had become a pushing force in various eugenics based legislation throughout the USA. In the early 1920s Loughlin looked to further the number of states with compulsory sterilization laws as well as increased the numbers of sterilizations amongst the states that had enacted legislation. In Loughlin's mind the current laws were poorly written allowing states to employ sterilization with less vigor than he would have liked. In a way to improve this stumbling block Loughlin drafted a model eugenic sterilization law to help things along better which was published in his 1922 book Eugenical Sterilization in the United States. Although I won't read out the full model here Loughlin included the following conditions that should result in compulsory sterilization.  By the 1960s Loughlin's model was responsible for 64,000 individuals being forcibly sterilized under eugenic legislation in the United States. The law would be used as the basis for the law of the prevention of hereditary diseased offspring the 1933 Nazi legislation that would ultimately result in 400,000 people being sterilized against their will. But Loughlin's exploits didn't just end with sterilization laws. It was also used for extensive statistical testimony to the United States Congress in support of the Johnson Reed Immigration Act of 1924. This law limited immigration to the United States from Asia and set quotas on a number of immigrants from the eastern hemisphere. Internally in the US a number of states also brought in eugenics inspired marriage laws forbidding weddings between people of different races such as Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924. After the 1921 Eugenics Congress the Permanent International Eugenics Committee was retitled in 1925 to International Federation of Eugenics Organizations bringing in future Nazi Eugen Fisher and this is where our story takes a turn into scientific racism. Davenport in 1922 attempted to prove the dangers of interracial relationships with his book Race Crossing in Jamaica. The book gained wide ridicule as the conclusions within stretched far beyond the data provided and in some cases even contradicted it. The eugenics movement in the US would peak in the 1930s with policies of both positive and negative eugenic implementations with fitter families contests awarding medals to eugenically sound families, more states implementing sterilization laws and ever-popular eugenic advertisements being commonplace. A disproportionately higher number of women of African and Native American backgrounds were forcibly sterilized under the laws written with Lachlan's model.  Women in general were targeted with more of these laws resulting in roughly 61% of all eugenic sterilizations being performed on women. So much so was the influence of the US eugenics movement that the methods for eugenics based discrimination would be imported back to Europe and a new hateful political ideology building up in Germany. Much like the rest of Europe in the early 20th century eugenics was deemed by many German scientists as a legitimate study. The eugenics programs followed very closely the lead of the US and once a Nazi's got into power in 1933 the discrimination went into overtime. German eugenics was split between two types of thinking. The more moderate Wilhelm Schaumeyer who rejected the race element in the field but his version of the study would be by the 1930s be drowned out by Alfred Pullett and his more racist view of eugenics. He was a proponent of the cruel racial hygiene movement which he published in his 1895 book Racial Hygiene Basics. In 1933 he was put on to the expert advisory committee for population and racial policy. This was tasked to advise the Nazi party on how to best implement eugenic and racial hygiene policies and this brings us back to Lachlan's model of compulsory sterilization and its implementation in the law for the prevention of hereditarily deceased offspring. This would put alleged cases of heredity illness up in front of the genetic health court. Hitler in private expressed his interest in pushing the program towards euthanasia but stopped sure to be implementing it during peacetime but as Germany started re-arming and setting its sights on war the policy would be brought in. In 1939 a trial case of euthanasia was used in the murder of five-month-old Gerhard Hirschmer who was blind as well as having physical and developmental difficulties. The murder was undertaken by Karl Bant one of Hitler's personal facisions. Three weeks after Gerhard's murder the Reich committee for the scientific registering of heredity and congenital illnesses was created to register sick or newborns identified as defective. In October 1939 Adolf Hitler signed the euthanasia note back dated to the first of September 1939 which authorised his facision, Karl Bant and Reichstella Bühler to begin the euthanasia program which post-war would be called action T4. Germany had taken negative eugenics to a whole new level seeing Darwinism as justification for the demand for beneficial genes and the eradication of the harmful ones. A number of physicians were authorised to decide which patients under their care would be deemed incurably sick and then euthanised the victim. The list of conditions acceptable for murder included but wasn't limited to schizophrenia, epilepsy, Huntington's Cora, advanced syphilis, senile dementia, paralysis and terminal neurological conditions generally. Between 1939 and the fall of the Nazi regime in 1945 an estimated 300,000 people were murdered throughout Germany occupied Poland, Austria and the protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. This number included infant children, women and men. Various execution methods were experimented with from lethal injection administered by a medical practitioner to the first implementation of poisonous gas for large groups of victims. The first such instance in January 1940 was at the Brandenburg euthanasia centre. So much so were the Nazis impressed with the use of gas and extermination activities during the action T4 program but it was expanded to an industrial scale for the Holocaust. As the war in Europe ended with allied victory the realities of the eugenics based racial and social discrimination became public knowledge in the US and UK. The doctors Nuremberg trials and the euthanasia trials highlighted the terrifying outcome of eugenic ideas and thus the field fell out of favour. In the wake of the horrors of Nazi Germany formalised policies of medical ethics and the 1950s UNESCO statement on race came into force. Several eugenic societies would back their definitions from the field although forced sterilisations would continue into the 1960s with it peaking in the 1950s. Eugenicists pushed more towards federal funded birth control measures after the invention of the pill for their deemed undesirable groups such as ethnic minorities and the poor. But the field couldn't shake off its links to the Nazis and as such many societies hemorrhaged members. In 1959 a special meeting of Britain's eugenic society discussed ways to stop losses in membership including the suggestion that the society should pursue eugenic ends by less obvious means by the policy of crypto eugenics which was apparently proving successful with the US eugenic society. Many eugenicists went underground pursuing other careers with many new fields of study being influenced by eugenics. Prominent eugenicist Paul Poponol founded marriage counselling during the 1950s. He grew the subject from his eugenic interest in promoting healthy marriages between fit couples. Much of the eugenics based policies were overruled during the civil rights movement, thankfully eradicating the racist and ableist abuse imposed by the government. However as time has moved on some eugenic ideas have become possible but instead of coercion and abuse modern science has allowed isolation of certain genes. This of course is through genetic screening and although controversial it bypasses the horrors of negative eugenics. There are still many modern proponents of eugenics bank societies one such was the genius sperm bank which ran between 1980 and 1999 created by Robert Clark Graham. This bank was responsible for around 230 children conceived with sperm from high achieving donors of which some were Nobel Prize winners but more than anything else the field of eugenics produced some of the darkest outcomes of the 20th century. These ideas helped create division within societies, become the justification for genocide and led many away from compassion which should be the mark of a successful society. I wonder if Darwin could have ever envisioned the horrors that had taken inspiration from his work when he took those long strolls around the grounds of down house. I know this has been a very dark and sad as well as a long video but I've only just scratched the surface. This video is a plenty of production all videos on the channel are creative commons attribution share like licensed. Plenty of videos are produced by me John in a currently sunny south eastern corner of London UK. Help the channel grow by liking, commenting and subscribing. Check out my Twitter for all sorts of odds and sods as well as hints on future videos. I've also got Patreon and YouTube membership as well so check them out if you fancy supporting the channel financially and all that's left to say is thank you for watching. It is 1952 and the British Railway is in turmoil. One train has crashed into another in a thick October morning fog leading to a third collision. Even after over 100 years of industry development such disasters are unstoppable in poor visibility. Safety is ensured by the driver being relied upon to modify their operation of their train for the prevailing conditions. Surely this kind of tragedy can be designed out of the industry. The disaster will hasten the implementation of an automatic type of warning system that would advise the driver of the state of the signals ahead even in poor visibility and if ignored would intervene bringing the train safely to a stand. These echoes within the industry would be a mirror from the past 48 years later in the wake of the elaborate Grove disaster but instead of praising the system criticism of its shortcomings would be the focus of the industry. Today we're looking at the Harren-Wilston disaster the UK's second deadliest rail accident. As such I'm going to rate this subject here six on my disaster scale but here eight on my legacy scale as the historical significance of this event can't be underestimated as it would influence railway safety across the world. Harren-Wilston is a train station 11 miles and 30 chains from London placed in modern-day Harrow London borough but in the 1950s it has yet to become absorbed by the UK's capital and as such is firmly within Middlesex. It is a busy interchange between intercity suburban and metro services. As a side note in case you're wondering a chain is a form of length measurement and 80 of them make up a mile. The station serves the west coast mainline with its fast services to Scotland as well as the Watford DC with its trundling London transport Bakerloo line trains and their British Rail DC counterparts. Because of this during the morning peaks a large number of passengers using the interchange keeps trains and platforms busy a site that continues to this very day. Harren-Wilston in the 1950s had seven platforms one and two for the north and south DC and three and four for the north and south fast and five and six for the north and south slow. I will say though as this is a British rail station and infrastructure compass directions aren't usually used to describe the line direction instead we'll use the standard nomenclature up the London directions so that will mean south is up and down is for away from London so north is down. So just to clarify one is down DC two is up DC three is down fast four is up fast five is down slow six is up slow and seven is for the eventually abandoned Stamble branch line. The fast slow and BRDC services on the London end terminate at London Euston. London transport Bakerloo line trains leave the DC at Queens Park where they continue underground to Elephant and Castle. Train movements around the station are controlled by two signal boxes Harren-Wilston box one and box two. The latter is for the DC lines and won't really play much a part until later on. Box one controls both the fast and slow lines in and out of the station and this takes the form of semiform mechanical signals with colour light distant signals and this leads us to the part of my railway videos that I think I enjoy making more than some of you enjoy watching British Railway Signalling Principles. The method of working in use at this time was that of absolute block signalling like most railway signal concepts it uses one train in one block at one time but unlike track circuit block signalling used in most UK railway lines today it relies much more on multiple signals and signal boxes to safely signal a train along the line and to communicate with one another the location of each train. As the working principle was invented before proper train detection its safe operation depends on the strict observance of rules rather than relying on continuous train detection equipment but before we go deep into its working practices let's look at what the signals do and what they mean to the driver. This is a semaphore signal it has on the west coast mainline two positions which is shown like this as horizontal and off shown here as diagonal on is the same as a red signal and therefore is a stop indication to the driver do not go past it as there's potentially a train ahead off means the same as green or a proceed signal to give advance warning of the state of the stop signal ahead a distant signal will be provided this semaphore is similar but yellow and when on it tells a driver that the next signal could be showing danger and that they must be prepared to stop when in the off position it means that all the signals in the next block section are clear because the distant signal is only an indication of the next signal there is no requirement to stop it instead of a semaphore style distant signal a color light can be provided this can show green for the next signal is at green or off and yellow for the next signal is on or at danger all distant signals are placed at a braking distance from the next stop signal there are other signals for junctions and shunting but for the purpose of this video we won't delve into that let's look at how the basic operation of absolute block signaling works a line is split up into block sections and each section is under the control of its own signal box each signal box will have at least one distant one home and a starting signal the section of the line between the outermost home and outermost starter is called station limits and a signaler can move trains within this area without having to see if the section to the rear or advance is clear let's draw here two signal boxes and two running lines for an up and down line if a train is to travel on the up towards signal box a from signal box b the signaler in b must contact signal box a this is done via a bell code if the block for box a is clear then they will set an indication on a machine called a block instrument to tell the signal in box b that the line is clear in reality the process is much more complicated using various bell codes and indications that the line is normal that there is a train on the line or clear but for this video i'll try not to get too carried away okay so if box a's block is clear they will then accept a train from box b by indicating line clear and then box b will clear its starting signal allowing the train into