In literature, an epic is a long narrative poem that celebrates heroic achievements and themes of cultural significance. The epic of Gilgamesh from Mesopotamia is the world's first recorded epic poem. Epics were written to commemorate the struggles and adventures of kings and warriors. Literary epics have large castes of characters but revolve around the achievements of a central hero. And the epic of Gilgamesh which was composed over 4,000 years ago tells the story of the life of an Assyrian king, Gilgamesh. The story is loosely based on a historical king named Gilgamesh who ruled the city of Uruk in modern day Iraq sometime between 2800 and 2500 BCE. Gilgamesh's name appears in the Sumerian list of kings compiled around 2000 BCE and for at least a thousand years after his death poems were written about Gilgamesh in various languages. The epic of Gilgamesh is a compilation of tales that were passed down orally and finally written down approximately 700 to a thousand years after the historical king's death. Sometime between 1300 and 1000 BCE a scribe named Sinleci Unini collected and edited the stories and created a unified literary work in Akkadian which was the main Semitic language of ancient Mesopotamia. This composition is what scholars call the standard version of the epic of Gilgamesh. The most notable characteristic of an epic is its sheer length. In its final and longest form the epic of Gilgamesh probably contained about 3,500 lines in the cuneiform system of writing and was preserved on clay tablets. We don't have a complete copy of Sinleci Unini's tablets, not all the clay tablets endured the passage of time and about 170 years ago in the mid 19th century a team of archaeologists found these clay tablets in ancient Nineveh. The reason why they found so many clay tablets in one area is because Asurbanipal the great Assyrian emperor of the 7th century had created the first world class library in Nineveh and these tablets were part of that library's collection. Stories about Gilgamesh circulated throughout the ancient Near East and a few second millennium versions have been found in other parts of Mesopotamia as well as in Syria. Over time the epic underwent many changes and assumed a number of different textual forms in the course of its development. Several new versions were created in other languages and the version that we have today is essentially a patchwork of texts created at various times and places in different languages. The epic of Gilgamesh is the story of the cycle of life. It begins with the description of any young adult not experienced but physically strong, bold and overconfident. Gilgamesh was the king of Uruk. He ruled for 126 years. His father was a king named Lugalbandar and his mother was a goddess named Ninson. Because of his mother's divine heritage Gilgamesh was considered a demigod. He was two-thirds god and one-third human and because of that Gilgamesh had powers beyond those of ordinary men. He was blessed with super strength, great courage and a much longer lifespan and Gilgamesh is described as a very tall, handsome, physically strong king. The city of Uruk is described as a beautiful high walled city in southern Mesopotamia. Gilgamesh built magnificent ziggurats or temple towers and laid out its orchards and fields. Historical evidence for Gilgamesh's construction projects can be found in inscriptions crediting him with the building of the Great Walls of Uruk. Although Gilgamesh was godlike in body and mind, he was not a popular king. He accomplished his massive building projects with forced labor and oppressed the people of Uruk. When young men got married, Gilgamesh insisted on the druad the senior meaning that Gilgamesh, instead of the groom, spent the wedding night with the bride. Gilgamesh was not a popular king because he was arrogant, impulsive and cruel. Eventually the people of Uruk complained to the gods about Gilgamesh's oppressive behavior. So the gods created a giant wild creature called Enkidu out of clay to curb Gilgamesh's arrogance. Enkidu is described much like an animal. His body was covered with hair and he ran on all fours with the gazelles and drank with them at the waterhole. Enkidu was very tall and strong but he lacked the beauty and charm of Gilgamesh. But Enkidu had human intelligence. He often released animals from traps laid by hunters in the forest. One day a hunter saw Enkidu releasing animals from his traps. The hunter was distressed and agitated. He then went to Uruk to find a sacred harlot to seduce the wild man which would lead the animals to reject him. The temple harlot Shamhat successfully carried out her mission. She seduced him and after his sexual experience with Shamhat, Enkidu found that the animals rejected him. Shamhat played an important role in humanizing Enkidu. Some scholars have suggested that Enkidu's progression from wild animal to civilized city man might be an allegory of the stages by which humans read civilization from being hunters and gatherers to becoming urban dwellers. Shamhat