Good morning to CMC Espresso from the Frankfurt Office of CMC Markets. Despite unprecedented measures to provide liquidity by the European Central Bank, the Deutsche Bank shares dropped almost to their lowest price on record. Many wonder what signals that might send to the markets and many wonder why the ECB has to resort to such measures as it does. Does the ECB see something that we do not see? If you've got the spare time, make an overlay of the yield chart of German Buns and the Deutsche Bank stock and you will see a striking resemblance here. In the end, systemic risk is twofold. On the one hand, there is a liquidity component in it, which was certainly alleviated by the ECB or perhaps even eliminated. On the other hand, there is a solvency component to the risk of a systemic risk. This one might have been exaggerated by the actions of the ECB, which lowered rates to solve liquidity problems. But the primary business of banks is lending money and this part of the banking business is just dead given the low rates. It even costs money to hold cash and so there are rumors circulating that Commerzbank is exploring ways to store paper cash in its vaults to avoid paying interest to the ECB. We have the risk of zombie banks. This is what Carlos Costa, the governor of the Bank of Portugal, said yesterday. Keep an open eye to the possibility that a renewed focus on the European banking sector and its possible instability and low profitability could very quickly turn into a new banking crisis. The bearish mood in the markets wasn't helped yesterday by news that the credit rating agency Fitch has put in Japan's credit outlook to negative after a postponement of the hike in value added tax that was planned for the next year, was postponed for years. That will be an additional burden for the government budget, which is already running deep in the deficits thanks to the immensely expensive abenomics policies. Something that has gotten expensive, look at the value of the Bitcoin after it rose to a record of $230, a multi-year high just last September, it corrected and now it's shooting up costing about $710 last, was the last price as I saw, which is the highest quote since early 2014 when it was sliding from its all-time high, which was above $1,000. Behind that move some traders expect are Chinese money launderers trying to get more money out of the country than the amounts officially allowed by the Chinese government. Now if this is right, it is only a matter of time when the spike in Bitcoin quotes is going to tumble because sooner or later Chinese government officials will clamp down on this trend. But there is also another component to this development and that is the ever-persistent fear of a policy mistake by the Communist Party in Beijing. They try to implement so many reforms at the same time that one might wonder how high the chance will really be of something going very wrong in the end. If you look at the technical situation of the price of copper, which has a very sensible indicator for the Chinese demand, then you find that it has formed a technical double top in the past months and that formation could be a signal of a new Monty decade lows in the price of copper about to come in the summer months.


But, can I do better is the question that is the challenge. So, challenge can one sample in this case at less than 10 kilohertz and still reconstruct the signal in this particular case. And of course, if you answer the question for this particular case, you will come up with a more general answer as well. I mean pay attention to the question. In general, if all the frequencies from 0 to 5 kilohertz are occupied then I have no choice at all. I need to sample at more than 10 kilohertz, but here I know the signal occupies the band only between 3 kilohertz and 5 kilohertz. So, actually it is really occupying a band of 2 kilohertz from the frequency axis. Do I really need to sample at more than 10 kilohertz with this knowledge or can I do with less? And if I can do with less, what are those smaller sampling frequencies that I can use? And if I do use such smaller sampling frequencies, how will I reconstruct the original signal from these sampled versions? This is the question before you as a challenge. I told you I love throwing challenges to the class and you will find that this happens in subsequent lectures as well. But anyway, let us not get you know carried away too far by this challenge. Let us now come down to business if you want to call it that. We have agreed that we understand what it takes to sample a signal adequately and we also agreed that if you do not sample a signal adequately then you are going to run into the problem of aliasing. So, we want to avoid aliasing. We have sampled a signal at least and in fact more than twice the maximum frequency component present in the original signal and we are agreeing to reconstruct the original signal by cutting off all frequencies beyond the highest frequency component in the original signal. And how do you do that? Put what is called a low pass filter which cuts off after FM on the frequency axis. Incidentally, we are going to do filters in great detail, discrete time filters. We will talk more about filters. But for the moment we understand what a filter does. A filter retains some part of the frequency axis on a signal and throws out the rest. That is how we will understand a filter for the moment. In other words, it modifies the amplitudes and phases of the sine waves present in any signal that is given to it in a certain way. What I mean by that is it does not matter what amplitudes and phases the signal that is given to it has. What matters is how it modifies them. So, whatever be the amplitudes and phases of the sine waves up to frequency FM, if you put a low pass filter with a cut off of FM, it retains all the amplitudes and phases up to FM as they are and beyond the frequency FM it makes all the amplitudes 0. This is how we should understand a low pass filter. Similarly, if you had a high pass filter with a cut off of FM, it would mean that after the frequency FM that this filter would retain the amplitudes and phases as they are and before FM it would make all the amplitudes 0. This is irrespective of what amplitudes and phases they are at after FM or before FM. It does the same thing to all signals irrespective of what those amplitudes and phases are. Now, you know this is the kind of system that we are going to try and design in this course. It is very easy to describe this system. In fact, it is so simple. In a few sentences I have told you what a filter is, but you will realize as you go along the course that you can never do this exactly and you understand slowly why. You can only approximately do this and the whole art or the science of discrete time signal processing is how well you can do this, how closely you can do this thing that which you ideally want to do. You remember in the first lecture I had talked about the problem of separation of male and female voices from an audio recording. Now, if you speak the language of frequency axis, what would that mean? That would mean that you have a cut off point. You know in fact let me give you numbers. Typically speech waveforms for example, do not go beyond 4 kilohertz on the frequency axis. Audio waveforms seldom go beyond 15 kilohertz and definitely not beyond 20 kilohertz. So, for an audio signal if you sample at more than 20 kilohertz you are doing a good job. For speech signals if you sample at more than twice of 4 which is 8 kilohertz you are doing a good job. Now, there again between 0 and 4 you may reasonably assume that frequencies above 2 kilohertz would have a predominance