the block section in our case on the up once the train has fully passed the starting signal the starter will be replaced to danger the train will approach the distance signal for box a's home signal if all the signals for this block controlled by box a are showing a proceed then the distance signal will be in its off position and in our example you can see it is once the train has passed the home signal for box a and the signaler has observed the full length of the train past the signal box and they have seen the train's tail lamp indicating that no part of the train remains in the section to the rear the signaler will then replace the home signal to danger and indicate to box b that the train is out of the section then b can accept another train and the process can carry on harron wilson is a little more complex as it has multiple home and starting signals but the signaler has total authoritative control over the trains within the furthest home signal here and the most advanced signal here this allows trains to stack up outside stations safely by allowing the train up to the home signal if there is a train on the platform the distance signals a color light style on a gantry over the fast and slow lines the signals in the area are interlocked using track circuits stopping the signaler from clearing the distance signals or any main signals if the associated circuit is occupied but with all this processes you may have noticed one thing lacking the actual means of stopping a train as this system relies on the driver being on the ball and following the rules an incident could happen not maliciously on the part of the driver but by loss of concentration or lack of root knowledge which could result in a collision especially in the case of poor visibility as the signaling indications are purely visual well there was a system in place to tell drivers of dangerous signals in poor visibility and that was detonators basically a very small explosive device attached to the running rails that would be set off if a train went over it creating a very noticeable bang obviously not strong enough to damage the railhead or the train wheel though but if the driver hears detonators go off and they haven't been told otherwise for instance in the case of assisting a train with authority already given they must immediately stop and this leads us on to a foggy morning on the 8th of October 1952 the morning of the eighth was like any other albeit with many late running trains due to the thick fog that had descended upon the area a train berthed in the up fast platform 4 at 8 17 a.m. 7 minutes late it was the 7 31 a.m. Tring to Euston local passenger train consisting of nine carriages carrying approximately 800 passengers this was hauled by LMS Fowler to 640 class steam locomotive there around 800 passengers on board more than normal but this was due to cancellations of other services the service from Tring had traveled towards Harrow on the up slow lines but had been routed onto the up fast to allow for empty stock movements on the slow line local services during the morning peak have priority over the sleeper express trains and as such it was well known by drivers that if trains are running late the fast services will mount up further delays as the local service concluded its platform duties the starter and advanced starter signals were cleared for the train to continue its journey and this was at approximately 8 18 a.m. but due to the trains still occupying the platform the up fast outer and home signals were kept at danger and due to the track circuit interlocking system they cannot be cleared by the signal until the local train is departed thus offering signal protection to the rear the 8 15 p.m. Perth to Euston night express was an 11 carriage sleeper train carrying approximately 85 passengers and was hauled by LMS coronation class locomotive called the city of Glasgow the locomotive was one of the most powerful at the time in the country and was making easy work of its mix of wooden and steel constructed coaches the Perth express arrived at crew at 402 a.m. 13 minutes late it was booked to stand for 16 minutes to load off passengers and luggage the train left crew at 4 37 a.m 32 minutes late and 19 minutes after the 10 20 p.m. express from Glasgow which had passed it while it was standing in the station the driver of the Perth train made up time gradually catching up to the ex-Glasgow train until Watford Northbox the Perth train was held due to the Glasgow train ahead negotiating the 15 mile an hour restriction through the Watford tunnel it restarted roughly at 803 a.m. seven minutes after the Glasgow train had passed the tunnel the Perth train made slow progress through the tunnel itself again due to the speed restriction meanwhile the local service on the slow passed through the tunnel and stopped at Watford at around 804 a.m. the local departed at 806 a.m. and headed towards Harrow and Wilson stopping at hatch end en route on the slow whilst this was happening Harrow box one set up the route for the local train to travel across to the up fast platform which then held the outer home and home signals at danger stop as I said earlier the local train berthed in the up fast platform at Harrow at 8 17 a.m. As the local moved on to the fast line the Perth train was trying to make up time further north also on the fast it passed hatch end at 8 17 a.m. at which time the latter had just arrived in the up fast platform at Harrow as the train approached a colour like distance for Harrow and Wilson showing caution yellow the driver did not react this meant that the fast outer home signals were at danger the train was traveling between 40 and 48 miles per hour the Perth train passed the outer home danger stop signal and then carried on past the home signal also at danger this was the signal that was protecting the local service on platform 2 it ran over and damaged the points that had been set from the movement of the local from the slow to the fast line seeing that the train was not going to stop the signal at Harrow number one placed detonators on the rail but the disaster was unavoidable a minimal emergency brake application was made on the Perth train just seconds before it went into the rear of the local train the local train was pushed forward around 20 yards with its rear three carriages being obliterated this was due to the last two being made of wood and were subsequently shattered and the next steel body carriage ends up being crumpled like a tin can the leading two vans and three coaches of the Perth train smashed up behind and above the locomotive obstructing the down fast line the 0800 Liverpool express service was delayed leaving Euston this was due to a minor vacuum leak which was quickly remedied five minutes after its book departure time the service was formed of two locomotives at LMS Jubilee class called winwood islands and an LMS princess royal class called princess Anne the two locomotives were pulling a rake of 15 carriages carrying approximately 200 passengers due to a large gap in headway in front of it the Liverpool bound train was making good time on the northbound down fast line with clear signals it was heading at line speed towards Harrow but the inner home signal on the down fast was put to danger by the signaler but there's no way for the Liverpool train to stop in time the leading locomotive plowed into the Perth locomotive at 60 miles an hour the leading seven coaches plus a kitchen car from the Liverpool train shot forward by the momentum overriding the existing wreckage and piling up above and around it several coaches hit the underside of the station footbridge tearing away a steel girder with it the Perth locomotive was completely buried under the 45-yard long wreckage some carriages were pushed across the DC line shorting out the up traction current was subsequently switched off and both harrow signal boxes sent out an obstruction message to signal boxes on the up and down DC and west coast mainlines an emergency call was sent out to local fire brigades and the first responders reached a scene at 8 22 a.m the wreckage was a mangled combination of wood metal and the dead and injured many doctors in the area upon hearing the collision attended to offer assistance along with many other locals nearby assistance was provided by doctors and a medical unit of the united states air force based five miles away at raf south rye slip including the soon to be named angel of platform six abbey sweet wine who helped to triage the wounded before they were put onto an ambulance all lines were shut including the relatively unaffected slow as the wounded were evacuated via the goods yard once the living were extracted the slow lines were reopened on the 9th of october and to assist with wreckage removal the electric lines were used to transport cranes the DC itself would in turn be returned into service on the 11th of october the wreckage of all three trains were recovered in an impressively fast time with the fast lines opening on the 12th of october the death toll from the crash would be the highest on the railway in peacetime at 112 102 of whom died on the scene with 10 later on in hospital both the fireman and the driver of the perth train were killed as well as the driver of the Liverpool trains lead locomotive but that wasn't the total human cost 340 people were reported as injured of which 183 people were given treatment for shock and minor injury at the station and 157 were taken to hospital with 88 being hospitalized after the lines were reopened swiftly and the dead were buried the cause of the disaster could be officially investigated what caused the perth train to miss the indications of danger ahead with it being held by a train at Watford north box the knowledge of delayed express trains taking a lower priority to local trains and three signals of which pointed to a train ahead sadly due to the era the trains didn't have black boxes and with both firemen and driver killed we can only speculate but this was the same brick wall presented to the accident investigators for the lieutenant colonel grs wilson ministry of transport report investigators scoured the wrecked locomotives and found the vacuum brake valve on the perth train was in emergency and combined with eyewitness testimony hinted towards the brakes being applied not long before impact around the same time the inner home signal or the local train could be visible this was further exacerbated by the fog which although at the signal box was further than the minimum distance required for normal working was actually quite patchy near the distance and outer home signals investigators tested the signaling and points equipment at harrow box number one and it was found to be in working order apart from the points that were smashed up in the accident a standard post mortem was carried out on the perth driver and nothing medical was highlighted and at his earlier medical when he passed out as driver in 1946 saw no problems with his sight and general health the report written by lieutenant colonel grs wilson pointed to blame on the driver blame on the signal was squashed when timing showed that the signal couldn't have been put back on the perth train this was because if the distant signal was showing green then the line ahead is clear hence being able to proceed at line speed which could have explained why the perth train did not slow down but this couldn't have happened in the time between the approach to the distant and the local train getting the signal on to the up fast what was strange that was from the guard's eyewitness account that the perth driver had been working cautiously all the way from crew and he adhered to the danger signal at whatford north and followed the correct speed restriction through the whatford tunnel the only suggestion was that in the fog he had relaxed his concentration and missed the distant signal whilst looking for it in the fog he was looking at the wrong height as a distant and outer home signals were at different elevations in doing so he then missed the outer home signal and thus ended up going past the point of no return clearly from the driver's record and comments about him that he was indeed a conscientious driver who didn't set out to cause the free train collision and this brings us on to the inherent issues with the british railways of the mid 20th century that is preventing an accident mechanically or electrically which would mitigate the shortcomings of human train operation the event brought around the question of automatic train protection systems which even though wasn't installed on the trains in question wasn't a completely alien concept in 1952 you see a system called automatic train control was in operation on the great western mainline as early as 1905 and this made use of a ramp that moved a spring loaded current shoe under the locomotive this was set off a warning in the driving cab that had to be cancelled otherwise the emergency brakes would be applied if the signal was clear the ramp would be de-energized and the warning would be replaced by a bell and the driver wouldn't have to acknowledge this this system would thus tell the driver via an audible warning of the state of the distant signal in response to the harrow crash this system was developed further for a nationwide rollout a non-contact method was employed based on magnetic induction and was renamed aws or automatic warning system a visual warning was also added to the system and rollouts began in 1956 we'll never know for sure if aws would have prevented the disaster but it is likely it would have alerted the perth train driver of the danger ahead this is a plain difficult production all videos on the channel are created common attribution share alike licensed plain difficult videos are produced by me john in a currently cold and wet corner of southeast london uk help the channel grow by liking commenting and subscribing check out my twitter for all sorts of photos and odds and sods as well as hints on future videos i've got patreon and youtube membership as well so check them out if you fancy supporting the channel financially and all that's left to say is thank you for watching it is 6 p.m on the 8th of april 1954 champino airport in rome and south african airways flight 201 prepares for takeoff the plane the crew are operating is a de haverland comet it represents the cutting-edge in aviation and is the world's first commercial jet plane it is relatively new at only one year and seven months old the plane is under the command of captain vilhelm k mostert the destination is johannesburg south africa but air journeys of the time involve multiple stopoffs and 201 is no different originating from london the flight has one more stopoff in kyro enroute including crew the aircraft this evening has 21 lives aboard the plane is cleared for takeoff and the captain takes power at 1832 and climbs rapidly towards its cruising height of 11 000 meters during its ascent at 1907 the aircraft contacts kyro on the long range high-frequency radio to report an estimated time of arrival of 2102 this would be the last message from 201 as just five minutes later the aircraft experienced a rapid decompression the plane disintegrated killing all on board the event would be the third of such a fatal loss of a comet in just over 12 months the mystery of the dramatic and quick loss of south african airways flight 201 and the previous two accidents would highlight a fatal flaw in one of the world's most advanced and newest forms of air travel and shake the british aero industry to its core a comet would not take to the skies in commercial service for nearly another four years severely hampering the public's image of the aircraft i'm rating