So Konnichiwa and hello, everyone. This session is about semi-formal verification of embedded Linux systems using trace-based models. Watashiwa Benodes, my name is Beno Bilmaian. I'm a research student at the Technical University of Applied Sciences in Regensburg, currently in my master's degree. About two months ago, I physically left my home university to join the Tokyo University of Sciences for starting a research internship. So that means, gladly, I have had already the opportunity to experience Japan and Tokyo in particular quite a bit. So if there is anything you do not dare to ask the locals or your Japanese colleagues, you can reach out to me off of that hook. And with that being said, I'll hand over to my co-speaker. Yeah, thank you very much. You're also a welcome from my side. And we're doing this crazy experiment of switching speakers all the time and turning on and off mics. So I'm Wolfgang Maurer. I've been told that means Maurer by my student. It may also mean person who makes me rehearse my slides all the time again and again. But who knows? I see many, many known faces here. So I work at Siemens Corporate Technology in the Corporate Competence Center Embedded Linux. And I also have a second head at the Technical University of Applied Sciences in Regensburg, where I had the Digitalization Laboratory. And this talk basically came out of two interests that I'm following in both roles. One is for the Civil Infrastructure Platform, where we, as Kate this morning, very nicely introduced work on various topics that relate to safety critical to mixed criticality systems to what keeps our civilization alive. And academically, we are a associate partner at the ELISA project, where safety and Linux obviously are likewise receiving a great deal of attention. So for those, I guess that's very few people in the room who have never heard of mixed criticality systems, or perhaps it's zeroes, but you know, these come in many shapes and sizes and weights from airplanes or the trains to say medical imaging devices. But all these devices have in common, although they are very, very much in the form factor, is that they have some portions that are safety critical. If these go wrong, then people will be harmed, people can die. And of course we do not want that, so that needs to be prevented at any cost. But they also have more traditional tasks to satisfy, functions to fulfill, like in this plane you have an onboard entertainment system that is probably not safety critical, so no one will die if the entertainment system fails, probably except if you are on a 26-hour hold from Melbourne to London without any stop and the entertainment system fails and you get a mutiny on board by the passengers, but that's then beyond the control of technology. And actually in this case, it's very simple to separate between the critical and the uncritical parts, so just don't let the entertainment system play with the engine control or with the flight regulation software and you're good, you can afford that in such a big system. When we look at trains, the distinction line becomes a bit blurrier, so you also have lots of software on trains, some of which is safety critical, some of which is not. But say in the traditional control systems that we're using, people start to employ Linux more and more, so there's not such a clear separation anymore, and then you go to these devices. Here you have problems that you need to employ hard real-time control techniques, for instance, in case of this machine to control the electromagnetic pulses that are responsible for image generation or in case of computed tomography machines, the doses that a patient is subjected to, but at the same time, you need to do large-scale data processing, throughput-oriented data processing on the same hardware because you have a certain cost pressure going on these days in these systems, and of course you want these systems to be not too expensive because obviously it's a good thing to have good healthcare available everywhere. So we are seeing more and more pressure to combine critical use cases with uncritical use cases. Now, these devices have very little in common with what we are seeing Linux deployed on typically embedded Linux these days, but again, as we have learned in many interesting talks at this conference, Linux is seeing more and more adoptions, adoption in devices like this, so why are we doing this? Actually, that raises two questions. What is the difference and why are we doing that? The difference is clearly all these devices have safety requirements, which bring in security requirements. They very often have to satisfy real-time demands, and a point that we cannot go into detail in this talk but that should also be mentioned is sustainability for such devices is very important. You may throw away your mobile phone after two years in use. You certainly don't do that with a Boeing 747. Why are we doing that? Because consumers, users of these devices always request more and more features so we cannot use traditional engineering from the first screw-up woods to build these systems because cost and time are simply prohibitive factors. So, to summarize our motivation, why do we need mixed-criticality systems based on Linux? That's because there is a trend that has been going on for years towards using common-off-the-shelf hardware. Industry is under pressure to build software-intensive control systems so we rely on loads of software written before because we want to combine convenience features with the strict determinism that's required in such systems. Since you're all experts in open-source software, I don't need to tell you that many elements of the traditional open-source engineering process like these self-organized, highly often highly informal development processes, at least informal from the point of view of a safety certification. Exist the software is of high complexity. A Linux kernel is so infinitely more complex than a traditional QNX or VxWorks real-time kernel and the software also changes rapidly. So we need new ways and this has already been discussed by a number of talks at this conference to arrive at systems that are A, safety-critical and B, we can prove they are satisfactorily safety-critical requirements. What makes it even more interesting is that this goes well beyond Linux. We need to deal with other real-time kernels. We may need to deal with hypervisors that are becoming standard parts of such software architectures. We need to include the middle where so there's no kernel user distinction. In this point of view, we just need to cover everything. And eventually, if you want to bring it down to two challenges, the two challenges are the processes that we employ, the development processes that in some way or another need to be made compliant with safety regulations. So it's about people to some extent, but also the technology itself needs to be up to the challenges, needs to satisfy the demands, needs to provide the sufficient real-time guarantees and so on. So it's two things we need to look at for this talk we're focusing on the technology and our efforts in that direction. And Philipp Armand, since you are all very technologically advanced and have your time machines at hand, gave a very interesting talk on Monday yesterday. So set them to Monday 11 o'clock and you will hear that what makes the system safe is assessing whether a system is safe requires understanding the system sufficiently. And that is precisely the motivation for our work, which Beno-san is about to explain to you. All right, so we heard a little about challenges, problems and issues with mixed criticality and real-time systems in general. And what we would like to have is something that gives us reliable statements or even guarantees about real, about the runtime behavior and especially in the worst case latencies of these systems. And the main reason or the main point prohibit preventing us from doing so or doing so in a straightforward manner or using established tools is the system complexity. So we came up with an approach consisting of four steps on a conceptual level that is outlined here on the slide. And the core of this approach are two ideas. The first is simplification. So we take the simplification of the system via modeling and abstracting its complexity in the first step. And this is done by leveraging expert knowledge about the system. This is also the reason why it is called a semi-formal approach. And well, as we are in a domain of zero-based counting, there is actually a zero step hidden that we just consider as a precondition, which is, well, if you're gonna model something, you actually have to know what you model. So we just assume for this approach that you already have identified the scenarios that you are gonna consider for the verification approach. And the second main idea is to gather empirical data about the runtime behavior and use this data to later on extend the model and use for stochastic analysis. And to achieve this, to achieve gathering data, we need some kind of system instrumentation. This is what the second step, the annotation part is about. And so we used then that instrumentation to gather the data in a real-world context and production, extend the model and eventually derive statements about properties of the system. So let's dive into the single steps. But before I again hand over to my co-speaker, I just want to mention that we are going to use a deterministic finite automata as a modeling type, but you might also know them as state machines. Yes, deterministic finite automaton state machines, tomato, tomato, doesn't really matter how you call them, as long as we can all agree that the correct spelling of color has an O and a U in it. But I see that everyone agrees with, okay, but maybe let's shift aside that discussion. What are the properties that our model should have? So we are abstracting away from the system somewhat and we'd like our model ideally to have three properties, generality, realism and precision. So it's getting a bit academic here, but it makes sense to consider these three dimensions because generality means that the model, and I guess we should have chosen a slightly larger font size, is applicable to multiple real-world situations. I mean, that's what the whole idea of abstraction is about. You take a system, you make it simpler, and then this pattern applies to many, many instances of different systems. We can have realism. That means the model accurately represents real-world phenomenon. The model behaves in exactly the same way as the system does. Of course, this is a bit in contradiction to generality because either we want to abstract or we want things to behave exactly in the same way. But there's also the consideration about precision, and that means the model minimizes the error between its own behavior and the real-world behavior, meaning that we allow some differences between how the model behaves and how the real system behaves. But if we can bring these differences beyond a certain threshold, that is acceptable for our use case. And trust me, regardless of what you are trying to certify, you will never, for no standard whatsoever, need a model that completely behaves in the same way as the system itself. So some amount of error is always tolerable, and that's why we chose to go for these two properties, generality and precision. So we deliberately simplify systems to make the models tractable again in our analysis by sacrificing realism. So we don't go for a completely faithful model of the system, but we still ensure that precision is possible to the desired level. So what have people done previously? To ensure, for instance, that real-time properties are satisfied, I guess. Many of you will know this nice test track built by Thomas Gleichsner in Germany at the OSADL Foundation. Actually, they do not just have one, they have, I think, 18 of these. So don't want to put the power bill. And what they do is they run all kinds of embedded systems with the latest real-time kernel, subject them to some load tests and then measure for a sufficient time duration and then determine the maximum. That works fairly well. On the other hand, what academics would do is you go to the source code level, you just dispose of the whole system, all this hardware is just a minor detail. We don't care about that. Let's go to the source code level and ideally count all paths through the code and then determine the maximum. Of course, both approaches have their strengths and weaknesses. This, for one, is way too hard for any halfway realistic system these days. And this one is a bit simplistic considering that there's quite many things that influence the actual behavior of the system. So what our approach is trying to achieve is on the one hand to benefit from the simplifications that this approach brings. Basically, that's a model that represents a system by an input, time in between output, then measure latency. So we can go for more complicated models that more fully represent the system, but we still do not do it up to this standard, but we use our simplified model, then instrument the system as such to record information about the actual behavior that's then connected with the model. And then from the model, we can infer the quantities that interest us, be that the worst case execution time, maximum latency, other properties, what not. And there's lots of statistics that you can throw at this problem. So we are not, we decided to not go too deep into that direction in this talk, so times finite, but there is a lot of established theory that we can use to that purpose and we're always happy to discuss that with you. So for this talk, we're focusing on the approach that we're actually doing.  