of female component and frequencies below 2 kilohertz may have a predominance of male component. So, if you want to separate the male and female components you may wish to break up the signal into its bands between 0 and 2 kilohertz on one side and between 2 kilohertz and 4 kilohertz on the other side. So, let me if you pose the problem in that language then you may ask can I exactly put the cut off at 2 kilohertz or can I exactly break the signal between 0 and 2 kilohertz on one side and exactly between 2 kilohertz and 4 kilohertz on the other and unfortunately the answer is no you can never do this exactly you can only do it approximately and if you ask me to summarize why we need a whole semester to design filters this is essentially the reason that though the task is easy to specify it is not so easy to do what are the hurdles that we encounter when performing this task the hurdles are first to describe a general class of systems which will do this do what do exactly the same thing to all signals irrespective of what original amplitudes and phases they had at different frequencies. So you know that the system should not be partial it should not look at how much of male component or female component there is in the audio waveform and then decide what it will do it should be impartial between 0 and 2 I am going to keep between 2 and 4 I am going to cut or between 2 and 4 I am going to keep between 0 and 2 I am going to cut it should be impartial achieving this impartiality means that the system need to have several properties and we are now going to understand what those properties are in fact we will see soon that to get this impartial behavior let me write it down to get this so called impartial behavior on the frequency axis we need linearity and shift invariance you know in many discussions on systems and signals we encounter these terms we encounter the term linearity we encounter the term shift invariance and we have possibly had a lot of discussion in our past curriculum or in you know in our past degrees on linearity on shift invariance and their consequences. It is useful at this point to reflect if necessary with the benefit of hindsight why we started talking about linearity and shift invariance in the first place and the answer is this see the whole picture of what you want to do you want to get this impartial system which does the same thing on the frequency axis to all the signals that are given to it and to get this impartial nature you need a linear shift invariance system I am stating this at the moment but in the subsequent lectures we are going to prove this now this is true whether you are talking about continuous time or the independent variable being continuous or the independent variable being discrete perhaps some of us may have been exposed to this idea when we talked about continuous independent variable systems now we are going to describe and then prove these results in the context of discrete independent variable systems but before that let us put down what we mean by a discrete system so next question that we need to answer is what is a discrete system a discrete system has a sampled input and produces a sampled output and if we accept the notation that we have introduced some time ago we shall use x of square bracket n you know you remember when I started with the discussion of a sinusoid being sampled I said that if you take samples at all multiples of capital T then you could essentially substitute small t by n capital T and you could call x of n t as x square bracket n so we will use that notation in future we have a sampled input we have a discrete system which gives you a sampled output and we will use the standard notation y of n to denote the sampled output here now you know you have the sampled input we will agree now hence forth that the sampled input has been sampled according to the Nyquist principle or the Nyquist Shannon with take a theorem you have made sure that you have ascertained that you have taken samples at more than twice the maximum frequency component present in the original signal that means you know how to reconstruct the original signal from its samples just put it through a low pass filter whose which cuts off at the maximum frequency component present in the original signal now of course you could put that x of n into a discrete system do what you want with the samples and then the output can also be put through the same low pass filter so you know if you were to take an analog system which had the original continuous time signal as the input with maximum frequency component fm if you were to do some operations on the frequency axis with that analog signal and if you were to look at the output now if you sample the input and sample the output at the same instance you would get what you are calling x of n and y of n in this case that is what I mean by equivalence you sample the input you have done something with those samples you have generated an output the input xn has generated the output yn xn are essentially samples of the input at the nth instance I mean n refers to the instant number n equal to 0 means the point t equal to 0 n equal to 1 means the point capital T equal to I mean small t equal to capital T n equal to 2 means the point small t equal to 2 times capital T and you can do this n equal to minus 1 means the point t equal to minus capital T and so on so forth so n is essentially the sample instant to the sample number right you have the sampling instance for the input and you have the sampling instance for the output you have a relation between them there is a discrete system which creates that relationship and we are assuming that the discrete system does exactly what the original analog system would want to do to take again the example of male and female voice separation if you have this up to 4 kilohertz signal which is a conglomerate of several male voices and several female voices you would have an analog separator which would take the frequencies from 0 to 2 kilohertz and put it on one side and take the frequencies from 2 kilohertz to 4 kilohertz and put it on the other and you would have a corresponding discrete time system which does exactly the same thing that means it would sample the original audio signal or you know speech signal it would put essentially output a stream of samples and if you reconstructed the output signal as you did you know as you would reconstruct the input signal by the same process that I described then you would get after reconstruction of the output the male voices and the female voices in principle in different baskets so much so then for discrete systems this is what a discrete system is it takes a discrete input gives you a discrete output now remember a discrete system and let me note this down before we conclude the lecture today a discrete system is a relationship between all the samples y n for all integer n I mean and all samples X n in general so you know you must not think of it as a point by point relationship in general y of 10 could be related to X of 10 X of 9 X of 8 X of 7 all the way and also X of 11 X of 12 X of in principle yes I mean that could happen or may be at least y of 10 might be related to a few samples X of 10 9 8 and may be 11 12 and in fact there could be a relation between a group of samples of y and a group of samples of X so you must remember a system is a relation between streams of samples 2 full streams of samples that makes a system so much richer in nature and now we need to start you know studying systems by going step by step we cannot deal with this entire reality all at once so we shall do that starting from the next lecture onwards thank you.


