Hi everyone, I'm Ration, a PhD student at the Australian National University, and welcome to another Mount Stromlo Astronomy Talk. Today I'll be talking about star clusters and what's the big deal about them. But before I start, I must mention why I decided to do this talk in the first place. So this was in 2017, a group of friends and I had a camp or retreat at the Green Hills Conference Centre, which is actually relatively close to Mount Stromlo. It was a very charming and relaxing place with an amazing access to nature. So during one of the nights, some of us decided to go out to stargaze, and as that place has pretty dark skies with not much light pollution. I decided to let them observe some interesting astronomical objects by using a green laser pointer to guide them to the object while they looked at it through a pair of binoculars. One of the objects I showed them was a star cluster such as this one. To many of us who have observed star clusters before, it's a spectacular sight seeing these distinct beautiful balls of stars through a telescope or a binoculars. Unfortunately, not all my friends were appreciative of the beauty of star clusters, and the most memorable quote of the night came from one of them who said in a very unimpressed tone, but it's just a cluster of stars. Very disappointing. So that is the motivation for today's talk to tell you what's the big deal or what's interesting about star clusters. Here's the talk outline. I'll be covering what star clusters are, including the early history of studying and observing this object. I will also talk about the two main types of star clusters, plus their usage in astronomical research. And finally, I'll go through some common star clusters observed in the southern sky with the hope that you may find some time to go out during the night to observe them using a telescope or even a small pair of binoculars. Just a reminder, as I'm talking, feel free to leave questions down below in the comments. Sorry. So what are star clusters? The most basic definition is that they are groups of stars that are gravitationally bound. This means that stars in a cluster all orbit around the common center of mass, similar to our solar system. Since virtually all clusters have been discovered either by visual examination of the sky with a telescope or from inspection of photographic or electronic images, an operational definition of star clusters is suggested over here, which is an obvious concentration of several stars or more above the surrounding stellar background and identifiable on the visual or infrared images. Now, since star clusters are just groups of stars that are bound to each other, are double stars or triple stars considered star clusters then? The answer is no. So what is the minimum number of stars to be considered a star cluster? This is still quite unclear, but some astronomers have defined it in terms of its total mass, which is 10 solar masses. That means if all the stars are approximated to be of similar mass to the sun, the minimum number of stars in a star cluster is 10. The history of studying and observing star clusters go all the way back to the second century, as the first star cluster was cataloged by the Roman astronomer Polamy in 15080. That cluster was Omega Centauri. However, if you notice, it was named as if it was a star in the constellation Centaurus. This is because to the unaided eye, it appears to be just a bright point of light without any extended feature. The image on the left shows what Omega Centauri is like when observed through a powerful telescope, but the image on the right shows what it's like when seen using just your naked eye. Now as you can see, there are many stars shown in this picture, so in an astronomy edition of Wes Wally, can you tell which one is Omega Centauri? I'll give you five seconds to try to find it. Okay, so it's actually right here circled in red. You would agree that it's really hard to distinguish a star from a star cluster, right? Hence, you can't really fault the early astronomers for misidentifying these objects. Later in the talk, I'll teach you an easy way to find Omega Centauri in the night sky. Like many first-generation scientific instruments, early telescopes won of too high a quality and lacked the capability to resolve star clusters easily. Mind you, telescopes were invented in the early 17th century, so even through them, star clusters looked like fuzzy clouds of light, similar to what's shown in the figures below. Therefore, in the early days of telescopic astronomy, star clusters were often referred to as nebulae or clouds. In 1764, Charles Messier, the same guy who created the Messier Catalog of Deep Sky Objects, was the first person to observe individual stars in a globular cluster. You might notice that this is the first time I'm using the term globular cluster. I'll go through more about this later, but all you need to know now is that it's just a type of star cluster. So over several centuries, astronomers have studied star clusters in great detail, and we have pleased to get a pretty good idea of how these clusters have formed. Clusters are formed when very large clouds of gas in dust, also known as giant molecular clouds, contract to form stars. You might be wondering why the entire cloud can't just contract to form one single massive star, but the chances of this happening is very unlikely, since every giant molecular cloud contains many localized dense clouds of gas in dust. It is because of this reason that astronomers believe that most stars are formed as part of clusters. Our sun was also thought to be part of a cluster, but sadly it has since dispersed shortly after the sun was born. As an illustration, the pictures below show the remains of giant molecular clouds in which the young stars shown were formed. So I'm now going to talk about the two different types of star clusters. The first one is open clusters. These are loosely distributed clusters which contain around 10 to 100 stars, and they are relatively young, about a few million years old, which is young in astronomical terms. Open clusters tend to be found within the disk of the galaxy as shown over here. As such, they're mostly found along the same plane in the sky. On the other hand, you have globular clusters. These are tightly bound clusters which is what you would call a ball of stars. They normally contain around tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of stars, which more than open clusters. And they are relatively old, at least a few billion years old. They tend to be found all over the galaxy in a halo of bulge as shown in this diagram. The sun's location is also shown here for reference. Of course, star clusters are not just pretty balls of stars in the universe. In terms of its age in astronomical research, they are useful specimens as they can allow us to trace the star formation history in galactic evolution over time. One of the main tools used to do this is the colored magnitude diagram. So what is this diagram about? Now, I must ask those who are allergic to graphs and plots to turn away as I'm going to talk about them in the next few slides. The colored magnitude diagram, or CMD for short, is a plot of observational data which shows how stars in a star cluster can be described in terms of their brightness in a y-axis and color in the x-axis. In the CMD example shown on the right, each dot represents a star. When all the stars are plotted together in one diagram, you get this shape over here. Different parts of the diagram represent different stages of life for the star. For instance, you have stars in the main sequence, which is a relatively early stage in a star's lifetime, found in this region over here. But as you move up, you will get stars in the red giant branch, which is a much later stage in a star's lifetime. Now, the next thing you can do is to determine the overall characteristics of a particular star cluster. The light blue line that is fitted to the star cluster is actually a model, which allows us to determine useful information, such as the ion abundance, age, and distance to the cluster. And finally, with proper calibrations, the CMD can be converted to a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, such as the one shown on the left, to determine the luminosity and temperature of the stars. In this diagram, the more luminous stars are at the top, while the hotter stars are on the left. So as you can see, star clusters can be used to measure a variety of useful properties that will help understand the nature of the universe better. So getting the technical aspect of studying star clusters out of the way, let's move on to something more fun, which is observing star clusters themselves. Today, I'll be introducing three famous clusters that you can observe in Australia. The first common star cluster is Pleiades, which is also the inspiration for the Subaru group. Even though it's actually a northern star cluster, you can still observe it in Australia in the summer. This beautiful open cluster is sometimes referred to as the Seven Sisters, as this is because usually, only seven prominent members can be seen with a naked eye. In total, there are more than 100 members in Pleiades. You might be wondering why there is a cloud-like feature surrounding this cluster. This is caused by what we call a reflection nebula, but the actual scientific term should be a scattering nebula, as the dust scatters the light from the stars to form this bluish cloud. This is also the same reason why the sky is blue. So here's how to find Pleiades. Starting from the Orion's belt, follow where it points until you reach Aldebaran, an orange star in the constellation Taurus, which you can't miss. Then, Pleiades will be found further down in the same general direction. The second common star cluster I'd like to introduce you is the Jewelbox cluster. Early astronomers thought that it resembled a box of jewels, which is why it is named as such. Just like Pleiades, this is also an open cluster with about 100 members inside. What makes this cluster very pleasing to the eye is the