What the bird doing yo what is up you guys realistic in here and as you guys can see we have tutu Charles inside of the baby in yellow Now this is a mod made by my friend mythical dude This is insane He can also make a tutu Charles and curse Thomas and any other games So if you guys have any other ideas where you guys might want to see Charles or curse Thomas in a different game as a Mod let me know let me know what ideas you guys have because I have plenty of more coming Alright, so let's begin with this dude. This is freaking terrifying. Look at this It's like oh my god. It's like his spider legs are trying to reach me or something and then we do have the bird I forgot the name of the bird, but it's from the garden of band band. Yeah pretty freaky, right? He has big eyes. It's like you just staring right into your soul That's a bad. I ain't got a soul no more bro. All right, so um, let's go ahead and begin with this Charles Are you gonna eat the baby? Let's see if Charles eats a baby fight fight to the death What if I put them both on the floor? Oh my god, imagine he just starts chomping on the baby. That would be epic, right? Uh, let's see I think we can play the game. We're gonna have to put you away in the corner or something, okay? Stay here Do not move baby. Oh, oh my yo The baby just got shot out of the oven Okay, we'll just leave him in the toilet. We'll just drop him in the toilet. No biggie.  All right, it says feed the baby get the bottle from the fridge I'm not sure if this actually works like if I can replace the baby with the baby Charles, but Here goes nothing take the bottle Give the bottle to the baby. Okay, actually we can't what okay? You know what baby? You're in the clear Okay, take the baby to the changing table. I wonder if we put this baby. We're gonna try everything, okay? We're gonna try whatever we can to incorporate Charles Into the game. Okay, dude, he does not fit This baby is too big man. Okay, bro. We have a problem here.  Oh my god. I think he died. Oh, okay work getting you nappy Okay, so I guess some objectors work with the baby and some don't take change baby No No, I lost a diaper Okay, no, dude, can you stay here wait for a second grab this and Okay, I don't think you can actually change him. Yeah, I don't know what this guy is doing He has a mind of its own. He's like flipped over and now he's in the water or something I don't know dude. Oh, okay, so I was roaming upstairs and I found that even baby Charles spider baby. Okay, let's try to see if this works change a diaper brah That is not working. I don't think that's how a diaper goes on a baby Okay, let's try this one more time. This has to work changing Matt. No, it's not picking it up. Okay, you know what? I'm sorry. I have to go get the original ball, baby. Okay. There you are.  All right Let's pick him up. Let's go change his diaper and now don't mind this Charles.  Take the baby to bed. All right, let's take you to bed, baby Okay, all I'm hearing is babies crying left and right.  Okay. Oh, there's a spider egg Look at this Find the storybook and sit down Okay, that's it.  All right. Have a good night Charles I mean baby. Oh my god, there's more babies Why is there so many babies coming out of this guy? What is going on, man? I have no idea All right, let's just go watch TV on the sofa, man. That's our objective.   Is there something? Okay, settle the baby. I wonder if the baby is fine because there was a green egg in there Hopefully oh My god, what is going on here?  Oh, he's gone. Okay. We can't pick up the egg or something take the baby to bed Okay, where am I supposed to find the actual baby himself?  You didn't get scared by the spider trains. Did you hopefully not? Oh They're taking the baby. No, okay put them in there Put the correct question the cat okay, uh I forgot this. Oh, that's a plushie of him No, that's a rubber ducky Okay, this kid does not want any rub plushie. Oh, there you go Okay, nice Chill out and watch sofa. I mean watch TV. How are you gonna watch the sofa man? I mean, I kind of got to watch the sofa because this dude is just creeping here Another restless night taking care of children must be fun, right? I think At least he doesn't have more than one. All right, so that's a bummer You really can't like change the chuchu charols as the actual baby in the game Like to do the task and all that to do the storyline But let's see. Let's put them in the oven. Let's see what happens. Oh, this is gonna be epic And oh, I hear it. Oh, that was okay. That was pretty cool. Let's do it again, bro I want to try one more time. Dude.  Okay. Nice. Can we put him in the trash? Oh, what? What just happened? Okay, that's kind of scary. Just watching all dude. I'm gonna spawn a lot of spiders I'm gonna spawn a lot of spiders and I'm gonna do that I just want to see how it looks.  Okay, turn into spiders. Come on Oh, why is that one like humongous? Dude, he doesn't even fit in the house Okay, now I'm kind of scared myself I don't know if this is a good idea, but let's try this Let's open up the Oh, no, it's super laggy. Oh my god What just happened, dude? Oh my god. Why is there like a humongous charles? Look at this Doesn't even fit in here. Oh, okay. That is super scary Can I try this one more time? Okay, there you go. That's a better view Sorta Okay, um, can I have a baby train? Is there a baby train anywhere? Okay, why is that one moving bro? These things are moving. I feel like I'm I'm about to die by these spider trains Okay, so I managed to find oh, what? No one just like flipped. I managed to- Ayo, what? What is going on down here, man? Oh my god, okay. I managed to find a baby charles and we're gonna stick them inside Of the um the dryer See you later, baby. Dude, they're sticking out through the but through the ceiling From downstairs Oh, he is tumbling in there Oh Okay, that's gotta hurt That spider ain't got no more brain in there It just bit him out. All right. Oh, dude. I'm gonna go insane with all these babies crying in the background Okay, I'm pretty sure that's pretty much it right. I don't think we can interact with anything else Inside of the map. Can we push them down the stairs?  All right, you guys. Well, that is the mod Sadly, it doesn't replace the actual baby with the storyline as a spider, baby But he doesn't that I mean it's pretty cool. It's pretty terrifying.   Don't worry guys.  I will not let them escape this household. That is my mission All right, you guys well, thank you all for watching Thank you all for the amazing support shout out to mythical the mod creator Like I said, if you guys have any other ideas on where where you guys want to see uh Chuchu Charles or cursed Thomas in the video game Let me know in the comments down below I'll try to put them into a different game and we'll see how it goes from here And yeah, I'll see you guys in the next one. Peace Hey everyone and welcome to a man of the adventure mangled ball has surprisingly dropped a new demo on Unmanned the adventure I was about to record a spongebob game and then I went on itch diado and then I saw this I'm like what another man of the adventure. This can't be real I thought it was a fake game to be honest, but then I clicked on it and it said demo So this is the new demo to I guess from what it might be the new Admin of the adventure I don't know but let's go ahead and begin because this TV static is driving me insane All right, let's press start Oh, I'm excited man. This can be awesome. Okay, so it seems like we're in some sort of attic From the looks of it. Okay.  What is that like a clock or something? I don't know. There's a bunch of boxes in here. There's a little oven. Dude, what? Okay, we're about to cook some food up in here. This seems to be what is that? I'm like a radio player like a tape player or something. Okay. Um Cassette player. Oh the VHS. Okay. Let's put this in Let's see what lies in the tape And I am wooly Today, we're going to make an apple pie. My favorite is peach pie I don't like it a little pie today. We're going to make an apple pie First we need to cut the apples Do you know what we can use to cut the apples? Um, yes, you obviously use a knife Amanda. What is wrong with you? I don't know if I just trust him with the knife. We can use a sharp knife Uh, I don't think we're supposed to do that by ourselves for willy. He's always worried. It's always good to be brave when you're by yourself Look, I'm a pirate. Oh Chill out Amanda. That doesn't seem safe. Okay, willy. Let's cut the apples That was hard. We have almost everything we need to make our pie. We just need some sugar Hmm, do you know where we keep the sugar? Is it in the pantry? The refrigerator or the sink? I think the sugar would be in the refrigerator, right? Uh, Let's let's click everything else besides the pantry. So let's see how she reacts. Nope try again Okay, nope Let's try without the sink. Don't you want to help me? She's like really bro. Like just click the pantry bro. Stop playing games. All right. Um, can't click anything else So, where's the sugar? Dude the fridge disappeared and so did the sink Okay, this is weird. I can't click anything. No, okay. Let's click the pantry Wait, let's make a pie. What? It's a bag. Can you smell the apples and cinnamon? Uh, okay, it's time to bake a pie first preheat the oven to 425 I don't think we should be using the oven by ourselves. Oh, willy come on. We should always ask a parent to help I'm not sure where they are right now Yeah, where are your parents? First preheat the oven to 425 degrees. Okay, so we saw the little oven then put the apples into the pie tin Now put it in the oven and bake it for 40 minutes for 40 minutes. Got it. I'm probably gonna forget Our pie is ready. I can't wait to eat it What's your favorite kind of pie?  My favorite pie is pumpkin pie pump Pump Okay, but actually Dude, why is it scary that the pumpkin pie fit there perfectly, man? Okay, just spit out the tape nice In the kitchen. Okay, so that's the first tape Okay, now what spit out the the tape. Oh, what? Okay, so the are we actually supposed to cook the pie ourselves? Okay apple pie Is there a knife somewhere? Oh, we can actually play piano, bro. Look at this. All right. I'm getting carried away, man Let's go look for a knife so we can cut up the apple into slices and uh make a pie out of it. Okay, um Oh my god. Okay, there's nothing here Okay, let's look around. Let's have a look around to see if we find and why is this locked Okay, we need a passcode I'm not sure what that could be Maybe I missed it. Maybe we missed the code somewhere Okay, maybe there's something hidden I feel like there might be stuff hidden around. Okay, this chest is locked. You can't even click it Oh, that was scary Yo, why are you doing that, bro? Oh, wait, what? Okay, we were able to grab this. Why? This is weird Okay, you can actually grab a lot. Oh Okay, what am I supposed to do with that? Okay, first, what if you put it to 425? Oh dang it passed it. Come on 425 for 40 minutes And then we grab it put it close it What? Dude, it created a tape. What that is so weird. Okay, so the name on the tape is scratched off And that might not be good at all Might be a little suspect, man Can I see what this tape has for us? That doesn't seem Oh, what I saw like a monster of Amanda Did it feel like that thing in the back there? Oh, it's going on Like that picture in the background is like a message or something dude. Something is going on.  