plasma spray process and we shall discuss today this topic and this process. Now, let us have a quick look to this application area. Now, when we review the flame spray process, we see mostly it is the temperature restriction and with this temperature restriction of the flame which generates a temperature in the range of 3000 around 3000 then definitely the material of choice are also limited and these materials are mostly metals and alloys with some additives like tungsten carbide, chromium carbide and some other metal carbides. So, basically it is metal which gets melted, but the carbide does not, but it is held in the coating or the spread layer in the form of dispersion. So, they are not melted, but when we require a better property in terms of say wear resistance or thermal shielding just like a thermal barrier coating then it is no more the metal or alloy immediately it is becoming the another requirement that means, it comes from the ceramic family and the ceramic family one immediately the one which comes in our record or mine that is say aluminium oxide. Zirconium oxide or their mixture or say titanium oxide, so these are some of the oxides which can be very very useful effective for improving the performance of many chemical mechanical components which are submitted to such areas I mean where it can suffer from thermal damage distortion. So, this heat shielding plus wear resistance say for example, aluminium oxide that is well known as a thermal barrier plus also wear resistance. We know this is also used as hard coating in many application in many wear parts. So, zirconium oxide titanium oxide, so here the requirement of temperature is rather high and which cannot be very easily which cannot be it is almost impossible to attend those thing either by flame or normal combustion or by striking the electric arc and, but in that case of course, the material has to be conductive, but even with flame spray this is almost an impossible task. So, we understand that the requirements are that this temperature, but how this energy will be supplied one may be thermal activation another may be plasma activation. So, here this plasma activation is important that this requirement of the temperature can be very easily we can make this thing available by igniting this plasma or by having the whole process within the plasma volume. So, application area will be those places where we require extreme heat shielding and also wear resistance. Now, we have some variation in plasma spray, so these variations are namely atmospheric plasma which is carried out in open atmosphere, so this is one type of plasma spray process and let us have a look how does it work. So, here also we have to have a nozzle, so basically plasma nozzle that is used for welding plasma nozzle can be used for cutting, now this plasma nozzle is used for spraying, so basically we have a centrally located cathode, so this is made of say tungsten cathode and we have one annular annular anode and that is usually made of copper, so this is the formation and here this will be, so those are connected, so connectivity is made obviously this way. So, this is the positively polarized and this is negatively polarized, so cathode and anode, so here we have the arc gas, so inflowing will be the arc gas, so this is actually the arc gas and what we have within this we have the gas discharge in this zone, we have the gas discharge, now as a result of this gas discharge what is going to happen say what are those arc gas we can have argon or nitrogen or hydrogen or even helium, however it is preferred to have a instead of a monoatomic gas a diatomic gas the idea here is that this enthalpy of formation that is very important in this case because this is going to release energy in the form of heat and that heat will be utilized for melting the powder which is actually a ceramic powder, so it is actually ceramic powder that will be melted by the heat generated out of this gas discharge, so what is going to happen then this H 2 that will be become H plus and this neutral, so it may be half H 2 to H and then this H will be actually H plus release of this electron, so this is going to happen here, but once that leaves this discharge zone this plasma volume then it will be reverse that means this hydrogen ion will become by taking one electron that will become atomic hydrogen and atomic hydrogen will become molecular hydrogen and in this process it will start releasing this heat and that is going to happen in this zone outside this discharge zone that is going to happen and here we have the substrate and the powder should be fed just outside, so here we must have some powder feeding here, so this is actually the powder feed it will be just outside this and from here we have this spraying of this powder and that is going to impinge on this surface and in this process what happens exactly it is actually the liquid will form, so we have droplets of different shape and this droplet will move with a high velocity and then what is going to happen when it strikes it is called splatting, splat formation as it arrives, so we have splat formation and then we have another splat formation over this, so this way it is going to build up the whole thing and then we are going to get a well adherent coating, so this process the material gets first it is impinging on the surface followed by condensation, solidification and then adhering either to the substrate surface or to the original surface which is already solidified over the substrate, so this is liquid drop. Now here again the question is how the substrate surface is prepared, now basically it is also it does not depend on any chemical bonding, so the surface need to be properly prepared that means, degreasing, pickling and also then by mechanically roughening the surface that means here we need to have this what we call sandblasting and this sandblasting as usual we need to have this grit size, stream velocity and also the angle of incidence and standardization of the roughness of the surface, so this way we can prepare a very good receptor surface, but what happen mostly material built up in plasma that we have already shown by this platformation and what happens preparation of the substrate surface what we are discussing and this is sandblasting, but sometimes since it is ceramic material the chemical compatibility we do not have much chemical compatibility between say this is C 20 steel and here we have aluminum oxide or Z r O 2 or T i O 2 something like that and we may not have very good compatibility this material is inert towards the cell towards the surface and it may so happen that material may bounce back and material may not get attached. So in this case though it is moving with high velocity, but sticking coefficient that is not that is very poor because of this inertness of this ceramic against this metal, so what is done in many case we have to put what we called a bond coat, so this is a particular material, so this is a substrate and over the substrate we have a bond coat this is actually make metal coating and this can be a nickel aluminide, a nickel aluminide that is put over the surface, so number one this nickel protects the surface against any possible oxidation and then we have aluminum on this side, so this aluminum can have some kind of compatibility with this incoming aluminum oxide. So this choice of bond coat thickness of the bond coat these are the two very important parameter, how thick this bond coat would be and what would be the composition of this bond coat, so these are the two important parameter