narcissistic collapse occurs when the narcissist cannot secure narcissistic supply. But it also happens when the narcissist does secure narcissistic supply of their own kind. I call it deficient narcissistic supply. So there are two types of collapse. Total collapse, when there's no narcissistic supply to be head, in any way, shape or form, never mind what efforts, investments, commitments, and attempts the narcissist makes. Nothing. No one is reacting to his cues. No one affirms his fantasies and confirms that his false self is not false. So this is total collapse and then we have partial or transitory collapse which mediates the transition between types, for example from cerebral to somatic and back. Partial or transitory collapse occurs when the narcissist does secure supply, does, is successful but he's not happy with the supply that he's getting. My name is Sam Baknin. I'm the author of Malignant Self-Love, Narcissism Revisited. I'm a former visiting professor of psychology and currently on the Faculty of Sea Ups, Commonwealth for International Advanced Professional Studies. Let us delve right into the narcissist state of collapse, your favorite state, I'm sure. Okay, first of all to remind you, narcissistic supply includes all forms of attention, positive attention as well as negative attention, adulation as well as notoriety, adoration and applause as well as being feared, approval as well as being notorious and shamed and ostracized but in public. Attention of any kind would do. Of course the narcissist prefers positive attention to negative attention. Whenever the narcissist gets attention, positive or negative, whenever he's in the limelight, it constitutes narcissistic supply. If he can manipulate people, if he can influence people positively or negatively, it also qualifies as narcissistic supply, this sense of empowerment or power. And of course when I say he, it applies to a she in equal measure. Women have succeeded to match men in the diagnostic race half of all narcissists nowadays are female. Even quarreling with people, even confronting people constitutes narcissistic supply. Not the conflict itself but the narcissist's ability to influence other people, to modify their behaviors, to alter and dysregulate their emotions, to make them feel the way he wants to manipulate them, Machiavellianism, to make them do something or refrain from doing something, all these count as forms of narcissistic supply. Hence the phenomenon for example of serial litigators, trolls, stalkers, they're all narcissists in effect. Now I mentioned collapse. Collapse is a situation where the narcissist either is unable to obtain supply at all, which is total collapse or is able to secure only the types of supply that do not allow him to regulate his internal environment and most notably his sense of self-worth. Start with real supply, echt supply as opposed to Elzath's supply for those of you who are German speakers. Real narcissistic supply is like high octane fuel to the narcissistic vehicle and yes I've written this in 1997. Spurious supply is contaminated fuel that damages the engine. So we have two types, real supply, spurious supply, one is the right kind of fuel and the other destroys the engine. Now we have also negative supply. Negative supply should be distinguished from low grade or fake supply, which I will discuss in a minute. Spurious supply, wrong supply, Elzath's narcissistic supply includes negative supply, low grade supply and fake supply and all these produce partial collapse and in many cases transition from one type of narcissist to another known as type inconstancy. But what is negative supply? Negative supply is when the narcissist receives feedback or input from the environment that challenges his self-image and self-deception versus his bubble. This kind of supply eliminates the functioning of the false self or disables or deactivates the false self. Modification is an example, the most extreme example of negative narcissistic supply because the narcissist is getting attention but at the same time is being humiliated, in public, ashamed. So negative supply is about grandiosity, the cognitive distortion, the narcissist's belief, conviction that he's somehow perfect, superior and so when this is challenged, especially in public, there is an element of supply here because there is exposure and there is attention but it's of the wrong kind, shaming and humiliating the narcissist. This is negative supply. Now don't confuse negative supply with narcissistic supply which consists of negative assessments. So when the narcissist is feared that's actually real supply, the real thing. Narcissists love to be feared. When the narcissist is known as a mastermind, evil genius con artist, that's real narcissistic supply. The narcissist loves it. Narcissists like any kind of attention, seek any kind of attention that buttresses, upholds and supports their view of themselves as special, unique, superior and perfect in any way, shape or form. This kind of attention could be positive, it could be negative.  You're the world's most amazing con artist, catch me if you can, wonderful.  Yes, bring it on. These are all forms of real supply and of course, narcissists would prefer to obtain positive supply. You're a genius, you're amazing, you're so good hearted, etc., etc. Yeah, narcissists would prefer this, but in the absence of positive supply, negative supply does perfectly as well as positive supply, not a supply of negative assessments, supply of negative evaluations of the narcissist, not some negative supply. Negative supply is shaming and humiliating the narcissist, challenging and undermining and destroying his grandiosity, usually in public or in front of others. Now, low-grade narcissistic supply comes from sources which cannot be idealized. No matter how hard the narcissist tries to idealize them, no matter to what extent he blocks out and denies the reality of these sources, they still cannot be idealized.  These kinds of sources of narcissistic supply are worthless in the eyes of the narcissist. He is so vastly superior to them in his own mind that they have nothing to give him which would be of any significance. So any supply emanating from these kind of people is low-grade narcissistic supply. The type of narcissistic supply determines whether the source can be idealized or not. In other words, not only the characteristics of the source matter, but also what kind of supply the source provides. For instance, compliments on the narcissist's intellectual accomplishments doled out to a cerebral narcissist by an intellectually challenged person would never pass master and would never qualify as narcissistic supply. If someone who is, excuse me for the expression, retarded tells me that I'm a genius, this kind of narcissistic supply means nothing, of course, because that person is not qualified to judge whether I'm a genius or not. He's intellectually challenged, he's intellect, he's not up to the task. So this is low-grade narcissistic supply. So by now we have a negative supply and we have low-grade supply and both of them, if they are the only forms of supply available, both of them create partial collapse. The next type of supply is even worse, fake narcissistic supply. Fake narcissistic supply is tinged with ulterior motives and hidden agendas. Sources of fake supply complement the narcissist, flatter the narcissist in order to manipulate the narcissist or some third person so as to accomplish a goal. They flatter the narcissist because they want money. They compliment the narcissist because they want him to do something for them. These are manipulative people, Machiavellian people endowed with cold empathy. The narcissist picks up on these true motivations. He feels injured and slighted.  