What's up, what's up, what's up? I'm Brandon Shawn. And I'm Corey. And we are back with another episode of No Labels Necessary Podcast. You can catch us on any streaming platform here at the intersection of creativity and currency. And you know, when we do this intro, we got a very special guest with us today. Today, we have the CEO of bands, Rameen, Satar. What's up, Rameen? What's up, fellas? Man, I appreciate you guys having me here today. Excited to be here and excited to have a discussion with you guys. For sure, man. It's gonna be dope. It's gonna be real dope. Like, what y'all are doing right now, you're about to change the game in terms of artisan when it comes to money. And we'll get into a lot of that later on. But the fact that you went from like the tech space to the music space, like, can you kind of give a quick background and how this all came, how you got to this point? Yeah, absolutely. You know, I started out in the tech space for about 15 years focusing on revenue growth strategy for a number of different tech startups. My last company led to an exit. And so after that exit, I moved down to Los Angeles and I wanted to get into music. So started my own management company because I wanted to learn more about how the financial side of music was operating. When I got into the business, I was working with independent artists, really focusing on helping them grow their careers and helping them understand their finances. Now it's kind of my core as we started to grow out the management company. This is perfect, man. This is actually really perfect because there's two sides to this that I want to touch on. You came from tech to music. You didn't just get indoctrinated into this as like a young, young man, which means you came in with experience in a way the world does work. When you came into music, were you a little shocked the way things worked when you started looking at how the money moves or just how the industry moves as a whole? Yeah, I think great question. I think from my perspective, when I got into music, one of the main things I was doing is I was buying and selling records. I was buying small mid-tier segment records and selling them. And there's really where I learned how the financial side of music was and how it was built and how the money moved and how these different revenue streams essentially operate. So it was a little bit of a shock.  It's billions and billions of dollars a year. There are so many intricacies with the way that that money moves in the industry that money can get lost and you may not be able to find money. And so yeah, it was a little bit, I would say, not really shocking, but it was eye-opening for me, but also exciting. When I got into it, I was excited because I knew that there was a lot of challenges and a lot of problems that could be solved. And coming from tech, I felt that no better way to solve some of these problems rather than through tech solutions. And so yeah, it was a little bit eye-opening and taking back a little bit, but also exciting because of the opportunity. What's the biggest difference between marketing a product and marketing an artist? Because you use the word exit. That means you were doing well in terms of helping grow your role that you were playing there. What's the difference? The product is the individual at the end of the day in the music space. And so I think there is no huge difference other than the audience and the market of music being much smaller. So I think that's the biggest difference is like your audience, the smaller industry, things move faster, word of mouth moves faster. So in addition to the traditional marketing channels, the paid media marketing channels, you know, the organic growth within marketing, you know, I think that's the biggest difference. Got you. Yeah, it does. It does. And you know, it makes me think, right?  You have legitimate fans. You can go on the road. Your music is taken off on all these platforms. And then we get to that point where you said, like money, where is the money? Because so many things happens and are happening at once, right? A regular product, you might find one channel and kill it on Facebook ads, maybe a couple of others, but it's very clear where the money's coming from, right? But music is so many places and then it's broken down into other countries. You almost go global overnight. Like success makes you almost instantly global versus a lot of other products, even online products, right? We're still usually starting off domestically per se. So you mentioned, you know, it's hard to find the money or it's a little bit more difficult. That's where you come in with a solution with bands. Can you tell me why that was the solution that you decided to tackle out of everything you encountered? I think like just being in it real life, like, you know, starting out in the mid-tier segment, working with artists hand-in-hand day-to-day, you know, at our management company, seeing sounds, I learned a lot. You know, the main thing that was evident was that all of these artists have the same problem. They didn't understand their finances. They needed help collecting uncollected royalties because they weren't registering their music property, right? So those were two things that stood out to me and really it's like boots on the ground. I'm with the people that are living it day-to-day. I'm working with these artists hand-in-hand. And so understanding that was the core problem. You know, that was essentially a part of my job to help solve it, right? It was like, hey, like, let's like keep track of all your money. Let's make sure you know where it's coming from. Let's make sure you know how much money you're making in the future such that you can plan better. And also, let's make sure you're registering your works properly so that you're collecting all the money that's owed to you. And that's really, I think, where a lot of my experience came from is just like being with the people that have the problem. Let me take a quick second to say, if you're looking for a music distributor that cares about educating their artists so they can get in a better position, you should check out Two Loss because every single Monday, they have office hours where they bring on dope people in the industry to hop on calls, give artists insights on the future of the music industry, and answer some of the questions they have going on in their personal careers. So if you aren't a user of Two Loss or just wanna have a little bit more information about them, go to Two Loss on Instagram. That's T-O-O-L-O-S-T, Two Lossed on Instagram, and it'll take you to everything you need to see and for me about the sessions and more. Back to this episode. Me and Sean had a conversation about just, how the mindset of the artists can be changed and kind of impact what artists are looking at in the future, right? So from our side, as marketers, views, likes, and comments are king, but for a long time, we've been pushing to artists like, the true KPI should be when a dollar hits your bank account. You know what I'm saying? Like that should be the demand KPI you're looking at because all the other stuff can kind of build on top of that. And I know what's been hard for us is one, having clients that are, their mind is in that area, because like I said, views, likes, comments are king, but then also having a place that aggregates all that data to a week or even from our side, be able to accurately see how we spend $1,000 on you. You know, your one song went up 4% in valuation so we can assume that if we put another, whatever, this should keep growing and you can get the eggs here. Like that's been something that like for years, we've wanted to do, but because typically the payment debt is so spread out. And like Sean said, I mean there's, you know, at least as marketer, there's sometimes debt like we can't even get. You know, like the distributor won't let it go or the publisher won't let it go. So like that was immediately what my brain went was just like, oh, like this could genuinely change marketing for the better because it could get to a position to where artists are now looking at their marketing KPIs in terms of money instead of kind of like the top line stuff and hopes that it translates to money. Historically, and even now, it's super hard to attribute to actual, you know, specific areas of growth in an artist's career or maybe even financial growth, right? I think where the industry's headed is there's solutions coming out for that to be able to help streamline it a little bit more so that you actually can understand the impact of your marketing campaigns.  So it's like, how much money are you making off those streams, right? It's like, the more you stream, the more fans you have, the more money you're gonna make, right? It's evident, right? So it's like also a part of the tool is like in a part of this ecosystem is for those that are the marketers out there, for those that are the labels out there, the distributors out there, they need a tool to be able to, how do I say this, run a risk analysis against the deals that they want to do, right? So the business that they wanna engage in. So it's like, if you know an artist is making, you know, a certain amount of dollars off their streams or a certain amount of money you understand the finances, you can make licensing decisions based off of that, you can make deal decisions off of that, you know, record deal decisions. There's all kinds of different things you could do based on that information. But it empowers you to know that, hey, if I'm gonna put some money out there and I'm gonna front this money, I'm gonna advance this money because I believe in this individual and I wanna help them grow their career. It also gives you that vision and that transparency into, okay, when am I gonna get my money back? No, that's huge, man, that's huge. To me, you know, I think some people take something like this as, I don't know, artists doing, I don't know. As if it's a weapon or some people might even look at this as like, yo, you might mess some things up. I think in one way is really just looking at it as artists being able to do regular good business. It's been hard for artists to do good business in the past and because typically your business, if you're running it right, you ever understand of what it looks like to bring sales and you understand what your profit looks like and if it's time to sell or do something like that, you can do regular modeling. But without having that information, is all guesswork. But even when you have that information, it comes down to a couple of things. One, all right, do you wanna stay in this business? That's gonna determine what you negotiate. Two, what is somebody willing to offer you? We could say it's worth this within the app, right? And that could be your real value. However, you still have to base it on real things and it could be worth more to me if I buy your stuff because what I have in terms of my resources than it is to you because I have ability to expand on the value of your catalog. So that's what regular business is like. I think we're not, when we talk about this conversation, like artists having this type of information isn't something like that's unheard of in other verticals, in other industries, I would say. 100%, yeah, it's not unheard of. And I think my co-founder and CTO, Shiv Ancel always says it right.  That's really kind of the core of it, right? It's like all of these artists, if you're serious about what you're doing, you're serious about being a musician and you want that as a career, then you have to understand your business side. Artists like Russ, super successful. You go ask Russ anything about his finances. I guarantee you he's able to tell you anything about it. He's fully in tune with his money, right? You have to be. There are so many different ways you can grow, so many different ways you can invest in yourself, so many different ways you can partner with other companies, other businesses to grow your career and all of it stems back to understanding your finances, right? So I think that's like a pretty important component for, you know, if you said anything, any business. Everybody should be their own CEO.  And so like the way I look at it is like, especially in the US, man, everybody's on their own.  And I think you have to be empowered to have these tools at your tool belt to be able to go do that. I would say like one of the biggest useful aspects and features of that, you know, has been supporting these artists, producers, writers and engineers to be able to go get the money they're owed. Makes sense, makes sense. So I mean, I wanna just end it here for, you know, artists that they wanna use this tool, right? Getting clarity on your money. Just do a quick summary again as far as like, why do I care to see this now? Other than, oh yeah, it's nice to see that there's some numbers and my money is floating. Like just actionably, what should I, what does this information give me that I can put into action to improve an outcome in my career? Cause I know there's more than one use case. Aggregating all of your revenue streams in one place so it's really easy to understand, you can pull it up on a mobile app, you can see it there real time, right? And then also go get the money you're owed and let us make sure that everything else that you've registered is actually properly registered. Oh, well, I appreciate you hopping on, man. No, I appreciate it, man. I appreciate you guys having me. For sure. Yeah, us as well. You everybody, this is Rameen Satar. I'm Brandon Shawn. No, I'm Kobe. And this is yet another episode of No Labels Necessary.