the de haverland comet events here eight on my disaster scale and here nine on my historical legacy scale welcome to plane difficult where we look into disasters and interesting events in history crowds gather around a new and striking aircraft at the 1949 farmer air show the plane is a departure from the usual fare of propeller driven world war two related aircraft the new creation from the haverland a company famed by its wartime creation the wooden framed mosquito marked the cutting edge of passenger transport it's easy to think but a jet plane for travel is nothing particularly impressive but for the late 1940s such an aircraft was almost unthinkable as just a few years earlier jet-powered fighter planes had only just managed to take part in world war two towards its closing stages at the time passenger flights were noisy and uncomfortable experiences due to the vibrations emitted from the piston propeller driveline little did those observing the future of travel in 1949 know that the aircraft before them would be a ticking time bomb for any who traveled aboard but our story starts a few years earlier than the optimistic launch of the comet in war-torn 1943 between 1942 and 1943 lord brabazon of tara headed a committee to investigate the future of the british empire's airliner market following world war two the committee was conducted in two parts and during the second in 1943 multiple future aircraft were specified one of which was the type four jet-powered passenger airliner the concept for a fully jet-powered airliner was personally pursued by the haverland founder jeffrey de haverland the company was awarded a development and production contract under the designation type 106 in 1946 a team was set up to design the new aircraft under the leadership of engineer ronald bishop of mosquito fame during the development phase the type 106 went through some radical designs although originally intended to take just 24 passengers changes in specifications from the uk's national carrier and potential main customer for the aircraft boac led to the design needing to accommodate 36 because of the changes a more conventional 20 degree swept wing design with unswept tail surfaces was settled upon married to an enlarged fuselage this final design was named the comet it was to be an all-metal low-wing cantilever monoplane powered by four jet engines buried within the wings the form of the aircraft was low drag and something very different from other airliners of the time the fuselage was constructed of thin aluminium which was both riveted and chemically bonded together and this helped to save weight of the aircraft overall the crew and passenger areas were pressurized this mixed with rapid temperature changes and a cruising speed of 460 miles per hour meant that the fuselage had to deal with high stress levels and because of this the aircraft needed to be extensively tested between 1947 and 1948 de haverland's stress tested at Hatfield aerodrome small components with large assemblies in a number of different test rigs decompression chambers were used to test large sections of the fuselage involving testing to component failure to get an idea of what the new plane could take testing moved to conducting structural studies with a water tank that could be configured to increase pressures gradually to enable individual failure point discovery entire sections of the fuselage were also rapidly pressurized to 2.75 pounds per square inch over pressure and depressurized through more than 16,000 cycles in order to simulate tens of thousands of operating hours the same was done to the windows and frames all of these yielded satisfactory results when you look at the comet something different but not necessarily obvious can be seen and that is the window shape when compared to a modern aircraft the DH106 had square cutouts for viewing ports the first prototypes made in flight out of Hatfield aerodrome took place on the 27th of july 1949 and lasted just over 30 minutes the first aircraft was registered as Gulf Alpha Lima Victor Gulf and was the very same aircraft used to wow the crowds at Farnborough the same year the first production aircraft was lent to BOAC in 1951 for testing and training purposes and on the 2nd of May 1952 as part of BOAC's route proving trials became the world's first paying passenger jetliner on a flight from London to Johannesburg the comet was about 50 faster than their piston powered contemporaries and the first year of service proved the aircraft to be very profitable for BOAC in total 12 the first type would be delivered to customers but although initially looking good the journey of the comet would take a rough turn on the 26th of October 1952 comet suffered its first loss of whole incident when a BOAC flight departing Rome's champignot airport failed to become airborne and ran into rough ground at the end of the runway however the next crash involving a comet would sadly be fatal on the 3rd of March 1953 a new Canadian Pacific Airlines Comet 1A failed to become airborne while attempting a night take-off at Karachi Pakistan on a delivery flight to Australia the aircraft plunged into a dry drainage canal and collided with an embankment killing all five crew and six passengers on board next came the bloodiest 12 months for the comet the first of three structural failures of the aircraft took place on the 2nd of May 1953 when BOAC flight 783 crashed just six minutes after take-off from Calcutta, India killing all 43 on board although overstressed at the fuselage was concluded by the inquiry into the accident the ultimate cause was attributed to extreme turbulence and pilot error by overcompensating the concept of metal fatigue was not on the cards and thus the comet was allowed to continue working in passenger service it would be less than a year that another total loss would occur within the comet fleet a comet registered as Gulf Alpha Lima Yankee Papa was being operated as BOAC flight 781 on a journey from Kalang Airport Singapore to London Heathrow on the start of its last leg 781 had 35 on board including its six crew the crew had just over 15,000 hours of flight time and by any standard as most were World War two veterans were highly experienced whilst the plane was in Rome it was inspected by Jerry Ball part of this pre-flight check he is to look for incidental damage not seeing anything to worry about Ball's team give the okay for the comet to resume its flight Flight 781 departed from Rome at 10.31 a.m on the 10th of January 1954 at about 10.50 the comet's captain was in contact with another BOAC flight an Argonaut the conversation was about the weather but suddenly mid-sentence captain Alan Gibson went silent and flight 781 was seen by witnesses falling into the sea needless to say investigators were now confronted with two strange occurrences involving the comet and set out to find the cause of such a dramatic loss of aircraft initial recovery efforts found 15 bodies some personal effects and some smaller wreckage pieces to try and find the cause of the crash autopsies were undertaken on the recovered bodies these gave a small glimpse into the cause of the crash many had ruptured lungs and fractured skulls and other respiratory injuries hinting at a rapid decompression event initially a bomb was thought to have been the cause but investigators couldn't conclude until the wreckage was inspected but another competing theory was that of an engine explosion in the meantime the fleet was grounded during this time all remaining comets received a modification to their engines where the turbine ring was encased with an armor plate to contain a possible disintegration of the turbine disk but a problem arose of how to recover the wreckage as it was plunged into the Mediterranean Sea it wouldn't be until August 1954 that flight 781 would be found and returned to the surface for shipping back to the UK long before the eventual recovery BOAC wanted their expensive jetliner fleet back into the air and the company pressured the British government and on the 23rd of March just 10 weeks after the crash this was achieved just a few weeks after the resumption of services on the 8th of April 1954 South African Airways Flight 201 would be lost departing Rome in almost identical circumstances with three losses of aircraft due to suspected fuselage explosive decompression the Royal aircraft establishment set about investigating the cause of the disasters after the 8th of April crash both flight 781 and 207 were investigated as part of a joint inquiry headed up by Sir Arnold Hall the report would take over a year to come out but this time would be invested in stress testing the aircraft way beyond what the designers had envisioned unlike 781 201 was deemed unrecoverable but the similarity of the accident meant that if investigators could determine the cause for one then it would likely be the cause for the other the recovery 781 was completed in August 1954 with around 70 percent of the airframe reclaimed from the seabed the wreckage was reconstructed allowing investigators to visualize potential hints for structural failure the initial thoughts of an engine explosion after the loss of 201 now seemed to be pretty unlikely as the South African Airways plane had received the armoured ring modification to its engines seeking to find out the cause a comet had to be structurally tested to find weak points in its fuselage and in order to facilitate this BOAC donated one of its comets Gulf Alpha Lima Yankee uniform for testing to failure the aircraft was placed inside a large water tank the tank was filled and water was pumped into the airplane to simulate flight conditions by pumping water into the fuselage and then pumping it out again a simulation of takeoff and landings was created with the pressurizing and depressurizing of the cabin the use of water instead of air allowed investigators to see where potential stress fractures would occur as when air is compressed it can release energy in a way similar to a bomb virtually destroying any evidence the donated plane before testing began in June 1954 had experienced roughly 1230 pressurized flights the fuselage would last another 1830 test flights in the water tank before structural failure occurred in total the plane including its previous service record had experienced approximately 3060 pressurization cycles the results of the structural failure were worrying for the entire comet fleet it was found that stress fractures originated from the front of the fuselage around the window edges but even more worrying was that due to algae growing around the stress fractures it was discovered that the fractures had been gradually growing over multiple pressure cycles this was around the same time as more pieces of 781 came in for examination they were from the area around the wingspar and consisted of two square windows which were used to house the aerials for the aircraft's automatic direction finding equipment with the evidence from the test tank on the actual wreckage investigators were able to piece together the failure point the cutouts made in the thin fuselage metal for the square windows investigators compared the results from the tank test to 781 which had over 1200 pressurization and 201 which had received 900 pressurization cycles and concluded that both aircraft would have experienced micro stress fractures during their working life as each time the cabin was pressurized the corners of the windows become fatigued as the stress was concentrated on the corners and wasn't spread evenly across the opening after hundreds and thousands of cycles the frame would start to crack and continue to weaken the whole structure of the plane the testing during the design of the comet was found to be inadequate for the actual stresses loaded on the structure the findings on both the BOAC and South African airways crashes were published on the 1st of February 1955 the comet design was subsequently revised making improvements to the already in development comet 2 and one main obvious difference could be seen the windows this and also an increase in metal thickness and increased structural support additionally larger wings and a longer fuselage were incorporated and this meant that the aircraft was now far better but the damage to the brand was already done all outstanding orders for the comet from airlines around the world were cancelled the type would remain grounded from commercial services until 1958 when the aircraft would take to the skies once again a trickle of orders would come in eventually with two more revisions being released the aircraft would be retired in 1997 far outlasting the company that had built it but its legacy would endure way beyond its working life both were de Havilland competitors Boeing and Douglas learnt from the mistakes from the comet even admitting in private that if de Havilland had not experienced the comet's pressurization problems first then it would have happened to them but ironically it would be Boeing with their much less futuristic and pod mounted engine 707 introduced in 1958 that would eventually rule the commercial skies leaving the comet as a bold but flawed footnote in aviation this is a plain default production all videos on the channel are creative commons attribution share like licensed plain default videos are produced by me john in a currently sunny southeast in corner of london uk help the channel grow by liking commenting and subscribing check out my twitter for all sorts of photos nods and sods as well as hints and future videos i've got patreon and youtube membership but check them out if you fancy supporting the channel financially and all that's left to say is thank you for watching this video is proudly sponsored by Nord VPN more about that later on it is 1996 and a soldier presents himself to medical doctors from the georgian army he has been working at the Lilo training base around 25 kilometers east of the nation's capital tbilisi he has unexplained burns and marks on his skin odd thinks the doctor but he is sent to tbilisi for burns treatment however in 1997 over a few months more men report with similar unexplained injuries wireingly these symptoms are remarkably similar to radiation burns but surely that can't be right the mystery of the patient's illnesses would be tracked down to where they worked hinting at months of prolonged exposure to which the victims were well unaware but the more they find the bigger the mystery as to where they come from becomes apparent today we're looking at the Lilo radiological event and i'm going to rate it here free on my disaster scale and here free on my legacy scale but let's see if my ratings are correct our story like many covered starts with the collapse of the soviet union georgia is a transcontinental country located between eastern europe and western asia the country had become under the influence after the soviet unions rise to power and fell behind the iron curtain throughout most of the 20th century as such the red army had postings throughout the country one such place was in the village of Lilo this small and relatively unknown village does have one big claim to fame as it was the birthplace of berazan jugashvili who is that you may ask well you have most certainly heard of his son joseph starlin as the soviet union began to disintegrate at the end of the 1980s the georgian government sensing the change in the air declared independence on the ninth of April 1991 in 1992 the russian soldiers based in lilo handed over the site during their vacating of the area they didn't tell the georgian authorities what the base was used for instead leaving a semi disused compound the lilo military base will be repurposed for border force training in the new independent