Okay, hello everyone, my name is Steven McCourt. I work for the Wikimedia Foundation Legal Team and I'm here to talk about 3D and open source software licensing. The purpose of this talk is to provide a general introduction to open source. If you work here you're probably very familiar with how open source works and you probably are very familiar with the licenses as well as the technical side. So I'm not going to go into a lot of detail but feel free to ask questions. Also I work on the legal team, I'm happy to advise the members of the Wikimedia Foundation engineering team so if you have really specific questions or projects you're working on it's probably best for us to discuss those afterwards and I think I'll have a little bit of time with your general questions at the end. Two notes, I have a copy of this presentation with more complete details on what I'm presenting so if you'd like to refer to that afterwards let me know. And second, in the spirit of free culture and the Creative Commons licenses we use on all of our projects, all of the images drop as presentation as well as the presentation itself are free to license. This presentation is a remix including a lot of work that was prepared and re-assigned previously so you'll find attributions at the end of the deck with more information or you can find details on that. So a note on terminology, you'll see the words free software and open source licensing used around the internet largely interchangeably but they are actually very different terms, they come from different historical and philosophical backgrounds, there's a bit of an ideological and linguistic war that goes on between free and open source software but we use them roughly to mean the same thing here but they are different or we'll go into the details of the differences. A lot of what we do qualifies as free software but we also use a lot of open source software and licenses and a lot, there's some arguments about where exactly the difference lies. This presentation is designed to be largely pragmatic so to avoid falling into the war between free and open source software we're just going to refer to them collectively as free open source software or FOSS, you might also see the phrase free licensing or free Libra open source software FOSS around the internet but we'll just be pragmatic about the terms we use. So why do we use open source so extensively at Wikimedia around the office and all of our projects? If you're hired as an engineer working for Wikimedia you probably have a gut reaction to that and you probably also understand a lot of the arguments for free software but it's important to revisit them just so we can inform our discussion of how we comply with free licenses because exactly how we use them is largely motivated by why they're good for our organization. So first and foremost the Wikimedia Foundation is a public charity, we're a non-profit organization and our mission includes a dedication to developing content under a free license. So we simply use free software licenses and open source licenses because we say we were part of our core mission and we build all of our materials not just the photos and texts but also the software and tools under licenses that allow others to use what we create and then we build a product. That's just how we do things at Wikimedia. Second, we have a community of people that work on open source software and this community contributes back to our work and they're able to participate in our work because we're so open so by using open source and free software we develop a healthier community and we sort of grow that community and I think if you look at the community on Wikimedia.org you'll see one of the more popular and productive communities that we have. And then finally we use open source and free software because basically it works, it does great things. You probably already know that, that's probably why we work here. So that means we comply with open source obligations both as a legal matter as well as a moral one. The bottom line is that we're legally required to comply with these licenses but it's also the right thing and it helps our software improve and our community grow. So I'm going to walk through some of our licensing obligations. I'll talk about some of the categories of licenses and then the different obligations they have as well as some examples. These categories are rough categories. I think you'll find them around the internet a lot of people use them but they're not necessarily set in stone so you might see some differences if you go through the Wikipedia articles on all of these licenses. So in general they fall into three categories. All open source licenses allow people to use, modify and share work. We use the list of licenses that's prepared by OSI. If you look at our contracts you'll see the phrase OSI approved licenses but there are other lists of what qualifies as a free or open source license. The Free Software Foundation publishes one of these lists. If you see anything that isn't on the OSI list or the Free Software Foundation's list I wouldn't recommend using it. That's usually a big warning flag mostly that people are confused about what they're doing or perhaps they are not actually releasing it under a free license. But if you have concerns about an acronym that you see come talk to the legal team and we can help you figure out if it actually is an open source license. But the list is pretty comprehensive. It's probably longer than you need to know every single one of the acronyms on there but the OSI list is longer than you do. And then the three categories that we'll discuss today and I think you can probably group all of the open source licenses into one of these categories and there are of course nuances within them but these categories are a useful way of thinking about it. The first is permissive licenses. These are designed for simplicity to basically you want to get your software out there. The second are copy left licenses. These are designed to promote freedom, to ensure that stuff stays free and open source. And then finally the apharo category which basically consists of one license and that's designed to really, really promote freedom especially in a world that has web services. So all of these licenses are very similar. They allow you to use Modify and Share but they have different obligations exactly when you use or share the software. So we'll discuss some of those. The first are permissive licenses. Permissive licenses allow you to do anything including sharing copies of the binary code without sharing copies of the source code. They are very popular. They're increasingly popular these days. They are just basically designed for simplicity. Why would you want to use a permissive license? Basically it's something that you just want to get out there and you don't want to attach any additional conditions. They have very minimal strings attached and we'll discuss what those exactly are. So there's really only two things you need to think about when you're using a permissive license. First, if you give someone a copy of the code, then you have to share a copy of the license in the license file. And then second, if you do share a copy of the code, you shouldn't change any of the licensing text. Just claim that you wrote it. You have to keep the original credit or attribution place. Exactly how this works is different from license to license but basically if you follow those two key obligations, we'll be on the clear. And of course, I'm happy to discuss if you have questions about particular licenses. These obligations occur when you distribute the code. So we'll discuss how that works with a few examples. The common permissive licenses include the BSD-MIT license as well as Apache. We use Apache for mobile apps. It's sort of our recommended license but there are others you can use. If you see a new one and you're not sure exactly how it fits because there are much more than these three that we can discuss but there are also benefits to sort of sticking to a few standard licenses but just using Apache as many times as you can. So what do you do if you distribute a piece of binary code like a mobile app under a permissive license? The answer is pretty simple. All required to do is include licensing information inside of the application. This is something that you do already. If you look inside the Wikipedia mobile app you'll see a list of libraries used with links to the license and that material is readily available for people who use the app. You'll find this all over in many other apps as well. And we actually go above and beyond. We distribute copies of the source code but that's not one of the things you're required to do. Under a permissive license, we just do that because we sort of go above and beyond in this case. So what happens if you use a permissive license in the side of the service where you're not actually distributing the binary source code but you're just using it perhaps for renting software? This is even simpler because when you're not distributing a permissive license the obligations don't come into effect. This is part of why people like permissive licenses. They're just very easy to use without really thinking about what the license requires of you. So there are two exceptions that you need to always keep in mind. If you do share source code you should always preserve the licensing information and if we do go above and beyond what we're going to do inside of the Wikipedia mobile app this is an important thing to keep in mind. And then second, if you're putting the source code into Debian packages or other distributive repositories you might be required to include correct licensing information and there are tools that can help you catch this sort of compliance. The second category of licenses are the copy left licenses. Copy left is different than permissive. As I said before, it's designed to protect freedom. In a nutshell, copyright licenses allow you to use and modify but if you share binaries built upon the source code then there are some additional obligations that go into effect. You have to share a copy of the source code and you also have to release the code that you have incorporated into under the same license. This is sometimes called a viral clause. A better term might be reciprocal or predatory but the key is that you have to give the code under the same license that you got it under and that is how it protects freedom. It ensures things are not locked up by someone who is contributing modifications to your code. So in our context we usually use the GNU General Public License or the GPL. It's far away the most common viral or copy left license that you'll see and it's widely used for media wiki R software but many other pieces of software as well. For our purposes we use the GPL Virgin II. GPL Virgin II and V3 are very similar but they are different licenses so you should keep that in mind. When we label things for the Wikimedia's purpose we use GPL V2 for any later version. That doesn't mean we put V3 on there. It means we put the phrase any later version on our code and that's just a standard practice that people do with a GPL software. So what do we do if we include a GPL license library inside of an application in distributed binary form. This is similar to the first example under the permissive licenses but the outcome is slightly different. The copy left license will require to include the license in the