for this material to arrive on the surface with a much better sticking coefficient, so this is actually the bond coat. But also there are some attempts also to use a metal coated aluminum oxide, so this is aluminum oxide particle this can be also coated with some of the metal and which will be melted and with this metal coating even without having a bond coat on the steel there is a fair chance of having good weightability and good sticking coefficient, so it is a metal coating on this aluminum oxide particle or zirconium oxide particle it is only to have better adhesion at the time it arrives over this substrate which is say a C 20 steel. So here what we see this is called transferred arc spray, now what we have shown in this diagram this is the copper nozzle and so we have direct polarization, so it is a DC, so this is positively polarized and this is also water cooled, so there is water cooled jacket, so this is also water cooled. But when it is actually plasma transferred arc spray, so in that case what we do we also polarize the substrate along with this copper nozzle that means, the outer surface of this nozzle that means, the casing is made of copper, so the thing will be like this. So we have the central cathode and then what we have the nozzle and in this case though we have this connection, so this is negative and here what we have this is positive, so it is connected like this and then from this point we have made another connection, so that means, this is also from this point, so this is connection. So that means, here this arc which was confined only to this nozzle area that is actually extended over this discharge area that is extended up to this surface which was just restricted to this cathode area in front of this cathode in this zone that was the area, now it is extended to this point the whole idea here is to have some kind of metallurgical bonding that means, allowing this coated material to have some sort of diffusion within the substrate and by that process the top surface of the substrate that may be diluted this top surface of the substrate that may be diluted by this coating material, so if we have a coating material over this, so that may get diffused into this by this melting, so there will be some dissolution and with this dissolution we can have dilution. However, what we can achieve that is actually the better metallurgical bond between the substrate and the deposited layer that means, this coated layer, so here what we see that this arc, so arc is transferred here and the substrate is also polarized by this process. So this is plasma transferred arc, but this plasma transferred arc we can also, so these are actually done in open atmosphere, but now we can also have vacuum plasma spray. The vacuum plasma spray has the advantage that the whole substrate is protected against any possible oxidation because of the very presence of oxygen in open atmosphere that we understand. However, when it is kept within a closed chamber vacuum chamber it is protected and many delicate job can be handled in the high vacuum atmosphere or in low pressure. So this is done in that vacuum chamber, but there is another advantage of that, that advantage of apart from protecting the surface, so it is basically protection of the substrate that is understandable. However, there is another advantage which we have already seen in sputtering process that means, in situ the substrate surface can be cleaned and without having any contamination we can switch over to the actual deposition process that means, we can follow this way that means, say for example, here we have the centrally located cathode and at the same time here we have the anode and through this this arc gas is passed, but here we have now the substrate like this. Now the whole thing is put inside a vacuum chamber, now whole thing is inside the vacuum chamber, so what we can do instead of having, so what we have done so far instead of we have connected the positive polarity during this plasma transfer arc process that means, here it is positively polarized, but in this case instead of positive polarization we can have also a negative polarization that means, a power source which can have a negative polarization on the surface. So with proper functioning we can have such thing, so it can be that means, it is plus and it can be also grounded outside this chamber. So what we see here that this is actually negatively polarized and we do not now run this plasma, so what is done just like a sputtering process, here this argon which is admitted that will be ionized in this zone between this plasma and may be this anode surface or this wall of this chamber and in this case what happens this argon ion that will impinge on this surface and that will clean this surface and after this cleaning we can switch over to a negative polarity and sorry after, so now it should be negatively polarized and this is actually ion etching process, this is actually ion etching process, so that means, argon ions are used for cleaning of the substrate, so it will impinge with high velocity and that will exactly a sputtering of the material from this substrate, so if there be any even atomic level oxide contamination that can be very easily cleaned by this process and with that we can get a very clean surface. Now what we can do further to this, now we can switch over to this positive polarity and with that we can get back to this transferred arc and with that transferred arc what we can have, we can have this chemical bond formation by having extra energy. Actually what happens when we have this positively polarized, we draw electron on this side, so this electrons are more efficient in raising the temperature of the substrate and this is exactly done and when it is positively polarized it is argon ion which will strike this surface and by this impingement by this collision it can remove in atomic scale the top surface layer if it is oxidized that can be totally removed, so that is the greatest advantage of this vacuum plasma spray process. Now this is actually a reactive plasma spraying process, now in this reactive plasma spraying process what we see, say we know that titanium carbide we can deposit titanium by this plasma process, say deposition of titanium by process. But if we are interested to have deposition of titanium carbide then that can be also handle just by this way we have the centrally located cathode and then, so this way we have the anode cathode combination this is the anode. So, here what we see that by normal route a titanium can be deposited by having a nozzle somewhere here because in this case it is just the melting of titanium it is not high requirement or stringent requirement of temperature. So, this can be done, but what can be added in this system we can have something like a entry point of say for example, methane in here. So, methane will be admitted and with this addition of methane here we have titanium ion and we have also methane which will be ionized in this case liberating carbon and finally, what we have on this substrate on this substrate what we have we have titanium and at the same time because of this reaction with CH 4 we have also titanium and carbon and that gives titanium carbide. So, it is also possible to use this plasma spray process plasma arc spray process for having a reaction that means, to have a reaction in the during the spray. So, during its flight those titanium will be converted into titanium carbide and that will impinge on this surface and that will heat this surface and that will be embedded in the matrix