You think I don't see right through you? You think you're not transparent to me? You think these compliments and flattery will get you anywhere? Says the narcissist. Many narcissists test the sources of supply repeatedly. The engineer situations intended to expose the sincerity or lack thereof of the supply and the consistency and authenticity of the sources conduct. So, fake supply, all the above, generate partial collapse if no real supply is available. If there is a mixture of real supply and fake supply, real supply and low-grade supply, real supply and negative supply, the narcissist survives because he has very strong psychological defense mechanisms such as denial, splitting, repression. He simply slices off. He ignores the negative supply, the low-grade supply, the fake supply and he recalls and focuses on the real supply. He is able to devalue the sources of the negative or fake or low-grade supply. He is able to forget these kinds of supplies, simply to dissociate. So, as long as there is a modicum, some real supply in the mix, their collapse is avoided. But the minute the real supply dries up completely and all that's left is negative, fake and low-grade supply, there is partial collapse. And if these dry up also, if the narcissist is simply utterly ignored or shamed and humiliated to the point of being discarded by everyone, then there is a total collapse. In the case of partial collapse, this engenders, this creates a transition between one type and another, type inconsistency. In the case of total collapse, it usually leads to modification. Now, continuing with the anatomy of collapse states and partial collapse states, we should distinguish between static narcissistic supply and dynamic narcissistic supply. Dynamic supply upholds, enhances, buttresses and abets the narcissist's grandiose and fantastic false self. The contents of dynamic narcissistic supply and the identity of the sources of dynamic narcissistic supply conform to the narcissist's image of himself, his destiny, the evolution of his life, his cosmic mission, his superiority and his perfection, his godlike self-perception. Static supply fails to do all the above despite the fact that it is largely positive, reliably recurrent and abundant. It does not contribute to this cementing, strengthening and empowering of the narcissist's grandiosity. It keeps coming like waves, but does this kind of supply, static supply, does nothing to kind of resuscitate the narcissist, sustain the narcissist and live in the narcissist. So, static supply is akin to hospital rations or junk food. It maintains the narcissist for a while, but as an exclusive diet, it results in narcissistic supply malnutrition, aka deficient narcissistic supply. Static supply is repetitive. It is boring because it is predictable and it is pedestrian. It's hand-run. It does not propel the narcissist into new highs, nor does it reinflate him when he's down. To elicit constant interest in him, the narcissist projects to others a confabulated, fictitious version of himself, known as the false self. The false self is everything that the narcissist is not. The false self is omniscient, omnipotent, charming, intelligent, irresistible, rich, well-connected and so on and so forth. It's all, in most cases, it's all fiction, but this is what the narcissist would have liked to have been. This is his ego ideal. It's a form of self-idealization, usually in conjunction with an intimate partner, a process known as co-idealization. So the narcissist needs to uphold this inflated, fantastic, and frankly delusional or demented self-image. The delusions of grandeur, the megalomania, he needs to uphold this. The only way to uphold this is to have other people tell him that this is not his imagination. This is not a fantasy. This is not delusional. He's really like this. He's not just dreaming that he's a genius. He's actually a genius. This is real narcissistic supply. It has to come from high-grade sources in order to be effective and it has to be dynamic, not static, not repetitive, not predictable, not pedestrian, well-phrased, convincing, authentic sounding. The narcissist then proceeds to harvest reactions to this projected image, the false self, from family members, friends, co-workers, neighbors, business partners, colleagues, you name it. Everyone is fair game and pray. If these, the adulation, the admiration, the attention, being feared, being respected, applause, affirmation, if these are not forthcoming, not forthcoming, the narcissist demands them, extorts them, coerces people into providing them money, compliments, flattery, a favorable critique, an appearance in the media, a sexual conquest are all converted into the same currency in the narcissist's mind, the currency that I call narcissistic supply. Originally, the phrase narcissistic supply was coined in 1937, a bit before I was born, but it had a totally different meaning at the time. I borrowed it in 1995 and redefined it in the way that it is used today. It is important to distinguish between the various components of the process of narcissistic supply if we are to understand collapse. Collapse happens when the narcissist's exclusive diet, exclusive incoming feedback and input is comprised of low-grade supply, fake supply, negative supply. There's no real supply coming in. Similarly, if the narcissist's diet of narcissistic supply is 100% static and there's no dynamic invigorating, reviving, technicolor supply, dynamic supply, if there's only static supply, boring, predictable, great, the narcissist would experience partial collapse in all these conditions. All these conditions lead to partial collapse, but collapse is also triggered by disruptions in the process, in the procedure of eliciting narcissistic supply. It is very important to distinguish between the various components of the process of narcissistic supply. First, there is the trigger of supply. A trigger of supply is the person or the object that provokes the source of narcissistic supply into yielding narcissistic supply. The narcissist triggers sources of narcissistic supply into providing him with narcissistic supply. He uses other people, aka flying monkeys in some situations. He uses third parties. He uses objects or money or something or promises or fantasy to convince potential sources