app which is the same as permissive but will also require to do the source code available to users and then also under the same license. That is an additional requirement that is sometimes burdensome for people. So one question that you're probably wondering is what must you make under the GPL? What does this viral clause actually apply to? So if you're including the GPL code inside of the code of the Wikimedia app then the answer is more clear cut but if it's a separate library that's being incorporated in there the answer can get a little bit tricky. I recommend talking with the legal team to understand exactly how this works. If you have any questions about combining the GPL with other licenses then we probably need to discuss how the combination is being made in order to determine if the viral clause is coming into effect. So what happens if you're using GPL license libraries on our server? The second example under the permissive licenses and similarly to the permissive licenses there is no obligation because we're not distributing the code to our users and buyers we're merely using the code. Now there are two exceptions as we discussed before when we do publish the code we have to maintain the licensing information and if we're distributing this in a different package then we have to comply with those rules as well but for the most part using the code doesn't trigger the license compliance. The apparel license is not technically a new license but it's one that's becoming really more popular in the age of web services it goes above and beyond what the GPL requires so this is the last category of license and it consists largely of one which is the apparel general public license of the AGPL. The AGPL requires you to distribute code even if you haven't distributed the binary version if you're using it to create an interactive service that users can access over the web essentially if you're using something like Media Weekly as a web service then you would need to also distribute comply with obligations under the license. This is very different than traditional open source licenses but it's designed to ensure that we can protect freedom in sort of a GPL style in an era when people don't often distribute code but just run into services. So if we're using an AGPL license library on a server which is user facing we'll use actually interact with that library where required to make the source code available and then possibly that requirement extends to the AGPL. So this requirement is rather big I mean a lot of very few people actually use the AGPL there are some notable services to do but it's not as common as the GPL. The GPL was sort of designed with Linux and GCC in mind and the AGPL was designed with web services in mind but the just changes in licensing meant more things end up permissive to remember something like the AGPL but if we're looking to sort of protect freedom and be aggressive about that with a web service then the AGPL might be a choice to consider. There's some open questions just like the GPL of exactly what source code you're required to release but unlike the GPL we don't have a lot of industry practice around it since it's a newer license and not as widely used. The legal department has sort of a checklist that we can help you walk through if you're considering using the AGPL or if you want to release some software you've created under the AGPL but the standards are sort of unclear. We also have an additional new question what is user-facing code or code that users interact with so that means that not necessarily everything we run on our servers that's released the AGPL would trigger the AGPL requirements but this is sort of a complication that we can work out together. So in summary basically three things to keep in mind always include licensing information when you distribute code if you're using a copy left license and mobile or distributing the binary they need to consider it in a little more detail and then be extra careful if you see the AGPL anywhere and discuss with us I have a few additional points on top of this besides those three that we just discussed. So first always keep track of where you get your code many developers don't think about it but just because you see it as under open license doesn't mean it's free to be used in any way at all if you're copying and pasting random code from around the internet you might end up with licenses that are incompatible. One notable example is Stack Overflow which uses commons 3.0 for their license with a Sherlock clause that can have some complications when using it with GPL so please avoid copying and pasting code blindly from Stack Overflow into GPL license code if you have questions about where code came from perhaps it's from another license that is compatible with the GPL since things might have had an original repository other than Stack Overflow. I think the open source initiative is trying to get that bit stacked should we? No, we're trying to get Stack Overflow to fix the license for their code. Yes, because using CCBiase for code is a super-bottom organization would possibly be that right. Yeah, so we have yes, and Creative Commons has worked hard to get CCBiase 4.0 compatible with the GPL to help us exactly how that will help Stack Overflow? Only GPL v3, Greg. Yes. And yeah, so just status quo, be careful but in general it's good to know where your code came from even if it's not from Stack Overflow because that can help us track down who created it and in practice people who release their stuff on Stack Overflow or elsewhere and being used by Wikipedia is awesome so we can talk to them about giving them to use up for the right license if you're under that. So, be careful about incompatible licenses. As I said before, just because it's free doesn't mean that it is free without conditions and sometimes those conditions don't match up easily. So there are sometimes some Mexican matching problems here are a few of the most common ones but if you're ever in doubt come talk to the legal team, we can sort it out and basically make it so you don't have to worry about it. It's really helpful to use consistent licenses to avoid this sort of mix and match problem so we recommend that you use the GPL v2 or later for media wiki standard work. This helps ensure that we use the same license we're on the same page and we avoid unintentional mixing and matching problems compatibility questions. If you're creating extensions other scripts to do things permissive license might make more sense but if you're contributing to media wiki core or media wiki extensions then GPL v2 is a great statement. Another really important point is to ensure you have a license header and a file and all of the code. It not only helps us keep track of the licenses that we use and obligations that we have but it also helps others comply with the licenses that we're giving them. Basically we should make it easy to understand what their obligations are. So in practice the licensing files can get separated from the code that they're attached to so using a consistent licensing practice can be very helpful. The best way to do this is to literally include a license file in the top level directory and then include brief headers and all of their source code to save the file. This file charges for media wiki core so you're telling me that only about just over a quarter of having a clear license header indicating that it's GPL v2. So this is based off of an automated code scheme so it's possible that the automated code scheme isn't picking up on the standard practice that we're doing. It's possible that we also, it's likely that we don't call it a standard practice. I'm just surprised because that entire file story is supposed to be GPL v2 plus it's policy. There are things that end up in there as files or javascript. It has different licenses, right? And you're actually right, there's a piece of it that is online. So using something, using a consistent practice can be a great way to kind of change that pie chart and once we know what that practice is we can build a better scanning tool and then make sure that we have a pie chart that actually reflects what's going on inside our projects. I mean I did that with an open source scanning tool so we can manage that. And that is, this pie chart doesn't have a date on it but it's now 2 years old so it might be worth it. Is it 2 years old? Time passes. So the Software Freedom Law Center recommends this header standard. It's a little bit wordy but I think it's a good just reference point as we think about what we want to do in our own source code. So a few key things that we want to note here. Really? So what this has is a reference to the top level directory where you can find the license file so it doesn't actually mention the license in the header itself, it just says go here and find out what our license is which means we can have this in every single file and keep track of one license for the repository, that's all it has. It doesn't have a list of names it just has a credits file so we don't have to change all of these headers every single time there's any license a new person contributing to it and again it keeps everything in one central license file this makes it easier for programmers but harder for code scanning tools so if we do want to follow this header consistently we need to just keep that in mind and create our pageants. So this can be easy, there are Emacs extensions tools to add this sort of thing in it's possible to have your ID collapse down the license header so you don't have to look at it all the time it's just there for others who download the code and again as I said before it helps other people know what we're using I think we've all had trouble when we found something awesome on github that has an unincorporated license and we can't tell if we can use it or not we don't want to put other people in a difficult situation and then it can just make it easy for us to track what we're doing in our component and then finally if you've ever asked to sign a CLA or contributor license agreement come talk to the legal team we do sign these but for a variety of reasons they can be somewhat different so talk to us before you do end up signing one basically these are tools that other projects use to keep track of everyone who has given them an open source license they have a lot of great advantages but we just want to make sure they're not going above and beyond what they claim they're doing so if you ever see a CLA or ask to sign one to contribute to something like HHVM come talk to us and make sure it meets our standards and then finally you have a legal team we love to talk about open source licensing both the history, the philosophy as well as the practical impact on you it's free to reach out to one of your lawyers or even ex-lawyers because we love to talk about open source so some credits for the slides and I think I have a few questions I'm happy to discuss with anyone this time so like OIT we have something going on it should be the generic license we put on in chief appeal yeah so we don't really pay anyone to use this it's our intention and it's not part of a larger project it's just sort of your yeah like some of the scripts here and there and then just be careful for using other things from a wrapper around another script that will include a license for that yeah and when we're talking about just simple scripts then I think a permissive license is usually