So back we are to our previous model. As I already said, we use deterministic finite automata. Why? Because they are simple and yet powerful enough for our purposes and the latest statistical analysis. And I just want to highlight that the model states do not have to correspond to the system's states on a technical level, in technical sense. So these kind of effective states can be abstract representations of anything reaching from a tiny block of code to whole models, modules. So, and the implication of that is that we are not limited to the technical boundaries of the underlying implementation. So this enables us to model on a global and system-wide level. For example, combining some internals of the kernel with user space things or taking properitarian binaries like the firmware into account in such a modeling approach. This model is actually modeling a synthetic real-time application we are going to use during the next couple of slides to show and demonstrate the next steps. So now that we have a model, the next thing is instrumenting our system. As I already said, this is kind of, we merge our formal model into our system and defining there the states and transitions we are interested in. And it might already be clear, but I just want to stress that we are not only interested in the execution path token, but also in the precise timing, so time information and also some further information about the context of the execution, which might help us to bring a total order for the state changes when we deal with concurrent execution. So when it comes to tracing, Linux provides a bunch of mechanisms as well in the kernel as well as on the user space side and in the user space with and without the kernel involved. And certainly this is not, choosing the right one is not simple. Therefore, we're going to give you a short overview of the mechanisms we considered so far. So we, just a few of them, we had trace points, static trace points with custom handlers in the kernel. We used trace points with ftrace and the interface in debug.fs. We use custom probes and also custom handlers, so basically just inserting some C function calls. We tried k probes, user probes, user static defined trace points, user events, and also some more advanced mechanisms like LTNNG and EPPF. And as we are not only interested in the domain of what the tracer is capable to measure and trace as in the first column, we are also interested in, well, is it a dynamic approach? Does it have static probes? And also we don't want to restrict ourselves to one technical implementation or trace syndrome in the domain. So we are basically looking for some approach tracer that is able to gather or combine data from different sources, from different scopes and domains. And also we want to record data as realistic as possible. We want to keep the required changes at a bare minimum. So we try to use out of the box tools and approaches that is what their mainline column is for. And as a last note, we are on the very right hand side, we just outlined our experiences regarding usability of the traces regarding the annotation and measurement step. So as you can see, it is quite colorful and there is not one perfect solution. So it highly depends on your model and scenarios which a tracer and which instrumentation you should pick or suits best. So is there any author of the involved tools here who would like to correct our highly subjective assessment of utility and ease of measurement? No, then it's probably correct. All right, so we have a model, we have the system instrumentation. So we have some trace points marked in our system, in our code. So now we can start measuring the real-time behavior of the system. And just as a, again, a short reminder, this is our model of the synthetic real-time application comprised of six states. And yeah, they are kind of representing the essentials regarding our scenario that we consider. And well, measuring how could something look like that? Well, we get basically a log of events, as I already said, about with information about the code path that was taken and also the time of information. We take then this data and as I said, extend or annotate our model. And this could be visualized something like that. So now we have each transition represented by one box with its name in the first row and in its body. The latency values are drawn as a histogram. The blue line indicates the smooth kernel density estimation and the red vertical bar is the worst case latency that we measured during our measurement scenario or run consisting of 100 runs of the application. So now the big question is, how realistic is the data representing our system modeled? And to clarify that, we increase the number of runs we measure. And as you will see with increasing number of measuring data, the distribution of the latency values converges towards an actual distribution of the latency values. And also the worst case latency will shift to the right which makes sense as when we gather more data, it is the probability is higher that we catch an rare case of an increased worst case latency or scenario. So yeah, these are 200 runs. And you see, as I already said, the distribution sharpens a little. Yes. So the following question is, when do we have enough data? And there are many options in statistical analysis, but certainly this is out of scopes for now, but we are open to discuss that afterwards or in break. So in order to get back to something that you are probably more familiar with when you do traditional real-time systems analysis, in a, say, a cyclic test experiment, what you measure there is a point into the soul, some signal gets into the system, is processed, gets out of the system. From that automaton point of view, that would correspond to any path from where the signal comes in to a possible exit of the signal of which we have a number. So we could follow these paths one to three or one for six or one, two, five, four, six, and so on in that simple model that's limited. But eventually, if we combine the data X post that we got it, we can regain these usual diagrams of global latency distributions. Again, here you see how it converges once we increase the number of measurement runs, but that's very standard. The important thing is we get that out of the measured data and out of the model, but could also look at different things. We could look at more specific paths. We could look at whatever you desire basically one important thing is also we can combine multiple models. So as Fennel mentioned, we have some distributions that are wider, some that are sharper, and that's an indicator of how faithfully typically we model the system. So here we have lots of unobserved noise that can be in the Linux current example, for instance, caused by interrupts, perturbing the control flow or not. You can also model that with an automaton then analyze this automaton, get information on that and see how that interacts with the different automaton and so on and so on and so on. So we have lots of possibilities to combine that, but that concludes basically the process that we are following and the approach to our measurements. So now we come to the final fun part. So far we've shown you a synthetic model of synthetic application, but of course the approach also applies to real world scenarios. And we took as an example the IRQ handling process which conceptually consists of the three steps. We receive an interrupt, we process the interrupt and based on the processing, we trigger some reaction. And the system instrumentation of that model could be looked like on the right hand side. So again, the three steps also are represented there. We get an interrupt, we kind of handle that and react based on the processing in the handler. So we have kind of the same base pattern on the conceptual level and on the system instrumentation. When it comes to the measuring part, you might be now familiar with the representation. So again, we have the histogram of the latency values with the worst case latency indicated by the red line and the density estimation in blue. One might now wonder why are there only three transitions and back in the model four? Well, this is due to, we are not interested in the latency between finishing, processing an interrupt and the start of the next interrupt because we are not interested. So yeah. Yeah, so obviously, so it's impossible to capture than like 17 more realistic use cases that we can apply this model to and actually that is something that we would be interested in to hear from you and from the engineers actually building the safety critical systems by if you have interesting cases for us where we could apply these two. Beno San will be in Tokyo until the end of March, I think and he has nothing to do anyway. So I assume, so he'll be happy to assist you there. Actually, it turns out, so we did model a number of scenarios and with a few very simple patterns like this sequence, you can of course model loops very easily, you can model. So to model code paths and control flow instructions you basically need a fork like pattern where you can process different code paths. You need some mechanism to join back code paths again but with these four really simple, really elementary patterns we've seen so far that you can really very satisfactorily provide models that reasonably well represent real world system situations. So to conclude, we've shown you our approach that somewhat mixes the experimental empirical based traditional real-time analysis with more academic approaches. We've shown you how to create such models conceptually. We've discussed that actually the communities provide many, many, many opportunities to perform the required measurements upstream or not and we've shown you some examples of analysis and having said that, let me conclude with the following statement provided to you by the great people at DeepL. So thank you very much for your attention and of course open for questions. There's no question then maybe let me make the comment that of course you all have heard about the verification framework that, so you have a question. So I skipped my self-question, yes. So is there any actual project to apply this model? So the question is, is there any? Any actual project or any? Oh, an actual project. Yes, so what we are looking at is indeed some real-time control system. So that's a job done in conjunction with Siemens technology and so basically the things, so these devices that we showed before, medical devices of interest for that, some communication devices, some devices from the telecommunication industry that