contrast of colour caused by the red supergiant star surrounded by many blue dwarf stars. So where is the Jewelbox cluster found? This is pretty easy. Starting from the southern cross, also known as crux, hits slightly southwest from the left star of the cross, which is Mimosa, and you should be able to spot the Jewelbox cluster. And last but not least, the final star cluster I'd like to introduce you is none other than Omega Centauri, which is the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way. Estimated to contain about 10 million stars, Omega Centauri is speculated to be the core of a dwarf galaxy that was disrupted and absorbed into the Milky Way. So how do you find Omega Centauri? As you can see, there are two main ways of finding it. The first one involves tracing the stars Hadar and Epsilon Centauri, which point towards the cluster. The second one traces the right and top star of the southern cross, which point towards the cluster as well. So here's a quick summary of what I've covered today. Star clusters are groups of stars that are gravitationally bound. They can be classified into two main groups, open and globular clusters. They are useful in astronomical research, and some of the common star clusters you can observe in Australia include Pleiades, Jewelbox cluster, and the Omega Centauri. And lastly, I hope you found at least one thing that's interesting about these objects, and I strongly encourage you guys to join the star clusters gang. With that, I've come to the end of my talk. Any questions? Okay, since there are no questions yet, I'll just talk about some things that we can observe currently at this time in Australia. So the first thing I would like to introduce you is the southern part of the sky, which involves, which includes cracks, the southern cross, Centaurus, Carina, Vela, and some of the other constellations shown in this picture over here. So as you can see, this is based on the Stellarium app, which is one of my favorite software. And if you notice, the time below is actually it shows what the sky looks like at about 7.30pm. Okay, sorry, we have a question over here. So can star clusters be mistaken for small galaxies that are really far away? So the thing about galaxies is that usually they have a certain kind of feature, it's like they have a spiral, they are sometimes spirals, they are lenticular, they are elliptical, and usually star clusters can only be observed for nearby galaxies.  So there might be a chance that you could mistake star clusters for small galaxies, but it's usually pretty obvious. Okay, so what makes the sky blue? Okay, so this was a point that I mentioned previously regarding the PADs or their reflection nebula. So the reason why the sky is blue is because, as you know, the light is comprised of many different wavelengths, right? You have red, orange, yellow, green, blue, sorry, yeah, so all these clusters, all these colors, sorry, and so the thing about blue is that because it's the shortest wavelength of light and based on this thing called Rayleigh scattering, only the shortest wavelength of light gets scattered the most as compared to the longer wavelengths such as green, orange, red. So that is the reason why blue is, blue is seen very strongly because it's scattered by the atmosphere, by the air molecules in the Earth's atmosphere, and yeah, that is why the sky is blue. So which kind of cluster, which kind of star cluster do you like the most? Wow, okay, I think it's pretty obvious. I really like the Omega Centauri because of the fact that it has a lot of star and it really is one of the most prominent star clusters that you can observe in the night sky. So all you need to do is just even a small pair of binoculars, you can actually see that fuzzy ball of the nature of the star cluster and just knowing that it contains like 10 million stars is really amazing. Yes, okay, so how can we find them if you do not know where they are? Oh, so going back to the introduction, like the definition of star clusters, so they are actually defined by an obvious concentration of stars relative to the surrounding background. So it's actually pretty easy to find star clusters because of the fact that imagine it's, if you want to find one star or a few stars in a field, it's pretty hard. But if you have a group of them clumped together, you can think of it as like combining the brightness into a smaller, into a concentrated area, which makes it easier to spot. So I would say that star clusters are relatively easy to find in our Milky Way at least. Okay, did Hubble telescope lead to many discoveries? Yes, Hubble telescope definitely did make a lot of discoveries, but I don't think they made a lot of discoveries pertaining to star clusters because Hubble telescope, one of the main features of the Hubble telescope is actually to probe very deep sky objects. That means looking at other galaxies and other very faint galaxies. So usually you don't get these, the Hubble telescope would not actually find star clusters in other galaxies because as mentioned earlier, star clusters to be able to resolve star clusters in external galaxies is really, really hard and because they are so far away. So I think there were other telescopes which studied like star clusters in our Milky Way, but not so much for the Hubble space telescope. So what is the difference between open and globular clusters? Yep, so I think the main difference, as I mentioned, there are three main differences. So the first difference is obviously the number. So open clusters have fewer stars, globular clusters have many stars. And open clusters tend to be young, tend to be younger, whereas global clusters tend to be older. And open clusters tend to be found in the arms of the disc of the galaxy. That means if you imagine if you imagine a galaxy as a pizza, a full pizza, open clusters will be located in the pizza itself, whereas for global clusters will be located around the pizza. Okay, do other galaxies have star clusters? Definitely. So previously I mentioned that it's really hard to observe star clusters in other galaxies, but for nearby galaxies such as the Andromeda galaxy or the large and small Magellanic clouds, you can observe star clusters in them, even though it requires more observing, it requires a longer observation time to actually capture the detail of these clusters. So we do know that most galaxies or all galaxies should have star clusters. Right, how many black holes are there in the universe? This is a tough one. I'm so sorry. I'm not sure about this, but I must say that almost every galaxy has a supermassive black hole in the center.  But obviously it doesn't do it in one shot. It sort of grows in a spiral. It forms a disk. Yeah. Okay, next question. Is it true that the Andromeda galaxy is moving towards us? Yes it is. So if you know most of the galaxies are actually moving away from us, and this is because of the expansion of the universe. And that is why a lot of things are actually moving away, and this is called redshift. But surprisingly or quite expectantly, as strong Andromeda galaxy is actually moving towards us, because it's pretty close to the Milky Way. And therefore the Milky Way is able to exert some gravitational influence on the Andromeda galaxy. Okay, how far apart do they need to be to stop being a cluster? Oh yeah, so you mentioned that you thought that previous was a constellation, and you didn't realize it was an actual cluster. So yeah, that's a good question. So I mentioned earlier that star clusters are groups of stars that are gravitationally bound. So when the stars do not orbit around the common center of mass, do not orbit around, are not like clustered around each other, they would not be considered star clusters. And in terms of its actual spacing, in terms of the distance, I can't really give an accurate answer to you because sometimes that if you think about it, if you have big stars, the stars can be quite far apart and they are still gravitationally bound. But if they are small stars, that means these stars have to be closer together to be gravitationally bound. So it varies. What are the subsets of different colors? I'm not sure whether I understand this question correctly, but let me just go to the diagram which shows the Hertzsprung-Russells diagram. Okay, so it's over here. Yes, so if you look at the diagram, stars are comprised of many different colors. You have blue stars which are hotter stars and it goes all the way to red stars which are cooler stars. So the thing about this spectrum is that within each color, you have like as you can see, there is O, E, A, F, G, K, M. But within each letter, there is also like O1, O2, O3, all the way to O9 and it goes to D1 to D9. So there are subsets within each color.  