took Enkidu out of the wilderness, taught him to eat cooked food, drink alcohol, wear clothes and took him to the city and Shamhat helped Enkidu become a man with a sense of morality. When Enkidu heard about Gilgamesh's Dua the senior, he became very angry and went to Uruk to block Gilgamesh from entering a wedding. There Enkidu and Gilgamesh fought each other. Enkidu wrestled with Gilgamesh but he could not defeat the king. Finally, Enkidu and Gilgamesh ended their fight in a truce and recognized each other's great strength and after the quarrel, both Gilgamesh and Enkidu became good friends. Gilgamesh and Enkidu went on many adventures together including a trip to the cedar forest. According to the earlier Sumerian versions of the epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh traveled east to the cedar forest in Iran. But later versions placed the cedar forest west in Lebanon. The cedar forests were the glorious realm of the gods. Cedar wood was special for many reasons. Cedar trees grow very tall and straight and long timbers were used for roof beams and doors in temples and palaces. The wood was also good for building because it lasted many many years without decaying and the rich smell of the cedar wood in the palaces and temples was very pleasant. So the cedar forest was guarded by Humbaba and Humbaba was no ordinary guard. He was a huge and strong monster. He had the face of a lion and he had seven auras in which he could wrap himself and send out as means of defense. However, Gilgamesh and Enkidu were both confident that they could defeat Humbaba in battle and harvest some cedar wood for construction projects in Europe. As Gilgamesh and Enkidu approached the cedar forest, Humbaba threatened them but Gilgamesh and Enkidu succeeded in beheading Humbaba. Then Gilgamesh and Enkidu cut down several giant cedars, built a raft and sailed back to Europe. After Gilgamesh returned to his palace in Europe, he took a shower and put on clean clothes and air dried his long hair. The goddess of love, Goddess Ishtar had been watching Gilgamesh and she was enamoured by his physical beauty. So she made sexual advances towards Gilgamesh and proposed to him. In her marriage proposal, Ishtar asked Gilgamesh to bestow upon her his fruit. In return, she offered him a marvellous chariot drawn by powerful steeds, the fragrance of cedar upon his entrance into their new home. But Gilgamesh rejected Ishtar's marriage proposal and criticised her treatment of her previous lovers. Ishtar was a goddess and her offer seemed very attractive. So why did Gilgamesh reject Ishtar's proposal and rebuke her? Let's understand Ishtar's proposal. When Ishtar asked Gilgamesh to marry her and move to a new home, she was actually requesting Gilgamesh to depart from this world and take up permanent residence in the netherworld. The chariot that she mentioned actually referred to the process by which Gilgamesh would be transported to his tomb by means of a chariot of lapis and gold. The chariot was part of the funeral ceremony that would take Gilgamesh to his new home, the netherworld. The fragrance of cedar was part of the Assyrian funeral ritual. And as he entered his new home, Gilgamesh would be greeted by priests and rulers who would submit to him by offering tributes and gifts. In other words, Gilgamesh would become the ruler of the netherworld. And Ishtar tried to deceive Gilgamesh by offering him honor, power and wealth. Ishtar was cunning. What she was really offering Gilgamesh was a one-way ticket to the netherworld. She invited Gilgamesh to assume the role that would eventually be his to become a ruler of the netherworld. Why did she do that? Both wedding and funeral ceremonies had similar rituals. Both marriage and death involved separation from kin and joining a new family. Both wedding and funeral ceremonies invoke symbols of sexuality and fertility. But Gilgamesh was not deceived. Gilgamesh understood Ishtar's proposal and rejected it because he realized that Ishtar's offer would lead to his death. So the conversation between Ishtar and Gilgamesh was really about mortality and death. Gilgamesh had to eventually die. And the epic of Gilgamesh is a story of a powerful human who does not accept the inevitability of death. Ishtar was humiliated by Gilgamesh's rejection. So she went straight to heaven and asked her father to send the bull of heaven to avenge her humiliation. The bull of heaven along with Ishtar descended upon Uruk to punish Gilgamesh. With the bull's first snort, the earth opened up and a hundred people fell into it. With the second snort, another pit opened up and two hundred people fell into it. On the third snort, Enkidu fell into a hole but only up to his waist because he was a giant. Enkidu managed to grasp the bull by the horns while Gilgamesh stabbed it in the neck and killed the bull. Enkidu and Gilgamesh then washed their hands in the Euphrates River and returned in triumph to the palace. The city of Uruk celebrated this great victory but this victory was short-lived. The