are starting to face these issues and basically everything that needs to be certified at a low level, sorry, that needs to be certified at a reasonably low level of assurance so it's not ready for seal for something. That's what we were saying, but these devices that have safety requirements but do not necessarily kill people if things go wrong. Oh, okay, thank you. There are many cases to be upright, yes, all right. I have one question and how to evaluate the different between the model, for example, the state machine in this slide and between this slide, yes, and the real model. I guess it's very difficult to evaluate whether this model is near the real system or not. I guess it's, it will be revised as a result of analyze, is it correct? Yes, exactly, so of course the modeling steps, so that would be, this step here, of course requires expert knowledge to build the model, so as Beno-san mentioned, that's the real model, so that would be the real model. So as Beno-san mentioned, that's the zero step, you need to know what you want to model and that crucially depends on people sufficiently understanding, coming back to my very first slide, the system already, then we can create a model, then we can use this technique to populate the model and infer them because certification authorities are typically not interested in, so we say we understand our system sufficiently well but they'd like to have hard data so the idea is to argue we have this model that is a simplified representation of our system, yet it was in this and that test and again here we're coming to the statistics that we left out from the talk, we were able to show that it responds up to minor differences as the system itself does and that gives you then the assurance that the system works reasonably well but yes, of course it's an iterative process of trying the model again and again. Thank you very much. So, Tim. Okay, I'm going to ask the question that I think you're about to ask yourself. How does this correlate with the recently introduced runtime verification subsystem? That's an excellent question, I didn't expect it to say but so the kernel actually introduced a runtime verification system by Red Hat and Daniel Breston that has been under development in the real-time community for a number of years. Of course we've discussed these ideas together so if we go back to this very first slide the main difference would be in that they're heading for a more or less realistic model of the system so if I understand the paper and the discussions correctly then they aim for something they can basically put into a theory and their models are extremely large so their models for, I don't know what they have in the paper but don't pin me on that it has about 9000 states and I think 21000 transitions between the states so that is something that you cannot really comprehend so they're generating the models but then you can use theory improvers to make statements about that model and that's more in the direction of, I don't know if you're familiar with these L4 research initiatives so they have a formal model where they generate the kernel from that model and say okay everything the model does is also reflected in the kernel that goes a bit in that direction so they're shooting higher than us we in contrast go for these more or less simple models so of course a real model has more states than that but it should still be understandable by humans and especially our intention is that we can explain the model to the certification authorities and they are credible to believe us that this model accurately represents the system whereas with the 29000 state model that's then a totally different approach to certification thank you thanks so I guess it's more or less time out anyway so there are no more questions as I said we are happy to hear use cases from you for the students entertainment and joy and thank you again very much for your kind interest thank you


We were approached by the local authority to choose a group of children who needed to be targeted with mathematics. For them to be confident to use their number skills and their communication skills is very important. So we chose a group of five children who thought needed a boost. They're in a group called the target group, where they're in between levels. Bwradda. Bwradda, Josh. Dalsu. Bwradda. Good morning. The first session is the counting activity and this is used mostly to relax the children before the session starts. We're going to be using pennies, ten pennies and pounds. How many pennies in a pound? 100. So we're going to call them 100, 200, 300. And all I want you to do is say what you see. You ready to start? 153, 152, 142, 242. What would you change it to now? 153. Excellent. This next activity is called slap, clap, click. And it's used to reinforce the children's doubling facts. Oh, slap, clap, click! Yeah! Right, you'll play slap, clap, click, doubles. You remember what to do? Yeah. Right, I'll slap the number. Can you click me the double? OK? Right, let's warm up. Two. Four. Two. Four. Three. As a teacher, I think this is a very good project, especially now with the curriculum that's changed. There's more to do with role play and learning through playing. And this is exactly what you're doing. You're playing the games, but the children, they don't realise, but they're learning through the fun. This next activity is called double, double. And it helps to reinforce the children's knowledge of petitioning and also reinforces the visual recognition. Ready, steady, go! So if you've got six, ten, seven, you've got a ten there, you've got two. Do you remember how to do it? Can you do them this way? Yeah. Yeah, OK, I've got that. Double dominoes is a game where the children are encouraged to use their knowledge of number bonds. Who can tell me how we're going to play this game? Go on then, Lauren. You turn the domino over and then you have to double it, but you're not allowed to count. You use your number bonds to count. Fantastic, Lauren. Sixteen. Four. Well done. Twelve. Twenty-four. Twenty-four here, excellent. Twenty. Well done. Now we're into math solvers, a problem-solving game. Here's a question for you to solve. Mr and Mrs Ling have four children, and each of their four children have two children of their own. Therefore, how many grandchildren do Mr and Mrs Ling have? Right then, children. Has everybody found the answer? Yes. Who'd like to tell me what the answer is? Josh, you can do it. Eight. Can you explain to us how you got to that answer? Because four children, they have two with them yet, and you have to count two by two. Well done. Your answer's correct, Josh. Well done, you. The programme has changed Joshua's everyday life skills at the supermarket with pockets, money. He's able to work out real life problems, life skills, and Josh is a happy little boy when it comes to maths. And now we've come to the last game of the session. It's called It's a Fact, and it's used to improve the language skills. Right then, children. It's nearly the end of the session, so it's now time for... It's a fact. And who can give me the first fact?  Six and six equals twelve. Excellent. I like the idea that you used to word equals in that. Well done, and who wants to be next? Lucy. I love it when my memory creases my pocket money. Increase. That's an excellent way of putting it. Cheeky. Before the project, you would talk about mathematics. You could see the head go down, but now when we do introduce a mathematical problem, you can see in their faces they're ready, they enjoy it, they think it's fun, and it's a real privilege to see them succeed. The games involved in the project is fantastic. The children, they really enjoy it, and I think this is where they learn the best skills.


Playing difficult videos are financially supported by the generosity of my Patreon and YouTube members. Members get early ad free access to videos, usually Monday or Tuesday before it's released on the main channel. You can also get other perks depending on the pledge, including your name at the end of the video. Right well thanks for listening to me talk, back to the normal scheduled dose of well me talking. Emergency crews are picking over the remains of what is looking one of Japan's worst rail disasters. A 7 car commuter train has derailed on a tight corner, resulting in two of the front carriages being launched into an apartment building. The train had been travelling on Fukushima Line on a semi-express rapid passenger service. Now the train was involved, clearly by looking at the wreckage the train had left the tracks with a great force, but how and why? The disaster would unravel the inherent pressure prevalent but not unique to Japanese railways. The disaster acts as a warning for all industries and the power that fear of failure can actually create a far worse situation. My name is John and welcome to Plainly Difficult, today we are going to look at the Amagasaki derailment. I must admit, as a bit of a train fan, Japanese railways have always been fascinating to me. Sadly I haven't been able to travel to the country yet to see it first hand, but the efficiency of the use of the limited track space and smaller track gauge really gets my geeky side going. I mean just look at their timetabling. Well there may be some signaling and train protection geeking out in this video, just a warning before we get started. So we start with a brief history of the company that operated the fatal train journey in 2005, all the way back to his birth in 1987. This was when the National Railway Operator, Japanese National Rail, was split up during privatisation. Several new companies were formed to operate their respective area of operations, one of which was JR West, which unsurprisingly would operate in the west of the Japanese island of Honshu. JR West was tasked with operating the complex web of lines and interconnected services around the city of Osaka, Japan's third most populous metropolitan area. They also operated trains around Hiroshima, but that's irrelevant for this particular video. Anyways like in all busy urban rail networks, you have certain pinch points where multiple lines join one another. One such place is Amagasaki, just to the west of central Osaka. It had been in operation since 1879, mainly as a local stop only, but this would change in 1997 when the station became a busy intersection. The station is where three lines intersect, the JR Kobe line, Tokaido main line, the JR Tarakazuka line and the JR Tozai line. Officially it is the terminus of the latter two, but all services actually carry on. For example, a train on the Tozai line would instead of terminating at Amagasaki transfer onto the Tarakazuka line and carry on westwards. Or if traveling on the Tarakazuka line eastbound, the train would transfer onto the Tozai line to travel out towards the Gakintoshi line on the east. This is what many services do every day, but if I show you on a map you may see a little bit of an issue here with the topography of the area, particularly to the west eastbound service. In order to reach Amagasaki station, trains need to negotiate a bit of a curve, followed by another curve, in order to be facing in the up eastbound direction. I should also say Japan has a similar line direction nomenclature as the UK, being up in the direction of the Dayton Point and down the way from it. Usually the Dayton Point is the nearest biggest city. Anyways, I think before we get into the disaster train, which was a west to east service on the Tarakazuka line to the Tozai line, we need to talk about the signalling in the area, and more importantly the train protection system, or lack thereof, in use at the time of the disaster. The rail geek stuff. This is my favourite part of these videos. Japanese signalling has a few similarities with British signalling, but also has some similarities with European and US signalling. For reference UK signalling is known as route signalling, where just the route is indicated to the driver, with speed being indicated via fixed speed boards. The other method is speed signalling, where the signals themselves tell the driver what speed to proceed at. This makes