Yes, it can. And surprisingly, actually most star clusters, I would say as most open clusters, actually their lifetimes are pretty short because as you can see, they are much further spaced apart. And therefore, if they have certain gravitational perturbations from let's say like supernova or even massive objects or massive objects coming close to the star cluster, it will actually disperse and cease to become a cluster. How does Omega Centauri compare to 47 Toucani and are they similar in size and age? All right, I think from what I know, 47 Toucani is not as big but it still contains lots of stars because it's also a globular cluster just like Omega Centauri. Yes, I would say they are similar in size and age. They are probably at least 10 billion years old. The next question, does that mean that star clusters are star clusters not galaxies? Okay, yes, most of the time star clusters are not galaxies. The only exception I would say is Omega Centauri. The only example I can think of because Omega Centauri was actually speculated to be a remnants of a 12th galaxy that was actually destroyed by the Milky Way. So as you can see, the Milky Way is actually a cannibal in terms of stars. But yes, most of the time star clusters are distinct from galaxies. Yeah, so the next question is, are many clusters close together physically or do they only appear close? Yeah, so clusters to be considered a star cluster, the stars need to be gravitationally bound. So if you see a group of stars like one night, if you see a group of stars that see close, you can't actually confirm if it's actually a star cluster unless you observe their motion. Unless you observe how are they moving or if you observe their kinematic data. That means you see whether they are actually orbiting around the center of mass. So I must actually correct myself actually. When I looked at the when I introduced star clusters to you guys in the beginning, I said that it's an obvious concentration. So obviously this is not super accurate because obviously some stars can be clumped together or group close together but they're actually not considered star clusters. So what the proper definition is that you need to actually look at the kinematic information about individual stars in a star cluster to actually properly define it to be a star cluster. Okay, the next question is why is the universe a disk? Okay, so I don't think the universe is a disk. I would say that the universe is the shape of the universe is actually quite debatable but it's definitely not a disk because if you think about it, all the things in the universe are actually expanding. So you don't actually get a disk like what you would see at a galaxy unless you're talking about galaxies. Then I would say that galaxies are shaped like a disk because of its angular momentum because of its conservation of angular momentum. So the next question is why are hot stars blue and not red? Yes, so this one actually got to do with something a bit more complicated and it's got to do with this law called Planck's law. So let me just go to the slide. Yes, so if you think about it, what they found a few hundred years ago is that for hotter objects they tend to emit more radiation of course but not just that they also emit radiation that is closer to that there is shorter wavelength as compared to a cooler object and that is the reason why hotter objects are considered blueish in color like hotter stars whereas for cooler stars like they will appear reddish. What's the coolest thing you have learned about the nature or history of the universe from studying star clusters?  Okay, I would say that actually like for my honors that because I'm currently a PhD student but last year I also looked at I'm doing my honors project I also looked at star clusters and one thing I found it amazing is that because global star clusters especially global clusters these clusters are very tightly bound and because these clusters are so old they are like 10 billion years or even older. So what I found out or what the study was about was that I was actually looking at these clusters and seeing how it traces the galactic interaction so between the large Magellanic clouds and large Magellanic clouds and the small Magellanic clouds. So star clusters like I said it's not just pre-balls of stars but they can actually be used to determine very interesting things about things that are much bigger than themselves which are like galaxies. So that's one of the cool things that I've learned. Okay, can a star cluster orbit another star cluster? Yes it can I'm not so there is one object which I'm aware of which is called the double cluster in pursuers in the conservation pursuers but I'm not sure if it's actually a physical like they are actually gravitationally bound or they just look like two clusters very close to each other so I have to check it out. Okay thanks for all your questions guys yeah I didn't expect to receive so many questions on this field. Can planets orbit stars in the star cluster? Yes it can but I would say that usually these planets would be a bit in terms of their orbits they would be a bit unstable because they are always prone to having being affected by the gravitational influence of other stars. So in terms of it being habitable for life I wouldn't say that these stars are or these planets found in star clusters are actually they have a very high chance of containing life. Yep okay the next question is is it established that black holes are behind the formation of galaxies especially since ages okay especially since their ages are similar and black holes are located at the center so this is a very interesting problem it's like a chicken and egg problem so which came first right so some people thought that it was black holes that led to the formation of galaxies or that or and some people thought that it was the formation of galaxies that led to black holes so there isn't there isn't a I can't really answer this because I'm not very familiar with this field but I would say my guess is that it's that galaxies themselves which form black holes first yeah is there anything about star clusters that totally do your mind I think I mentioned it like a few questions before like talking about how clusters can actually allow us to study like the interaction between two galaxies yep are there elements still being made in the universe yes yes they are so actually elements are things in terms of in terms of the the formation of different elements you have many different processes so in the form in doing the big bang hydrogen helium and lithium was formed but most of the other elements were formed in stars themselves so they are definitely like elements being formed like right now because of how the temperature and pressure of the of the star actually compresses and forces nuclei and and atoms together so that they will form like new elements yeah can the sun orbit a sun are you I'm guessing you're referring to a star right can a star orbit another star yes they can and that is and they are called double double stars right okay um next question what is the universe expanding in tune hmm do you think that there are other dimensions whoa this is a this is a tricky question so it always it is always taught that um when the universe it's expanding it's actually expanding into an empty space but um because the universe it's it's not like just a simple three-dimensional object it's actually more than that it's like four-dimensional or even more so when you say that when I say the universe is expanding it's actually um expanding into nothing in that sense yeah I know it's really hard like I I can't even there is no good analogy to actually explain this but um you can't think of it as like a balloon expanding into the surrounding air yeah even though a balloon is actually used a lot in in the universe expansion analogies yeah um do you think that there are other dimensions I think so like if you're talking about like other than three dimensions definitely there is um I believe there is this there is a spacetime I'm not sure if there is actually a dimension higher than that um I know it has been proposed a lot in a lot of theories and even if you watch if you watch movies like interstellar um they will also talk about like the fifth dimension and things like that but currently from what I know I I think that there are four dimensions will the sun explode okay the sun will not explode because of its mass the mass is not too um is it the mass is not large enough um so only massive stars which are more than eight solar masses that means eight times the mass of the sun will actually explode into a supernova so what is the the end stage of our of our sun you might ask in five billion years time it will actually um puff up its outer layers of gas in a very peaceful manner it would it wouldn't explode and it will form this thing called a planetary nebula yeah okay um I will just answer two more questions and then uh we will we will wrap it up so the second last question is how many star clusters are there in the Milky Way um I'm not too sure but I think it's about a hundred plus you know maybe if if you consider global clusters and open clusters I think there is about yeah there is a few hundred plus um open clusters in the Milky Way okay and the last one is um would love to hear a little bit about your PhD topic uh yeah so I just started my PhD a few months ago and I'm actually looking at the Magellanic clouds which are the two nearby interacting um 12 galaxies of the Milky Way and I'm just seeing I'm just actually investigating some of the chemical abundances of the Magellanic clouds to to try to understand more about its um evolution and history yeah all right thank you so much for all your questions and uh so sorry about the um technical difficulties that that that we faced earlier but I hope that you guys actually learned something about um star clusters today right thank you so much and uh see you again bye