georgian army although a bit of a dump site to begin with the lilo complex seemed okay pretty much what you'd expect from an abandoned old army base there were three main areas the management and living area which included several buildings for soldiers and officers the living quarters where some of the officers lived with their families and the empty buildings used for training in total the center covered approximately 150 000 square meters as far as the new owners were aware nothing strange presented itself about the base until 1997 when a number of soldiers began to report some strange ailments the first of the soldiers to report to army doctors had experienced burns on his body similar to an extreme kitchen burn as early as June 1996 the doctor confused by these injuries and knowing where the soldiers worked lilo sent the man off to tbilisi for burn treatment but only the symptoms were looked at rather than the cause where more soldiers with similar issues came to see army doctors the unexplainable burns and contact dermatitis couldn't be written off as just one oddity strangely most of the men had a characteristic burn on their chest this pointed at the soldier's environment as all have been based in lilo upon reviewing the soldier's injuries the medical staff all pointed to one thing radiation exposure but how the military are trained for the effects of nuclear war but it didn't add up a second opinion was sought from a hematologist and a dosomatrist from the institute of biophysics in moscow in august 1997 the diagnosis of the burns was confirmed to be that of a radiation exposure and a prolonged one at that one of soldiers had been recruited as early as 1995 with many others joining in 96 could they have been exposed all of that time on the 27th of august a radiation hotspot was discovered at the lilo base near an underground shelter the survey was carried out by officers from the chemical radiological biological protection division of the georgian army this was later double checked on the 5th of september and the dose rate was measured at roughly 45 milligrams an hour the georgian authorities contacted the safety and radiation protection department of the center of applied research of the institute of physics this along with the army secured the required monitoring equipment needed to survey the hotspot a working group of physicists was established to assess and survey the radiological situation on the site on the 10th of september they started close to the underground shelter and localized the source of the radiation but due to the team having no suitable container recovery was delayed until the 13th of september the source was found inside a pocket of a winter army jacket that was used by the georgian soldiers during guard duty once extracted it was then placed inside a leg container but this wouldn't be the end of lilo's contamination but before we come on to that let's talk about this video sponsor Nord VPN as you may know I like my anonymity hence you only ever see my hands or more likely to see my dog's face saying that I think most people would prefer to look at her face and mine anyways I've been using VPNs for a number of years now and for around 18 months specifically Nord being in the UK this is really vital for my youtube channel as it allows me to access websites that are region locked because some of my research sources are only available in certain countries I've also found it very useful now that lockdown restrictions are lifted for travel as it allows me to securely use public wi-fi Nord VPN is useful to change your virtual location and find cheaper deals on flights and other travel tickets I'm not going to lie being able to watch tv shows and films available in different countries is also pretty sweet I have Nord VPN 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buried was discovered in just one day three items of sizable radioactivity were discovered and by now there's only one option available to survey the whole military base it seemed like the entire site had varying levels of contamination with one more source discovered on the 14th three more on the 19th and one more on the 20th not only that but two more sources were found inside lead containers abandoned on site as well as something that would have made David Han proud some 200 devices containing radium 226 used for gun sites once all the radiation items were collected and contained they were stored correctly on site next to the scrapyard to await proper disposal the radiological waste was still yet to be determined to the exact radionuclei involved but after gamma absorption measurements were carried out using a lead screen cesium 137 was determined to be amongst the waste on site a deadly gamma ray emitter on the 9th of October 1997 the IAEA were contacted by the Minister of Health of Georgia stating that nine servicemen of the Lilo training detachment of frontier troops had developed local radiation induced skin diseases on various parts of their bodies in turn the IAEA then informed the WHO and Georgia then requested assistance and the IAEA attended the site between the 11th and 14th of October 1997 they set out to survey the site and they concluded that no other sources were still around and the highest levels were recorded off the first discovery at 164 gigabit quills giving out 13 000 micro gray an hour one meter from the source when exposed to this for prolonged periods of time acute radiation syndrome can be experienced with that let's look at the exposed personnel and their experiences the total number of people affected by the orphan sources was actually 11 and they ranged from a dose of 1.6 to 0.1 gray the reference three gray or above could be deadly in a single dose before hospitalization all but one of the exposed persons experienced nausea loss of appetite tiredness and weakness the first patient was sent to tbilisi for care at the russian military hospital where he was diagnosed with a non-radiation condition in july 1996 almost a whole year before the discovery of radiation at Lilo after receiving a failed skin graft and with other patients presenting with similar conditions he was readmitted in october 1997 and diagnosed with a rs or acute radiation syndrome subacute phase and radiation burns of the fourth degree to both thighs treatment of the remaining overexposed persons was performed at the curie institute and the persi hospital of the armed forces both in paris and the dermatology department of the university of ulm at the armed forces hospital in olm germany this was arranged for by the who on the 22nd of october 1997 two patients were admitted to the curie institute and two to the persi hospital of the armed forces the remaining seven patients were hospitalized in the dermatology department of the university of ulm six of the lesser injured soldiers were discharged from hospital and were allowed to return home in georgia each would still have painful movement and psychological issues for years to come however five of the remaining had to undergo a nightmare number of skin grafts amputations and multiple surgeries to remove necrosis of the skin one lament lost his fingers on his right hand and all five had to undergo multiple treatments to heal reoccurrent radiation induced ulcers two had to keep on intermittent treatment all the way into the early 2000s and this was accompanied with lower t-cell counts but there's still a big question why on earth was the army base at lilo so contaminated well when the russians pulled out they didn't tell anyone completely what they had been doing there instead of it being a usual army base it was actually used to train soldiers in the event of a nuclear accident or nuclear war the sources were used for calibration of survey equipment and for training in radiological monitoring the reason for the buried sources was to train soldiers on radiation detection these sources rather than properly disposed of were just left in situ and the only possible outcome then played out on the unsuspecting georgian soldiers georgia apparently is one of the big dumping grounds of soviet era nuclear devices as multiple rtgs and scrap radioactive sources kept on being found during the 1990s and one of these i've covered in a previous video it is thought that many ex-soviet union states still have hundreds of orphaned sources waiting to be discovered by some unwitting poor soul a big thank you to nor vpn for the sponsorship if you're interested check out nor vpn by going to www.norvpn.com slash plainly difficult to get a two-year plan plus one additional month with a huge discount their support really does help out the channel this video's a plainly difficult production all videos on the channel are creative commons attribution share like license plainly difficult videos are produced by me in a currently dark and cold corner of southeast london uk help channel grow by liking commenting and subscribing check out my twitter for all sorts of mods and sods as well as hints on future videos i've got patreon and youtube membership as well so you can check that out if you fancy supporting the channel financially and all that's left to say is thank you for watching it is saturday the 25th of march 1911 and workers file into the cramped ash building in downtown Manhattan for another long and poorly paid day of work the some 500 people reporting to work that day consists mainly of newly immigrated women from italian and jewish backgrounds the hours low pay and type of work rarely attract established people from within the city and because of this they are treated by their employers with suspicion as such the top three floors of the 10-story building which form the factory had their staircase doors locked this apparent normal practice in the industry helped prevent the workers from stealing some paid break time or even worse pockets and product the work is the making of shirt wastes the bodice of a dress or for a blouse or women's shirt smoking inside the factory is banned as just a small ember can result in flames amongst the cut fabric the workers that day would soon become the unwitting martyrs for workers rights as in the late afternoon the triangle factory would burst into flames the resulting inferno would burn the event into american history as one of the country's worst industrial disasters and even to today still holds new york city's worst industrial catastrophe death toll today we're looking at the triangle shirt waste disaster and i'm going to rate it here seven on my disaster scale they're here eight on my historical legacy scale let's see if you will agree with my ratings at a turn of the 20th century new york city is seeing a boom in economic and architectural advancement the city for many is their first experience of the united states each individual of the shuffling masses wants to fulfill the american dream and create a better life for themselves as back home poverty and persecution was what many could have expected but a new life in a new world offered hope to many industry owners these new foreign workers offered an opportunity cheap labor one such industry which found the cost effective manpower of immigration was the textile industry and many garment factories sprung up one such was the triangle waste company based in the ash building in manhattan new york city but before we look at the company we need to have a quick look at the building in which they operated in building work for the ash building began in 1900 it was to be a steel framed 10 story high structure the design is very much an icon of new york architecture neo renaissance and was quickly completed in 1901 the building boasted what the owners max blank and isaac harris claimed was fireproof rooms this during garment workers as fire was a big concern in the industry with fine cut fabric being like a tinderbox if exposed to too much heat the building had a number of questionable features only a single fire escape poorly lit stairwells and the lack of landings furthermore as more garment manufacturing ramped up and ventilation became more stifled temperatures ranged from boiling to freezing there was no set limits to numbers of people per room leading to cramped conditions where workers jostled for space amongst the heavy sewing machinery inadequate toilet facilities were afforded to the staff which resulted in horrendously unsanitary conditions and all this was compounded by employers looking their staff in on the shop floor during the working day the city had allowed the ash building to only have two staircases one to green street and another to washington place in exchange for building an exterior metal fire escape in order to not accrue more costs in construction the staircase was made of flimsy iron and when unmaintained quickly became weakened by the elements the working week for a triangle waste employee was a brutal 52 hour affair with an hourly rate of around four dollars in today's money this involved a six-day working week consisting of five nine-hour days followed by a seven-hour Saturday many of the 500 employees were women ranging from the ages of 14 to their 40s although the average age was closer to their mid 20s max blank and isaac harris's business model involved subcontracting work out under the one company umbrella triangle waste subcontracting was beneficial to the owners as it allowed them to pocket the profit without much of the risk you see the subcontractors did the hiring firing and paying of the company's workers which allowed the wages to be set at rock bottom levels as each contractor pocketed cash along the way up to max blank and isaac harris it seemed like change was on the horizon for the industry after a walk out in 1909 at the triangle waste factory and in 1910 the cloakmaster strike the latter enabled grievance procedure for garment workers and a number of new unions were set up to investigate and fight poor working conditions but unscrupulous employers ignored any complaints and that was the story at the ash building poor fire controls lack of regular inspections and dangerously stored flammable inventory as an effort to stop fires smoking was banned on the shop floor however some still snuck in puffs under their coats as they worked which leads us to 1911 and the event that shocked the city and the country as the saturday shift came to an end on a 25th of march a flame appeared in one of the wooden buckets used to store offcuts of fabric on the 8th floor around 1640 the flaming buckets spat out ignited debris into the room setting the hanging garments ablaze by now stopping the fire was too late the floor filled with thick smoke as panic spread amongst the workers a bookkeeper managed to telephone up to the 10th floor to warn of the unfolding catastrophe but was unable to contact the people on the 9th the first sign of disaster reared its head on the 9th floor as the flames burst into the green street stairway blocking escape you see the floor had a number of exits including two freight elevators a fire escape and stairways down to green street and washington place the door to the washington place stairway was locked by management as part of their theft prevention scheme the foreman who held the key had escaped before the fire had consumed the 9th floor the green street staircase now completely engulfed with flames left only the fire escape and elevator shaft as an option for the stranded workers lift operators joseph z2 and gasper mortarillo continued to ferry people off the 9th floor until heat buckled the rails as the panic staff gathered on the exterior fire escape under the weight and heat of the fire the poorly built structure collapsed sending 20 hurtling into the pavement below this left the stranded workers nowhere to go but to