Hello, I'm surprised to see some people still at six o'clock in the evening, so That's pretty impressive We're going to talk about Automotive grade Linux, so I'm Dominique I work for Intel I see people doing pictures. I already posted my slides So you can find them on the internet So if we keep about working, so what what is automotive grade Linux? It's a distribution based on the October Using really upstream component What we have different a little bit is that we have tried to make something which was a little bit more focus on The automotive and the reason why I'm here today is not only to explain you what is automotive grade Linux, but to Anchorage you actually to look at that project if you want to do industrial project outside of the automotive because You know when we talk with people we realize that the need of a lot of people Is very similar and apparently of the fact that you're looking at Automotive issues or you're looking at industrial issues or even building of smart cities so AGL is an open-source project Which is sponsored by quite a lot of big companies And originally mostly driven by manufacturers of car manufacturers coming from Japan But we have since been joined by I thought in United States and very recently by Daimler in Germany But we also have some software houses and we have people doing equipment for cars and At a lower level we have even more people People like advanced telemetrics that you have just seen before this presentation members of the AGL and are working on the project So it's a lot of people at the end of the day And all of them have a direct relationship with automotive, but everything is really in the open so Who is working on AGL? I don't know if the numbers mean anything because I still don't know how the Linux foundation does it But it gives a little bit of a ranking and definitely the number one guy on AGL is Jose who is there Okay, so if you want to go with him and I have to say that is the best one for the second year in a row I know that some people are trying to get him out for the third one, but they still have to prove They're capable what we can see here is that actually we have quite a number of people who are committing Understanding that in AGL, we are not really developing a kernel We are probably making a distribution with mostly existing Components so we have a few small things that we are developing which have been developed specifically for AGL and we talked about it But most of them like OS 3 are actually projects that are coming from the outside world from the open source that we are integrating so What is AGL itself It's an embedded Yocto-based build so a lot of people believe that Yocto is a distribution I Will not go into semantic or do you say that Yocto Yocto project or open embedded? You know, let's forget this conflicting marketing discussion for after the beers But at the end of the day Yocto provide development tools which allow you to build an embedded distributions And and we're using that. Is it the best tool in the world? If you ask me personally before I was using OBS and I still prefer it But it's a tool that people know and at the end of the day It's a tool that you're capable to deploy and you're capable to scale up with Because you can hire people who understand it and you can subcontract to company who are capable to use it We obviously because we work in the industry We had to made a system initially that would immediately start to have capability to have a very strong integrations with sensors In the cars you have a lot of sensors and obviously we had to get that readable by the software We could not have a desktop you are Nobody want to drive a car with a mouse And even a touchscreen is sometime on the very strong edge of what you can do So the user interface is very specific Furthermore a very important point which is driving us in a GL is that we know that the people will use a GL all of them Want to do their own user interface? So we cannot do what we do in desktop where you either use GNOME or KDE and then you have a few exceptions people using one of the two hundred different desktop available in Linux But the majority are there Using either GNOME or KDE now in automotive every car manufacturers want to have his own UI and actually in every car Series they want to have their own UI as well. It's a huge Differentiation is actually likely one the most important one so we had to think from the very beginning of Making an OS with the distribution that would not be assuming any type of UI When it comes to the technology of the UI we also had very strong Differentiation's you know some people are saying we're going to use Qt and some say yeah We don't want Qt because we don't want to buy the license and the GP L3 in a car It's not really something we can afford to put in And and you know some of us said we're going to work with HTML 5 But on the other side on some CPU having a very performance browser is still a serious challenge so Not only on the design of the UI we cannot agree but actually on the technology of the UI We know that we cannot enforce and force anything One specific thing which is very different from a desktop in a car you have specific buttons Typically they are sitting somewhere between the dashboard and your steering wheels And you have a lot of them so you have to manage them and in modern car you have multiple screens The one that we all know is the one where we have the GPS Somewhere with a radio in the middle normally of the console But we also have now what the industry called the cluster that you know people like me called the speedometer You know the thing you have in front of you that tell you you know how quickly you're going and if your car is over heating That is another area. It's also a screen you know from a computing point of view and and you start to have screens in the back of the car But you also have people wanting to interconnect that tablet which becomes and a screen into the system when you're driving So the type of screen the shape of the screen the definition of the screens are different Now if you buy the car prestige or the car popular of the same theory likely the screen is not the same size and not the same definition So you also have to take that into account. So we had that very big things that we had to deal with The second big thing in Linux was that we have to deal with a managed device and this is a big importance To understand you know in in this world of the first them Especially we have very strong open community and people are saying, okay, I'm going to do my own system I want to hack the system in reality when you do certain type of device which are managed You are legally responsible by law when you give the device before working on Automotive I was working on television. I already had the same problem so in a managed device you cannot in reality let the user change the device Except if he really in a formal way has a traceable way to Prove that he actually decided to break it and so take the ownership And and that is a big issue we have because on a managed device Definitely any fault is going to be blamed to the poor guy who shipped and sell the product Now in the car industry is very strange because the guy who developed the product is not the guy who ship it So you buy a car from you know PSA or from Daimler or from BMW The radio system in it is not only coming from them. They bought it somewhere else And if you look at the very detail of the contract the responsibility is supposed to be with the one who provided the system Which could be an Armand or you know a continental or a Bosch But in reality from a user point of view, this is not the way it works You buy a car from Mercedes you go to the Mercedes dealer and you don't want to know if the radio system is coming from Bosch For continental from Armand if it doesn't work, you know, it's a guy who sold it the cars I will have to fix it so on a managed device very quickly the Responsibility of any problem come back to the guy who sold it and that's an important point the second Issues is that all the application which runs traditionally on a gated device are actually checked by the the guy who sell it and and you know the application which is for example capable to receive I Drive a Volvo and I can have the the internet streaming system Which is in the car? That is actually an application which has been gated by Volvo. They have tested it They have checked that it works We are not in in the world of Android or iPhone or PC where you can get an application You know from a store which has been kind of you know checks that he didn't do very bad thing or even on the PC on our Linux distribution, you know, you get it from the official distribution or from a friendly repo Within the distribution a user repo or even completely outside, you know, that that's not really possible and They have long life now in the car industry typically Time which is said varies depending who you talk to between 10 and 20 years Let's put something in the middle, you know around 15 When I was working in TV industry was typically 10 and before I was in the telecom industry where it was 23 years and three months don't ask me how it calculates that it must be a very one numbers of seconds but That is very very long time Especially within the computing world where we are used to make new system, you know every other day Okay, to be honest and I heard a lot of people saying the future is for rolling Distributions you say manage device it will take quite a bit of time before it does arrive Because you have a lot of constraint to not doing it and finally a very very big differentiation on a managed device is that there is no admin So if the system crash if the system is to be reinstalled you cannot rely on an admin You cannot rely on a skilled person. That doesn't exist. So everything has to be embedded into the device Now this is what we did in the automotive industry that what draw has been driving us And this is what is still driving us now the reason why I wanted to present that is because We believe that between the automobile and the industry in general and even in certain type of complex building or small cities There is a very very strong synergy and the fact that the feature we are providing are traditionally something which are Not surprisingly very different Yes, we have speed position and sensors now the fact that you have a speed position of a sensors for a milling machines or For knowing, you know if the light are working well in the city or if the door open in the car It actually doesn't make any difference from a software point of view. It's exactly the same type of framework The UI is dedicated and is very unique. It's exactly the same the UIs from a lift Is going to be very different from the UI you are going to have on a machine Which is controlling and weighing trucks when they get out of a query So you will have different UI every time You will have dedicated entry buttons You're going to get multimedia features now on the milling machine. You don't have multimedia feature Okay, well the guy is working on his machine. Nobody is going to let him access, you know his best streaming stuff So he can see series but in a lift You're going to have a multimedia because they want to do advertisement So it's not Uncommon to see them you're going to have an emergency phone service quite regularly a lot of devices will have an emergency call It might not be over a phone Typically in the factories and machines will have an emergency system that will have to connect on the phone Especially the guy working alone. So this type of services are not and heard of and finally it has to be remote diagnostic as well So it's not very different. We have the same things from an implementation point of view We are not different either This industry is using Linux I'm sorry to tell to the people who believe that Linux is the best and should everybody should use it because it's the Best they didn't use Linux because it's the best and because it's a nice as they used it because they had nothing else who could do the job Okay, and and quite often it was a connectivity into the network Which was one of the driver to have to sector to select the Linux And we come back to this issue of connectivity, you know, what type of bus do you have? You know in the industry you have plenty of different type of buses. Are they all managed by Linux? Yes So we already have that. Okay, if you are remote, what are you going to have like your 3g your 4g? Do we have that capability? Oh, yes, it happens that we'd integrate actually it for the cars so this is type of things we have and It has to be a hundred percent remote support now