To team keep it clean what's going on the same graven here with another video another episode of NFL question from subscribers Seriously, where you can ask me any NFL question You want to based off any NFL team who you want it to be want to be a part of that just send me a DM on Instagram Twitter snapchat with your question Well, you can send me a question at team keep it clean at gmail.com and we'll answer your question in the video Just like this so let's get into it. This question came from my boy Lucas He said well receivers because you see the Ravens drafting or picking up In free agency I'm free agency. I say Devin Funches golden tape to type of physical wide receivers Who definitely seem like they have definitely team players They're not all about getting the numbers and whatnot or that could just be a product of the environments They will put in But I would say those two guys they physical guys they can block And they are red zone threats Golden tape with his route running and Devin Funches with his height With his height in the red zone, so I will say those as far as who we could draft That's a question from subscriber, but that's a question for subscribers too So the y'all can answer that in the comment section next question came from a guy Harrison He said he got two questions for you with our new style of offense I feel like we need to have an elite running back. I love Gus Edwards Don't get me wrong, but which running back would you like to see us go after whether it's through the draft or free agency? well um If somebody is available via free agency, then they must not really be that elite of a runner But in the draft I just I would just want us to get a running back that can sort of do it all and that's a home run hitter We haven't had that since Ray Rice and then guess what that's the last time we really invested into the running back position I think Ray Rice kind of scarred them though. They like man We don't want to invest anything higher than like a fourth to fifth round pick in the running back because last time We invested a second round pick look how it ended up But Ray Rice was the type that could do it all he could block he could run he could catch he could shake He could stick for him. He could do everything and he could get the home run hits, too That's what we need. That's what we need in the Ravens. It's not gonna be in free agency But they got to find somebody through the draft be willing to draft somebody in the second or third round Whatever and I know they ain't got a second round pick right now, but things can change There have been trades before They have been trades in the draft before with teams move up team move back teams move down team move up team move everywhere You know the Ravens always move back though, but anyway Draft a running back Draft a guy that can do it all next question also came from my guy Harrison He said what a three free agents that you like to see us go after Three free agents that I would like to see us go after Mmm.   I mean Ryan Jensen was he was in he was that guy, but of course Ravens ain't paying but anyway Guys that's just willing to go to war for their team for their quarterback for their offense.  I was getting ready to say it's Daria Smith, but he said not on the Ravens So yeah, I will say yeah, just a nasty offensive linemen or nasty offensive linemen And then like a jadevian clown here the markets Lawrence or even maybe even a trade Boston I did um, I did see some some nice plays from him some nice hits that just that physical presence man Because we we need that man Tony Jefferson has been that over the toward the end of the season But um, that's something that we uh, we could definitely use next question came from a boy Jeremiah T He said hey, thanks again, buddy Appreciate the love so I've been thinking on what can push X in Jackson and the Ravens on through to the Super Bowl next year And upon further consideration of my draft picks Montez sweat wouldn't be a bad first-round pick I know I wanted a safety at first But hey if sweat can apply pressure like how I've seen on his highlights that could take pressure off of us Needing to depend on our safety's to make a play. So I'm assuming Montez sweat It's a guy that makes quarterback sweating. He must be a past rusher. That's what I'm assuming. I don't know Um And he said so if if he is just that then hey I'd be down if he's a dominant past rusher somebody that gets consistent pressure somebody that can even support and run support, too I'm all for it man bring him on Montez sweat and he can make quarterback sweat Yeah, you know if he became a Raven or whatever team he goes to you know The the the cheesy sayings it ain't just gonna be for me But the cheesy sayings are going to come about so if he does come to the Ravens expect plenty of Corny dad jokes with his last name next question also came from a boy Jai Maya T He said if we can trade possibly flakka or a future pick to get an early second round pick Daryl Henderson was a Daryl Henderson Would be I think the perfect running back to take advantage of the holes our old offensive liners Consistently opening up and his speed check some of their highlights out and tell me what you think and Side note if we did somehow get both of them I would in a way protect them like I wouldn't start them instantly I worked them in slowly, but at key moments like a third and long situation Sweat for pressure of course and then Henderson to pick up yards in chunks One of the announcers said dude averages 10 yards a carry We need that and he just wanted to add that Henderson can be key to helping shore up Lamar Jackson's pass game By catching screens out of the backfield and lining up in the slough for a quick slant or a go-round and He can break tackles again. What do you think? Alright, so my boy Jai Maya got a plan man. He's got a plan. So hey, it sounds like the dude Daryl Henderson is a Is a guy who he talked about earlier that I would want to run it back position a guy that can do everything And if he can really do everything if he can catch passes out of backfield If he really got that speed if he can break tackles if he can get the big chunk plays as a running man He can find the holes on offensive luck man That could take us back to the old days man. Like I say Ray Rice man Ray Rice that could take us back there and Oh, that would be great man. That would be great if only because yeah, we love Gus Edwards, too But Gus Edwards is not the home run hitter He's not the one did the end all be all type of running back to do it all type of running back He can do some things now you can run he good truck. He ain't really a shaker, but he can move a little bit for a big man But he's not to do it all running back. We want to do it all running back. So Appreciate you JT next question came from my boy Adonis grand burner account He said when the Ravens stopped running that stupid offense in the fourth quarter Lamar lit the charges up Then Brady exposed at 11 DB's on the field defense if people think that the Ravens are figured out they trippin We only lost by six Prevent she even I would have loved to see Brady vs. Ravens defense. I think we would have been in the AFC Championship right now What do you think? Oh, man? Yeah, I think going into that game Ravens had all the shot in the world They would have had all the shot in the world playing Brady And the the New England Patriots, but everything would have just depended because I know the defense where it came I know the defense would have came through what they have kept Brady them out of the end zone No, probably not Because because the Patriots they would they would end up getting there. So I mean you never know though You never know, but um, I we deserve the chance. Well, we didn't deserve chance We went again before but the defense deserve the chance to office and it's just bad But yeah, we could have definitely went head-to-head with those good with those dudes man Because It just sucked watching the charges just sucked that game Against the Patriots and just not even put up any type of fight and So yeah, I already know the Ravens man We would have been in much better shape than those dudes because they couldn't stop anything Sonny Michelle he was going off Brady. He he was doing this thing to Gronk, I mean they these dudes these charges were just soft that game. They weren't tackling They weren't task-defendant. They weren't They weren't stopping the run.  Let's take the rest of the season off But yeah, they just they discussed to me that game like big time I was like really good man like man Like we really lost to these dudes and then they go out they'll go out to New England put on that type of show Man, we would have been so much better than them against New England man Next question came from a boy Keaton white man He said was curious on your thoughts the last time the Patriots went to Kansas City was in 2014 and in that game The Chiefs set the record for the loudest outdoor stadium in the world Justin Houston had two sex Brady was benched and the Chiefs won 41 to 14 Do you think that we could possibly see a repeat of this or will the game be closer? well The only way that I see this game being a blowout is if the Chiefs defense plays the way that they play the other day It gives the Indianapolis Colts And that's a possibility man. That's a possibility, but they will just have to Be physical. I feel like the um Well now they did the the Colts got what's named Marlon Mack? But Colts don't have a grunkowsky So the Chiefs would have to just be a lot more physical with him They would really have to uh if they get enough stops say friends if they can stop New England and if they can keep No England out of the end zone. I would say for at least three or four straight drives At least Then they got a possibility of the game being a blowout reason I say that is because and the reason I say that is because the Chiefs They have to crib They're gonna get this They're gonna get this but if it's not a back-and-forth ping-pong type of game Where Chiefs scored and Patriots scored Chiefs scored Patriots scored even if one kicks a field goal one gets a touchdown And there's a four-point game and they keep on scoring back and forth even if it's oh Man if it's not like that and the Chiefs get a couple of stops in a row And it could go flip side to Patriots do the same thing But with Patriots offense, um, they are a lot less of the big play type of strike as opposed to the Chiefs offense the Chiefs offense Yeah, they could they could dink and dunk you but they are big play type of offense. They get them chunk yards like a lot So it's a possibility. I don't see that happening. I don't think it's gonna be a blowout and It's gonna be a fun weekend man I'm I'm excited for this weekend the Saints in the Rams and their beef I won't be watching market speed is close. Oh, it's gonna be a good game then a Chiefs in the Patriots Like somebody said before they they said that this is gonna be Brady passing the torch to Patrick Mahomes So It's gonna be a good slide a good set of games man. Hopefully this video will be out before Before them games, there's no guaranteeing with me You already know man, but it should be a good one next question came from my guy Josh Hoffman he said Do you think that it's a possibility that it's a power struggle or that that that there could be a power struggle between Eric DeCosta and John Harbaugh He said they're on the radio right now in Baltimore 105 7 to Fayham talking about how those two don't get along Those two are fighting for power the