It was Amanda as a monster. We had seen that totally scary and then what's up with this toy We might actually need to use this in the full game when it comes out I'm not too sure as to what or on how it might help us, but It's there doing something just rattling. Okay, and then the fruits. Oh, what happens if we put a different fruit I want to figure that out. Okay, so we're gonna try to do the fruit thing again A little more forward in this video, but let's go ahead and snoop around for a bit more This one does have a lock. You need a combination and I don't know what this combination could be I would try to guess it right now, but you know It's gonna it would take forever to try to guess it So we'll I guess we'll just say that So the actual game comes out and also the little piano I'm not sure if you play like a little song You play like a little specific notes or something or a little song This might actually even open because as you can see you can pull it out it opens Clearly if you're blind Otherwise and I don't know man. Okay, and then this this clock here. It's weird. You can change the time I'm not sure why I'm not sure as to why you can man. You're able to change the time on this So that might be something else to uh look out look out for Okay, so let's go ahead and uh Let's try to put oh wait. There's something else here. There's a lot of toys There's a lot of kid toys. That's a weird thing. There's a lot of kid toys up here in the basement Oh man, I mean in the attic not the basement All right, so let's try to cook a different um Oh Didn't mean to do that. We're gonna try to cook a different fruit. Let's see if it triggers amanda or something happens Or maybe nothing happens. I don't know Today, we're going to make an apple pie. My favorite is peach pie Yeah, yeah, today. We're going to make your favorite pie by the way first. We need to cut the apples Do you know what we can use to cut the apples? Yeah, you karate chopped them. Okay. Use the knife Okay, why don't you see what that you see that thing in the back? I feel like it's like we're supposed to do that by ourselves a message. You have to decode It's always good to be brave when you're by yourself Look, I'm a pirate. She is crazy, bro. Wouldn't don't trust her with the knife Okay, willy let's cut the apple That was hard. We have almost everything we need to make our pie. We just need some sugar Okay, man. Yeah. Yeah, you know where we keep the sugar. Yeah, the sugar is in the pantry the refrigerator or the sink Okay, so we already triggered her she makes her things disappear then they come back smell the apples and cinnamon Okay, it's time to bake a pie First preheat the oven to 425. Hey, you don't think we should be using the oven by ourselves We should always ask a parent to help. I'm not sure where they are right now I'm not even a parent that is Yeah, whatever happened to her parents reach the oven to 425 degrees Then put the apples into the pie tin. Okay, so we're gonna try to put it in the oven put a different fruit in the oven for 40 minutes Let's see if anything happens our favorite kind of pie I tried pumpkin the other time. Let's what's another pie cherry pie. I don't know That sounds delicious. Willy, let's have some pie. Okay, spit the tape out Then bam, we have the oven here Okay, let's try to put this He did say oh, they don't have his favorite pie. Okay, we're gonna try a banana pie. That sounds nasty, but here goes nothing, man Uh, oh, yeah, we have to turn this on to 425 And then 40 minutes dude, it doesn't even cook for 40 minutes. It's more like It's like you're closing and it's done Okay, so Our theory failed. We cannot cook anything else besides an apple pie. That is a bummer, dude. Okay. Um Well, I guess that is it And then what's up? Okay. What time is it? It is actually three in the morning. Is this even correct? Okay, I don't I don't think it's correct But from what it might have been it was like what three third three 40 around there Oh heck not man. I'm hearing ghost stuff All right. Well, I guess that is it. We can't really find nothing much else as to uh Any other little details? I do want to open this but like where is the code? Where can we find this code? I don't know. Let's let's get attacked by the monster one more time Oh great All right, that should do it. All right, let's put this Let's try to watch this again very slowly Because I'm pretty sure we missed some little Easter eggs Okay, so how's they in the bed of zoo that doesn't seem Oh She was like monster moment there Oh, yeah, yep, we get attacked. I want to feel like that that might be the code or something I think on the fridge That is sick Dude, I can't wait for the full game to release. All right Well, I guess we tried to look for some little things I really couldn't find any except just to show you guys where I was around a little more detailed in the attic Like I said, I can't anticipate a way for the game to come out the full game Which you can actually wish list this game itself So when the full game drops on steam, you'll be notified and then you'll download it as soon as it drops And you'll be the first one to play it So yeah, make sure to wish list it if you want to play it yourself when it fully drops I'll leave the link to the demo Down in the description so you guys can check it out for yourselves as well And yeah, that's pretty much it. Thank you out for watching and I'll see you guys in the next one


We are going to share ideas about self-management as a mean and not an end itself. It is very important to know about the self-concept of the middle childhood of the individuals having different ideas about itself, how stable they are about themselves. Yes, I can do, I can perform it very well and I cannot do this work. When he is asking for different types of tasks, he is also getting a comparison that yes, these things I can perform very well and these things I cannot because these are not well very related with my abilities. And there is a comprehensive understanding developed in that. And this one is leading towards the understanding of self-concept. Self-concept means that I can do, these are my potential, my abilities and I can execute where these are required and needed. And in this way, he refines his understanding and he wants to be active in it. And this is only possible when he walks on that path, gives him awareness, gives him a chance to perform. And in the same way, he interacts with that social world. He looks at the environment, interacts with people and he is connected with the social world and where his appreciation is, where his acceptance is, where his adjustability is. That is, similarity of tasks, similarity of the different activities, where he gets admiration and acceptability. And in this, he decides some of his standards, decides the measures. These are the standard, these are the hard times I have to reach within this limited time and manage all these things together. And he keeps trying to achieve his expectations. And when the attainment of different achievements is going to be accomplished and completed, he is encouraged and he feels the difference to achieve his goal. And he feels success and success is leading towards to understand its abilities for the self-managed. And in this, we are also seeing that along with it, the strategies that he chooses should be changed within that. The strategies are more sophisticated. And in that, the completion of that is the insurance of performance of different activities. And in this, how the person is to control the situation, the abilities, sometimes haphazard situations and there are unexpected interventions. In such situations, he controls them and manages his behavior, the adjustability of his social environment. Because whenever a child goes into every social environment with other people, his behavior has reflections and reactions and he learns to manage them. Because he wants to keep himself complete. He wants to convince himself. To convince himself, his own execution of abilities is very difficult. Thank you very much.


Welcome back, while ago we looked at the various aspects of the second law as thought about by Carnot, Kelvin and Planck, Caratheo-Dory and Clausius. Of these four possible channels of attack or four possible statements of the second law of thermodynamics, we will now select one as our basic statement and proceed from there. We will not look at the Caratheo-Dory statement because that is mathematically too involved. It is not easy for us engineers to absorb it. The Clausius statement is considered a weaker statement of the four because it talks of a lower temperature and a higher temperature and we have not yet defined in a proper thermodynamic sense what is a lower temperature and what is a higher temperature. The Roth law tells us that look there are different temperature levels. We can provide labels for them, one label for each isotherm and we call that temperature. But the scales of temperatures, the numbers we give them are arbitrary. It so happens that most of the scales of temperatures which we use give boiling water at say one atmospheric pressure at a higher temperature value than freezing water at one atmospheric pressure say for example 0 degree Celsius and 100 degree Celsius. But these are the numbers which we have decided. Nothing would have prevented us from providing a higher temperature to the boiling point and a still higher temperature to the freezing point. But tradition and convention dictates that all temperature scales go in one direction. But thermodynamically we have not yet been able to define any proper hierarchy of temperature. That leaves the Carnot thinking and the Kelvin Planck thinking. The Carnot statement of the second law where you talk about the maximum possible efficiency requires thinking about an idealized engine, the so called reversible engine. Whereas the Kelvin Planck statement does not talk about any such thing. And that is why we will consider the Kelvin Planck statement to be the basic statement of the second law of thermodynamics. We will formalize it and we will proceed with the derivations pertaining to the second law of thermodynamics. We will define many terms en route to make the analysis simple and the derivations understandable. We will be able to use plosius way of thinking to indicate that there is a hierarchy of temperatures which we can arrange from higher levels to lower levels. Again higher and lower will be arbitrary but the fact that a hierarchy of temperature exist will be demonstrated using the second law of thermodynamics. The Carnot way of thinking will be demonstrated as a proof of the Carnot theorem after defining what we mean by a reversible process and a reversible engine. And finally when we define entropy and a final form of the second law of thermodynamics we will also be able to appreciate the Carrot Theodoris statement. We will be able to show that from a given state of equilibrium in the state space of a thermodynamic system there will be states where we will not be able to reach using adiabatic processes. Whereas on the other hand there will be states which we will be able to reach using only adiabatic processes. So let us come back and now let us look at the Kelvin plant statement of the second law of thermodynamics. We will call this simply Kp or Kp statement. In its basic simplest form the Kp statements considers a system which executes only cyclic processes. Actually it should not have no net change of state. That means either the change of state should not be there or cyclic process and this system executes a small process in which some amount of work DW is done. It has to be positive. That is the work has to be delivered by this system or done by the system on some other system. And other interaction is the appropriate amount of heat absorption. So by first law we have DQ equals DE plus DW because there is no change of state or a cyclic process is executed. This is 0. So we should have DQ equal to DW. And since DW is dictated to be positive, DQ also is dictated to be positive. Now what this system is doing is without undergoing any change it is absorbing certain amount of heat and converting it completely into work. This is complete conversion of heat into work using a system which undergoes no change of state or which executes only cyclic processes. The Kelvin-Plank statement says that this is not possible. If you are doing according to our convention a positive amount of work and that means if you are converting completely this heat absorbed into the work done by the system Kelvin and Plank in their statement of the second law say, no, this is just not possible. However this does not exclude the possibility that a system without no, without any change of state will absorb some amount of work that is DW being negative and reject some amount of heat to some other system. That is possible. But as shown here heat absorption from some other system and work done on some other system without a change in state of the system involved is impossible. That is the Kelvin-Plank statement of the second law of thermodynamics. Thank you.


