shared their knowledge and also their known friends or resource persons. We requested Justice Avi Chandrasekhar to trigger off what we say the entire show for the second webinar series. And in the next session next Sunday we will be having Justice N. Kumar on again from Karnataka High Court to speak on amendments in civil law as well as on the arbitration. So these series I hope that it will continue to enrich the public at large not only in India but beyond this digital space can be occupied anywhere and especially once we are live like on the Facebook YouTube. And since we started the second session in this we have knowledge partners with us National Law University, Sonipath coupled with Sadgme which is also a brainchild of a lot of professionals. And when we can Mr. Manish Lamba who is heading along with that Sadgme we all said why not share it. And those who have been connected on the free base webinars they know that Professor Vinay Kapoor where our device chancellor of National Law University is always motivating people at large so that the knowledge could be shared and we also have Professor Amit Guladia from the National Law University. Normally we don't take much time and introduce in this thing but it is only that since we have come back after a session. And Justice Avi Chandrasekhar all those who have been connected with us and otherwise those who have connected for the first time needs no introduction as such. I would first of all in my own words can say that he's not only an avid reader but an avid speaker coupled with the way he shares his knowledge is also quite fascinating. And therefore we took a topic which normally as a student of law or a professional we feel that section 151 or 482 of CRPC are such inherent that what you can or article 226 for that matter that you can ask plead anything wherever you feel that there is no specific section provided under the law as such but is it so or these are the paths which have not been expressly provided under the civil procedure since we are talking of section 151 or it is under section 151 it is only to do what is right and undo what is wrong or section 151 we can say it's not a substantive provision as such but how are these discretionary powers and what are the channels in which it can be channelized when we were discussing and requested Justice Avi Chandrasekhar when we discussed upon section 151 the normal expression which came to the team of beyond law CLC was that section 151 what else can be spoken they say whatever you could not do just write it on 151 but gradually when we explored it we found that itself it's a quite fascinating topic and sorry for the breach of time what we've taken today which normally we don't do and we also promise we will not do that but since it is the second season therefore we've reached that particular time timeline without taking much time I request Justice Avi Chandrasekhar to take things forward oh dear sir and thank you for what we say to trigger off the things and we are quite sure Anjam is the conclusion that we do not know when these series will continue but we are quite hopeful that it will continue to laterality as it normally said that Anjam would be better than Agha if the things begin at a good note the conclusion would always be good over to you sir sir I'll just check out Justice Chandrasekhar as to whether he is in the I think he is logged out I'm just checking it out sorry for the inconvenience I think he will be logging in soon yes sir you can unmute yourself sir unmute yourself unmute yes sir yes sir so as they all say that even in the good programs there's a commercial break but we didn't go for a commercial break but we thought that there should be a break so that we start with the right momentum of the right things oh dear sir thank you thank you Mr. Chhatrat in the beginning I would like to congratulate Mr. Vikas Chhatrat for this wonderful arrangement made for dissemination of knowledge and experience to those who really though to those who are really in need of it it's very difficult for a busy practitioner the two in a place like Chandigarh to spare time with the sole intention of helping the brethren in the profession these are days when people only many people think of personal benefits there is a lawyer who has been making all efforts to provide knowledge and experience especially to the younger generation in the profession friends section 151 of civil procedure court is a an eloquent provision in the sense that it helps the court to do justice between the parties to do justice between the parties there must not be any other substantive provision and then only section 151 can be invoked on a plain reading of section 151 of CPC it is clear that it is not conferred on the courts the power is not conferred on the court civil courts but it is in recognition of the power inherent in the civil court for example please read section 151 of CPC nothing in this court shall be deemed to limit or otherwise affect the inherent power of the court to make such orders as may be necessary for the ends of justice or to prevent abuse of the process of the court you had a wonderful session from Mr. Sandesh Chautha senior advocate of Karnataka High Court about these dynamics and dimensions of section 482 of CRPC vis-a-vis the width and breadth of article 226 of the constitution of India to deal with such matters in criminal cases section 151 of CPC and a plain reading makes it clear that it is a power inherent in the court and therefore it can be exercised by the presiding officer of the court to do justice between the parties are to avoid abuse of the process of the court court of civil procedure as all of know is not exhaustive any court as a matter of fact be it civil procedure code or criminal procedure code one cannot expect it to be exhaustive wherever gray areas are found and wherever no substantive provisions are found definitely the court can step in to avoid injustice so far as the power to be exercised under section 482 of CRPC it is not within the purview of the court subordinate to the high court but whereas even the even a civil court at the cutting edge like the court of civil judge or a senior civil judge has the power to exercise the power vested in it under section 151 of CRPC one cannot expect legislature to make provision for all contingencies even after meticulous calculation the drafting people may find it difficult to pursue some occasions therefore section 151 of CPC comes into the aid for example I was just going through order 18 rule 17 a of CPC earlier that order 18 rule 17 a has been omitted with effect from 17 2002 what was the power 18 rule 17 yes states like this where a party satisfies the court that after the exercise of due diligence any evidence was not within his knowledge there could not be produced by him at the time when that party was leading his evidence the court may permit that party to produce that evidence at a later stage on search terms as may appear it to be just so now all of you know order 17 and order 18 has to demanded with effect from 17 2002 the intention of the legislature is to see that all evidence must be produced when the party leads leads his or her evidence initially no further evidence on whatever ground be allowed but still let us assume in an extraordinary case a party has some evidence which he had no knowledge at all and that has a great bearing on the case and that parties have already led dividends then in the light of striking off or deletion of order 18 rule 17 a according to me section 151 of civil procedure court can be invoked by the judge order 18 rule 17 it's a the court may recall and examine any witness what does it say the court may at any stage of the suit recall any witness who has been examined and may put such questions to him as the court thinks it fit this is almost equivalent to the power vested in a court either civil or criminal under section 165 of the evidence act the court may at any stage of the proceedings can put any questions to any party whether relevant or irrelevant pertinent or impertinent and may also examine many witnesses and may also call ask for production of documents so the power vested under section 165 of CRPC is almost equivalent to the powers found in rule 17 of order 18 of CPC in the light of deletion of an important provision like the order 18 rule 17 a still the court cannot be said to have no power at all in exceptional cases the court can invoke section 151 of CPC and allow your party to lead evidence which he had no knowledge knowledge of the same when he started commenced his evidence or closed his evidence so I have just given a background of this scope of section 151 with the deletion of rule 17 a of order 18 from this statute friends all of you know very well there are there are there are good number of provisions found in this procedure a loss will procedure code for example if a party wants an injunction temporary injunction order 39 rule order 39 provides for the same if a party wants appointment of a commissioner order 26 rule 9 or an expert is required order 26 rule 10 a if a party wants an adjournment the same is found in order 17 and 18 the manner of recording evidence is found in order 18 of CPC the manner in which an application is to be filed under section 92 of CPC with regard to a scheme suit so many substantive provisions are found in code of civil procedure though it is a procedural law if you see the provisions of the civil procedure code there virtually most of them are substantive in nature you if you go through the provisions of CPC more and more provisions are added and deletions are very few the structuring of the code of civil procedure is a wonderful structure with all this there are some inadequacies and for which the legislators could not have visualized and therefore section 151 comes into picture the the theoretical aspect of section 151 can be summarized as follows inherent powers of a court or complementary to the power of the courts set out in the code of civil procedure and relates to the procedure if the if the ordinary rules of procedure resulting in justice and there is no other remedy they can be broken in order to achieve the ends of justice and equity to demand so demand the power vested in the court being wide in scope and epic what does it mean the at the ends at the hands of the court nobody should be unnecessarily prejudiced the doctrine of finality is applicable to all orders and judgments but there is an exception when this doctrine of finality is not applicable four conditions are very important proceedings culminating in order or judgment suffers from lack of jurisdiction then doctrine of finality is not applicable if an order or judgment is obtained by a party by playing fraud on the court or by misrepresentation of facts and there has been a mistake by the court prejudicing a party and because as I have already explained no party should be prejudiced by a court unnecessarily a judgment or order has been rendered in ignorance of the fact that a necessary party had not been served or had died and estate was not represented so to attract the doctrine of finality these four conditions are very important for example explaining the fourth condition for example let us assume that in a partition suit one of the parties who is a necessary party is not served there is a wrong entry in the order sheet that second defendant is Julie sir he is called out absent all right the judgment is pronounced after recording evidence neither the parties nor their counsel the parties who are represent being represented before the court by their counsel do not point out this glaring defect to the court and the court proceed to pass the judgment and ultimately after the pronouncement of the judgment it is made known to the court sir by mistake defendant number two is actually not served but there is an order treating him as Julie sir and placing him ex-party is a necessary party is not a proper is not just a proper party is a necessary party as all of you know necessary party is one in whose absence no effective decree could be passed a party who has a right in the schedule property to get an appropriate share or can oppose the