gods decided to punish Gilgamesh and Enkidu for the acts of hubris. That night, Enkidu had a dream that to atone for the crime of murdering the bull of heaven, he would die. Soon, Enkidu fell ill and as he lay on his deathbed, he described his descent into the horrific dark house of dust where the dead wore feathers like birds and ate clay. The death of Enkidu was an act of divine retribution and one of the lessons in the epic of Gilgamesh was that the gods were powerful and if humans did not obey and praise them, they would face dire consequences. Now with the death of Enkidu, everything changed. Gilgamesh was devastated by Enkidu's death both because of the loss of his dearest friend but also because he now feared his own death. Also love motivates. The death of a loved one is the most powerful experience in our lives. We respond with questions, why me, why now and try to find answers. Gilgamesh also sought answers after the death of his dearest friend and Gilgamesh even offered gifts to the gods in the hope that they would revive him. Gilgamesh ordered the people of Uruk to also mourn the death of Enkidu and ordered statues of Enkidu to be built.  The outcome of preventing Enkidu's burial was ironic because leaving the dead unburied was actually disrespectful and after a week, Enkidu's body began to disintegrate. Gilgamesh could not preserve the body of his friend. Gilgamesh was determined to avoid Enkidu's fate and set out on a dangerous quest for immortality. What is evident is that Gilgamesh was not ready to accept his reality. Grief, fear, regret and a broken heart pushed Gilgamesh to discover and understand life. The epic of Gilgamesh is not only a tale about a powerful warrior king who showed his metal in battle but also a story about personal growth, change, human suffering, human limitations, death and ultimately the meaning of life. Without Enkidu's death, Gilgamesh would not have sought personal growth and Gilgamesh's quest for immortality was the mechanism for change but the depth of Enkidu was the catalyst for that change. Gilgamesh had heard of Utnapishtim and his wife, the only humans who survived the Great Flood and who were granted immortality by the gods. Hoping to discover the secret of everlasting life, Gilgamesh travelled far from Uruk, crossed great rivers and oceans and mountains and slade, mountain lions, bears and other beasts to find Utnapishtim. In the course of his wanderings, Gilgamesh met Siduri, a divine tavern keeper at the edge of the world. Gilgamesh described to her the loss of his beloved friend Enkidu and his quest for immortality. After Gilgamesh met Siduri, he wanted to stay with her because Siduri was a goddess and he hoped to achieve immortality through her. Siduri refused to provide a home for Gilgamesh and advised him instead to return to his own home in Uruk but Gilgamesh did not heed her advice. One of the things that we learn about Gilgamesh is that he was eager to achieve immortality and seek answers but he was not ready to learn and accept reality. And this was one of his biggest weaknesses. Now after a number of adventures, Gilgamesh reached the island of Dilman to get the secret of immortality from Utnapishtim. And Utnapishtim explained that the gods had granted immortality only once on that one and never repeatable occasion when they assembled after the flood. Siduri advised Gilgamesh to accept his fate as immortal and Utnapishtim told Gilgamesh that even the unique warrior must die one day. Utnapishtim then recounted how a great storm and flood was brought to the world by the god Enlil who wanted to destroy all of mankind for the sake of immortality. Because Utnapishtim had been forewarned, he built a boat and took refuge with his wife, some animals, grains and seeds of all living things. When the rains came, the whole world was covered with water and killed everything except Utnapishtim and everything on his boat. The boat came to rest on the tip of a mountain and on the seventh day after the water subsided, Utnapishtim first released a dove, then a swallow and then a raven to check for dry land. Utnapishtim then offered sacrifices to the gods in gratitude. At first Enlil was angry that someone had survived his flood but later blessed Utnapishtim and his wife and granted them everlasting life and took them to live in the land of the gods on the island of Dilman. Some aspects of this flood story are similar to the story of Noah's Ark. Although Utnapishtim knew that humans could not achieve immortality, he reluctantly offered Gilgamesh a chance and challenged Gilgamesh to stay away for six consecutive days and seven nights. Gilgamesh was not able to do it, he fell asleep. So when he woke up, Utnapishtim ridiculed his failure and asked Gilgamesh to return back to Uru. Gilgamesh was disappointed and as he got up to leave, Utnapishtim's wife asked her husband to give Gilgamesh a farewell gift. Instead of immortality, Utnapishtim revealed a secret to Gilgamesh and told him about a plant that grew at the bottom of the ocean that