extending of Harbaugh means he wins the power struggle So this is apparently big stuff just now So could there be a power struggle between John Harbaugh and Eric DeCosta Wouldn't be surprised if there was Reason being because John Harbaugh is a very you can tell he's had his hand in a lot of things with the Ravens one of those being the staff John Harbaugh has had a lot of his buddies a lot of his friends over the years and especially at the offensive coordinated position and Just none of them have worked out Ravens haven't had a great offense a good offense over those years well, at least consistently and Again, like we said before the one year where he didn't make the choice For the offensive coordinated Ravens had the best offense. They ever had an in-team history So is that a coincidence? Hey could be who knows because it was just one year But that is very telling Harbaugh obviously has his say so Or his input not say so his input on the draft on free agency and whatnot You see the type of guys that of the way the team has changed to a Harbaugh team over the years We used to have a lot more loudmouth alpha male type of guys, but now things have changed the team It's changed the type of guys we bring in it's changed a lot Would Eric DeCosta be in the new GM him being the guy that supposed to be in charge? I could definitely see that I could definitely see if If there was a power struggle between him and Harbaugh because if you if you the GM You're supposed to be over the head coach, but if you're a hardball you the head coach you've been a head coach for This will be your 12th year You still want to have your power Just cuz it's a new GM. You don't want your power to be restricted But you don't want to lose the power that you had So I could definitely see that being a power struggle between that of Eric DeCosta and John Harbaugh How could they resolve that? He could get rid of Harbaugh if the power struggle is that much in it if it is that real He could get rid of Harbaugh Or they could try to come to some agreement Like okay, this is what I'm gonna do this is what you're gonna do and they could do that But at the same time these are two men and these are two men who are both in positions of power on this team So it's not that easy It wouldn't be that easy Is it possible? Yeah, of course it is But it wouldn't be that easy So with that being said Again, like I've been saying even before this season started This coming off season is going to be so Interesting it's gonna be so crazy It's gonna be huge It's gonna be one of the biggest off seasons in Raven's history because there's so much change that could happen So much change that could happen It's a lot of it So If these dudes do got a power struggle Only one of them is gonna come out on top And we'll see who it is Next question came from a boy team Raimi He said Alpha males Versus the quiet boys What would you rather this team do?  So there's a lot less investment in them He said do you see the trend? Would you rather Ravens put all their chips on the table for three to four alpha studs in the draft and fill in the Blinks with their normal strong undrafted free agent class? I think they need to take more chances with big school alpha talent that might not be quiet boys There are zero guarantees beyond four years for any draft pick So why not go hard and bring back the prototypical Raven unit? Nobody wanted to face. Thank you team Raimi Get the team hard again. Get the team tough again, man I'm completely on board there And just just to go all out get get some attitude on this team because we lack it We lack it. We lack it Even though we had the number one defense last year. We still lack that attitude. We lack that swagger Walden Humphrey, he got that swagger tony jefferson. He got that swagger that attitude. He got that toughness Matt judon But we ain't really got people who got that attitude that nastiness that swagger that toughness We ain't really got that on defense and on offense Lamar got the swagger the toughness though Hmm Can't say he's not tough, but just that that attitude man But this is pertaining more so on defense Even on offense too. I mean we need playmakers on both sides of the ball. They got it Now if Lamar got that if he like Chanka right now Lamar is in a um He's in I don't want to say the honeymoon stage uh, but he's still in that um Sort of calm cool He don't show off if he makes a big play He don't do that So he's chilling right now. He's sort of in chill mode But if he were to Take it to that next level after a big play getting somebody face after a big run Go yell at somebody who he just shook or point at him or something like that Hey, and will he ever get that we'll see but we Dude, I just want to get that that that tough raven swagger back because Again, like that's where they lack. So I would be willing to for them to draft the guys What I in in in fact, I'm a one I'm a one-up you I'm a one-up you ramy He said should we draft three to four star type of playmakers? that are alpha males and then Do the normal fill in the gaps with undrafted free agencies or should we draft three to four? like um quiet boys and whatever uh, and Then maybe the undrafted free agents.  Bring it back. Bring it back Maulah Humphrey can't be at this thing alone And even peanut peanut got a little bit of it peanut a little quiet though but Humphrey. Yeah, Humphrey got it Humphrey got it. Tony Jefferson He got it. We just need more of it. Appreciate you ring. You


Bidwell McCormick takes you behind the scenes in Hollywood. Nearly everyone has some idea of how cartoon motion pictures are made. That is, they know that the action for these pictures is first drawn, then one drawing is photographed at a time with slight changes in action until the completed sequences are finished and when projected upon the screen it develops into a life-like animation. But what everyone does not realize is the tremendous amount of precision mathematics involved and the detailed planning which must be done before a single drawing is made or a single foot of film is exposed. For instance, behind the whimsical, delightful Disney characters is the guiding genius of their creator, Walt. However, with all their simplicity and spontaneous charm each star of the Disney lot has been conceived in absolute mathematics, cold science and rigid discipline. Nathan, you have the full story of this interesting phase of animated cartoon production. Suppose you tell our listeners about it. Well, every film starts with a story idea. On the Disney lot in conference between Walt and the story department personnel the basic progress of the plot is outlined. And then the work really begins. In the meeting with Disney or his production supervisor musical director, layout experts, background artists and top animators they plan each sequence, draw each character and develop its personality. By the time they finish directions have been written down to cover such details as the angle of Donald's neck in relation to the rest of his body when he's fallen flat on his face. At this point there occurs what seems to be the most surprising step in the process. The animation outlined is turned over to the music department and no further work is done until a musical score has been prepared. The explanation, though, is simple. The most difficult part of producing an animated picture is synchronizing motion and sound. If Donald, for instance, is to fall down a flight of stairs the tumble is accompanied by music and the fall must correspond to the rhythm of the sound. This coordination is a matter of mathematics. In Donald's fall the music is timed after being written. Using a metronome the artist determines the speed at which he must tumble the emphasis in his fall and the final third as he lands at the bottom of the steps. Then they must apportion the fall to cover that many exposures. Of course the music can be rewritten to fit the action but this is done only when some afterthought in animation is too good to be discarded. In the final form before filming the pictures are drawn on celluloid. Disney's artists are specialists in different types of drawing. Some excel in sketching animals. Others are particularly good with people and the fort of others may be interiors, landscapes, boats, and etc. And their genius all adds up to the final composite picture. Then Nathan, the man at the drawing board, must be an actor and a vision to it being an artist, mustn't he? He must know how he would time it himself if he were to perform a certain action and must know the physics of movement. Take as an example a bouncing ball. The ball starts its downward path slowly, gains momentum as it approaches the ground and slows again as on the rebound it returns to its original height. In animation the space between the balls on each succeeding drawing is buried to show the changes in speed. Details of costumes in background are kept at a minimum. For instance the fewest number of buttons are used, usually only three. One more on Donald's coat would mean drawing 1,440 buttons for each minute's running time. In fact audiences fail to notice that most of Disney's animated characters have only four fingers. And did you know man array that three layers of celluloid are used for movement? First is the celluloid on which the characters are drawn, then there's the background and if necessary overlays are employed. For instance in a scene from the three Caballeros showing Donald Duck, Joe Carioca, and Panchito riding a magic flying serape on their swashbuckling trip over Latin America we have the three pals and the serape on one panel the villies there approaching on another and on the third the trees through which they glide to a landing. These layers are called cells and are placed at different levels and then are shot by the multi-plane camera to give the finished picture an illusion of perspective. This photography is accomplished at the speed of approximately 15 feet per hour. Thank you Nathan, that was an interesting story and this brings us to the new Disney process that permits Donald Duck and his pals to appear in the