Down Dodge City and in the territory on West, there's just one way to handle the killers and the spoilers, and that's with a U.S. Marshal and the smell of guns smoke. Gun smoke. Starring William Conrad, the story of the violence that moved West with Young America, and the story of a man who moved with it. I'm that man, Matt Dillon, United States Marshal. The first man they look for and the last they want to meet. It's a chancey job, and it makes a man watchful. And a little lonely. People today go more, take their pleasures with them. This is the lively life, the life for Pepsi Cola. Light, bracing, clean tasting Pepsi. So think young. Say Pepsi, please. Take Pepsi wherever you go. So go ahead and fix a drink. Let's you drink. Young as you sing. Yes, get the right one. The modern life went. Now it's Pepsi. For those who think young. Like my new buggy, Matt. Hey, that's a nice rig. Nice. It's the beauty. It sure is. Doctor took me for a drive up the Arkansas way, and this buggy rides about as easy as anything else I've ever been. Yeah, it's okay for summer. What do you mean for summer? Oh, you can't drive that thing around in the snow, can you, Doc? He wouldn't even get out of dodge. I don't know why we stopped to talk to him at all, Kitty. Besides, I thought you were supposed to have left town, Matt. I'm leaving right now, Doc. Oh, where you going, Mrs. That's just when I arrived and I went to El Cater. What for? Word came in that Kerry Post has holed up over there. Kerry Post? I never even heard of him. Now he's a killer from the Dakota Territory. El Cater's as far south as he's ever been. I don't know him either, Kitty. Well, I've got this picture on a wanted poster. Yeah, I was in El Cater once, Matt. It's a nice little town. Yeah, so I've heard. Well, at least if you've never been there, well, nobody knows you. You see? And you can ride in free and easy. Well, that ought to help, sir. It will, Kitty. A lot. Well, good luck, Matt. Thanks, Kitty. I'll see you both when I get back. I swear, Miss Dylan, as El Cater's duster and dodge is. I can't hardly see to breathe. You can't what? I can't do nothing but buy a glass of beer. Now then, let's try the saloon here. Looks like it's gonna place us in there to get acquainted. I don't need no persuading. Well, what do you have, gentlemen? Eh, you got some beer? Of course we have. I make it too, bartender. Okay. Looks like we're gonna have company, Miss Dylan. What? You fellas are strangers here, ain't you? Uh, yeah. Yeah, we are. That's what I thought. Gramps is my name. Cicero Gramps. No, I ain't asking yours. Don't get me wrong. We got nothing to hide. My name's Dylan. This is Chester Proudfoot. I do. Well, welcome to El Cater, gentlemen. I'll tell you something else. You buy me a beer and I won't ask no question. But I'll talk to you. Providing you're honest, of course. I won't talk no crook. Well, we're pretty honest, Gramps. Cicero or do. Okay. Bartender, make that three beers, will you? Three beers. I thank you, Dylan. And you, too, Mr. Chester. El Cater, pretty lively town, Cicero? Yeah, twas and taint. What? Yeah, twas lively, tainting them more. Oh. Well, why's that? Joe Fye, he done it. Come here two weeks ago and there ain't been a fight since. All right. Yeah. See you, beer. Oh, thank you. Yeah, tell me about this, Joe Fye, Cicero. Well, well, well, Joe Fye, he don't bother me, Dylan. I'm a peaceful man. I don't even carry a gun. It's the wild ones. Fellas like Cherry Post and such all that Joe Fye gets after. Did you say Cherry Post? Take it easy, Cicero. That's all right. Cherry Post ain't here no more. Joe Fye ran him out of town right off. He run three other fellas out, too. Oh, what for? Of course, he won't stand for no disordered. That's why. They was all gunmen, too. Bad. With Cherry Post, he said he'd wait till somebody shoots Joe Fye and then he's coming back. This Joe Fye must be quite a gunman himself. Oh, my, none better. We need a man in the whole country to stand up to him. How's that so? Yeah, been here two weeks. Nobody's faced him yet. Well, if nobody ain't faced him, how do you know he's such a good gunman? You can find out just through when you see him. Yeah, don't make no sense to me. What's his game, Cicero? Why does he want a Ronald Cater? Well, it's his job, Dylan. His job? Sure. Joe Fye's a United States Marshal. He's a what? He's a United States Marshal. Now, what's wrong with that? Cicero, maybe you don't know it. There's only one United States Marshal in this whole territory and he's standing by. Hold it, Chester. We'll find out what's going on here soon enough. Yes, sir. Meantime, don't worry about Joe Fye. He isn't after you. No, he won't bother you none, Chester. But Dylan here, and that's different. What do you mean? Well, Dylan looks like a gunman to me. And if there's one thing Joe Fye won't stand for around here, it's a gunman. Yes, sir. He's going to run Dylan out of town the first time he laid eyes on him. View X Special sweeps Class C of Mobile Gas Economy Run, placing first and second. The View X Special's average 25.09 and 24.67 miles per gallon and ran on regular gas as certified by the United States Auto Club. The Special's victory represents a clean sweep among compact cars with V8 engines and automatic transmissions, but that's not all. In the grueling 2,000 mile run from Los Angeles to Chicago in every kind of driving condition, the View X Special proved the most saving full of all automatic shift V8 cars entered, regardless of class. Yes, with a View X Special, you get gas savings like the smaller cars, yet more go than many full-sized cars, plus View X styling, View X comfort and luxury. And you can own a View X Special for less than you'd pay for most models of the low price field. Take a fun run in the car that got 25.09 miles per gallon to win both first and second in Class C of this year's Mobile Gas Economy Run, the View X Special at your dealers now. You know, Mr. Hunt, I don't like El Cater no better than I did on your first road in. Well, it's no San Francisco, that's for sure. Good afternoon, gentlemen. Hello. I don't believe I've seen you, man, in El Cater before. Well, we've never been here before, that's probably the reason. Staying along? No, he, uh, hadn't thought about it, want to wear the other. You know who I am? Marshall Fye, isn't it? I don't like gunmen here. Well, I ain't no gunman. I was thinking more of your friend than you. You move in pretty fast, Marshall. I mean business, gentlemen.  What? Many a man has died, it was a little slow believing me, mister. You've killed a lot of men, huh? Everyone that's ever crossed me. How many said? Well, I don't keep count, it don't matter. No, I don't guess it does. Say, is there a fellow looking for pleasure? He sure is, isn't he? I won't tolerate that.  Oh, no, look, you can't do that. Just a minute, just a minute. They must be friends of his, they're sure. Shutting him up. Yeah, they told him. You see, they're pointing over here at me. The man didn't know. He hasn't been to town since I took over. He sure did calm down fast enough. There he goes, mild as milk. You should thank those men for that. They just saved his life. That's a pretty tight town you keep, Fye. And don't you forget it, either of you. Good day. Well, oh, a bloat, a mean hog-headed man I ever did see.  