Japan a bit of a hybrid system. But I won't be delving too much into this, just a brief overview as a foundation for the protection systems as they approve to be a very important component, or lack of, in the disaster later. Well as you may or may not know, a large portion of Japanese railways use a smaller gauge than the standard four foot eight and a half inches used across the world. It uses a three foot six inch gauge. This inherently is less stable than standard gauge, and even the Japanese thought this when they built the Shinkansen network, to standard gauge specs in the 1960s. So Japanese signalling uses multiple aspects, which tell the driver not only how far ahead they can proceed, but also at what speed. They use the usual suspects in signalling red, yellow and green. I'll only cover three and four aspect signalling here, but there is a lot more depth to what I'll talk about here. But in three aspects, it is perceived for green, caution on a single yellow, and stop is red. Four aspect has the additional double yellow called speed restriction, which is very similar to the UK preliminary caution. They also have another four aspect style, which is green for proceed, yellow over green for reduce speed, yellow for caution, and red for stop. In addition to this, there are also actually speed indicator boards for things like point work and tight curves. For the running line, the signals are known as block signals. These control the block section, and they're usually controlled by the movements of trains. At stations, there are home signals, which are the final signal before the station. These allow the train to enter station limits. And finally, for the purpose of this video, starting signals. These permit the train to depart the station. In reality, they can be many starting and home signals. To protect trains from the ramifications of operating incidents, a system called ATS is employed. The system, automatic train stop, is designed to stop a train. There are many variants in use all over the JR network, but on the west there were mainly two versions, ATS SW, and this system was capable of stopping a train if it passed a signal with danger. This worked by using a transponder on the train and a coil on the track. It had been surpassed in the 1990s by the better ATSP, which offered protection to trains that were over speeding in certain areas, with the addition of loops on the track on the approach to tight corners. But neither were installed on the curve at the end of the Tarakazuka Line near Amagasaki, which neatly brings us on to the disaster. The disaster. It is the morning of the 25th of April 2005, and Roryu Jiru Takami has started his shift. His shunts, his train, a 207 series, formed of two units, one 3-car and one 4-car, out of the depot, arriving at Hanaten station at 6.51am. There he is met by his conductor for the day. The conductor operates from the rear cab of the 7-car train. They will be working the train westwards towards Koyubashi and then on to Amagasaki, working as a stopping local service. The train then continued its journey along the curve on the Fukushima Line, heading towards the destination city of Tarakazuka. Just before reaching Tarakazuka, the train was suddenly stopped by an emergency brake application at roughly 8.53am in the morning. The ATSP system had intervened due to the driver passing a signal showing a red stop aspect. The train was now late into Tarakazuka, something frowned upon on the Japanese railway. Quickly the conductor and driver changed places. Takami, the driver, is now in the up-direction cab. At 9.03am, the train departs on its limited stop rapid commuter service, numbered 5418m. The journey will take them to Doshi-shame, along the Fukushima Line to Amagasaki, and then on to the JR Tosai Line and finally the Gakintoshi Line. Shortly after departing, the train overruns one of its station stops at Itami by four car lengths. The train was brought to a stand by the driver applying the emergency brake. The train was passed its correct stopping mark by roughly 72m. The train was partially out of the station, requiring it to be reversed back to the correct stopping location. As such, the service was delayed by roughly 90 seconds, which doesn't sound like much, but the whole journey to Amagasaki only had about 28 seconds of slack in the timetable. Now this incident would require the conductor to report it to the company. Worried, the driver contacted the conductor via the cap-to-cap radio. Bearing in mind, this was whilst the train was moving. Takami asked the conductor to not report the incident. During his conversation, a passenger requested help from the conductor, resulting in him putting down the handset. After the station stop at Itami, roughly 700 passengers were on board. The train loading was typical for a morning rush hour commuter service. Worried of the implications of running late and now potentially the punishment of an overrun, Takami took more power speeding up the train. He managed to reduce the delay from 90 to 60 seconds. Due to the conductor having to report the overrun, he contacted the JR West Dispatcher. The conversation between the conductor and JR West could be heard over the radio in the driver's cab. Hearing this, Takami must have realised the situation, and that he was now looking at two serious reprimands. The conductor, attempting to do the driver a solid, downplayed the overrun from 72 meters to just 8, but it was too late. The train was heading for the tight right hand turn. The curve had a speed limit of 70 km an hour, or 43 mph. The train was actually going at 116 km an hour, roughly 72 mph. The driver applied the service brake, but it wasn't enough. As the track turned to the right, the first carriage derailed. The next front three cars derailed completely. The first car rammed into a parking lot of an apartment building. The second car hit the wall of the same building, becoming almost completely crumpled by the force of the third and fourth cars coming off the track behind it. The fifth car pushed into the rear of the third and fourth. The final two cars of the train stayed upright and still railed. With so many busy carriages crushed into one another, the number of casualties were high. Driver Takami being at the front lost his life along with 105 others. Local police estimated that the front carriage was where 43 of the victims had been, followed by 45 in the second, and the remaining of the victims being from the rest of the train. They injured totaled 562, and they have been sent all around the area to different medical centres. The sheer size of the carriage is almost unbelievable to imagine. The cleanup, repair and investigation of the line between Amagasaki and Tarakazuka stations would take a while, with services resuming on the 19th of June 2005. But with reduced speed limits of 95kmh or 59mh on the straight section, and 60kmh or 37mh on the curve, but why was the driver so apparently anxious about running late? So much so to cause the demise of not only himself, but over 100 others. Well, we will find out after this short YouTube ad break. Investigation So why was he speeding? Why didn't he use the emergency brake, and why was he not aware of the route ahead?  And also like Moorgate, the key witness was amongst the victims. But the differences end there, as we will likely never know the cause of the Moorgate crash, be it suicide or my personal theory of loss of situational awareness caused by micro-sleep. But with the Amagasaki disaster, Takami's actions seems like he was scared of the ramifications of running late. And in Japan, it sounds a lot worse than meeting with your manager without a cup of tea, followed by an action plan and time of an instructor like you get on UK railways. The thing Takami feared was Nikin Koyiku in English, day shift education. But why was he scared of it? Well, he had been through his punishment slash retraining program before. The day shift education usually ran between 9 o'clock in the morning and quarter to six in the evening, at the company offices. It consisted mainly of report writing, but would be undertaken in a room with other employees in an effort to try and shame the driver. Many tasks would be requested on top of the reports, which included long hand copying of work rules, writing lines on a board, apologizing to work colleagues, weeding tracks, cutting grass and tending to flower beds. As an additional punishment, drivers would have their pay cut during the day shift education. They are also required to ask permission to use the toilet and have to follow any instructions given from the educator in charge. Before the disaster, Takami had done three counts of day shift education, totaling 18 days, one of which was 10 months before from an overrun of 100 meters. He was clearly struggling with the brutal timetable, leading him to make mistakes, thus leading him to more time on the day shift education. The mounting pressure led him down the path of loss of concentration and situational awareness in a job that can be very unforgiving if the mind wanders. Knowing the punishment he would have received resulted in attempt of trying to put right the earlier delay. It's common on the railway where drivers get caught up in chasing the timetable, but it is a very risky game to play. Additionally, why did he not use the emergency brake? Well, this ties back into JR West's policies, at a time where any use of emergency brake would need to be explained and justified later. Thus, presumably, Takami's mind would make a bad situation worse with his punishment. Investigators found that a train travelling the curve at any speed greater than 106 kilometers or 66 miles an hour would derail. The disaster was a combination of speed and lack of awareness of the corner, but that's not the whole picture. Aside from the human factors of Takami trying to claw back the delay and getting distracted, the question of protection systems need to be addressed. After all, they are meant to be able to step in when the skin and bone combo that is a human being messes up. As I mentioned before, JR West used two types of ATS, and on the line in question, the older ATS SW was in operation, although nothing was installed on this particular curve, even if it was the system ATS SW would have not been sufficient to protect the curve. Now, what is crazy about this disaster was that the train hit a building off of the railway. It's not hard to see why when looking at it on a map, it's almost like the building was a target at the end of the range, especially as the straight section of track leading up to it had a speed of 120 kilometers an hour or 75 miles an hour. Japanese building regulations don't restrict the construction of buildings near the railway, as long as it wouldn't obstruct any signals or impede the railway property, thus they are allowed to be built very close to the running line. In the wake of the disaster, changes at JR West had to be made. A number of resignations followed from the company's top bosses. In July 2009, West Japan company co-president Masao Yamazaki was charged with negligence, but found not guilty in January 2012, even though the company were critiqued on the poor risk assessment of the curve. The building the train hit was partially demolished in 2017, leaving one corner standing as a memorial, which opened in 2019. Now I'm going to rate this disaster as a dumpster fire, as an accident like this was just waiting to happen due to the pressure placed on JR West's drivers, and I'm going to give it a 6 on the legacy scale. This is a plain difficult production. All videos on the channel are creative commons attribution share light licensed. Plain difficult videos are produced by me, John, in the currently wet and windy corner of southern London UK. I'd like to thank my Patreon and YouTube members for your financial support, as well as the rest of you for tuning in every week to see your weekly dose of disaster. If you're enjoying this outro song, please feel free to go to my second channel made by John to watch the video and listen to the song in full, and all that's left to say is thank you for watching, and Mr Music, play us out please.