suit of the plaintiff effectively and if he is not served and there is an order by the court deeming to have been served and ultimately it is brought to the court courts notice even after the judgment is pronounced the court has the power to recall that judgment because it has come it has not noticed this vital aspect because this could be a ground in the appeal by the contesting parties and on that ground alone the appeal can be allowed and demanded to the trial court in order to avoid that an opportunity the the court has to rectify its mistake prints the supreme court in one of the important judgments decisions reported in year 1976 supreme court page 1152 namah of gunge sugar mills versus union of india as held as follows inherent power has roots in necessity and breadth co exists with necessity I think we cannot expect a more eloquent elucidation of section 100 of the scope of section 151 of CPC see what is held by the honorable supreme court in monoharlal versus said here all all yeah yeah 1962 sc 527 is that inherent power has not been conferred on the court it is a power inherent in the court by virtue of its duty to just do justice between the parties before it as all of you know one of the highest duty of all the courts is to take care that the action of the court does not mean merely the act of primary court or any intermediate court of appeal but the act of the court as a whole from the lowest court which entertains jurisdiction for the matters up to the highest court which finally disposes of the case what does it mean what does this elucidation of section 151 mean means not only the court at the cutting edge which has disposed of the matter even the appellate courts in the lost appellate court is also entitled to make use of the powers vested in it under section 151 of CR CPC it means that not only the trial court but also the appellate courts in the hierarchy inclusive of the lost appellate court is also entitled to make use of this extraordinary power discretionary power vested in it under section 151 of CPC then the question comes is as all of you know many of you are practicing in rate courts also invoking the provisions of article 226 of the constitution then there also section 151 is invariably invoked by the practice and the courts also while giving relief what does it say the rate court has the power to review an order passed in a petition under article 226 of the constitution court can modify this so the court can modify this is found in AIR 1962 Supreme Court 1909 Shude versus state of Punjab so the only inhibition to exercise the power under section 151 is that the court must be cautious to see that there are no other substantive provisions of law to do justice between the parties only in the absence of any substantive law or any procedural law in CRPC then only section 151 can be invoked so how what are the what is the under what situation section 151 can be invoked you know just you can go through the provisions of 151 in any commentary you will find do send don'ts for example to consolidate suits and appeals even without the considered consent of the parties for example let us assume that there is one suit between the same parties with respect to the same scheduled property for the relief of injunction let us also assume that between the same parties there is a subsequent suit filed for the comprehensive relief of declaration of injunction and possession parties are same schedule is same here in this though in the subsequent suit the comprehensive relief of declaration of titan and possession is sought the earlier suit though filed for injunction will have to be clubbed together to hold a joint trial and to dispose of the same by means of a common judgment let us assume that in the in the Bangalore city one suit for injunction is filed and it is assigned to court hall a and another suit filed for the same relief between the same parties is also filed and assigned to court hall b then there are chances of verdicts which may which may not be consistent with the pleadings consistent with the schedule property so in order to avoid see this divergent opinions the court has the power see what then what procedure will be adopted a petition under section 24 of court of civil procedure will be filed before the principal city civil judge with a request to say withdraw and transfer suit in court hall number a to court hall number b or vice versa all right that relief will be given section 24 does not speak of any consolidation of suits or appeals and joint trial it only speaks of the power vested in the principal city civil jet principal district judge or principal city civil judge or the high court as the case may be to withdraw a particular civil proceeding and transfer it to same to the other court so then separate application will have to be filed before the court to which a suit or proceeding is transferred with a request to club the same to hold a common trial and to dispose of the same by means of a common judgment less there would be divergent findings in order to avoid this divergent findings in respect of the litigation between the parties pertaining to the same property consolidation of suits or proceedings is absolutely required you know second one is you know order 17 of cpc provides for adjourning a case of course there are several restrictions for granting an adjournment okay the court grants an adjournment but the party feels that the case will have to be advanced there is no provision in cpc so the court which has the power to adjourn a case has the power to advance the case and for this the court can invoke will have to invoke section 151 of the code of civil procedure then recalling witnesses though order 17 of rule 17 of order 18 provides the court to recall any witness and put any questions in the light of deletion of rule 17 a and in the light of the scope of rule 17 of order 18 also the party can invoke for recalling of a witness for further examination or cross examination as the case may be and seen many cases where the monetary reliefs are sacked certain times there will be a prayer for granting installments so depending upon the factions circumstances of the case the court many a times grants installments so where is that power the power is vested in the court under section 151 of cpc to provide for installments with a view to do justice between the parties see for example in a suit for partition there is a lady she is a widow or she is out of the position of the property it takes long time for the suit to be disposed of or the hierarchical courts to take up and dispose of the case if she files an application for an interim maintenance and she is entitled the court has got the power under section 151 of cpc to grant interim maintenance similarly recalling invoke invalid orders order which are which are not at all valid in any manner of course they can be they can be questioned any interlocutory application unless they are provided for an appeal under order 41 43 of cpc they can be definitely questioned by way of a petition under article 227 of the civil procedure court but if prime of a seat appears to be an invalid order the court can recall such order then reconstruction of records when they are lost as a judge of the city civil court we had an opportunity to see that entire case papers had been lost of course evidence had not yet commenced and I had ordered for reconstruction of the entire case file on the basis of the pleading copies of the pleadings maintained by the parties and the copies of the documents and it provides for reconstruction of the case when it is shown that the records are lost suppose court fee is paid in excess of what is to be paid in accordance with law the court has the power to refund the excess of court fee paid by the party similarly order for disclosure of legal representatives of the deceased for example a is the plaintiff b is the defendant b dies during the pendency the suit so on rod 22 of cpc a files an application to bring the l r's of the defendant and he and he mentions that c is the son of and he is the legal representative notice his issue to see and c states that the application is not maintainable since all the legal representatives of my father are not brought on record let us assume that he does not know who are the legal representatives he did not know the names addresses and other details then under such circumstances he can invoke section 151 of cpc by which the court can direct the other the the legal representative who is sought to be brought on record that he see to disclose the names and details of other legal representatives because it is the power of the court to do that all it is the duty of the court to see that all the legal representatives are on or brought on record and the estate is only represented in order to do that if plaintiff is unable to collect the same court has got the power to direct see to furnish the details names details and other requisite particulars of legal representatives and thereby enable a to bring all of them otherwise the contention would be raised that the suit is bad for non-joined or unnecessary parties even otherwise under order one rule 10 2 of cpc the court has got power on its own even without being an application mood to add parties to delete parties to transpose parties but still section 151 of cpc comes to the aid of such parties then the power the court has the power the appellate court has the power to stay the preliminary decree restoration of an execution dismissed for default for example let us let us say that an execution is dismissed for default let us assume that 12 years has already expired from the date of drawing of the decree is legally prohibited from bringing another execution petition what should be his position he can still invoke section 151 of cpc and request the court to set aside the order of dismissal of the execution petition if it is found to be found if it is a case is made out definitely the court will have to set aside that order of dismissal irrespective of the fact whether it it is it has expired the time has expired or not because let us assume that in an execution petition all steps are taken only for small thing it is dismissed for default so in order to start afresh the court will be justified in exercising power under section 151 of cpc to restore that dismissed execution similar is let us assume that an application is filed under order 9 rule 9 of cpc or 9 rule 13 of cpc to set aside the order of expiry and that if and if such applications are dismissed for revival of such applications for restoration of such applications section 151 can be invoked now one important aspect that is about a judgment or order obtained from a civil court or an appellate court by playing fraud on the court or by misrepresentation of facts normally an appeal is provided this could be one of the grounds the party who is agreed can very well urge that the judgment was obtained by playing fraud on the court or by misrepresentation of facts but if it if a clear case is made out of a party obtaining judgment or order by playing fraud on the court or by clear misrepresentation of facts the court is not without any power court has the power under section 151 of cpc to set aside such type of judgment or orders and this is what is clearly held uh retreated by the supreme court in changavarallan aidu case yeah yeah 1950 to 1994 supreme court won now a party has obtained a temporary injunction expartee temporary injunction is made absolute but he is not able to reap the fruits of the temporary injunction the opposite party is obstructing him from enjoying the benefits given to him by the court under order 13 i do 1 and 2 of cpc so the court has power to direct the police to give protection police protection in such cases and for example in execution also we find across we come across cases in which to effectively execute an execution execute a decree uh obtained for possession somebody may be abstract abstracting so to remove obstruction the executing court has got the power to direct the jurisdictional police to render all help for achieving the objects of the decree granted by the court so let us assume that in a motor vehicles