This study found that 12.5% of college students in Lucknow, India experienced difficulty obtaining sanitary napkins during the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors such as being Muslim, having less educated fathers, having farmer fathers, lower income, rural residents and a history of using cloth as absorbent materials were associated with challenges in accessing sanitary napkins. These results suggest that providing access to sanitary napkins should be prioritised for college students during a future pandemic or crisis. This article was authored by Surbhi Jigar, Rukhya Alve, Suman Gupta and others.


Good morning. Good afternoon and good evening. I'm Ken Martins the global practice technology leader for stand text industrial water group. And I am pleased to moderate today's webinar on water reuse applications crossing issues in advanced economies. This is co hosted by IWA and water reuse.org. Next slide. So, again, it's being hosted by IWA's water use specialist group. It's the third of a four part series on the road to China 2023. The first two seminars of one in February was on water reuse in the United States and on the trends on the rise of the use of that. The second one, it was in April on water reuse and perspectives from emerging countries. Then there's today's and then a fourth and final will be in July on progress towards microbiological safety and public water reuse. Next slide. Skip one. There you go. So, the IWA water reuse special group makes substantial contributions on elements of water reuse, both international regional areas. They support developed preparation of conferences workshops webinars like this. Public publications, etc. And the really the goal around this is develop communication documentation development of technologies for further acceptance of water reuse. And across industries. Please consider joining IWA water reuse. There's a link at the bottom of the slide. Next slide. So the industrial water reuse industrial commercial committee of water reuse. We're a nonprofit dedicated to advancing laws policy funding and public acceptance established in 1990. We have members in 38 states to Columbia and 11 countries. Again, like IWA, they host conferences, promote networking membership, and their goals are in national advocacy, our committees supported testimony to US Congress, for example, also state level, and various forms of communications again all that around centered around improving the acceptance of development technology and acceptance of water abuse. Next slide. So the conference of in China, India is in January 2023. They are accepting abstracts until May 15. So that's just three days to now. So if you're interested in presenting, please submit an abstract to IWA reuse 2023.com. And go through that process. I think you'll find it quite rewarding. Next slide. So some housekeeping. The webinar is being recorded and will be made available on demand on the IWA website. The prior, the prior webinars that we discussed earlier those are also available. They'll be with presentation slides. Now please note for today's speakers are responsible for securing your own copyright permissions. The opinions and hypotheses and conclusions, etc., are the responsibility of those speakers, and don't necessarily reflect IWA's opinion nor water abuse.org's opinion. Next slide. So there's an application bar in the bottom of your screen. The raise hand function will not be used today. The chat box is intended for IWA staff. If you're having problems with the webinar, audio, video, or some other issue, or just have a general question for IWA, use the chat box. The Q&A box is for questions that are panelists. I will answer some of these during the discussion after that panelist is done talking. But we'll also be answering some of these during the Q&A session at the end of the presentations. When did you write your question, please indicate which panelists you intend to question for. And if you don't recall the name, you can just refer to them as like Patrick the Depaunt, Representative, or Kyle the R3 Representative, etc. Okay. Okay, so today's agenda. I provided these introductions and a few more coming up. And then Patrick's going to do one on reuse of municipal wastewater for pooling water applications. I really like this presentation because it's heavy industry focused. And it certainly provides one of the options for the greatest amount of water reuse. Then Loret Eber is going to present on rainwater harvesting and reuse of industrial facilities. He's going to be based around projects and primarily in Mexico City. And then finally Kyle Grinowski is going to present on expanding reuse for financial and tech innovation. So I really like all three of these and that we cover heavy industry we cover sort of manufacturing industries with Lawrence and then Kyle on financing and selling the project. And after that we'll have a poll question and we'll give about a minute for that going to our Q&A. We'll have some answer questions live. We don't have some final clues remarks. Next slide. So here we are. Here's our four presenters for today. Next slide. All right, so we have learned objectives. One, we want to understand current and emerging industrial reuse practices that for purpose of treatment, identify elements needed to make business case for industrial water reuse. I think Kyle's presentation would be very, very important there. And then three, gain an understanding of the current state of technologies and examples across North America, and all these are core supply and apply worldwide. Next slide. So share your thoughts on social media with these tag or hashtag signifiers.  