could restore his youth and strength. Gilgamesh managed to get the plant by binding stones to his feet to allow him to walk on the ocean bed. On the way back to Uru, Gilgamesh took a break near a lake. He was exhausted from his long journey and he set down the plant on the lake shore before wading in to bathe. In the meantime, a snake ate the plant. After eating the magical plant, the snake shed its old skin and got a new shiny youthful skin. And so this idea of rejuvenation and its symbolic association with the snake's ability to shed its skin can be found in many cultures. Gilgamesh's attempts to attain immortality had failed. Gilgamesh finally returned to his own city of Uruk. He resumed his role as king, brought back the wisdom and lessons that he learned in the course of his exhausting wanderings. And the wisdom that he gained about life and death formed the basis of the text that he wrote and the epic poet has written for us. Gilgamesh, the king, made an inscription based on his experience, a royal inscription intended for the instruction of future generations, especially the kings who came after him. And one of the most important lessons is that life is an epic battle between searching for life and simply living it. Death is the fate of all humans. Life is short. At the end of the story, it is not entirely clear if Gilgamesh found peace within himself or still feared death. But in time, Gilgamesh also died and the people of Uruk mourned his passing. In April 2003, German archaeologists claimed to have discovered the tomb of Gilgamesh. Interestingly, they were able to locate the garden enclosures, specific buildings, and Gilgamesh's tomb described in the epic of Gilgamesh. And one interpretation is that humans may achieve immortality through their lasting contributions to their society. So I hope you enjoyed this video about the epic of Gilgamesh. Please check the description box below for the links and list of references. Thank you.


right now I just want to show something that has depreciation on the books already so when we dispose it it'll have something on there so prior year depreciation I'm just making up the 10,000 so that means if I go back out over I adjusted this first one by the way to eliminate the current and special depreciation so you can see that 50,000 is now basically it's a double declining half-year convention that's what the makers thing is so we might talk more about that later but that's now it's calculating the 10,000 and then for the second piece we've got the 10,000 prior year depreciation and then it's using the makers double decline half-year convention to get to the 4,008 that 14,008 is what's pulling over to the schedule C so that's the general idea again if you purchase equipment you might have to put it on the books and capitalize it you might get all the depreciation still and the first year of purchase if you can qualify for like 179 deduction and special deductions but conceptually it's likely that we can from an accrual standpoint an accounting standpoint we put on the books and allocate the cost over into the future and and the tax code kind of mirrors that and then they deviate from that based on whatever economic weird whatever they're doing at the time so now we have this one on the books now we could say okay what if we sold that piece of equipment so now we're gonna say we disposed of that equipment that has depreciation related to it this is not inventory if it was inventory then we would normally just purchase it mark it up and then sell it and and that would be part of our cost to good sold calculation but instead this is equipment that we used in the business like a forklift or something like that which we're now selling or disposing of also note from a bookkeeping standpoint between the bookkeeper and the tax and taxes the equipment is something that you don't purchase all the time it's not a day-to-day business transaction so what you need to do is give that information that changes from period to period the purchases and the disposals and and sales of equipment which there shouldn't be too many that's what you need to give to your tax professional so they can update the depreciation and amortization schedules you also might be in a situation if you help your clients with bookkeeping and you're like a tax professional or something and you do bookkeeping as well that they might need help with those transactions of course because they can be complex just from a bookkeeping standpoint and then when you take tax depreciation into consideration it becomes further complicated also note that we could have different depreciation schedules for book depreciation and tax depreciation so i could have put like book depreciation in there on a straight line method instead of a instead of a a tax method which could include taxes could include 179 and and special depreciation so that complicates things further and so again you gotta just we might talk more about that when we get into like depreciation itself but let's think about a disposal