same scenes with human beings. That however is a studio secret and even Donald happily launched on a romantic career refuses to talk about the technique and when Donald won't talk, that's something. And now 60 seconds for your local announcer. And here now are a few production briefs from behind the scenes in Hollywood presented by Nathan Hale and Manor Ray Ewell. Rudy Valley has been signed by RKO Radio for a top spot in Man Alive. It's a romantic comedy dealing with a man believed dead who comes to spy on his wife's efforts to commune with the spirits. Jack Haley has also been signed to a new contract calling for one picture annually for two years. This doesn't include his current assignment in George White's scandals of 1945 in which he co-stars with Joan Davis. Lauren Backall has been awarded the silver statuette of the Dorothy Preble Model Association for being the model of the year. The award is the first of an annual series which will recognize successful actors and actresses who entered films by way of the modeling profession. Miss Backall was cited for her performance in the feminine lead opposite Humphrey Bogart in Warner Brothers 2 Have and Have Not. Metro Golden Mayor has announced the purchase of another novel by McKinley Cantor. This one titled The Romance of Rosie Ridge. It's a story of the period following the Civil War in which a close parallel will be drawn with our own future post-war days. Producer Jack Cummings will launch the production with a stellar cast. Previous Cantor stories bought by MGM included The Voice of Bugalan, Val Dictory, The Man from Dakota, and Gentle Annie. The latter has recently been completed with James Craig and Donna Reed. DeWitt Bodine, just back in Hollywood after a four-week vacation in New York, will write the screen adaptation of The Fabulous Invalid for RKO Radio. It's a play by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart. Nathan, are you overweight? Do you want to reduce? Simple. Just follow me to the set of Warner Brothers' God is My Co-Pilot, where Leroy Prince is rehearsing an ensemble of Hindu dancers for the Oriental production number. These native dancers have such control over their muscles that they raise one shoulder without moving the other, lift one eyebrow while the other is completely stationary, and shake one hip while the other is in a total state of inertia. That's what gives them those slim, graceful bodies, as Marie Genitian, now engaged by Warners, as technical advisor of customs and locale of India. She then went on to explain that from early childhood Indians are regimented into a planned system of intricate and complicated exercises. You'll have to look far and wide in India to find a native fat person. Robert Fellows, whose option has just been lifted by RKO Radio, is now on his third year as an executive producer with this studio. His two recent productions are Experiment Paralysis, co-starring Hedy Lamar, George Brent and Paul Lucas, and Having Wonderful Crime, soon to have its Broadway premiere with Pat O'Brien, George Murphy, and Carol Landis as co-stars. Ramsey Ames pin-up Beauty Extraordinary, who once toured U.S. night spots with her own rumba band, has signed a long term with Warner Brothers. Also, Betty Davis is back on the Warner Brothers lot for huddles on her next picture, Stolen Life. Lee Patrick has signed for an important role in Mildred Pierce, in which Joan Crawford is starred with Jack Carson. Dave Willick, Carson's former vaudeville partner, also on his air show, gets a featured role in This Love of Hours. A short former with a lavish look describes the dress designed by Milo Anderson for Geraldine Fitzgerald to wear in the new Warner Brothers film Nobody Lives Forever. The dress of powder-blue satin has a crystal-beaded top with drape panel down the front of the skirt showing the same beaded treatment. Bob Arthur, 19, of Aberdeen, Washington, came south for some Hollywood sunshine following his medical discharge from the U.S. Navy. And before he could say, The Port Your Starboard found himself kissing Roslyn Russell in a scene from Roughly Speaking at Warner Brothers. Young was discovered by producer Henry Blank as the ex-soldier got off a streetcar preparatory to gawking along Hollywood Boulevard. In a matter of moments, Arthur had a contract to portray Miss Russell's son in the picture. He wasn't even looking for work, let alone a screen contract. We are trying each week in this series to bring you interesting facts about motion pictures, Hollywood studios, and what the stars are doing. And since this program is for your entertainment, you will help us to select the material you like most to hear if you will drop me a postcard. Just address it to Bidwell McCormick, Box 2941 Hollywood, or in care of this station. And now a word from your local announcer. In this week's edition of Behind the Scenes in Hollywood, my associates and I have personality close-ups of two very interesting people. In this manner, I will give you a thumbnail biography of Hedy Lamar, and then Nathan Hale will bring you Danny Kay's own incredible success story. Hedy Lamar doesn't underrate beauty, for that it'd be silly. But she does think it can be overemphasized. Millions of fans have come to look upon hers the personification of glamorous beauty to the exclusion of her capabilities as an actress. I'm an actress, she points out, and when you're labeled with an adjective like glamorous, you're acting as apt to get put in the background. A concert musician wouldn't be particularly pleased if the critics noticed only his clothes, his features, or his haircut. He wants to be judged by his ability as an artist, and so do I. She is outspoken, frank, friendly, and thoroughly honest with herself. Of one screen role which the critics generally praised highly, they said, several other girls could have done it better. And so could I if I had to do it over again. As a housekeeper, she considers herself good, but doesn't think much of her own cooking. When working on a picture, she has lunch with her dialogue coach and close friend, Ruth Roberts, her hairstylist, Blanche Smith, and the script girl. They take turns fixing the lunch, and when it's head-eastern, she has to put up with loud and funny complaints about her cooking. She admits that it's likely to be unpredictable, but insists that at least it's exciting and has personality. Heady is devoted to America and Americans and thinks American women are the most attractive and well-dressed in the world. She has no desire to return to Europe except to visit old friends in Vienna. If she adds grimly, they are still alive. Her slight accent becomes noticeable only when she becomes excited or especially amused, and she gives full credit for this to Ruth Roberts, who taught her English and eradicated her accent. Without being pryingly curious, she is genuinely interested in other people's problems, is tolerant and lists as her pet aversion foreigners who criticize America while enjoying its hospitality. When asked what she wanted most in life, she replied unhesitatingly, a free word for my son to grow up in. Yes, sir. From Broadway obscurity to Markey matched the fame in 12 months, is the sensational record made by comedian Danny Kay. Kay was recruited by producer Goldman from the stage play Let's Face It. The play ran 16 months with Kay doing 552 performances, but between January 18th, 1913, when he was born on New York's famous East Side, and 1943 when he left the show, there's a lot to be told. Danny was something of a neighborhood party entertainer when he was only five, sponsored, of course, by his proud parents. Then there was a minstrel show at Public School 149 where he was a pick and any, representing a seed in a big slice of watermelon. He did all right, too, although his hair was very red in his eyes. Ears, I should say, were very white. After attending Thomas Jefferson High School, he went to work for an insurance company, until he made a mistake that cost the company supposedly $40,000. His next job was an entertainer for the summer camps in the Catskills. He waited on tables, took part in some professional plays and musicals. He started at $200 a season and worked up to $1,000 in five seasons. His fourth season, and Dave Harvey and Kathleen Young, professional dancers, taught him to move his feet rhythmically. They made up an act which was a hit and which landed in an A-Beam Marcus musical unit show, starting a tour of 41 night stands to San Francisco with Tokyo with its ultimate destination. With them sailed Mrs. Marcus's dog, which was responsible for having the troop barred from Australia when Mrs. Marcus refused to leave it in quarantine. It was in Tokyo that he first began to piece together a style that he now uses in most of his numbers. Back from the Orient, Danny got a job in New York as a stooge in the act of Nick Long Jr. at the Casa Manana, playing eight weeks with Abe Lyman. Another foreign interlude followed in London, home again on another season on the country circuit. Danny on January 3rd, 1940, married Miss Sylvia Fine. They had a capital of either $70 or minus 10 between them. Sylvia had 30, but Danny wasn't sure whether he had 40 or owed 40. Meanwhile, one of Danny's numbers, Anatole of Paris, caught on at the nightclubs, which got him signed in a featured role on Broadway in Lady in the Dark. Then in Boston, the Boston Colonial Theater, came Danny's big moment. His great success in Lady in the Dark would have satisfied most artists, but in addition to his work at the theater, Danny with the assistance of Sylvia Fine doubled at La Martinique nightclub. For three and one-half months, he stopped everything in cafe entertainments, and went into the Paramount Theater, where he became the first comedian to remain there for five consecutive weeks. At the end of this engagement, Kay starred in the Cole Porter, Dorothy and Herbert Fields musical comedy, Let's Face It. Thus having completed in one year the first phase of his fabulous jump from obscurity to stardom. Listen in again next week, when Bidwell McCormick again takes you behind the scenes in Hollywood.