of narcissistic supply, potential sources of real narcissistic supply, potential sources of high-grade narcissistic supply to become actual sources of narcissistic supply. It's a conversion process akin to a religious conversion. So the narcissist confronts potential sources with information about his false self. These are grandiose statements of any kind of information that elevates the narcissist, renders him the epitome and ratification of perfection and superiority. He broadcasts this information to the potential source of supply and then uses a trigger of some kind to force, coerce, convince, cajole the source of supply to agree to assume the role of a source of supply and to provide the narcissist with narcissistic supply. So this is the triggering part. A failure in any of the phases that I'm about to describe, including the triggering phase, generates collapse, mini-collapse, partial collapse, relatively big collapse up to the point of a total collapse if none of these stages works. So it starts with triggering. The second stage in the process of eliciting narcissistic supply is the sourcing. When the potential becomes actual, converted, the conversion is completed successfully. The other person becomes a source of narcissistic supply. And the third phase is, of course, the absorption or reception or transmittal of narcissistic supply. It's a reaction of the source to the trigger. So what happens is a potential source of narcissistic supply is triggered by the narcissist, receives information from the narcissist about the narcissist's superiority and perfection and so on, is converted into a source of supply and then reacts to the trigger by providing narcissistic supply. If any of these phases fail, there is collapse, usually partial, sometimes total. If the failure is humiliating, shaming is in public in front of significant others or peers, modification would occur. Modification is another name for total collapse. Now covert narcissists are in a constant state of partial collapse. Covert narcissism is just another name for a narcissist who is constantly in partial collapse because he is inefficacious, is unable to extract supply, real supply from his environment. Publicity, celebrity or notoriety being famous or being infamous is a trigger of narcissistic supply because it provokes people to pay attention to the narcissist. In other words, if you're famous, if you're a celebrity, it moves other people. It motivates them to become sources and to provide the narcissist with narcissistic supply. That's why celebrities and so on, they have groupies. They have women, if they're male, they have women throwing themselves at them because they trigger their celebrity is enough to trigger a conversion process. They convert everyone around them into a source of supply and they generate supply nearly by existing or being there. Publicity can be obtained by exposing oneself, by creating something, or by provoking attention, famous for being famous. The narcissist results to all three stratogens repeatedly. The same way drag addicts secure their daily dose. Now a mate, an intimate partner, a companion, a spouse or even a good friend is automatically a source of narcissistic supply and the trigger here is the shared fantasy. So one could reconceive what the shared fantasy is a triggering mechanism, very effective triggering mechanism. But the picture is more complicated than even this because there are two categories of narcissistic supply and sources of narcissistic supply. There's primary narcissistic supply, which is attention in both its public forms, fame, notoriety, infamy, celebrity, and in its private interpersonal forms, adoration, adulation, love, being loved, applause, being feared, being repulsion. So all these are forms of primary narcissistic supply. It is important to understand that attention of any kind, positive or negative, as long as it comes from a high grade source is not fake and it does not undermine or challenge grandiosity. So attention of any kind that buttresses grandiosity, this kind of attention constitutes primary narcissistic supply. So infamy and notoriety is as sought after by the narcissist as his fame or celebrity. Being notorious is as good as being renowned. To the narcissist, his accomplishments, his achievements can be imaginary, can be fictitious, can be only apparent. The narcissist can plagiarize other people's work, steal their ideas, and he would think nothing of it, as long as others believe in his fiction. So a narcissist would steal someone else's ideas and pretend that they're his. As long as he convinces other people that these ideas are his, he doesn't really care. Appearances count more than substance. Reality counts less than fantasy. What matters is not the truth, but the perception of the truth. It's all about impression management. Now, narcissistic supply comes in two forms, animate, direct, and inanimate, indirect. Inanimate supply is comprised of all expressions of attention, which are communicated impersonally, not in person. For example, in written form, via third parties, in the form of likes. These are all expressions of attention, but this kind of attention is inanimate, yes? And aggregate measures of popularity and fame also constitute inanimate narcissistic supply. Number of friends on Facebook or followers on Instagram or subscribers on YouTube, views on YouTube, number of readers of a blog, all these are forms of inanimate narcissistic supply. Animate supply requires an interpersonal interaction with a source of narcissistic supply in the flesh. To sustain his sense of self-worth, the narcissist requires both types of supply, both animate and inanimate, but especially the animate variety. The narcissist needs to witness, first hand, the impact that his false self has on other people, on living, breathing flesh and blood, human sources, and on his immediate human environment. So, a narcissist whose narcissistic supply is confined to inanimate supply would experience partial collapse. A narcissist whose interactions are limited to a screen who receives supply only via conduits and intermediaries and third parties would experience partial collapse. That's why I keep saying all narcissists are pro-social and communal. They end up hurting people, they end up harming people because of who they are, but their propensity, their proclivity is to collaborate with other people. They need other people, they're addicted to other people, they're dependent on other people. Only other people can provide them with real narcissistic supply and prevent extremely painful collapse or even modification. So, as distinct from the psychopath, the narcissist needs people. Psychopath doesn't. I've mentioned triggers. Triggers are narcissistic supply. You remember the process, the three-stage process? Triggering, conversion, provision. Narcissist triggers a potential source, potential source is converted into an actual source and then provides supply. Triggers of narcissistic supply include being famous, a celebrity, being notorious