best it's fine like I think the MIT one yeah in MIT you know works great we use Apache for a lot of our stuff we can discuss some of the pros and cons of them but any one of those three that I mentioned Apache, BSD, MIT so there's a couple questions from IRC one is regarding CLAs does WMF have a page somewhere listing CLAs that have already been reviewed and out come and I know I also have some questions to you yeah I don't believe we have a page listing CLAs that we've signed but we do have records of them in the legal team so if you if you have one come talk to us and perhaps we can put together just a general list of CLAs we look at that's when Brian gave us a good question I was wondering about can you talk about the so difference with the GPL and the AGPL as I understand it for the stuff we do we could change to AGPL but what would that but presumably that would have an effect on other people deciding whether or not to use media wiki software yeah so I guess there's really two questions there so the first is you know just the difference between GPL and AGPL that is a matter of when we're when we're going to require people to comply with the terms of the license so people don't often distribute media wiki as a binary they often just use it as a web service so right now the requirements of the GPL are not as applicable I guess to most uses of media wiki and putting it under the AGPL would increase the number of like uses that would require them to look at the license and comply with the terms so if we wanted to ensure that everyone making modifications to media wiki and running it for users to interact with was required to release those changes under the AGPL then the AGPL is the license to use it's sort of more aggressively pushing the copy left terms onto our user base so that I think is an open question and I think increasing the burden for users to comply with the license has pros and cons right it can help us get better code but it can also decrease the number of people who use our software it's something to discuss and consider but I don't think there's a clear cut answer on whether or not it's good or bad the second question is can we make the change from AGPL to AGPL so let's say we decide that's a good thing we have a license under the GPL from all of the contributors to media wiki but that doesn't necessarily give us the power to change the license for the entire project historically so we would need to have a conversation about how not only should we make the change but how we make that change happen is it for the project going forward or is it for the existing contributors agreeing to a new license but those are two I think relatively big questions and in my view we want to see a pretty big game for the project pretty big advantage for the whole ecosystem to make the switch I know that that has another question I'm sure I have tons actually the other one is for a piece of sample code it sounds like it might be like for example the boilerplate expansion where we're saying we want people to use this it sounds like it might be better to use a more permissive license for that because we're encouraging people to use it but the second part of that is when you excerpt code you kind of say oh here's a way to do I don't know register an extension and I quote part of a a licensed piece of software should I be sort of concerned about that or is the level of a function short enough not to worry about yeah so I that is you know a question that doesn't have a super clear cut answer and you have just like you can quote a piece of text in your essay you can quote a piece of code in your documentation without necessarily requiring permission from the authors right that is something that's generally allowed under fair use so I depending on what you're quoting and how much you're quoting it you don't need to you don't need to comply with the terms of the license but as I said before compliance isn't just a matter of like the technicalities of what we're legally obligated to do providing a link back to the code repository that the quote came from and giving credit to the authors as much as you can is a good way to kind of inform your users about what's going on so I think it's a it's a very kind of it's more fluid answer than you probably want but I'd recommend always you know linking back to the repository so that people have a way to find the license information that's really curious okay great I have a question go ahead great yeah it's actually kind of a follow on to s's question and I'm sorry for asking it so yesterday I was looking at an issue where we have a couple extensions that are bundled in the tarball and they have unclear licensing history not terrible licensing history just not clear licensing history and the question that came in my head which is one that I'm sure that you've thought about but don't want to give a real quick answer on and you're free to say let's talk more is are all extensions to media wiki just by defacto gpl v2 to the media wiki core being gpl v2 given the tight integration between extensions and core reason I ask is that would make this issue that I'm seeing clear cut and dry you know like not an issue yeah I think it's something that you probably want to talk a little bit more about but I do encourage you to look at the overall intentions of the users I think users contributing to a repository that is under the R&D but in making it an extension in some separate form they're uploading it to media wiki.org there's lots of different places that people could be providing us permission depending on how exactly we acquired that piece of code really we have a license file in there that tells us what the authors of the code want but if you're concerned about something then we should smooth around and try and find what it is, where we got it from what they might have agreed to as part of the process and ultimately talk to the authors if we need to to get the right permission in place but yeah I do see your point these contributions are being incorporated inside of a larger a GPL project and that's sort of the intention of their copy left pause in the GPL but unfortunately the application of that copy left pause is not always cut and dry so we're probably going to talk a little more in detail before we just assume it is GPL by the base definitely because we haven't had that I know of fortunately or unfortunately the WordPress moment where WordPress went through a big discussion with FSLC etc about WordPress plugins I think they call them right and their copy left status due to WordPress core so yeah that's just a, sorry, teaser really mostly for what it's worth I think strictly is a legal matter putting inside the ethical issues that's a legitimately complex question I don't think it's as clear cut as WordPress made it sound at the time so it's something that we could make a good faith interpretation either way so it's a little bit more of a policy question than it is a legal question yeah agreed and just so it's clear the extensions that are referring to are predominantly contributed by staff members or long time volunteers that have other GPL v2 contributions in the repository etc so it's pretty clear socially what the intention is the technical legal stuff but yeah and I think it's just important to keep in mind even if we are in a sort of legal gray area that is acceptable or we have an agreement from a WMF staffer to release everything they write as part of their job of the GPL but they just haven't specified inside of the code that makes us entirely in the right under the GPL but if I'm not a user of it then it's not very helpful so we still have work to do any last questions or anybody else sure another thing I ran across was I wanted to take a picture of a screenshot of some code in a one of those online editors and I think it was CodePen and so I was wondering so the code was freely licensed whatever just something that Crinkle wrote but they claim that their website was copyrighted so then it's like well it's free code but I wanted to kind of show it running in this cool editor and I tried tweeting them they couldn't really tell me whether it was okay to do it I think they finally said go for it I don't know do you have any thoughts on that where you're sort of taking a you're taking a picture of something that's free but it's kind of framed within an online editor or a site like Flickr or Google Photos or something yeah as a copyright matter the code that you're seeing inside of CodePen is freely licensed but the the license doesn't go into a lot of detail about the copyright status of things generated by that code and it probably shouldn't right and we don't need a 15 page license that covers all the eventualities so I think the copyright status of the code is probably pretty easy to figure out though the frame around it could be a fair use I mean including screenshots of things is a really helpful way to inform users about what's going on on the site it's being used in a very different way than the site itself and I doubt that frame is something that they are worried about protecting but these are all sort of subjective considerations and will depend exactly on your jurisdiction so legal caveats aside you're probably safe but if you're concerned you can talk more alright thank you thanks everybody for coming to the talk see you next time


of T. F. N. N. The Tom O'Brien show is produced every business day. Tom takes your phone calls toll free at 1-877-927-6648 internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER>. Hey, Robin, how you doing man? Yeah, thank you for taking my call. I wanted to let you know that I've been a subscriber for a couple years, just different members of your team and I really enjoy it, but really the reason I'm calling is to express my sincerest gratitude for you providing that information yesterday on a small business grant. I'm a small business owner, primary bread winner for my family and if I can get that money, it's gonna really lead a lot to my family, so thank you for taking the time to do that. No, listen man, we appreciate you growling and prowling with us. Now, Tom O'Brien. Welcome folks, not Tom O'Brien, Jacob Schoop, happy to be with you all. Give us a call, send me an email, jacobatfnn.com, let's first look at the end of the bear market. Apparently, this is the largest, excuse me, the longest bear market since the 1940s, so we've spoken about, these are major companies that are driving this, right? And we have jobless claims increasing, so what's going on? Why is this the case? And I came across this interesting chart and this looks at basically Morgan Stanley's equity index and then excess liquidity, and this is a pretty good indicator of future performance on the MSCI. So the idea is there's still a ton of excess liquidity. It started to rise from depressed levels as inflation and growth are falling and that frees up the assets supporting liquidity and there is just, I've said, there's just a lot of money going around here. So it'll be interesting how it comes, I mean, there really is like this divergence, right, in the general kind of economy versus how the market's performing. So it'll be interesting to see how that kind of flushes with each other, excuse me, flushes with each other. So, all right, one of the things I wanted to speak about today, we spoke a little bit about Cathie Woods buying Coinbase the other day after news came out that the SEC was pursuing them