when you have a factory calling you you sold a big machines You know and you're living somewhere like me You know in Brittany in the very west of France and you have a guy calling you from Denmark and say my production line is stop You're not going to tell him. Okay. Let me look at the train table and I'm going to go to see you And you know next week you will have someone who maybe will be able to and fix your problem It's not going to be very good You know in general you're going to say okay, you know that your machine I have that contract with you and I'm going to log on my your machine I'm going to try to start again your your factory immediately So we are on a very very similar type of things So if the requirement are very similar and And we have you know in one way In a GL there's a the remit to still go in that direction Let's have a look at you know what we've been focusing on and and what potentially we could reuse We are focusing on the core. That's a very important things to understand in in a GL We are not really trying to do the application We know that the car manufacturers are far better than us to find people who can't make a very nice looking radio Or a very nice navigation application Now if you go and I invite you to have a look at our demos in the building a AW we will restart the demo tomorrow. We have a table there where we are showing AGL working on different hardware We have a demo obviously to show we have a get the UI and to let people understand what we have done But this is not what we are focusing on. We are really focusing on the core of the US Which allow you to build what you need on we are working on a reasonably recent Type of code. So we are based on your to do that too, which was released Just Before Christmas Okay, for some of you. This is ancient almost prehistoric. Okay. It was last year and For us in the industry. It's that's very new. Okay, and still very green The kernel we are using either 4 4 4 8 I Am going at least on the Intel side where I work pushing to 4 9 because I need a few features So we are working on kernel which are definitely reasonably recent and the reason is because we see later. We are using some security features from this kernel The reason to make backport But then hey once again you are by your own and my advice is try to use what we do rather than try to reinvent the wheel The security model has been one of our big driver It actually been mostly derived from Tyson It happens that for historical reason the team which is working on the security side of AGL has worked for numbers of them on ego first and TV side which had some security serious problem and then on tizen Common and tizen avi and now we are working on a gl Why do we stick to that model? There is a very simple reason to that the first one is that it's a pretty light model from An embedded point of view and secondly Samsung is just shipping millions of product, especially televisions With the same of very similar security model. And so we have a real test of them What is our goal a number goal and security and this is really cyber security is that People using a GL will not be the first to have their car lock You know one day someone will arrive to start a car in the morning wanting to go to work And it will have a nice drawing showing him a nice hacker saying hey You have to pay me 10 bitcoins if you want to go to work today And We don't want that to be an AGL car Okay, we rather to be it with another distribution now. It will happen And and we believe we are trying to do our best to avoid it to be us So now if you think about a factory you have exactly the same problem You know if you take a factory which is producing chocolate and you actually lock the factory chain You know during three days two weeks before Christmas you bankrupt them So it's a very nice way to deal with competition Once again, it will not be acceptable and that with IOT Especially when IOT come into the industry is a problem that need to be actually seriously looked at Now on the working point of view we are working on standard BSP provided by Yokto With the small caveats that the kernel has to be recent That means that you may not have to get everything a hundred percent open source It's nicer. It's easier, but it's not mandatory and it's not uncommon that some suck Have especially on the multimedia or on the communication channels some driver, which are not open source If they come with a BSP from Yokto, we are actually capable to actually work with them And because we want people to be able to work and write application without dealing with Yokto We provide an SDK ready for that So this is what we have today and this is January 17. So that what we did present at CS Three weeks ago and that what we are actually demonstrating a well again today and tomorrow In order to help people to write application We arrived to the conclusion that we needed to extract the writing of applications from the embedded business The reason is very simple if you look at the world business of developers You have roughly about half a million embedded developers Available in the world all of these people already have a job Numbers of them are old and there are more people of that class going on with time and that new people coming from university So the system makes that the solution is today bad and tomorrow it will be worse So we wanted to enable people to use Other type of developer to ride the middle way and to write the application now We look at what is available. We have about you know eight millions people working on mobile application And about seven million people working on web application We saw you know, this is a very nice things We would like to tap in and so we have tried to isolate our way to write application And middleware in such a way that we can actually use this type of people who are available And then you just need a few people doing really the very heart of the platform using your code So from an architecture point of view It's pretty traditional. It's not very easy to read. You will have to download my slides But we arrived to a very standard system where we have at the bottom We have the operating system. So this is a Linux layer Where you have your traditional drivers Plus your services which are embedded in your kernel On top of that, you are going to provide services and those services are typically what we call the middleware Most of them not all of them but most of them we actually run them As application and which means they're going to run in an isolated security context We'll see that in a minute And obviously you will further you're going to have the application framework which is really isolated Isolating the way we we progress communication between application and the core system And on top you have different type of Of application really which are running and which provide you know your connectivity and and whatever you wanted to do with the box The security system is Shown as vertical because it is in in everywhere point now I insist on that problem of security and here security is in the sense of cyber security We decided in a gl to put security from day one in the design I see some people here who came to see us from other a project a few years ago And and we had a long discussion on that can we add the security after the fact or do we have to make it from the beginning? Anyone who is cooking knows that if you put the salt as the last minute on the plate, it's not very good You have to put it when you cook only exception are the chips in belgium But Security is the same you cannot spread security at the end and hope that it will work Now some people still dreams that this is possible if one day they succeed and they demonstrate it We will be very happy to change our mind, but so far all people who have tried to do it like that had it wrong and have failed so We decided that we were going to go with the mass and assume that it was something pretty well accepted in the industry That that was a wrong way of doing it in order to get the security working you had to actually design it in And and the driver we had was very simple Everything which is not explicitly allowed is strictly forbidden Okay, and we actually put that in the entire system I have Had because I've been pushing that system for more than six years The only difference is that when I started the room was completely empty People say yeah, but how are you going to know what we what we need? And and my answer is very simple if you don't know what you're doing you should not do it Okay, and and that's a very important point So if people are coming to you and say, you know, we cannot put security on a white listing And just think it twice very seriously, you know, you should know what you're doing to do And one you have Decided that you were going in that model You have to provide a model to implement it and the way we actually implement it It is a set Of functionality The first one as a very obvious one Okay You don't want to run everything as root You know, we have all heard about the huge attack On ovh because that was the first one to actually Pass a one terabyte of data And why it was created because some video camera are running the application as root And a lot of embedded system are still done like that So that that's very basic Um, so you you have to look at that So using the the DAC is very important DAC for discretionary access system That's what we know as a the traditional access right from Linux But we also use a mandatory access system and and the difference is that on the mandatory access system The application cannot change a right So if the os says that application cannot write that file it cannot change it While otherwise as a user a you can always give right to use a b to use your file So if your application a is actually hacked it has a possibility to open the system With with mac it's not possible, you know that that is actually enforced as a policy level So you all know mac because sc linux on the center s or A federal or read at are actually using it's it's actually a mac And on the people using Ubuntu open Susie it's a parmore And smacks that we use is actually in the same family. We're using exactly the same module So we are probably using the lsn module from kernel and and it's just a way to activate it Which is lighter which take less cpu You cannot do things potentially as complex Which is good and bad As a bad side is that if you want to do things extremely complex You you may not be capable of doing the good thing is that when you read what you have done you are capable to understand it Which is not always the case otherwise And the second thing we did on On the access is not really directly there But we separated the access to the system with a mac with what is allowed to be done by an application And for that we have a system inherited from Tizen Which is a system of checking the privileges that what an application is allowed to do and we enforce it in different point of the system If you think about An equivalence or trying to secure a building that would mean that you you probably do a first step You know you do a fence around your building and that's your first door But actually what we also have done is that we we create like you know Side isolation so when you in floor one if you want to go third floor two here you have to get a special pass Otherwise you cannot do it The other point that we are looking at is how can you drop privileges and and we have in Different way to do it the first one is a mac actually the mac allow us to drop privileges And to stop application to make some specific call or to touch at specific resources But we also have other method into the Linux kernel to drop privileges And we have the bcom filter which are there Which are probably used by browser mostly today But we also have the namespaces which is another way to drop capability to go sideways within the system And and finally we have the cgroups and and the cgroup is another way to stop a system to do too much So we all we are using all of that The good thing is that it makes a system by layers and and the layers are pretty easy to understand And someone told me yes, it looks like an onion and onion have two particularity Once they are stinking and the second one they make you cry when you use them and Security could make you cry when you use it But it will make you less cry that if your customer gets a system lock So it's a question of decided what is more important Once you have segregated your app from your os You really have to think now it's a very great. I have an os is completely locked How i'm going to execute anything And and that where the application manager comment and