or infamous, being, having an air of mystique when the narcissist is considered to be mysterious, having sex and deriving from it a sense of masculinity, virility, femininity, whatever. Being close or connected to political, financial, military or spiritual powers, having authority, being authoritative or an expert. So, all these are triggers of supply because these are capsules, encapsulated information that often triggers other people to give you compliments or to flatter you, flatter you or to be in awe, respect you. These are all triggers. Sources of narcissistic supply are all those people who provide the narcissistic supply on a casual or random basis or a regular and repetitive basis. Secondary narcissistic supply because we've dealt with primary supply. Secondary narcissistic supply includes, for example, leading a life that appears to be normal, functional. This is a source of great pride for the narcissist. The narcissist would say, you see, I'm married, I have children, I have a job, I'm okay, I'm settled. Having a secure existence, economic safety, social acceptability, upward mobility or amazing business accomplishments. Obtaining companionship and friendship from others. So, these are all secondary sources. The narcissist is a lot more focused on self-regulating, on regulatory attention, externally regulating attention. The narcissist is a lot more interested in obtaining primary narcissistic supply, a.k.a. attention, positive or negative. Secondary narcissistic supply is nice. It's the icing on the cake. So, yeah, narcissists would feel fulfilled, happy, content, even when it has succeeded to secure both primary and secondary supply. So, having a made response, possessing conspicuous wealth, ostentatiously flaunting it, being creative, running a business, the business, of course, is a form of pathological narcissistic space. Possessing a sense of anarchic freedom, libertarian freedom, being a member of a group or a collective belonging, affiliation, having a professional or some other reputation, being successful, owning property, flaunting one's status symbols, they all constitute secondary source of supply. Possession of objects is also a secondary source of supply. The sources of secondary narcissistic supply are all those people who provide the narcissist with narcissistic supply on a regular basis. That's a very important distinction. The sources of primary narcissistic supply are usually casual and random. Although, in theory, there could be people who are primary sources of supply and provide regular attention and so on. But more commonly, it's an ever-shifting, it's a group with an ever-shifting membership. So, fans, groupies, they come and go. But sources of secondary narcissistic supply are firmly embedded in the narcissist's life on a regular basis. So, we're talking about spouses, close friends, colleagues, business partners, teachers, neighbors and so on, parishioners. But these distinctions between primary and secondary narcissistic supply, triggers, sources, they all incorporate in what I call pathological narcissistic spaces. These are physical spaces. These are the stomping grounds, the hunting grounds of the narcissist. He goes there to elicit supply, to coerce supply, to convince, to cajole, to beg for supply. Exactly like political campaigning. So, this is the pathological narcissistic space. It could be the neighborhood pub, it could be the narcissist's workplace, it could be his residence, his home. Any failure in any of these elements, inability to secure primary supply, because the narcissist is ignored and abandoned and forgotten, inability to secure secondary supply, because the narcissist is alone, has no friends, has no family. So, there's no secondary supply, there's no primary supply, because no one pays attention to him anymore. All these generate collapse, total collapse or partial collapse, depending on the extremity and the intensity of the deficiency. Similarly, a failure to create a pathological narcissistic space, an inability to convince an audience that the narcissist is amazing, fascinating, superior, brilliant, perfect, lovable, irresistible. This kind of failure to convince groups of people within a confined space also leads to collapse. As you can see, there are dozens of forms of narcissistic supply, and consequently dozens of types of suppliers with specific functions. I call these emergent narcissistic supply roles. The narcissist trains and conditions his nearest and dearest to enact these roles. This is role-playing. The narcissist engages in role-playing and expects everyone around him to play a role in his sempitonal theater production, eternal movie. The narcissist allocates scripts and narratives to his spouse, to his children, to his subordinates, to his dependents, to his friends, to his colleagues, to his neighbors, to his service providers, I mean you name it. Everyone has to play, everyone has to act according to the script. The script is tailored to reflect the weak and the strong points, the advantages and disadvantages, shortcomings and flaws, and the superior points in each and every one of these participants. It is a personality of the source of supply that determines which type of supply he or she is supposed to provide. A shy, insecure and reticent child may be prevailed upon by the narcissist to admire and submissively serve the narcissist. But a smart, outgoing and independent offspring may be cajoled to accomplish impressive feats, enhancing the narcissist's standing in the community. These are examples of tailoring the script. Again, when people reject the scripts, when they rebel against the script, imposed on them by the narcissist implicitly or explicitly, the narcissist experience collapse, partial or total. As you can see, the phenomenon of collapse is much more nuanced and much more complex than you are led to believe by self-styled online experts and even by scholarly texts. There is a confluence between total collapse and phenomena such as modification between partial collapse and narcissistic injuries. Between these two, and for example, typing constancy, transitioning from one type to another, covert to avert, somatic to cerebral, vice versa. The phenomenon of collapse is the bridge. It is the dynamic element in the narcissist's personality. The narcissist's personality is rigid and very inert and static. It's the collapse that jumpstaffs the narcissist. Each and every time. In order to become the narcissist first, has to vanish.