Next slide. So what is industrial water reuse I'll break it down to four levels. There's in process, industrial water views, if you might call this tank side treatment, and that'd be an applications where there's a process of some sort, and the water or aqueous solution is being, it's being dirtied in some way, and you might allow reuse and continue to use that water beyond what you would do without that side treatment. Then the next level might be within the fence line and existing facility that you might have a wastewater plant where the water is true to a level where it can be reused. And reuse often is either things like coin towers or sometimes it's to be used for other applications but coin coin is a very common way. Finally, they could be regional parks, sort of a third level regional parks of industries that might have a common waste for the plant. Now all those individual facilities within that regional park could be have their own industrial reuse within their fence lines. The centralized plant industrial water treatment facility could treat it to such a degree that it could allow additional reuse. And then finally there's the fourth level, the largest level if you will in more the municipal government scale, where it might take municipal sewage treated to a level that allows it to be reused by by industries, or in some cases for irrigation purposes, etc. So what sectors are practicing industrial reuse. Well, really, all these are you'd be hard pressed to name one that doesn't have some type of reuse. And I can personally provide examples and all these different industries where they had reuse so I mean things as crude as mining or as specialized as pharmaceutical I personally work on projects where we've had industrial water reuse and all those. Next slide. So, let me introduce Patrick. Patrick has over 25 years of focusing on and understand the challenges of the market customer and begin innovative solutions with tangible values to meet their needs. He has a broad range of municipal industrial water experience, including municipal wastewater, potable water treatment, food and beverage mining power and pulp and paper. And during his time in the water industry he's held various leadership roles and now go G E water evoker technology in his current role as commercial excellence leader at the point where solution so very broad base. So I welcome Patrick. He's going to talk about that larger heavy industry scale. Thank you. Thanks Ken. Appreciate that. And hopefully everybody can hear me and see me okay. Good morning. Good afternoon good evening depending on where where you are dialing in in the world. Well, I'll take about the next 10 minutes or so. And I promise to keep us on time, but take the tech next 10 minutes or so to talk about how we've had some experience and ultimately we've got opportunity. I'll say globally in the industrial marketplace to make wastewater or water reuse cool again. And so what I'll do is I'll really lay the groundwork a little bit in terms of the, you know, what it is when we think about water reuse what are some of the, the elements to get the considerations can touch on some of those. At the same time, you know, we'll give it some specificity it's it's sanitized to some degree but ultimately, I've got a pretty cool example of something that the Japan organization has done with the customer. So when I want to sneak in just I think it speaks to the challenge of the complexity which I think is a little more profound within a refinery space, and then I'll wrap up from there. So with that, feel free to go to the next slide but let me just kind of lay the basic groundwork right we talked about water reuse in the industrial space. Some of you may have heard that referenced as our three. I think Kyle who you're here from soon can appreciate the reference to our three. But typically our three is is a lead in to define what exactly we talking about it we talking about reducing water reusing water consumption recycling water. You know in the end the the reduction I think it's pretty straightforward right anyone that's walked the lines at a refinery or a paper mill appreciates the value in identifying leaks and and addressing those in a meaningful way. The reuse within a facility is I think defined by a lack of treatment, meaning that you take the waste affluent from one process, and then recycle that either in another process or or other. I'll just, you know I think of like the brown stock washers within a paper mill that rinse water, the affluent rinse water coming from that last stage is used to rinse the slightly dirtier stage proceeding that and so on and so forth so it's it's kind of this. This internal reuse per se, but really where I'm going to focus today is around recycle, and I will do my best not to mix up the terms that I'm human so I'll do what I may do it. But ultimately, what I'm talking about today is recycle I think a lot of what we're going to talk about today across the sessions is around recycle, and then it ultimately is defined as having treatment. We're treating the affluent from one process to be reused in the same process, or somewhere else, or ultimately, as we look at the opportunity and I'll showcase the opportunity, where we use municipal wastewater from a neighbor. You can use that water, treat it and send it completely outside the fence line. So, you know what was what we see on the screen is, well before you can get to that, let me just say, you know, just a little bit of accolades for this audience where I think are really into it oriented around the industrial. I think a lot of times we talk about for the water reuse Association, we talk about water reuse, the mind goes immediately to a municipal facility. And I don't think we get enough credit on the industrial side, and as much as at least within the US, about 50% of the water recycled is done within an industrial facility, or at least done in tandem with the industrial facility so I think, you know, the, the content will share today is just the tip of the iceberg on what we have done, and what we're capable of doing within the industrial space. So with that, you know just the slide that I'm showing here is it's not comprehensive, obviously it's it's not something gets ready for a stamper is going to be prepared for a stamp, but it's really to kind of set the tone for the conversation. Right you think of within a within a refinery. There's a, there's a lot of different ways or demands ways we use or demands for water. Right, certainly there's utility water cooling tower makeup cooling water in general boiler feed water process water service water fire water right you think about within a refinery fire water is key to the safety program I think anyone that's a fire proof phone, a cell phone appreciates the sensitivity for safety especially in that type of a facility. But then also if I shift from the blue to the purple, just highlighting some potential sources for unconventional water supply. So just thinking of