now we're going to sell the asset now when we sell the asset notice that you would you you might sell it obviously you get to sell it on the market for whatever you can purchase it for and the asset value has gone down in other words what you've done with this asset we're selling let's say this this one right here we bought it for 25 000 it's going to go down in value that's the original cost and basis of it it's going to go down in value but we're getting a benefit from it as we depreciate it so we got a tax benefit of the 10 000 and that decreases the basis we got another tax benefit if we were able to take the 4800 in the current year that decreases the basis as the basis goes down that's bad for taxes because it's more likely that you're going to end up with a gain or less of a loss when you sell it now note that the special depreciation and the 179's allowing you to expense more of it in the current year means that when you sell something it's likely that you're going to end up with a gain because you over depreciated it because the tax code allows you to do that right so now you might end up with a gain kind of situation all right so let's imagine that we sold it for like a gain situation let's say we sold it for for 15 000 we sold it for 15 000 percentage a percentage or amount of basis property code existing mortgage let's say and i'm going to say we sold it like in the middle of the current year of 2022 in this case so so now it's it possibly adjusts the depreciation so now we've got the 25 000 the 10 000 that we depreciated in a prior year it's still depreciated part of it because we had the equipment up until the current year and then it calculated the sale you know at that point in time so then we can go to the to the forms that were generated so here's form 4797 sale of business property so if i scroll down the sale of business property pulling in gain from line 31 if i go to page two then we've got the equipment sale and here's the calculation so we had the 15 000 that's what we received the cost or basis plus expense expense of the sale is 25 000 the depreciation allowed or allowable 12 400 so the adjusted basis then it's the 12 600 so the total gain comes out to that 2400 that they're picking up here let me just see if i can kind of mirror that in like an excel worksheet let's just pull up another excel worksheet and just see if i can reconstruct that because sometimes it makes more sense if we build it ourselves so i'm just going to say let's format this currency and i'm going to say we'll get rid of the dollar signs boom and so when we bought this thing we bought it at a cost of 25 000 and then there was depreciation so we had the depreciation for you let's say D pre for year one and then year two and we sold it in year two and so the depreciation for year one or the prior year depreciation let's say prior prior year depreciation was 10 000 and the current depreciation we could see here was 2400 so we'll say okay it's 2400 so the total depreciation total D pre was equal to the sum of those two of 12 400 so we already got a benefit from that


Hello everyone, welcome to theCUBE's coverage of AWS re-invent 2021. We're on site in person, it's a virtual event, also hybrid events. I'm John Furrier, my host, Dave Vellante. Ninth year, Dave, we've been doing AWS re-invent theCUBE and it's 11th season. We've seen a lot. Yeah, I'll say. I mean, and the show is pretty packed, John. I mean, I think it's surprising folks, over 25,000 people here. I mean, obviously a lot of sponsors, but a lot of customers too. A bad event for AWS in terms of attendance is like record breaking for any other company. People are standing in line for sessions. It's definitely happening. People are here to learn. They're not just all employees. So definitely a successful event in person, as well in the live stream, but so much news to talk about. Andy Jassy is now the CEO of Amazon. That's the top story. Adam Silebski is taking over as CEO of AWS. Long time Amazonian who left Amazon to take the CEO job of Tableau, sold that company Salesforce under Mark Benioff, now back to take the helm from Andy Jassy and quite the pressure cooker here as he takes the stage. A lot of people are asking is, will he do well? Will he fumble on stage? Will he do the right things? And does he have what it takes to take the cloud to the next generation with AWS as their number one clear and far and away than the second competitor at Microsoft? And then a distant third in Google. So Amazon's earned a ton of competitive pressure at least from an industry standpoint, everyone's still trying to catch up. It's the same theme, Dave, every year. Amazon's out front and the lead just gets extended and extended. And again, here, no exception. Well, the Uber story, of course, as you mentioned is Andy Jassy's now taking over as CEO of Amazon. And history would suggest that a lot of times that companies falter when there's a CEO transition. But it feels like it's different this time. Andy Jassy was here since the beginning, launched AWS, which is a profit engine of Amazon, brought back Adam Silebski who has a deep understanding, he's not as technical as Andy, but obviously has a deep understanding of the business. Yeah, he was seemed comfortable up in the keynote. It wasn't on a typical fire hose of announcements. Even though it's a lot of announcements, they didn't shove them down our throat and they didn't in the analyst session as well.  