How do you mean? He's got them all buffaloed. He hasn't had to fight once. Did you see how he handled that cowboy? He let those other men do his work for him. And with us, he waited until he was sure that we knew about his reputation before he got tough. You mean you don't think he's a gunman at all? I don't know what he is, Chester, but I got an idea how I might find out. How? I'll show you. And if I can take care of Joe Fye, then all I'll have to do is sit here and wait for a carry poster right back in the town. The first thing I did was to go to the general store and buy an old Navy pistol and a worn-out holster and a cartridge belt. And from there, we went back to the Alamos Saloon that spent the next two hours talking to Cicero Grimes. This time, I told him who I was. And after I explained the whole deal to him a couple of times, he seemed willing to sit in. There's only one thing I don't like about Marshall Dillon. What's that? It's voting you guessed it's wrong. Voting Joe Fye is something of a gunman after all. I ain't got no bullets in my gun. Oh, don't you worry about that, Cicero. I'll be right there. Well, it still could go wrong. If it does, I'll get shot. That's a chance you're taking to help the law, Cicero. You don't have to do it if you don't want to. But you get paid for taking chances with Marshall. I don't. No, you don't. But there's one thing. You'll be a kind of a hero. Say, a wheel won't I? Sure, and everybody will be buying you drinks from here on out, Cicero. Or you'll be famous like George Washington and all him fellas. Yeah, say, that's getting paid kinda, ain't it? Well, sure it is.  There's just lots of fellas who could help you out. No, no, they're not. You're the only man in town that's least expected to stand up to Joe Fye. You've never even worn a gun before. I sure ain't. I don't believe in guns. Yeah, but don't you see, Cicero, this way we're really gonna show him up. Yes, sir, I guess you're right, Marshall. I sure hope nothing bad happens. I promise you I'll do everything I can, Cicero. But in a deal like this, something can always go wrong. I won't try to fool you about that.  You don't try to hide nothing from me. You all set then? Yeah, I guess so. I sure feel funny with that your gun on my hip. Well, you will find, Cicero, even if it ain't loaded. Well, let's get going. All right, Cicero, you get out in the middle of the street now.  Yeah, he sure is. I hope I'm right about this. I'd hate to see him get hurt. Okay, you get up there to that alley and do a shooting for him, Chester.  Yes, sir. Joe Fyre, come on out and play, Marshall. All right, that's enough shooting, Chester. Come on back. Come, Miss Dylan, right across the street. Yeah. All right, what's going on? What's the matter with you, Cicero? There ain't nothing the matter with me, Marshall Fyre. What are you doing with that gun? I'll take it off. You didn't know about me, did you? No, talking like that. It'd be better for you if I was drunk, but I ain't. I always do my gun fighting flumps over.  I tell you something, Joe Fyre, the reason I spend so much time in the saloon there is to forget all about the men I killed. But sometimes I can't forget.  Oh, Cicero, ain't making much sense, Miss Dylan.  No, am I?  I'm warning you. I can't, huh?  Sure I am. I just told you, didn't I? I got to do it, Fyre. I'm sorry, Fyre, but I got to do it. Now, I've had enough of this.  No, you don't know you don't share with me. Now, I never saw a man so anxious to die. Now, you do as I say. No.  You can't hurt me. You don't know it, but you can't hurt me at all.  Go ahead, try it. Go on. Go on. There's no man in the world who can beat me, and you know it. I don't know it. I ain't never seen you shoot. Nobody has, but you're just about to see me. Well, the last time, you take your hands off that gun. Watch me, Fyre. Watch me now. I'm just about to draw. I'm about to draw everybody. Go on. Shoot him, Cicero.  Okay, I will. I will. I'm going to do it. I'm going to do it right now. Don't pull that gun. Wait a minute. I'll make it easy for you, Fyre. I'll shoot you right in the head, so you won't suffer so much. Right in the nose, maybe. Now, look. Look, Fyre. I got you covered. You didn't even try to draw.  Please don't kill me. Now, don't shoot, Cicero. Don't shoot me. I wouldn't draw on you. I was only fooling. But you're all through fooling out, Joe Fyre. Please. I'll take that gun. Give it to me. Come on out, everybody. Hey, fellas, look at here. My gun ain't even loaded. See? You're all through, Joe Fyre.  You ain't no U.S. Marshal anyway. You've been lying the whole time. Now, go on. Get going. You wait here, Chester. I want to talk to Fyre. What a short man, Fyre. He's taking my win bag. Come on. Fyre. Wait a minute, Fyre. I'd like to talk to you a minute. Leave me alone. I only want to ask you a couple of questions, then you can go. Ask me what? About this U.S. Marshal business. Is that your idea? Look, all my life, I wanted to be alone, man. Oh? Why? Maybe so as everybody would sort of look up to me. If you wanted to be a law man, why didn't you go be one somewhere? Why did you have to come here and lie about it? You don't understand it. I couldn't be a law man, not a real one. Why not? Well, you saw what happened with Cicero Grimes. I'm a coward, mister. That's what I am. Coward. I always have been a... I couldn't be a Marshal, not for long. That takes somebody... with somebody like you, maybe you could be a Marshal. But you're saying that the only reason you came here and told everybody you were the law was just a kind of a... game you were playing, sort of like a kid. Like a kid? I guess you're right. I thought maybe you had some other reason for wanting to run this town. Oh, no. No, I'm not a crook, mister. I never did anything bad. I believe you. I want to go now. I want to get out of this place. Okay. But there's just one thing. What?  I never wore a gun in my life till I came to El Cater. I always wanted to, but... I just never dared. Kind of fun while it lasted. So long, mister. The profits of doom were never more wrong. There's a total of $340 billion in United States savings accounts. $10 billion a year and more is being spent on research. America's growing total national output exceeds $505 billion. Too much arithmetic to grasp. Send for the free booklet The Promise of America, box 1919, send your name and address to box 1919, New York 19 for the free booklet. Know why a strong America can and will grow stronger still. Yeah, what, Chester? We've been here in El Cater most a week and that carry post ain't showed up yet. How do you know he ain't gone back to Dakota Territory? Maybe the word about Joe Fai hasn't got so, I bet. But I can't wait much longer. Yeah, Martin Marshall. It's Dylan, sister. I'm sorry, I just keep forgetting. Oh, that is a fall hog. You fellas are sure right. Everybody, even strangers, been doing nothing, buying me drinks and listening to my story. But don't you worry, Marshall. I mean, Dylan, I'm really careful about what I tell him. Say, you know something else? The bartender at the Alamo's hung that old Navy pistol I used over the bar. I guess it's kind of famous already. Well, it ought to be. It made the whole town of El Cater ashamed of itself for getting took in. That's what the bartender says. You should make him remember, I guess. Goodness, that fellow coming and sure raising a lot of dust, what's he in such a hurry for? Oh, boy, that Marshall. Yeah, I see him, sister. What is it, Miss Dylan? It's a carry post, Chester. You two stay out of the way, now. No, not me, I ain't. I'm gonna stay here and watch this. Yeah, I'd say, except right here, sister, of what you mean to him, Dylan. I don't know you. You've been a long time getting back to town. What are you talking about? You know, if I left a week ago, he had your buffalo, didn't he? Now, look here, mate.  