it as wastewater, but they give it as unconventional water supply. And, and ultimately with the green, showcasing some probably for this audience fairly obvious opportunities for us to reuse or to stick with the terms I've laid out up front to recycle that water, treat it, and then bring that back to the front of the process. So with that, if you don't mind going to the next slide. Same content. Really, it's just a on this slide what we're looking at is a just say forgoing any debate because I would imagine with this audience. If I put real dollars per K gal or dollars per cubic meters I open up a flurry of questions and opinions, but just just a magnitude what I'm intending to show on this slide is just, you know, the, the, the lower capital costs, the lower OpEx rated related to, I'll say simplistic notes not simple, but a simplistic clarification filtration mechanism to something that's going to be more energy intensive, as well as more complex in terms of operation with CIP etc, but they give the contrast of that of an RO system. And even, you know, the usage of uf and RO technology to properly recycle the water. So, I will pause on that just because we'll get back to a little more and then just push to the next slide if you don't mind at all. I'll start talking about the, the fun stuff, the actual example. So next slide, please. So, again, typical refinery and just for in respect to the relationship we have with a customer I'm going to be a little high level on some of these but certainly welcome any questions and I'll do my best during our q amp a or even a follow up to provide some additional insight where I can just, let's say, stay on the up and up. But you know, typical refinery, you know, we're the refinery depending on the complexity depending on what type of crude slate they're operating on. Pardon me. They're going to use a different volume of water. Right. I would say that they're typically going to use anywhere from, you know, let's say point three to 1.3 barrels of water for every barrel of crude refined. Right. And again, I think anyone who spent enough time in refinery can probably appreciate how that can range and potentially could go outside of those those spec limits that I called out. But ultimately, the water, the water quality requirements can vary from one refinery to the next right I one can argue that no refinery is made like another. But you know, fundamentally, the, the use of the water and I'll zero in on the use of water for boiler ultimately for cooling tower makeup, but the use of the water is ultimately treating to the need. And as we're treating to the need for for boiler water and really I'll frame it as cooling tower water. It's all about how much can we optimize our cycles of concentration within that cooling tower, specifically an evaporative cooling tower. And, you know, they think about the water quality is not about just eliminating any salts from that water. Right. I think the, the we'll get into this a little bit but the the components of treating a maintaining the chemistry of a cooling tower system is delicate it's a bit of a balance. But in the end, ultimately what we want to do in what limits the cycles of concentration is the, the, the hardness and the silica those are the two bad guys not the only bad guys but that's really where we oriented. So to just speak to some specifics of this installation. The, this is a refinery that was in growth mode. And in order to meet this growth mode obviously they had a large capital budget to to to grow. But what they didn't have was a large, let's say water budget that they could go to. They had limited draw that they can take from from their existing sources. So they went to a neighbor. They, they, the neighbor that was in very close proximity was a wastewater treatment plant that ultimately they look to take up enough volume to produce about 500 gpm of additional make up water capacity for an expanded bank of cooling towers. And so, if I can go into some detail on the next slide. Two components wasn't clear next slide. Thanks. The, you know, they think about it from a planning standpoint. And I think any of us that have looked at a contemplated a water reuse project. You know we want to look at availability we want to look at the seasonal demand even seasonality of the supply that we may potentially tap into, as well as you know the quality and even the physical characteristics of the of that supply. Again, it taps into the, the overall complexity of the refinery. And so, really what, what, as we approach this project as the team approached this project. You know we looked at the, the logistics of the of the quality and quantity of the water that we would get from the, the neighbor, the municipal wastewater treatment plant. And just, you know, even getting into how much is it going to cost us to pump it from here to there what you know what kind of piping do we need to lay what kind of infrastructure we do we do we need to put in place is that it doesn't need to go over a road under a road. How do we maneuver that right so these are all things that that took we had to take into consideration, but really it came down to the return on investment and and ultimately did it came down to does this setup. Does this setup to meet our future demands for this phase and the likelihood of future phases down the road future expansion down the road for this refinery which, fortunately the answer was yes. And so, you know, again the, if you look at the treating to the need in this case, we're going to take the wastewater, wastewater from the neighbor, treat it, and use that for make up water. So in terms of the treating to the need. We're looking at a UF RO operation so if you can move to the next slide and I think as we look at that. There's a complexity that comes along with that right operators who haven't operated a US system have not operated RO system before it's not just changed there's there's some real sophistication that goes along with that. One that I think most most operators are very capable of, but in the end what we did is we designed a US system that had a tight footprint using a PVDF membrane that was small and footprint pressurized UF modules, but ultimately would take that permeate and remove the remove the suspended solids right to bring those down to less than 0.05 part