of titanium. So, this is actually what we call titanium plasma spray process. Now, one thing we know here this is also good to know that this plasma spray process unlike the detonation process plasma spray process is good for handling ceramic materials because here the temperature is very high, but when it is a detonation process though the speed is very high, but temperature is low and the substrate material which is actually heated by high velocity. So, if we compare this detonation process and plasma process what we have in detonation process low temperature and high velocity high impingement velocity and with that we cannot use this ceramic material. Now, this ceramic material in that case if we put that can just go with that material with that high velocity and that can heat the substrate that can heat the substrate and this and that can have some corrosion. So, this ceramic material can cause some corrosion on this particular surface of the soft substrate. So, this ceramic material if we like to deposit ceramic material then this plasma process is a better choice compared to this detonation gun and this detonation gun is used for a soft material. So, this is one important thing one can also note. So, this is actually titanium carbide which is going to heat this surface, but here the velocity is not that high compared to that plasma. Now comes diamond coating by this plasma spraying process diamond coating now what we see that with this process this is actually the cathode and here what we have the anode. So, this is the copper anode and that is the tungsten cathode and we can have this kind of connection between them and what else we have here we can have a substrate here and this can be used for deposition of diamond. That means, we have a discharge area and here we can have supply of methane and what happens this stream of gas which is here we have the discharge gas which can be also hydrogen. Now what happens this from methane by this high energy flow of this material in the substrate direction we can have deposition of carbon separating this hydrogen. So, here we have deposition of carbon in the form of a layer. So, it is actually carbon. So, this plasma will cause dissociation and with this energy available the methane will be transformed into carbon and that carbon arrives here. Now this carbon can arrive in two form one is graphite another is diamond. Now it depends upon whether it is hot filament or this DC plasma jet this is DC plasma jet. This DC plasma jet can be also used for this deposition of diamond, but there are two chances either graphite or diamond. So, if graphite forms then that is most undesirable thing and to remove that one we have continuous supply of hydrogen and etching rate of graphite is much more compared to that of diamond. So, naturally diamond will be etching rate of diamond will not be that fast. So, diamond will be retained there in much more quantity compared to graphite. So, the whole idea is that if there is any graphite form that should be removed by this chemical etching with the help of hydrogen and this way we can also use this DC plasma discharge for deposition of diamond. Now in contrast to hot filament CVD this DC diamond discharge process diamond formation process that is a faster process compared to hot filament CVD process. So, this is a process of immediate interest for diamond deposition. Now this will be good for those places which are flat and which are with simple geometry flat surfaces square block rectangle something like that where deposition of diamond by using this torch will be easy because it is a directed process this is directed and it is according to the stream velocity which will be intercepted by the substrate surface and deposition will be made. However, if we like to have this process on a complex geometry in that case definitely this hot filament CVD will be a better choice. Now for this DC plasma deposition what are those process parameters? One is very important that is the arc current or say arc voltage. Sorry arc current or power of the machine. So, arc current in all routine application it can go straight to 300 ampere to 500 ampere and it can be just a 50 kilowatt machine, but voltage wise the voltage is rather low it can be between 50 to 100 volt it can operate. Then comes one very important thing that powder feeder normally powder is fed by air as the carrier gas air as the carrier gas, but here the quality of air that is also one important issue and this air has to be number 1 because it is the source of air will be a compressor and from this air which is coming out of a compressor delivered by compressor that should be filtered from all sort of oil which may be the contamination from the compressor then this filtering is done followed by drying in a air dryer. So, this filtering and air drying is essential step to get one quality air and that is there should be a metered quantity and there is a vibratory feeder which is also used for feeding the powder in the metered quantity. Then also comes the discharge gas it is sometimes we use nitrogen and hydrogen or sometimes it is also argon alone, but as we have said that nitrogen hydrogen being diatomic gas that is of immediate interest because the conductivity of hydrogen is also very high and at the same time this enthalpy of formation that is also very high. So, these are the two issues one has to also consider then comes the stand of distance what is the stand of distance and then what is the angle of incidence that means at which angle the material is thrown and material is striking because of the simple reason that here the dense coating has to be formed and it is not just a follow up heating process. So, during this process the entire adhesion bond formation has to take place then another thing is also very important cooling of the substrate cooling. The whole idea here is that substrate should not be allowed to be distorted and there to maintain a uniformity of the temperature over the entire surface that is also one of the point one has to look in. So, this controlling of the substrate temperature that is also one of the parameter. Then abrasive size the material which is being deposited here that size is also one parameter normally say a grain size 50 micron or 100 micron that is a size which can be used, but if we have a lower size then handling this by this air in that powder feeder that becomes little complicated task because of the absorption of moisture in the system. So, that has to be also taken care of by this process. Now, this coating of diamond which we have just mentioned here that we can also extend this process this way that means normally what we see that on a substrate we have to deposit diamond and then this can be have a transition say we have tungsten carbide cobalt and from there we can have a deposition of just tungsten carbide by this plasma spray process by allowing tungsten carbide as a feeder from this side and gradually tungsten carbide and carbon that proportion can be adjusted that means here we have tungsten carbide and also that deposition of carbon from this methane and finally what we can get here pure diamond coating. So, that means first we have tungsten carbide cobalt and then this is tungsten powder which can be also deposited by this plasma spray process and in the process we can also initiate flow of methane. So, it will be going to be a mixture of tungsten carbide with some diamond particle. So, that will be and embedded so it is a dispersion and finally, we can also have a diamond built up over this. So, this way we can