This may upset you, some post, but I'm a real Marshall. What? Matt Dillon from Dodge. I've been waiting for you. No. And I'm taking you back with me, post. What for? I never even seen you for now. You wanted for murder in Dakota Territory, and you know something else? I don't expect one bit of trouble out of you. Now, Marshall. Taking your gun post easy, just like this. Sure, sure, sure, Marshall. I wouldn't make no trouble. I want to take it. I got it. Now, you get back on your horse. We're leaving for Dodge. Yeah, sure, sure. Hey, Clarence Dillon, that was the easiest thing I ever seen. How'd you know he wouldn't fight? Well, it's nothing but a murderer, Chester. He's not a fighter. Well, you got him, and you got Joe Fye, too. Him pretending to be a Marshall. It sure was worth it coming up here. I don't know, Chester. Joe Fye ran this town pretty well. But now the lead's off. It's too bad I could not lift him alone. He was doing fine. Hey, this is Dennis James to make a point about reliable, effective Kellogg's all-brand. Repeat after me, please. What do you want when you need brand? What do you want when you need brand? Reliability. Reliability. Now, what do you get in Kellogg's all-brand? What do you get in Kellogg's all-brand? Reliability. Right. You see, Kellogg's all-brand is the reliable brand that millions depend on for the effectiveness they want. It's the real Battle Creek formula that brings you more brand bulk in every serving. More of the vital brand bulk that helps you keep regular. Kellogg's all-brand is also low in calories and mighty pleasant tasting. You can trust Kellogg's for that. The crisp toasted shreds have the kind of good brand muffin flavor that most folks are partial to. So next time you are shopping, get Kellogg's all-brand and you'll get reliability. That's what you get in Kellogg's all-brand. Reliability. Gunsmoke. Produced and directed in Hollywood by Norman McDonald, stars William Conrad as Matt Dillon, U.S. Marshall. The story was specially written for Gunsmoke by John Meston. Featured in the cast were Mick Perrin, Ralph Moody and John Daner. Harley Bear is Chester, Howard McNeer is Doc and Georgia Ellis is Kitty. This is George Walsh, and why don't you join us again next week when CBS Radio presents another story on Gunsmoke. CBS Radio Newsman reveal the world tonight, every night on the CBS Radio Network. Hurry, hurry, hurry, the last few days to see Wen Jammer, the cinema-miracle thrill-packed adventure now at the Wenwood Theatre. Cinema-miracle, the three-projector process that casts its image on a gigantic curved wall-to-wall screen and puts you in the picture. Call the Wenwood Theatre, Whitehall 2 9529 for reservations to see Wen Jammer. You're in tune with KRLD, AM and FM Dallas, complete big-time radio. KRLD downtown temperature 45 degrees. You'll know more, but you'll have to read less when you read the sharply-edited Dallas Times Herald. The Times Herald has the right combination that use the features that sharpen your viewpoint, widen your world. And the Times Herald brings you Sunday, the local Sunday magazine that's fast and fun to read. Get the Dallas Times Herald. KRLD time now seven o'clock. Stay tuned for The World Tonight over CBS Radio. This is CBS News in Washington, Paul Niven reporting, The World Tonight. The coming to power of Władysław Gomułka, his Communist Party boss in Poland in 1956, was a bold innovation in post-war Eastern Europe. Gomułka ended some of the harsh repression of the Stalinist years, permitted a modicum of political ferment and discussion, and most importantly perhaps negotiated a truce with the Roman Catholic Church and its Polish prelate Cardinal Wyszynski. In recent months that truce has been disintegrating, and this weekend may be recorded as the time of its final collapse. In the speech yesterday, Gomułka accused the church of deliberately seeking martyrdom and trying to provoke persecution. He implied that the Vatican was putting the Polish Catholic hierarchy in a difficult situation. Today the Cardinal replied, in a Sunday morning sermon Wyszynski said boldly, I tell you, Caesar, that you will bow to your God and that you will serve only him and no one else. Satan is mighty, but man will not bow his head before him. In the Congo today there was a rare display of cooperation, and now that story. Congolese soldiers of the Communist-backed Antoine Gizenga regime today got together with UN forces for an unusual joint project. It's a military mopping up operation against the so-called leopard men, the cannibals who have been terrorizing whites in an Arctic Kivu province. 150 UN Moean troops and 50 of Gizenga's Congolese soldiers organized at Kindu for a 200-mile drive against the terrorists. Meanwhile, there are reports of cautious moves toward a political rapprochement between Gizenga and President Joseph Kasevubu. Secret feelers are said to have been carried by businessmen and travelers passing unimpercably between Leopoldville and Stanleyville. From Paris tonight, a CBS News correspondent on brief leave from the Congo takes a long and rather optimistic look at the situation there. Blaine Latel reports. This reporter has spent a good part of the day staring down at the keyboard of his typewriter and hoping to complete, in 25 words or less, the sentence which begins, I think the Congo problem can be solved because the sentence remains unfinished. Perhaps it should start, I don't think the Congo problem can be solved because but this sentence doesn't seem to lead anywhere either and a strong compulsion develops to give up the whole exercise to forget the Congo and spend the rest of the day strolling down the streets and boulevards of this beautiful springtime city. Perhaps this would really be the best solution because we in the West and perhaps those in the East too seem to be in too great a hurry over the Congo. We want a solution. History is moving fast, we say, and history demands a conclusive end to this problem. Either that or we say, the Congolese are incapable of solving their problems and therefore we, meaning the United Nations, must solve their problems for them. In the short time since last July when the Congo became independent, the Congo tried to solve its own problems and failed and the United Nations tried to solve the Congo's problems and failed too. What this reporter would like to suggest now is that history not judge the Congo too quickly or that if we must make a judgment that we judge the Congo and what has happened there by Congolese standards and not our own. And by Congolese standards, things are not going so badly, not so badly at all. As a matter of fact, by Congolese standards, things are going quite well indeed. Mr.  But in the Congo, his murder was accepted as normal and his departure from the scene removed the one major roadblock to an eventual solution of the Congo's problems.  The so-called Summit Meeting in Madagascar, at which they decided to bury, along with Mr. Lumumba, his idea of a strong centralized government for the Congo and substitute a loose confederation of states. Unworkable, we may say, too many governments, potential anarchy, balkanization. But to the Congolese, it is the only way. Their new government is built on the solid foundations of tribal loyalties. Each leader of any importance gets his share of the Congo, his rich and big, or small and impoverished piece of geography. But it is his, and it is more than he would have received under any other plan. And there you have it. The slow beginning. We may not be happy, but the Congolese are. And what is more, they have done this themselves, and now they are proud. And little by little, changes will take place. Tribalism will begin to disintegrate, and then perhaps the time will come for still another form of government. But the pace in the Congo is slow, and we must try to keep in step. Any attempt to set the pace ourselves to quicken the step would, in the opinion of this reporter, only lead back to confusion, chaos and death. And the Congo, in its very brief history of independence, has had enough of these. This is CBS News in Paris. Another story from Paris, the arrival of a new American ambassador covered by CBS News correspondent David Schoenberg. General James Gavin, hero of the U.S. who dropped at Bastogne in World War II, the youngest general in the U.S. Army at the time in his mid-30s, has returned to Europe today still young and vigorous at 50 to begin a new career and a new kind of life as ambassador to France, one of the major and most difficult diplomatic assignments in the Foreign Service of the United States. France is one of our oldest allies. It is the only major nation in the world that never fought a war hot or cold against the United States. That has always been on our side in every major battle that we fought, but that nevertheless is frequently in conflict with us politically. Ambassador Gavin will have to deal with President de Gaulle, a difficult man with a view...