accident case somebody is seriously injured is too poor to bear the expenses medical expenses immediately let us assume that a poor man is run over by a motor vehicle as a result of which he has sustained severe orthopedic injuries and neurological injuries and he requires immediate medical attention he may not be able to wait till an award is fast after recording the evidence or he may be too poor to bear the expenses it is under such circumstances i think the motor vehicle accidents tribunal has the power to exercise section 101 of cpc though all this statutory tribunals cannot invoke section 151 because some statutes some special statutes will have designed their own mechanism to do to achieve justice but in such circumstances the motor vehicles tribunal can definitely invoke step in and help the party then the many a times you see some remarks will be made in the judgment against a judicial officer who has disposed of the judgment let us assume that the judicial officer of a civil judge court has made some observation has passed a decree the appellate court finds that the decree is not in consonance with and it also comes to the conclusion that the manner in which the judgment is rendered is incorrect and during the course of the judgment by the appellate court some remarks may have been made what the supreme court states is that nothing should be no remark should be made without giving an opportunity and therefore for expunging such remarks the application the such judicial officer can definitely make an application under section 151 of cpc and to expunge that remark similar is the case if some uncalled for remarks are made against the parties also and it impinges his creditworthiness also and the court has the power to expunge such remarks see section 92 of cpc as all of you know it's a special provision for scheme suit and under section 151 of cpc the court which has framed the scheme can also modify for a better advantage of the parties and the beneficiaries as already retreated by me inherent power cannot be invoked to reopen the settled matters the powers cannot be resorted when there are specific provisions of law to deal with situation i have already told you about the four important aspects to apply the doctrine of finality so if those four conditions are not complied with then the doctrine of finality will not be applicable so even decree can be amended provided there are arithmetical mistakes with regard to calculation grammatical mistakes though section 152 is also a provision but the court has inherent power to correct such mistakes the court has got the power to correct its own mistake because the principal in such cases is that court's own mistake should not be allowed to survive to cause injustice this is the basis for execute for invoking the provisions of section 151 of cpc so let us assume that under order 21 rule 94 of cpc a sale certificate is issued and if there are some mistakes with regard to the description of the property then also the court can correct the same if fraud is played on the court and a sale is held then that can be set aside similarly if a compromise is brought out by fraud it can also be set aside because as you know if a decree is drawn on compromise no separate suit shall lie the court has immense power under section 151 of cpc to punish a party for disobedience to an order of the court friends lot of decisions are there in the commentary appended to section 151 of cpc if one were to look into those case laws it is clear that section 151 of cpc is an important provision vested in the civil in the civil court not vested it is inherent in the in such civil courts and they can be definitely and it can be definitely invoked similarly there are some areas where the court is not expected to invoke section 151 of cpc and the principles themselves disclose that when there are specific provisions of law deal with the situation section 151 of cpc cannot be invoked if you have any questions I can definitely share my experience with all of you yes sir this is by Ayushi Mishra can the income tax returns of the defendant be called from the IT department under section 151 in the interest of justice no no I do not friends I don't know what exactly is the prohibition found in the income tax act for calling for such records but if say what happens is as under section 114 g of the evidence act let us assume that the witness has given a statement before the court deposed that he would on the next date of hearing furnish his income tax returns to prove his case if it doesn't produce on his own then an adverse inference can be drawn under section 114 g of the evidence act but if normally privacy will be added I don't know what exactly is the inhibition found in the income tax act so let's I will make it more clear he let's assume they want an Ayushi would like to say that can any authority who is not a party can an application be moved under section 151 of the cpc to state their end up the records from that particular department we called for no no other than parties to a proceeding nobody is entitled to summoning of the summoning of the official reports meaning the way she wants to say summoning of the official records yeah she says can you use that power under 151 though that particular party is not a party in that particular case I'm making it very clear if one of the parties makes such an application to summon records from such an income tax authority I don't know what exactly is the inhibition so I'm saying let's let's even brush aside its income tax department any other department let's assume there's a dispute of a land title it has power it has power because ultimately it has to do justice between the parties let us assume that in a in a in a suit for maintenance filed by wife agonist husband she said that my husband has seven acres of land she has to prove she is a rustic villager then she can move an application under section 151 of cpc directing the jurist directional village accountant to furnish information as to whether the respondent has village has some lands in villages he will verify records and we'll have to submit this is the animation can the court on its own rectify or recall order under section 151 in any criminal case 151 no criminal for criminal case 151 is of cpc is not at all applicable court can't do it that is what is 482 court court and even in that case the supreme court says that in Harissingman that you can't there's a no recalling power under this correct correct correct correct correct this is by Dr. Dr. Dhanesh is it possible to invoke section 151 cpc yes to reopen the already disposed of contempt petition on the ground that the contempioner has not complied the order with the order of this of the court then see see the the the contempt petition itself will be for sir compliance you know he wants to say okay let us assume that he will he or she is directed to comply within such and such a time then there is no other go no new petition would be filed like they can file a new petition say that saying that it is not complied without the original application itself could be revived you know that is for you can always whether it is the criminal contempt or a civil contempt civil civil in a civil contempt I will say that you can always move an application for recalling of the correct correct calling of the order with variant because per se the court which has passed an order has all the power to execute it you know say even in execution petition the court need not wait for a party to file an application for execution it can execute on its own but in the contempt they can always move an application the article 215 of the constitution of India yes yes because that is a more preliminary and if it is supreme court 129 correct then this is by if during the pendency of a red petition under article 226 the supreme court passes a judgment that covers the fact can an application be filed for seeking direction 151 for disposing of the matter in the same terms the rate under 226 is pending before the high court yes that can be done there is one important difference see article 226 has lot of its powers are wide and broad you know so therefore that's a power vested in the it's a discretionary power nothing comes in the way of the red court to see that it intrams its interim orders are executed and section 151 definitely comes to aid coupled with just additional power what I gather sir the law is to the fact that let's assume there is a specific provision then don't simplify to write 151 specific provision is there but once there is no specific provision then the inherent power that's what I'm saying where 151 apply where 482 applies where 226 applies they're all inherent powers until there is a specific provision you have to use that provision otherwise you can use that inherent power that is how the law is correct correct developed and as you say as a lawyer practicing in high court also you have come across using a section 151 of cpc extensively that's true even though the high court rules and orders are there still because yes yes yes yes this this is the last question we will taking up with Khan like 151 cpc is applicable to all seven court a junior division or senior division 482 crpc is applicable to judicial magistrate first class which act talk about section 482 pass at least I couldn't get the what he's saying no section 482 is not applicable to any criminal court other than high court yes that's specifically bar for 482 specifically provides for the inherent powers of the high court it's 482 specifically says saving of the inherent powers of the high court thank god nothing else court shall determine to limit or affect the inherent powers of the high court to make such orders as maybe necessary to give powers to give effect to any order under this court or to prevent abuse of the process of any court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice yes that part is specifically listed with the high court itself yes yes yes yes so thank you to all those participants who have helped us to push the things forward in the right perspective and as our logo is that why not share the knowledge down to the roots where people otherwise could not have been connected so do share like share and subscribe our youtube channel of beyond law clc where all the webinars have been uploaded including that of just David Chandrasekhar is given his insights on different perspectives of law so days do stay connected with us on our facebook instagram for latest updates on the webinars so next week on 14th we have Justice N Kumar speaking upon in the civil procedure court uh reference as well as the arbitration act so amendments in the pleadings with reference to civil procedure court as well as arbitration do stay connected with us on next sunday at 430 530 everyone stay safe stay blessed and thank you sir once again and we have i'm just uh seeing if uh professor vinay mera has joined otherwise we have professor amit i will ask him to share his insights professor amit ma'am has joined the vice chancellor has joined ma'am you will have to unmute yourself i mean there sir yeah professor vinay kappu ma'am kindly unmute yourself it's okay now fine okay good evening everyone it was a wonderful session though i joined later but i could have certain insights about section 151 during our school days or sorry our law school days we only knew that there's an inherent power of judiciary which are very very unlimited but we never knew what is the exact jurisdiction today sir has given a very wonderful information to all who have joined this so i thank him for sparing his time i also thank our co-host vikasti and others for arranging such a enlightening lecture and he's always give us push to join us and we again push our teachers and students to have the information from wherever they get and it has been a very very wonderful forum for them to get and especially for the aspirant judiciary judicial officers because these things you cannot find from any book which these learned speakers share with us so thank you once again to all of you to being with us thank you vikast thank you ma'am and as they say the national law university when we joined up the one year has how it has passed and how we have been transmitting and decimating knowledge with with the help of professor vinay ke mera and dr amit guleria the professor out in the university they all work in tandem the entire staff the entire students work in tandem and it gives us an impetus to work better to improve better to share better with these good speakers like this is the evi chandrashekar and so on and on so thank you everyone stay safe stay blessed we will connect next week thank you thank you mr vikast thank you madam thank you for your uh say good words i have only shared my little experience in the field having been in the district judiciary for more than seven ten and a half years i will often go to law schools also see law colleges also and share my experience what i finally understand is that teachers must endeavor to bifurcate students who are interested in becoming lawyers and train them on these aspects 482 151 all procedural laws all substantive laws which are pressed into service day in and day out for those who try to go to mnc's and other things please make them understand other provisions of law madam one thing whether a law student becomes a lawyer or an mnc company they are expected to know three important acts one is transfer of property act another is contract act and another is specific relief act these are very important acts they will be of great assistance thank you for the kind words mr vikast and madam thank you thank you sir and we wish you join us thank you it's too face thank you thank you thank you thank you ma'am and thank you to all the staff thank you