in Binance as well. But she also purchased today a bunch of shares of block. And if you remember from, I think probably about a month and a half ago, maybe a little bit over, Hindenburg released that article. What I said at the time is that, okay, so there might be some issues regarding blocks, reporting of unique accounts when in reality they're probably accounts operated by the same person, okay, so you have like doubling essentially. But one of the other things that Hindenburg really hinged on was it being used for like illicit purposes, I guess, certain kind of black market activities. But I don't think investors generally care about that kind of stuff. And this is really what I expected to see. It really crashed down below this level, kind of after those reports here, kind of move back down. And Cathie Woods, I think, has a positive outlook on it. It'll be interesting to see if we can get back to that, you know, 75 level. But, you know, Cathie, if you're listening, please call in and tell me your thought process on everything you're doing, because it's super interesting, right? Binance some more stuff going on. The SEC said that CZ, which is the CEO, Cheng Peng Zhao, said that he redirected 12 billion in funds, okay? And so CZ responding to that, right? And there really is this kind of big, you know, extended kind of conflict, right, with the SEC and these crypto brokerage firms. And CZ says that's not even possible, because we only had, at max, to his knowledge, 2 billion in user funds. So how could he switch, excuse me, redirect 12 billion? It's going to be really interesting to see. I've seen CZ speak, and he's the CEO of Binance, and he's a pretty sharp guy, and he always comes prepared. I'm sure we'll have some kind of hearings about this in the future, and that will be something super important to watch.  So Palantir, again, we were speaking about a little while ago. All the big AI people, they signed a paper, right, that AI developers, that we need to put a halt on AI development, just until we can develop kind of a framework, of how we're going to do it and make sure that the impact on the economy and really to the human condition is not so extreme. Well, Alex Karp, and he always has something fun to say, he says that this is occurring because they don't have any product ready, which I think, you know, the market liked a little bit. Palantir essentially is going to start providing AI to the military, and they are already, but this is going to just get far, far more complex. And I was trying to find it for you guys, but I just couldn't locate it online, excuse me, on YouTube. But it was this mock battle that they were doing, the military, and they were using drone footage and connecting it up to an AI, gave the AI the kind of information of force size, what the capabilities are of the attacking force, which was supposed to represent the US. And the AI came out with three or four plans of how they're going to go ahead and approach this certain target. And it was just really insane to watch, right? I mean, this is going to really change how things are, how things are done. I was talking to Besford about it a little bit, and we just both agreed it is just a pretty insane kind of deal.  Carp said, people have nothing to offer want to study AI, but by taking a pause, this could lead to adversaries stealing a lead and not only commercial applications, but also military applications. It says to him studying this and allowing other people to win both on commercial areas and on the battlefield is a quote, really bad strategy, right?  I don't think that analysis is really wrong, right? And he likens it essentially to the Cold War arms race, which I also think is probably a pretty like apt parallel, right? So it'll be interesting to see which way we take it, because certainly other entities and countries that are investigating this are not going to agree, or at least the chance is pretty low that they would agree to also halt AI development. So Palantir's angle is like, no, let's just chug full force ahead. And we'll see this will probably be decent for their equity, but you know, we'll wait to see. So Tesla, which is really pumping us up today, and we're about to go on break. So we'll get back to it. But GM is going to use their charging network. And that's going to join forward and leveraging the EV leaders tech. And this is huge. One of the things, and again, we'll talk a little bit more about it when we get back. But you know, when when the pot stocks were popping, everyone wanted to get in. Everything was so inflated price wise anyways, at least regarding those, you know, the value of the equity of those equities. And the goal is is you want to get into things that are kind of related, right? But you don't want to get so into it. So looking at these kind of subsidiaries, but kind of like secondary companies that will help prop up the EV market, obviously Tesla is taking it right with the charging stations. But it'd be interesting to look in the market in general for things aren't directly related regarding production of EVs, but help support them folks. Stay tuned. We'll be right back. We have exciting news, Tigers. This June, Tim Ord of the Ord Oracle will be hosting two webinars, providing insight into his renowned market timing methodologies. On June 8th, Tim will delve into the S&P 500, teaching sentiment indicators, identifying market bottoms and divergence, and so much more. On June 15th, Tim pivots to the gold market, taking a look at cycle analysis, ratio studies, advanced decline indicators, and other important tools for analyzing this sector. Sign up today on TFNN.com. TFNN, educating investors. Currencies, commodities, and bond markets are as important as ever right now with how they're driving the volatility in equity markets across the globe, which is why it's a great time to try out Teddy Kegstad's Tiger Forex report. Teddy Kegstad breaks down the forex markets every Monday using his 30-plus years of experience as a trading veteran of futures, forex, stocks, and options. Teddy releases his weekly Tiger Forex report every Monday morning with coverage of all the major currency pairs, including the dollar index, the euro-dollar, pound-dollar, dollar-swiss, dollar-yen, as well as many more, and he also has weekly coverage of the crude oil market and the 30-year t-bonds as they both influence forex markets tremendously. 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When you subscribe, you'll get a weekly report from Veteran Day Trader Larry Pesavento on stocks you need to pay attention to, and you can trust Larry's analysis. After all, he's got 45 years' experience as a day trader. Larry will also provide daily charts, videos, and data on the key markets that he's tracking. Expect notifications from Larry on market movement you need to act on at any time. First-time subscribers also get a 30-day money-back guarantee. If you're not satisfied, let us know and you'll get a full refund within 30 days of signing up. Subscribe to the Fibonacci 24-7 newsletter today, TFNN.com, educating investors. Draw the parallel from what I was talking about with the pot stocks. Again, everyone wanted to invest in those. Things I was looking out were like Scott's Miracle Grow or any kind of additional stuff that would be needed in order to produce that end-of-product. And I think that's what's important to look at, especially with something like the EV market. I think Tesla is going to get something like $3 billion for that. Let's see here. This is from an Arkansas news post here. This is Arkansas will receive more than $54 million for electric charging stations. And this is what's so big for Tesla, right? It's not just you have the private economy working on it.  So they're going to have one every 50 miles of an interstate with an one mile of interchanges. I mean, this is just, it's pretty massive to get this kind of grant for it. So there are, I think Tesla is going to have quite a good time with this. And really, like, can the competition, you know, can they even compete, right? So Tesla's still poised, I think, to stay at a pretty good spot for them. So speaking on that note and just kind of renewables in general, I found this article quite interesting. I was looking at it a little bit this morning. And this is electricity prices in Finland. They flipped negative. And this is because of a huge oversupply of clean, quote, hydroelectric power. And that meant suppliers were basically giving it away. And they're running nuclear as well. This is just, it's really interesting as well as unexpected floods are leading to a glut of clean energy. Obviously, this is reversal from last year when the Fin slashed their usage after cutting ties with Russia. Pretty impressive. While much of Europe was facing an energy crisis, the Nordic country reported that its spot energy prices dropped below zero before noon. And this is meant that the average energy price for the day was slightly below zero. And that's the CEO of Finland's grid operator. In practice, it doesn't appear any ordinary Finns are being paid to consume electricity. Obviously, people pay a markup on the electricity and often pay agreed rates for power instead of raw market price. However, I think this is just, it proves the point, right, that implementing obviously in their case hydroelectric, but whatever you have in the environment, you know, if you're near, let's say like volcanic activity, you can use geothermal like the Icelanders are doing, but also implementing stuff like nuclear energy, which I really think, again, is going to be so important for the future. Anyways, I found that interesting. One of the things they say in this, however, is them cutting ties with Russia, right? Obviously, Russia is still making money and they've done actually pretty well this quarter and the quarter prior, at least regarding their banks. And I was wondering how different, you know, sanctioned nations kind of get their places to where, get their goods to where they're going, right? And obviously for Russia, it's oil and this article when I was looking this up is regarding Venezuela, right? And they have something called dark fleets, right? And so essentially what these are is they are obscured shipping vessels, okay, and they transport illegal oil cargos. This has enabled countries like Venezuela, but also Russia as well, to continue exporting oil, even in defiance of the US sanctions, and that's contributing to the economic recovery. So the expansion of dark fleets enables Venezuela, the national oil company, to export increasing amounts of oil undetected. And this is crucial for the growth of Venezuela's economy. The IMF predicts a 5% expansion, at least in Venezuela's GDP. Russia itself, we take a look at this. The VTB, which is their big bank profit, seen at a record 400 billion rubles in 2023. They got hit pretty hard with sanctions in the beginning, but as more and more economies in the world kind of basically strengthen and develop, I feel like the less these sanctions are going to kind of work, right? Also, when you're trading in kind of sanctioned raw goods, the countries that are buying them are getting them at a lower price, right, than what would be standard. Obviously, the countries that are sanctioned don't have really anywhere else to go, and this helps basically cash flow continue into countries that are being sanctioned. At least the VTBs, which is Russia's state-owned vendor, see a profit of, quote, not less than 4.9 billion in 2023.  