The broad topic of our research project is beliefs. Now beliefs are of course very important for economics. Think about the decision to buy a house or to invest in the stock market. You're going to have to form beliefs about how the interest rate is going to develop or how the stock market or the housing market is going to develop. Now given the importance of beliefs, it also seems important to understand how beliefs are formed. And so in the broad sense what we try to do here is we try to improve our standing of the process of belief formation, focusing on a specific aspect which is how does the way our memory works actually shape the process of belief formation. Now memory is of course a very broad concept and we focus on a specific aspect of memory which is associativeness. Now this principle of associative recall basically says that the recall of memory trace is triggered by cues that are mentally associated with that trace. And now these associations can be constructed in many different ways but an important determinant here is similarity. What this means is that the recall of a memory trace becomes more likely if this memory trace is similar to the cue that you are currently observing. So the basic research question we ask in this project is how does associative recall shape the process of belief formation and how does associative recall determine to what extent you take current information into account. To make this a little bit more concrete think again about the housing market for example. What we are interested in is suppose you now obtain a piece of information about the housing market but in the past you have already made some experiences or obtained information about the housing market as well. What we are interested in is to what extent as the current piece of news you observe about the housing market shape the recall of the past information you learned about the housing market. So which pieces of information about housing that you already know become accessible because they are triggered by the current piece of information you are reading. So the question we try to answer is how does the receipt of a current piece of information shape the recall of past pieces of information you have obtained. In order to answer this question we conduct a controlled lab experiment and in doing so we were facing in particular one challenge which is that of course we needed an experiment where memory and memory constraints can actually play a role. Now in existing experimental paradigms that try to study belief formation essentially by design memory was playing no role so we had to come up with a new paradigm that allows us to study the role of memory for belief formation. Now the way we do this is as follows the respondents in our experiment had to estimate the value of 12 hypothetical companies. Now for each of these companies our respondents would obtain pieces of news. Some of these news could be positive meaning that the value of the company increased. Some of these pieces of news could be negative meaning that the value of the company actually decreased. After obtaining these pieces of news our subjects would be asked to estimate the value of a given company. Now in terms of timeline there was a first period where subjects could accumulate knowledge about the value of that company. So in these first periods for each company subjects would obtain pieces of news about that value of the company and you can think of these pieces of news as existing information about the value of each company. Now some time was elapsing and then in the second period for each company there was an additional piece of information and now after obtaining this additional piece of information we asked subjects to estimate the value of a given company. Now what this setup allows us to do is to ask exactly the question we raised in the beginning. So to what extent does the last piece of information determine which aspects of the information you obtain in the first period become accessible and again our hypothesis would be that if the last piece of news is positive for example then by the principle of associative recall this would trigger positive pieces of information from period one. So highlight one of our key results we find in our experiment that associative recall causes participants in our study to overreact to the last piece of information they see. What this means is that people seem to put too much weight on this last piece of information so they react too strongly to the last piece of information. If the last piece of information is positive they sort of overvalue the value of that company. If the last piece of news is negative they underestimate the value of that company. Now the intuition for why associative recall can actually generate overreaction is quite straight forward. Think of a respondent who obtained the last piece of information that is actually positive this last piece of news will trigger the recall of past pieces of news that have been positive and so our decision maker will overestimate the value of that company. If the last piece of news our decision maker sees as negative he's going to be more likely to remember the negative pieces of news about that company he has seen in the past and so he's going to underestimate the value of that company. So the beliefs of our respondent will fluctuate too much based on the realization of the last piece of news so he's going to look like he's overreacting to this last piece of news. If you think about that in the context of say the stock market for instance what this means is that it might be that an investor in the stock market observes a piece of news about some development in the stock market and this piece of news is going to trigger the recall of past pieces of news he or she has seen and due to the principle of associativeness this is going to lead him to overreact to this recent piece of news. So I think our findings are relevant first of all because we introduce a new experimental paradigm that actually allows us to study the role of associative recall but also potentially other memory imperfections for belief formation. As I said before in the traditional experimental paradigms essentially by design there was no role or no scope for memory imperfections to play a role. So here we introduce a new experimental environment that allows people to study the role of memory imperfections for belief formation. Second I would say that now there's actually an emerging body of theoretical work that tries to formalize this principle of associative recall and how it affects belief formation and subsequently also behavior. I would say that our findings sort of directly relate to this body of work and directly empirically confirm key assumptions and key mechanisms formalized in these theoretical accounts. Finally our result that associative recall can actually cause overreaction to news nicely relates to another body of existing empirical work that has documented overreaction to news in a diverse set of contexts ranging from the stock market housing market to beliefs about political issues where as I said people have documented overreaction to information but in these contexts it's not really clear where this overreaction is coming from and so one could view our results as sort of potentially providing a micro foundation for why we see overreaction in these contexts. So I think this topic of memory and belief formation is still quite new so there's a wide range of possible extensions or directions for future research. Let me highlight maybe two that are sort of closely related to this project. The first one is the question to what extent this principle of associative recall is actually beneficial for us. So the broader question underlying this is of course to what extent is the way our brain functions beneficial for us. Now for this principle of associative recall of course if you compare it to a situation where our recall is perfect it's not going to be beneficial. But that does seem to be a somewhat unfair comparison because we do know that our memory is not perfect. So maybe the better benchmark or the better comparison would be to a situation where our recall is just random. So we randomly recall or forget stuff and compared to that what our research already shows is that there can be situations where clearly associative recall is better than random recall but there can also be situations where associative recall leads to larger mistakes than if your memory would function in a more random fashion. But much more work needs to be done to really understand to what extent our associative-ness principle in memory is really beneficial. I think another interesting direction for future research would be to look at strategic interactions and the role associative recall can play for such strategic interactions. So for example consider the situation of an interaction between a company and a consumer and the company of course wants to sell a certain product to that consumer. Now this company can potentially exploit this principle of associative recall so the fact that the memory of the consumer will work in an associative fashion. So for instance this company can sort of strategically manipulate the content of their newspaper ads for instance to shape the recall process of potential consumers in a specific way in order to persuade this consumer to buy a certain product. I think sort of better understanding to what extent in such strategic interactions an associative memory can play a role and can be exploited for instance from firms but also from other actors in markets could be an interesting area of future research.


Hi and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. The question says that with A and 11 terms of a GP are P, Q and S respectively. Show that Q squared is equal to P into S. Now before solving this question, we should know that geometric progression is of the form A, AR, AR squared and so on. The general term of this progression is given by Tn is equal to A into R to the power n minus 1, where A is the first term, R is the common ratio which is obtained by dividing any term by its preceding term. Or we can say that R is obtained by dividing nth term by n minus 1th term. Let's now begin with the solution. Let A be the first term and be the common ratio of a GP. We know that the general term of a geometric progression is given by Tn is equal to A into R to the power n minus 1. Now the fifth term that is T5 is equal to A into R to the power 5 minus 1 and this is equal to A into R to the power 4. And in the question we are given that fifth term is equal to P. So this is equal to P. The eighth term that is T8 is equal to A into R to the power 8 minus 1 and this is equal to A into R to the power 7. And in the question we are given that eighth term is Q. So this is equal to Q. Now the eleventh term that is T11 is equal to A into R to the power 11 minus 1 and this is equal to A into R to the power 10. And in the question we are given that eleventh term is equal to S. So this is equal to S. Let's name this equation as equation number 1. This as 2 and this as 3. Now we have to show that Q squared is equal to P into S. Now consider Q squared. From 2 we know that Q is equal to A into R to the power 7. So Q squared is equal to A into R to the power 7 whole to the power 2. Now this is equal to A to the power 2 into R to the power 14. Now A to the power 2 into R to the power 14 can be written as A into R to the power 4 into A into R to the power 10. From we know that R to the power 4 is equal to P and A into R to the power 10 is equal to S. So using 1 and 3, Q squared is equal to P into S. Hence we have proved that 2 squared is equal to P into S. So this concludes the session. Bye and take care.