Good day mate, Forty here. So I was just reading an interesting book by a sociologist of medicine, Alan V Horowitz. The book came out in 2016. It's called What's Normal? Reconciling Biology and Culture. So chapter one is on the differing perspectives of Herodotus and Darwin. So according to Darwin, you know much of human civilization as a result of natural selection. See interplay between genes and environment and for Herodotus, human culture is a product of human culture. So Darwin places more emphasis on, say, universal universals in human culture that he seizes primarily genetically determined such as expressions of sadness. So expressions of sadness pretty much universal in the face what happens when people are down and they're also very similar in the primates that are most similar to us such as gorillas and apes and chimpanzees. So as I was reading this book, I was impressed. Impressed by the book. I love all of Alan Horowitz's work, but I also love the way he chooses certain quotations from Darwin. Because I'm reading on the origin of species and it's not fast-going. It's not heavy-going, but it's not light-going either. It's medium-heavy-going and Alan Horowitz pulls out the sexy quotes from on the origin of species and elucidates why they're so important. Darwin had many sharp insights. So many things are culturally determined, such as first names, right? There's no genetic basis for our first names. Now other things there seems to be probably a genetic component. There's virtually a universal incest taboo.  So Universal studies also show that anyone we knew before the age of ten, particularly before the age of three, would not become a future subject of our erotic interest. So probably much of the incest taboo is socialized, right? If we grow up with someone before the age of three, or at least the age of ten, you're very unlikely to ever develop erotic interest in them. And this is universal. And another thing that's universal is the fear response. So starting in about age three months infants prefer photos of people of the same race as them. And infants very quickly develop an aversion to strangers. A fear of strangers and hostility to strangers. It's probably innate in all of us. It's just buried deeper or at a less deep level. But all of us have in us an innate revulsion fear and hostility towards strangers. It's part of the reason I think for anti-Semitism. It's Mark Twain says everybody hates a stranger. Even the angels hate strangers. And the Jew is everywhere a stranger. I think my favorite chapter was on the chapter on fear and I love the concept of evolutionary mismatch. So we evolved in situations very different from what we live in today. So for tens of thousands of years our ancestors were operating in an evolutionary environment they learned to adapt to that's very different from the environment we're in today. So as a result we've evolved instinctive fears about snakes for example. When snakes really aren't much of a threat to us today. We've also evolved a tremendous fear of heights. And this again is universal. And even if we're secure we're gonna fear like flying in a plane much more than driving even though flying in a plane is far safer than driving. So this is an example of evolutionary mismatch where we've developed fears that are not matched to our current environment. Also fear of the dark. So generally speaking bad things happen to us much more in daylight than in darkness. But in our previous evolutionary adaptations it must have been useful to have a fear of the dark. Apparently children universally around the world of babies develop fear of the dark, fear of heights, fear of strangers. And apparently this fear all peaks around the same age. I don't remember the age four or five something like that. And the fear of the dark, fear of strangers is most intense. Probably evolutionarily adaptive because you didn't want your infants and babies crawling off away from the caregiver. So in six months if a baby crawls away and then looks back and doesn't see his mother he's almost always going to get quite upset. And this is evolutionarily adaptive because you want to be able to connect babies with their mothers. So we have not evolved to see a fear and hostility towards motor cars. And even though cars driving in a car is one of the most dangerous things that we do we don't, we haven't evolved that fear because cars have only been around for a hundred years. We haven't evolved an appropriate fear towards say electrical outlets.  So there's evolutionary mismatch such as we evolved to consume every calorie that was available to us. And those who who took advantage of every calorie that was available to them they were much more likely to survive and to pass on their genes than those who ate moderately. But now we're in an environment where food is easily available to us. I think I read in this book that our food also in 1970 food accounted for twenty, twenty percent of the family budget now is down to ten percent. So effectively food keeps costing less and less as a percentage of our income. So our agriculture is becoming highly, highly productive. One percent of the American population feeds us and we're developing ever more sophisticated and effective ways of doing agriculture. So now using digital technology, Peter Zion talks about this, I think in a recent video we're using digital technology. So it's software that will take a picture of a particular plant, something we're growing and then decide how much fertilizer it needs or if there are weeds around what gets a squirt of pesticide. And so this is dramatically increasing yields. It's very expensive and it's sophisticated technology. China doesn't have it. But US agriculture keeps booming and improving in productivity. So anyway we're surrounded by all sorts of delicious food and we have to go against our evolutionary adaptations to consume all the calories available or we will become obese. So the food industry has become ever more sophisticated at making food delicious and tempting and addictive and that's a large part of the reason why Americans have become so obese. There haven't been genetic changes in the past forty years that explain why Americans become obese. Now I think another part of the reason is advice from our social betters from the people in charge of public health who told us, oh you need to eat more grains you need to get your oil from seeds. And it used to be that Americans got I think most of their calories from fat. So by the 1950s I think Americans got most of their calories from fat and now we get most of our calories from carbohydrates. So there's a public health shift encouraging people to move from getting their calories from fat to getting their calories from carbs which turned out to be a disaster. It's turned out an epidemic of obesity and diabetes. So there's evolutionary mismatch. Then there is ordered and disordered organs and responses. So like ordered anxiety means you're walking by a cliff you should feel some anxiety. That anxiety is healthy. If there's good empirical reason to believe that you might lose your job and you don't want to lose your job then you should feel some anxiety to do to do better work. If there's an important relationship in your life that's in danger then you should feel some anxiety about protecting that. If your physical safety is at risk then you should feel some anxiety towards protecting that. Hey, Josh Randall have you been grief eating bro? Stress eating? Anxiety eating? Another beautiful day in Los Angeles. Love getting up early. Some eyes pulling out one of my 12 step books usually and just going for a walk reading a few sentences about how much of my life do I want to turn over to God? Do I need to bring God into my love life? Do I need to bring God into my work life? Am I willing to bring God into all areas of my life? Then I realize that I'm happier more fulfilled when I'm bringing God into more of my life. So those are the things I like to meditate on when I go for my early morning walks. So there's evolutionary mismatch where many of our fears are inappropriate to our environment and mismatch with our environment and many of our inclinations are mismatched with our environment and then there's ordered and disordered reactions. So ordered anxiety means that it serves you. So there are times that are appropriate to feel anxious and disordered anxiety and major cause of disordered anxiety is when you avoid things. So when you avoid something you build up anxiety because you get a dopamine hit when you avoid something that you should probably be confronting.  This is building your anxiety and you get a dopamine hit from seeing a threat a dog, oh no and escaping from the threat oh thank God I made it. So you get a dopamine hit that reinforces your anxiety about that object and if you're avoiding a person the same thing happens like you see a person you avoid him you get a dopamine hit from escaping danger and you're afraid of that person or for me often it's being software computer computer stuff, software stuff technology stuff that I was say afraid to learn I just kept putting it off and every time I put off learning some technology or some job skill I just built anxiety around that tech and just building, building finally sat down and confronted what I needed to confront so there are ordered reactions which are appropriate the heart pumps blood and then there are disordered reactions whereby avoiding things you're building inordinate levels of anxiety that don't serve you that are an inappropriate response so I found that helpful and there are a situation dependent, contingent dependent emotional reactions so if you have grief the loss of a spouse, loss of a friend loss of a job, loss of status then that can be an appropriate response but then sometimes you get stuck in what started out as an appropriate response and you have an inappropriate response that goes on and on and on becomes pathological so if you are frozen by grief because your favorite team lost a game on Sunday and you're immobilized for weeks afterwards obviously that's a disordered response that doesn't serve you I just found it helpful the way he breaks down in this book between evolutionary mismatch ordered responses, disordered responses the book is called What's Normal so he looks at the role of genetics things like courage, right we obviously did not evolve to be courageous because people who ran away from danger were far more likely to propagate and pass on their genes so we don't have we don't have genetic propensity towards courage because