you heard our friend Talking about os 3 before explaining that the application framework was creating some side effect to his system Yes, it does And and obviously the installation the running of an application the delete of an application is done Choose the application framework and is not part of the image Now people using desktop are very used to that system because that's the way you use a desktop In embedded is significantly less frequent Now our phones are working in that way as well. So it's it's not a complete new system But for embedded people is it's a little bit new So security manager is a complement to the mac and this is enforcing what an application is allowed to do Remember the initial statement everything which is not explicitly allowed is strictly forbidden So that the principle if an application when you install it has a right which is described in the metadata To say that this application is capable to talk on the networks and it will be allowed to talk the network Otherwise, it will not be allowed to talk on the network So that is provided as a tool and it we're using a project an open source project coming from samsung in poland called sanara And and finally we have implemented a system of service binders The service binder is a specific development to agl Which we believe is of a huge interest for people trying to do industrial linux What it is? Fundamentally, it's a demon which presents a standard api To provide a service. So we are separating the business logic from the ui But you can also slice your business logic in multiple compute entity which are running in independent security context So communication between them is done through web sockets With an authentication system That is interesting for two reasons the first one is that it allows you to use web developer because they know how to do that Hey, first problem. Where do I get the right to do people to write the code? The second interest rate is that when you develop your code You can run it outside. So you don't have to write your code on your target You can write your code on an external box use the network and just do the integration at the last minute Or you could decide to run your ui on a tablet. Oh, that can be very interesting where your maintenance guy is coming He just can connect to the box and he can use his ui or for remote debug And yet you don't have to develop anything extra to do it, you know, that's nice So it has a lot of nice beauty coming with it. Um, which are interesting So how you're going to do that? Very simple. You are going to create Agents and those agents are going to do very specific things. So in the example taken from cars We're going to have an agent talking for example to a can bus But if it is in industry, it would be talking to a mod bus, you know, it's not much difference And it's going to present this information Into a transport access and transport with access control enforcement, which is our web socket system That we call the binders And we're going to have Application which are going to talk to that system. So this is how you work So when you want to do an application on agl You just have to think that you're going to have to separate your business logic in smaller parts And you're going to work them independently either by the use of them or by The security level or by the fact you want them run them locally or remotely And then on top of it, you will plug the ui Now do you have to separate every single thing in slice? The answer is no We're still on a standard linux. So if you want to actually pack a number of things together in one If you want entity, you can it's not always the smartest things to do is not and sometimes it makes sense It's your call. We're not enforcing a way you have to slice it like that The only thing we're enforcing is that a binder is going to run is one security model Which means that it's not going to be able to hack things and to pass things to the other binder Like that and we had a very funny experience Uh, very interesting in in a workshop just before christmas in japan where our friends from Toyota we were doing integration for demo c s I decided to copy a file from one directory to another one because it would be very nice for the next application And when they try to run it, you know what the system just shoots them and we say hey, that's normal You know it it's designed for that. So you have definitely not that capability, but beside of that you really do what you want So Do I have to use always a web socket? The answer is no For legacy reason, we also have provided capability to work with debus Within the same system now should you do it? The answer is when you have to do it. Yes, but from a performance point of view It's going to hit you badly. So you you likely don't want to do it Secondly, if you are running on debus and you want to extract your stuff on another Computer even for development, you know, it's very nice You have your small box and you want to to debug on a pc where you you are writing your code That is significantly more difficult But if you have a legacy application working like that, there is capability to actually integrate it Which is of interest Now, where do we go? And that's a very important difference because between what we have which is what I have been presented today So if you download what is agl today, you will have what I have tell until now But The way we go is is the next step And and this is our roadmap If we can talk about the roadmap in open source, okay This is our wish list put it like that. Okay, assuming that we'll find enough people to do it And we are working on how to implement Probably a low level First use of the hardware for security. So we want to do that. So On arm, it will be a trusted boot a trusted zone and on Intel it will be a trusted execution zone The technology are slightly different. But when you look at the architectural levels, they are very very equivalent And our goal is to enforce a numbers of error like for example, the installation of applications How we can sign keys and so on. So that is executed there The other area of work is on the hypervisor and especially on low level hypervisor Um, we are looking at an open source project called gel house It doesn't mean we will use that one But definitely so so far that the one we're looking at because we don't know any other equivalent in open source And the idea is how we could actually let some very critical function be executed in an isolation in such a way that if linux crashes This function stays So if you do a lift it could be of interest to know that You know, if your multimedia player is for any reason crashing your linux box That's not going to make that the lift is going to fall down Okay, it may stop it at the level zero, which is a very interesting things to know Or when the fire brigade is going and put the key to say hey, this is fire You know that the lift is going to come to level zero and stop to work because when there is fire in a building the lift should not work So this is what we are working on. We are working on on that part The other part is that we would also love and that likely a longer term to have Potentially multiple linux type guess and the idea for example would be to have a linux a gl running the traditional and potentially for playing to have an android in a game But that it's a bit more complex And it might not be easy to have both at the same time. So our initial requirement is really on the low level Hypervisor level to implement some critical function Which likely is actually also more in line with what the industry want if you want to do an industrial linux, okay running You know one user interface and An android at the same time may not be the most important things to do in the lift Compared to have the capability to put the fire key downstairs and know the lift is going to go down to level zero This is where we are where we go Now if you want to build it When you're going to go on our website, you're going to find that we have A collection of look to layer We have two official boards that we are supporting one from renaissance one from intel and we have community board Which are supported from the outside communities The one which is really very nicely supported as a community board is definitely the raspberry pi three It's a very popular one and there is a very active team on it But we also have a qualcomm board which is supported and a texas board. So if you go to the demo Tomorrow you you will see actually the raspberry the intel and renaissance been demonstrated And in that we have multiple hacker board. So it means that you don't have to be in the automotive world to actually use a gl On the intel side Agl works on a laptop So it will work on a laptop or a knuck, but it also work on the miniboard and it works on the jewel Which are hacker board you can buy and we're on the internet on the renaissance side. It's actually working On the r3 Which is kind of available on the internet It's just coming but it's more likely going to be next month at six months And you have the raspberry pi three So you have boards you can buy and can start. So if you're doing your own design It's something which is not stopping you. You can do all your prototyping and all your proof of concept Without even have to work to wait for any hardware and You have without even bothering a hardening from day one Which is going to be very nice when you're going to tell to your boss Or to your customer, you know, we're using a distribution Where you have people who are looking at cyber security Um It doesn't mean they have planned everything. It doesn't mean they are the best But at least they have taken care of it and the model they are using Is actually surviving in the world on all the tizen tv, which is all the new connected tv from samsung Which has actually the biggest market share in the world Um, so we're talking about several hundreds of millions of devices in Numbers of countries which are resisting today to that problem. So it's it's a good base Compared to traditional embedded where the only thing you have is a trusted boot And as soon as you are connected on the internet You have nothing So you can try to redo the same thing Before you have the same level of knowledge you may spend a little bit of time Secondly, when you tell to your customers that you use a security model Which is deployed on hundreds of million of devices It's more credible than when you say, you know, I'm very smart and I know what I'm going to do and it will be good So that's coming from the beginning We provide the most critical services to to start with And an industrial project. We have the sensor capability. We have local remote local and remote ui design capability And we have, you know, all the tool to install the application to build an image. So that's actually coming for free And we designed it to add Extra things, you know, as I've said in a gl we're not trying to do a system that is going to be the same in every cars We try to provide the base core os with a few very critical elements Which are very difficult to develop By car manufacturers and their provider of Equipment in order to help them to speed their development. So it's same for you Ui we're not going to impose it that the good thing the bad thing is that we are not going to provide it You will have to do your own But on the other side the way to develop it is pretty simple And likely most of industrial design are going to use a web-based type of ui because that's the easiest things to implement Especially when you have to do the screen, which is remote quite often from the control unit is a very easy way of doing it Application and middleware are not going to be required to be developed on yokto Which will ease the fact that you don't have to get so many embedded experts to do the job And this is going to be a very good news if you have to do a project because hiring them is a bit of a nightmare So that also comes as part of it When you will write your application You will just have to package them the package format we use is the same as the w3c It doesn't mean that it has to be written in html 5. It just means that we use the same format Now it can be html 5 an application could be written in html 5 But it doesn't have to be and actually what we are showing today And on our demo for cs was mostly written in in qml But we still use the same format and with that you will have directly the firmware to start either a traditional application, which is really running as a cluster as an embedded closed system You could have some entertainment or you could actually connect directly with the cloud You have all the tool to do that In an embedded