Today we are talking about sprinkles and our super addicting Thai peanut sauce. Now you have to go find yourself some rice paper, which is usually in the Asian food section of your grocery store. Oh yeah, and the rice noodles, which are easier to find, also in the Asian food section. The only prep that's necessary here is chopping some tofu up and marinating it a couple of hours before you start the rest of the process. So you've got some really tasty tofu and unwrapping all of your produce from the plastic so that your YouTube fans don't comment on how much plastic you use. All right, here comes the hard, but kind of fun part is all of the chopping. We like to do this together as kind of an activity. Gets it done faster, have someone to talk to. Most everything here, you're looking to chop things so that they're the size of your spring roll. So with the cucumber, I'm gonna cut it into threes and then threes or fours again, I want cucumber sticks. With carrots, we've tried the shredded carrots before and they poke through the rice paper. So your best bet is actually to use a peeler and just make some long peels of carrot. Those stay in there really well. Green onions, those are already in the shape you need. Just cut the icky ends off. The red pepper takes a little bit of finesse. You need to cut the bulbous ends off both sides so that you have kind of a straighter stick so that it doesn't poke through also. So as I'm chopping, I am considering the color wheel here. There's quite a few things on my final plate that are gonna be green. So I'm alternating green, another color, green, another color. So just keep that in mind when you're plating. The purple cabbage, you can do pretty haphazardly. You just want it small enough that it fits. Cilantro, the fastest way I've found is to pop the top off and then there's another stem that has two more. You pop those off also. The mango and the avocado take a little bit of skill.  Both obviously have a pit in the center. Then slice that side in half and then skin it. Then you're gonna do as thin of slices as you can with it flat on your cutting board. So with the mango, I'm gonna peel the skin off as best I can. It usually takes a little bit of pairing with a knife and then get the skinniest slices that I can. And with the avocado, the skin should come off in one swoop for you. You want these as thin as you can because they're actually the prettiest thing in your spring roll and we're gonna put them at the bottom so that you can see. Oh, we didn't do the tofu. We didn't say put the tofu in the oven. Can I say that now? Spring rolls are a little bit of a multitasking thing.  So tofu in, then start chopping because later we're gonna flip the tofu and we wanna make sure that it's cooled a little bit before we try to start making our spring rolls. We bake our tofu at 350 on either parchment paper or a silpat mat for about 10 to 15 minutes on each side. We like it pretty well done. So just check yours and see which temperature you like it cooked at. And now for the star of the show, it's much less pretty but it is the most delicious part of this meal, the Thai peanut sauce. So on our website, we make this recipe in our eight ounce container. Now we're doubling the recipe and making it in the 64 ounce low profile container that came with our machine. All we had to do is double the recipe and it worked perfect. Three fourths of a cup of water, six tablespoons of soy sauce, two tablespoons of rice wine vinegar, two tablespoons of Sriracha, a small slice of lime with no peel. If it were a lemon, I'd keep the peel on but with limes, we take it off. Two cloves of garlic. If you haven't seen that crazy way that they get garlic out of skin by like spearing it, it's a video that went viral, you should check it out.  Two cloves of garlic. We've got ginger. Here I take the peel off. Sometimes I leave it in if I'm gonna be blending for a while like with our green juice but here I'm gonna take it off because we're not blending that long and then a cup of peanuts. We try to do roasted unsalted. The soy sauce is pretty salty. Obviously that's what soy sauce is. Ours came out a little bit too watery this time so we just added a little bit more peanuts and now it's perfect. Now you wanna boil your water, dump our rice noodles in. Just for the record, the rice noodles really are an optional ingredient. We don't always use them, especially if it's just us having dinner but if we are serving this as hosts and we're hosting other people, we do like to use the noodles because it makes these more filling. Next up is cooling your noodles and your tofu a little bit. You just don't want them to be piping hot because it doesn't mix well with the cold vegetables. Okay, that was a lot of prep work but now we get to do the fun part which is actually rolling our spring rolls. So the trick that I've learned is that you have to get your rice paper wet on all sides and so you have a plate of water out.  So I put a little piece of cilantro in the middle so that it's pretty clear that there's water floating and not to pick it up. So you wanna get your workstations all set up, a plate of water, all of the ingredients and then you wanna make sure that people have space to do this. The tricks that I use are making sure that the edges of the rice paper are really wet, otherwise you're gonna have crunchy icky bites and also doing a side to side building as opposed to an end to end building. So I kind of stack everything in the middle and make sure that the width of my spring roll ingredients is the width of the total that I actually want the spring roll to be. You can do this however you want. Lenny likes to put his sauce inside. I like to dip my sauce after. You can make a monster Chipotle style one if you want. You get to kind of be your own self here when you're making your spring rolls. So enjoy the process. I like to put slices of avocado or mango on the bottom because I think they're the prettiest ingredient that we're using and then I like to put a contrasting color right under it. So if I'm using avocado, maybe I'll put the purple cabbage right under it with the mango, I'll put something green. You also want to consider flavor combinations. So if you're using mango, having fresh mint with that is absolutely delicious. One thing that I don't want you to get overwhelmed with is I'm mentioning a lot of ingredients. There's so many different things that you can use here. I don't want you to feel like you can't make this if you don't have absolutely everything. We almost always put snap peas in our spring rolls and we didn't have any before filming this. That doesn't mean I need to go to the store and get snap peas. We'll just have spring rolls without snap peas this time. So pick the things that you like out of this, pick the things that you can easily find and make them even if you can't find all the ingredients. These actually last in your fridge for a couple of days. The only thing that you have to make sure to do is to separate the wrappers because they will stick to each other. So whether that's plastic wrap or a little piece of parchment paper in between each, that'll really help keep them for a few days. And like we said, sauce is absolutely delicious on a lot of different things. So you can keep that in your refrigerator for up to a week, I would say, and eat it on everything. I know that was a lot of prep work, but it's a really fun process. I hope that you enjoyed this video about making spring rolls and our Thai peanut sauce in the Vitamix. If you like this video, hit that thumbs up, subscribe to our channel if you haven't already and thank you so much for watching. We will see you in the next one.


So we have Viku Agarwal right now who will be talking about Python web community, what's going on, and all about it. Go ahead. Right. Iran, what is going on, and especially in Python web? Now people trying out web development in Python, whether they've had experience in some other language or they're trying out for the first time ever, they do find quite a lot of things to get started with and do it very easily. So the thing is that sometimes, if a lot of tools get added when you add it up into a text tag, things get a little bit overwhelming, and it gets a little hard to keep track of all of this stuff and what stuff does what. Today we're going to just look around all of those moving parts, try to understand all of them as a whole and how all of them together bring out a fantastic web ecosystem. So about me, my name is Vibhu. I've been using Python for the last four and a half years and have been involved in loads of web related projects. So yeah, I've played around a little bit. OK, let's start with basic HTTP. So client, there's a client, there's a server. Client sends in the HTTP request. Server responds with an HTTP response, pretty much that. Talking about static websites, client must specify a particular HTML file from which they want the content from or some other file. What the server would do is to take the content of that HTML file and embed the content of that file into the HTTP response and return the response back. So that's static website. But how about if you want to store some result into a database or you want to run a complex query or call it third party service, you can't do that with static websites. You can't do that with dynamic websites. What happens in dynamic websites is that you'll have a dedicated backend server, and the backend server would load a script. We usually call it as an external script, which has a few lines of code. It processes on those HTTP request inputs and then return the response back. That way, you've got your thing running. And these days, you can write your external script in pretty much any language. So that's a good thing to have. So how about we have a dynamic website wherein you want to serve both starting and dynamic content? Well, you can do this by using nginx. What nginx does is that it redirects the request. Whenever a request comes for the static content, it redirects to the static files. And whenever a request comes for the dynamic content, it redirects to the backend server, which we usually call it as an application server. So note is the first task over here for our application server, that is to just listen to the requests. And for that, how about we reserve one process just for listening to that request? So we'll just denote this particular circle over here, which we'll just listen to the requests. Now, once we have a request, we need to understand what do they want. For that, we need to parse them, understand them, break them down into tokens so that we can take the actions on those tokens and give some result. Now talk about that this application server loads this external script. This loading happens through forking. Let's go through this once again. There's this main server, main process, which just listens to the requests. So our request arrives. This main process listens to the request and then spins up a new process, or forks a new process, which in turn loads the external script from the hard disk, bring it into the memory, and then the script runs, and then returns the response back. Well, all of this is discussed very in detail in this RFC, that is the CGI Common Gateway Interface, in which they discuss how to load, invoke, and execute the external script. Well, they also discuss how to process the HTTP request input parameters. That is done using environment variables. So whenever request arrives, the main process listens to the request, parses