that would be evolutionary maladaptive but courage is a cultural construct because societies have an interest in encouraging courage particularly in their soldiers and women often find courage in men a very attractive trait so we respond to these cultural cues so we can learn to overcome our genetic predispositions to run away from danger so there's a chapter on obesity which he attributes primarily to evolutionary mismatch fear there's a chapter on fear he talks about how much of our fear is a result of evolutionary mismatch we are living in the safest the safest civilization in history the West today the United States today is about the safest civilization that's ever existed in history and yet we may well have as much or more anxiety than we've ever had before so that anxiety is not produced by the situation by by our context there's something else going on even when we're secure I think we're evolutionarily evolved to be constantly scanning for threats and it's probably really easy for this scanning threat detecting mechanism to go haywire and so I think about the United States with regard to the Korean War Vietnam War Afghanistan War and the Iraq War that here we've got a secure nation in the United States and we're hyper vigilant for these threats which really aren't much of a threat Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan Iraq these were all walls that we could have passed on but because because we're so secure because you can't invade the United States because we're protected by these giant oceans and our neighbors Mexico and Canada are so weak and still hyper vigilant for threats and so just like a person who's living in Beverly Hills and walking in Beverly Hills right now you may still be hyper vigilant for threats because we probably evolved that way and it may be an evolutionary mismatch so in the past it served us to be hyper vigilant for threats but maybe living in Beverly Hills today there would be better off say with 25% less vigilance for threats and so I think with individuals and with nations even when we're secure even when we're safe we may still become overly vigilant about threats the United States had no need to invade Afghanistan in 2001 or Iraq in 2003 but we did it because we're hyper vigilant about threat we suffered 3,000 dead on 9-11 and for all we knew there were going to be a wave of these attacks and so we better we better clean up these countries where threats might evolve so perhaps these disastrous US excursions in Afghanistan, Iraq, Vietnam maybe they're just partly a result of a highly secure state does a nation ever become so secure that it's no longer vigilant to threat? I don't think so what's the incentive structure? like politically it was mandated that we invade Afghanistan even if it was against our self-interest I think maybe politically it was still necessary and so to satisfy the bloodlust of the people we invaded Afghanistan the invasion of Iraq was incredibly popular 77% of the country according to polls supported the invasion of Iraq okay go back to that tree this one I'd like to say Brady Love Stacy I don't see any Brady Love Stacy here bro sorry I'm afraid it wore off bro seasons change feelings change people change two trees back okay what the heck we'll look for look for Josh's tree so the way our political system works often we're incentivized to do things that are really not in our best interests our genes and imprinting an environment often incentivize us to do things that against our self-interest okay is this the tree bro? what do you want to see here? I don't see any I don't see anything man the tree has changed and you have changed okay that's it bye bye


Good afternoon everyone and thank you for joining me for this last session. I Know this is probably one of the last things spending between you and Relaxed evening, so I'll try to make it as enjoyable as possible. My name is Alex and together with my colleague Chavi we have both developers network virtualization company Midokura and we presented for this afternoon a session on creating containers for network services so the idea of creating containers for network services or otherwise said containerizing network services is To enable certain neutron services such as for example load balancer firewall Dynamic routing that is BGP or VPN Making them containers to make them To have them as easily to deploy as possible for example in your data center So the question was why containers is that in many of these for many of these services We're actually using existing software for example for L bus we may use HEPROXY for VPN we may use LibreSwan or OpenSwan, so creating containers for these services is is because we may easily package these Applications and make them available at different compute nodes now What do we look at when we want to create containers for these network services? Well, the first thing is because One of the things is that containers and these Network functions have a similar lifecycle. So for example We don't have to have a full-fledged guest operating system running in order to for example support firewall or VPN But on the other hand We want for is for example these containers this this services to start up as fast as possible the second reason is High availability scalability. So with containers it's possible that We can Move one service from one compute host to a different compute host Deep for instance if you if we have a problem with we have to take it out for man for maintenance Another reason is resiliency so By enabling these network functions containers is Possible to monitor the health and if there is a problem then we simply start a new container a different host Also using containers. It's possible to use for the same function multi-vendor solutions. So for example if you want to use BGP and Or firewall you may use different applications depending for instance for customer for tenant You can use an open source software for a different customer a different tenant You could use let's say an enterprise version, right? and if the customer is willing to pay more for way to pay the license for that version and Finally we want to make Deploying the services as easy as possible for cloud operators We want to provide them tools for management to migrate containers from across different compute hosts to Set up different policies to manage these for example the host the set of hosts where these containers are deployed now How do we look at implementing these service containers? So starting from the top you can see that At the first layer we have different possible services that we can implement the service containers for example taking from Neutron We can use load balancer. We can use firewall. We can use VPN as service and so on the second layer is the open stack Neutron layer and These we have a Neutron plug-in that usually interfaces with whatever network utilization software use and The third layer is for now Let's say an upstart layer that we call service containers And it is of this layer where we provide the actual implementation that translates between the network function and network service above and An object that represents that service At different compute hosts, right? So these for now abstract objects called service containers will represent for example the type of service that you have to you run their configuration and we're supposed to be deployed and how they interact with with a virtual network and Finally at the lower layer The lower layer layer, excuse me, we have different compute servers and It is where where we deploy these services as containers, right? So these compute hosts. They will be connected probably through an interface with the software the networkization software that you have there and They will interact with with the other components with the other instances the other virtual components in your virtual network and so Now to recap a little bit. So the key key requirements. We looked at when we started implementing service containers work scalability, so We wanted to make sure that we can deploy these services as containers out compute hosts So that is where as you add more capacity to your other center adding more computes and supporting more instances the System also scales out in terms of the kind of services you can provide Then we want to also have it high availability. That is whether it is a problem either the container level or the compute level These services can still miss a transition from one host to two different one. Oh Sorry Then we want to monitor the container health That is we want to inform tele operators whether it is a problem with a service Also to make sure that Whatever network utilization software use it's they could be packed for instance the Health of these containers and otherwise move them to a different host we want to make possible for operators to manage these containers from the container level to groups of containers by applying policies to them and These policies may include for instance container affinity to certain hosts to certain groups of hosts to affinity to other containers or they could have faith sharing with certain other services or Certain network devices or ports for example, so how did we implement containers in mid-onnet? And from now I start to just explain a little bit what we did in order to enable enabling service functions in mid-onnet using containers so Just a brief introduction is on it is another realizations software started by minda kura and has been open sourced in 2014 and It provides For example that layer 2 layer 3 virtualization Stateful and stateless not firewall and so on and since release 5 1 we've added support for VPN as a service Which we implemented using these service containers? Now just a brief overview of how mid-onnet works So we can easily understand the the next step that where we go into how we implemented service containers so at the top we have Open stack a neutron which interacts through the middle of plug-in with a controller layer we also call it a mid-onnet cluster and this layer is responsible of simply translating The higher level northbound models from from neutron to our own Mid-onnet model or southbound layer model in that we store in our own database for this we leverage to keep her and At the low layer at the low layer we have different computes and on each compute we install different software they call a mid-onnet agent and This is the main software that deals with the packet level functions in network talization so the key difference What distinguishes me on it? is that We tried with me with this mid-onnet agent to push the intelligence of the edge that is by Converting the higher level neutron models into our own mid-onnet models that we store in a southbound data race It's possible for the mid-onnet agents to download these let's say enriched modified models and Apply their own logic in order to make packet processing distributed as distributed as possible so in this example if Certain VM or instance from one compute sends a packet to a different compute the mid-onnet agent residing a dead ingress host Will apply whatever transformation is needed? such as the packet seems like it's flowing through the virtual topology that we have in green on the right side and After all this transformation, or we also call it a simulation is completed The modified packet would simply be tunneled to the egress host in this case where we have the second instance or the second VM VM 2 In a little bit of more detail. I just want to mention that With in mid-onnet we leverage the OBS kernel module. So we have OBS in the kernel and On the top in user space we put the mid-onnet agent, right? So what happens is that when a certain instance sends a packet? Me know that they intercepts the packet runs the simulation on it and then depending on whether that packet has to aggressive Or the same host or a different host We'll send it back through through the kernel and I would be tunneled at the other host or be Would be simply be up to the same host If the VM is on the same physical compute Now with this brief introduction on mid-onnet and how it works How did we implement service containers? So Starting again