also see that this effect of cobalt detrimental effect of cobalt that can be also eliminated and we can have a fairly transition between tungsten carbide cobalt, tungsten carbide and also tungsten carbide diamond and tungsten carbide diamond to pure diamond. So, this way fine transition is possible, but while choosing this deposition technology with this DC plasma discharge process using methane as the source of carbon, definitely one has to look for those materials which are good candidate for this diamond formation and for this what we can see that this material like molybdenum, tungsten and then vanadium, chromium, titanium lot of materials can be tried, but in that list what we can see that molybdenum and tungsten they are most preferred material in the whole process because of the simple reason that molybdenum tungsten are good carbide former, but they are less prone to oxidation compared to titanium or chromium. Not only that what can be seen that density of nucleation on molybdenum and tungsten that comes out to be very high and this is because of some matching with this carbide of W2C and MO2C type carbide which is not just possible with titanium or other material. So, this W2C or molybdenum M2C this carbides are formed over this when this methane comes over this surface and immediately this type of carbide is formed over which this high density diamond nucleation is possible. So, this molybdenum and tungsten that facilitates formation of such kind of carbide and that follows nucleation with high density of diamond. Now one thing is also important when it is a plasma spray process this adhesion part is very very important because here we do not have exactly a chemical bond formation just by melting a part of the substrate surface. So, this bond formation or adhesion which is developed at this interface that can be checked there are certain ways of checking this because it is a very hard material. So, it is actually plasma spreads and this is the substrate this is the plasma spread say aluminium oxide. Now this how is the adhesion with this surface for that we can also conduct a test which is called almost like grinding and this is done this way this is done this way that we have one grinding wheel here and this grinding wheel is made of diamond it is a fine grained of diamond and with this grinding wheel we can grind say it is a thick layer and these are the materials which are not for micron level deposition, but it is actually in the millimeter level deposition 5, 6 millimeter deposition is quite routine thing. So, that it can serve as a wear resistant coating and also as a thermal barrier shield. So, in this case what we can do over this surface we can have a proper grinding action with certain feed and high table speed. So, this whole sample will be put on a table and on the table of the grinding machine and then the wheel this will be moved in this direction. So, we have certain depth of cut. So, with that there will be some tangential force. So, there will be some tangential force and also some normal force. So, depending upon this adhesion quality of adhesion the retention what can be done gradually the depth of cut can be increased and as a result of that what is going to happen this tangential force that will go up. Now, if we find that the whole layer can be removed by gradual grinding without having any interface failure then we can record a particular force and from that we can say up to this point that means, we can this is the force grinding force and this is say depth of cut and by increase of depth of cut this force will keep on rising. However, if this force does not cause any flaking of this coating then we understand that this is strongly adhering and the bond is quite strong. So, it is quite satisfactory, but we can find that if it is possible or if it is the case that at certain point a part or whole of this chunk gets removed as a whole as a layer leaving that interface and exposing that substrate in that case we can say that is the limit and that causes the removal of this coating. This is one way of doing the thing, but also we can do just by keeping a particular depth of cut and we can record the force. We have to increase the force and here we can increase the table speed, we can increase the table speed. So, force will keep on increasing just by increasing the table speed and here also we need not increase the depth of cut keeping a particular depth of cut if we increase the table speed and if we see that the coating survives over the entire period of cut and having a particular force level up to which the coating is integrated with the substrate then we can also say that the adhesion is good, adhesion is quite satisfactory up to that level of force, but if it is not the case then definitely we have to take some measure so that we can improve the situation it can be either having a proper bond coat or having proper substrate preparation particularly the mechanical working of the substrate, mechanical preparation of the substrate and also having proper cohesion in the coating. So, this is this way we can also check the adhesion of this coating otherwise checking the adhesion of this rough coating the surface is quite rough. So, rough coating is just not possible with a conventional scratch tester. So, with this we can make a summary of the discussion that plasma spray is basically meant for all material to be deposited we need which are having high melting point and it is mostly the ceramic material to give some example it is aluminium oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide these are the some material of immediate interest for engineering use they can be used as thermal shield and also in many cases as wear resistant material. Now, this thermal plasma spray that can be used as a open atmosphere process or a vacuum deposition process. Now, in open atmosphere we can also extend this arc to this substrate thereby getting extra heat on the substrate surface. So, that there may be some kind of melting of the substrate surface and facilitating dilution of the coating with the substrate and having a metallurgical type of bond which leads to better adhesion. We can also have vacuum plasma spray this is to protect the substrate surface, but the greatest advantage of vacuum plasma spray is that by having negative polarization of the substrate we can invite the argon ion just like a normal sputtering process leading to ion etching and this will lead to absolute cleaning of the substrate inside the chamber and which can be followed immediately by the actual deposition process. Now, this plasma spray process can be extended for reaction plasma spray process for example, we can have titanium powder as the material for deposition, but having this methane in the chamber in the system we can also have spray and reaction that means, titanium during the spray process it also gets converted into titanium carbide grain and then we can have a dispersion of titanium carbide grain in a matrix of titanium enhancing its hardness and wear property. Similarly, deposition of diamond that is one of the very special process of plasma spray using this process. Now, this process can be used for diamond deposition, but making a transition from tungsten carbide cobalt to finally, a diamond surface using the same DC plasma torch and the adhesion of this process by normal scratch tester since the surface appears to be rough it cannot be done, but some grinding technique using a fine diamond wheel that can be used effectively to assess numerically assess the adhesion of the coating.