that request, breaks it down into tokens, and then feeds all of the HTTP request inputs into the environment. And when the environment is filled, this main process forks a new process, which loads the external script. And then the, because this is a child process of that parent process, this child would have the environment variables of the parent process. And then what the script would do, is to just pick up those environment variables, which in turn are HTTP request inputs, and then works on it, processes it, and returns the response back. So that's our CGI. So everything good? Not quite. Because these fork and this loading of external script from the hard disk are heavy tasks, because these are system calls. And these are the few things which you may want to avoid, because these are not corresponding to a particular request. What you want to, what you can do, is to adopt a pre-foc model. What we do in a pre-foc model, is that we spin up some number of processes in advance, which load the external script from the hard disk into the memory in advance. So whenever a request arrives, this application server listens to it, and then takes one of the available pool of processes, and then assigns that request to that process, and then the script runs, and then it is on the response back. And so over here, there was no overhead of forking, because that had been done in advance, and there is no overhead of this loading the external script from the hard disk, because again, that has been done in advance. All right, since we introduced a lot of processes into our mix, we also want that our application server should be able to handle increasing or decreasing of processes on the fly, because we want to reuse or utilize the resources efficiently. For that, we need that our application server should have this process management feature. So that is one other thing which gets added up onto the application server. So we talked about this external script. What can the external script do? Well, it can do anything, but what are the common tasks of this external script? One of the common tasks of the external script would be to generate dynamic content. Well, you can do that by embedding dynamic content into your HTML, which you can do it by strings, by formatting the strings, or you can use templates. One other common task, which is done in the external script or backend is to route. They can be multiple HTTP paths, and you want to route, you want to map particular path to a particular function, which are also known as URL dispatchers. And this whole thing of mapping of particular paths to the respective URL dispatcher or function is known as routing. And there are a lot of other common tasks which are needed in the backend servers, which you might not have seen people or web developers writing in their everyday application, because all of these are separated out in a separate tool in what we know as web frameworks. Now, Python web community might be familiar with these web frameworks in the form of Flask or Fast API or Django. Now, a lot of talk has been already done yesterday as well about the different web frameworks. Let's just quickly take a quick look at the Flask code. So import Flask, you instantiate Flask, and then you define your path along with your function or your URL dispatcher. So what's happening over here? What's happening is that your web framework or your Flask in this case forms a layer around your business logic. So whenever a request arrives, the web framework handles it first and then it executes some code and then had to hand it off to your business logic. Your business logic then runs and then it hands the result back to the web framework. Web framework may perform some exit operations based on the input and then it returns a response back. So that's how web frameworks adds up onto the functionalities into your code base and allows you to focus on your business logic rather than the unnecessary or necessary simple tasks which are needed in everyday applications. Moving on, Django is a very mature and one of my favorite web frameworks and highly maintained and it provides a lot of features. If people who use Django might be aware that the Django provides a lot of features using middlewares. For people who have not used middlewares, what Django middlewares do is to add up extra layers between your web framework and your business logic. So what happens is that whenever requests arise, web framework handles it first, executes some code, then it hands off the result to the first middleware layer. The first middleware handles it, then it hands it to the second middleware layer, till it reaches your business logic and reverse way back. That's how the Django middlewares add up a lot of features into your system or code base. Back to our application server. A lot of people might, or I think web community might be familiar with application servers in the form of GU and Econ or Uwiski. Now, before we dive deep, let's just quickly take a look at WSGI or what people call it, Wiski, because this Wiski term comes up a lot, comes up a lot in our documentation, deployment, everywhere. So let's just take a look at that. Remember CGI, which is said, which was a specification which said how to load, invoke, and execute the external script? Well, WSGI, Wiski went even further in saying that how this server and external script would behave, how to prototype all of them. So let's just quickly, just let's just take a look at that. So what Wiski says is that we'll have two parts. One would be the application server, one would be our external script. These would be, should be made kind of independent of each other. And if they are made independent of each other, they can be developed independently that will push towards rapid development, faster development. So how can they be made independent of each other? If one part knows about the other part, then probably the things will go again. If one part knows about the other part, knows about the other part, how they are trying to, how they will behave and what they're expecting, what is expecting of, what is expected of them. So all of this stuff is declared a prototype these can be made independent of each other. So Wiski helps us with that. It declares that our external script should be prototyped into a simple function and what we usually call as an Wiski application. So this application should take two parameters. The first one, what it would receive would be a dictionary or a hash map of environment variables. The second input which it would receive would be a function. And this function has to be called somewhere inside the application which in turn is expecting the HTTP responses status and headers which you're finally intending to pass back and then you'll finally return the response body if you have any. And in between all of these, you're going to write your business logic. So where, how does web framework fit over here? What web frameworks do? Okay, let's just quickly take a look at the code. So remember the Flask code? This is this app word over here. This is the Wiski application.  This again is a Wiski application. So what web frameworks are doing is they are wrapping all of your business logic, all of the stuff you write along with their features and then they just plug it over here. So now notice that app forms the layer around your web framework and your business logic. Something like this. So the question arrives, app handles it, hands it off to the web framework and then through the middle layers, if any, to reach your business logic and reverse your back. So that's how the app forms a layer. All right, so that was the right side or external script side of our WSGI. How about the left side? Again, these are application servers or which are known in the form of G and Econium, U, Wiski. Now, the good thing, good news is that we've already discussed the features of G and Econium, U, Wiski. These are the features which we already discussed like parsing the request, listening to the requests, handling the process management, all of that is all that sort of stuff. So this is the usage of U, G and Econium, U, Wiski. Moving on, G and Econium reduces two new terms. One is the master process and one is the worker process. Master process is the one which just listens to the request and the worker process are the processes which actually handles the request or which loads external script into the memory and runs the request. So let's just quickly go through this once again. So your idea of business logic along with the stuff provided by your web framework, you wrap it all up into an application. This application is then passed to the web server. Web server then may take some external or other parameters as well like how many number of processes to spin up. Then it spins up that many number of processes which loads this code from the disk into the memory. It doesn't call it at this point. When a request arrives, it takes the one of the processes and then the app is called, this function is called. So that's how the web thing is set up. Yay, we're done. We know how the web works. Well, not quite. Now, asynchronous is a topic which has been already touched by Sebastian in his keynote yesterday and Korean must have discussed about this in his keen in his talk earlier today, but I'm here to give my perspective or a different perspective or a perspective from the web world. So let's just quickly discuss what asynchronous is. Asynchronous is a thing which is matured a lot in the last three or four years. And this has pushed towards the rapid development of tools and libraries in all domains, whether it be data science or web. And as such, there are a lot of tools and frameworks, relatively newer frameworks and tools out there which helps us in asynchronous web development. So what is asynchronous? Let's just quickly discuss that.  Your friend is a little bit slow in thinking about a turn. So what you did is you thought about an idea. How about you attend a bike or talk in the time your friend is thinking about a turn? So what you did is to utilize your time efficiently, utilize your time to the fullest. That is exactly the goal of concurrency. Utilize the resources and time to the fullest. So your opponent thought of a turn, they played the card and then they're looking for you.  