from the top. So we see we have open stack neutron. We have now our plug-in and Here, let's say we have a service this service can be L-bass can be VPN service can will be in the future dynamic routing of course and this is something that you either create from neutron or it from horizon from the CLI from highs and for instance and Because our plug-in interacts with the mid-onnet controller that we have there on the top What we do in the controller is simply translate the service that you create from neutron Into a bunch of objects that reside in our southbound model and these objects in this case When you create a new service we create a port for it where we connect the container We also create a service container object and this container object encapsulates the information we need for that container that is encapsulates for example the service type Probably it's version of what kind of software it has to run and As well its configuration. So for example when we launch the service container, well, you know, we have to run This application it will run like this. This is its configuration and so on and Finally, we also create a third type of object in which case we call it a service container group and The purpose for this group is simply to allow cloud operators to have a better control of group groups of service containers and this is for reason of applying for example scheduling policies or affinity of the containers for different computes or how to manage their life cycle and I will show you later a demo of how this works So this was the first step doing the translation now the second step that we we took was to do some software modifications software modifications were one to add some additional container service support in our mid-on-net software running with a controller nodes and Also to add support for starting this container At ease manager life cycle or the compute hosts So we see that we have a container service Running of the controller and several container services running at the compute so In a couple of slept steps the way this works is for example the first step is you create a service from Neutron, right? this gets translated into our southbound model through the controller and will store these objects in our southbound database then The controller would notify for example, which compute host would have to start the The container so we do this was scheduling algorithm The compute starts the controller step number three and then the container step four will report via the southbound database It's status. That is what it's running if it's healthy, it's okay and so on and Final step the controller monitors the container status and takes action Whenever something is wrong for example, the container is down the compute is done and It or it for instance the operator has modified the policy or has manually rescheduled the container and so on so now I'd like to demonstrate to you how this works and Before I do so I just wanted to take a couple of steps explaining a little bit of a little bit of setup so for this setup I on my laptop here, I started an open stack environment and I'm running a controller an open stack with open stack with Neutron the Mid-on-net Neutron plug-in and I also running the Minonet controller software and I also have two computes actually I have three computes because the Minonet agent is also running on the controller node so I can play a little bit with with the containers I can show you how I can move the containers from one compute to the other compute and The virtual topology I'm trying to demonstrate here is a simple one I have two networks they call them Mercury and Venus and they also they all have a router This would be the tenant router and they're connected to a public network and I'm trying to enable VPN on these routers such that the instances that I am running On each of these networks can can talk to each other through VPN, right? So In the implementation of Minonet what would happen when we enable VPN on these routers is the we attach to each router in the virtual topology a Container an IPsec container in this case To which traffic will flow from the tenant network and through the public one and the same the other the other tenant, right? Now a little bit of information about what translations we do So for for what whoever is not familiar with how VPN works in in neutron and opens that Right. So when you create when you set up VPN in neutron What you do is first you create a VPN service and in this VPN service you say What is the router on which we want to enable it and what is the private network that for each enable VPN and then For every VPN service that you have you create an IPsec site connection That tells what is the peer router and what is the peer network behind that route? so through the translation more like explain a little before so we're going to create the service container and service container group and of Course we also create a router port where we'll attach the container And we're also going to add all the rules that are necessary to redirect traffic flowing through this router such as for instance Clear-text traffic coming from the private network would be redirected to the container Right such that the software running in the container will be able to encrypt it But also for instance the IPsec traffic come up from outside that is the blue traffic as well as for instance the red Ike traffic that's necessary to set up the Ike security associations, right? So in the end we gonna end up with something like this So with having in blue the clear-text traffic that flows from the VM from the instances to the router gets redirected to the containers and Then in the containers the in this case we use Libre Swan and The Libre Swan software will encrypt it according to the configuration send it to the peers and This is the red traffic the encrypted traffic that we see so for this demo I have here open stack you you can see my my virtual topology let me know if it's not big enough and I can make it bigger and We also have the Two instances one of the twins is actually over there right so here I'm logged in into let's say with the instance connected to the mercury network. I can see it's IP address Right in this case. It's 192 168 12 and I for instance right to ping Let's say the second instance right it doesn't work because they are both in private networks behind routers and In order to make it work what I have to do is enable a VPN connection between them so for this First I'd like to go I have here Let me try to make it this bigger The three hosts I showed you previously in my physical topology So on the top I have the controller and then the other two computes on the bottom So on the top because I have running the mean on that controller here. I can start We have our own let's say CLI to interact with Southbound model this is needed for now at least because you don't have access to the container models from directly from neutron yet, right? so here we can see The three hosts that we have running and I try to emphasize a little bit information about what's related to the containers So we see here that we have the three hosts They are live and we also have some container configuration that we can set up later And this is needed for instance when operators apply. They want to apply policies For the container services And now if we try to list the number of containers we see that we don't have any at the moment So to set up VPN. Let's go back to horizon and see here I already created not to waste any more time the Ike and IPsec policies and Let me now set up the VPN. So for this for instance, I'm going to set up a VPN service for the mercury network All right, I'm enabling on the mercury router and the local subnet is 1 0 slash 24 I'm going to do the same for the Venus and Now at this point both VPN service are impending create mode. That is because I'm gonna get this bigger Are impending create mode because we haven't yet set up the IPsec side connections so for this we go to the IPsec side connection tab and here it is where we configure the peers That is for each VPN service that we added we configure to which Peer site it should connect So the first one would be mercury. Let's say to Venus Sorry, so we enable this connection on the mercury router We use the policies that we define these are just policies with a default configuration and here we enter the IP address of The peer router that is the Venus router and the last step is to say what is the peer subnet that is the subnet behind the Venus router in this case is 192 168 and 2 0 slash 24 And a pre shared key. Let's say my secret key so Now we can see that the VPN service for the mercury site is in active state and if we go back to our CLI and We list the containers we can see that we have one container running so this container is an IPsec container That is given by its type We can see what's the port that's corresponding to the container. So we created a new port for it And also the host what it has been scheduled So for example if we list from here the routers that we have So we can see that the router one is the router for the mercury site We can see that we have an initial port That is connected to the container and this is the port that it's plugged So when we did a translation from the neutron model to the Southbound model that we use in middle net we created this new port for the new service container and We connected this port to the router and we connected the container there. So now let's do the same at a new Site connection between Venus and mercury. So this is on Venus. We use the same policies This is is connected to the mercury router and the PSM net is 10 slash 24 and the same pre-shared key Hope everything is the same so It works so now the second VPN services in active status and if you go back To the middle net CLI we see that we have two containers now so one for each VPN service because we have two routers and The second container in this case is running on host one So let's hope the pink works and I don't have to redo this Yes, so now the pink works between two sides So I'm gonna leave it running for now. So We see we have two containers on different compute hosts. So if we list the host so host one is compute one host two is compute two So I said that one advantage of running the of implementing the services containers is it? Well, then there is a problem. It's easy to simply move the container from one host to the other host So let's try to do that now. For example, let's go to compute two where we have container zero and Let's stop the agent running there, right? so the name of the middle net agent is middleman, so I'm gonna stop that service and let's List the containers again, and now we can see that one container has been migrated from host two to host zero And if we go back To the pink we can still we can see that still running now There may be a couple of packets lost this depends on the environment in my case my laptop here is pretty slow especially with 12 gigs Allocated to running open stack on all these computes. So you will see that the TTL is quite high and It also depends because you use JVM on having a warmed up JVM. So normally the packet loss and Failing over the containers Should take very little time, but when I'm doing this the first time usually takes a little bit more now I said that another thing interesting about using containers is that We can allow operators to easily manage the way the deploy service in the network. So whereas Scalability high availability is that we allow you to for instance use the same computes so for instance you add more capacity providing services simply scales out and When there is a problem, we can simply transition containers from one host to the other host We also can provide operators with for instance features like policies and as I said previously in our controller nodes what we do have is this container service and Part of the responsibility of this container service is to handle the container Scheduling that is choosing the compute host where we run these containers Now in the client implementation we have so this is a project that we started about four or five months