For some of you that are lucky enough, already have your own food business idea, this is also a really great lesson because we're gonna be able to inspire you and show you what other people are doing. So then that way you can enhance your current concept and be inspired to do so. Now for the rest of the majority of the people that are less lucky, this is the perfect lesson for you because we're gonna share with you different ways of finding what is trendy online and what you can potentially bring to your city. So then that way you can create your next food business idea. Now let's just jump right in. The five methods to start brainstorming for your food idea. First of all, start with your culture because this is something you hold truly to you and nothing can replace that. You know very, very different about what within your hometown, your ethnic background that is popular that you can actually bring to your new city. For example, for me, I immigrated to Vancouver from Hong Kong. So I oftentimes miss a lot of local Hong Kong food and because of that, that Vancouver has a really, really big density of Chinese demographic as well and that's the reason why a lot of people are offering a lot more Chinese food because people are wanting it because that's their ethnic background and it's something that in Vancouver they don't used to serve. Now basically Vancouver serves all kind of ethnicity foods. So some of your family secret recipes that you can bring on board that people would appreciate as well. Something you can bring from your own ethnicity to a new market and because of that novelty a lot of people will jump on board as well. That becomes a really good place for you to find your next food business idea. For example, dumplings from China. So next up is to call a friend because when you hear your friend say, oh man, I'm craving for this right now then you know you're gonna be onto something because food that they love but not currently out on the market or the food quality is just not that great yet. This becomes a golden opportunity because that's what people are wanting. For example, gluten-free fried chicken and it is actually a thing. It is one of the most popular fried chicken places in Vancouver called Juke's Fried Chicken and because they see it being very popular place people are always talking about it in Vancouver. We're in a very health cautious city and that's the reason why this is a really great concept. Next up, examine old mouse traps then build a better one. What does that even mean? Food places and concept that you always go to and you buy from it. So for example, you'd be thinking about how you can actually improve it. So as an example, Croissant is super popular. Donuts are super popular and in New York there's this bakery that combined it and made it such a storm and it is something called the Crohnut. So if you haven't heard about the Crohnut definitely just Google them up and you're gonna see tons and tons of articles about Crohnut and simply what they did was to innovate to cross combine what a croissant is and a donut is into something called the Crohnut. Eye on trends guys. What food has been trending in the past year? So for some of you guys that don't know brown sugar bubble tea has been taking the whole city by storm and what are some of the potential food ideas that you can bring to the next level? Because like bubble tea has been popular for years now in Vancouver and it has only been recently that the brown sugar bubble tea has picked up another hype, right? So definitely look at what is trendy and if you're lucky enough you can actually be in the forefront of the wave and to catch a really, really great demand for your product, okay? Lastly, use social media to inspire you and to find different ideas. Now I know you're gonna say, hey Wilson, but how do I find food ideas on Instagram? It's such a big platform. How do I find food inspiration on TikTok? It is a huge platform. And that's the reason why. We're gonna show you the four ways to find food ideas on Instagram. First up, explore page. On your Instagram, the first page that says explore, look at the tab in the top left right-hand corner set that says food. Click into that and you're gonna see a ton of different food that has a lot of views. You'll see the popular photos that inspire you and you can click into it. So for example, I like this type of pasta. It looks really amazing. I wanna see what else do they have to offer. So when you click into it, these are the posts usually that are trendy or posted by bloggers. That means that they have high in demand and people are actually viewing it, looking at it and this can become part of your food idea that you're gonna serve. Next up, food bloggers speaking of which, search for accounts using keywords such as foodie, food bloggers and you'll find the most relevant search result as you can see right here on the search bar, click in foodie and you're gonna see a ton of foodie within your area and that's how you're gonna be able to click into them and you're gonna see their feed and mark down the hashtags that they use because the hashtags allows you to crawl into other influencers and other bloggers' accounts and by you being in their account, you're gonna see what is popular and what is not popular. And as you can see here, foodie mugs. I click foodie and then I found foodie mugs, clicked into them. Actually, you know what? There you go. And then I am on their profile and I see this is a really big fortune cookie as a dessert. That looks really, really cool. So you know what? Let's click into it and see what they have to say and see there are tons of different items and as you can see right here, this could potentially be your next food idea turning original items and blowing it up and turning it into a different type of dessert. So this fortune cookie is actually a cake. So because of the fact that they changed it up, this became a very popular hit in Vancouver right now. And as you click into it and expand their captions, you're gonna see that there's gonna be a ton of hashtags that they have used. So after which, you can actually look at these hashtags. So for example, gastrovan, when you click into this hashtag, you're gonna see other posts that have the same hashtag that allows you to find different ideas. So that's how you're gonna find food bloggers accounts. Now next up, food influencers accounts. Now you'd be thinking, how do I find influencers within my specific city? What you're gonna do is look into the locational based influencers because sometimes you wanna be able to find influencers that are within your own demographic where you are opening up a food business because what is popular in Vancouver might not be popular in New York, might not be popular in your specific city. And that's the reason why looking at locational based influencers is also very, very important. Now, what are locational based influencers and hashtags? Basically, all you have to do is to write down the location that you're in, the specific city, either YBR, NYC, LA, Las Vegas, whatever the case may be, plus a food related keyword at the end and you're gonna see a ton of different hashtags. Then what you're gonna do is to go on the feed and find high quality photos because that's the standard that you usually influencers use when they do a post. Go through their entire feed and usually they're gonna feature other really trendy items that is worth noting and this becomes your inspirational board and allows you to see different ideas from different locations. And the reason why it's so important is because at different city, once again, you're gonna see different types of food that are popular.  And if in your city, it doesn't grow as fast, these are areas that you can see, oh, you know what, this is a proven popular product that I can bring into my city that is a little bit behind in terms of the trends and this becomes a really good way for you to be ahead of the game. And that's what we did, quite frankly, is that when we went to Korea, that's how I went to Korea to actually find what is trendy and we found the smoking ice cream which I brought back to Vancouver and once again, we grew that into a seven location chain and then we sold that business. And once again, the fourth way is to find food related hashtags. We need to start broad, right? Either food porn, food Instagram, food lover and these guys and what I mean by broad is that they have a lot of different tags, 247 million hashtags about this hashtag, right? So you wanna be able to start broad and the reason why you wanna start broad is because now you can get to be inspired by a lot more of these different items right here. This allows you to see the food from all over the world. Now you're seeing what is popular around the world. Find posts that are high quality and once again, the reason why you wanna find posts with high quality is because usually these are taken by food influencers and when you click into them, you're gonna find other products and other items that are inspirational for your needs. Pro tip guys is to save the posts you like to create a small inspiration board for all your food ideas because at the end of the day, you're not gonna be using these posts right now but when you save it, this becomes like a Pinterest board which is all into one place and for you, you're just kinda collecting all the data right now and that's what we usually do is collect all the data, see what is popular and see if this is an idea that we would wanna do. Lastly, we're gonna be talking about TikTok. Once you're in TikTok, search the hashtag food. Look at the top four posts again and then click on the posts and the account to see more food inspirational ideas. Now go back to the original feed, repeat steps three and four for you to find inspo ideas. Now as you can see right here, in the search bar, we click on food TikTok and then you're gonna see. I will eat pasta every single day and now I'm not. That's basically how you're gonna find all the food inspiration and these are a lot of trends that are happening right now that we can use and now you can click back out of this and find other accounts that have a lot of inspiration and that's how you go into this rabbit hole of a method to find your next food business idea. Now it is your turn guys. Now is your turn to go and write down three food ideas using this method that we suggested, okay? Go through this, take your time with it. It will be fun and it will take up a lot of your time. So don't rush this whole process.