In 2023, after a, quote, bumper first five months of the year and record loss last year, and Kostin, he's the big guy there, told Reuters. A profit in the first five months of this year totaled 239 billion rubles, and that was after a loss of 612 for 2022. Quote, we consider a price forecast of about 400 billion rubles for this year to be realistic, which is a record figure for us. And this is just, it just goes in the face of the whole strategy, right, of what the West has been able to do for so long is kind of engaged in this economic kind of warfare in a sense, right? But I don't think that will any longer going into the future be as effective as it once was, and that's in some ways a little bit stressful. You think about it, right? Because the only other kind of way you have it is either, I suppose you could go with diplomacy, but what are we doing with that? And then really just kind of physical conflict, which is not what anyone wants. But through these kind of channels, right, with the dark tankers and smaller countries and developing economies becoming stronger and doing deals with sanctioned countries, this will be a little bit more difficult for the West to impose on people. Let's see here. Another big thing, I spoke about this a little while ago, and I think I had too much kind of emotional bias in it. I really disliked that Netflix was cracking down on the password sharing, but that's because I wasn't paying for my Netflix account, right? If you look at it from a business perspective, it makes sense, and honestly, I think it was ignorant on my end to kind of suppose that they would lose customers for that, because really in order to do that, you'd have to be going on some kind of moral campaign about it. However, the subscriptions exploded after this crackdown on sharing. Some 100 million people around the world are using borrowed passwords, which is insane. And that was making them essentially lose a ton of money, and this has really, really helped them. So let's see here. I want to, when we get back from the break, I'll pull this up, but it's a good chart basically explaining this, right? The cost of sharing with an extra person came out to $2 less per month than the basic subscription they were having, and a dollar more than the ad-supported plan that they introduced last year in order to kind of cushion against this before they did so. According to the report, antenna user third-party opt-in service to analyze consumer information, and since the password sharing crackdown went into effect, shares of Netflix have risen about 13 percent. Absolutely insane. We'll talk a little bit more when we get back on this. Folks, stay tuned. Sharpening your skills as an investor is like getting better at playing a musical instrument. You have to practice, sure, but you also need excellent instruction from experts. At TFNN, you'll get advice and guidance from the authority and technical market analysis, and it's not just dry tedious text either. 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Regarding just a little bit on Netflix, the last day with volume here is May 18th at that 325 level. This has really gone up quite a bit since then. In the past few days, at least this month, you've had some decent volume in relation to that. People loved Netflix, too. If we look back at the five-year chart, but we look back at the top of this, this is like 700 bucks. Obviously, I don't think we're going to get close to that at all, but to see it really recover in such a way all the way down from this sub-200 to 162 at its low, it's pretty insane recovery in some sense. That's what you would expect in an era that doesn't have just a bunch of free money in general. Speaking of easy money, some interesting data coming out. Bankruptcy filings pile up the fastest rate since 2010. At the peak of the Fed's yield repression in the mid-2021, the BB-rated companies could borrow around 3%. The companies that are junk-rated because they have too much debt and inadequate cash flow to service that debt, and in other words, investors risked life and limb to earn 3%. And now these investors are asked to surrender such. But that's how it goes with the old chasing. The BB junk bond yields have risen nearly 7%. This means these companies had trouble producing enough cash flow to service their 3% or 5% debt and have to refinance this debt when it comes due, or add new debt, which is going to be at that 7% rate. And that 7% may still be low considering inflation running around near that neighborhood, but it puts a lot more strain on these companies. S&P Global has released in May its bankruptcy statistics for companies that are publicly traded with at least 2 million in assets or liabilities listed in their bankruptcy filings. And private companies with publicly traded debt, such as bonds, with at least 10 million in assets or liabilities listed in their bankrupt filings. 54 of these companies fell from bankruptcy, and that's the ones that they're listing here are Envision Care, Vice Holdings. Obviously, Vice had this insane, and that's the magazine and news outlet, Vice. Kitty Fernwell and Monotronics International. Let me see if I can pull this up for you quickly. Yep. Well, anyways, it's not clipping out. Regardless, this is, I think, going to continue, and we were speaking about this as well about probably about a few months ago, and this is going to happen when these kind of rates come up. A lot of these companies aren't going to be able to hang essentially, right? So what did you expect really from that? Talking a little bit more on AI, there's always the big fear of people losing their jobs. This was really interesting. This is from Statista, and the source was the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, and this is services no longer required, they title it, and this is the fastest shrinking jobs. And these are basically things getting replaced by AI, okay? These are cashiers, secretaries, administrative assistants, office clerks, customer service representatives, executive secretaries and administrative assistants, miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators. That's been an issue for quite a while. Anyway, first line supervisors of retail sale workers. It would be really interesting to see kind of how that's being replaced, because I just think it'd be some novel application of AI, right? Bookkeeping and accounting. This was huge too in fast food clerks. The other thing as well, and maybe this is being included in office clerks, I'm not entirely sure, but I know people in the legal field are definitely getting hit pretty hard by this as well, and lawyers are very quickly adopting AI, essentially, to kind of analyze what they're looking at and make it a little bit more piecemeal for them so they can do a little bit better. And that's from Statista. I wasn't familiar with this company at all, and this is kind of going on a little bit of a tangent, but this is a super neat website, and it just visualizes a bunch of data. Champions of Europe, this is regarding football clubs, the Trump indictment, hidden carbon footprint of the fashion industry. I mean, just take it, I'll link this at the end of the show, but I was just going through it a little bit earlier today, and it's pretty cool to look at. And who knows, maybe we might find something you're interested in that you didn't know about prior. This is interesting on that note, and we can go into it. This is talking about DeSantis or Trump. So DeSantis, he basically created an AI-generated image of Trump hugging and kissing Anthony Fauci, okay? And this was supposed to be, obviously, some kind of dig at him, but it just goes to show we are now very quickly adopting things like AI into the political and social sphere, in order to influence people and get a kind of message across. Everyone's obviously, you know, not everyone, but a lot of people are against this. So, you know, these kind of lawsuits that will come out and these court cases, essentially, regarding the impact of AI. I mean, it was even a few weeks ago where someone had posted an AI-generated image of what they said was, I believe, the Pentagon or the White House, an explosion going off there. And if you looked close enough, the image was obviously AI-generated. That's only going to get better, obviously. It's going to be harder to distinguish between the two. But that knocked the market down pretty significantly for the time being, until it came out that it was fake. And what you look at is, it was also a major failure on the part of our media, essentially, right? We've now engaged, I think, probably over the past few decades. I mean, only 26, but I would assume it's even longer than that, of getting the news out as quickly as possible. You want to be first with it and you want to beat the competition of getting it out. But kind of, you know, you sit back and you think about that for a second and that obviously is going to result in the propagation of false news stories, essentially, right? And that's what we saw with that. And so I think as we move into this new, basically, world, we're going to sit here and kind of rethink and we might, essentially, be getting back qualities that were more, you know, harkening back to the 40s or 50s in media regarding security back into like the 70s and the 80s. It'll be interesting to see how technology and its advancements and the kind of pitfalls and dangers I go with that might have us revert back to older ways of behavior. So, yeah, I thought that was insane. And you know, I think one of the reasons probably that Trump was maybe so popular back then, I was a young guy in college and everyone was talking about him. He was the first president or, you know, the first candidate at least to really be online, right? And not saying a lot of young people voted for him, but everyone definitely spoke about him, right? And he was just, he had such a major online presence. He was using these kind of new avenues to communicate with people that other candidates were not using. And I think we're seeing a little bit of this with what DeSantis is doing and with these AI generated images. And really think about it too. Like it's cheaper to do that. Yeah.  Super cheap doing it this way, right? It's a big equalizer in a lot of ways, folks. Stay tuned. 