ago is That the controller nodes coordinate between themselves in sort of active passive way So we only have one controller node running at a time But if there is a problem you take it down for maintenance another controller node just takes up the scheduling function And they they are also restart tolerance So you can restart it and nothing in your scheduling of the existing containers will change If controller nodes are down the containers won't be supervised if there is a problem But otherwise when you start a new one, you simply see where the containers are and just work now One of the the functions of this container scheduling is of course to determine where we run these containers This is one. The second is if there is a problem and a container just a particular container has a problem We want to fail over that container to different hosts If a host is down we also monitor the host status and if a host is down Then we take all the containers that you have there and we try to migrate them to different hosts And finally we want to allow operators some granularity in manipulating these containers So for example, we allow an operator to Perform let's say per container scheduling that is say I want this container to run a threat host also to apply some scheduling group policies What kind of policies well? One type of policies is affinity policies and these tell us to which groups to which group of hosts We can run a certain container and for example We support anywhere affinity where you do you choose from all the hosts that you have available in a cloud from all computes We also have right now implemented host group affinity and this will allow for instance to choosing from a certain subset of hosts and Probably even more let's say Important for certain types of containers is poor group affinity where you have the possibility to specify that the the Compute host to which containers to run are tied to whether some ports are located there and this is for example useful When you have let's say Containers supporting BGP right you want to run your BGP containers But your gateways and the gateways are defined by where you have your uplink ports If you move your uplink port from one gateway to another for instance when you take a certain compute down for mental maintenance Then you'd like also that the containers that are there to migrate to where the uplink port goes right, so when you use Poor group affinity you simply say I want my containers my BGP containers to run where my uplink ports are and Then as these for instance uplink ports move from one host to different host The containers would also migrate to with the ports and In addition to to the affinity policies that we support. We also added some selection policies now Because this is a young project what we've we only have added two so far and probably the first one was simply a weighted policy where you just Are able to allocate a weight metric to each compute host and say What is the probability that host will be chosen? to run a container and Where the metric of zero means that we should not run a container there So for instance, we'll see during the the demonstration that when we set the metric to zero We can't run a container the container be migrated And excuse me, I also have we also have a list policy in which case this is a live policy and The list policy takes feedback from the host and tries to allocate containers to the host that have the fewest number so Let's start a ping here again. I Just want to demonstrate a couple of these of these policies because we don't have a lot of time So for example, if we list the containers now, we see that we have One container running a force one the other container running host zero. Let me start the third Compute and in the meantime, let's say I want to take host on host one for maintenance, right? And I only have host zero left. So What I want what I can do is simply Practically migrate a container container one in this case from host one to whole zero so For this host it's container one. We simply set host Host And we can see that the container has been migrated now just at the moment when I Entered container list. It was in starting status and we see it hasn't been allocated. It's an interface yet but if I'm refreshing now you see the container has started and you see there what it's network interface and We go back to to our ping here and the ping is to the running And in terms of policies that I told previously that we control policies through the container groups So right now in implementation have at the moment We create a new container group in a translation for every serve VPN service you create So now we see that we have here to container groups and the policy is the least policy, right? But For example, we can change this policy to weighted for certain containers And then we can see how this policy will affect the containers. So So let's change the policy for both groups to weighted and In order to apply certain weight for instance, let's say we have We have here our host list and we want to make host to The host with a higher container weight, right? So let's make for instance list this host 10,000 and And Let's say we don't want to run any containers the host zero is for a controller. We want to stop running containers there so what we can do is We take host zero we set its container weight To zero and we expect of course, this is probabilistic the probability of choosing a certain host is weighted by the value That we entered but it's not by any means certain and this is the other policy or the other policies What will allow flexibility for this? So now we should migrate? containers from host zero to any other host and The scheduler should choose a host based on the policies that we entered and according to the weight, right? so We can see that now both containers are running at host 2 The ping is still is still going and If we go to host 2 and we list the interfaces then we see here that we have these Are the interfaces where the containers are connected now? I'd like to I'd love to show you some more, but unfortunately I also have to leave a couple of minutes for questions so Of course, there are many other policies we can think of we implemented only two we didn't have time to add more If you want to try it so everything in this releases open source You can just you have to set up your own open-stack environment. We have on we don't work quick start. You just It's a script you downloaded you right? That's what I used to set up my Open-stack environment here. You can download packages for 5 1 that is the Because the the quickest are scripted is for 5 0 so 5 1 you'd have to download and install packages, but it's quite easy from building on it or and of course if you run into any problems Get to us on slack and we'll try to answer them so now I'm open to any questions you might have. Thank you. Yeah Good presentation. Thank you. So can you elaborate a little bit on how you got neutron to integrate with those containers? Yeah, so we haven't worked on the neutron side yet anything related to this. So the idea was to for now was simply to leverage the southbound model that we have and Use that at least initially in order to implement these containers so yeah, our idea was for instance to support VPN in in middle net right and in addition to this we thought of all these challenges related to high availability scalability and Giving the operators some control over where they run for instance this third-party VPN software We use Libre Swan right, but you could use Quara for instance for BGP or whatever So that is how we started with the idea of containers. That is let's wrap these application as containers They don't let's don't make them full VMs because they don't maybe they don't need to write They don't need full isolation So we'll have which the southbound malls that we had to implement this initial version at least Right and this is what we had so far and this is how we did it Of course maybe in the future this is these ideas are a bit separate from The containers work they're doing now in neutron So it's not the same container orchestration, but it's more related to let's say encapsulated containers Certain services, of course, it's very possible that this could be taken off frame You know implementing in neutron and adding support for it in neutron But it also for now at least in our version It depends a little bit on the kind of code that we have in order to orchestrate these containers that is schedule them Get status from them health checks and so on Hey Alex fantastic presentation. Thanks. It's a really neat capabilities you may have said this and I might have just missed it the Policies that you're able to enforce and the scheduling that you do. Are you leveraging any other? open-source schedulers or have you guys written on yourselves now for this one we implemented ourselves our own scheduler All right, so if there are any more questions. Oh Excuse me So I think I've seen this is the third session with a similar idea And so far no one's really thought of what the API or I haven't seen any ideas on what the API from neutron might look like Do you have any thoughts? Have you thought ahead about what you'd like to do? Would it be something you want to let the tenants do is it something you'd reserve for this site operator? What are you thinking about about how the tenant would engage that? So initially we thought this would be a at least an operator site because Probably for the for the tenants this would be the service They don't ask for container in this case. They ask for the service and the service is VPN or firewall or whatever For them the fact that behind there is a container that would provide them. Let's say 99 point something Availability it should be transparent right but for the operator. It's not so probably of course It'd be would be awesome in this case to have some neutron support for it. So In this case operation go to our CLI to manage them We haven't put any thought in in an API for this yet. As I said the project is pretty young and We it started from a need of Implementing VPN it it wasn't just driven by we want to have containers But of course we'd have to think about it I don't know if you explain this so that these containers provide the network service How does it interact with the middle net agent on the individual host there? You do the pack a simulation, right? I just want to know what's the What's the integration? So at that layer even it interacts with with the middle net agent in the same way of VM interacts the only difference is is that Because we have this richer lower layer models that we use we just Tell the agent to what kind of transformation it needs to apply in this case for instance the what we needed to tell the agent was that hey for Traffic got coming from the private network and going to the network to the peer network Just route it to the container and there we have the container we have Libre swan while running and Libre swan has been configured know that packets Going between these two networks they should be encrypted with this configuration and the configuration is the one you you set from neutron But otherwise from the agent side is just as a VM. So there is no difference there It is a transformation in the mall. That's important not The agent we haven't done any work on the agent to do some particular as the end operations Okay, so if there aren't any more questions. We're the time anyway. Thank you very much for attending this last session