wait for rescue or the flames the fire department was quick to arrive on the scene but was now adequately prepared for a fire on a tool building the provided ladders failed to reach the 9th floor leaving little way of escape and hardly a fighting chance for extinguishing the fire with ever decreasing options some decided to jump out of the windows and down the elevator shaft rather than face the flames the ground around the ash building was littered with 62 dead bodies leaving a horrific spectacle for the bystanders on the street surrounding the inferno the fire eventually subsided but left a terrifying death toll in its wake it is estimated that 146 people perished 23 men and 123 women the bodies of the victims were taken for identification to charities here examination discovered most has succumbed to smoke inhalation burns and blunt force trauma the dead due to their varying religious and ethnic backgrounds would be interred around the city in a total of 16 cemeteries the event shook the city and caused outrage amongst the working classes as well as the upper echelons of society unsurprisingly the company owners were not amongst the dead as they had escaped onto the roof but in the wake of the tragedy they were arrested and tried for manslaughter and indicted on the 11th of April although the terrible working conditions should have been criminal the trial came down to whether the two men knew that the staircases were locked the trial would last 23 days and after a brilliant defence orchestrated by max stauer the two men were acquitted of all charges on the 27th of December the defence lawyer had planted enough doubt in the minds of the jury as to whether the owners were aware of the policy of locking the staff in it was likely that they did know but it was impossible to prove a civil suit would eventually be brought to the men which they lost and had to pay out a grand sum of $75 per life in 1914 the two men would not change their ways as in 1913 their replacement factory was found yet again to be flaunting the rules when city inspectors looked at the new premises they found it not to be fireproof without fire escape and without adequate exits the two were fine the minimum amount and yet again they continued to ignore the minimum fire regulations in august of 1913 max blank was charged with locking one of the doors of his factory during working hours he was brought to court fined a measly $20 and given an apology from the judge for the imposition and this was not unique within the industry where workers were seen as a mere cheap commodity to be exploited but a shock of the ease in which the 146 died and the apparent even easier way in which the owners shirked responsibility led to outrage across the city the outrage turned into action and workers union memberships in the industry grew rapidly the public grief stricken gathered in churches synagogues and eventually in the streets but it didn't just end with workers self-organizing the city implemented new laws initially aimed at fire related issues such as better building access and egress fire proofing requirements the availability of fire extinguishers and the installation of fire alarm systems but would eventually expand to better eating and toilet facilities and limiting the number of hours that women and children could work the triangle waste company would continue until 1918 when it would be disbanded but what of the cause of the fire well eyewitness reports pointed the location of the fire to the wooden bin the fire marshal thought the likely culprit to be a discarded cigarette or a match but another cause has to be addressed and that is of arson the industry had a worrying trend when a type of garment went out of fashion suspiciously factories tended to start to catch on fire followed by rather quickly a large insurance claim interestingly contemporary insurance journals placed wastes as losing popularity within the fashion industry but we will never know for sure as this line of inquiry was never pursued which is not surprising considering the criminal trials outcome this video is a plain default production all videos on the channel are creative commons attribution share a like license plain default videos are produced by me john they're currently wet and windy southeast in corner of london uk help the channel grow by liking commenting and subscribing and check out my twitter for all sorts of odds and sods as well as hints on future videos i've got patreon and youtube membership as well so you can check that out if you fancy supporting the channel financially i've also got a teespring store as well if you fancy wearing one of my t-shirts and all i have to say is thank you for watching a ferry 2.7 kilometers north of pyongpung doll south korea is sending out a distress call at 855 in the morning it is the morning of the 16th of april 2014 and the 6 825 ton vessel and some 476 people aboard are in a dire situation the ferry is leaning and is quickly becoming apparent that it will cap size many passengers have been told to stay in their quarters and this will prove to be a fatal order within just a few hours the ship would be completely underwater taking 304 lives with it and a recovery mission will result in eight rescue workers being added to the death toll the event was spark outrage throughout south korea not only from the disaster but from the reporting of the event in the media today we're looking at the mv seoul disaster our story starts not in south korea in the 2010s but in japan in the early 90s it is 1994 and a japanese company are taking delivery of a new ship she was built by the heiishinki shipbuilding and engineering company limited of nagasaki japan which is around here on a map she is named ferry naminé and is put into work transporting cargo and passengers the ship boasts a length of 145.61 meters and weighing in at some 6600 gross weight tons she is a reasonable investment for the operator who works under the name the a-line ferry company she has a capacity of around 850 persons including crew and around 90 cars and 60 trucks the vehicles are driven onto the ferry on one deck and above there are passenger accommodations and thus she is given a ropax designation roll on passenger carrying but as with all designs compromises have to be made and in this case is a high centre of gravity you see for the vessel to make as much money as possible you need as many vehicles and passengers to be crammed aboard to fit more vehicles on the transport decks passenger accommodation is stacked on top and for the space for cabins restaurants and bars you're ultimately limited by the length of the vessel unless you stack more and more accommodation on top of one another but the more you stack the higher the centre of gravity is and thus greater limitations on manoeuvrability as there is a greater chance of the ship toppling over this issue is not new and has always plagued ship designers and a good balance is usually met and for the ferry the fine balance was achieved for her time with the Japanese firm her operations were uneventful and offered years of travel-free sailing but by the end of her second decade of service she is getting tired and dilapidated the a-line had a replacement on order and as such they needed to offload the old vessel into the second hand market although old and not in the best day to repair she is still worth a decent amount of money and could offer many more years of service to a new owner she was sold off to a new owner Chong Hijin Marine Company in 2012 at a price tag of 11.6 billion won under her new ownership she was renamed and she underwent an extensive refurbishment program in order to squeeze more profit out of a new acquisition her refurbishment would also involve extensive modifications to allow extra capacity for passengers this added extra passenger cabins on the third fourth and fifth floors in total this loaded up an additional 239 tons of weight adding to the already high center of gravity the ship was checked over by the korean registry of shipping part of the process and as a condition of its license the authorities reduced the maximum amount of cargo that could be carried from 1450 tons down to 987 tons as well as increasing the amount of ballast needed from 1333 tons to 1703 tons this was all to try and keep the ship stable but as we'll find out later the seawall's owners didn't heed these requirements almost as soon as the ink dried on the seawall's license an additional 37 tons of weight was added this was marble to tart up the gallery on the bridge deck an issue that would be highlighted later was that even though the seawall had restrictions on her max weight they were not known by the korea shipping association which is responsible for managing ferries or the korean coast guard which were responsible for overseeing the shipping association the industry essentially relied on honesty of vessel owners and like with most things greed can get in the way of that for now refurbished heavier seawall was pressed into service on the 15th of march 2013 her working week would involve three round trips from Incheon to Jeju each one-way journey took around 13 and a half hours to complete the 264 miles the ship would have an interim inspection as per her license in February 2014 and this was passed with no issues highlighted and no real issues came about during her service completing around 241 journeys but trouble was on the horizon where greed and incompetence would bring tragedy to South Korea it is the 15th of April 2014 and the seawall is being loaded up for another trip from Incheon to Jeju at the helm of the seawall today is 40 year veteran 69 year old captain Lee Jun-sik although experienced he isn't the seawall's regular captain and has been hired in on a one-year contract many of the 33 crew that accompanied were temporary or part-time staff the seawall's journey is set to begin at 5 30 in the evening but a thick fog has descended upon the port the ship is loaded with 2142.7 tons of cargo including her total of 185 cars and trucks over twice the allowable weight to add further issue parts of the loads weren't properly secured allowing it to move around the deck the ballast tanks hadn't been readjusted from her previous journey which resulted in the vessel not being properly balanced the seawall was transporting 443 passengers not particularly different from the normal but unusually 325 of these were students on a field trip from dam 1 high school due to weather conditions the ship was told to hold tight until the fog had passed by eventually and to much relief of Lee and his crew the go ahead was given at 9 p.m and off she went into the darkness of the night the only ship to do so that evening as the night gave way to the morning of the 16th of April the vessel was approaching the main goal channel this section of water has one of the most rapid and unpredictable currents in the korean peninsula on the bridge are third mate Park Han-kyul and helmsman Chu Junkie they had started their shift at 7 30 in the morning the vessel is travelling at around 20 knots or 24 miles per hour around 50 minutes later and at around three miles from the notorious channel park orders cho to take over manual control of the steering system from the autopilot due to the issues in the channel caution is needed but it is a frequently used area and the conditions are not too bad at the time the seawall is on a course of around 137 degrees by 827 the ship is in the channel and many of the passengers are preparing for breakfast although captain lee is in his cabin resting park orders cho to turn the ship from the now 135 degrees to 140 park then checks the radar to see the new course and then orders another turn to 145 degrees at 848 in the morning the ship started to list to starboard which led the bow to turn to the right in an attempt to correct this park gave the order to turn the wheel to port the ship didn't respond now the testimony of the two on the bridge would differ as to whether the 145 degree order was given or if cho accidentally turned more to starboard it would later be found that the seawall had turned actually to a heading of 150 degrees the ship continued to list and this was added to by the unsecured cargo moving to the side closest to the water this killed the restorative force required to rewrite the ship but now greatly listing seawall took on water through her side door of the cargo loading bay and the car entrance located at her stern at 8 50 a.m she was leaning at 30 degrees to port throwing off-duty staff from their bunk beds including captain lee who immediately went to the bridge cho stopped the engines and ordered an evacuation of the engine room by now more staff were on the bridge and park was crying hysterically with no engines the seawall began to drift sideways and the listing continued over the pa system announcements to passengers were made to stay put in their cabins the first emergency calls came not from the crew but actually from one of the school children aboard as a passenger the student choy ducca dialled 119 and was put through to the geolennam do south geola province fire station where choy informed them of the seawall capsizing at 8 58 patrol vessel number 123 was dispatched by the south korean coast guard meanwhile the bridge on board the seawall sent out a distress call to the gju vts and asked them to notify the kcg as the ferry was rolling and in danger at 8 55 a.m at 9 0 7 a.m the vessel traffic service asked the seawall if it was sinking to which the strickens ship replied yes this was followed by the seawall saying our ship is listing and may fall the vts sent out a call to any other ships nearby to find out if anyone could see the seawall in which one confirmed by 9 18 the ship was now leaning 50 degrees just a few minutes later the vts ordered the crew to tell passengers to put on flotation devices all throughout this the announcement to stay put continued a couple more minutes went by before vts asked the captain to decide to evacuate or not the evacuation was ordered at 9 30 a.m but not all the passengers heard this leaving many still in their cabins waiting as previously instructed the seawall was reaching a 60 degree tilt vts ordered all nearby ships to drop lifeboats and to assist with evacuation at 9 38 a.m communications cut off between the seawall and the outside world at 9 45 a first helicopter arrived to start lifting people away from the disaster area as between 150 and 160 people had jumped into the water during the sinking many had proved ranked beer instead of assisting and helping passengers off with many still at this point still in their cabins captain lee and many of his crew abandoned the ship with cho and the first and second mates being the first people to be rescued captain lee was taken to safety at 9 46 a.m leaving behind the seawall and the many souls still aboard much of the students had continued to obey the wait and stay orders from the crew and by 10 a.m were losing much chance of survival some who had disobeyed the order had made their way out and were standing on the now nearly overturned hull rescue continued until 10 23 when the side of the seawall disappeared beneath the waves leaving only the underside visible any media aftermath of the sinking the south korean media reported that all aboard had been rescued but this was far from the truth as hundreds were still unaccounted for as the morning dragged on the first body of a female crew member was recovered not long after careers navy ship salvage unit was deployed to the scene at 14 42 150 special forces personnel from the republic of korea army special warfare command including 40 scuba divers were sent for the rescue operations the afternoon gave way to the evening and