them in the chat. Yeah, I can do that. Well, yes, I can go ahead and do that now. Thank you very much again for your excellent talk. And we close up today with Nick to factory from MIT on the odd dynamics of living crystals. So are you with us? Yes. Can I share my screen or go ahead? Okay, I think I should wait for John to on share. Oh, I'm sorry. I'm sorry. You can probably overrule it. Yeah, you could have you could have just taken over. Just putting thumbs up next to a couple of questions that came up for you, John. Yeah, I'm thinking about them. Right. Take it away. Okay, well, first of all, thanks to the organizers for invitation to speak. I'm going to continue with the theme of the session on active matter and I will highlight a particular direction in my group that I'm very excited about, namely how non reciprocal interactions or raking the golden rule of non reciprocity can give rise to collective dynamics and work generation in the absence of cyclic protocols. First, I'll give you a broad overview of what my group's interests are. And one of the fundamental questions that we ask in physics is basically discovering the underlying laws in the system. But even more importantly, we are interested in understanding and explaining the new laws that emerge when many individual components interact. And to discover these laws, we do not always keep track of all the electrons and protons. We're always looking for important variables, or key degrees of freedom. And once these variables are identified, we combine them into what is called an order parameter, which is the quantification of the emergent phenomena. And in equilibrium physics, this concept of order parameter has been very powerful. And it plays a crucial role in defining a wide range of phenomena. I think magnetization is a classic example that we are all familiar with. Now, asking for the order parameters of the living state or living systems is a very hard problem. And it's also not a well defined question. Because when equilibrium is given, statistical mechanics frames the behavior and phenomena in terms of minimizing energy, since no energy is added or lost. But when a system is out of equilibrium by necessity, such as what we have in living systems, they can no longer follow an energy optimization principle. So then the question is, can we identify general principles that can guide us in developing a physics of living systems that can reach the same level of predictive power that's the standard in any other area of physics? And this is a challenge that we have been trying to address. And to do so, we develop experimental tools to observe and identify non-equilibrium degrees of freedom. We develop data analysis frameworks to define order parameter fields. And finally, we develop theoretical frameworks which have predictive power. Of course, the concepts that we develop, the hope is that there are system independent. However, to develop these concepts, we need model systems with rich phenomenology and self-organizing principles. And there are many model systems to choose. One in particular that I find very interesting is a multicellular systems. And in particular, the system that my group uses is C-star OSITE. And this is actually one of the oldest known developmental biology model systems. And if you think about it, multicellular development starting from a single OSITE all the way to the full organism, as it has evolved over the past billion years, is truly an accomplishment in the realm of self-organization in formation processing. The processes need to be orchestrated in space and time to give us robust outcomes. So I'm going to show you this slide which highlights my group's approach. This is a journey in space and time to showcase the broken symmetries that we have identified and the emergent phenomena that we have discovered at each spatial temporal scale. Probably the most important broken symmetry, which is the defining feature of non-equilibrium systems, is time reversal. And my group has a broad interest in understanding how we can use tools from stochastic thermodynamics to identify spatial temporal scales of energy dissipation in living systems and in complex systems. Moving up the scale as well as complexity, my group is interested in understanding how biochemical signaling proteins self-organize at cellular scale and how cells use these patterns to perform computational operations. But today I'm going to go even further up the scale and I will tell you a story on the discovery of odd elasticity in a living system. Odd elasticity, as you will see in my talk, is the broken symmetry of the stress tensor or broken symmetry of the response of the system. And it happens in systems with two conditions. One, broken time reversal symmetry as well as non-reciprocal interactions. So before I tell you what actually this odd elasticity is and what's the consequence of having that in a system, I'm going to talk about this paradigmatic system that allowed us to reveal this exotic material property. So to do so, we're going to look at the star of my talk today, which is the fertilized starfish embryo. And when I played this video here, you can see that basically we are starting from a single cell and the fertilization process gets started.  This process occurs many, many times. You can clearly see that the number of cells is increasing. There is a lot of cell rearrangement and cell migration. And you can also start noticing that there's a group of cells that are at the surface at the periphery of these spheres. And these cells have a very important organ known as celia. And if you must know, celia is this her like protrusion that beats and it's involved in swimming and developmental signaling. Now these embryos are covered with celia. At first, this celia is beating asynchronously and that's why you can see this chaotic motion. At some point, they start beating synchronously and that's where each of these embryos start swimming around. There are two important broken symmetries here. One is time reversal because the development has started, as well as chiral symmetry breaking. And I'm going to emphasize this chiral symmetry breaking. So let me show you a microscopy close up of one of these embryos, so this ellipsoid object. And you can see that the embryo is covered with celia, this her like protrusion. And the ciliary beating pattern is involved in actually induction of left, right asymmetry in many organisms, including us. So if you take a look at this red box here, what you can actually see is that we have a sparse ciliary carpet that's actively beating and it's generating this metachronal waves. And that's why each of these embryos are swimming in a chiral way in the fluid. Now we decided to put a large number of these embryos together and we observed an absolutely remarkable phenomena. So this is the first frame of a video. And note that in this frame, each of these spheres is one of these swimming embryos. And I'm going to start playing the video. And what you see this, it's absolutely beautiful phenomena, which is this spontaneous crystallization of a large assembly of these developing embryos. And over the course of their natural development, thousands of these embryos come together to form what we call a living chiral crystal structure that can persist for many, many hours. And the whole self assembly dynamics and dissolution of the crystals are controlled entirely by the embryos internal developmental program. And I want you to note the scales here. So this is a collective phenomena that happens over days and on the millimeter scale. So