rowing, row me oh. He had an island where the trees were so grand, he knew just how to land. Then tales of love, he'd tell the flow, till it was time for them to go. And then he'd row, row, row. Haunt up that river, he would row so slow. That hug he'd give her, then he'd kiss a nine-man.  A little further, he would row, just he and flow. And then he'd drop both the oas, take a few more encores, and off he'd row, row, row, just he and flow. Row, row, row, righted to him. Row, row, he had no Johnson motors, so Johnny and flow would row, row. Man, all right, you played up some great riffs on that horn. You know something I'd like to use your steady. I'll see if I can't make it work out somehow. Okay, fellas, that's all for today. You can wash it up, huh? Will you listen to me, Alice? I'm telling you truthfully. Look, she's just an old lady, but man, she really blows up a fine storm on that trombone. I know, but what about your regular trombone player? Look, honey, I'm gonna keep Ziggy, and that'll make me four brass. I figured this day will be a real novel. Oh, Phil, how can you afford to hire another musician? All I'm gonna have to do, honey, is just fire somebody. Fire somebody? Who?  But, Phil, he's your best friend. Well, maybe so, Alice, but everybody has to go sometime. This is a question of business. And besides, Elliot is the lousiest musician in the whole band. Oh, honey. Well, he is, Alice. He hasn't even got a real guitar. He just ties four ribbons on a high-lie bat. Well, the drummer hasn't got a drum either. He sits there pounding on a day-old pizza. That's not true. He gets them fresh every morning. No, Alice, there's no two ways about it. Elliot's got to go. Now, just as soon as I think up a way to do it, I'm gonna fire him. Wait a minute. On second thought, I won't fire him. I'll give him his choice between quitting or becoming the organ pumper. Oh, Phil, that's not fair. It's the lowest-paid job in the musician's union. And besides, who wants to get down on his hands and knees and pump that old organ? Well, that's the idea. If he doesn't want to do it, he can quit. And that'll save me from firing. Hey, Colonel, you in the front room? Yeah, yeah. Oh, Phil, I don't want to be a witness to this treachery. Well, Alice, there comes a time in a man's life when he's got to be a man and face the consequences of his actions. This is just cold-blooded business. Elliot will come in, I'll fire him, and it'll all be over that quick. Well, good luck, but I don't think it'll be that simple. Hey, Curly, I meant to tell you... Wait a minute, will you, Elliot, please? Just hold it a minute. I got something very important that I want to discuss with you. I just wanted to say that I was in the other room listening to some of the recordings you made for RCA Victor. They sure pick the winner when they pick you. I never realized before, Curly, what a high-caliber voice you've got. Such enunciation, such intonation, such timbre, such beautiful resonance. It's so great, it's overwhelming. Do you really mean that, Elliot? Is my singing really that good? Curly, it's breathtaking.  Kiss me. No, no. No, no, I don't mean... Look, look. Well, now please, just let me get to the point. Yeah, Mr. Hatchetman, take your friend's job away from him.   By the way, Elliot... Yeah? How's your old gray-haired mother? Fine. She's a blonde now. Oh, then she's still able to get around, huh? Oh, sure. Well, most of the time, she just sits around the house knitting. I guess she's getting to be an old lady. What's she knitting? An old man. Hey, that was pretty funny, wasn't it, Curly? Now's the time to let him have it while he's in the good mood. Tell him if he wants to stay with the band, he's got to get out on the floor and pump the organ. Elliot, did you ever play football, or so did you save the knee pads? Gee, you're sure or acting kind of funny, Curly? I don't understand it. Look, Elliot, I've got something very important to say to you, but I just want to be sure that I say it in the right way. And I'd like to have just... Well, just a little more time to think it over. Look, wait here, will you? I'll be back. What's the kitchen? What's it to you? Get your chin out of the cat's milk. It's a dress book and then couldn't locate your glasses. Julius, I want you... I'm a pretty timely kid. Now I've got real serious problems today. Oh, gee, Mr. Harris, I didn't know. Anything I can do for you? I'd like to help. Oh, you couldn't help me. It wouldn't do any good. I know you might want to help me, but you can't help me. Why do you know? Well, I've got to fire Elliot. To fire a guy like Elliot, you've got to be a low-down, no-good, dirty, sneaky rat. Don't you? Please, will you? Elliot's in the other room, and I've got to get this over