So once you were done the talk and hopefully happy with my talk, you went back to your negotiator and negotiator presents you with the list, which you list of tasks. You see your friend's name over there. You say, hi, I'm available. And so you and your friend then play the turn, play the game. So this list and this negotiator and this popping off the task from the list, executing it midway and then dropping it and then adding it back to the list and then cycle like this. This is something which signifies or denotes event loop. This was a little bit confusing and you can check out the other talks or you can check out this playlist as well. This is awesome. Okay, what is this ASGI, asynchronous gateway interface? This is again a specification which is added for asynchronous web development. It's just like WISGI, but it adds a lot more flexibility to WISGI. And as it says, it's a spiritual successor to WISGI and is a superset to that. So again, just like WISGI, ASGI states that there would be two parts. One would be the application server, one would be the external script. They should be made kind of independent of each other and they would be made independent of each other if external script has a prototype again. But before moving into the prototype, ASGI introduces two new terms. One is the scope, one is the event. Scope is something which contains the information about connection. If you're using HTTP, it may also contain information about HTTP request headers which in turn contains information about connection preferences as well. Events are just the fancy name of saying messages. These are messages which are exchanged between the web server and the application. Let's take a quick look at application now. Again, this should be a function, but notice that this is an async function now. This should be available. And it is expecting three parameters. First one would be the scope about which we discussed right now. The second parameter would be again a function. This would be an async function which when awaited on would give you an event or the message from the web server. Now you can take an action based on this message and then return a response back. Using the third parameter which you received, this is again a function, an async function which you can await and it in turn is expecting an event in it. Notice that event or message is in the form of a dictionary and it has got to contain this type key which contains the category of this message so that a particular action can be taken on this message. And notice that we don't have a return statement over here which is a good thing. What that means is that once you've instantiated or called your application once, you can put these three statements on a loop and you can take advantage of receiving multiple messages and sending multiple messages. This helps us in implementing web sockets. All right. Just like with G5 frameworks, we have asynchronous web frameworks as well. Why do we have asynchronous web frameworks when we already have synchronous web frameworks? This is because synchronous code is not that straightforward or that easy to be converted into an asynchronous code. A lot of things have to be kept in mind so that our code is taking full advantage of concurrency and our resources. So we have, as a result, we have our asynchronous web frameworks. Now, the functionality of the frameworks is the same. It's just the differences that these are asynchronous in nature. Sonic is a lightweight web framework which is very fast and I haven't used it personally but I've seen people using Sonic and they give good reviews. If you've been using Flask a lot and you want to dive into asynchronous development, you can check out Quartz because Quartz API is very similar to Flask and you can just quickly get on with asynchronous development if you go with Quartz. Channels is a project which you may or may not call as a web framework because it's an extension designed for a Django application, Django project, which gives it the asynchronous functionalities whereas Django is not natively asynchronous in nature. Fast API and Sonic is something which was already discussed in Sebastian Keynote yesterday and it's a web framework which Fast API is a framework which helps us in focusing or developing web APIs. Sonic is a very good web framework on which the Fast API is built on. Just like we had servers on the VisGee side, we have servers on the AsGee side as well. That is the left side over here. These are in the form of Hypercon, Daphne or Ubicon. Hypercon is created by the creator of Quartz and it supports HTTP one, two and I think three as well. Daphne is a project which comes under Django. The documentation says that it is intended to be used along with channels but I've seen people use Daphne with other web frameworks as well and it seems to have worked great. Ubicon is the project which focuses on performance and it's supposed to be one. Yeah, I suppose it should be one point one right now and it really focuses on performance so you can get the best performance out of it. So for more discussions, check out this link. So a request arrives, the server handles it, takes over one of the processes and then executes the script. That's it, it was just like VisGee. But the main difference is in the fact that these are asynchronous in nature. What that means is if multiple requests arrive with this application, the request gets scheduled serially even if some request goes for the Iobondo operation. Whereas with ASCII, if multiple requests arrive, some other request which should be scheduled in future which was scheduled in the time when some other request went for some Iobondo operation. This gives a better response time for every request for most of the requests and it also saves in the overall time, so performance boost. So if it can take full advantage of your ASCII applications you are very good to go. So conclusions, takeaways are that now you know what are the different parts of web framework, web servers. There are a lot of tools as well which I wanted to add onto the tech stack. For example, a web framework extensions and web server extensions, other worker processes, all that sort of stuff. These do add up, add up. But what I discussed today were the basic stuff and are mostly used in almost every other application. So now you know that which part does what and if you sometimes see a bug somewhere in your application you know where to look out for and then probably file a bug report over there or maybe fix it yourself. So yeah, that's a good thing to know and carry it forward in making your entire code base working. Where did I get all of this information from these wonderful, wonderful documentation of wonderful, wonderful projects and I'm up for some questions. So how much time is remaining? Although if a lot, not a lot of time. Yeah, here we go. If a lot of time. Yeah, we do have a couple of minutes. Okay, so I'll just be taking some questions. If we don't have enough time I will be there in some hallway track. Probably the web development one, preferably the web development one and still it was there of course. So yeah, just hit me up with some questions. Yeah, that's great. It's great that you informed them of it. So we do have some questions. So the first one goes kind of like this. So we have Django, Flask and Fast API. Which one would you recommend to start with? The thing about, the good thing about being in the Python community is that you've got a lot of web frameworks to get started with. But over the time, the main thing which developers say or may recommend is that your choice of a framework really comes down to the kind of work you are going to do. For example, if you're going to do some normal operation or simple web framework stuff which is provided by Django which are the features which are provided by Django. Django is one of my favorite web framework I've used Django a lot. Django works in a lot of cases. But if you want to focus on, if you have a particular need, maybe if you want to use no secret database you can use Flask and if you want to play around with or actually use asynchronous, write asynchronous code or use the concurrency you can use Fast API. And also if you want to develop web APIs Fast API is the thing to go. Certainly, certainly. I think like you mentioned, Sebastian session yesterday also kind of pointed at that. There's also a poster session which is there. You guys can go and check it out. It's about Fast API. So thanks a lot, Vibhu. It was a really nice session about the web community in Python and the various frameworks which are there in Python for folks who are interested in the web. Thank you. It was a great hosting here.


How do we test fedora? This is kind of some background. This is all gonna come up later on. So I just want to establish it Those different levels you can test that there's disk it which is where we keep the sources for the packages So you can actually you know run tests before a bill an official build has ever happened You can run tests on pull requests so you can you know run nightly tests on the git repo if you like You can test after an official build happens in Koji or an unofficial build, you know any kind of building Koji That's another place you can test You can test updates which are you know when we put Related builds together into an update and say this is the thing that needs to go into the distribution you can test that level And you can test composes and composes are when we put all the builds together and we make images out of them We make repositories out of them. We do that nightly for most streams of fedora You can run tests after composes happen So these are these are kind of the the main levels that you can run testing at so


Okay, the chair notes the time is six o'clock. I called the meeting of the Amherst voting board of appeals to order My name is Steve judge as EBA chair. I want to welcome everyone to this meeting The zoning board of appeals is a quasi judicial body that operates under the authority of chapter 48 But the general laws of the Commonwealth for the purpose of promoting the health safety convenience and general welfare of the inhabitants of the town of Amherst Pursuant to chapter 20 of the acts of 2021 and extended by chapter 22 of the acts of 2022 this meeting will be conducted via remote means Members of the public who wish to observe the meeting may do so via zoom or by telephone No in-person attendance of members of the public will be permitted But every effort will be made to ensure that the public can adequately access the proceedings in real time via technological means All hearings and meetings are open to the public and recorded by town staff and may be viewed via the town of Amherst YouTube Channel and the ZBA web page There was an inadvertent error in the posting of the notice for this meeting and as of this public meeting and as a result tonight's agenda of VBA 2023-07 Convies to request appeal under section 1142 of the building Commissioner's decision of a notice of violation under sections 11.45 and 12.172 of the zoning bylaw located at 12 nutting Avenue map 11c parcel 104 general residence zoning district ZBA FY 2023-09 Han Susan trustee you pang zen Request a special permit to modify a previously approved special permit ZBA FY 20 2009-16 for the purpose of modification to conditions 36346 910 as they relate to the proposed changes to the site plan and a management plan under section 10.33 10.38 and 10.38 of the zoning bylaw Located at 290 West Street map 20 a parcel 39 neighborhood residential RN zoning district and ZBA FY 2023-col dash 10 College Street 1957 LLC Cara Valley property management Request a special permit to construct a building addition and to allow a change of the use from one family detached dwelling to an Non-owner occupied duplex dwelling under section 3.3211 and 10.38 of the zoning bylaw Located at 300 West Street map 20 a parcel 101 neighborhood residential RN zoning district will not be considered tonight We will continue the consideration of ZBA FY 2023-07 the appeal of a billing Commissioner's decision until 6 p.m February 9th And we'll reschedule consideration of ZBA FY 2023-09 at 290 West Street and ZBA FY 2020 2023-10 300 West Street for a later date Since we do not have a quorum and cannot conduct any other business tonight The zoning Board of Appeals is adjourned until our next public meeting on February 9th at 6 p.m. Thank you. I think that's it. Thank you, everybody. Thank you. All right. Thank you very much. Yep. So do we We'll see you all in a couple of weeks. Right. Thank you for your forbearance with all of our staffing difficulties. Appreciate it. Thank you very much. Yep. We appreciate the work. Thank you very much. Bye bye. See you all.