Why do you think that is? Is that a COVID thing? Is that a change in? No, I think Adam Silebski wants to be his own guy as leader. A lot of things were eliminated from the keynote that Andy Jassy did. For instance, Andy Jassy loves music, so he always had the music, walk-up music, kind of like you see in sports, which is very cool. That's an Andy Jassy kind of tweak. Andy is all about announcements and he was just a push in the envelope. Adam was much more laid back. He sees, I think, more of a holistic picture, being more of an app guy, being more of a data guy, less of a, I would say, under-the-covers nerd like Jassy was. Andy was very deep on a lot of the tech stuff, as is Adam, but I think Andy a little bit more proactive on that. So, Adam was very much more about the impact of AWS culturally as a society, as a company, and kind of brought in this kind of think different Apple Vi, which is, the people who are pathfinders, as he takes that Jassy kind of approach of leaders, be a builder, be a change agent, be a game changer. Adam took it to another level by saying, hey, it's okay to be a pathfinder because it's net new disruption with the cloud. And I think that's the story that I see coming out of this where, in talking to Adam one-on-one, Amazon absolutely has a secret weapon in its chips, custom silicon, they're absolutely crushing it with how they're thinking about SaaS and platforms, and they have a huge ecosystem. And I think at the end of the day, and we talked about this in our story, on SiliconANGLE, Amazon could actually wipe out Microsoft. And I think Microsoft's core competitive advantage has always been their ecosystem and their developers. I think right now in the next few years, if Microsoft doesn't match Amazon, they will be decimated. Wait, wait, hold on, okay. Amazon's not going to wipe out Microsoft. Microsoft has too much of a cash cow. Look it, hanging onto Windows couldn't, the mistake in missing mobile, initially missing the cloud didn't wipe out Microsoft. So they've just got too much of a software cash flow. That's not going to happen. Maybe a little bit over the top. But Microsoft has done a great job on it starting to tell it to kind of stay in the game and do more. But if you look at the major inflection points, Dave, where's digital equipment corporation? Where's prime computer? Well, I think this is the point is, again, history would show that those companies when they handed the reins over to new CEO failed. They faltered, they were self-inflicted wounds. It almost happened, you thought it would happen with Microsoft where they became irrelevant under bomber. But when Nadella came in, he reinvigorated it because specifically they had the cash flow to be able to do that. So the big question is okay, what's going to happen? We ran a survey to our community to see what could disrupt Amazon.  But our survey respondents said there's a 60% plus probability that Amazon will be disrupted by other factors. And that's really- And self-inflicted wounds. And that's Jassy's, that's right. And that's Jassy's big challenge is how to not make those disruptions, how to fight those disruptions. The number one reason why they could be disrupted was self-inflicted wounds, which again, history would show would happen. But one of the things we talked about is that normally happens when companies stop innovating, when they rest on their laurels, right? And you kind of, you kind of saw that with those companies that you mentioned. But you mentioned their secret weapon. We wrote about that in our article, the chip. So we heard no secret. Everybody knew Graviton 3 was coming, right? And so that is Amazon's secret weapon. You know, I've been thinking about this, John. Amazon makes a lot of money on x86 instances that they've deployed years ago, right? And they charge a lot for. I was wondering, are the old x86 instances actually more profitable than Graviton? Maybe at this point in time, but long-term, Graviton, they control their own destiny because they control the hardware and software stack. And I bet you it allows them to get better negotiating leverage with AMD and Intel. Of course. I mean, Pat Gelsinger, we should talk about this all the time, but about as days in Intel, if you're not out in the next wave, you're driftwood. And I think Intel and AMD and others, they have purpose-built general-purpose chips. They're probably going to be for the lift and shift stuff. But if you're actually seriously writing software as an owner on the cloud and you want specific advantages of speed and performance, you're going to want the custom silicon that's purpose-built for your application and write code to that stack. So I think there's a whole another level of platform as a service, Dave, that's kind of coming out of this reinvent that I think could be a multi-generational trend, which is, hey, the cloud is a super cloud or platform. Look at the rise of Snowflake and Databricks.  