What kind of weed? Lil' Runch. Lil' G Bubba Runch. Come on. I don't think Rob know you got some rock runch. But I want some to Runch. What? Lil' Runch.   Alright, get on with it. I'm gonna feed it right now. Lil' Runch. Lil' Runch. Come on. Don't you see?  Lil' Runch. Oh my god. That's what you got to buy, that's what you got to buy Everyday we get to it, yeah, but I stopped, she got the rain, uh, I make a rain, yeah, yeah, she saved my days, uh You understand this ain't part of the plan, I got about $60 for a weed man Somebody call that man's phone and tell him what we need Good snack and weed, I'm way too high And if I could, man, I would, but right now I can't drive Ain't enough sight and I really need some time, cause I slip when I drive Man, I put that on God, so you know that I ain't lying The whole damn song is like, who got the weed? That got space, right? Yeah, I mean, I need to see it, I need to see it rollin' home Old school, you know Where's that little guy asking how to get put naked?          That's it Talk to them Talk to them like the music boxing Like a fight club Word already done been across I don't know how it got across But they already knew At the club then we can Whether it was at MBK Or whooping niggas at sparkles Or whooping niggas at golden glass Niggaplex Hey it's crazy You know what I'm saying? Like I was doing the party with the neighborhood superstars You know what I'm saying? You know what I'm saying? He was like He was like He's on the group tonight And that nigga He was like He was gonna go get on stage and rap Yeah you know what I'm saying? I put him in the group I got a promoter on my side He good I thought I was like How y'all started the group? Me and Dunn P In high school, 9th grade We man in high school We was in the reading class He was like What remedial was that? You were asking me We was in the reading class You weren't quite in it We was in the reading class He was writing Writing rap saying He was like So you know what I'm saying? Out of the class We met at the library Dunn P And then for Dunn It was history right there Yeah You like Puff Daddy In high school I went home and created out a country I went home and brought him He was like He was ready That's his candy stop brother He is What's going on with you?  Yeah, I'm a big-ass house. You know, we were trying to strike back then. We're going to be on the inside. We good, and like...  It depends on how far he's shooting. That's how he's going to help. He like... Get off the count of one. You heard, buddy. You're going to be from Golden Creek.   I'm gonna stay in Caliwalt.  I'm gonna be from Glenwood. I'm gonna trip me. I'm gonna go to the Libra. I'm gonna be from Glenwood.  She's closed out. Nah, she's gonna go though. I mean, with the crown.  I'm gonna be from Glenwood.   That's hilarious, bro. Brad feels so good to be back on Glenwood though. You know what I'm saying? We did the freaking it. You know what I'm saying? See, people don't forget how long I've really been in a cave. How long have you been putting on? You feel what I'm saying? Like, real, real, real.  So we don't understand when y'all are moguls, bro.  Not many times I watch that video on YouTube. You jumping out of state with security guard.  You not many times I watch that. Yo, yo, yo. What going on? Yo, DC on fly man. There's some big news from my favorite home security company. Simply save just as long as their new wireless outdoor security camera. That's right. Simply save the system that U.S. News and World Report names best home security system of 2021. This brand new outdoor security camera is engineered with all the advanced tech and security features you want and needs to help keep you and your family safe. It has an ultra-wide 140 degree field of view so you can keep your camera. It has a 1080p HD resolution with an eight-time zoom. Yes, that means you can zoom in. How many times? Eight times, I do, man. And clearly see things like the faces and license plates to capture critical evidence. Yes, that's right. For people who like to, you know, switch. It has an easy to remove rechargeable battery so it doesn't need an outlet and it can go anywhere on your property. Once more, simply save it celebrating this new camera by offering 20% off, y'all. And that's 20% off your entire new system in your first month of monitoring service free when you enroll in interactive monitoring. So to learn more about the exciting new Simply Safe wireless outdoor security camera, visit simplysafe.com slash 85 South. Again, that's simplysafe.com slash 85 South. So, it was like, bro, I see why he ain't ain't scrapping, bro. He gonna scrub, you know. So it was like, all that, but you're like, I'm almost 30. I'll be 30 next year, so you gotta understand generation that y'all have raised, you feel what I'm saying? My generation, they watching you. Me, nigga. Me, nigga. Y'all never do a review that I like. Me, nigga. I can't wait. I can't wait. I can't wait. I can't wait.   The niggas still be like fighting. And I, like, am I... You don't listen to them all. No, listen, listen, listen. No, listen.   I'm talking about niggas just instantly. I'll be like, I'm going to be able to do this show calmly. I ain't going to have no fighting and every time... You can sing and fight in music. That song is not a fighting song. Elva Elva. Elva Elva Elva Elva. Get on my lap. But that ain't no fighting song. What? We just tell them to get up on the...  Shoot up the whole thing. A headbutt. A headbutt. Okay, yeah. That was a fighting song. That was a murder song, yeah. That was a murder song, yeah. Because it ain't like y'all were talking. You know, sometimes you can argue with a nigga with the music. So if you beat like the facts, you knew you were going to fight that nigga. But whenever Elva Elva came on, you were like, nigga, you hog on the other side of the club. Like, you can never Elva Elva Elva Elva Elva.  Yeah, yeah. I think we made that big fighting song. I think we made it a fighting song.  Like, real aggressive.  What? Oh, it's over with. So nigga, I was saying during that time when you knew that you was really against it. You knew how to use these.   I don't want to get punched in my face.  Y'all are swallowing me, can't even write. Niggas were like, be that nigga for no reason. No reason. Y'all don't reason why nigga's ready to go get him done. Niggas ain't trying to get punched no more. They like, man, you need you. Yeah, nah, nah, man.  I remember I got into it with them niggas. I remember I got into it with them niggas. No, nigga.   No, nigga. I was like, hold up, nigga. Swung on, man. Nah, bro, we really used to jump out of the stage fighting it. I swear to God, I put it on everything. Do you think we're worse than that walking vlogger? Do you think we're worse than the walking walking scene? Nah, nah, nah, nah, nah, nah. Let me tell you something. I'm talking about, like, we connecting. We ain't stirring up none. You ain't think we got into none. Right, right.  You know what I'm saying?    It didn't rock.   We can't do this all alone, nigga. It didn't rock, yeah. Yeah. I've been talented.  We ain't doing that one alone. But nigga ain't getting slapped.   Look, look, look, look. Like, how the nigga be doing that? Like, the crowd can be just sitting there and you be like, nah, we rocked it. You know, they were sitting there. But like, if their motherfuckers didn't move, the water coming out. I'm going to shoot.  I remember being on stage with John, bro, and being in New York or something. Yeah. And just clung to the motherfuckers. I'm a little nigga. I ain't even made it head, but I ain't even out yet. I'm just with the nigga on the jump. They think I'm an East Side boy. And certain places then just jump like that.  And nigga would just like, yeah. Hey, man, nigga crazy, bro.   Like, I'm like, nigga crazy, bro. Like, what wrong with y'all nigga, bro? Why y'all be doing that shit? I'm like, you need a lot. But see, they ain't no way.   Right. Everybody just clump. Or beam. Yeah, or beam. No, no. We got a shout out to the club.  We're in a queer house. The queer house. Yeah. Like, all that, bro. What was y'all's latest tour? What was the latest tour? My latest tour was the anger management tour with Eminem and Fiti.   Give me one of the best moments.  Give me a good moment.    Especially when you out there with Fiti and them, man.  We got a press conference. We got a really new photo.  I'm talking about, like, for real, power bomb. I done seen bitches get power bombs and tour bus, tour bus.  Like, it went down, bro. Like, I'm talking about some real. You ever seen backstage? Yeah.    He's talking about tour bus, whole porn.  Let me tell you about these niggas though. We went on our tour. We ain't had no, you know what I'm saying? But we had our tour.   I done walked in on niggas. Man, man, man. Bad bitches, you know what I'm saying? Why I get on the tour bus? Because we getting ready to go.  