I'm with the Diesel Technology Forum. We're a not-for-profit educational association. We educate about the environmental progress of clean diesel technology. Diesel has transformed as a technology. A lot of people think that it's a dirty old technology, but it's been transformed from the technology of the past. It's very clean, smoke-free, near-zero emissions. And then that new technology is being applied to the legacy group. Diesel is also very long-lasting and durable. So it's being applied to the legacy fleet to clean up that as well. It's one of the most cost-effective ways to improve air quality in areas that are having problems with non-attainment air quality issues. So is it fossil fuel? But because of the advanced technology engines, they process the fuel so much more efficiently than before. And then also back in 2006, diesel fuel itself underwent a transformation. They became ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. They took the sulfur out of the diesel, much like they took the lead out of gasoline back in the 70s. So the fuel itself is very clean. The engines process the fuel much more efficiently, and then the emissions controls trap anything else that the fuel, the engines have it fully processed. So the air coming out of the engine, we often do a weight-hankerset test. We'll put a weight-hanky on the end of an exhaust, and it comes out clean, it smells clean. There's no visible smoke or emissions. It's still clean.


What's up everybody? Welcome to SPM Buzz. My good name is Ms. Kithinshi. Thank you so much for joining us and thank you for watching Buzz with stars. In case you haven't subscribed, please make sure you do. Now I'm hanging out with a star and this one he does or rather he just uses his body to do things not everyone can do. I would like to call him a break dancer, but he's telling me he's a breaker. So in case you didn't know, now you know. I'm hanging out with the one and only king of the streets Yeah? N'zushi Africa. What's up Roha? You? I'm good. I'm good. Let me ask you You know when you say king of the streets Palekwino of the streets in Watuengine t'en a different kina Shakila So tell us what why king of the streets Okay, because first of all we're kings and we come from the street So the name king of the street basically comes from this is my organization which I co-found with Bboy Drift and Basically the names come from I come from Pumwani Majango, which is basically what people would consider a slum and You know for I think it's been 10 years now that I've been dancing through through me Just breaking I've been able to you know reposition myself from coming from you know from the slum to being able to go to some of The most you know extravagant places in the world to be able to travel around the world and to perform for some of the most You know notable names in the world Very nice now let me ask you at what point did you learn or rather did you realize that you can actually break dance? So you can yeah No, that's actually funny because for me. I actually came in to dance quite late Most people you know start dancing when they are really young like nine years old ten years I started dancing at 21 years old So you know that that for especially for breaking that is very late for you to start breaking because by the time You're 21 your bones are already mature and stuff. Yes. Yeah, and stuff But I was I was fortunate enough at 21 to start breaking and you know for me I call it luck luckily I have been able to for the last 10 years been able to You know to understand how breaking is all about to understand the history of breaking and to be able to represent Kenya on some of The most international platforms within East Africa and around the world Guys, did you actually know that you know you need to understand they know about to break dancing like any there is more information Other than what we just see, you know Mkey, you know dribbling and all these kind of things now. Let me ask when you started breaking Did your parents, you know your guardians or your family know this is the direction you want to take and do you just do that or In the kitchen you just do as a hobby and then you have a job that finances your life Okay So basically when I when I when I came into dance my my professional qualification is microeconomics and so that is what I did I did have the problem in the same and I was hoping to do this as a job But also, you know as you grow up also you start to understand yourself for me This wasn't something that I did that I wanted to do it was mostly like those things you do because parents pressure you like We want you to be this and that and so at 21 I decided no, I'm not going to do this I'm going to dance and you know, it's been quite it's been quite the journey at first It was very difficult, you know to do breaking as as a career It was quite difficult But I was lucky enough to dance with some of the best crews of dance with FBI dance crew, which are season 2 Sakata dance champions. I also danced with the titans all stars Which are the catechia dance champions also dance with shakers and so over the years I was able to make an income from dance not from breaking particularly but from dance I was able to make an income and then in 2016 I After we won the catechia dance battle in 2013. I I decided to use the money we got to pay for Production costs, so I went and did film production. It's quite funny because I actually studied just across at Prince Comedian Institute So I did film production. So my other job that I do and I'm not dancing is basically I direct videos and I also do editing for videos Yeah, and so from that I'm able to supplement my my dance my dance career using the money that I get from that All right sounds good We have different types of dances now and especially because we have tick tock There are people are dancing on tick tock to wake up.  Yeah, tick tock dance as we call them No personally like In some situations, you know, we people might have different opinions personally. I have a very different opinion First of all, I would think the fact that dance has gone so much into, you know, tick tock challenges and all this I would think in my opinion it has brought a lot of visibility to dance So before I've been dancing for the last 10 years I remember we used to struggle to be seen just to be seen, you know But thanks to tick tock thanks to social media in general right now. It's very easy if you're a dancer It's very easy for you to get your content seen by people out there So I'm one of the people who I'm not on tick tock personally, but I'm one of the people who really I'm too old for this I mean, we would love to see those tans on tick tock and I'm sure they would really Go very well. I think so. I honestly think so but being a videographer myself. I think tick tock is too much work Okay, I am editing most of the time I'm shooting the other times that I'm not editing and so