Hello and welcome to the ground line review your source for everything one piece and today we're going to do something a little unusual for this year channel, but I thought why not because Act 3 of Wano is incoming and I thought it would be a bit of fun to provide some predictions and I have chosen seven arbitrary things to talk about bear in mind that I don't take any of these too seriously it's more just whatever popped into my head as what I see being a strong possibility given the information that we have from acts one and two and of course Oda being Oda he's likely to do something completely different to what every other person in the world would expect anyway. However before we move on for those of you who are not margaritas this video may possibly contain spoilers or illusions to spoilers so do proceed at your own peril but for everyone else let's jump straight into it and first up I would like to submit that Act 3 will be the longest act in the entirety of Wano. I've arrived at this conclusion because after two acts and despite the fact that a war is about to begin thus potentially signifying some sort of climax I don't think we are anywhere near ready for some sort of conclusion Wano still has far too many mysteries at play and Oda is still very much setting up this chess board albeit in a more action based setting now. I think we have a lot of complications to work through during Act 3 and I would say that it will take the better part of an entire year of publication to get through. So for some context Act 1 of Wano consisted of 16 chapters while Act 2 almost doubled that number with 30 chapters and for Act 3 to be shorter than Act 2 is almost inconceivable given the sheer amount of characters and plot to work through especially if there's large amounts of action involved because those scenes take up a lot of page space and generally don't progress the plot too much. And for a direct comparison let's also remember that the entire climax of Whole Cake Island once Big Mums started chasing the Straw Hats took just about 30 chapters as well and there was significantly less to deal with on Whole Cake Island than we have to look at at Wano. So as it stands I'm also leaning towards Wano having a total of five acts placing three smack bang in the middle dealing with alliances strategies complications and story whilst Act 4 will be where the big action occurs and potentially hold the defeat of Kaido. Whilst Act 5 will exist as more of an epilogue to wrap up the great adventure on the land of Samurai. But we are nowhere near that stage yet and in fact I'd like to point out that I bet we aren't even halfway through the Wano arc. So Act 3 has a lot of work to do and I think we should all get very very comfortable because we may be here a while. Next up for Act 3 of Wano I predict that we will see a round two of Luffy vs Kaido and yes I say round two implying that there will be a round three as well. Now look despite apparently having become somewhat proficient at advanced arm that doesn't quite close the gaping chasm of power between Luffy and Kaido nor do I think any amount of training of a will. However that certainly isn't going to stop a man as driven and as optimistic as Luffy so I think that much like his three round bout against Crocodile Luffy is going to need to take another loss before he realizes the true path to victory whatever that is. Speaking narratively it would also be good to show some progress on Luffy's part as the first engagement ended in him being one-shot. So if he just leaps into a much more even fight against one of the four emperors I think it's going to be you know just a little bit learning advanced arm and Taki is great and all but I don't think that that is the solution here and if anything it's more along the lines of teaming up with the rest of the worst generation to pull off some sort of stunning effort of teamwork but I don't think that will happen in Act 3 just Luffy and possibly even Kid trying against stubbornly and getting wrecked in the process and that feeling of defeat also very much lines up with my next prediction being that the allied forces on Wano will be absolutely decimated and perhaps even left on the verge of complete defeat. Now a lot of my thinking here has to do with where I believe we are in the structure of the story so if Wano is a five act piece as I suspect then that plonks us straight in the middle of the half portion of the Johaku model of storytelling which was applied to traditional Japanese plays and one common feature about the third act of those plays is that they contain a moment of great drama or tragedy. Narratively you could say that this is where the story reaches its lowest point then going on to use act 4 to rectify and act 5 to conclude swiftly and I don't really think that there is any greater potential for drama than having all of the efforts of the allied forces nullified and on the verge of annihilation. Although I should say that this doesn't necessarily need to be the case and a moment of great tragedy could be achieved otherwise like it was in Act 2 with Yasu's death. However I think that in order to hit the readers that tragedy is going to have to strike a little closer to home this time around like yes Yasu's untimely demise was incredibly sad but we really hadn't had that much time to bond with him as a character however that is not the case for all of the main players participating in this battle. So along with Luffy facing off against and losing once again to Kaido I believe that act 3 will leave the allied forces at the complete mercy of the beast pirates requiring rescue by the inevitable force that will show up. Speaking of inevitable forces act 3 also seems like about the right time for Dendro to either show up or to have his fate become known to us. Of all of the red scabbards this is the only one who still remains a mystery and there's no way that this mystery can go on into the action based climax. To be honest though this prediction is probably low hanging fruit because narratively even if I'm wrong about the five act structure that just gives him all the more cause to be revealed in act 3 here. So for example if Wano ends up being a four act arc which is entirely possible and would also adhere to the traditional Japanese narrative structure known as Kishotenketsu then there's no room for Dendro to be a plot point in the fourth act because that would be the conclusion and in that case we are going to find out about our final samurai in this portion of Wano. On a similar note act 3 is also going to put this traitor business to rest and inform us of exactly how Kaido and Orachi always seem to know vital pieces of information regarding the allied forces. Now this whole talk of a traitor began way back in the Zo'ak when Jack was able to find the roaming island on two occasions causing the minks to speculate that he may have a viviacard leading them to the island meaning that somebody Onzo was leading Jack directly to them. Now if that is indeed the case then that person is almost certainly a mink and there is a very popular theory out there that Karat is the traitor which while I do find intriguing I'm not entirely on board with. Due to how act 2 ended it would also look like Oda wants us to believe that lore may be a traitor if not the traitor but he wasn't Onzo when Jack founded initially although I guess lore could have given Jack Beppo's viviacard although I think that's an incredible stretch, even more of a stretch than the Karat idea actually. Still there is an undeniable air of ominicity and act 3 is going to settle this for us by having whatever traitor there is reveal themselves and so it may be a huge revelation like Karat or one of the red scabbards or it might be something much much smaller like a background mink character who is caught passing on information we shall see. Another thing that act 3 is practically begging for is the incoming flashback featuring Kozuki Oden. As it stands now we still know next to nothing about the tragedy that took place on Wano and we haven't seen anything but silhouettes of the key figures being Oden and Lady Toki. Now there's no way we can get into a proper action-based conclusion without seeing this flashback because this is an established one-piece storytelling device. We need to see the heartfelt flashback so that the eventual moment of victory has more emotional resonance. Think back to lore's flashback on Dressrosa, Robin's on any slobby, Nami's on Arlong Park and even Nolan's in Skypea. In each and every case the big emotional story needed to play out immediately before the significant action began and regardless of whether this is a four or five act story this is the time to do it and I am very much looking forward to it because every time we get a new piece of information regarding Oden it makes me more and more excited to see him. Oh and as a sub prediction I also think that we should expect this flashback to last quite a while in the grand scheme of things similar to lore's I suspect which was just over six chapters long because anything less is unlikely to be able to do this grand story that Oda has set up here much just as at all.  