Like, they're super clouds and themselves, they're platforms, they're not a point-sass solution. I think Microsoft in my analysis says, yeah, they got Office 365, okay, word processing stuff. But what other SaaS apps do they have assigned SQL Server and other things that are actually being built on there? And if I'm a developer, you're going to want to go to the platform, that's the highest performance for the application. Office 365, right? Yeah, it's a cash cow. But how long is that going to last? A long time. I mean, Microsoft's got a major momentum. We can argue about that later, but I want to touch on Graviton 3 because I think that was the big announcement of the day. 25% faster than Graviton 2, at least. Twice the floating point performance, twice the cryptographic performance, and three times for machine learning workloads and very importantly, 60% less power. So at Amazon scale, Adam said this in our meeting. He said, the economics really favor us because of our scale. And so, and they've also announced new trainium instances and what having custom silicon allows Amazon to do is release on a much, much faster cadence than traditional x86. And they could do really cool things. Nitro is their smart nick, which is the basis, their new hypervisor, if you will. So it allows them to bring in x86 NVIDIA NPUs, some of their own, or NVIDIA GPUs, some of their own silicon. So optionality is really the key there. You heard them announce an SAP instance, so that's a memory intensive instance. They can dial things up, dial things down, they've got full control of the stack. And by the way, copying them, Google's copying them, Microsoft is copying them. And who's leading this charge in custom silicon? AWS obviously, Tesla, Apple. I mean, these are leading companies that I don't think they all got it wrong. I think they got it right. The silicon angle is to have your own custom silicon. That is clearly the advantage, as it's vertically integrated. But the other thing that's coming out of this reinvents the purpose-built software concept, where they're not copying Microsoft's playbook as the Wall Street Journal was saying, and some are saying, Microsoft's copying Amazon. Amazon has always been this horizontally scalable resource. That's cloud. But with machine learning and AI, you now have this purpose-built capability from software into the app itself, where data has to be addressable. And I think the people in the data business kind of know this, but as the rest of the world comes out architecturally, having that horizontal observation space and data that's vertically tied to machine learning is a huge architectural shift. This is a complete rethinking of how software's built. And that's going to be a game changer. I think Amazon's well out in front of that. And I think that's going to be a huge architectural shift. Well, let's quantify this a little bit, because you're making it the point that Amazon is the number one cloud, which I would agree with. We're talking here about IaaS, infrastructure as a service, and the PaaS layer that sits on top of that. Microsoft defines the cloud as, we'll put in an Office 365, Google will put in its Google apps, Amazon's pure infrastructure as a service. And if you just look at that space, that's about $120 billion business when you add up AWS, Azure, Alibaba and GCP, which I would contender the only four hyperscalers out there. I don't include Oracle as a hyperscaler. I don't include IBM.  But we're talking big scaler, $120 billion. So actually relatively small compared to the trillion dollar opportunity that they have, but it's growing at 35% a year. Amazon will do more than $60 billion this year, $62 billion. Just to quantify it in that IaaS space, Microsoft will be about $38, $39 billion, okay? So pretty substantial. Those two are far ahead of the others. Everybody else is, you know, Google's still under $10 billion, Alibaba's right around there. So those two, it's really a two-horse race in IaaS. Microsoft, using its software estate, Amazon's got to be the innovator and has to have the best cloud to win, and it does. Well, it's also a platform. Let's go back to a little history lesson for the younger folks out there. When Microsoft had a monopoly, they had Windows operating system, which had DOS under the coverage, but Windows was the operating system and Office was a suite of applications. They encouraged software developers to build on top of Windows. And they had other servers, soft SQL server all came out, all that's all history. So their bread and butter was to have developers build on top of Windows, hence the monopoly. Of course they had the application and the system software, hence the monopoly, hence the