you can actually observe this by eye. So to give you a sense of scale, this is a photo of one of these crystals that I've taken on my iPhone camera. And for those of you for experimentalists in the audience, this is actually a six well plate. So it's about a few centimeters across. And you can see that this is truly a phenomena that you're observing. You can observe with your naked eye. Now, first, I'm going to give you a bit of an intuition of why this process happens. So what you see here is a side view of one of these embryos. And what you can see is that the embryo is elongated along an axis of symmetry, which is called anterior posterior or AP axis. And when the embryos swim towards the water interface, they can attain a stable configuration, such that the AP axis aligns perpendicular to the interface. And you can actually in this image see the fluid flow that's generated around the embryo by the ciliary ability. And when a group of these embryos align in this manner, they can spontaneously self organize into two dimensional hexagonal crystals. But then as the embryo develops, what we observe is that the shape, as well as the topology of this self generated fluid flow near the embryo surface changes substantially, which leads to first basically a way of introducing noise in the system, which leads to disassembly and eventually complete the solution of this crystal. Now, if you look at this radial inflow that I described, you can see that we can actually accurately describe this type of flow using a stoke slit. And for those of you are interested in fluid mechanics, the stoke set is a solution to the stokes equation that describes a generic fluid flow near a force exerting object. And you can see here that both the fit to our experimental data as well as theory. Now, this self generated stoke slit does two things. One is that it stabilizes the upright AP axis orientation of the embryos. But importantly, it induces an effective long range hydrodynamic attraction between embryos, which results in facilitating the assembly of long leaf crystals at the water air interface. Now, if you notice something interesting is happening when two of these embryos are coming together again note that they have a handedness to the direction of their rotation. So first of all, we have the traditional reciprocal attractive force between the embryos mediated by the fluid, which affects their potential energy, which is the stored energy that's determined solely by the relative position of these objects in the crystal. But the motion of the fluid is also generating a second transfer force that cannot be ascribed to a potential energy. And this is going to lead to emergence of very interesting material properties that I'm going to describe in a few slides. Now, I want to emphasize that this non reciprocal type of force is actually a result of the non equilibrium nature of this system. And this is again an example of basically the two body interaction and three body interaction. And you can see that the bodies are rotating because of this type of microscopic non reciprocity in the system. Now, very briefly based on the experimental insights, we constrained a minimal model in which each of the upright spinning embryos are rigid discs that interact through hydrodynamic stocks that mediated pervise attraction, a pervise transfer force exchange and pervise chiral torque exchange. And this is the equation that describes their dynamics. I'm not going to go into detail, but happy to answer questions. And we can use the stocks that strength that's determined from our experimental fits and become parameterized the force and torque exchange based on rotation frequency measurements of the bound per and triplets. And then we were able to show that this minimal model is sufficient to quantitatively describe the formation and phenomenology of the crystal over several orders of magnitude in cluster size embryo spinning frequency and cluster rotation frequency. Now, of course, we have a crystal. So one of the first things we wanted to focus on is the properties of the ground state of this system. And of course, one of the striking features that we observed was that this whole process of nucleation growth and dissolution is happening naturally as the development progress. And what you can what we observe is that first the crystalline order increases during the growth space. Whereas the dissolution is preceded by a loss of orientational, translational and dynamic order. So I'm going to focus on one of these orders, which is the orientational order. And to quantify orientational order, we calculate the local bond orientational order parameter or size six. Just to give you an intuition, the magnitude of size six is quantifying the local hexatic order. And the phase angle indicates the local bond orientation. And the videos that you're observing in this slide are experimental measurements of the evolution of this order parameter during the whole lifetime of the crystal. So I'm going to just briefly skip over this slide. So this shows the probability distribution of the phase of the size six, as well as the magnitude of size six and how it evolves with time. And there are of course other types of order to look for the ground state of this system. For instance, we can look at translational order and dynamic order. And each of these again shows that there is a progressive loss of the order, which as the as the embryos develop and you create more and more noise in the system, either because of the fluid flow generation or the particle shape. So this is what the ground state looks like, but actually it turns out that the excitations in this system looks very interesting. And in particular, one of the questions we had was, what is the consequence of breaking parity in this system? Because we have a material that's individual components are spinning. And because of this spinning motion, we have a transverse force and torque in the system. So first of all, I want to remind you that when we were looking at the first video of this crystal that I showed you, there was a global chiral symmetry breaking. So there's a global rotation of the crystal. And this is because of the rotation of individual components of the system. But we observe something more striking. If you look at the co-rotating frame of the cluster, so this is going to the co-rotating frame of the system. And what we saw was the fact that the crystal supports self-sustained chiral waves and shear cycles. And what I want to emphasize is that the time scales that you observe are quite extraordinary. You can see that the wave is actually propagating for as long as an hour. And this is quite surprising because this is an over-damped system. And again, this can only happen when you have a non-equilibrium system at hand. So to better visualize the chiral waves and shear cycles, we can measure the displacement field, both angle and magnitude. And now you can clearly observe the propagation of these self-excited displacement waves, which again in some cases can persist