for me to be able to actually come up with content for tick tock We'll again need more time. So this is for me the main reason why I'm not on tick tock But I have seen I've seen you know dancers such as dance general, you know Dancers such as Chiki Kuruka, Chiluba, Voda Selano Who are some of the people who came into tick tock just before it blew up and I've seen what it has done for them This has become some of the biggest name in dance, you know There's also people who are not particularly part of the dance community people such as Aziad who's also been able to make a Career for herself out of you know dancing on tick tock, you know There's a lot of opinions on this some people are against it Some people are for it. I personally think it's good. It's good for dance, you know If if you if it rubs you the wrong way Then maybe you just need to go ahead on tick tock and get yourself recognized on tick tock You know get some followers and maybe you will be as happy as these people are But I honestly think it is a good thing not just even for dance, but for the art industry tick tock is very nice Yeah, do you feel the government supports what you do? Oof For breaking particularly, I don't think so, you know, we've had we've had a lot of conversation about this We just recently in May had to fundraise to go to Morocco. We had to raise 300 Kenya shillings in three days Which 300,000 300,000 Kenya shillings in three days, which in my opinion should not have to happen Government is there. They are able to facilitate some of these things But they came up with this excuse that because breaking in Kenya does not have a federation They cannot be involved in funding, you know, and my question will then be Do we need to have federations to support young people in this country? I don't think so, you know There needs to be goodwill from government to support young people whether or not structures exist and you know Government supporting sometimes might also mean them being involved in creating some of these structures You know when they said we do not have a federation It's not the easiest thing to create a federation in this country, you know And in my opinion even federations that do exist and I will give FKF as an example, which is the football Kenya Federation They still fail in major places, you know, I've seen Football players go travel to represent this country and still have to sleep at the airport or sleep outside the hotel Because somebody did not book their flight or did not book their hotel So even having a federation is not a permanent solution, you know for me Government having the goodwill to support young people regardless would be the first step And so for me as a breaker, I have not felt government support I am here to feel it and I know a lot of other dancers who are here to feel government support. So It's quite unfortunate for me. It's a shame. It's a big shame, you know Right now breaking breaking being a cultural sport cultural thing now it has become a sport And so now we now fall under the ministry of sports We fall under the Olympic committee and just because we do not have a federation Should not be reason enough for government not to support, you know The cabinet secretary Ababu Namoamba Secretary general Francis Mutuku of olympics kenya, you know I'm personally of the opinion that you should show goodwill to young people in this country whether or not federations exist Yeah, I mean I've seen um a CS Ababu Namoamba has been trying a lot, you know Especially under Talantahela to try and support the sports people the talent the creatives What you do like to tell him in the case that you could watch this video No, for me like what I just said is just goodwill for me I just as a breaker as a person who is involved in the creative industry in this country I need to see more goodwill from government, you know and Let it not be a case where you're trying, you know, there's some of the times where for me It's political, you know, and there's nothing wrong with there's absolutely nothing wrong It's good for you to show your people that you're doing something But many times I've seen where they come in and do this Public publicity of things and then eventually after you try to approach them later, nothing works, you know And even Talantahela, I will I will I will I will give a challenge to him with Talantahela Talantahela. I've seen them work with big artists like calligraph. I've seen them do some big events I am here to see, you know dancers benefiting from Talantahela And I am even here to see they talked about an app being launched For for creatives to make profiles so that government could facilitate helping them and looking for opportunities for them I am here to see this up on on App Store anywhere, you know I'm here to see any communication official communication from Talantahela to key players within the creative industry, you know I'm personally tired of of policy being made in this country for publicity If you have to make policy in this country involve their key players, you know If you go to comedy, there's key players in comedy If you go to football, there's key players within the football industry If you go to say a music industry, there's key players When you come to the dance community, there's key players and so when you come up with some of this policy Let those key players be involved. Let it not just be an announcement.  How was the experience because you know Kenyans were cheering you on Sharing your post on you know just to get financial support. How was it? How was the competition and what happened there? No, Morocco. Morocco was quite incredible because for those who had me talk before we went to Morocco There was a big problem where there was an African qualifier happening in Morocco and out of 54 African countries Only 11 countries made it to Morocco. And so I talked about this on my instagram Petition the WDSF, which is the international organizing body for break dancing being in the olympics and they did make a rule change where by Countries in Africa without a federation could actually attend the qualifier using the olympic committee And this was a good thing until we went to the olympic committee and they weren't willing to support You know, so, you know that was more like a slap in the face for me personally and not just for me I think for the for a lot of young break dancers in this country That was a slap in the face and then we now had to go to the community, you know to kenyans Of goodwill and as for help and fortunately they did come through in three days We were able to raise the money and we did manage to travel to morocco rabat morocco I traveled alongside b-boy drift government names joseph o mondi And you know, uh, this was very for me. It was very nice. It was very It was an incredible experience for us to be out there and we managed to get kenya on the ranking So basically in the olympic qualifier kenya had not been on