now with hundreds of personnel involved in the operation examinations of the exposed hull were ceased at 20 hundred hours due to visibility and safety concerns the following day the 17th of april undying marine industries a privately held company started to search for missing passengers in total over 500 divers were involved in the operation but again the rescue was called off at 1400 hours due to poor weather the next morning air was pumped into the ship to try and help create air pockets for any survivors some divers entered the hull but could only get as far as the cargo hold meaning no one was rescued on the third day on the fourth day the disaster took another victim a petty officer involved in the rescue they were injured and had succumbed to their wounds but this wouldn't be the last rescue work of fatality on the 21st of april a remote controlled underwater vehicle was sent to the deck of the sea wall this would be followed by another on the 24th these efforts did not yield much success and by may the writing was on the wall but those who went down with the seawall were now victims and not those to be rescued two divers would die in may and two months later on the 17th of july a firefighting helicopter returning from the rescue operations crashed killing all five aboard while the 22nd of july recovery operations had identified and removed 294 bodies believing 10 to be found among the dead was student choy duke ha the same who had called the emergency services initially the seawall would be recovered and salvaged a couple of years later where more of the victims would be found and identified the event put the country into mourning as so many of the victims were children and the root cause being greed the public were out for those responsible with south korea's worst very disaster at their feet the government had to find out how and why the event unfolded as it did and also find out how 22 of the 33 crew seemingly escaped intact including the vital members responsible for the navigation of the ship almost immediately after the sinking captain lee was arrested on suspicion of negligence of duty violation of maritime law and other infringements on the 19th of april in south korean law the captain is required to remain on board during evacuation something lee clearly did not adhere to two other crew members a helmsman and the third mate were also arrested on suspicion of negligence and manslaughter just a few days later on the 26th of april 12 more were arrested this was the entire crew responsible for navigation captain lee first mate can one sick second mate kim young hall and chief engineer park g hall were indicted on the charges of homicide through gross negligence a crime that can carry a potential death penalty the rest of the arrested were charged with lesser offenses of negligence and abandoning duty on the 8th of may the chief executive of chong he jin kim han sik was arrested and face charges of causing death by negligence all other company officials were also taken into custody yul pyong heng a former chairman of chong he jin went into hiding when his arrest warrant was issued authorities offered up a reward topping out of 500 million won you would escape his day in court when his body was discovered in a plum field approximately 300 kilometers south of sol his death although having foul play ruled out went unexplained due to the state of decay of his body upon discovery the crew charged with the failings of the seawall disaster were convicted and sentences were handed down as life sentence for the captain 10 years for chief engineer and 18 months to 12 years for the other 13 crew members in the cases against officials for overloading of cargo kim han sik chong he jin's chief executive was found guilty of negligence and received a 10 year prison term six other employees and a korean shipping association official also received prison sentences it seems that in south korea you actually go to prison if you're found to be breaking the rules which is very similar to what we saw at the sang pong department store but seemingly rare in other countries the root cause of the disaster like many on this channel is greed and negligence greed in overloading the vessel with improperly secured cargo and negligence in the seawalls navigational crew by not correctly filling the ballast tanks carrying only 580 tons of ballast water making the vessel more prone to list and capsize all of this was a deadly cocktail that was set off by undertaking the strange series of fatal turns which led to 304 deaths 250 of which were school children this is a plain difficult production all videos on the channel are creative commons attribution share alike licensed playing difficult videos are produced by me john they're currently bright and clear corner of southeast london uk help channel grow by liking commenting and subscribing check out my twitter for all sorts of photos and odds and sods as well as hints on future videos i've got patreon and youtube membership as well so check that out if you fancy supporting the channel financially and all that's left to say is thank you for watching this is a cold december evening in 1967 and rush hour traffic is making its way across a bridge over the ohio river the bridge has been here for 39 years and has served the area as it carries us route 35 at 1700 hours the bridge catastrophically failed sending traffic into the river below event would cast doubt on bridges in the country and show the vital need for regular inspections today we're looking at the silver bridge collapse and i'll give you my rating at the end of the video let's see what you think america in the 1920s was feeling like it was getting smaller as more families purchased cars for traveling around the country as such many different infrastructure projects are begun to make the nation's roads more convenient for people and goods to transport across the country one of these projects was approved in 1926 to join up ohio and west virginia construction would begin on a new bridge across the ohio river in may 1927 and will welcome its first vehicles just one year later the bridge would gain a nickname the gateway to the south and its shiny aluminium paint lent the point pleasant bridge its other name the silver bridge the bridge's total length was 1750 feet and this included the main span and its two approaches either end the main suspended portion of the bridge was 700 foot long with two intermediate spans one at each end at 380 feet each the bridge was designed by j e grainer company and was built by gallia county ohio river bridge company but the finish bridge was not the same as the original plans originally when the bridge was envisioned it was to have a more conventional wire cable arrangement but a cheaper i bar chain setup was employed instead the bridge used a methodology of no redundancy but high strength in his chain links instead of having multiple weaker steel links the silver bridge would have only a two link bar setup in a multi link setup there are several redundancies so if one link breaks the others will take up the stress but if one of the links fail in a two bar setup the whole section is reliant on the other link holding the entire load this is all very well as it reduces weight in comparison to a conventional i bar chain bridge and should work if the links are properly fabricated and the maximum load on the bridge is not exceeded which must have felt unlikely in the fairly clear roads of the 1920s inhabited by model t fords and small truck but this wouldn't always be the story as the usa embraced the automobile the i bars were around two inches thick and 12 inches wide these varied in length around 45 to 55 feet depending on where they were employed on the bridge to connect the bars 11 inch diameter pins connected the links for the eyes at the ends these chains would make up the upper cord to a warren type stiffening truss in the seven panels of each side span and the 12 panels of the main center span the towers employed were 313 foot tool rocker type which was designed to move with the various loads on the bridge the towers required the two link chains on both sides for their support failure in any link on either side of the towers in any of the three chain spans would result in complete failure of the entire bridge when completed the bridge had a deck consisting of wood planking covered by rock asphalt but in the 1940s was replaced by concrete filled metal grid in 1941 the privately owned silver bridge was bought by the state for 1.04 million dollars between its original opening and 1941 a number of inspections were undertaken on the structure and after state ownership the bridge was checked over in 1959 63 64 65 and 67 some repairs during the 1965 inspection were highlighted at a cost of $30 000 so these inspections were only visible and the design of the bridge having no redundancy meant that no part of the essential chain could be dismantled for inspection so basically if you couldn't see any defects in your line of sight and you couldn't repair them and at the time there wasn't really any non-destructive forms of inspection available and this leads us to December the 15th 1967 Rochelle traffic mounts up on the silver bridge on the evening of the 15th of December 1967 this is not unique as it forms part of a vital arterial route in the area few minutes before 5 p.m a groaning could be heard coming from the bridge shortly after a loud gunshot like sound shot out across the structure within seconds the entire bridge plunged into the Ohio River as described by one eyewitness as folding like a deck of cards 32 cars disappeared from the bridge and along with them 64 people many witnesses from both sides of the bridge rushed to try and assist the victims several were pulled from the horrifically cold Ohio River but many more were not and a few of the cars now floating on the river were pushed downstream by the flow of water emergency workers arrived on the scene shortly after the collapse and along with passersby continued to rescue efforts 46 of the people sent into the river would die with two never to be recovered at around 4 p.m the next day recovery barges reached the fallen bridge began to try and retrieve the wreckage of vehicles and with the assistance of divers find the bodies of the victims after as many victims were discovered as possible the next stage of recovery was the bridge itself the recovered portions of the failed bridge were placed on the left bank of the river at Henderson West Virginia about one and a half miles below the bridge site on property leased by the state road commission the removal of the wreckage was completed on the evening of the 31st of December but did not include an estimated amount of 154 tons from the Ohio span which rested on dry ground with the bridge now recovered investigators set out to find the cause of the collapse as it was seemingly a healthy structure well the results would reveal a horrifyingly simple law of just a few millimeters due to lack of an obvious sign of failure various leads were pursued and one of them was the risk of a low flying fighter plane you see multiple reports from residents nearby had claimed hearing a boom shortly before the collapse however after investigators checked nearby buildings for over pressure damage this theory was soon ruled out it was also confirmed by the government that no nearby military installations had such type of aircraft hello this is john from the future from when i originally recorded this script at this point i need to address the other theory mothman in his 1970 book operation trojan horse and in his 1975 book the mothman prophecies author john kill linked the silver bridge collapse to alleged sightings of the mothman but again like the aircraft theory this is rather unlikely and the actual cause would be in my opinion far more worrying a microscopic crack needless to say investigators focus back on the bridge itself after extensive studying of the wreckage and the i bar links a likely cause was discovered but this theory wouldn't be confirmed until a 1971 safety board determination and after extensive laboratory testing the culprit was pinpointed i bar 3 3 0 at joint c 1 3 n of the north i bar suspension chain was discovered to have a crack that looked to have progressively increased it was thought that the crack was present during manufacture albeit minute and practically undetectable to the naked eye over time this cracks are come to stress corrosion this is the formation of brittle cracks in a normally sound material through the simultaneous action of tensile stress and a corrosive environment over the near 40 year life of the bridge this crack continued until the point of no return the defect was further hindered from being discovered due to the setup of the non-redundant i bar which meant that dismantling for inspection was unfeasible at the time of the bridge's construction west virginia law prohibited the operation of any vehicle gross weight including its load more than 20 000 pounds over the years this law would change resulting in this weight almost tripling the bridge's deterioration was sped up by these increased loads the legacy of the bridge resulted in more stringent inspections and a reevaluation of bridge design and the risks of stress corrosion linden b johnson funded an investigation into the nation's bridges and it was discovered that around 1100 were designed for model t ford size traffic bridge designers would factor in future predicted loads in newer constructions and a move away from non-redundant designs hoped to improve design safety the bridge would be temporarily replaced by a ferry service but would eventually be rebuilt and named the silver memorial bridge in 1969 and now for my disaster rating i'm going to put the silver bridge here seven on my scale and eight on my legacy scale you agree let me know in the comments below this video is a plain difficult production all videos on the channel are creative commons attribution share like licensed very difficult videos are produced by me john and they're currently sunny southeast in corn of london uk help the channel grow by liking commenting and subscribing and check out my twitter for all sorts of odds and sobs if you want to support channel financially i've got patreon and youtube membership and all that's left to say is thank you for watching throughout history stories of humans being raised by animals have fascinated mankind the feral children have found their way into human culture throughout the ages from Tarzan all the way back to Romulus and Remus suckling from the she-wolf infants seemingly offer a blank slate upon which language culture nationality and morality are inscribed throughout their development because of this child development is a miracle of learning and as such it has not only fascinated the likes of Rudyard Kipling but also that of scientists and one such scientist would devise an experiment but instead of putting a child into the wild to be raised by animals turn the tables and take one of our closest relatives of the animal kingdom and raise it as a human today we're looking at the ape and the child experiment welcome to the dark side of science our story starts on the abru colony in cuba in 1930 with the birth of a female chimpanzee on the 15th of november the baby chimp and her mother and father were donated to the yurki's national primate research center not long after her birth the research center was headed by eugenicist Robert yurkes and was used for medical research into comparative psychology the baby chimpanzee was given the name gua and in June 1931 she was forcibly removed from her mother's cage and was sent off to a new home at the age of seven and a half months