Going crazy. Everybody get ahead. I'm like. Everybody get ahead. Everybody get to the one story. One, two, three, four. Everybody get ahead. Everybody get ahead. Everybody get ahead. I'm like, Ow. Then nothing wrong. They were going crazy, you feel what I'm saying? Yes, sir.  How did they walk on the bus? How did they walk on the bus? How did they walk on the bus? Yeah, but y'all had...  Y'all is, I wanna say something. I wanna say something though. In there somewhere. Girl, what's happening? Where you at? Where you at?  You know what I'm talking about? See, L.A. got me. L.A. got other store. Me and L.A. got other store. I never tell. You know what I'm talking about? I never tell. I never tell. I never tell. My brother never tell. What is your man has done in his life? Right. I'm going to change. Yeah, that man, I hope he has. I hope he has. Ain't all these niggas, hey man. Hey man, this is a whole man. This is a whole man, hey man, hey man.  This man is crazy. I'm going to just put it like this. Cubs probably got a whole porn site somewhere. Nah, I'm going to just put it like this, man. Nah, you know how these cubs are crazy. Brett, do you record this out right now? You know what I'm talking about? You know what I'm talking about? You know what I'm talking about? You know what I'm talking about? You know what I'm talking about? The remix, Jeff Blasch. He on the picture, man. Y'all going to go there. You're going to get him there. I'm going to remit. You're going to remit. Don't go on man. Don't go on him, bro. Don't go on, man. Yeah, man. Juice overnur. Hell no. You know who? Nah, I don't remember that.  He Matt Trac. Matt Trac.   They were like, what happened to you? Did you walk out of? What? They were like, what do they think that was? They all need to get 20 years. Did you walk out and get the same? What did you do? You took the face? No, everybody thought, get up, because I'm like, what's going on? He like, nah, don't stop until I walk in. Keep it off! Keep it off! Everybody stop! Tell me! I'm just coming in for this and that. Hey, God, what's up?  We don't know where we can fit no fat girls in there. No, y'all was in the back. No, they was in the way back where the couch was. Oh, what? Sit around. Sit in the back, though. Sit in the back, though. Yeah, see, see, niggas don't want to remember that they fear you in life. They don't want to remember that. I got some, you know what I'm saying? But I just happened to walk in on theirs, you know what I'm saying? So that was a pretty comfortable. So how'd you get that in there? For that.  But you round that junk, he's even keying you, cudd. Yeah.   Like, you up under the niggado, that beard, like that. Right.   All I'm seeing is this niggaz saying, he the king crumb. Everybody calling him the king crumb. And I don't wave. I felt like I waved a pumper than you. Right, right, right, right. I just felt like that.  You know what I'm saying? Because he here cudd in that money. He going crazy. On the front. Right. And I'm just seeding it dead in the game. You know what I'm saying? All the shows you did on the road with them. Why you tell that story? They don't want you to see it. Every time you go, I talk to them. They look at you. No, look, look, look. I never say it again. You got to dig in the back like this. You don't say it like this. It's fine. It's fine. You got to tell a good one after that one. He would never tell the story about the night that you struck. What did that? You got struck. Oh, the night you got struck. No, come on. You're unbelievable.  No, no, but the crazy party, they don't remember it for real. They don't remember it for real. It's something that they really don't want to remember. They did like this. I'm talking about that now, when I think about it, like when everybody was getting up, they probably had that on their mind. They were like, hey, man, we can never do this. We don't talk about this. I know for a fact, I want to know that bit. No, Cubs on there. Cubs.  This nigga right here. If how to be a player was a manager. Yeah, you feel me? Cubs. Cubs. I'm just making sure my niggas straight. That's what it was. Yeah, I'm making sure my niggas straight. Yeah.  You know, I'm making sure my niggas straight. Hey, Cubs. Man, listen. B. B. Tell him about your man, Cubs. Tell him about, you know what I'm saying? They need to call him. Yeah, he's calling. I just make sure. You hear what I'm saying? Yeah, like that. One thing I always do from the beginning, like you know what I'm saying? Make sure my niggas, like, counter roll, you know what I'm talking about? What you talking about? What you talking about? That ain't nothing. I'm just talking about what we know, man. We got to get off this subject right here. Hey, man.  Poo-ish. You haven't heard anything about you. You hear that. You know what I'm saying? Yeah, I don't know. My man. Shout out to everybody who can do calibro, you know? He's got what's happening, man. Hey, hey man, I'm trying to make sure my niggas straight. We take off this. Hey, he didn't care at all. Oh, his dirt. And he took his balls. Yeah, I don't know if he took his balls. I don't know if he took his balls.  I know who he is. I'm done, man. I'm done, man. Oh, man. Shit. Yeah. Damn. Oh. I'm done for the hell, boy. He started this shit, man. Were you about to talk about the music and all that shit? I'm done, man.  You're not done, blabbering.  Everybody trying to forget, you remember that night I walked in and y'all gave it to me. I wouldn't even dare have to put air into my land. I'd go out and make it one year. He must have seen me in a long time. He was not born young.  I'm like, some caliber older. I just want to make a disclaimer. I just want to make a disclaimer. I can't even walk out to those cats in the street.  Thank you man. I just want to make a disclaimer. I always seen them with bad bitches though. No they probably with someone where they're just looking for the money. You're being what I'm working at!   I don't feel like I'm crazy. You've been on the worst side of the line. It might have been a better show than trying to forget what's in there, right? I don't feel like I'm crazy. It's a normal story, but what do you mean I don't feel like I'm crazy? Guys, they're getting up, and they try to walk a little good. Why is that so real? Look, that's Matt's back. There you go. You got me, bro. How many of you got shot on? Oh, my god. Oh, my god. That's so true.  No, no, I just wanted to know.   We roll back quiet and I'm turning it up. I'm turning it. I forgot their name, brother.  Oh, I didn't mean it, man. I didn't mean it, man. Talk about the music, man. I didn't mean it, man. I didn't mean it, man. It didn't really come up. I'm sorry, man.  I didn't say Larry, man. Oh, I got to... I didn't say Larry, man. Yeah, I didn't say Larry, but... Hey, man.  I don't just... They've been in everybody's story.      But you know what?  We need somebody who can stop this. You feel... No, I don't like this. I want... It was some... He didn't even tell me, like... No, you didn't say me. I know it's silly. Bro, I feel... I feel sorry, but I don't...   You need somebody who can stop this. Oh, man.   It's all about the movie, man. Hey. Hey. All right. It's great. Tell me about the music, man. What you gonna do? That man...    Y'all say, come on, Jimmy.   You was like, hold on, I got something to say.  Oh, man. Oh, man. I'm bringing it up. Shit, that's funny.  All right. Don't nobody call us. Don't know what's up with the music, bro. Don't know what's up with the music. Don't know what's up with the music. Breva's back, man. You just gonna let them slide with that. Hey, hold on. Y'all, ask me. And I was just... Ask Doug P. What's the tour store? I don't know. I don't know if I really see him. I don't know, but I go, hello. He got y'all in front of the show. But it didn't work. I prefer for most things. I'm on the seat. Yo, are we finna do this? Are we finna do this? Are we finna do this?   I don't know. I ain't using it. He'll expose you. No, no.  Y'all, let's go. Y'all got me sweating, cuz. Come on and chill, bro.  I'm gonna come right up. John P. is going to the sparring. It's a sparring show. I'm free free. I'm a free free. It's an emotion. That's something you want to say to Scrammy.  Y'all better meet me, I'll sit by you. See, right in front of me right here. Why?  I didn't even smoke my blunt. Y'all didn't want to smoke my blunt. I thought y'all smoke on this one. Y'all only got to see me by Scrammy.  Not your clothes. I did not. I did not. Hey, man.  Oh, you're putting that DC in today and telling Roach up. He didn't take it. That didn't go, man. Oh, man. Y'all got my nose running.  She said your nose run. Your nose run? Yes, man. You can say, y'all, I'm trying to begin.  