Hello, my name is John Kubatowicz. I'm one of the faculty here at UC Berkeley working with Joey Gonzalez, Anthony Joseph, Ken Goldberg, and Ken Lux. And I want to tell you a bit about a project that we have that's fundamentally changing the way that people interact with their information when building large distributed applications. As a bit of a motivation, I wanted to give an application that I'm sure you're all familiar with, which is FaceApp. Suppose that you basically have an image of yourself that you want to see what it would look like if you were older. You might pull this application onto your phone and probably select that it has full access to all of your photos, which might actually be a little bit worrisome. But then what does it do? Well, there's some cloud service somewhere that it's going to send these images. And who knows what other data to. And then hopefully you get back an aged version of your face. But have you thought carefully what's going on here? Because along the way, there may be many listeners. There may be malicious elements in the cloud service itself. And so by the time your data is packaged up and sent to the service and come back with an aged image, you've basically had copies of your packets potentially grabbed by multiple places. And the service itself may be ferreting away your images and other secure data for future reference. And you have no control over that. As a flip side, you might ask yourself a different question, which is when you use somebody else's information that they've given you, how do you know it's even authentic? I'd like to give this example of what happened in 2015 when a team of researchers figured out basically how to exploit a firmware update bug to take control of a Jeep remotely over the Sprint network. And they were able to make it speed up, slow down, and veer off the road entirely remotely, which is a little scary given the complexity of cars today. And really, this is the rise of machine-to-machine communication, which is pretty much everywhere. Robotic systems use models that are generated elsewhere by machines. Firmware updates, safety protocols, navigation systems, all of these things are done in a machine-to-machine fashion. The internet of things, which has a wide variety of definitions, pretty much takes sensor items, processes them, and automatically acts on them in cyber-physical systems. This is pretty worrisome, because in all of this, you might ask, do you know where the data came from? That's a provenance question. And do you know that it's still ordered correctly or has none of the bits have been changed? That's an integrity problem. And really, these are all offshoots of what I like to say the rise of fake data, which is kind of exactly like fake news, but worse, because it's basically data that gets automatically acted on. And you corrupt some data in one place, and suddenly, a car goes off the road, or a remote factory starts making something it wasn't supposed to. So our approach is about changing the conversation for how people interact with their information. And the inspiration here is shipping containers. Before 1956, these shipping containers didn't exist. And the way that things were shipped from one port to another was Longshoremen would play Tetris with the items on the ship, and they'd get unpacked at the other side. And when the shipping containers were invented, all of a sudden, these containers had a standardized size. They were all locked in a certain way. They had a standard ID or a unique ID. And as a result, now all of the ships and trains and trucks and cranes and all of that infrastructure can now handle one format. And now you can basically ship something from one place in the world to any other place with no problem because of this standardization. So can we use this idea to help? And the answer is yes. We have something we call a data capsule, which basically is a standardized metadata. That's this green piece here that the infrastructure understands how to deal with. And within are potentially encrypted transactions. There's no constraint on what they look like, except for the fact that they're all linked together, kind of like a git tree or a hash history. And they're all signed in a way that basically makes sure you know where the data came from. And you could think of this as a little small piece of a blockchain. And you can put anything in here. And the underlying intrafit structure is basically now possible for it to move these around anywhere in the world in a standardized way, assuming that the owner of the data authorizes that. So for example, you could imagine this example here where we have a bunch of training data for how a robot might grasp things. And that model gets trained up in the cloud, and it's put into a data capsule. And now it's secure because it's encrypted and it's signed by the producer. And then it's shipped off to the edge where the only place that it can be unpacked and utilized is in a secure execution environment where the keys for unpacking it are given. And what we know is we know it's authentic because we can check the signatures. And any updates that happen can only happen in authorized environments as well. All right. And so basically our approach is a platform approach. We imagine that the data capsule version, the ships, trains, trucks, and cranes is something we call the global data plane, which allows these data capsules to float freely, assuming they're authorized. And that global data plane has been designed in a way that allows many service providers to interact to provide service. And also above the global data plane, it's not necessary for application writers to use the data capsules directly. Instead, they can use the data capsules viewing them as file systems or databases or whatever your favorite storage pattern might be. And so a physical view of the GDP, I'm not going to go into this in great detail, but greatly mirrors the internet. That's no surprise. But you can have a series of trust domains in different places, like cloud centers, homes, factories. There are transit networks in the middle of the GDP. And then the global data plane basically can host these data capsules. And how does that work? Well, we have switches that can move the data capsules around as well as queries to them. We can have peering. We can have name resolvers to help you find them. And as a result, now, the clients can use these data capsules anywhere from anywhere to anywhere else if they're authorized. So we also have a project called Fog Robotics, which is explicitly looking at that model building example I gave you earlier, where models can be distributed in data capsules and used securely on the edge. So why should you come to Berkeley? Well, because come change the world with us. If we succeed, we change the way that people construct distributed applications. Safe computation on data anywhere, any time, but only if I want it to happen. What do we hope to accomplish? We want to exploit the networking effect, pun intended, of standardization and federation to allow basically everybody to use secure information. So what do we as faculty do? Networking distributed systems, machine learning, secure edge computing. We're interested in a variety of new applications. And we really hope you will consider coming to Berkeley. We're excited. And you should too. Thank you very much, and I hope you have a great day.


The public hasn't got a clue what architecture is. Not a clue. We can be very obscure, modern classical musicians or poets. And yet we're the most connected to society of all the arts. We build in the city, we build under pragmatic terms, we work with developers, we work with economic situations. I don't know. And with planning boards and blah, blah, blah. And it's amazing that, especially in this country, I have to say very different than Japan and Europe, that there's kind of an ignorance, kind of a complete lack of what architecture is. And yet everyone does their compulsory European trip to look at the beauty of Europe.  They're looking at Europe and you think, don't they get it? They're interested in the culture of the city, and they're interested in architecture to participate. I think actually that certain buildings have very short time frameworks. It's just, I'm not sure it's a good or bad thing. It's just a thing. It just is. And it reflects the dynamicism of our cities. And you can anticipate they probably won't be libraries or city halls or institutions like this one, because there's an investment and there's already an establishment of a certain permanence that comes with the institution. But we'll think of the opposite of a town that has no new structure or no revitalization, looking at a kind of a dead town. And I would think it's much less about looking at the architecture as something in design and looking at a broader issue of the livelihood and the energy of the city. And that represents something extremely powerful. It's the way New York right now is suffering under an extreme economy. But one of my mays why, I live around the corner. I live on Mercer. And I go back and forth between LA and New York. And I've gone for a month to come back. And three shops are closed. I'm going, oh dear, it's a tough time. And then I come back the next time and there's three new shops. I'm going, guys, this is amazing. I just talked to my wife about this last night. I started in the winter of these two new shops. There was a big opening last night in the fast shop. And there were all these two-meter girls hanging out. And I was going, what's going on? And it's this new shop that opened up. And I'm going, what in it? It's amazing how resilient our society is. And that resiliency includes its architecture. It's resilient in terms of the society. It's resilient economically. And that's a really good thing. That resiliency means that we can solve problems. And we can come up with other solutions. And it represents an incredibly complicated organism that's so multifaceted that it can keep you regenerating itself. And again, that commercial or cultural regeneration is paralleled by architectural regeneration. Makes sense? And who cares if you're building last 10 years? In fact, in some ways, it'd be kind of interesting if, what if 10% of New York was only existed for three years? And then it'd be something new. Got it. It'd actually be the image of Arcagram, if this is what they really anticipated. And every time you came into New York, there'd be like new things showing up as buildings. I don't think it'd be fantastic, I think, right? The city would be constantly. You could never understand it, never know it. It'd be constantly defining itself.  Should we be held accountable? I guess the answer has to be yes, doesn't it? But I think it's a bit more complicated than the architect is responsible for this. Architects are beholden to clients that allow you to manage a project. And believe it or not, aren't the power behind the criterion by which buildings are built, whether it's programmatic or whether it's performance and performance in terms of energy? And so that we're looking at a collaborative effort between, I guess, you would have to include governmental agencies and an agreement in society of how buildings have to behave and what that normative behavior is in terms of this issue. And it would have to do with the promotion of that and the acceptance of that by a client. And finally, the architect that really the third party, because again, it doesn't matter whether you're interested or whether it's a serious value in your work or not, it still requires an agreement of client. So it's going to be finally a collaboration of, again, the architect's going to step in and we're going to be responsible now in manifesting that desire. Of course, you know that we're at a time that it seems to be maybe the first time in this country that there's been a radical shift in how we think about energy. Because this is a country that's rich in energy and could be wasteful because of the vastness of our resources. And so we didn't have to concern ourselves with that. And it wasn't really a serious issue until it wasn't even made aware of a serious issue until maybe the 60s. And in terms of its broad global effects. And so this is something new and I'm quite really hopeful that it seems to be that the public is now quite enmeshed in this issue. There's a thing that needs to be more conversation that's accessible to the common public. That really allows them to understand architecture is something much more complicated that is a result of this type of thinking about these numbers of forces. So you look at this building and go, oh, really tough. And maybe to my eyes, ugly, because it's made out of it. It's brutal. And I'm going to go, well, actually the concrete is construction concrete. And it's because of the cost model. Would it be appropriate to spend twice the amount of money? Probably not. An intricate facility that has free tuition, et cetera. And so I'm going to go, well, maybe you understand it really more if you realize the building is a reflection of economic forces that are connected to cultural forces. Where do you really want to build seagulls in the site? Well, seagulls building might not be appropriate. They're represented at Whiskey Company and represented at the essence of corporate America when it was built. And well, you could still argue, well, that's appropriate or not, but that's a separate conversation. But the first thing you'd want to do is start looking at architecture and see it as a reflection of the forces that make it. And it's not all of the architect. Everybody goes, Tom Main or Morpheus, et cetera. And I think it's much more complicated than that. We are translating the forces. And again, it goes back to other conversations we had. You'd look at the client group and the institution, in this case. You'd look at the nature of the economics at a particular time. You'd look at the technology available to you, et cetera, et cetera. Somehow we need more of that conversation so that you see differently. If you looked at the lunar landing module, is that a beautiful figure of the time? If you really admire what it did in saying, one time, 250,000 miles, one way, 250,000 miles back, you probably admire it. And you might even affect you in thinking it's interesting, maybe not beautiful, maybe beautiful. But the point would be, you admire it, you find it interesting, you find it beautiful because you understand it in context to some greater goal. Makes sense? There's a whole new architecture emerging out of this generation. And what you think is evident today, which is absolutely different from the way I was trained in architects. And I suspect I'm seeing in universities projects of greater urban scope and infrastructural scope, people working on waste management facilities and broad urban projects having to do with infrastructure, transportation, movement of people, city edges. Maybe something more direct connected to direct political engagement, cultural, social engagement. Also, very thought through a real politic, quite serious in terms of the reality and an engagement with reality is my sense, as I see certain things kind of taking place right now.