Hi everyone, this is Gichou. Welcome to my channel and welcome to the live stream. Today, today is September 6th, 2021. Interesting times, interesting times, and we're doing a current events live stream, news, politics, economics, and what not. And we could do a 12-hour live stream and we would not be covering everything. This is going to be approximately a two-hour live stream. I'm going to cover as much as we can. And while we wait for people to roll in, I'm going to give my intro to this live stream for censored tube right away because there's absolutely no way we're going to be loading this full live stream on to censored tube. It'll be like a little two-minute segment that you're going to see on censored tube if you're watching this right now. And we're doing a live stream and we're going to be talking about things that the censors on censored tube and the technocratic sites do not want you to hear. Electric Shepherd, how are you doing? Good afternoon, good afternoon. And it is up to you, Nights of Old Comic. Hello, hello afternoon to you as well. Cheryl's in the house. Right on, right on. Everybody's popping in, right on. We've got our special emotes going. Maldras, cheers, cheers, cheers. How are you guys doing? So for those of you that are watching this little intro on censored tube, the technocratic censors do not want you to participate in these types of discussions. They deem you to be too fragile to think for yourself, to consume information. And for those of you on censored tube, I appreciate that some of you are mentioning that I should continue to load these videos on there, but we are already shadow banned. We are sharing certain types of information that I think it's still valid to have that platform available to share that information, specifically the mathematics, right? Because once people learn mathematics, they can do the calculus and realize, hey, there's somethings that do not make sense. They do not add up, right? So our main purpose is to educate people as much as we can regarding critical thought. So that is important to have. You want to go beyond that level to actually participate in discussion and apply your knowledge of critical thought that you have learned. You cannot do that on censored tube. So you want to be following us either on pitchute, rumble, or Odyssey, because this full live stream will be loaded on those platforms. Thank you very much for the follow house. Okay. And some people are mentioning that they're not noticing any censorship on censored tube.  End of story, right? Get on to new tech, what the internet was meant to be, and what the internet was in the 90s and early 2000s. Consume information, participate in discussions, learn what makes the world go around, and that information will make you anti-fragile. Okay. Aside from that gang, I'm going back to the chat, and we're going to continue our discussion on current events.


In America, he said, it's different. In the old country on Easter, the police get all licked up and come riding into the ghettos, get the Christ killers, they'd say, and swing their leather whips and run the animals right into us. When police do that, he said, there's no one you can turn to. I asked him what a ghetto was. He said it was the oldest, poorest part of town, where the Jews were forced to work and live. His parents died in that ghetto. But first, they sent him to America. He was just a kid, 11. 11? He was luckier than my great-grandfather. He was 27. He had to work quite a few years busting rocks at his farm in Galway to pay for the passage over here. His probe was so strong that everyone used to make fun of him. And he began to talk less and less. He had to get a job busting rocks on the railroad because it was the only thing he knew how to do. He died working for the railroad. Well, Mike, I can understand that your grandfather had a tough time here, but so did my ancestors. They came from China on a boat, stuffed in like cattle for 40 days. Most of the time here, they were afraid the Irish were going to be or shoot them, since they were trying to also protect their jobs. Everyone who came here had it tough.  You called us mixed. We called you coollies. Everyone who wanted to make it here had to have a gimmick. My grandfather didn't do what his father did on the tracks. He hustled for the Democratic Party and never once looked to discharge him or in his life. He was the chairman of the Democratic Party clubhouse on our old district. My grandfather got my dad a job on the police force after the war. I thought it was a real big deal then. But now my dad's got it tough. He's got to walk a beat in the ghetto. Oh, Harry, you're breaking my heart. Imagine that, walking a beat among all those colored folks, too. Don't put him on, Spencer. Being a cop in a ghetto is tough.  Listen, Schroeder. A cop's a cop. Black, white, Puerto Rican, it doesn't make any difference. He's the man. In the ghetto, as you call it, you think of cops sort of the same way that Levi's grandfather used to think of the police in Russia. And we have a reason to feel that way. Oh, don't be so sensitive, Carol. Nobody's putting blacks down by saying it's tough to be a cop in the ghetto. What's wrong with the things that make a ghetto? Believe me, I know it because we lived there until I was almost nine. My grandparents still live there. But my father wanted out. He thought the neighborhood was getting too rough for him to raise his kids in. The same year he bought his first truck, he moved his cross town. Don't be so sensitive, Carol. Don't you know Baralotti here? Used to live in your neighborhood. Used to live on your block. Remember, Carol? Way back when. It was a neighborhood and not ghetto. When you didn't have to step over winos on curbs and junkies in halls. Schroeder here. Levy, Fawn, and O'Hara. They live on blocks, don't they? But they're not like ours. So tell me, sensitive sister, is that why you're so sensitive? Because in Newspree country, you made that neighborhood up. Carol? The homeless in neighborhood, in a free country. Come and get them. It's a tough question. And there's some other tough things, too.  And how come Spencer's so angry? How come cops mean something different to Levy and O'Hara than they do to Spencer and Carol? Tough question. And the answer is just as tough. The Statue of Liberty has been lighting the wave for strangers at our gate since 1884. And before her, this harbor was the welcoming community. It's seen them all, Serbs, Scots, Danes, Turks, betting their lives that it would be better here. But notice the lady here. She faces the sea. Behind her, over there, are a lot of folks she never welcomed. Carol's grandfather, and Spencer's, and mine, they arrived a little further down the coast, places like Savannah and Charleston. And they didn't want to come here at all. Bears was no trip to the promised land. It was held with brandings and beatings and filth and starvation. No one knows how many dragged their chains over the side, drowning, rather than submit to a life of slavery. Well, we're the descendants of the survivors, the immigrants from America. From 1619, when 20 of us were sold by a Dutch ship to the English colony in Jamestown, Virginia, 14 million blacks came and changed to this land of the free. We were the black gold that made fantastic fortunes for those who ran the slave trade. Demands for labor grew with the invention of the cotton gin. Slaves were needed to man the sprawling plantations. But as slavery spread across the land, so too did a spirit of black resistance. Rebellions of Denmark, Visi, Gabriel, and Nat Turner revealed that there were men, not animals, in the slave court.  Let your motto be resistance, resistance, resistance. Many resisted, and many died. But for the waves of white immigrants who began to arrive, America was a golden dream. Transforming the dream into reality was to test every group that came. Each shared the disease, dislocation, and poverty that was the mark of the newcomer. Many perished who came. Most who would survive did so by building a method of escape. It was a ladder, a ladder that could scale the walls of the new world. Only four wrongs to this ladder. But often it took more than one generation for each newcomer to reach just the first wrong. But without each wrong, it was almost impossible to reach the next. For most, the first wrong was education. Education was intended for everybody. It was to be the real passport by which the new American could compete for better jobs. American education intended that each child be more skilled than its father. See, skills meant money. Money one could save. Money one could invest in things that made more money. And this, we call with capital, the immigrant began to have status in his community. Now to protect this position, he began to get involved in politics. And in the affairs that were affecting the things that went on around him and within his community, this is power. And with political power, the immigrant was able to shape his community or move out. And with this ladder, this four wrong ladder, he was able to scale the walls that bound him in. OK, if my father used it, how come the same matter wasn't used by then? For the black immigrant from the south, for Spencer's grandfather, for Carroll's father, for mine, no ladder existed. And the walls of bound men were much too high to leap. To understand why no ladder existed, you have to understand the particular way that black men and women were viewed in America. To Washington, Patrick Henry, and Jefferson, we were things, not people. They were not considered evil men because they owned slaves. They were simply men of property. And blacks were regarded in their society as animal labor. Why the Constitution considered a slave to be three-fifths of a free man. We were not even conceited to have the same rights as others until the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to that Constitution. The 13th Amendment of 1865 said slavery shall not exist. And for a brief moment, we dared to dream that our chains were finally gone. During the radical reconstruction, we saw a few schools and orphanages and hospitals finally being built for us. We saw radicals in the state legislatures of the South open the ballot box and the jury box to include us.  