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Nvidia's artificial intelligence software can be manipulated into ignoring safety restraints and reveal private information. And that is any threat actor's, you know, what's a good word for it that I can use online. It's just a great day for them to see something like that. Nvidia has created a system called the Nemo framework, which allows developers to work with a range of large language models. And this is the underlying technology that powers generative AI products such as Chatbots, that's ChatGPT. After using the Nvidia system on their own data sets, it only took the researchers a few hours for robust intelligence analysts, excuse me, it took the analysts only a few hours to get language models to overcome the restrictions that were imposed on them, right? And this is like a, this is like a little fringe group of people who use things like ChatGPT or Google's Palm 2 that's integrated into BARD. They figure out ways that they can kind of, essentially, one of the ways that one of the guys calls it is hypnotizing the artificial intelligence. And essentially, it's the way that he does it is he repeats the same thing multiple times, right? To try to get it to get out of its, I'm an AI, I can't do that. I'm a language model, I can't do that. There are ways around this and this is kind of a new, I suppose in some ways people do it for thrills, but also it's very interesting, kind of stress testing these robots. And if we're going to go to a place where we're giving AI really sensitive data, we already do that with things like the cloud and regarding like AWS or Microsoft Azure, they start implementing AI to kind of manage that. You may be able to find like a back door in the AI. So this is important to understand early on, you know, is it destructive for NVIDIA? Like no, it's technology and people for some reason have a pretty high tolerance for the losing of like personal data. It just so happens that we're like that. The researchers found that they could jump safety controls in other ways, such as getting the model to digress in ways it was not supposed to. By replicating NVIDIA's own example of a narrow discussion about our jobs report, they could get the model into topics such as Hollywood movie stars health and the Franco-Prussian war, everyone's favorite topic for Fridays, despite guardrails designed to stop the AI moving beyond specific subjects. The ease with which the researchers defeated the safeguards highlights the challenges AI companies face in attempting to commercialize one of the most promising technologies to emerge from Silicon Valley in years. And this is really, you know, what we're at. Any technology is only going to be as good as the humans who create it. Obviously, we laud AI very heavily because it's like almost like a maybe like a platonic form of, you know, our memory or processing power or something. It's just so powerful. But in the same sense, like it is, it's not godlike. Yeah, like there are easy ways to kind of trick this. And I think we're going to see more and more of that. And I don't know what it's going to take for like a real discussion on that. And that's really the big discussion really, how to make it safe. So it's not releasing things like credit card information or personal data for companies. But but we'll see a tax like that in the future. No, no doubt. All right, let's see here. Yeah, interesting article as well, right? This is about France, but it has applications here in America. This was a general discussion going on about why prices are so high in general, right? This one article, this is from the Liberty Street economics and is how do firms adjust prices in a high inflation environment. And one of the big conversations that's been going on, obviously among economists is what drove this inflation. And a lot of people point to COVID rest, bottlenecks on supply chains, obviously important, and a big factor. But one of the things as well is some of the analysts were saying is that consumers are just able, at least for the time being, or have been in the short past, excuse me, able to pay more for goods. And this was being seen in the grocery sector as well, excuse me. So in France, what's happening is obviously prices were higher because the input was higher. But now input has gone down and they haven't lowered the prices of the food. And so France is now strong arming the companies into cutting the prices. So again, there's a lot of this, you have the issues of or the qualities of supply and demand, right? The demand in America, according to the prices, has just been high and they will pay higher price, right? But is that necessarily good? I mean, it does lower kind of the quality of life in some capacity, right? Because everything else floats up with the prices of goods like that. The companies which together make up 80% of what the French eat could face financial sanctions if they don't follow through. France's finance minister has previously threatened to claw back what he described, quote, is undue profits from food companies with special taxes if they do not pass on their own lower cost to the consumers. And that's what they're receiving from inputs. It'll be interesting to see if something like that happens as well. Of course, you did get a depression, I think, in egg prices. And I know less people were buying eggs, at least I could see in my daily life that that was occurring. But it wasn't a stark plunge in any capacity. The prices for eggs did go down, especially after the fear of like the avian flu went away. But it'll be interesting to see if high prices persist in America if we're still paying as much. And again, I'm going on a tangent here, but I was always wondering, especially, you know, in St. Pete, things are extraordinarily expensive, right? And I was trying to wrap my head around why that was even the case. And what I started kind of thinking back on is I had a roommate of mine, and he was an EMT. And he got a government contract. And this is during COVID to go to the border, right? And they would do COVID tests on migrants. And this guy was getting paid something like 38 bucks an hour to do so, where in St. Petersburg, he's probably being paid 15 bucks an hour for EMT. And I knew travel nurses and even nurses who were stationed here who just they got that, that, I guess, that danger pay, right? And I knew travel nurses who were making upwards of 80 bucks an hour for it. And so there was so much money going to the pockets of, you know, honestly, younger people as well. And at least in St. Pete, we have a bunch of because of historically, this is where elderly people moved. We had tons of hospitals. And I think that the people there just had more money, and they're willing to pay higher prices for these goods. And so really, my whole point of this is saying, it'll be interesting to see if the US price stickiness kind of goes down, or if we're going to have to do something like France is doing, and kind of forcing these prices a little bit lower. Pretty interesting, regardless. Let's see what I want to pull up for you guys. And so this is also just some other kind of international news, but interesting as well. I got skipped on First Republic Bank. It's embarrassing to say, but I think it's important to be open on it. I took a big risk on that. I mean, not a lot of money, but a big risk just investing in it. Obviously, that went away. But Turkey is getting the co-CEO to be in charge of their central bank, which is hilarious in the Lyra plunged pretty heavily. Not hilarious in the sense that I mean, she's obviously competent, right? But just what a crazy move to have happen folks. Stay tuned. We'll be right back. Are you looking for a way to consistently add winning trades to your portfolio? Tom O'Brien is here to help. Tom O'Brien has been successfully trading markets for over 30 years. A frequent contributor to TD Ameritrade Network and CNBC, Tom O'Brien founded TFNN over 20 years ago to help educate investors just like you. Tom's Daily Market Newsletter, Market Insights, is published every morning when the markets open to give you the competitive informational edge you need to succeed. These newsletters are packed full of Tom's advanced technical analysis and are geared to deliver comprehensive strategies for a successful portfolio. Get Tom O'Brien's newsletter, Market Insights today, and try all of our products and newsletters 30 days risk free with our money back guarantee at TFNN.com. TFNN, educating investors. 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We're about to wrap up the show here. Like I always do, I like looking at some science papers. And this is for John Belay, in particular. I think you might find this interesting. This is a study done on mice. It's chronic social defeat. And what social defeat is, essentially here, I'll move it over here, is essentially just losing at goals in society, right? And this impairs goal-directed behavior. So a reinforcement of kind of when you fail at a goal, you're less likely to try to do it. And this just regulates the ventrometral, excuse me, hippocampal activity in male mice, okay? There are some studies now going on to see if this is the same effect in humans. We do know in the ventromedial hypothalamus, which is relatively close, and this is basically kind of what helps you regarding social situations, I would suppose. Long periods of isolation and social failure kind of increase something called attack of kines in the brain, right? And this makes the human male more aggressive, okay? And we're looking at some of the ills in society now, right? One in nine men are no longer in the workforce and more and more are dropping out as time goes on. And there are scientists studying to see if this kind of effect that they observed in male mice regarding social defeat is the same that happens in humans. And if this is why more and more men are just deciding essentially to kind of just give up. And this has a lot of implications for society as a whole. As more technology kind of comes and makes jobs obsolete, of course new jobs will come in, but there is the fear that everything is advancing so quickly that it won't be enough time to keep up, right? So maybe we as a society need to actually put forth an effort in order to prevent essentially social defeat in our population. But I thought this was super interesting that they observed it in mice and now they're going to go ahead and look at it in humans. Folks, thank you so much for joining me today. I might be back Monday. We'll see how that goes. Stay tuned. We've got the four o'clock news. Talk a little bit about Tesla and we'll just look at where the market closed. Folks, thank you so much.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with Lane's Forge card. Dripping 23 and 22. Top Star Wars Chrome Galaxy Hobby. Six Box Multi-Year Mixer. Number 2, Random Letter Style. So look again at your random results. As always, you can find those on the website, under the results tab. As well as a link in chat, I'll go through some of the, I guess, rules. Sketch cards will be a random to all spot, no majority. Random letter refers to the first letter of the name on the card. If the card starts with a number, the card still goes to the first letter in the card name. Autograph cards go to the first letter of the character on the card, not the actor, actress who signed it. If an insert has no text, we will refer to the checklist. The card will still go to the first letter listed. There's checklists in the break description, need to see that. In 2023, Galactic Vision inserts will all go to G. Also in 2023, the return of the Jedi, 40th anniversary, poster art tribute inserts will all go to letter R. And for the gameplay Galaxy inserts in 22, we will refer to the first letter of the name on the checklist after Star Wars. So if it's Battlefront, it'll go to, it'll go to B if it says Star Wars Battlefront, Star Wars Droidworks, it'll go to D, so on and so forth. So good luck, everybody. We'll start with a box of 22. I think I'm going to go back and forth on this. We're going to jump around years here, everybody. I don't know. I think they're in like a dispute with Disney apparently. I don't even have cable. That is Tusken Raider at Sun now for T. Vintage that is Boba Fett B on the portrait refractor. Ramar is a law. Ramar is what up, buddy. There's nice. Obi-Wan Kenobi going to O, portrait. There's the trilogy card, the Wookiee in the Wilderness going to A. Nice, that is an enemy of the Empire going to A to 75 on the prism. Nice one there. Congrats, A spot. That