to the 30 paintings in 30 days project. So every day of this month, at least 30 days of this month, we are going to create a little painting a day and we're going to see what happens. I'm going to experiment mostly with watercolor and gouache and let's get to painting and I will see you at the end. Okay guys, welcome back to 30 and 30 painting number eight. If you are watching this on YouTube and you're not in Patreon and you got the talking version, I don't know how you manage that because it's unlisted, but welcome. If you have any questions, comments or concerns, please do leave them down below and if you are in Patreon, you can of course message me over there and let's get started, shall we? I of course have my inspiration book that way just off camera. I've got my paint up there, got a palette which I need to clean. Also, I have an idea for a painting based on my inspiration book. So we are going to see what happens with that. I've got my usual suspect brushes. I've got my FX effects brush by creative mark, my number nine scrubby brush thing for brushing out the gel pen and whiteout pen when I need to. I've got a number one round and a number four round and a half inch flat. So let's get started with the half inch flat. Let's grab some Prussian blue. Excuse me if you can hear my stomach is gurgling. I did eat lunch, holy cow. We're going to grab some buff titanium and some water, thin it out with just a bit of water. I'm going to just grab some water. I would say clean water, except my water is disgusting. Be glad you can't see it on camera. I do need to clean my water bowl out again. So I'm just, as always, I prefer my style of painting, whether I'm using acrylic or watercolor, is generally to do the background first. I don't want to have to if I can help it go back and touch up the background. I find that really aggravating. So I am going to paint the background and we're going to give it a dry. And I may take my rag.   So you can take your little piece of sponge and push it into the wet paint. And it's going to give you sort of a texture and it'll lift up some of the pigment. Now we're going to give that a dry. Okay, right away, we're going to go in with our whiteout pen. I know that's like unusual. I don't usually go in with it this soon. And we're going to put some down. And then we're going to have the whiteout pen in one hand and the brush we were scrubbing things out with in the other hand. And before things to get too dry, spreading that whiteout pen out a bit and just lightening up that background. One of the things you'll notice with my painting is I get so lost in the process of painting and enjoying the painting process so much, especially with watercolor. I forget to stop and leave white space. But we're a mixed media artist at heart. And I don't believe in being a purist about too many things in life. This is one of them. In fact, maybe not anything in life. So don't be afraid to get in there with your whiteout pen, your gel pen and put that highlighter texture back into the background that you forgot to leave. And I'm going to zoom in right about here. Hopefully you can see that it just it's very subtle, but perfect. So let's give that a dry and I'll be right back. Okay, we're going to go in with our larger round brush, the number four. I'm going to just use the blue that's on here and I'm going to add some van dyke brown, which is a nice dark brown to it, which will gray up the brown a bit, which is fine. And I'm going to now the whiteout pen will resist the paint a little bit. It's totally fine. If you're really concerned about that, then you might want to like put some pencil lines on there first, so that you aren't putting that whiteout pen where you want to later put color. I'm good with it. So I'm going to go in with a little bit of what color, maybe the moon glow. That's a dark purple, purpley gray color. It's a little bit of the unexpected. Okay, now we're going to take I'm going to start with these gray color, the inspiration painting. I should say page I'm looking at has photos that I've taken over the years of different different places around the country where I seem to end up at the beach somewhere looking at birds, trying to get pictures of wildlife, which if you follow me on my vlog, you know, I'm supremely bad at because, you know, I just seem to be horrible at it. But there's a couple of these photos where the birds are in silhouette. So we're not going to again try to get too crazy with painting them realistically because that's not what I do. I'm not waiting for the colors to excuse me dry or get in there with the dryer to dry them before I add the other color because I sort of want this purple and grayish brown color to sort of blend. So let's give that a dry. We're going to try the gel pen, although if you've been following this video, you know that gel pen doesn't usually work too well. Sometimes it does, but not generally. It's doing okay. We don't again want to draw too many details. I just want to actually I'm really wanting to let's see where is my favorite pen plain old bic crystal pen love this pen. They're cheap. They work well over most surfaces. They don't bleed. They pair with watercolor very well. That's a cute little painting. Is it a masterpiece? No. Do I like it? Yes, it makes me happy. All right, so let's take our tape off. So I want you to think of these little paintings that we're doing as little studies, which is a word I was trying to think of in one of the other episodes that I was filming on this. And I couldn't think of it because you know, Corona bring, but these are just little studies, experiments with painting with maybe a new medium for you. If you haven't tried watercolor before, maybe just getting reacquainted with a medium if you've done watercolor, but not recently, trying new color combinations, new compositions, and just having fun. So there we go.  I love it. So that's what we have for painting number eight. If you'd like to support the free content here on Facebook or in the here on Facebook, holy cow, if you'd like to support the free content here on YouTube or over in the Facebook art groups, I certainly would appreciate that you can of course join Patreon. We do have YouTube membership here for a small fee. And also I have an Etsy shop and I have PayPal tip jar and all that stuff. So check out the video description. Relevant links will also be down there. And yeah, don't forget the most important things.  Do share your work with me. I would love to see what you're doing. That's it for now. See you later. Bye guys.


It's one that decentralizes basic needs infrastructures and frees people. It's one that fights to end the wars that are happening around the world to bring peace around the world. It's one that frees people of matrix enslavements. It's not one that says that, oh, it doesn't matter because everything is already perfect. That's a bypass.  An angry warrior that wants to unleash itself. You like masturbating on your sense of self. You like masturbating on concepts, especially spiritual ones.  You like talking about oneness, but you don't like taking action. You don't like rage. You don't like anger. You don't like fully letting go of everything that's being repressed so you can actually be a warrior for the new world.   It is not a ground. And actually what it is is it's a repressing of what your unique gift is in service to earth, in service to others.   You're pretending like you're not actually a unique character that is on the battleground of earth. You are. And what are you choosing to build? And where are you building from? Non-duality is where everything always comes from. Everything is always not separate. Everything is always nothing, everything. Everything's always that.  It's one that decentralizes basic needs infrastructures and frees people. It's one that fights to end the wars that are happening around the world to bring peace around the world. It's one that frees people of matrix enslavements. It's not one that says that, oh, it doesn't matter because everything is already perfect. That's a bypass.  And the spiritual cunt is the one that's repressing the warrior. Spirituality is drunk on equanimity. It's drunk on stillness as a ground. It's drunk on emptiness that is a ground. Meanwhile, there's no difference between the still and empty Buddha or the raging alcoholics at bars or at tailgates at sporting events. There's no difference at all.    There's no difference between being in the straight jacket of separation and being in the straight jacket of being a spiritual cunt or being identified spiritually or being identified as oneness or non-duality or a spiritual teacher or one that teaches a certain tool set. It's all complete straight jacket. The only thing that's not straight jacket is tasting the non-separation that always already is obvious and then fully integrating that into your mask, into your costume, into your body and being the sky warrior on earth for basic needs, for new earth, abundance and prosperity for all. Stop avoiding that motherfucker. Stop avoiding that.   Knock out the matrix enslavement technologies and systems. Knock those out, free people of them, increase awareness of them, build new systems that transcend those.  And I mean now.  Stop repressing them. Stop repressing your emotions. Stop repressing your thoughts. Stop repressing your honest self. Stop repressing that. And that means unstraightjacket everything, let everything flow.  Zero hidden with your family, with your friends, with everyone, with the internet, with everyone have nothing hidden. Nothing hidden at all. Be a completely transparent body and soldier on the battlefield saying exactly what is the constitution of the body which is basic needs, abundance for all. And get going on building those communities. Get going on building those infrastructures. Get going on supporting the ones that are exiting and building.  Exit out of the old and build into the new. Stop masturbating on spirituality. Stop masturbating on spirituality. Stop masturbating on spirituality. Stop masturbating on spirituality. Stop masturbating on non-duality. Stop masturbating on non-duality. Non-duality is not a ground. It is not a ground, my friend.     Especially the male bodies, how often have you shown your nipples to the internet? Look at this natural body, this natural animal body absorbing all of the sunlight sitting on the grass, taking the grass, eating the grass.   If you don't masturbate to the solar punk style of futurism, of earth in complete harmony with nature and abundance for all, get going, start looking at that every single day. That is the indigenous earthly wisdom brought together with modern technology and prosperity for all. That is the archetype, that is what we're working with. Constitutionalize yourself as that.     Build new earth, build new earth, build new earth, build new earth, rally the troops, rally the troops, huh, huh, huh, huh, huh, huh, build new earth, build new earth, build new earth, build new earth.    You came here with unique codes with unique gifts to express to this collective as this this infinite as this infinite in body expressing gifts.   Seize it. Seize it completely. The sovereignty. The constitutionalization in the body.   So die on it. Surrender all of the body to the perfect flow. Channeling through the empty vessel for abundance and prosperity on earth only and only that. The stillness and non-separation is already a given. It is not something that must be attained over eons of work. It is already the infinitude. It is already it. It is already it. So therefore there is only the character. There is only the body. There is only infinity being the body the character.  You went through so much contraction and then expansion.  Be the gifts. As these words flow out the body these these tight muscles loosen these nerves loosen because it is felt that the truth is flowing the contractions are loosening the body is becoming more of an effortless waterfall of what it is meant to be.    I want you to be a general. I want you to rally the troops and build the new earth. I want you to only talk about the solar punk future. I want you to only build that. Only talk about free energy. Only talk about the traps avoiding the traps of the matrix control system and awakening those that are still asleep to it. Liberating them from that exiting that and building the new communities the new homesteads the new water food energy housing sovereignty joy basic needs peace creativity science engineering art children being free children growing up and being free non duality does not care at all about children growing up and being free non duality must be integrated into the gifts of the body that then roar like the divine feminine and masculine gifts that can come through it so that that new earth can actually be manifest.