device with enforcement of a quite serious numbers of cybersecurity features Now As I've said the security model with this layer Is a pain and will make you cry So you really have to think How important that is for your own business We know that system are attacked And the the most Common model today, which was the biggest risk model I would say for the industry and and for the car industry in particular Is a ransom model the ransomware is likely the most common one Trying to get money or trying to put down the competitors is the most likely one And the idea is how can you immobilize immobilize a very expensive asset? And if you can't do that you can immediately get a very strong ransom It can be done for competitive advantage as well You may not want to block the system, especially in the industry For example, having the capability to know the reject Into a factory would allow you to know what the manufacturing cost of your competitor Once you know the manufacturing cost of your competitor, you know how much you have to go down to actually put him out of business You don't want this information to go in the public actually at Intel the yield, which is So the numbers of defect of a chip is one of the most Hardly kept secret because it it was a fortune from business point of view So you don't want that And then you have the indirect side, you know Having your device been used to do a dose Is not something which is going to use your business Think about these waters Without giving any brand whereas a vendor recently has to say, you know, if you want to fix the problems The only thing you can do is to bin your stuff and buy a new one Okay, and and every expert will tell you preferably from someone else This is not good for your business. So you you don't want that either You don't want to be easy entry point You know if if you develop a system which is going to go in a smart city And that system is used to actually make attack You're not going to sell to the second city You will be just put out So it's it's a very important thing to realize that the business is extremely Valuable the business of hacking the business of cracking the system is extremely profitable and You don't want to create it so In that you will have to Take two two into account too big saying the first one is security fundamental So in in a gl we are we're doing it all the time So if you use a gl for your project, you will have it the facto as I have said with the pain of having to use it as well Okay, but it's it's coming in you cannot even deactivate it Okay, some people try to deactivate it, but you have a lot of things that will not even work Um So that is coming with it And the good thing is that because we plan it from the beginning you will be able to apply patches You know all numbers of you i'm sure knows from embedded projects where They develop the stuff and and they were stuck on a kernel and you you know And they see the the list of cve that say hey, you know that kernel has 300 known You know back doors What are you going to do about it? You know, we would love to correct it, but we cannot Now the good thing is because we integrated that from the beginning in a gl We cannot make a system where we cannot change that And and because we don't do it for us if you if you reuse our code even for something else that will come for free um The second important point is that you cannot rely on human If you rely on human you do on security Human are unreliable So you have to rely on processes And um, this is an important point now. Why are they unreliable the first one you don't find them I told you there is about a half million embedded developers Now if you look at the embedded developer with a knowledge in security, you know I don't have the number, but I can tell you it's going to be very low Threes they are guessing at all and out of that one is there because you know reason why They is actually the highest committer in a gl is because he is in charge of actually most of the security mechanism um, so Yes, they are very very through them and and not only there are not many of them But luckily you're not going to be able to hire them because they have a job and they are very well paid So it is difficult um But on the other side human are not reliable because they have plenty of excuse for not doing it So if you give them half of an opportunity to not do it, they will actually let the security out And then you will come to the final project and say oh by the fact, what about security? Oh, yes, we would have loved to do it, but you know, we just we didn't have time Now if you work with our system The good thing is that you will have it from day one and you will have the pain from day one And you will learn to live with it Now if you don't want to live with it use something else But if you are interested it's coming with it And we don't do any black magic, you know the system and the basic principle of how to harden a system Have been known for quite a number of years. It's just that it was only done in very expensive technology I worked on on a big project at British telecom and I tell that to a lot of people Which had the capability and still has the capability to cut every single telephone line in the country 30 million houses Did we had some security? Yes Where's the problem as bad as today?  And that's why we are actually proposing Our AGL for this type of usage. Now, there is a reason why we're pushing it. Okay, because We know that if you start to use our system, you will find perks You will add features You will potentially write documentation. That would be really cute But you know, we are going to get it back as well So we are interested let be honest, you know, it's not it's not a free I'll say our friends from Britain. There is no such free things as a free lunch Um, but we believe that we can provide you a real value and that in return we will have an equivalent Wish bring me to my conclusions. Okay, we believe we can help you.  So if some of you are coming, we're welcome to to visit us. Um And I also have put in the presentation, which is already on the website the link To AGL AGL documentation and actually a video I did post it last week on how to put AGL on an intel jewel Which is a demo which is running one of the demo running on the table with that. Is there any question? Yes Or Yeah, the question is pretty complex, which is you know about you know unique features and how to track them In AGL, we we fundamentally use what is available in the kernel We are not writing a new security feature The only thing we do is that we try to make them available by default In a way which makes sense But we don't rewrite things and and so far we've been really focusing on the cyber security And I know you're working more on the other side, which is a functional safety And we hope that next year we will have something to say about that. But this year we don't so we are not inventing anything We just use what is available And we try to make it Such in a such a way that you fundamentally use it without realizing they're using it So it's not that painful I hope it ends to the question. It's not really likely what you want to hear But that where we are today and that what we have to offer today Yes Is it it's a very valid question That's not done yet And we hope we will do it. So people getting in And actually trying to shake our system We we are not at that level yet where people have started to use it and shake it It's a very beginning to be honest. We presented CES three weeks ago And that was the first time that we were presenting application which we are running Completely outside of the core os and installed outside. So it's a bit green. We are working on it But yes, you are very welcome to look at that and and we want to improve it You know HGL we have if you put all the people working on the HGL, you know It's about 50 people depending who is counting It's a lot and it's a little at the same time But yes, it's something we definitely will do and we know that the people who are going to use a system At least in the car industry are going to do it Yeah Why would this the question is why did we select smack instead of acylinx? There is a very simple reason as the first one When we were working on tyson project We evaluated the hit in performance between acylinx and smack and one was about 15 percent or hardware and the other one was Three so, you know, that was already a big difference. Secondly When samsung did tyson 2 They went using smack in a very very extensive level because they didn't had sinera at the time And they ended by having a system with 22,000 rules And so they did a huge investment to remember to put down that system with these 22,000 rule to still use less than five percent cpu On a mobile phone So it was really, you know sharply attuned to embedded That was the first side. The second side was the complexity If when we looked at the default policy from acylinx At top of my head is 22,000 lines 30,000 lines is huge Okay, it might be even more than that. Jose, do you remember the number? We looked at it sometimes ago. It's huge. Okay And and so when you look at it Is no way to know how it works now the people who wrote it are very smart, you know, they are probably working for the nsa And they have done it mostly for originally read at and in that case We assume that it works. Okay, they may have kept a little bit Backdoors hidden here and there but at least for most of people. It's just very acceptable Um, but we are incapable to say, you know, if it does work or not for us And we are incapable to actually manage it So with mac we have a very small system. Actually the entire Mechanism is described on our documentation and it fits on I believe three pages Because we use it for very small things and then we use sin error So that's the two reasons performance and capability to master and to know what we are doing Last question Yes Yes Today today the system is static today code And uh, we're actually working on specification to allow to get a discovery That like a very equivalent to what you have in in debas for example, but today it's static and once again, it's because we do Provide manage devices That's not really a big problem for us But we know that that will have to improve Okay, and that's why we want you to help us. Okay. It's a good idea. You know, you should do it Okay, no more question Great. Thanks


Hi, and welcome to the session. Hi, and welcome to the session. I'm Kanika, and I'm going to help you to solve the following question. The question says, give the geometric representation of y is equal to 3 as an equation in one variable and second part is in two variables. Let's now start the solution. In the first part, we have to give the geometrical representation of y is equal to 3 in one variable. Another equation, y is equal to 3, has a unique solution, 3. 3 is a point on the number line. So let's now represent this equation on the number line. We have marked the positive numbers to the right of the origin and negative numbers to the left of the origin. Now this point is representing y is equal to 3. So this is the required geometrical representation of y is equal to 3 when it is treated as an equation in one variable. In part, we have to give the geometrical representation of y is equal to 3 in two variables. The equation y is equal to 3 can be written as 0 into x plus y is equal to 3. Now this is the equation in two variables. We can give any value to x since 0.x is always equal to 0, but y must satisfy the equation y is equal to 3. So this implies that this equation has infinitely many solutions and every solution is of the form number. The two solutions of the given equation is equal to 0 and y is equal to 3. x is equal to minus 1 and y is equal to 3. Let's now represent these solutions on the graph. We have drawn the two coordinate axes x and y. These two axes are perpendicular to each other and the point of intersection of these two axes is the origin. At the origin, both the ordinate and the abscissa is 0. Now the two solutions which we have found out is x is equal to 0 and y is equal to 3. x is equal to minus 1 and y is equal to 3. Let's first plot the first solution. Now the first solution is when x is equal to 0 then y is equal to 3. This means this is the required point 0, 3. And the second solution is when x is equal to minus 1 then y is equal to 3. This is the required point minus 1. We will join these two points by a straight line. This line is representing the equation y is equal to 3. This is the required geometrical representation of y is equal to 3 when this is treated as an equation in two variables. So this completes the session by Entente Care.