This time, we're going to start looking at forwarding. In this video, we'll focus on what forwarding is and how it works. Then in the next video, we'll see how we can update our architecture to implement forwarding. If you think about your arithmetic instructions, you know that they compute their results in the third stage. Then they spend the next two stages waiting to write their results back. So instead of waiting two extra cycles to write those results back, we could just take them and pass them to something else that wants them. That is essentially what we're going to do with forwarding. So let's look at our previous code again. If we think about our add instruction, it computes its results in the third stage. So as soon as that's done, it can pass those results to any other instruction that wants them. The add instruction will just place its results in the execute memory stage registers, and the subtract instruction can come along, pull those out, and use them for its own computation. For the or instruction, we still won't have written our result back to T0 in time. We're still just right here. So the or instruction will want to start its computation while the add instruction is actually writing this data back. So in this case, your instruction will try to take the data from the memory writeback stage registers and use that instead. In general, forwarding will work really well when we have lots of arithmetic instructions in a row. All of these instructions compute their results relatively early in the pipeline, and we can just pass the results from the end of the execute stage back to the beginning of the next execute stage. So it works really well for these. But it's still not perfect when we get to load instructions. Load instructions only produce the results at the end of the memory stage. So this is one cycle later than our arithmetic instructions. If we want to use the results of a load instruction in the next instruction, like we do here, then we still need one instruction between them. We could fill this with another unrelated instruction, but if we don't have anything else, then we'll just stick a nil op in there. So in general, forwarding works really well, but it's still limited when we have memory instructions in our code.


Hello, everyone. Welcome to Talk of the Town. I'm James Milan. We are here today with our state representative Dave Rogers who's in for a legislative update, which we always like to get regularly from our various legislators. So wanted to ask you first of all for any things that you would like to highlight a personal interest to you in the budget, things you were happy to see included, things that you're not happy to see funded at a high enough level, just your general reaction to this budget. Well, as you mentioned, it's just concluded. So it was a great budget. One of the best, if not the best, since I joined the legislature seven years ago. And as you and your viewers will know, obviously in 2008-2009, we had the Great Recession, a huge downturn. And really one of the great untold stories of the Great Recession is the immense toll it took on state budgets. So unlike the federal government that can issue debt, Treasury bills, Treasury bonds, and use deficit spending, state governments cannot. They have to have a balanced budget every year. So when the Great Recession hit, state budgets around the country, and certainly here in Massachusetts, took a massive hit. And almost all the key accounts, line items, right down the line, you name the public policy area, took a major cut. And it's really just now in many respects that we're getting back to where we were and making increases from that time. So for instance, this year the Department of Environmental Protection, which is a key line item I always push for, one of my top two or three priorities is environmental spending, got a 10% increase. It's a huge increase. We also got a big increase last year too. And the DCR, the overseas state parks, another big increase. Homelessness funding, which is another one of my top few priorities, got a big increase this year, 10% for individual homelessness. We fund line items for families that are homeless and individuals separately. So they both got a big increase. The MRVP, the Massachusetts rental voucher program, which helps low-income people with housing, got a big increase. Education. State aid to education is the biggest year-over-year increase, percentage increase in two decades. And the biggest absolute increase, I think ever, in terms of the just the absolute number, which is over 200 million. So and there are many other key initiatives that got funded. So right down the line, it's an outstanding budget. And also there was some money diverted to the so-called rainy day fund, the stabilization fund. And we now have the third largest stabilization fund in the country. Turns out I just read the other day, Alaska is one of the top two because they have oil revenue. So they have a large stabilization fund. And that's important because if and when the next downturn comes and one almost always comes sooner or later, it's a cushion against future cuts. And so that's important. It's important also, frankly, for the bond markets. All the bond rating agencies that look at Massachusetts debt. We issue bonds to finance projects. Our borrowing costs are lower because we have such a strong stabilization fund. So it was a great budget. And yeah, let me ask you, you've mentioned in some specific items going up 10 percent, which is a a whopping amount in a year, as you noted. So I'm wondering is it just that there is that much more substantial, a pool of money available to the state from revenues coming in? Yes. Or is it that there are things that have been cut in correspondingly in order to provide more money for some of your priorities and frankly, our priorities when it comes to education and the environment, etc. Right. Well, it's more the former than the latter. That's the good news. That's good news. So every year there's the consensus revenue forecast. And that is the administration, the Baker administration and their budget analysts and revenue people testify. And then, of course, budget analysts in the House and the Senate. There are hearings. Obviously, there's forecasting and financial projections and a look to try to determine how much revenue state revenue is likely to grow and then build a budget based on that consensus revenue forecast. As it turns out this year, revenue came in higher than the consensus revenue forecast. So there was additional funds to spend on key priorities. And so it was great news and you know, I think we really, I say this a lot, what we're doing here at the state level is a welcome antidote to some of the really deep challenges we face of what's going on at the federal level. Yeah, that's the, you know, any little bit of good news at the state level, obviously, as you said, is always welcome, but particularly in the current climate. Yeah, and I think there's more than a little bit of good news. And as we'll talk in our conversation today, I just think, I mean, we can always do more. I'm always pushing to do more. But I also think we need to take note of the many victories we've had in the last two, four, six years at the state level on legislation and in the budget. I do want to make note of the fact that you have described it as a great budget and that, you know, in the years that I have been had the opportunity to speak to folks in positions such as yours. I just don't hear that very often. Well, again, I have to quickly add that there's always more to do and there's always more I wish we could do. So it's not so much, I don't want to characterize it as, gee, everything's perfect and we've satisfied every need and met every priority. Of course we haven't and we need to do more. And we can talk about that. Yes, and we are just about to. Yeah, but I think on balance, given some historical perspective, this particular year's budget was very good. Great. So let us begin, though, the harder part of the conversation to some degree, or at least one topic that was notably absent in your mentioning of a number of things that have, you know, either been budgeted at a higher level or just in which there seems like progress is being made. And what I would like to talk about is the MBTA and transportation more generally. I don't know and I welcome you to let us know if budget funds for the MBTA itself were also increased in this particular budget or not. But nevertheless, regardless of the answer to that, the issue with the MBTA, as everybody knows, is seemingly a crucial and critical one. And it fits into a general transportation challenge in Massachusetts that seems almost perpetual at this point. So what I'd like to ask you is we have spoken to lots of folks who say, yes, who have identified what the problems are. We are particularly interested to know whether there are action, actionable steps that you are aware of, that you may be leading or sponsoring, that you can share with us to address not only the operational problems of the MBTA that we're all familiar with, but this larger question of how are we going to move transportation in Massachusetts away from cars in a more sustainable direction, etc. Yeah. Well, great question. And it's always at the top of mind for me in my role serving in the state legislature and has been ever since I got there. In fact, when I first ran, I made transportation a central focus of my campaign, so much so that some of the folks who worked with me said, gee, you talk about transportation so much, do you think you're overemphasizing it? Overemphasizing it. And I said, no, because it's so central to many different aspects of our life here in the Commonwealth. What I can tell you is in the House, we've gone on record as saying we want to have a conversation, probably this fall, about revenue to fund the T. And as your viewers may know, you may know there was supposed to be last year in 2018 on the ballot, the so-called millionaire's tax, which was a 4 percent surcharge on incomes above a million dollars. It was polling very well. Of course, in the heat of a campaign, you don't know if ultimately it would have prevailed, but all the data tends to indicate that the particular way that question was framed for the voters, it had, I would say, a substantial likelihood of prevailing. Certainly seems like it was a popular proposition. Yeah. And a group formed to litigate the matter, claiming that the way the question was worded because it earmarked the money for transportation and education was inappropriate, because only the legislature has the power of the purse strings to decide exactly how the money would be spent. And they prevailed at our state Supreme Court, the Supreme Judicial Court. So the question was not put in front of the voters. We have advanced the question through the legislature this session, and we need to do it again, two times meeting in constitutional convention in a way that would be impervious to challenge. So I'm not saying that revenue alone solves the T's problems, the MBTA's problems, because there are operational issues, management issues, but there have been so many studies of the T, including one, I think, led by the CEO of a Fortune 500 company. I think he was tapped to form a group and study it. There's been several exhaustive studies. I'm talking about 100-page studies complete with appendices and exhibits. And everyone who seriously studied it has said to really solve the problems with the MBTA, you're going to need significant new revenue. And that's because the term of art used in the transportation world is state of good repair. And that means simply taking the switches, the track, the tunnel, the parts that frankly the public doesn't see, the engineering, the infrastructure, to get