Now Oda has been very tight-lipped about what has happened to our favorite whale sharks since the end of Whole Cake Island but he has said in an interview that despite being an official member of the straw hats he does not want to draw him in color spreads as it would spoil an upcoming surprise most likely meaning that he has had some sort of change in appearance and while many including myself are going to assume the worst there like a missing arm or some sort of rapid aging by the hands of big mom act 3 feels like the right time for him to get back into the game because here's the thing about Wano this is going to be the first time that the entirety of the straw hats are going to be fighting together since punk has it and without having Jinbei there it just would not feel complete and this also may be the reason why we still haven't seen a full straw hat reunion on Wano despite everyone having been on the island for a year of publication now so it would make sense for the first proper reunion to occur with Jinbei there and to then take him into whatever the final climax is but that pretty much does it for an arbitrary seven predictions of events to occur in act 3 of Wano. If you enjoyed this video and the content this channel produces in general then please do consider donating to the groundline review patreon because the support of all of your amazing people is what continues to make this channel possible and if you'd like to see more videos like this but applied to other anime manga series then please do check out my second channel new wealth review for all of your wider needs and if you'd like to join the fun at any time then please do head over to my discord server where a wide array of shenanigan retakes place on a daily basis and finally please do comment with your own predictions for act 3 of Wano this has been the groundline review and i'll see you next time What your opinion on Otis saying that one piece will end in five years? Alright so here's something I haven't really addressed on the channel because while it may seem like big news I don't really take it as such. So this whole thing comes from a comedy group that visited Otis home studio and one of the members asked when Otis was looking to finish the series and now while it is true that Otis said that he wanted to finish it in the next five years you cannot take this as any sort of set in stone response. We need to remember that anything Otis says in terms of timeline is guaranteed to be wrong because hey originally he wanted to have one piece last for five years total but here we are 22 years later and uh yeah what I won't deny is that we are definitely getting into the end game of one piece. Wano is going to be a massive arc so there's a lot of time to be taken there but after that Luffy will have three of the four road ponder glyphs ready to set off to Raftel so maybe there's another big arc to find the final one like Elba for something to do with the marines but we are in the end portion of our journey with the series I just suspect the finishing it will take a bit longer than five years hopefully anyway so let's not all go crazy with putting a five year timer on one piece because it just may surprise you I'm hungry what should I eat oh good question well if it was I who were hungry what I would do was weigh up my cooking skills as well as how much time I could be bothered to dedicate to making a meal against the amount of money it would take to have something delivered right to my door like honey chicken for example so you know what it's settled you're having honey chicken no I don't care if you're gluten intolerant you really should have thought of that before asking someone else to pick your sustenance for you enjoy


Alright guys, so we're going to be talking about Jinko Biloba, which is actually a very powerful sort of substance you can take. I don't know whether to call it a herb or a food actually because you can eat it. It was traditionally used as a sort of food. But Jinko Biloba is something which appears in many new tropics as an ingredient. Okay, so this thing does tend to be very good at increasing blood flow to the brain. So it's been used in all sorts of new tropics in the past. It's a very effective thing that you can use to aid lucid dreaming. And there's a few reasons for that. Firstly, it does increase blood flow to the brain. So anything that you would be doing anyway is going to be that much more enhanced, that much more free-flowing and energetic. So whatever substances you were taking before, if you were even taking any lucid dreaming supplements, they're going to be enhanced because of that blood flow to the brain. The actual trees themselves, the actual Jinko trees are fairly big. They're like 20 or 30 meters high, which is massive, right? And they grow all over the world, sometimes in Belgium, sometimes China. They can be found pretty much anywhere. The leaves of this interesting tree can be taken in the form of a supplement. And it's not just supplements. You can make it into a tea, you can smoke it I think. But I think the best way is just to have a supplement, just to take it in a capsule format, you know, like a plant cap or something, a soft gel tablet which you can very easily take. There's a few, like I said, there's a few reasons why you would want to take Jinko, but firstly is for the new tropic benefits. Okay, so it's actually an ingredient in fairly large numbers of new tropics around the world. I think it's actually an ingredient in this new tropic, which is Optinuro. This is a new tropic that I've been taking for a long time. This is like a cognitive enhancer. It makes your brain function better, faster, more effectively. And this actually includes Jinko Biloba. Okay, so 3,750 milligrams of active Jinko Biloba in one dose of this. And I have to say it does work. You can feel the increased blood flow to some degree, or at least it feels like there's more energy flowing and it feels like thoughts are more easily accessible when you take a Jinko Biloba. So there's that benefit. In terms of when to take it for lucid dreaming, I would probably say take Jinko Biloba sometime in the early morning. So not only when you first go to sleep in terms of to increase blood flow during your sleep, but I would probably suggest to split the dose up into two. So have one dose as you're going to sleep in the evening and then have another dose in the early hours of the morning if you're doing something like wake back to bed or something like this. That is what I would suggest to do. That's probably the best way of doing it. So you can actually get Jinko Biloba in quite a few places. There's loads of places that sell it online. I'll put a link in the description. If you go and click the link in the description, you will be taken to what I consider the best place to buy Jinko Biloba. I will also include a link to a blog post I wrote about it because I like to write blog posts and I've written a lot more detail I think about Jinko Biloba in my blog post. So go and check that out and I'll see you next time. Done. In the description, you'll find links to various lucid dream products, articles, techniques and tutorials. If you did enjoy this video, please click the notification bell and subscribe and I'll see you next time. Why are you still watching this? You should have clicked one of my related videos by now, right? Or subscribed or gone onto my website or something like that.


It's not only a disgrace but it's an insult to all of us in Pennsylvania who actually relied and continue to rely on our representatives in Harrisburg to actually be stewards of our financial house, be stewards of the financial order we have in Pennsylvania. Schools have been underfunded. We have not gotten all the things that we want. We have actually had to raise taxes at the local level because the state has not kept up its share of funding for public education. Over the last four years the reduction in spending at the state level has meant that many for many people property taxes have gone through the roof. We have got to get to the point where financial house is in order. We can we need to invest in education. I think we need to have property tax relief. We ought to have a severance tax but we need to do what we need to do to make sure that we're not playing the games that we've played to get to the point where we have all these credit downgrades. My budget does that. My budget has enough revenue in it to balance the budget. It actually invests in the things we need to invest in to have the future we want like education. It actually calls for property tax relief. It actually calls for a severance tax. I am holding out for a real honest-to-goodness budget that balances because that's why I was sent to Harrisburg. That's what Pennsylvania needs and that's what I want.


I'm Captain Maika Tomo from Yokota Air Base, Japan. We absolutely love it here in Japan. The people are really amazing. The food is amazing and all the things you get to learn about Japanese culture and being able to travel to the nearby countries has been an interesting experience. If anyone has the opportunity to get stationed here, I highly recommend it.