So our speaker is Piotr Boraz, who's the head of the Warsaw Office of the European Council of Foreign Relations. He's a journalist, an author and an expert in German and European politics. He's worked as a journalist, he's worked in Polish think tanks at the Institute for German Studies in Birmingham and at Rockloff and he's just recently published a book, Muslims and Other Germans, The Re-Invention of the Berlin Republic, which was published in Polish in 2011. And his topic is the end of Europeanization, Poland's changing approach to EU integration. Thank you very much for this very nice introduction and very nice invitation to Dublin. It's a great pleasure to be here and a great honour to be given this opportunity to share my views on Poland's dilemmas in the European Union with you. And would like to thank you also for your interest in attending this event. Let me start my presentation with a personal remark. I'm here as a foreign policy analyst but inevitably also as a Polish citizen. And as you certainly know Poland finds itself in a difficult period of political change, which has a very strong polarizing effect on the political and intellectual needs, on the public discourse and indeed on the whole society. The Polish government elected in October 2015 has pursued a very ambitious programme of political, institutional and social transformation, which is welcomed by many and criticised and contested by others. And the stakes in this dispute are very high. Where the supporters of the government talk about the restoration of sovereignty and national dignity, where they praise the removal of corrupt establishment and reinstallment of justice for the Polish people, the critics maintain that the adopted measures boiled down to an unprecedented assault on liberal democratic foundations. The rift between these two opinions is huge and rising and is probably not likely to be bridged very soon. And this polarisation means that it is very difficult, if not impossible, as an observer and commentator of those developments to remain fully indifferent, impartial and cool. And I think it will be only fair to disclose, before I start the proper talk on the European Union and Poland, my own personal position to this debate as it will hopefully help you better understand what is my point of departure. And I belong to those in Poland who believe that the political and institutional changes I'm not talking about economic or social policies introduced by the government of law and justice are worrying, as they constitute, in my view, a departure from the model of liberal democracy. This refers to the newly adopted judicial reform which, in my opinion, violates the constitution and the principles of separation of powers, which refers to the takeover of the constitutional tribunal by the government, to the changes in the public media and some other reforms. And these changes in the constitutional order are the main source of discomfort with the current transformation and other reasons for concern are mostly of political nature. I am, for example, worried about the fact that the public media were renamed into national media and to openly serve the ruling party propaganda. I'm concerned about the nationalist language used by some politicians in power and about the permissive approach to intolerance in the public sphere. And I find it also quite disturbing that some leading politicians would portray the European Union or our partners as enemies. And this is in the natural, where I stand in this domestic political dispute, sort of coming out which I felt obliged to perform for the sake of honesty and fairness. It's namely indisputable that the twists and turns in the Polish-European policy, which is the actual topic of my presentation, are to a large extent determined by the domestic policy choices and developments and the assessment of the former is inevitably coloured by the fact how one perceives the latter. Not less importantly, it has been the domestic policy which led the major crisis marked by the triggering of the Article 7 against Poland by the European Commission in December of the last year. But to make it clear from the outset, Poland is not on the course towards a polexit. The support for EU membership is constantly at a very high level, above 80%, and neither the ruling party nor any other meaningful political force is advocating to follow the British example. Poland has greatly benefited from the EU integration, and the value of EU membership is indisputable in the society and the whole political elite. However, what is not so indisputable any longer, and this makes for the paradigm shift I would like to stress, is the notion of Europeanisation as the ultimate goal of Poland's transformation and modernisation. After 1989, Europe or the West was the only game in town, and the point of reference of any efforts to rebuild the country after communism. Europeanisation, which means the idea that Poland should emulate the Western European model in politics, economic policy and values, and strive as the ultimate priority for a deeper integration in Europe, informed the country's domestic policy, shaped the transformation process and determined the horizon of Poland's foreign policy aspirations over the last quarter century. The redefinition of this fundamental assumption is perhaps the key change brought about by the law and justice. In a nutshell, the ruling party does not frame Europe in terms of the European integration process and the European model of society as an opportunity for Poland only. It sees it as a risk instead. Moreover, there is a growing conviction that the expected further development of the EU beat the integration of the Eurozone, changes in the functioning of the EU internal market, EU defence or migration policy, that this further development is increasingly at odds with the Polish interests. This rising criticism of the EU is an elite driven tendency, inspired to some extent by the ideology of the ruling party law and justice, but it does resonate positively with parts of the society. The EU multiple crisis and the even more fundamental crisis of the West have undermined the foundation of the myth of the West or the myth of the EU as a safe harbor source of identity and promise of a better future. And the persistence of this trend, not necessarily towards Euroscepticism, but rather towards what I would call a permissive indifference with regard to sometimes very harsh criticism about Europe as a certain civilisation model is today very visible. So what are the reasons for this new tendency, away from the Europeanisation paradigm towards a more distanced attitude to the European project? To begin with, this backlash against Europeanisation derives from some ideological and political foundations which also shape the ruling party's domestic policy. The party leaders and chief ideologies have disparaged Poland's westward outlook as a policy of imitation, one that involves submission to Western or German ideas. Some even have even claimed that Western liberal ideas are not compatible with Polish traditions and identity. In the view of the leading politicians, intellectuals, the EU is a project that abandoned its Christian conservative and economic roots long ago. And for them, it was commandeered by this 68-ish generation of left-wingers and has turned into an ideologically driven instrument designed to socially and culturally homogenise Europe. P.I.'s rhetoric often folds back upon the theme of left-wing social engineering which it claims has pushed Western societies towards secularisation, ecology and glorification of minorities, cosmopolitanism and multiculturalism. The EU's decision to monitor the rule of law in Poland solidified the Polish government's opposition to the EU's supranational institutions. And the refugee crisis only served to further harden the party's position. For P.I.'s, the imposition of refugee quotas, for example, served as a proof of EU's attempt to enforce the failed multicultural model of society on Central and Eastern Europe. This rhetoric may come across as anti-Western or anti-European, but it is framed differently. P.I.'s and those who support its manifesto often believe that Poland represents the real West, whereas Western Europe has betrayed Western values. And since the transformation of European societies has been consciously driven, P.I.'s believes it can be consciously rolled back too, and here Poland may play an important role driving the EU back to its genuine cultural roots. But a more nuanced or critical approach towards Europeanisation is not born of ideology alone. Two other sources are first, economic, and second, related to a pessimist analysis of EU's future. That economic considerations can be fuelling Euroscepticism in Poland as truly counter-intuitive. The country's economic transformation over the last 25 years was mainly driven by its integration with the Western European market, received of EU funding and participation with the German value chain, with Polish companies, for example, in the automotive industry, acting as subcontractors for large German companies. This combination of factors led Poland to develop an economic model based on low wages, a large share of foreign capital and high dependence on external factors, such as EU subsidies and developments in foreign markets. Many Poland believe that this economic model is no longer sustainable, and in order to escape the so-called middle income trap, it needs to be reinvented. And the parties or the government's own modernisation plan rests on the idea of moderate renationalisation of economic assets, especially in the financial sector, and great investment by the state in advanced technologies, such as electric vehicles, for example. It may clash with the EU policies or interests of other EU partners more often than it was the case in the past. And while PIS predicates its economic model on Poland's continued ability to tap into EU funds, it is often critical of the EU's effect on the Polish economy, which it believes serves to maintain Poland as a peripheral actor and the backyard of the German economy. Also, the rise of protectionism in Western Europe, often framed as fight against social dumping, is critically viewed in Poland, and this far beyond the current government. A recent report by a Polish think tank, which found a broad echo in Poland, showed that East European companies are often disadvantaged by the European Commission. Their claims against unfair competition by Western companies are much more often ignored or not recognised than the other way around. These arguments support the narrative advanced by the ruling party that the record of the Polish EU membership is more mixed than often claimed by the Euro-enthusiasts and thus a substantial correction is long overdue. This situation is sometimes called the Europeanisation