for longer than an hour. And again, I want to remind you that this is a fluid-embedded crystal lattice, which is overdamped. So the existence of such waves should come as a total surprise. So let's kind of like take a step back and try to understand where do we get such interesting behavior in an elastic system that we think of it as an elastic media. So just a quick recap. In standard elasticity, just taking Landau-Lipschitz book, we derive the entries of the stiffness tensor under a variety of assumptions. And of course, energy conservation is an important requirement, which has a very important consequences. And in the case where we have a two-dimensional isotropic media, this constraint results in basically constraining the stiffness tensor to only two independent diagonal entries. The bulk and shear modulite, the modulite that we deal with in everyday materials. Now, there was a beautiful theory work from Wincenzo Vittal's group and others in University of Chicago that came out in 2020, where they show that by waiving the standard requirement of energy conservation in linear elasticity, one can actually unravel unexpected mechanical behavior that has previously been overlooked. And this is because entirely new elastic moduli appear in the stiffness tensor. And these moduli, these components are off diagonal and odd, and hence they term this odd elasticity. Now, one of the consequences of odd elasticity is that the system in, you can excite these type of waves in response to an external compression, or in general a system can display odd behavior, which is basically this oscillatory motion in response to a specific stimuli. And this is exactly where the self-sustained chiral waves come about. And to visualize these oscillation waves, we can determine the displacement gradient tensor and extract the four principal strain components. So it's divergence, curl, shear one and shear two. And the plots on the left is showing you basically climographs or spacetime projections of these waves. And you can see that you have these periods of sustained oscillation in time. Now, what's more interesting is if we take two of these components and construct a two-dimensional face-based trajectory of, for instance, shear one, shear two pair, what we observe is that it traces out a closed ellipse. And this ellipse indicates the emergence of an autonomous self-sustaining elastic engine cycle in which the system converts internal energy into mechanical work to offset the dissipative losses. And again, what I want to emphasize is that this is a system that's once it's been kicked and it just goes into this cycle. So we're not actually performing a cyclic protocol. The system gets excited and it undergoes this, it basically generates work. And the area that's embedded by these curves is the work that's done on the environment. And I find this quite remarkable because we're really linking rigid body mechanics to thermodynamics. And this is similarly true if you look at two additional components, the face-based that's spanned by divergence and curl. Now, there are two pieces of information we can extract from these cycles. Well, first one is that we can quantify lower bounds of the work that's associated with these strain cycles. And to do that, we actually look at the statistical irreversibility of observed cycles using the many tools that is available from stochastic thermodynamics. And we calculate the face-based currents for each of these embryo positions in the crystal. And we can construct a spatial heat map of the local entropy production that arises from the divergence curl coupling and shear one, shear two coupling. And you can see that these maps reveal the spatial temporal variation of the entropy production rate with higher rates appearing when the crystal is excited. But you can also see local heterogeneities, which actually happens mostly in the vicinity of vacancy defects. I'm going to briefly mention something about that in a couple of slides. And the second piece of information we can get from these cycles is the handedness of the cycle. And the handedness of the cycle in the strain space corresponds to basically whether the system is doing work on the environment or absorbing. It's basically the environment is absorbing the work. And to quantify that, we can basically look at the cycles and then try to assign handedness to this. And in this system, we can predominantly see counterclockwise cycles. And basically the components of the odd elastic moduli that we have, what it means is that the system is doing work on their environment. I'm going to briefly mention the fact that everything I talked about has been elasto dynamics, where it shows that we have the existence of this type of odd elasticity. But the question is, can we also extract these odd elastic coefficients? And what we can do is we can actually look at the strain around lattice defects. And in this system, we can have different types of defects. You can have defects with seven-fold coordination, or you can have five-fold coordinated vacancy defects. You can also have defect pairs. And for those of you who are interested in crystallography, in these hexagonal lattices, we can look at the strain field that's associated with a pair of five-seven-fold coordinated defects. And the strain field encodes information about the effective mechanical properties of the system. In the interest of time, I'm going to skip this slide, but happy to talk about it. But in practice, you can extract basically information about these non-banishing odd moduli, which are these off-diagonal components in the system. And of course, in the maybe last couple of minutes, let me just say that this is truly, for us, is just the beginning. Because so far, our experiments have been focused on observations of the intrinsic fluctuations. So we've been doing fluctuation measurements. Of course, the logical next step is to actively perturb the system and to do response measurements, and then try to understand how different symmetry-breaking phenomena influences linear and nonlinear response to this type of external perturbations. So this is an example of one experiment. I call it a crystal in a box. And where in this system, we can actually apply a step compression. And if you choose the correct strain, basically the correct step compression, you can excite the crystal. And again, then the crystal undergoes the cyclic type work generation. And I think this system will allow you to develop a generalized fluctuation dissipation theorem for parity-violating systems in which both chiral symmetry and detailed balance are broken. Now, there are other types of experiments one can do. You can excite the system locally so we can replace one of these objects or embryos with a ferrofluid droplet, which you can externally actuate. And then again, look at the type of response that you get locally in the system. But I think what I'm mostly excited about is that these structures that support self-sustained chiral waves exemplify this idea in active matter