per million. And then from there, set the stage for the RO to do its job to basically bring some some pretty brackish water and bring that down to a TDS of less than 100. And ultimately the design there was to set us up to optimize the cycles of concentration within the cooling tower. So in the next slide what you'll see are some details in terms of the specs and really I'll say a design basis and summary that we use to figure out what you know what fluctuates could we operate at how hard can we drive the RO system, etc. You know in the end, I think these are fairly typical parameters that many of you I imagine have seen coming from what would be the you know the unconventional source water of municipally treated wastewater tertiary treated wastewater at that. But you know what what we looked at was ultimately a US system that gave us 90% recovery, fairly healthy right we don't want to recycle water to only only to give it up in the process. But as we move forward to the RO system we use the conventional RO approach in this case, but that gave us a design recovery of about 80% using a 1684 element configuration in the RO design. And so just speed up here a little bit for the sake of time, but the, you know, the, if I can go to the next slide, you know, so considerations, and I'll really focus in on the front. The first bullet here which is biological, the key thing to think about when, first off, you think about the, the pillars of a good water treatment program for cooling tower. Right there's there's three legs to the stool, right there's biological control, their scale control, there's corrosion control biological that leg of that stool when you're talking about recycling municipal wastewater. That's that leg is very important, and it was very much important with this customer so it was key that we were diligent and we put control mechanisms in place or P monitoring in place to maintain a free pouring residual in that water for the cooling tower. Now, as I alluded to before, the, the, the LSI ultimately the langelar scale index is is kind of the, the, the gospel of where do we need to orient in terms of the, the performance of the program. And so, you know, especially when we consider the use of RO treated water, we want to be careful about how much are we removing. And so what we ultimately ended up doing is blending that make up water to a point where we could get full advantage of the RO water and the supply that came with that, but we could still keep that RO or that LSI index. I'll say, oriented in a nice balance sense but we even as you can see on the slide, we are on the side of corrosion to some degree with a pH target of about 7.8, just to keep us clean but the major Sorry for the interruption, but needs are wrapping about two minutes. I'm on it. Thanks. Thanks. But that said, the, you know, the key piece here is that we oriented with LSI to keep us balanced, but biological control was front and center, and to further support that biological control was side stream filtration. Right, so we had UF and we've got this fantastic physical barrier, but we needed that extra layer of protection and that that was accomplished through side stream filtration. Further, I'll say, suspender to our belt was the presence of a non oxidizing non oxidizing biocide if I remember correctly that was a Buddha aldehyde chemistry that was used. That was used to keep that biological down and if I recall correctly, that was something that we rotated over the course of the year. So we go from glued aldehyde to isophasic, et cetera, just to keep the bugs on their toes. So in the spirit of Ken's well, well placed introduction. If, if I can, I will just go to the next slide. You know the, I think most of us will get these slides as a follow up so just to set these up I won't speak to it. But this is a quick example where we looked at a another application for a different refinery in the Midwest and Ohio refinery that was challenged with a variability in the water that we use in our system to recycle that water in the face of big swings in both chemistry and volume. So if I can, let's just punt forward to my last slide the, the, the graphic in kind of the spectrum of of what what you know particle size and ultimately where different technologies play. And this is this is if there's any shameless commercial, this is it. Right. Again, you think of given where we are recycling water. What what are we trying to remove what are we trying to achieve what what goal are we trying to accomplish. You know, typically, as my example, we see UF and RO as kind of go to is but certainly there's NF there's an exchange, etc. If anything, what the organization, the Japan organization focuses on that which is orange. And certainly that's not all of it, but you know I think most of the opportunity that we see within industrial water recycle reuse, but really recycle as I've defined it, it lays within those orange buckets. So I'll pause there. As I expected went over but hopefully not too bad can just throw us completely off for from our agenda. Oh, I think thank you Patrick as a good meeting. Definitely so a lot of contact. Thank you. So like the next introduce Lauren a bear. And he's with the stimulus pole value violas. He's an architect and sustainable designer. And he'll describe how industrial rainwater harvesting and missile water wetlands are adding resilience to Mexico's largest city mess with city. He will talk about collection human designs scale for large commercial industrial applications potentially in some cases cutting use by as much as two thirds which is a terrific number. While us a while water utilities are discharging to natural water treatment systems can produce recycle water for public reuse mitigating water shortages in Mexico cities historic wetlands district. And then I just sort of roughed in a number, you know, based on Mexico City receiving and roughly 30 inches a year rain at 55,000 square foot roof of a manufacturing facility would save as much as a million gallons a year. So the numbers add up pretty quick don't then. All right, with that, Lauren, you're off. Thank you. Thank you. Good morning everyone. Good afternoon for European friends. Can we go to the next slide please. Just as an introduction as a context situation, Mexico City was. We're in Andorraic basin so all