Come on, man. Y'all niggas. Look, if he doesn't want to come around these niggas. Y'all niggas. Hey, look, if he doesn't want to come around these niggas. Scrammy, still in the bush. Y'all, man, it's real, man. I'm just so, bro. Now, we're going back to the East. It was the East Side Boy, though. It was the East Side Boy. Bro, I'm just so... It was the East Side Boy. It was the East Side Boy. It was the East Side Boy. It wasn't East Side Boy, though. It was the East Side Boy. Shit, cool. Nah, but that would make sense. That would make sense. Nah, I'm just fucking... I don't know. It was somebody. You feel what I'm saying? To be back, bro. Like, doing music with my niggas. Like, this shit... Hey, y'all, look, man. That's it. Nah, man. That's it. In fact, you know what I'm saying? Hey, if you want somebody that had a lawyer room, that would work. If you come to like, man, part with the D8 talk about, then we're really happy. Like, it would. You know what I'm saying? To be back. You know what I'm saying? Making music with scrappy and the veal, man. Like, together, dawg. Like...   Shit cool, man. It's time. It's that time, bro.  New record, you know what I'm saying? We'll just shot a video. You feel me? About to shoot the last scene. Coming up, you know what I'm saying?  Shit. So, we all been doing like, before the record, though. Like, even though y'all done transitioned and had y'all success, like, how was that transition from the success and like, okay, I'm in the real world and I'm just still trying to capitalize on that. Like... Oh, what do you mean? Like, music, like, music from... Oh, music from... Usually, y'all did with scrappy and all the music y'all did. Like, how would they, like, transition? Like, okay, I'm in the real world.   You okay, man? I'm over here. I got down just, you know, enjoying vibes. Y'all know it's funny, man. You know? I'm just cool, man, you know? I mean, it's that cool, man. I'm cool as breeze, man. You know what I'm talking about? No, I think we had a... Our transition was like...  You know what I'm saying? So it's like... Well, we didn't fall off. We just kind of just...  You know what I'm saying?   It's just like... We weren't stagnant by us coming in the game at a young age, you know what I'm saying? Because we didn't make kid music. We made real...   So that could be a grown man, a teenager, or whoever, so even now we can still do our music.  They want to look at... Some people can't transition like that from being kid stars and going...   So it's like...   That's what I'm saying? No, no, no, I'm just saying like I was just giving like some examples like some niggas like kind of fall off and then try to come back and it be kind of hard to accept, you know what I'm saying?  We didn't see you know what you know what I'm saying? But then it's like us niggas, even if you didn't see us, you heard us. You know what I'm saying? So it's like... And then it was like, we want more. Cause we all come from the city, so about us getting on and y'all getting that classic then like, okay, from the swatts and y'all over the streets and then y'all get the classic and go cringe and we do like, okay, then they see everybody's status, what is this?  So it's like we did us by still being the celebrities.        I'm a little handy. Wow, that's $5. All right, now, big hand there. All I see is XL. Good gracious.  No, yes it is, because I got the fro money. You got that JJ Evans. She's good. You know what I'm saying? Come on, man. Give them wealthy guys. I should fly here. Even though I'm working some people out here. Yeah, sir. If you smoke, man, you know what I'm saying?  A three-five or something in the bank. Oh, look. What happened? What happened? Thank you for marriage. You know what I'm saying? You a nice man. You a nice man. You a nice man. You a nice man. You a nice man. You a nice man. You a nice man. Oh, okay. I ain't no woman going out there.  You a nice man. Man, man. I ain't just a Nike. Yeah, sir. Watch the side of it, man. Definitely. But look, man, I know that she all first time in the trap, but don't let it be the last time. Oh, no, no. No, man. Come back again for round two. Oh, yeah, you know, I'm different. Make sure we get the PR in on. I'm most different. Yeah, man, it's got to happen.  Yeah. This next one's going to be an independent one. Oh, no, yeah.  Yeah. Good that y'all coming in life. You know what?   Yeah. You know what I'm saying? Like everybody been waiting on it. Y'all mobiles in the city. Y'all, they can't act like y'all ain't do what you did when you did it. You did what I'm saying? Can't act like the Platinum. Platinum. Can't act like the album didn't go. Platinum. You did what I'm saying? All right, all right, all right. So, you hear that, man? Like I said, we the generation that was watching y'all. Yeah.  Yeah, yeah.  That's real, man. That's real. That's real. That's real. Come on, man.  All right, let's go. All right. Man, D.C.  Oh, my bad. Man, hey, shout out to Mama D, man. Yeah, shout out to Mama D. Man, Mama D is funny, man. Mama D is crazy. Mama D is crazy. Mama D is crazy. Yeah, Mama D is crazy. Mama D is crazy. Yeah, Mama D is crazy. Mama D is crazy. Yeah, Mama D is crazy. She coming up here. Oh, God. She said the whole council. I said, can't bring the council, Mama D. Did I bring you? Man. She bringing the whole council. She coming. She coming. Her council's different, though. That's not true. Her council's different. J.B. and Ernest. Yeah, she gotta lead the council, man. All right. Shit. Y'all don't start it, son. Man, she coming up. I can't tell my mom. Yeah. Amen. She gonna do what she do. Look, I tell her, no, I tell her to be hangry. Hey. You see the video? What video? The rap video. What rap video? Yeah, Mama D rap video.  She won't see the rap video. Hey, girl. Hey, girl.  All right.  Y'all ain't see the rap video? No, you might be the only one, bro. No, man. No, bro. Oh, you talking about the same? Well, she got some R&B tracks. She's R&B? Yeah. Okay, okay. She won't rap. You ain't talking about the one with Jop? Jop rap. Yeah. Oh, yeah. You okay? Okay. Okay. I just knew Mama D was making music. Yeah. Okay. Yeah, but just, you know. Tell her keep doing her thing, man. She very entertaining. Yeah. Bruh. You still doing love and hip-hop? I don't know. She might have worked. Oh. Go ahead, man. Get that money. I don't know.  You know what I'm saying? Everything's got to fall in line. You know what I'm saying?  You know what I'm talking about? Man, you got to mention it. Man, don't ever quit no TV job. You make them people quit you, man.  You can't make them quit you. You make them quit you. The way they quit you is very, very... Disrespectful. Disrespectful. I've seen you. All the way. Like, yeah. When I eat black bars, just put it out there the way I like. Nigga be like, hmm, I don't know. Yeah. That's propaganda though. People got to be propaganda. But nah, you can tell.  Like, motherfuckers slapping producers and, you know what I'm saying, man? You can't be doing that. I don't... See, I don't do that no more. Like, I'm cool. That one, I forgot on TV. Because I ain't understand. You know what I'm saying? Yeah. Can't slap the producer. Yeah, yeah, nah, they, they, they. Disrespectful. You can't do that. You know what I'm saying? Punching nigga, I was... Yeah, yeah, yeah, that's how it should be. Yeah, I got to work. They need tomorrow. That's how it should be.  He can't even look through the camera.  The camera nigga was just... The motherfuckers were something. Don't say that. Don't say that. Nah, no, no, no.  Nigga would be like... Oh, because they know that that ain't job. Nigga would just be...   You know what I'm saying?  You know what I'm saying?  He'd be walking around. He'd be like, come on, I thought I was out.  All that was over with. Nigga sitting in the corner like this and I'm like... You know why? Because he got a producer in his ear.     No, but they rolling. But the motherfuckers in his ear is like... Yeah, I done threatened, I done threatened, I done threatened the nigga, the rock bottom nigga, bro. I said, bro, I'm gonna pick you up and rock bottom be on that table. Right. Coach, you're like...  Coach? Coach, you're like... He was gonna... I'm like, y'all need this. It's crazy. Yeah, bro. So them motherfuckers, everybody on love and he'll part hard, bro. Everybody hard.    Every time. Every time.  Your next episode on love and hip hop.  I don't have to tell you.  I'm watching black people on TV.   I'm supporting everything black on TV. 100. Get some beer, man.  I've been watching that guy there under day alone shit when the nigga's sleeping to win. It's for a hundred days or a million up. No, I'm too white folk. I'm too white folk. Me too. It's like a little competition. No, I'm saying it down to two people now. No, but he folks out here are really fine. We're eight black people. He's out there 30 days in eight, man. Yeah. You gonna have to lay it on 100 days. What is on?   We talking about... They be talking that talk. I be like, man, they're that Native American culture. What you mean? I'm saying what I see.  They're gonna be like, that ain't our culture. They're the Native. Man, they're the... Them folk is not Native. No, I see the stuff that they're doing is Native American culture.   That's what I said, but this nigga ain't did it. See, man, it's great we got that effect on people. Man, what you talking about? He's rolling. He's rolling. He's on fire, baby. Hey, man, come on, come on. Hey, DC.   