that we have upward energy transport from individual microscopic constituents to the macro scale. And again, if you think about this system, even at the single particle level, we have actually a collection of celia that are kind of that are dissipating energy all the way to the whole crystal which can generate work. And I think this is the first time that we have this opportunity to try to look at how we can for signatures of this upward energy cascade in an active matter system. And the last thing I'll mention is that you can also start playing these games, which is instead of looking at crystals with identical particles where you start all of them at the same developmental stage, you can start mixing particles of different developmental stage, which means that you are basically changing or you're tuning the strength of nonreciprocity or non-reciprocal interactions between these particles. And then you can start thinking about the consequence of non-reciprocity and collective behavior of these many body systems, which basically, again, the dynamics is not governed by an optimization principle. And I'll just mention that, and it's not just C star. So C star is only one species in this incredible branch phylogenetic tree, which is the kinoderms. There's other species such as C urchin, which they actually exhibit even more interesting features, namely, they break shape symmetry as well. So they have this triangular shape, which actually results in what we believe some really interesting features such as a piatic liquid crystal. And this is an active area that we are very excited to further explore. So with that, I'm going to leave you with two things. One of the thing is that this kind of, of course, biology has been very successful in this enumeration and characterization of the molecular components of life. But I think what's really interesting about living systems is that there are many features that rises from the interactions of many of these molecular components. And this active matter gives us the tool to bridge these scales from microscopic to macroscopic, which can lead to discovery of new physics and new kinds of ordering in phenomena across scales. And I will advertise for this review article, perspective article that I've written with three of my colleagues, which we highlight. Some of these new frontiers were in active matter in particular, I think stochastic thermodynamics is really kind of one of the frontiers to explore in active matter systems and go beyond just coarse graining and writing down hydrodynamic equation. And with that, I will thank my wonderful group of students, graduate, undergraduate, postdoctoral fellows and my colleagues, and happy to take questions. Okay, thank you very much. Very inspiring talk to finish the day on. So Peter Ryan's hand up. Do we have any, before we go to Peter Ryan, do we have any more junior people who are interested in asking a question? Not to cast aspersions on your age, Peter.  All right. Thanks for a beautiful talk. I was wondering, can you control the activity of these cells, the degree to which they are alive, and do you then, what kind of phase transition would you then see, or do you expect them to see a phase transition induced by the activity? That's such a wonderful question. So in fact, we're, as we have started exploring the system, we've been looking into ways of kind of like playing with this, but the energetics of the system, and there are two ways to do that. One is the traditional way of trying to titrate ATP concentration in the system and then see what kind of like basically properties emerges when you kind of the system becomes less active or more active. So that's one thing we have been exploring. But it turns out that there's also ways to modify cilia beating, and like you can use drug perturbations and kind of like change the number of beating cilia. So effectively make the particle less motile. And that I think also is kind of another axis. Again, we reached very, it's the very recent kind of explorations, but one of the most interesting questions, I think to explore in a system like this. So yeah, thanks for that question. Yeah, thanks. Excellent. Beautiful. Thank you. Yeah, so thanks. Very nice talk. So I was just wondering that when you are calculating the entropy production rate of the system, like you map the divergence field on the car and on the current you are getting and they are what was the actual entropy production rate you were calculating from there. Yeah. So let me let me say that it's not actually the it's a bound and it's definitely a lot of not a very tight bound. It's basically, we look at the statistical irreversibility of the cycles. So we have the face based cycles and then from the cycles we calculate kind of like the amount of entropy production in the system. There is another way to do it as well. If you know exactly what the module I are, which is actually the area enclosed by the cycle is the work, but we don't have the actual modular. We have the ratios of the modular. So that's something that we are kind of like using the response measurements. We are trying to get go beyond just the ratio and then get the actual modular and that would be another way to kind of get a maybe better estimations of that. Thanks. Does anybody else have any question before we wrap up? Can I have a very sort of naive question? So at the level of the embryo, why do they, why is it advantageous to form the sort of crystals? You see this across all of the species. I'm just confused. I can, yeah, that's a wonderful question. So let me just show my last slide. It's a slide that I get that question quite a bit. So I think whether, so it's not entirely clear why this collective phenomena is advantageous as you mentioned. I do mention that the starfish or sea urchin in general, they, they're broadcast spawners. So they, they spawn in this intertidal zones, which the water fluctuations, both in terms of levels, pH and temperature varies quite a bit. So one of the kind of my, my hypothesis is that maybe this is a way for the system. I mean, they're generating work. So maybe this is a way for kind of like fighting with this broad range of like temperature fluctuations, for instance, in a system. This is of course a very kind of like, it's certainly a hypothesis, but I think that's the, is a very interesting question. And whether it's an epiphenomenal or a phenomena that has been now evolved to have some kind of useful thing for, I mean, it's a type of flocking. So it's interesting to further explore that. Yes. Yeah. Thanks for the question. Thank you. Okay. If that's everything for today. Thank you to all of the speakers we've had today. Very much appreciated. It's been nice to see a really broad range of topics, including multiple experiments that are making contact with theory. So that's, that's, and vice versa. So that's really good. Thank you everybody. I won't be here tomorrow, but for those of you who are enjoying the last day of the workshop and see you around. Thank you. Thanks. Bye bye.