with. Well, I've got an against you, and as soon as he insults you, you're firing. Now how could I get him to do that? Well, I'll call him in here and talk to him, and you hide behind the refrigerator and listen. Well, it's pretty sneaky, but I guess it's the only way. Go ahead. Oh, Mr.... Yeah, yeah? Oh, hi, Julius. What do you want? Mr. Lewis, I need help. I want to join a club here and then see no one. I need a good sound character reference. Now, tell me honestly, what do you think of Mr. Harris? Well, I've worked for some lousy band leaders before, but he's the best. There's a compliment in there somewhere I can feel it between my shoulder blades. Ah, come on, Mr. Lewis, level with me. Now, what did Mr. Harris ever actually do for you? Well, let me see. He said that he'd... But he didn't. Then he promised that... He meant nothing. Come to think of it, the louse ain't done anything. Oh, I haven't, have I? Now that's a hot cup of gratitude for you. Curly, what were you doing there behind the refrigerator?  Tell the truth now. Where were you when I first saw you and exactly what were you doing? Gee, Curly, the real truth? Yeah, yeah, just what were you and what were you doing? Well, through overwork, I was subject to fainting spells. And I had sat down in the Huntington Library to rest. You were a bum-clied, flat-n-a-gutter at 5th and Main. Okay, but you didn't pick me up. No, but I put two cents in the parking meter so you could sleep a little longer. You should have put in a nickel. When I woke up, I found a ticket shoved under my glasses. Hey, Curly, I don't get this third-degree bit. What's this all about? What's it all about? I'll tell you what's it all about. You're fired. Curly, fired?  Well, all right, but, gee, Curly, I'm sorry this happened at a time like this. It had to come sooner or later. Yeah, but it's just that I'm... It had to come sooner or later. It's just that I haven't told any of the fellows or you about this, but my brother-in-law is the new manager at the Ambassador Hotel and I landed the orchestra job there in the Coconut Grove. I was gonna ask you to be the leader. Like I said, it don't have to come now. It can come later. You don't old pal. Now that you've shown me your true colors, I'm gonna take that job myself and I'm gonna be the leader. Now, wait a minute, Ellie. Let's talk it over. There's no need for you. Okay, fellas, let's try it once more. We gotta sound good in that Coconut Grove. You mind, fellas? Oh, no, Mr. Loose. For you, we blow till our eyes pop out. You're the best leader we ever had. Any boy? Yeah. Okay, okay. Well, we'll try this number again. Saxophone's ready. Fine. Brass ready. Rhythm. Okay, now let's take it right from the top of me. Wait a minute, wait a minute. Hold everything. You can't start without me. What's the matter with you? What's holding you up? Well, I'm not gonna pump this organ until I'm ready and one of my knee pads has a slow link. 79,999,999,80 million. 80 million in one, 80 million in two. What are you doing, Curly? Counting Alice's money? She doesn't deal in small change. So what's all this 80 million business? Well, I've been checking figures. Ah-ha, figures.   Now think of that. Every other person can watch the fights, see comedies, movies, dramas, write in his own living room on television. That's a lot of television, Curly. That's a lot of people, Elliot. And you know of those 80 million, more of them own RCA Victor TV than any other kind? Well, it just goes to show you. People know a good thing when they see it. Right, and here's our expert on good things. Bill Foreman. Thanks, Bill. For 1954, the best buy in television is RCA Victor's New Master 21 model. For as little as $199.95, you get every advance that has made RCA Victor the most wanted and highest rated picture in 21-inch TV. How's that for value? $199.95 for 21-inch quality television with RCA Victor's famous Magic Monitor, Golden Throat Fidelity Sound, and Rotomatic Tuning. See the Master 21 at your RCA Victor dealers now. And remember, a factory service contract for expert installation and maintenance is available in almost all TV areas, only to RCA Victor television owners. This is Bill again. We're a little late, folks. Thanks and good night. Good night, everybody. Included in this program transcribed were Berna Felton and Bill Thompson. The part of Julius is played by Walter Tedley. This has been an NBC Radio Network presentation. Listen to Artie Shaw and the greatest band he ever led. From the golden age of the big band, RCA Victor brings you the Artie Shaw broadcast album. 24 recordings exactly as they went on the air. Performances never before on record. Add this collector's item to your library now. Artie Shaw's broadcast album by RCA Victor. This is the NBC Radio Network.