Microsoft breakup by the government in 1997. Now today, cloud is essentially one big kind of PC concept. It's like Windows, it's the Windows equivalent. So cloud is essentially an environment platform that has apps that run on top of it, okay? In that world, Amazon by far is the number one. Windows model at Amazon, I mean Microsoft's used to is, okay, I got Azure and I got Office 365. That keeps them in business. That keeps them from losing. So that's a placeholder. So what I'm looking at is what is Amazon, I mean Amazon versus Azure doing relative to ISV and uptake for developers. And I'm suggesting that this continuing trend of Amazon will go, if it goes uncontested by Azure, they'll wipe the table on ISVs and software developers. If you're an owner of a software, you're not going to write software that's going to be sub-optimized for a platform that's not going to be performing.  And that's what Microsoft is doing there. They've shifted to cloud. They've gone everything into cloud. So Azure is their platform for innovation and acceleration. So those developers going to build a sub-optimized application versus going over here on AWS. Well, that's the story with Microsoft. Good enough. Again, we're speculating, but we're going to watch that. But that is to me, it will be the battlefield of what will determine Azure versus AWS. And I think everything else is smoking mirrors. Amazon's webs are way ahead of Azure, but the tell sign is going to be, does AWS attract those developers on their cloud with the custom silicon, with the integrated stack, and with the purpose-built software? I mean, it's looking really good. I think they got a really compelling story. I do think it's less about Azure versus AWS. I mean, that's an interesting storyline, and I love to talk about it. But I think they'll go back to 120 billion out of 4 trillion. That's really the larger opportunity for both Microsoft and AWS to continue to grow. Because you look at Dell with Apex, you look at HPE with GreenLake, Lenovo, Cisco, they've all got their own clouds. One of the things that didn't get into our article, but Adam Solipski, when you asked him about hybrid, is that hybrid cloud? When we were talking about some of the stuff they're doing, he said, look, that's not cloud, what those guys are doing. That's not what we did. And he talked today about Edge, it has to be AWS, not like AWS, that was the quote he used, talk about private 5G, bringing out posts, and he gave some examples of that. The point is, AWS is bringing its system, its architecture to the Edge, its programming model, infrastructure is coded to the Edge. Now, Kubernetes doesn't moderate that a little bit, but his point was, that's not AWS, that's not the cloud. Yeah, I think in summary, Dave, I have to wrap up what's the big trend this week, is that Amazon Web Services is a heaven environment for a developer, for the elite people who want to roll their own. For the folks in IT and these other environments, you can have prefabricated, purpose-built software platform to build on top of, and I think that is going to address the whole ease of rollout. So if I'm a SaaS developer, I don't want to rebuild that over again, I don't want to roll my own, I'll take what you got. And connect's a good example. If you want a call center, you can take it, use it, and then build on top of it, and iterate on it. So I think it's more of, here's a platform for you and take it, so I think that to me is the big story. And that's not, and think about it, how many people out there are rolling their own Amazon? You got to be pretty strong at Amazon primitives to roll your own. A couple of other quick points that, he barely emphasized the primitives, the APIs, that multiple databases, right tool for the right job, took a shot at Oracle without mentioning Oracle, because there's sort of one database. But I will say this, mission critical, Oracle still owns that. They talked about a mainframe migration tooling and runtime for mainframe compatible runtime. That's going to allow them to nip at the edges of those mainframe workloads and Oracle workloads, if they're not going to get to the core anytime soon. They also talked about roll level and cell level security. We think that's the squirrel acquisition from years ago. And then he made a statement, we have three X with Redshift price performance, better than any cloud data warehouse. Sort of interesting shot at Snowflake. And Databricks. And Databricks, so anyway. Yeah, I mean, I think overall, I thought Adam did a good job. I think he didn't disappoint. Okay, but I think his goal was to get through this and not have people go, well, it's not Andy Jassy. I thought he did an awesome job and he did a good job and he got what he needed to do. He was comfortable and he obviously leaned on some of his Pathfinder customers. NASDAQ, I thought was very impressive. United Airlines dish, so. Okay, CUBE coverage, ninth year of the CUBE here at AWS re-invent 2021. It's the CUBE you're watching, the leader in high tech coverage at CUBE.