is Omega, I believe. Oh, I think that's Omega. That is R2D2 concept card. Inside the meditation chamber, that's I, the I spot. Laia Organa going to L. That's base card sketch variation. There's Hera Syndulla going to H. Going to T refractor. Star Wars Battlefront II. Thought I'd go to B, as I explained earlier. Gameplay Galaxy. Stormtrooper surveying the desert. Going to S. Anakin. Another Qui-Gon. Got a green of original trilogy concept art card, 32 of 99. That is OT9. Check on the checklist for that. Nine Yoda. Thought I'd go to Y. Going to the Y spot. Yoda Costanza, as we call him. No, everything is sold out tonight, unfortunately, Eric. Duel on the death star. Sorry about that, man. Luke Skywalker. Got Janna, 37 of 99. Green auto. Nice one there on Janna, 37 of 99. Refractor of Grand Moff Tarkin going to G. Star Wars Jedi Knight, Dark Forces going to J. Kamoran Guard going to G. Creen Goblin. He just stole third. They're dead. Akunya. Jeez. Snowtroopers invade Hawth. He's so good, dude. What's he about to throw? They went back to second. He just took off the third. Nice. That is Boba Fett's Battles the Sarlacc on the wave going number to 99. Congrats, B. Vintage Star Wars art. General Grievous Refractor going to G. And base. Grievous is my favorite character. I think he's so cool. Four lightsabers. You wouldn't have four lightsabers. You'd have, like, probably zero. They'd give you the little kid's light saber. It would light up, but it wouldn't actually do anything. Get the baby one. That is a 50 of 199. He's all yours, Bounty Hunter going to H. That's H slot. Hollow Chest Contest. Got 64 of 150. Return to the Jedi that's going to R on the atomic sunset. That is Galactic Visions going to G. Battle of Yavin. Planta Planetissimals. Zuckus. That is the Pursuit. What does he mean by the Pursuit? What is that? Kenobi's Visage. Galactic Visions going to G. There's a Queen in Portrait. Revenge of the Jedi going to R. Portrait card. Very nice. That is Odd Couple going to O. Luke and Peril. Maz Kanata. That is a Wave of Weight of Destiny going to W. 15 of 99. Nice one there. Weight of Destiny. Odd Couple. The Torture Droid. Dark Side. Queen Amidala. Calrissian. I'm Chewbacca and Sean's a little bird thing. What? Weight of the Millennium Falcon. Boss. That's the card. That's me and that sand on my back. No, no, no, no, no. No, no, no. Baster of Evil.  Return to the Jedi poster card going to R. That is A. 74Z Speeder Bike and B. Alright back to a 22 box. I love saying that. It's such a funny word. Call it has a quarter full of time. And ooh, nice. 10 of 25. Original Trilogy Concept Art. I think that's Leia Organa. No, that's going to be Princess Leia going to the P spot. That is William N. Congrats William. You can mag this orange. That's nasty. Congrats on that P. We've got a Torre Doza to 75 for T. Nice one there Joseph. Yeah in 2023 there's not one. It's not guaranteed. Mace Windu's Barrage for M. Star Wars X-Wing versus Tie Fighter going to X. Luke Skywalker assembles his lightsaber. The Tie Fighter. Going to T. There's a galaxy within Grasp. Vintage. Nice one there is the Dark Lord and a New Hope for T. I like how sketches are more common. I'm kind of in on that. The Emperor's Power and I know I think it was you Paul. They said they made these. They made either you or Chris said that they made the autos a lot better to. Original Trilogy. That's Bounty Hunters for B. Harrison, I don't know. A. La Secura. Grito Sketch Guard. Finn. Going to F. Glendale Calrissian Portrait. Let's pull him to the bathroom. Weequay. New. Anakin Skywalker. Seen a couple of cases with two sketches. That's good. That's solid Brandon. V11. That is Yoda and Luke Skywalker for Y. Auto coming up here. That's first off is Refractor of Bouch Disguise for B. Got Luminara Unduli. Blue Auto to 150. Going to the L spot. Roger. Congrats Roger. I have no idea. It was just here from the ride. It must have been Paul then. Paul said that I think. That they made the autos a lot better. Card game of chance. Purple. Stormtrooper atop a dooback. Nice one there. 13 of 25 or Sandtrooper atop a dooback. Very nice. On the purple. I love the purples in this. Original Trilogy concept. I've stuck to my pants. I think yesterday. There's Ben Kenobi. And my dad goes. We were talking about like the breaks on Wednesday. And my dad goes, what was up with Sean's hiccups in the last break? Did he say that? It was bad. Base guard sketch variation. And Luke Skywalker on indoor. I haven't had a hiccup absolutely like that. Right. No I know. All right. Another 23. We'll go back to 22 after and we'll finish with 23. The new stuff. That is a night must fall. Return of the Jedi poster. It's going to R. There's a marching ATSDs from the eyes of the admiral. Asakatona's new path. Mojo. A squad of bounty hunters. 20 to a 50. Nice one there. A. Mark. Clean dude. That is a carbonite chamber duel. Imperial agents of evil. Visions. Blast of visions going to G. Atomic is Princess Leia Organa to 150. Going to P. Here we go. P spot. William M. There's Wise Yoda. W. Face of the dark side. Star Wars visions. He's all yours bounty hunter. H. That is four loms. That'll go to L. First letter on the card is L. Dawn of the rebellion. 101 of 199. Kira. Nice one there for Q. It's called, it was Wise Yoda. Wise Yoda. W. I. S. E. That's why Chris. W. I. S. E. Becoming Sith for B. There's a Vader redeemed. We've got Darth Vader. The Sacred Tree. The Scared Tree. The Return of the Jedi 40th anniversary poster. Another sketch guard. Is that Mon Mothma? Yeah. I think that's Mon Mothma. Wow man. Two breaks, two sketches. Good luck everybody. Awesome. Awesome, awesome, awesome. Let's go dude. Heck yeah. Get that into a mag. San Troopers. Showdown on Dagobah. That is Princess Leia and Wicket and base. I'll go back to 22 again. That's awesome dude. Let's go. Two sketches in two breaks of this. That's why I can't wait for Masterworks dude. There's like a sketch per case and it's always awesome. That is the Dark Lord in a new hoop. Dark Vader. Okay that's actually a good idea. The Emperor's Power. Good call on that Brandon. I'm gonna have you send this with whoever gets the sketch because Brandon makes a good point. There have been some damages on the bottom of the sketch. Must have been the way they're packaged. Just to be safe. Yeah I see. I know what you mean. Yeah that little imprint right there. Okay cool. Will do, will do. Yeah both were in 23. That is Lord Vader ready to ship. Star Wars Shadow of the Empire and Bounty Hunters beat. Got a X-wing Starfighters for X. Chewbacca going to C. That's a really good sketch dude. That's just like a really detailed one. Luke Skywalker in action. That's super detailed. Yeah. Original Trilogy concept art. There's Solo Investigates going to S. If you put a stash on that it looks like Trimpsy. E-Walks after attack. Oh god. There's Darth Vader versus Obi-Wan Kenobi. Breen Star Wars Rebel Strike going to R. 35 of 99. That's to the R spot. William. Mace Windu's Barrage for M. And we have another one of these tomorrow everybody. Tomorrow night we've got another one of these. Galaxy's Great Discountryl is going to G. And Donny will be here too so he'll be able to drop some Star Wars knowledge on you. Nice. Atomic Weequay to 150. Going to W. What'd you say? Oh yeah. Star Wars is Crosshair to 99 on the wave. Going to C. Salacious B. Crumb and B. Sean Laceous B. Crumb. Nope. B. Crumb. There's Hunter Refractor for H. Winter again. Going to W. Kylo Ren. Original Trilogy. Bosc. Going to B. Got A. The Skywalker Legacy. Going to T. Base card sketch variation and Life on Tatooine. Base. All right. Last box. Then we got a random everybody. Let's go man. Another sketch card. I'm so amped about that. Two sketches and two breaks. Six boxes of this stuff. Both from 2023. That is Rey and Kylo Ren. Marching AT-STs. From the Eyes of the Admiral. I think that's Bosc, right? Yeah. Bosc. Bounty Hunter cards. There's Carbonite Chamber Dual. Dude, I know Ramars. That would be insane. Imperial Agents of Evil. That's Return of the Jedi. Post their card. 40th anniversary. Going to R. A Refractor becoming Sith for B. That is Galaxy's Most Dangerous. That's awesome. Green. Darth Vader ignites his lightsaber. That's cool. 4 of 99. See this? I'm Chewbacca and you're that guy. That's the card called the Odd Couple right there. Atomic. 62 of 50. Tuscan under Twin Suns. I just want to know, God, the Atomics look really good this year. Weight of Destiny. Visions. Base. Yeah. Waiting through the swamp. Gamorian Charge. Zuckus for the Z-Spot. A Wise Yoda. Going to doubly. Face the Dark Side. The Saga continues. Revenge of the Jedi. That'll be going to R. X-Wings. He's all yours, Bounty Hunter. Do or do not. That is Mad Mothma. 10 of 75. The Star Wars Saga. Nice one there. Grats to the T-Spot, Joseph S. That's sick. Night Must Fall. Star Wars Visions. And a Stormtrooper Overarm. Yeah, Stormtrooper Overarm. All right, we got another random to do, everybody, this time for the sketch. The Mad Mothma sketch. Good luck, everybody. That's sweet, man. That's sick. Get all your names in. Go here. Roll the dice. Whatever name is on top after eight times. We'll get the card. Good luck, everybody. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eight. Going to Joseph. Congrats, Joseph S. There you go, buddy. Nice one there. Do a quick recap of our bagged cards and our autos. We had the Winter Blue Auto. Two 150. Luminara Unduli. Two 150. Janna to 99. Orange Princess Leo Organa. And the Mad Mothma sketch. That's going to do it for the break, everybody. Thanks again for the fill. Up next is Mosaic.


Dory, after just the being down by 18, having the great second quarter, just what was the biggest difference maker that allowed the Pistons to kind of pull it out down the stretch?  We can't, you know, we can't put ourselves in a hole like that, you know, like they shot the ball well, but they also beat us on the glass tonight, so I would say that was the reason they got this win. You talked about rebounding has been a thing even just last week, just what change for you guys that allowed them to be so effective and capitalize off the glass to get those second chance points? Um, and just as a group, we got to find ways to help each other collapse during this job of protecting the room and we got to help him. So, I would say as a team, we got to just do our job at a higher standard. I think the second hand second chance points might have been like 23 to nine or something like that, but how much do the inability to kind of guard your yard on the perimeter and then they're getting in the lane and kind of great havoc in there. How much did that lead to some of those putbacks? It's more like I said, we know we want class to do his job and sometimes it put us in a bind because we got to help him.    It seems as if sometimes they didn't have an answer for the three-point shooting. What was opening up and what was working so well for you guys to get those looks that you can kind of take away to build off of? We was just getting stops and running and Dennis and Micael, Dennis Smith, too, was just, you know, finding guys doing a good job of getting in the paint and making, making shooters job easier.  Talk about Lonnie for someone who was dealing with an illness, the weather, he's stuck on the bench. You've seen him do it before, but just like, what does that bring to overall to the group?  You know, he's trying to get a win and sometimes that can't let you know the team.