the water that used to be collected within the basin used to form a series of five lakes. So with the passing of the, with the passing of time over the last 500 years we lost 99% of the surface of the lakes, and most of the flatlands became urbanized. So, rainwater and wastewater have no place to be stored or regulated or managed within the city. It's very hard so most of the infrastructure was designed to evacuate water as fast as possible. Speaking of rainwater and storm water and I'm sorry. Sorry, sorry. My guard. And then the water sources come from the aquifer which has been depleted by 200% over the last 50 years, and we bring water from very far away basins on the east and a little bit from the north. So, basically the idea is how to manage water in the city, stop exporting water, stop importing water and be sustainable. And if we can go to the next slide please. The city has been working on sustainable solutions for over 18 years. We had one of the first rainwater strategies for for all construction, except single housing so every commercial industrial, heavy residential family housing was required to do rainwater harvesting and reuse for non portable uses but it was not exactly or extremely well designed because it was one of the first. So, we have been working with the city over the last five years to expand and adjust the, this requirement which is called system alternative, which translates to alternative system. Now it's being implemented heavily throughout the city, because we have now the experience and the technology to do this. Next slide please. We based our systems in with its combination of different theories. The first one, the basis was the German standard which is using very simple rainwater filters. And then the storm calm inlets within the stormwater tank over full siphons and putting sections to get rid of most of the of the problems of the of the TSS and the water but we incorporated specific and very, very efficient rainwater systems, you'll see in a bit why we use this and we implemented a first flush and automatic first flush system which we choose as a standard to remove one eighth of the of an inch through most of the of the rain events, which we use as a cleaning automatic cleaning of pollutants on the roof. You can turn this off during the peak rain season when when you don't need any any first flush, and you can bypass it during the dry season. We have almost 60 six months in which we, we could not get good water rainwater quality we wanted and we try to try to bypass this to any floods or rain gardens or stormwater destination so we don't pollute our rainwater tanks. And with these two combinations of very simple passive system plus the diversion, we can rely on a very simple equation system which most of the times we don't require to go to ultra filtration or, or reverse osmosis because it's a very clean, very low TDS water, no, because it's rainwater. It's fairly balanced if the pH is mostly most of the times it's balanced once when we mix it in our in our stormwater tank. Sorry, in our portal water tank, and we just rely on filtration, some granulated charcoal and zeolites. And, and flooring for for this infection. Next slide please very quickly. For those of you who don't use siphonica recommended very, very, very much. These can help reduce the number of downpipes by factor of 10. We can rely, we can, we can get the water to one point of the building where we want to have our stormwater or rainwater tank, and we reduce all other pipes, we can have a very long nose, nose, nose land, or no grade in our pipes very small diameter and the water we harvest is the best water we can have we choose to harvest it in one point. Why do we have very small diameters because this is just the water that's been channeled through the pipe, the side the siphon allows the we don't, we don't need the air to and the, and the, and the gradient to move the water we just need the suction of a downpipe. This is very, very efficient for stormwater harvesting. Sorry, rainwater harvesting and for architectural and design purposes is the best thing you can do. Next slide please. Here you can see how we have no, no loss of height during the conduction of this water, the small diameter, and the reduction of downpipes this is greatly very fast installed very cheap to install. And if we put a stormwater or first large diversion system in one point, it's very, very easy to control if we want to harvest or not. Next slide please. You can see here. This is one of the case studies this is a pharmaceutical packaging and manufacturing facility in Coluca. All the water is channeled to one point we, in this case we have a conduction above ground due to structural constraints in the small plot, but we have one point where we check we choose to harvest and send to our rainwater tank or send the rest to the stormwater system. So it's very, very user friendly, just one button can decide if we want to harvest or not. And in this case, all the rainwater from this 70,000 square foot facility was used for clean and use for portable uses like hand basins and further treatment in the process or also hard protection. And we reused the wastewater for toilets and irrigation so we could be, we were 100% sustainable during a couple of years they they ramped up a little bit more of the water use but the combination between portable reuse of rainwater plus the reuse of them portable wastewater. We managed to be 100% independent for a couple of years, and then we're in between 90-95%. Next slide please. This is this next project, this is in Yucatan. The Yucatan Peninsula has a very hard water. You need a lot of softening in the water. So when we harvest rainwater in this automotive part manufacturing facility. They use a lot less of their softening equipment. They, most of these facilities already have some kind of treatment in their pipeline. So we just add to the to their original source water and in this case in the Yucatan Peninsula, it's great to you to harvest rainwater because it rains a lot. And the water that we get is much better than the source water from the wells or from the municipal supply. No, so it's very, very, very convenient and very cheap to use rainwater. Next, please. This is the way we use cyclonic systems, we can have huge, huge harvesting surfaces with a