it to a operational, fully functioning, operational level, fix any defects is about $10 billion. So there's a state of good repair deficit of about $10 billion. And that's not to expand. There's a lot of ideas kicking around in the state to expand our infrastructure and our public transportation. Putting to one side any movement to expand public transportation just to get our current system up to a state of good repairs, a lot of money. And the governor, the big reform we did for the governor was really the governor's plan was to install another layer of management, the fiscal control board, which we did. And I think they've added some value in studying the system and making improvements, recommendations for improvements and improvements. But we're never going to solve this problem without new revenue and outstanding project managers to implement the changes we need to make. And so the house is going to take up that millionaire's tax or millionaire's proposal won't be on the ballot again until I believe 2022. So the house has come out publicly and said we want to act now and have a conversation about revenue, probably this fall. And so I've been talking to my colleagues, including the chair of the Revenue Committee, including to the speaker, the majority leader, the chair of Ways and Means and just all my other colleagues. And I think there's significant appetite to do it. Now exactly what format will take, what revenue, what fees, would it be, you know, the gas tax, would it be the income tax, would it be the sales tax? I have a proposal to increase the long-term capital gains tax, which would raise about a billion dollars. And the reason I favor that is because, frankly, it targets those at the very top of our income. I think the studies show 90% of it would be paid by those at the very top of our economic ladder. But whatever, you know, there's a lot of ideas, whatever we do, I think we can't, whatever other ideas people have for managerial efficiencies, operational improvements, innovations, you cannot have a serious conversation about building a 21st century transportation system if you're unwilling to talk about new revenue, which our governor has been unwilling to do. And so we're not waiting for the governor. We're going to act. So when you say there's an appetite, as far as you can perceive within the house for this, what you're really talking about when you say revenue, you're saying, let us raise taxes in order to find money in order to be able to begin to address these issues. Right. Taxes are fees. Got it. And so, again, we can expect that this conversation is going to be happening, perhaps starting this fall. And then we'll see, depending on the results of that conversation. Also, I'm wondering, are you distinguishing on purpose between the House and the Senate? As in they may have different takes on this? Well, any revenue bill needs to originate in the House. Okay. That's constitutional. It's the rule. It's the way the system works. So you're not anticipating that necessarily the Senate is in a different place about this. You're just acknowledging that the way that this works, it begins in the House. You know you are in the House, and so you can speak for, again, what the general sense of things is there. Exactly. Okay. Gotcha. Let me move on, because there's a number of different topics we'd like to cover. One of the things you mentioned, you were talking about state of good repair and how the public, that would go to things the public doesn't really see. That reminds me of something else the public doesn't really see a lot of the time is what committees, etc., our legislators are involved with. Sure. People may or may not be aware of whatever committees you have either assumed chairmanship of or are an active participant on. Sure. Why don't you share with us one or two of those and just where things stand with the business of those committees. Yeah. So for the first time ever this term, I'm in my fourth term, I was made chair of a committee. So I'm not on any other committees because I'm the chair of one.  Got it. Eventually, the next step is to be made a vice chair of a committee, which I was. And I was promoted to another vice chair of a more senior committee, and then this session promoted to be a chair. And that enables me to hire more staff. And I'm chair of the Cannabis Policy Committee. So now that we have legal cannabis in the Commonwealth, there are a number of proposals to, now that it's being implemented, there have been proposals to fix perceived problems in the system as it's being implemented. And so I have about 70 bills, 60 to 70 bills, probably all in by the time the session concludes in front of the committee. It's exciting. It's daunting. It's a challenge. Charing a committee is a lot of work. I sort of joke it's like the dog who catches the car.  And what do I do with the car? I mean, you know, I think most members want to, over time, get promoted to be a chair of a committee because it is a chance to really dig deep on an issue and study it in more depth. But it's also a tremendous amount of work. I've enjoyed it so far. It's been interesting. I have a great team helping me of staff, two lawyers, research assistant and my chief of staff who I promoted. She's been with me for several years as a legislative aide. That's another great thing about being made a chair. I have a woman, Keir Arnaut, my chief of staff who's fantastic and she was with me as a legislative aide. I could promote her and also give opportunities to other people. And that's one of the things I love about my job is a chance to mentor younger people about government, about policy and law and how to be effective. And so, you know, there are several key issues in front of the cannabis committee. Yeah, I was going to say that's a pretty high-profile committee in a sense. It is. In a way, I leapfrogged some more, what I would say, entry-level committees to get this one right off the bat. I was one of the leading advocates for cannabis legalization in the state. Our governor opposed it. Our attorney general opposed it. The mayor of our largest city, Boston opposed it. The leader of the body in which I serve, the speaker of the house opposed it. Sort of the most of the political establishment opposed it, which is fine. I understand it's a controversial issue. I don't criticize them at all for being opposed. And it's also a delicate issue for people in public office, frankly. So I get the opposition. But I was a leading proponent. In fact, I introduced legislation to legalize it, knowing it wouldn't go anywhere in the legislature. But as a way to kickstart a conversation, to have an open, honest debate about the pros and cons and got some publicity there. And then it didn't advance to then groups put it on the ballot. And I was out front debating. And it was fun. I was on TV and radio, Greater Boston with Jim Browdy and on Herald Radio and debating my colleague, Senator Jason Lewis of Winchester, who was an opponent. And we had a really vigorous debate. And it was fun to be a part of that. And in the end, it passed by a pretty healthy margin. I was going to say, it seems like one of those instances where the legislature is not exact. The attitude within the legislature may not mirror that within the public. And again, to be fair to my colleagues, it's very controversial. It's very hot button. One thing that I've sort of opened my eyes is actually being an office holder, which I never was most of my career. I love politics and followed it. But when you're in the job, you're aware in a way that if you're not in the job, some of the pressures that come to bear. And also how infinitely complex most public policy questions are. People want a simple bumper sticker slogan, a pithy response. Most public policy questions are thorny, nettle, some difficult questions that have pros and cons. Sometimes advocates for one side will come in and I taking notes and listening and sort of nodding my head and saying, wow, they're making some good points. And then advocates on the other side of the issue come in and sort of nodding my head and taking notes. Because the truth is, if we can come away from the passions of the moments through which we're living and our own biases and try to almost detach and have a calm, neutral, analytical framework to look at these problems. Not all, but most public policy questions have pros and cons on both sides. And you're trying to thread the needle and find sensible outcome for challenging questions. And that's also true of cannabis. And so I don't begrudge the opponents. I get that people were opposed and had concerns about their community and the impact this would have on our society. But I was for it, I think, taking it out of the shadows, out of the criminal syndicates, taxing it, regulating it carefully just makes more sense. And the voters agreed. And so now we have a lot of bills pending to sort of make some changes as it's being evolving and rolling out to the public. Right. You were mentioning perceived problems, but I'm wondering if there are things that you would acknowledge are actual problems that have come to light because as things start to roll out, you realize, hmm, we've got to do something about this or that. Yeah. Well, I filed a bill to do with something called host community agreements. Before you can open a retail cannabis dispensary, you must, before you can even apply to the CCC, which is the state regulatory agency, the Cannabis Control Commission, you must enter into a host community agreement with the local community where you plan to operate. So if someone wants to come into Arlington or any town or city, you must enter into a negotiation and actually sign a contract, an agreement with the town or the city. And the law provides that you can charge or put in the host community agreement up to 3% of gross sales of the business that is a community impact fee to offset costs that are related to having the business in your community. Cities and towns can also impose a 3% local tax. So there's a 17% state tax, the sales tax and excise fee adds up to 17. But communities can charge a 3% local tax so they can get 3% of gross sales in the host community agreement and another 3% essentially of gross sales through a local sales tax. That's 6%. Triple what was in the voter approved initiative at the ballot in 2016. So we in the legislature to incentivize cities and towns and give them revenue that they can use for offsetting the costs and for local projects up to 6%, which is a lot. But that hasn't been enough for some cities and towns who have some would argue seen an opportunity to ask these operators for even more money. And we're seeing these host community agreements that have another 1% or another 2% or can you give to local philanthropic activities, local charities. And some believe that goes beyond the law. And that's, we do live in an entrepreneurial capitalist society where business people, men and women take risks. They want to go into this business, which is now legal. What other business? If you want to open a convenience store, do I have to give you 6% and then more? If I want to open a gas station, if I want to open a bakery or any other business. And so the question becomes how much is enough? And is it fair to these entrepreneurs, some of whom are well financed, but others of whom are not? And the other issue it presents is if for the reason I supported the law was sort of a social equity or social justice. I think people getting locked up, people having their lives disrupted was terrible. That was the reason to legalize it. I really didn't legalize it because I wanted to see for business reasons, for commercial reasons. It's fine that commerce is going to go on. It wasn't where I was coming from. I just thought it from a social justice perspective. But