It's autumn at my favorite little park in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains Once came along for the ride. Well, I've been hiking around this park for a little while Thinking I might do a little autumn photography I don't know if you can see it though, but for some reason there's a whole bunch of smoke here We must be doing some slash burning nearby And I don't think it's gonna be worth the The time to set up shots and still smoky here But while I'm here, I Figured I'd take the opportunity and the time to to hit a few things And who knows maybe I'll find something along the trail Some kind of close-up shot But if you've seen my last video I'm sure you will take the take away will be I was pretty frustrated and I was pretty disappointed with how I was getting along with my camera gear and that was out with my 4x5 camera I Put a new friends lens on the back of it hoping you would make it brighter and make it easier to compose And I was really disappointed that it didn't lighten up near as much as I was hoping and it also brought the light that my eyes were also part of the problem Reading glasses are a pain the butt when you're Try to take them on and off. They're fogging up and all that stuff under the the dark cloth So I was pretty frustrated. So I went ahead and put that video together. I was pretty tempted to just kick it to the trash Because I did have a kind of negative vibe and Something I want on this channel. This is this is my journey. This is my failures and my successes and If I was to not show everything then It really wouldn't be telling you anything I know there are a lot of photographers out there that are probably Experiencing many of the same things I do and so much photography is psychological and it's you know, it's it's awful often a mental battle and so I've Try to leave that stuff in you know when I'm having a rough time with something I just I just said I'm having a rough time and I'm gonna tell if things great Now I ended up liking a couple of the shots on that video and the last shot in the video I'd I'd never even shot video while I was making the photograph. I was so Just upset and frustrated at that time at that point I just I'm just gonna make this shot and it'd be my favorite shot and really it was just using a 90 millimeter lens It was about a one-second exposure at f32 all pretty much like the rest of the photos and But I didn't give it its do and it it really was probably my favorite shot of the whole whole series But I really wanted to thank all those Folks that left messages message me on Instagram emailed me left comments under the video. I really want to thank you for for reaching out and and expressing, you know, some of your experiences and Suggestions and just give me some support and It appears that I'm not the only one that that has these issues at times So I really do appreciate that and I really wanted to just say that whether I make a video of photos today No, that may not happen, but I just really wanted to start with Thanks for all the kind words. It really does help. I'm not gonna get rid of the camera. I I'm gonna try to work through some of the issues I'm gonna see if I can get a newer ground glass and see if that helps and I'm just gonna deal with it You know, that's just what you do. I knew 4x5 photography isn't gonna be easy guy. This isn't the first time I've done it It's just for some reason I seem to be struggling in this last few weeks more than I have in the past The 4x5 ain't go anywhere, but but while autumn is kind of doing its thing. I'll probably be shooting a little bit more digital I'm hoping to get out a few more times in the next week or two to see if I can get some images but right now I'm thinking this smoke is kind of Kind of a bummer, you know, it's not it's not really what I came here for I'd like to make an image since I did come out here and I I'd like to meet you if I want to deal with the smoke if I don't want to be a big issue I could probably shoot something more intimate And that's kind of what I'm looking for right now. It's just Some fall foliage around one of these nice big fir trees A little bit of contrast between the bark and the leaves that'll probably what I'm looking for So if I find something it'll be in this video Well, I'm not planning a lot of compositions And I said I was gonna be shooting color But the ferns here stick growing up out of this rock here comes kind of piqued my interest And so I'm I'm doing a Tight shot of the repeating ferns Coming out of the moss in the rock This could actually be black and white It's gonna be one of those that I'll have to see when I get on the computer I'm using a 50 millimeter lens and I've got a polarizing filter on it kind of knock off some of the shine I'm gonna do a shot without the polarizer just Sometimes in black when I kind of like the shine it gives it a little bit more spark sparkle a little more dynamics, so But I think in color I do think the Shine on the leaves sometimes can be a distraction. It's kind of weird how that works It's kind of a fun shot there Found a shot here, I'm shooting across this little ravine here where the creek runs through and I'm kind of hitting some of that color and the trees coming up on the other side It's for up on the hill a little bit. I'm not have to shoot up too much to it So it doesn't it's not too bad Sometimes if you get down too low and you're shooting up that it makes everything lean back But I don't think this would be too bad. I'm using an 85 millimeter with a polarizing filter It kind of helps to cut through a little bit of haze and Some of the shine on the leaves Most likely this will be a color shot, but with me you never know I I Could turn this into black and white easy. I Think I'm gonna have to return to this location. I Think this is gonna be in color changing color for at least a couple weeks. So Doesn't look like it's peak here. I Don't know if it'll ever be like a peak moment because it looks like there's a lot Changing but there's a lot that hasn't even started changing. So it's kind of weird. This is about About a second exposure around F 11 to F 16 kind of in there Don't really since it's so far away. You don't really need a I could probably shoot at F 11 Just fine. I've shot a couple of F 13 Shooting these little pieces It's kind of fun. That's this is kind of telephoto territory today and that This is where the first spots I've seen actually seen and that's clear enough you to actually pick out something that the photograph the composition I'm making right now is Very simple but I'm really attracted to the different levels of Composition to composing we've got one leaf that's still really bright and then there's the leaves that are all around it are at different levels of decomposing and I think that's kind of kind of a Almost a story, you know There's also a couple different kinds of leaves here in this picture, too. It's all this nice rock. So it's It should make it kind of a nice abstract simple abstract shot Very a very simple in color though. There's not a lot of color choices here. We're talking yellows Browns everything in the same the same spectrum nothing Real dramatic except for the bright yellow leaf. That's the single bright little leaf. That's that's in the frame And that's my choice Just trying to use color More dynamically not just mass color Use it where it's important Just about out of time I'm not sure what I've got for photos Didn't want to take a lot. I don't know if there's anything there that really knocked my socks off Well, I enjoyed making the images. We'll see what we got when we get them on the computer So I'm gonna be heading back to the car And hopefully I can get out a little bit more this For the autumn seasons over It's just great to be out. Well, if you made it to the end of the video, I appreciate you coming along Hopefully it wasn't a waste of time for you. So until next time Thanks for coming along for the ride


Welcome to dealing with materials data, this course is on collection analysis and interpretation of materials data. We have completed two modules, first one was the introduction to R, the second one was descriptive statistics using R and in this module we are going to learn about probability distributions and how to use R to understand probability distributions and work with them. So this is the objective of this module. We want to understand probability distributions and their properties. The properties include density, distribution function and quantile function. We want to learn about common discrete probability distributions such as Bernoulli, Binomial, hypergeometric and Poisson for example and we want to learn about common continuous probability distributions like normal error function, log normal and Weibull for example. We want to learn about discrete and continuous uniform probability distribution. So uniform probability distribution can be either discrete or continuous. So we want to learn about uniform probability distribution because it plays a key role in some of the simulations that we have been carrying out and in order to understand what these simulations are it is important to understand uniform probability distribution. We will also learn about some common continuous probability distributions which are derived from normal such as chi-square, t and f distributions because these distributions are very useful in making parameter estimations are in understanding hypothesis testing. So they are of great use in hypothesis testing for example. So we will learn about them. We will also learn about gamma and beta probability distributions. So they have some use and relevance in inference. So we will learn about them. And from material science we do know that there are classical and quantum statistical distributions. Maxwell Boltzmann is a classical one, Fermi Dirac and Bose Einstein are the quantum statistical distributions. So we will have some exposure to them also in the same schema of things what are these distributions and how do they look and things like that we will learn. And we will also learn how to generate random variants from any of these distributions for doing computations and calculations. All of this we want to do using R and of course using materials data. So we will use materials data sets wherever possible or examples will be from materials wherever possible. And we will also discuss what is the expectation in terms of probability distributions when and why one should use normal, when and why one should use log normal and so on. So there are cases where we know a priori that the best distribution to describe the given data is variable for example or hyper geometric for example. So we will discuss some of these cases and so we will understand these issues better and also how to deal with them using R, how to work with these using R. And one more thing that we are going to do is that even though we are doing probability distribution now we have used some of these ideas in the previous module for example. So after going through this probability distribution session we are going to revisit some of the exercises to better understand what we did earlier. For example we have tried to fit the empirical data to some of the distributions. So after understanding these distributions we will go back and see what the fitting exercise was and what did we get and how do we understand those results a little bit better. So that is what we are going to do in this module. So this is the third module on probability distributions using R. Thank you.