for a comparative experiment her new family was scientist Luella and Winfraub Kellogg and their 10 month old son Donald but before we carry on here's some background information to the Kellogg's and why this young chimp became a resident in their house Winfraub and Luella had married in 1920 the couple had met in Indiana University while studying Winfraub was involved in a very diverse set of research subjects but throughout the 1920s focused on conditioning and learning he was fascinated with relative influence of nature and nurture on behavior and if you could isolate the nurture element what if you could raise an animal a primate for example in the exact same way as you would an infant would the chimpanzee's development change or maybe would it even begin to act like a human he'd been planning the concept of a comparative experiment during his postgraduate days at Columbia when studying for his masters in 1927 Kellogg during this time was fascinated with accounts of feral children living with wolves he believed that the infants learned to live like wolves because that was what their environment demanded of them thus if the tables were turned with a wild animal could nurture overall heredity and even humanize it the birth of Kellogg's first child offered a unique opportunity and that was to comparatively raise the child alongside a primate Kellogg devised if he could raise a chimp with Donald their son like siblings he could then see the nature differences the chimpanzee wouldn't be a pet but treated in the exact same way as the human child they would be fed by bottle bathed clothed handled and pushed around in a pram it would be induced to walk upright the same as a child and would be corrected in its mistakes like a human as well the chimpanzee would also be taught and encouraged to eat with a spoon and to play like a child with children's toys the primate would not be allowed to learn in any other way than the human way thus allowing the experiment chance to succeed in creating a human acting chimp in order to facilitate his experiment Kellogg would seek help from Yerkes he received the social science research council fellowship to work at the Yale Anthropod station in Florida in order to prepare for his experiment in 1931 Needless to say this would necessitate the Kellogg's family moving to Florida and not long after Goa the chimpanzee would join the family to start this bizarre experiment Goa and Donald were introduced at the ages of seven and a half and 10 months respectively in the summer of 1931 and in every conceivable way the two were treated by Winfraub and Luella as if they were brother and sister straight away the Kellogg started noting the physical and behavioral differences between the two infants the former was pretty easy as the two were different species of animals and with Goa having longer arms than Donald and much greater physical abilities Goa had nearly all of her teeth whereas Donald only had two to discover the differences both physiologically and psychologically of the two Kellogg thought up some strange and somewhat cruel experiment Kellogg took great interest in the differences in how the two's bone structures developed to explore this he tested the differences by sound by hitting both Donald and Goa's head with a spoon to try and hear a difference in the hardening of the skull he found that Donald's head radiated a dull thud whereas Goa's made a harsher sound hinting at the chimpanzee's bones being more hardened bizarrely Kellogg had previously x-rayed Goa and already knew her bone density was equal to that of a two-year-old human to ascertain the differences between the two's reaction times the Kellogg's devised an interesting experiment both Donald and the chimpanzee were placed in front of a motion picture camera this was to allow reviewing of the reactions later on after the two had settled and the camera was recording a revolver was fired in the air behind them both were startled and it was discovered that Goa reacted more quickly than her human sibling the experiment was repeated a few months later with five other children ranging in age between 17 months and eight and a half years the basic day for the two test subjects consisted of a 7 a.m wake up with 7 30 a.m breakfast then until 8 30 a.m sit with the adults at the breakfast table from 9 in the morning until lunch the time would be filled out with controlled observations car rides outdoor and indoor play photographing and various experiments after lunch at 12 15 nap time followed by a bath time and between 15 30 and 1600 more experiments observations playtime and tests to end up the day at dinner at around 1800 hours followed by bed at 18 30 the days were not always run strictly to this plan as the Kellogg's had various different engagements during the experiments initial two weeks Gua's reflex behavior was recorded an interesting behavior was noted the chimpanzee had issues in her balance after standing upright there were two conclusions that the Kellogg's family made about this the first being due to her still not being fully developed but the other conclusion was that she was becoming disorientated due to having to look up at her human observers more than if she was in the wild probably a bit of both as this new environment would definitely have been confusing to her Gua adapted very quickly to her new sleeping arrangements a cot was constructed and was designed to be usable for an infant child with mattress clean linens and even night clothing when this was temporarily removed her reaction was predictable she began to cry out in despair Gua's reactions when sleepy were very characteristic of a human child when picked up she would try and cuddle up and when sat up her head would nod down only to come back up startle by the motion but the first two months Gua napped more than Donald mainly after meals but as she got older she slept less in the day eventually getting to the one nap as outlined in the day schedule Donald on the other hand was sleeping two or more hours in the afternoon nap time Gua's slept during the night without issues throughout the experiment something that from experience isn't something that a human child often does but as the experiment progressed she started to make a nest with her bedding a thing that chimpanzees do in the wild with twigs in trees she hadn't seen anyone else do this and thus showed the behavior was possibly hereditary or could be perceived as an infant playing in their bed in the night throughout the experiment both subjects were observed during their physical development Donald had a walking age stroller this was because human infants don't develop walking until at least 10 months Gua on the other hand could walk by the time she was with the Kellogg's she also had a stroller but she used it as a toy instead of a walking aid interestingly Gua was beginning to mimic the way humans walk adopting a more upright posture the chimp was showing much quicker level of development as Donald for the age the experiment continued to observe the differences between the two in the way they interacted with their environment during the toddler months of childhood the beginnings of reading and language start to develop part of this is the ability to point at things that interest the infant and Gua exhibited these behaviors as well the two infants almost right from the start of the experiment seemed to enjoy each other's company with Donald showing great delight in interacting with his new sister Gua would hold out hands to Donald stroking her hair as the experiment progressed it seemed like the two especially Gua had become attached to each other always making a beeline for him when he entered the room and noticeably got more excited when playing with Donald if Gua was admonished for doing something wrong Donald would go up to her and hug the chimpanzee as Donald's speech developed he was able to even say his sister's name when another older child called Martha was introduced Gua behaved similarly by hugging the three and a half year old smelling her hair and holding her hand interestingly Gua was much more reserved and timid around human adults which to me sounds very similar to how a human child may act loud and excited with their peers but quiet and shy around adults Gua's actions around new adults was even more shy and even at some times seemed fearful the pair's interactions with other animals was characteristically childlike as well with Gua stroking the next door neighbor's cat and having seemingly no fear in approaching adult dogs much like a human child but this would change at the age of 11 months when a puppy barked at her after she had mistakenly taken the dog running as a game of tag from then on she became scared of almost all other animals including chickens cats and even birds in the trees Gua's emotional responses to being admonished or punished for any number of minor behavioral infractions elicited an interesting response she would noticeably become distressed and then approached the experimenters for affection or a kiss as a form of forgiveness for committing the faux pas this is the similar type of behavior seen in children that comes on later in social development at around 18 to 24 months this showed that Gua was developing faster emotionally than Donald and that she was learning very human-like behaviors she had mastered opening doors especially a swinging door a month before Donald at the age of one year Gua had figured out that light switches controlled the electric light bulbs as such when an adult put their hand up to the switch Gua would look at the light in anticipation of its illumination the experimenters attempted to teach both how to play patter cake Donald picked it up rather quickly and with little prompts happily followed the game Gua on the other hand never learned how to play properly even though she was given daily opportunities to practice the two subjects also underwent potty training Gua had more accidents than Donald and was seemingly embarrassed when she made them eventually she would indicate that she wanted to go to the toilet by oohing and holding her genital area this would develop to her going to an experimenter and indicating by tugging on the adult's trousers throughout the experiment both for the subjects were given the opportunity to use a spoon like many other observations the Kellogg's saw that Gua was way ahead in proficiency than Donald by 13 months she was using the spoon for self-feeding with little mess in contrast to Donald who had mastered the skill by around 18 months another test was devised where reward was placed behind a wire mesh attached to a door frame the only way to get to the reward is via the use of a hoe to drag it under a small gap in the mesh although both figured out the solution at around 100 attempts Gua proved to be more consistent in her success rate the Kellogg's wanted to probe into a vital part of the human experience next and that was something that makes us unique language but this part is where Gua would fall behind and Donald would develop some strange new behaviors Gua's language development differed to that of a human child in the sense that she would communicate her wants physically like pointing to her mouth for food as we saw with her potty training the need to empty her bowels was indicated non-verbally this was the same for when she wanted to play by grabbing one or both hands of her intended playmate she would also pull experimenter's hands to items she needed help with the vocal communication Gua achieved was limited to ooze ours and grunts this is where Donald exceeded as almost from the start of the experiment he was attempting to vocalize his emotions and needs this would develop into vocalizing actual words a feat Gua failed to reach but something rather worrying began to become apparent in Donald in that his speech became stunted this is likely due to his lack of socializing outside the experimental setting and as such failed to pick up words discovered by interaction of one's peers he was only in possession of around six words but he did show signs of vocal imitation although not from his human cares but instead from his chimpanzee sister the Kellogg's noticed Donald barking like a dog to communicate certain emotions the child will also screech scream and even ooh like an ape Gua although not learning to speak words herself did learn the words spoken to her initially she would react just to the tone of the way the words are spoken but she began to show signs of being able to differentiate between different commands initially she would react to no and kiss but her word reaction vocabulary eventually expanded to around 95 words including the ability to point out parts of her anatomy when asked Donald from the started experiment was slow to learn commands but this is probably attributable to his lower mobility compared to Gua once he was more proficient with climbing and walking he would overtake his sister Donald's apparent social and vocal issues caused concern by the ninth month of the experiment in Luella and as such the experiment was abruptly brought to an end Gua was evicted from a human household and sent back to Robert Yerkes on the 28th of March 1932 from there she would be the subject of a number of other experiments conducted by Robert's wife Ada but what of all the data collected from the study and what was the result of the nine month ape and baby experiment well the Kellogg's now back to being a conventional family moved back to Indiana and the couple set about writing a book and publishing their study Winfraub's results showed that he was disappointed that Gua had hit a wall of development he had generally hoped that immersing the ape into the human household would have created the reverse of a wild raised by wolves child it's undeniable that Gua did develop many human-like behaviors such as walking more upright being relatively potty trained understanding a multitude of commands and even showing off her problem-solving skills ultimately Gua was limited by the fact that she was a chimpanzee and that her heredity limited her ultimate ability of language essentially nurture can only take you so far until nature catches up initially the experiment went public when the article was published in the american psychological journal it was written in such a way as to appeal to as many people as possible this unsurprisingly generated a lot of interest in the press at the time and by the time a full book was released in 1933 the study and its ease of accessibility resulted in polarizing opinions many critics pointed out that Gua being pulled from her biological mother at such a young age and the suddenness of the ending of her adoption this no doubt must have been very traumatic for the young chimp to be ripped twice from her perceived home but the biggest criticism came from the use of Donald as a test subject understandable after all it was on Luella's insistence that the study be terminated the extended period of nine months in which Donald was used in the experiment resulted in his development being stunted and needless to say this brings up questions of the study being ethical especially when feasibly a child wasn't even needed for Gua to be raised with humans a number of the tests throughout the study were questionable where the child was frustrated in the broom experiment hit on the head and started with the gun but how did the subjects fare later on in life well unfortunately both participants lives would end in tragedy Gua would die of pneumonia on December 21st 1933 less than a year after she left the Kellogg's family and just after turning three years old Donald would live to the age of 43 when in 1973 he took his own life in all respects he'd grown