A northern brother, Rutherford Hayes, said that absolute justice for the Negro could be got best by trusting the honorable and influential Southern white. So much for the 13th Amendment. We remained enslaved to lives of ignorance and poverty. The 14th Amendment in 1868 said all men born in the United States were citizens entitled to equal protection under the law. There is no equal protection under the law. When 1,200 black men could be murdered by mobs between 1890 and 1900, and not one white murderer be brought to justice. The 15th Amendment of 1870 said that the right to vote could not be denied because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. But for almost 100 years till the passage of the voting rights bill in 1965, we were systematically cheated in that right. Listen to Senator Ben Tillman of South Carolina. In 1900, he declared in the halls of Congress, we have done our level best. We have scratched our heads to find out how we could eliminate the last of the Negro voters. We stuffed ballot boxes. We shot them. We're not ashamed of it. Finally, mechanization of the southern plantation and persecution began to drive us from the land to the towns. But even there, the segregated life meant hunger and white violence. To us, the North meant opportunity. World War I had cut off the flood of European immigrant labor. Workers were needed in Chicago and Detroit and Cleveland and New York. By 1922, million of us had left the plantations. But we found a different America than had the other immigrants who preceded us to the northern city. No longer was there a need for the masses of unskilled labor to build the new cities and the new industry. It was an America that said all men are equal. Life men are more equal than others. It took us a long time to understand that. To realize that if there were any changes to be made, we would have to make them. Because when we came north, we found no magic ladder to scale our walls. No, sir, no magic ladder and no first rung called education. That meant very much. From slavery, when a man could have his hand cut off if he were caught riding, they told us that writing and reading was white man's business. Our business was sewing and reaping and harvesting. If you're going to scratch enough to feed your family, the whole family has to be out in the fields. There's not much time for reading and writing when you're fighting starvation. And yet, we've always had a hunger for education. At the end of the Civil War, when the federal government opened schools for freed men, 250,000 of them flocked to learn. But when President Hayes removed the Union troops, it was over for us. From then on, it was separate but unequal southern education, mathematics and languages for the whites, industrial training for the blacks. Let us learn to do common things in an uncommon manner, said Booker T. Washington, the founder of Tuskegee, and was applauded by a white society that needed maids and cheap labor. When we came north, we eagerly enrolled our children in the unsegregated schools. Then this dream too shriveled. With despair, we saw our children placed in overcrowded classrooms in the aged buildings of the inner cities. Too often, we saw them treated by white teachers as persons with little potential. Because we've watched it happen, we've struggled to change the educational system. We want our children to hear the whole truth about our history so they can understand the whys of racism and prejudice. We want them to know and value our black contributors to our common culture. And we want them to see kids who are brown, like them, in their textbooks, who live in cities that are not green and clean. And we want teachers, black and white, who value our children. White parent groups have insisted on their role in helping design the education of their children. But community control has been resisted when the community has been predominantly non-white. The children of white unskilled immigrants knew that if they could complete their education, they would have a better chance of reaching that second wrong job opportunity. But the children of black unskilled immigrants have rarely found this to be so for them. Black graduates from high school are hired later than white dropouts and generally receive less money. Both labor and industry for more than a century have denied black workers equal hiring and advancement. Some unions have refused even to open their ranks to blacks. Denied apprentice programs, countless Negroes have been barred from higher income jobs. Without a good job, you can't save capital, rung number three. This was a Dutch neighborhood 300 years ago. Very nice then, kind of small town, very green, some English down the block. When the Irish started to arrive around 1840, they were poor farm people like O'Hara's great grandfather, not really used to town living. When they moved in renting from the Dutch and the English who moved out, talk had it that property values would go down. To hear the natives talk, you'd think that every legitimate child in town was Irish, and every local too. By the time the Italians and the Jews arrived in the neighborhood about 20 years later, a lot of the buildings had been bought by the Irish who were beginning to move up the ladder. Now every truant and criminal in town was automatically Italian. And as for the Jews, how could you trust people that had their Sabbath on Saturday? So the Irish moved. This part of town became Jewish and Italian. Well, by the time we arrived, most of the buildings belonged to people like Verlotti's folks and Levy's. They rented their houses to us and moved across town and out to the suburbs. You see, they were afraid that now that we were moving in, there would be all kinds of trouble. Now we were the bad guys. The absentee landlords broke up their one-family apartments into four or five one-room apartments. When they had installed a sink and a stove, they charged as much for each apartment as they had paid for four or five rooms themselves. The breakup of the old apartments changed this neighborhood to a teeming slum. So the black immigrant has his own section now, inherited from the Poles in Chicago and the Germans in Milwaukee, the Irish in Boston, and the Jews and the Italians in New York. But unlike all the groups who came before him, he alone can't move out. White America, immigrant and native born, won't let it. Their banks, their mortgage companies have denied him access to the white neighborhood. It seems that property values, not human values, have had to be protected. Poor people don't have much influence with public officials. Poor whites don't, and poor blacks sure don't. It's hard to get the city to collect all the garbage. They don't want to come to our side of town that often. It's hard to get the city to send enough cops to protect the block. It's hard to get the city to force our absentee landlords to protect our old houses from fire and our babies from rats.  Hard? Yes. But most blacks now seek to build a political and economic power that can remake our society. The power denied us by the southern politician who told us for 300 years that politics is white man's business. The power denied us by the northern politicians who told us that white city bosses know best. But we no longer ask, will they let us do it? In our neighborhood, we don't ask. We're organizing tenant groups and registering voters. Why now, Carol? I mean, after all these years, how come now you're organizing? A lot of things, I don't know. Well, everything. I mean, watching black nations growing up in Africa and making it. Electing Carl Stokes, Mayor Cleveland. See Martin Luther King get killed. And Stokely Carmichael getting angry. Reading Malcolm X. Fighting rats and roaches in my bathroom. Watching Muhammad Ali jive in with those TV guys. Here in the Supreme. Man, like it's time. It is time. For 300 years, this country has been blinded by a fear. A fear that has spawned violence. The fear of the black newcomer. And it's cost America its peace of mind. Maybe it's sold. It's cheated itself of the talents of its black children. How much more time can it afford? We're a nation of immigrants. Needing each other and not knowing each other. Look at us, said Richard Wright, a black writer. Know us and you know yourself. For we are you. What we want, what we represent, what we endure is what America is.