paradox. Poland cannot develop without the EU, but the EU is, at the same time, perceived to be holding Poland back from achieving its economic ambitions. The criticism of the EU's supranationalism, the rejection of deeper integration, the cultural distancing from Western Europe and the more differentiated view of the economic benefits of integration, which are the key premises of the new Polish government's European policy, may have been a sign of a major turn in the Polish approach to the European Union. However, at the time when the party came in power, they were also a reflection of a very pessimist view of the direction which the European integration could take. Interestingly, this Europe pessimism at that time was not a Polish or a PIS specialty. When the party came into power in autumn 2015, the concepts of strengthening the nation-state, re-nationalising the economy, opposing deeper EU integration and criticising liberal democracy were on the rise across Europe, not just in Poland. In a way, PIS's decision to move away from the Europeanisation paradigm seemed to reflect the party's conviction that it was a devangard of Europe's transformation. The populist revolt, not at least as a reaction to the migration crisis against the establishment seemed even to validate PIS's claim that popular sentiment across the EU was on their side. The conviction that the EU in its current institutional setup and political framework is doomed to fail chimed with the new Polish government's belief that its ideas for the EU's renewal would gather momentum. PIS believed that it was not an outlier as it was often portrayed in the foreign press, but rather the vangard of the political transformation in the EU. And it is against this background that the remarkable reorientation of Poland's policy within the EU should be analysed. Poland was to become a part of the new, less integrationist and more sceptical about an ever closer union EU mainstream, the strategy pursued by the precessors was no longer adequate. Until then, Poland was seen as a part of the Union's core bloc. And Polish policymakers believed that the membership in this core along with Germany and France, even with certain compromises, would be the best long-term investment for the country's security and stability. But since the score in the view of expected successes of, let's say, Marine Le Pen or the German AFD was doomed to crumble, this political climate provided for opportunity for Poland to align itself with partners which would help push the EU towards reform in line with the sovereignty agenda and vision of Europe of nation state. And it should come as no surprise that this consideration has resulted in a redefinition of the country's relationship with Germany. Previously, it's number one partner and the gate to Europe as it was framed in Polish discourse during the 90s. The PIS government has rejected this course, calling it a policy on the knees and claiming that the desire to be part of the EU mainstream has not benefited Poland. The refugee issue has become a key driver of course of criticism of Berlin and also the relations with France, the other partner in the so-called Weimar Triangle reached their historical low. Macron's ideas for the invagoration of the EU, marked by a strong criticism about Poland and Eastern Europe, met a lot of skepticism in Poland. But the crisis of the Weimar Triangle is in the first place a crisis of mutual trust, not a collision of interest. It does not seem as if it was likely any time soon. And already in January 2016 Poland declared the United Kingdom as the new key ally in the European Union. And it was a logical step as London could be indeed a strong partner in pushing the integration process in a different direction than that advanced by the Franco-German axis. The discussion how to accommodate the British demands before the referendum in June 2016 seemed to offer a very realistic channel to achieve this goal. However, in the hindsight these assumptions proved to be wrong. Essentially the PIS government made two fundamental miscalculations. Firstly, the idea that the close alliance with the UK could be a new opening in European policy, allowing Poland to fill the strengthened position of a country independent of Berlin and Paris. And it also leads discussion on reforming the EU onto tracks close to PIS ideological position, disappeared with the negative outcome of the British referendum. The UK, and that's also Poland's new key ally, was simply out of the EU no longer able to shape the integration process. And secondly, they believed that PIS would find itself at the forefront of political transformations, this anti-establishment revolt, which would fundamentally change the EU's political scene, was premature. Europe in which liberal values were on the defensive would be a fertile ground for the Polish government. But it did not turn out this way. No overtly euroskeptic and populist forces won elections in any of the member states, and the French presidential election, which are of fundamental significance for the future of the community were won by Emmanuel Macron. Naturally there are strong populist groupings questioning the European Union in its current form in many EU member states. And significant section of society will certainly still be prone to populism and euroskeptic rhetoric. Nonetheless, while PIS had been counting on a historic moment which would create the conditions needed for the fundamental reconstruction of the EU, which the Polish government preferred, the political reality is at odds with those predictions. Following the elections in France and Germany, we can be certain that the decisions on reforming the EU will take a different direction to the one which the Polish government had been counting on just over a year ago. Instead of a discussion returning competences to the nation states and reversing the process of integration the mainstream of the debate will be on new steps in integration. And it's not to deny that this direction of this evolution is not necessarily viewed in Poland with optimism. The further integration of the eurozone as needed, it might be may have negative implications for the countries staying aside. Once the United Kingdom so far the most powerful non-euro member state is out of the block the political influence of the euro-outs will be diminished. Eurozone will become even more of a core of the EU, possibly able to decide on its own about issues which have an impact on the internal market or EU finances. The concern in Warsaw is that a possible creation of a eurozone budget or other form of fiscal capacity would shift a substantial part of the EU financial resources from the policies aimed at strengthening the cohesion of the block to the efforts focused on the stabilisation of the common currency area. The next EU budget will look differently for other reasons and Poland today the largest beneficiary of the EU funds will certainly lose in purely material financial terms. New institutions of the eurozone like the super ministry for finance could further undermine the unity of the block and created a factor to tie Europe. So while Poland is not ready to join the eurozone anytime soon the prospect of losing political weight puts it in a less and less comfortable position. The other dimension where the potentially negative trend is discernible is the internal market. Most recently the decision to on the axis of so-called post-it workers to the national labour markets in the EU found a very strong ego in Poland as well as in other East European member states. Cheap labour force is an important comparative advantage of the EU eastern members and many in Poland believe that the western European idea of social dumping is just a new form of protectionism against foreign competition. These concerns that euro egoism as a conservative think tank recently put it is gaining ground in western Europe are strong and they fuel the perception that the EU is becoming less comfortable and less favourable place for Poland than it was in the past. Migration policies is another example of this development. The refugee crisis put issues on the EU agenda which were not adequately discussed or were actually avoided for many years. I have already mentioned that the rejection of multiculturalism and preservation of the religious and ethnic homogeneity are the key political promises of the ruling party which not only resonate positively with some sentiments in the society but also mobilize those sentiments and strengthen them. An argument which is often used in the public debate is that when Poland joined the European Union in 2004 it could not foresee that the membership in the bloc would entail the necessity to accept large numbers of migrants and the participation in refugee relocation scheme. It is today not certain which direction the EU migration and asylum policy will ultimately take but it is indisputable that this issue will to a large extent determine the EU political agenda in the upcoming years. And for Poland it is a very uncomfortable issue and the EU which is driven by the need to solve this problem in more difficult terrain. And lastly another key area where the EU is expected to move a few steps forward is defence and security policy. Again, Poland is highly skeptical about the rationale and actual shape of this initiative triggered mostly by France and Germany. There is a long list of problems Poland has with this project but the most fundamental one is related to the risk of PESCO, this permanent cooperation and security and defence is diverting the focus of European defence from the collective defence against threats like Russian aggression to crisis management functions like interventions in Africa. Poland is also afraid that the further integration of European defence industries might be detrimental to Polish industrial interests. Poland has ambitions to develop its own independent armament sector but it can become impossible under the new legal regime which would favour the big industries from Western Europe. We decided finally to join this initiative but without much enthusiasm. The motivation is to be in in order to prevent the project from developing in an even more peculiar direction rather than to really benefit from it. And this picture I have just offered might be a bit simplified but I think it does reflect the sources of discomfort with the current direction of the EU integration which are triggering Poland's sort of collision course with the EU even regardless of the ideological assumptions and political miscalculations of the ruling party. In the past the EU was seen as an anchor of Poland's modernisation. Today its evolution in the key policy sectors I described is perceived as at odds with the country's important interests. I mean I suspect that there is no longer much to win for Poland in any of those areas. Again