the ranking And without being on the ranking that means we cannot get any of our people to compete in paris next year for the olympics And so currently we are on the ranking which means we can continue pushing and we can continue You know trying to see which other qualifiers around the world we can attend and maybe get someone qualified And for me, this is not I am happy this happened I don't know whether we'll manage to go to any other qualifier But I am happy that kenya is now on the ranking which means the next generation of dancers Will be able to be included in the olympic qualifiers and the olympics in general And this is not just for 2024. There is The car 2026, which is the youth olympics happening in senegal And then there is now a bid to have the breaking included in the 2028 los angeles olympics And so I hope you know by us going to rabat by us going to speak to the w dsf over there I hope this will open up opportunity for this younger generation to be able to compete in both the 2026 and the 2028 olympics You know for me now i'm 31 years old I wouldn't be able to compete much longer But I am doing all that I can before I retire to open up doors for the new generation And so you know that is why you hear me talking a lot about Government come on board, you know because we are young people. We are doing all the best. We can we are putting our money on it Government can easily do it. So why not why not come on board? Okay, and I mean, thank you so much, you know for just setting the pace for the young people that are coming after you There's somewhere you're going now Very soon What's the competition and where are you going? Okay? So basically on the 13th on the 13th of this month, I will be traveling down to Taipei, which is a city in taiwan and why I will be traveling there There is a competition the world final competition happening called the Taipei b-boy city world finals And this one brings together The best breakdancers from around the world. So this will be the first time that kenya is competing on this platform I will be among two africans representing the entire continent of africa And so this is quite special, you know for us to be able to go out there and represent it is quite special And for me, it's even more special because You know being the first time a kenyan is is is performing at this platform It means it will be happening more and more, you know So again, as I said doing all the best that we can to open up possibilities and opportunities for the younger generation Yeah, so is this a particular trip that you're going to Taipei Sponsored or what's going on? Okay, so basically most of the stuff is self sponsored But as far as the air ticket is concerned as the accommodation and everything it is being sponsored by taipei b-boy city Which is a company, you know, and it belongs to One person called b-boy bojin who comes from taiwan. He's actually the chairman of breaking in the olympics And so it's also quite nice because being the chairman of the olympics. It means we might also be able to uh, you know Bring up conversations about the olympics and kenya and so this is quite special and for me I'm very thankful bojin has been supporting africa for for some time now since 20 i first met him in 2017 In uganda there was a competition called uganda b-boy city And this was the first time any african person went to taiwan You know and uh, this is the now the second time some two people now are traveling And if you can see from the first time it was one person now It's two people it means more opportunities will continue opening up and uh, you know for me I hope I don't see government doesn't know about this. They are not involved. They don't care if you ask me But I I hope to see them get more involved, you know, I'm personally very thankful to you You know for creating this interview and having this opportunity for me to speak about it Because mainstream media has not picked this up, you know, I've sent out communication to them that this and this is happening I did the same for morocco. They did not pick it up and uh, you know It's called uh It's another part of government if you ask me it's called the third estate for a reason because you people as media also control the narrative and What you've done by giving me this platform, you know, it's basically giving me an opportunity to to uh, sort of Control the narrative or give my narrative of what's happening in kenya What it looked breaking looks like in kenya and I hope more mainstream people are able to pick it up Even if they're not able to pick it up. I'm comfortable with this, you know I'm I'm quite comfortable here I mean, we're we we as espion bars, you know, we like to support talent We like to see young people out there and that's why we are here, you know, because I mean what else can we do in We are the people's watchdogs and we get to tell the story out there as well So thank you for coming through.  We're waiting to see the results as well Let us know how it goes with the conversation with the olympics. Um, he's the what? We are the qualifiers. Yes. Yes. Let us know and uh, you know, keep going Congratulations on just setting the pace. We are proud of you. All right And I think just to finish up there is a a film that just came out. Uh, it's a feature film Which is about my my my my journey as a breaker in uh, since I started in 2013 And the title of the film is called the fight of my life It just premiered, uh, I think it was last last week or last week, but one monday and basically it's it's it's it's it's It has dropped in a series form. So basically it's three episodes three or four episodes We just dropped the first one. The second one is about to drop tomorrow And so if if you're someone that is on youtube go follow Mzushi Africa Such for the the fight of my life as told by Mzushi Africa This is a story of like my journey for the last 10 years And it basically captures even some of the things we're talking here We are talking of them on a on a very light note But this one gives an a deeper insight onto my journey. So you can check it out. All right guys Make sure to catch Mzushi Africa on youtube check out, you know that that film that they've done and just understand more About what he's talking about now We're gonna we want to see some of the to is square to send you a square to non gear to let Let us see what he can do live on camera right here on espion bars. So take it away. Let's go Let's go Mzushi Africa in the act. Look guys. I'm trying to be a hype man right here Hey, hey, we have another hype man Very nice very nice. Thank you man. Thank you so much We appreciate All the very best as you go to Taipei and we can't wait to see what you do. Thank you. Thank you for having me All right. Thank you so much guys for watching bars. It's stars right here on espion bars My good name is miski finji until next time Keep it espion bars. Watch Anika from Zoki Doggo Some stands