now that it is going to be a substantial business, there's the question of how do we get those disproportionately harmed by the war on drugs by our previous laws into this business so they could create jobs and they could be successful in this new business. And if wealthy, well-capitalized companies can pay these extra fees to cities and towns, does that hurt the smaller entrepreneur who perhaps is a woman-owned or minority-owned from getting into this new business? So we've had a hearing. It was packed. You can imagine, say, the Mass Municipal Association, they don't want any limits. But most of the testimony we heard is from people who said, yes, it's unfair to gouge a cannabis operator. It's not consistent with a free market. It's unfair. It's not consistent with the law. And so that's just one example. I have 70 bills in front of the committee. That's just one example of the kind of legislative ideas that are kicking around. And I do think we're probably going to have to act in some way on this. But I'm one of 160. I have to talk to all the other members, talk to the other members of my committee to convince them of whatever course of action I think is wise. And then, of course, the Senate. My Senate co-chair, Sonia Chang Diaz, she'll be looking at this. And we've had a lot of interesting fruitful conversations. So it's been also important and take incredibly seriously the obligation. It's also interesting for me in terms of being a lawyer, having an economics background to wrestle with some of these questions as chair of a committee. Yeah. That's tremendously interesting, I think, as a challenge moving forward. And the early signs have definitely been that, as you have already mentioned, it does look like people who are disproportionately affected by the harm that has been attendant to this entire issue over the last 20 years are not getting a fair shake right now in terms of beginning these businesses, et cetera. It seems like it is the well-healed who are who are deriving the early advantage here. So we'll have to see how this plays out. Point well taken. I mean, it's not opening a lemonade stand. It's a capital intensive. It's very expensive to get into this business. So all right. Well, I am tempted to talk about this for even longer, but we've got a still a full agenda. Let me ask you about a couple of local Arlington issues that obviously the portion of Arlington that you represent includes East Arlington. And one of the changes that is happening in Arlington generally and East Arlington for sure is an increasing influx of population, which of course has affected our budgets and our schools, et cetera, et cetera. There's also been zoning changes. I understand these are very local issues in a lot of ways, but I'm just wondering, just interested in where you are at with this question of affordable housing, density, attracting commercial tax, a greater commercial tax base, all these things that we are wrestling with in this town all the time. Just don't have a chance to ask you often for what your opinion is about that, where you see us going, where you'd like to see us going, et cetera. Great. Well, as you indicated in the question itself, many of these issues are local issues. So zoning law is a local issue. Obviously, town meeting looked at some proposed zoning changes. So they truly are local issues, local elected officials, including an elected town meeting and the board of select, the select board, they look at these issues. There are state level proposals, bills proposed to change zoning, which would override local zoning. And that is complicated legislation. And we do have an affordable housing crisis in the greater Boston area and throughout Massachusetts. I always hear, along with New York City and San Francisco, the greater Boston area is the third most expensive place to live in the country. I don't know if that's precisely correct. Maybe there's some other metro areas that compete with Boston, although I'm not sure that's a distinction you want to compete for. But we live in a very expensive place. And it's a challenge also from a sort of a social justice perspective, if you will, or from having a more inclusive society where everyone has a chance to achieve the American dream and own their own home, but also it has implications for our economy. As we do have a strong regional economy, but every year I read stories of young, educated people who are leaving our state. That trend has changed a little recently, but people who leave, even people with college degrees because the cost of living here is so high. So it creates a tension, if you will, of how do you preserve the character of local communities? You don't want a building boom to go on that's so extensive that it transforms the community in an unhealthy way, but also allow for more development so that it does ease the pressure on affordable housing. And that's sort of the tension in the discussion and in the policy choices in front of us. Obviously, I'm open to changes at the state level that will boost affordable housing, and we've already undertaken a number of them. But when it gets to changes that would override local zoning law, I think that's why some of these bills haven't passed, because state-level officials come under pressure from local officials who want to preserve local control. And we have 351 cities and towns in the Commonwealth. There's a strong tradition in this state of local control. I've lived in four states, Pennsylvania, New York, and Maryland. Maryland has very strong county government. But here in Massachusetts, as much or more than anywhere I've lived, the emphasis is on local control. And so the cities and towns through the Mass Municipal Association and in other ways have a lot of voice and a lot of influence over state government. Many elected officials in the state legislature served first on the select board or city council of their city or town. So they are aware and attuned to the challenges faced by local communities. So that's sort of the state of play now. There are a couple major zoning bills in front of the legislature and they're going to get a hearing. There'll be discussion, debate. I think there's some momentum to do something, but the question becomes what and how far will we go? And are you inclined basically to honor that kind of long-held Massachusetts tradition of local control and therefore wanting to, like you said, honor the municipality's desire to retain most of the zoning power to themselves? It depends. It depends on the specific issue. The specific proposal. I mean, I'm a state-level policymaker. I'm very responsive to my local counterparts when I talk to members of the select board or city council and frankly just folks in the community. I'm very attuned to what is on their minds and that's my job to be a representative of their views. I also need to be mindful that we do have this affordable housing crisis that is a long-term threat to the success of our communities and again, it's balancing local concerns about too much development with the need for more housing. I mean, we're seeing an explosion of housing over near Alewife. I opposed the development that was in the Silver Maple Forest. I just didn't think it was appropriate. But again, there's the tension and there were even people who would be natural allies on almost every other issue. Affordable housing advocates and open space advocates and people worried about the flood plain who were on opposite sides of that issue because they're affordable housing advocates who are progressive on every other issue. We'd probably be in agreement, but wanted that to go forward for the affordable housing piece. That actually takes me right into something else I wanted to ask you about and that's specifically the MuGar property that is right in that area that you're talking about. That has been an ongoing issue here in Arlington for a number of years. Quieter recently because I think all the signs are that this development is going to, the town has done what it can to oppose the development, but it looks to many of us like it's going to move forward. I'm wondering whether you- Well, we don't know 100% if that's true. Let's assume that it is for the purpose of this question. I'm just wondering whether you see any opportunities. If that does move forward, do you see any opportunities for the town through a negotiation with the developers, et cetera, to have some good come from this? Sure. I think if I'm opposed to it vehemently, almost everyone in the neighborhoods surrounding it are opposed to it. The town is opposed to it. I mean, I think if you did a poll on it, you'd probably have 90% opposition. But if it were to go forward, then I think certainly community groups would have to negotiate with the developer over a series of things. Under 40B, they can bypass local zoning laws, but that doesn't mean through concerted advocacy, whether it's setbacks or height or that the community can't say, look, we are the neighbors, we are the elected representatives in terms of the select board and others, and we want to have a conversation about what this development is going to look like. There's traffic issues, there's flooding issues, there's tons of issues related to that development. Well, I'm very curious. I mean, without getting too far into the weeds, your response would indicate that not only do you maintain that strong opposition that you've always had to the development, but that you feel like that is so widespread that you've mentioned a figure 90%, whatever it is, an overwhelming percentage of folks around would be in opposition. Do you think that then that there really are some options for this not moving forward? Because my sense has been over the last couple of years an increasing inevitability that it will happen. Perhaps I'm wrong and you can enlighten me. Well, there's been litigation, as you know. I think, I mean, any development that goes in any community, I've seen this in Cambridge, Belmont, local community groups can still organize and negotiate with the developer. And many developers while pursuing profit and wanting to do their development will at least engage in some constructive dialogue with the community. So I guess my point is if in the unfortunate event it becomes inevitable, there's no more legal options to stop it, then a conversation has to happen to try to make the impact as least detrimental as possible. Okay, fair enough. Thank you. Another thing that folks are concerned about right here in Arlington and that I know that you've been involved with, along with mothers out front, is the question of gas leaks that are, you know, that there are still any number of such unplugged gas leaks going on. Where does that where does that issue stand as far as you're concerned? Well, we've passed three separate pieces of legislation in the legislature and three consecutive sessions to do with gas leaks. So there's been a lot of activity. One, to give one example, gas companies repair leaks at the highest sense of urgency when it's a threat to public health and safety. So say it's near a building where an explosion or the actual gas itself could cause harm, that becomes the priority. What about gas leaks that aren't near a building wouldn't pose an imminent threat to public safety or human health, but which are hugely detrimental to the environment? So we passed a law that now gas companies need to identify those leaks and create a plan and a prioritization list to fix those. So we're taking a lot of action already. And there are bills pending now to go even further, which I co-sponsor. You know, so there's a lot of activity on the gas leak front. I mean, another one that we just did was to require gas companies, it's called lost and unaccounted for gas, which is the delta or the difference between gas