it does not mean that the EU membership is becoming a bad thing altogether but there is much less place for an unconditional embracement of what is offered by the EU and this is of course a fertile ground for some euroskeptic voices. But interestingly the dilemmas related to this ambiguity are not new. They have to do with the peculiarities of Poland's position within the EU. Poland is in many respects a special and sometimes awkward partner due to its size, ambitions and special interests. It is a large country that has lofty political aspirations but relatively few resources with which to pursue them. That means Poland occupies an uneasy space between European superpowers and smaller states between the policy makers and the policy takers in other words. In a nutshell Poland can have a strong impact on the EU but is still too small and too weak to change the course of the EU policy on its own. Because of its distinct interest and its middle-sized position it needs allies which are ready to support it sometimes in exchange for difficult compromises. Poland needs to navigate carefully in Europe, be ready to accept trade-offs and yet be tough when its most vital interests are at stake. It needs to demonstrate diplomacy and tax rather than irk its neighbors. Otherwise Poland will inevitably end up on a collision course with other partners and institutions. Moreover the risk that it can become a vicious circle or paved the way to a self-fulfilling prophecy is real. The lack of a skillful and flexible EU strategy may lead to a situation that Poland's position within the EU gets weaker. The benefits of the EU integration become smaller which in turn could serve as an argument for EU critics and populists. And let me conclude this presentation with two remarks. First I truly believe that Poland is indispensable sometimes pivotal country in the EU. I'm saying that not because of any machinist convictions which are alien to me but because I am sure that without an active engagement influence and constructive approach of my country the European Union is weaker and less stable. Most importantly many positions for example on the EU internal market on the European policy towards Russia or transatlantic relations represented by Poland also by the current Polish government are important, legitimate and even crucial for the EU as a whole. And it is a sad truth that they are today often dismissed or ignored not because of their inadequacy but because the credibility of Poland has suffered under the controversial domestic policy course and European policy miscalculations. However it is hopefully not too much to our partners to make an effort not to dismiss those Polish arguments which hold regardless of who is advancing them. And second the political crisis in Poland is often portrayed as an example of a failed transformation in Eastern Europe or indeed an argument that the new east-west divide is becoming apparent between the liberal west and increasingly populist authoritarian east. Voices claiming that the EU's eastern enlargement should have been avoided or gaining support against the back room of reports about the uterine Polish politics and other central European predicaments. In fact the speed of this politicization of the feeling that western and eastern Europe possess different political cultures and moral systems reminds us that the decade of living together in the enlarged EU has been too short time to overcome long-standing views and mental issues. I am deeply convinced that the European continent including western Europe would be today much less stable, less peaceful and less prosperous if the eastern enlargement had not taken place. And I do believe that a strong undivided Europe keeping together its east and west is still the best framework for all of us to cope with the challenges Europe will be facing in the upcoming years. Thank you very much for your attention.


In our last tutorial, we started looking at the TR command, which is a nice little tool for translating one character to another. But you can also use other things with TR to maybe group things together. So once again, we're going to use the example of Hello World, just because that's a good example. And we'll say TR, and of course, let me change this. I can say H, and I can say W, lowercase there. So I can say change all H's to capital H's. And we get Hello World with capital H. I could also say change all W's to capital W's. And we can go through each letter. I can say E to a capital E. I can say L to a capital L. And when we do that, we start raising everything in uppercase. Now obviously, we could just do something like this. And we should be able to uppercase, switch everything from uppercase to lowercase, or reverse it and go the other way. But there's no need to type out all those letters, because there are things you can put in there to represent all those letters. And there's actually two ways to do it with TR. So let's say we have this, and we want to change it from what it is, all lowercase to all uppercase. What we're going to do here is put inside our braces here. We can say A-Z, which means from lowercase A to lowercase Z, we're going to change everything to lowercase A to an uppercase, uppercase A to uppercase Z. So when I enter now, we get hello world. So basically, using the dash here is the same as typing this out as long as it's inside the braces here. Same here, this brace capital A to capital Z brace is basically the equivalent of typing this out. Although, alphabetically. Not that it really matters, this is typing A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-N-Z all lowercase. Same here for uppercase. Here I kind of just did them in the order of my keyboard. So that's one way of doing it, and of course you can go the reverse. So let's say, let's just put this back to a capital H here and a capital W there. It makes it all uppercase. We can also go the other route and say go from capital to lower and it'll make everything lowercase. Although there is another way of doing it, because there tends to be when it comes to computers, we can say here, we can say inside our braces then colons and in between the colons, we can say upper. And then we can say over here, braces, colons, in between those lower, and we should get all lowercase. So we're converting upper to lower and doing the same thing over here.  You should be able to just highlight stuff and then center click, which is clicking down on your scroll button on your mouse. If you have one, we'll paste within the terminal. So there are really anywhere in the Linux environment. So now we're going to say take all lowercase and convert them to uppercase and we get all uppercase. So that's two ways or actually three ways of doing the same thing. Is there an advantage to using this technique over this technique or the other way around? I don't know. For me, this is a little bit shorter to type. If you know of any benefits of using one way over another, let me know in the comments. But I don't think it really makes a difference either way. So that's a quick look. Once again, in previous trials, I showed you that if you have a variable, you can just call that variable. So let's say our variable was x, which I think is still set up in my terminal here. So that's converting it all to lowercase and this is displaying it as uppercase. Once again, if I just type in echo, previously I set my terminal x value to hello world and we get that. So that's the way of doing it in bash, which is great because TR is an external tool, which you may not have available. But to do that, you have to have a variable, I believe, or a setup, although there's probably a way to do it by piping. So in this case, I'm saying hello world and putting it out, putting that. But let's say you're outputting a text file. You would have to throw that text file into a variable in the way that I'm doing it here. So TR might be a little bit easier, but you may be forced to create a variable and do it this way if you don't have TR available, although there's other ways as well to convert case. So this is another look at just converting things from one case to another. I hope that you enjoy it, enjoyed this tutorial. Hope you enjoyed all my tutorials. Once again, let me know what you like. If you like these bash tutorials, be sure to thumbs up and like this video. Be sure to subscribe so you don't miss any of my videos. And I just hope that you have a great day.


The history of growing millets in India is centuries-old. Varieties of millets have been mentioned in the Olden texts and millets have always been an integral part of Indian cuisine and culture. Millets are sustainable to the environment, to the farmers growing it and provide affordable and high nutrient options for all. India is the largest producer of Sri Anna, also known as Millets in the world. It is heralding the world towards a prosperous agricultural demand through its millets production and export. On the initiatives of the Government of India, under the visionary leadership of our Prime Minister, the United Nations declared 2023 as the international year of millets to promote the production of less water-intensive and nutritive crops at the global platform. Today, the world is celebrating the International Millet year. There are many types of millets in India. Today, when millets are reaching home, the world is becoming more and more popular, then its main benefit is that of India's small farmers. The aim of the International Year of Millets is to increase their consumption, ensure nutrition security and provide millets a new identity in the international market. India is cultivating a number of millets and upping the entire landscape. Millets are also called superfoods and these are rich sources of minerals like calcium, iron, zinc phosphorus, magnesium and potassium. The Government of India has declared the Indian Institute of Millets Research Hyderabad as the centre of excellence to provide its technology and best methods for the cultivation of millets, which would be helpful for domestic as well as international stakeholders to celebrate International Year of Millets. Today, the Honourable Prime Minister of India, Sri Narendra Modi, is inaugurating the first global millets, Sri Anna Conference, Exhibition and BioCell Amit. In this global event, participation of delegates from various agriculture ministries of millet-producing nations and importing nations, international organisations, scientists, national and international nutritionists and chefs will be seen. We strongly believe that the International Year of Millets 2023 will open new doors for millet-producing farmers, marginal farmers and tribal communities. India will play an important role in this mission by leading the way to address global food security of the world. Millets. Farmers' Prosperity. Food and Nutrition Security.