Hold on, what you saying? What you saying?  So if you do snitch, I'm telling on you. Hey, man. I ain't even gonna cap. I need to produce one of those music videos. Yo, hey. So you taking Ty Uno's job around that bit. Now, he ain't taking nobody's job. He just creating one. You should understand.  I don't want to be a part of the class. I don't want to be a part of the class. Oh, man.  Once again, shout out to Vince Phillips, man. Shout out to Sabrina and that thing, you know what I'm talking about? Hey, what's up? B.M.B. Cleese. No face. What you got for me? What's up? What's up? What's up? What's up? What's up? What's up? No face. What you got for me? I know he got some. He got some?  He finna take it out. You know he got some? He got no choice. No one's gonna come through with it. The juice. Y'all scram. It was in every market shop. Wow. You got to show me that one. I need to see it. Let me wrap it up. Oh, hello. Oh, hello. Hold on. They got Raheem up here. Okay. Yeah.  There's a lot of them on here. Yeah. Y'all had the best merch game in the game. So right this is a promotional. Oh, wow. You and him got down. He still got back. You don't remember though? Y'all don't remember? Yeah. They ain't remember though.  Hold on everybody. No, let's go. Let's go. They said them been on the wall or something.   They got the gangsta dress. Yeah, bro. That's it. Oh. We got to get the young blood. We got to get the young blood. We got to get the young blood. We got to get the young blood. We got to get the young blood. I'll see you, I'll see you during the video. Will you turn to little brother what was it? What ah Sano, how you know? Turn of right, 23, it got their on the floor. Do they put everybody night on the al? Yeah everybody night on the little clock. I'm on the little park, what are you doing? Where they from? Cause right here, you see a tree. You see a heart, right there. Oh, this is it. Ooh. This is her. Yeah, sir. The cater, he said lemon, it be, you know what I'm talking about. Calla roll. Calla roll. Calla roll, man. Calla roll. Uh-oh. Let it go, man. Right, nobody calla roll. Let it go, man. Yeah, sir. This is how it is. This shit's like a nostalgia. That's it. That's it.  You don't even know what a tired of me alive, boy. Well, look, man, we're going to wrap this thing up, man. Trill Bill. Scrap it. Hey, everybody, stop showing. You be sure, man. You know what it is. I got it. I got it. I ain't packed. I ain't packed. Shit either. That one, I got it on my mosaics. I can hit 120. I don't even know.


Alrighty, so a huge thank you to Jordan Rulo. I'll link the Instagram account down below for letting me use these photos he grabbed today. So super awesome that he was there to catch this moment in person because this is telling. So what you're seeing on the screen right now is what's called construction surveying. And construction surveying is where they basically go out and map key points of a construction project with stakes or other items like flags to indicate perfect construction of an engineering project. So what you're seeing here is Mazer Consulting. They were responsible for building Joker at Great Adventure and they also built Fury at Carowind. So or we're a part of that. So that's super exciting. And the location of this is unfortunately in Looney Tunes seaport area of the park, which I'll have circled on the screen very shortly. So there's a couple of things that could be going on here. This is pretty early for six flags. So again, the stakes are probably being laid right now today, or spray paint is being painted where the stakes will go. And this is an early start for a park like six flags to start construction. So that is a good sign that this could very well end up being the coaster that Great Adventure fans are dying for. So circled in yellow is seaport Looney Tunes or Looney Tunes seaport. And this is where the surveying is taking place. So a lot of people have been saying that Great Adventure is due for a kid's expansion. Fingers crossed, it's not for all you enthusiasts. But unfortunately, parks do have to invest in kids at some points. But I honestly, I don't know what it is. I'm just going to keep my fingers crossed that this is a coaster year for Great Adventure. I really hope this is a coaster year for Great Adventure. They really need that last little push to bring them up to Cedar Point's level. I had a really great visit. And honestly, one more amazing high thrill coaster would really make that park shine. It already shines, in my opinion, I think it's overhated on. And I think this new coaster, if it is a coaster, could potentially push that right up there to the top tier park. So what I think it could be, if it's going to be a coaster, it's going to be either a raptor or the second model of the raptor, so a taller, larger version of it, not a T-Rex. So that'll be super exciting. It could end up being a Maxforce clone. I tried zooming in and enhancing this image of the blueprints the best I could. I am seeing lines. I'm not seeing anything I can make out though. If I were to make a guess based off of this image alone, which you cannot do. So again, huge grain of salt warning right here. It does kind of look like it could have Maxforce vibes to it based off of the blueprints. But again, that could be electrical based off of Yukon Strakers blueprints. I do remember there were lines for electrical and water piping. So it's hard to make out what that could be. But nonetheless, super exciting. So it looks like either Great Adventure is going to get a kids expansion or a roller coaster and Looney Tunes seaport could be transformed into another area outside of a kids area. I have heard that rumor as well. So for those of you that this is your home park, comment down below what you think is going on for 2020. If you know anything about this that you could educate me on, but super excited to hear and learn what you guys have coming up. I mean, the park has started teasing. I'll try and place a teaser on the screen as well. But the first teaser was posted yesterday. So the park's teasing, you have construction surveying going on. These are all good signs for a much bigger project than a kids expansion. So fingers crossed through you guys. This is looking super promising. Thanks again, Jordan Rulo for letting me use the images and exciting times ahead. It looks like a lot of parks are making announcements and Great Adventures is like, I think 14 days away, 13 days away from announcement. So super exciting. Let's let's get the roller coaster season started for 2020 already. Hope you enjoyed this video on Great Adventure. Don't forget to hit that like button, subscribe if you haven't, and share this video for others to enjoy. Have a good one guys. Bye.


Hello, and welcome to this video explaining how to get started with the STM32 Nucleo DC-DC LED Driver Expansion Board. This board is part of the STM32 Open Development Environment, a fast and affordable way to develop innovative devices and applications with ST components. Introduction on how to obtain the board can be found on www.st.com.xnucleo under the reference XNUCLEO LED61A1. The board is built around the LED6001, a DC-DC LED Driver supporting both boost and SCPIC power conversion topologies. It has a power supply connector, an LED connector, and an NTC connector. The board is configurable using jumper settings to enable different dimming options. The board is also equipped with an Arduino Uno R3 connector, allowing it to be plugged into an STM32 Nucleo Development Board. First, connect the LED light to the LED connector and the power supply to the expansion board. Please refer to the manual to set the correct jumper configuration for your LED light. Next, connect the STM32 Nucleo Development Board to a PC using a mini USB cable. The board is automatically detected and seen as a disk drive. Visit ST.com and search for the keyword XNUCLEO LED61A1. Click on the main part number link. Then, go to the tools and software section and click on the X-Cube link. Finally, go to the end of the page and click on the download button in the get software section. Now, let's try a sample application for LED brightness control. The firmware to be installed is called LED6001 demo and can be found in the examples folder of the projects directory as shown here. Select the STM32 Nucleo Development Board you are using and drag and drop the binary file onto the Nucleo disk drive. The user can interact with the expansion board in real time through a virtual comport using a terminal application configured at 9600 BOD. Once the firmware is downloaded, press the blue button to change the dimming value. The terminal displays the five different dimming modes available. PWM and analog dimming in steps or continuous and dimming driven by the integrated light sensor. Press the blue button for more than a second to switch from one mode to another. A comprehensive set of documentation for the DC-DC LED Driver Expansion Board including a user manual, application notes, quick start guide and datasheet is also available. www.st.com.stm32ode