up healthy studying medicine and specializing in psychiatry whether his upbringing had contributed to his demise we will never know Luella and Winfraub would pass away in 1972 now where would you rate this experiment on my ethical scale I'm going to give it about a five or a six this video is a plain difficult production all videos on the channel are creative commons attribution share alike licensed plain difficult videos are produced by me john in a currently bright and sunny corner of southeast london uk I have twitter if you fancy checking me out to see hints and things on future videos I've also got patreon and youtube membership as well so check that out if you fancy supporting the channel financially and all that's left to say is thank you for watching three men enter a room to clear an obstruction in an industrial facility it is the fifth of february 1989 not long after working in the area they begin to experience headaches and feel ill the men are working in an industrial irradiation facility just outside san salvador and they are experiencing the first symptoms of acute radiation sickness within six months the three men would undergo multiple surgeries which would result in amputations skin grafts and for one of the unlucky trio death the event may sound familiar you might think but this accident was the ignored warning which led to the serek radiation event just one year later the san salvador radiation event irradiation facilities are an important tool for the sterilization of a multitude of different products including the food and medical industries and today's story we'll be talking about the latter you see most countries have some sort of radiation facilities be it commercially or government owned and el salvador was no different one such facility was built in 1974 being commissioned in 1975 based near the country's capital city san salvador it was commissioned and owned by a mexican salvadorian costarican consortium the facility housed a model js 6300 gamma sterilizer designed built and supplied by atomic energy of canada limited and those of you who have been taking notes during my videos will know this company has come up a few times before as part of the installation process three staff were trained by the canadian company in how to properly operate the machine this model of a radiation device makes use of a rack for multiple pencils of which contain radioactive source elements in this case the gamma ray emitting cobalt 60 at the time of installation the total reactivity was four petrobecoils but this reduces over time necessitating semi regular replacement to ensure reasonable irradiation times this is held in place by a hoist and guide cables when not being used for irradiation duties the rack is lowered into a water pool for shielding by pneumatic hoist working the hoist cable the whole irradiation machine is housed inside a concrete shielded room accessible via an area called the maze protected by an interlocked door the radiation room door can be opened from the inside so that personnel cannot be locked in an emergency poolway cable was also provided mounted along the walls of the radiation room and the entrance maze this actuates a stop switch that lowers the source or stops the startup operation materials to be irradiated are usually placed in cardboard or fiberglass boxes these containers are then themselves placed on a metal tray pneumatic pistons push the boxes along a set path over two levels each time exposing a side of the box to the source the path the boxes take results in 29 irradiation positions and the time in each position was around 2020 minutes during an irradiation cycle access to the room has to be restricted because of the high risk of exposure to the cobalt 60 the irradiation room had a number of controls to prevent a access to the room when the source is out of the pool and b the source being raised when someone is in the room this was designed into the system by a ec limited and a vital part of this was the machine key this was used to open the irradiation room door operate control panel and actuate a time delay switch inside the room and only one key was used as an extra method to prevent activation of the irradiator when the room was accessed to enter the room the operator must go to a monitor test panel next door there they would have to initiate a monitor test by pushing the appropriate button this will take a reading of the radiation levels in the room by using a sensor probe installed near the irradiation machine but once the button is released the probe must again be able to read background radiation levels before releasing the interlock allowing the door to be opened on top of the hardware and for safety proper administrative controls are also meant to be used this also ties back to the important machine key and on this key a radiation monitor is meant to be attached this is meant to make sure that upon entry to the room at least one method of dose rate monitoring is provided this is meant to be calibrated before any entry on a known low radioactive source within the door frame of the entry door now that's the basics of how the operation was meant to happen let's return to reality starting in 1975 as multiple levels of safety controls would break down and be forgotten over the following years not long after operation had commenced the facility would experience its first incident in 1975 facility experienced a product jam and product boxes obstructing the movement of the source rack this caused the rack to deform allowing the pencils to fall out but the staff on site who had been trained by atomic energy of canada limited dealt with the incident with no major issues in response the supplier investigated the issue with the machine and repaired it accordingly the facility would change hands later on in 1975 when it was sold to a consortium in the united states of america and during the change of ownership the originally trained staff would be let go this resulted in new staff being trained verbally and not from the original equipment supplier the facility like many other establishments in the country at the time would fall victim to the el Salvador civil war beginning on the 15th of october 1979 the conflict would run for over 12 years and as such the facility fell into disrepair as economic hardships gripped the country because it was feared the facility may become a target in the civil war nothing on site was written down and even the location of the plant was not made public knowledge the owners were fearful of allowing officials from the government on site and any new employees were told as little as possible including the dangers of the materials used by the machinery the source needed to be replenished by the beginning of the 1980s this was due to the natural decay of the cobalt 60 but costs meant it was left as it was eventually in 1981 the owner of the plant reached an agreement with the supplier for replenishment of the source a representative traveled to San Salvador only to turn back at the airport due to the escalating civil war another side effect of the civil war was a lack of safety inspections from the supplier all of this led to a gradual misunderstanding of the equipment safety features as staff trained new staff verbally resulting in variations way beyond what the original supplier would have given another component was that governmental radiological administration was also lacking understandable due to the political issues at the time but this would result in regulatory legislation being non-existent the situation wouldn't get much better throughout the 1980s with the facility making do amending the machinery including modifications that the manufacturer would never have approved of the lack of maintenance resulted in the vital monitor probe failing in order to keep using the radiator it was removed but you might wonder how the operators would gain access to the radiation room when a neat little trick was discovered access could be gained to the room by depressing the monitor switch and repeatedly cycling the buttons on the panel of the radiation monitor this method became the usual procedure gaining access to the radiation room even when the rack was in a deadly up position regardless of the now non-working interlock the access door had become badly fitted due to lack of maintenance which resulted in it being openable by force or by using the blade of a knife to slip the catch and this leads us to february 1989 and a series of events that would lead to an exposed source not being discovered for six days it is saturday the fourth of february 1989 and one of the operators starts his night shift as was the norm for the facility he had to deal with a number of power failures and problems with the pistons but after some wrangling he managed to restart operation each time at about 2 a.m on sunday the fifth of february during a much needed coffee break a fault occurred which caused the source rack to be lowered automatically from the irradiation position needless to say this would be a problem luring the source caused an alarm to sound that indicated that the rack was neither up nor down the operator returning from his break heard the alarm and promptly went to the control panel to try and perform the reset procedure but this failed the next step in the operator's repertoire was to leave the building go outside and climb onto the roof to try and force the source hoist down this was done by detaching the normal regulated pressurized air supply and applying an over pressurized supply this was to force the source into the fully raised position hoping that this would free the rack and permit its descent into the storage position this non-manufacturer recommended procedure also didn't work the alarm continued and in order to trick the system the operator pulled on the cable until it left the hoist mechanism after this he fed it back down which activated the micro switch telling the system the source was down the operator returned to the control panel he found that the red general failure light and source up light was still on he went back to the roof and managed to manipulate the micro switch so that upon returning to the control panel the green source light down was now on to gain access to the room the operator now performed the other non-standard procedure which ever since the monitor probe had been removed a few years before meant that access to the irradiation room was achieved by rapidly cycling the buttons on the radiation monitor panel while turning the key in the door switch this simulated background radiation readings thus allowing the radiation room to be entered even though the source rack was in the up position the operator knew the rack was in the up position but it seems like he was not aware of the dangers this posed as his next move was to cut power to the radiation machine and enter the room he did not check the radiation level once he reached the machine and guarded by torchlight only he started removing product boxes gradually working his way closer to the source rack near the source rack he found five boxes jammed into the space of four he removed two of the boxes one of which was wedged against the lower of the two source modules in the rack this took several minutes leading to an extended exposure time unable to fully clear the machine he left the room restore power and sought out assistance from some of his colleagues the operator returned shortly after with two assisting members of staff the trio now sought out to re enter the room at around three in the morning the two staff members roped into assisting the operator had no training in radiation and the radiation machine the operator assured his helpers that the machine was safe if the power was switched off the three men entered the radiation room and started to remove product boxes from the third row on the upper level next to the source so that the rack could be freed from above in order to free the source rack it needed to be lifted the rack which was around 60 kilograms needed all three for the effort standing on the upper level product tray one of the men pulled the hoist cable the other two lifted the source rack after being freed the rack was then lowered into the pool the members surprised at a chair and cough glow that greeted them the operator seeing this as something to be worried about hurried the men to leave the room clearly by now he had realized there was indeed some kind of hazard not long later the operator started to feel dizziness and nausea classic initial symptoms of acute radiation sickness the trio went outside the building to sit down and the operator continued to feel increasingly ill at about 3 30 in the morning he began to vomit blood and two of the men went via taxi to seek medical help the men made it to the emergency room of the Primero de Mayo hospital upon arrival the other worker began to feel ill at the same time and the third worker who by now had returned to his original working post also began to feel ill and he also went to hospital the company was not made aware of the accident and instead had put the absent workers down to a sick note exclaiming that they had food poisoning at around six o'clock in the morning a new worker booked on for duty he was confronted by the mess of the night shift he straightened the boxes and started up the facility when the first operator did not return for his next shift this worker remained an operated facility for another shift but this day one exposure event wouldn't be the last of this deal but we'll have to come back to that in a little bit by now all three of the original exposed men were vomiting the men were misdiagnosed with food poisoning and given three days sick leave certificates and were discharged at about six o'clock in the morning the same morning they had attended at the hospital the first operator would return to hospital on tuesday the 7th of february with nausea and vomiting and also burns on his legs and feet after he explained to the doctors of the events of the sunday he was diagnosed with radiation burns from acute exposure to cobalt his symptoms were treated but his condition continued to worsen the decision was made to transport the patient to another hospital for more specialized treatment he arrived at angeles del pedrigo hospital in mexico city on day 24 post exposure tuesday for 28th of february he had lost 20 of his body weight but would make gradual improvements over the next hundred or so days the amputation of his left leg looked likely as well as a high probability of him developing leukemia by day 173 thursday the 27th of july his condition was considered to have improved enough for him to be returned back to san salvador but his condition would continue to deteriorate on day 197 after multiple surgeries damaged to his lungs and a progressively worsening condition he passed away on sunday the 20th of august 1989 the other two exposed workers would fare a bit better due to them only being in the radiation room once the second patient who went to the hospital the operator returned to work four days post exposure but was sent home due to his poor health he again returned to work on day nine post exposure monday the 13th of february but was unable to lift heavy objects with discomfort in his feet he returned to hospital where he was then admitted for radiation exposure like the operator he was two sent to mexico city for treatment where he would have his left leg amputated due to necrosis he returned to san salvador on day 173 where he would then have his right leg amputated but luckily for him from there his condition improved the third victim was the least exposed at the free he was too transferred to mexico city but spent less time there rec