that's supposed to be delivered to customers and the actual gas that's in the system. And we've required now a report to the Department of Public Utilities that identifies that and sets a priority to address those issues. So there's a lot that's happened already. So can I take from what you were just saying that that delta, that difference, means that there has been in the past some amount of gas in that system outside or exceeding that which is apportioned to all the customers that's just floating around or leaking and obviously up to no good in a sense. So this legislation is about identifying that, whatever that volume is, and then I assume creating a report and an action plan. Great. We're close to closing here, but I did want to invite you as you anticipate the upcoming legislative session to pick one or two things that you would like our audience to know, that you will be championing, that we may not have mentioned, or stuff that is particularly of importance to you that may be coming up in this session. Well, thanks for the opportunity. I filed over 40 pieces of legislation myself. I am an activist legislator. If you look at my colleagues, we have a lot of folks working hard on a lot of important issues, but I think you'd see the number of bills I filed and the areas I filed them in. I have my hands in a lot of different issues that I'm trying to push forward. One of the big ones I filed right now is a so-called right to counsel for low-income people facing eviction. So people call it the civil Gideon because the Gideon is the famous Supreme Court decision that said that low-income criminal defendants have a right to a lawyer. That's obviously in the Miranda warning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be appointed to you. What about low-income individuals in civil court where we know that we do have civil legal aid through the Greater Boston Legal Services and other legal service organizations, but about two-thirds of people who qualify, who are low-income, cannot afford a lawyer and facing very serious life circumstances are turned away. That's wrong. I often say the Pledge for Allegiance at the end. We all recite it as school children. We still do today sometimes. We say, and justice for all at the end of it. And the truth is in our society and justice for all rings hollow, rings untrue for many of our fellow citizens. So I filed a bill which would give a right to counsel to low-income individuals facing eviction. It turns out we've done some studies that in housing court, we have specialized housing courts in the Commonwealth. About 70% or more of landlords are represented by lawyer. About 7%, one-tenth of that of low-income tenants are represented by counsel. And that's even with the efforts of the pro bono legal community lawyers in Boston who and around the Commonwealth who as part of their mission as being lawyers give up their time freely to show up in housing court and represent these folks. There's still only 7% who have a lawyer. So I have a bill pending that would give a right to counsel. I think it has some momentum. This is the third time I filed it and that's not uncommon to create a new law. It's complex. There's a lot of moving piece parts and it can take years. And some of the bills I filed that are now law, it did take years and it's no different with this. But we had a great hearing which was packed. There's like 30 groups now that have rallied around the bill. It's taken a while to build up that momentum and that sort of coalition of groups that support it. And I'm hopeful to move the legislation. I've had some good conversations about it with my colleagues. Another bill I filed which has gotten some attention recently doing in conjunction with the American Civil Liberties Union which is a moratorium on biometric surveillance or facial recognition software. You know now in our modern society, almost everywhere we go, there are cameras or people's images and likenesses, the way they walk, the way you move, it's being captured. And the question is how if at all should law enforcement be able to use this software, this surveillance? And my bill says let's press pause, let's put a moratorium on the use of biometric data until we can put some reasonable regulations in place. I'm not saying that law enforcement should never be able to use this information because there may be valid reasons where law enforcement can make its case. But to have it outside of any regulatory structure where there's no warrant required, it's come to light, I believe the state police are using the RMV, the Registry of Motor Vehicles Database, mining it for data in certain circumstances. And that was unbeknownst to anyone. So you have a law enforcement agency in a democracy, in a free country, mining personal data of citizens, many of whom weren't accused of any civil or criminal violation. So what gives? Again, I'm not saying I'm not opposed to law enforcement being able to use this data if there are sensible regulations in place. And I'll tell you, I have a once a month constituent email newsletter I send out where I really get into some of the details of bills that I filed or what's going on in the budget, really everything I'm working on. And I very seldom, if ever, had more feedback, positive feedback about any bill I filed than that one. There's a lot of folks who live in our community who share my concern about this issue. So there's two off the top of my head of the many that I filed. And there are many more. Right. And I would encourage your viewers to sign up for my constituent email newsletter. It can email me at the statehouse dave.rogers at mahouse.gov. And I don't bombard them with a ton of spam and a ton of communications. But once a month, you get an email about everything that I'm working on. Yeah. Well, that sounds very promising for your constituents as a way of finding out even more than what they would be able to find out through this conversation and other outlets. Regarding this conversation, I do want to thank you again for taking the time to be here, but also for the candor, the energy, and the forthrightness with which you answered the questions. And also the fact that you did so in plain English, and we really appreciate it. I think people who take the time to listen into the conversation will really leave understanding a little bit more about the work you're doing, what your priorities are, and what progress has been made, what victories are out there to claim, and then also what challenges remain. So really genuinely want to thank you for that. And we'll let you get on with what's left of vacation and hope that you get all ready for the upcoming legislative session and tackle it. With great energy. Well, thank you. It's great to be here. I love my job, and it's really an honor to do it. And as I often say, to be moving important legislation and budget items at the state level at a time of so much difficulty, we'll say. And I'm being charitable. You're being very diplomatic. I am. I'm not always quite so diplomatic, but for the purpose of our conversation, what we're witnessing at the federal level, I never thought I'd see in my lifetime. I know many of your viewers probably share that view. We're living through a really challenging era. I believe that era will come to an end. I'll be working to make that happen. But for now, to have the honor and the privilege to be improving social justice and advancing economic opportunity and countless other things, the biometric technology to protect civil liberties to the low income right to counsel to give those on sort of the lower rung of the socioeconomic ladder a greater opportunity and protection. It's the honor of a lifetime to be doing this work right now, particularly this particular moment. All right. Well, thank you, and that will wrap up today's conversation on behalf of State Rep Dave Rogers. I'm James Milan. This is Talk of the Town. Thanks for joining us. We'll see you next time.


So this is an excerpt from a longer story called Ebb and Flow. Mom, do you want to know what's around my neck? Absolutely. Poison and the antidote. Mama pants in Ebb and Flow. I know what I want for my birthday. A blow dart set. Sunrise sunset. The sun moves ten times around the seasons. Skated over ten clear frozen streams. Who do you have a crush on? I don't have a crush. Yes, you do. What about Mason? Truth. Or dare. Alexa's wearing a bra. A little too early the next morning. Mom, we're going out back. Sorry, neighbors. Dragon Wars. Wow, Nene's getting tall. She's almost as tall as you. I'm almost as tall as you. Do you realize she's almost as tall as you? Yeah, I noticed. Mom, my nipples hurt. Can it be? May I take a look at them? Sure enough. I got her some books. On average, full breast development takes three to five years. She came to me with questions. Mom, why do women wear bras? Well, there's lots of different kinds of bras. Some are for support. Because rouncing breasts can be uncomfortable. Like sports bras? Yes. Sometimes they're for display like platters. Ha ha. Not everyone needs or wants to wear bras. Like you. I'm not going to wear a bra. We'll see. According to the New Moon's Arms by Nala Hopkinson, the main character Calamity manifests bits of her childhood with each hot flash or power surge. A natural pin, a favorite toy, a climbing tree. She climbs the tree awkwardly, painfully. I lived in trees when I was Day-Nay's age. My body was strong legs, healing scrapes, scratched mosquito bites, capable hands, sex neutral. Not yet. Mom got hers at 12. I kept a daily watch. Mom, old was grandma when she got her first period. I was 11. Grandma was nine. 11, nine. Oddly opposite the national trend of younger onset. Wait, what? Memory can be fickle. The last handful of years, my familiar rhythm of menstrual cycle has been getting weird. I began checking in with some friends of similar age. So, how's your period these days? Weird. Weird. Weird. Childish traits that had begun to annoy me I now clung to endearingly. Food not wiped from face, reeking of amber oil, holes in the knees at three months, in the butt at six months. She has to bend to do this now. Mush. Smooch. Ew. Is this a kissing movie? Time to brush your teeth and wash face. Why? Huh? Why does she have to wash her face? Or because it's healthier for the skin? I never wash my face at night and it's fine. But you've got to take care of your face. Had I been duped? I propose science. For the next couple of weeks, I set aside my favorite facial wash. This feels so weird. Some days I just had to rinse my face with water. I still believe it's good to rinse off accumulated city pollution and pollen. And you know what? Nothing happened. My face, my skin remains unchanged. Kid pants in rites of passage. One, now that you're getting older, you need a good face care system. Two, happy birthday, a bra. What do I need that for? Write a rotten gift. Thanks. Three, mom, I got my first period. That's wonderful. I told my boyfriend, we'll all go out to dinner to celebrate. Why'd you tell him? I don't want to go to dinner. Back before the tech rush changed the population of San Francisco and before I ever thought I wanted a child, I thought that city of queridos and arty adventurers would be a great place to raise a girl child. But now, did you bring me anything to eat?


Toward the end of his life, David gives tons of gold, silver. It's almost like David goes into eternity empty-handed and says, Lord, I know you don't let me build the temple, but I can finance the temple. David didn't say, oh, and please God, don't forget about my name. He wasn't trying to build himself a name, but then God begins to build him a dynasty and begins to build his family. Instead of building yourself a name, build God's house. You might be surprised with how God can take care of your house.