very, very efficient one point delivery system. Next slide please. This is another industrial case study. This is a beverage facility in which we harvest 40,000 square foot per warehouse with a total of, depending on the sizes of the warehouses, 300,000 square foot forecast in the next couple of years. And we can harvest 18,000 square meter cubic meters of water water, which is used also to for manufacturing for the product production because we help and we have much better water quality from the rainwater that's on the wells, which are being depleted, of course, in this in the area. We will also have wastewater reuse for irrigation and toilets with treatment wetlands in the future. Next slide please. As you saw in the first slides, just to not go over time budget. As you saw in the first slides, Mexico City was a city of wetlands. Everything is fee in gray in the first image used to be a wetland. So we are returning the use of sustainable base solutions, nature based solutions to the city, and both of these systems are wastewater treatment effluent polishing wetlands so we not only get better water, we cool down the atmosphere around the wetlands. We have an increase from two to three usual birds, which most of them are are non native to over 60 birds who use this place as a former wetlands. Now they return and we have, we're recovering the biodiversity of the city. Next slide please. So this is the images on the lower left. This is a former landfill. So we are building on top of a landfill, an old landfill. We built the wetlands and we got an amazing response from the wildlife. The original species we used to have in that area, they return very fast and they enjoy and then, and they use this place so we are fixing and reusing rainwater and wastewater in both systems for the recovery of the ecology and sustainability of the city. Next slide please. And this is a closing slide. This is one of the biggest rainwater harvesting systems we have done. This is 500 square foot, 100,000 square foot warehouse in Yucatan. Thank you. Alright, thank you Lauren. Great presentation. Nice, nice differentiated between what Patrick did with the heavy industries and then this is more manufacturer oriented. So now I'd like to introduce Kyle Gronowski of R3 Sustainability. He has worked in infrastructure and investment industry since 2011. He's overseen deployment of more than a billion dollars in private capital, which is very impressive Kyle. I hope you got a good margin on that. And those have been investments in transportation, energy, agriculture, infrastructure projects, and he's worked with a number of US and European based firms for infrastructure investment. He graduated from the University of Denver with an MS in finance and BA in accounting and finance. And he's going to present on financing of water use projects. Take it away Kyle. Great, thank you Ken. Thank you much and thank you everyone for listening in. Could you go to the next slide please. So I will point out very early on that my co-founder and myself, neither of us actually have water backgrounds as Ken mentioned. I've been around both the construction and infrastructure investment realm for over a decade each. And with with Lindsay our CEO being more in the construction tech side, and with a number of companies and platforms, and myself being on the infrastructure side, largely with municipalities on toll roads and toll bridges, but also micro grid energy project as well. Could you go to the next slide please. This was outlined by a couple of the, the examples you all just recently heard of industrial water reuse is becoming a main, you know, headline topic, very, very quickly. And Patrick mentioned that 50% of all reuse is, you know, performed by industry here in the US, but we still have a long way to go. And, you know, the, what's interesting to know is there are you know 75% of corporates out there who have water reduction goals, but 82% of those say they don't necessarily have a strategy expertise capabilities know how etc to to implement those goals and part of that is due to, you know, goals being implemented at the at the top of organizations and not necessarily all the way through. But another part of it is is, you know, just, there needs to be groups out there that can help industries, you know, come together with with project partners and groups that can help them implement projects and goals. Could you go to the next slide please. I think we've actually seen some some questions on this already but you know another reason why industry is have is struggling to adopt and where you know our three hopes to help is that you know water projects in general, typically do not meet capital budgeting requirements of industrial players and it's, it's very difficult for, you know, large corporates to give exceptions to some projects versus others in terms of you know what project paybacks etc need to be. And what we've never shown it's illustrative project that you know our three is working on is, you know, payback timelines are really in that seven to 10 year kind of range and you know certainly things can can go either way here on the spectrum based on how technology is used or the application, but you know at the end of the day that type of timeline is very difficult for industry to, to accept and to really, you know go out on a limb to make those investments. Additionally, you know, historically, again I'm speaking domestically here in the United States is, you know, low water costs have made it so the the idea of reuse and and reducing those costs have, you know, fall on the back. Burner along with, you know, a lack of enforcement by, you know, regulatory agencies and bodies, but both of those trends are changing. You're starting to see, you know, very rapid rate increased requests by by utilities by municipalities. You're also starting to see a, you know, almost exponential growth in in regulatory actions, which is, you know, in our view going to continue to drive reuse in the in the near future. Next slide please. So I wanted to, you know, again some some case studies with, you know, more at a high level versus kind of what you just, you know recently heard of in terms of a couple of projects but you know where we think industrial reuse can really see some more adoption is is is implementing it in a way that helps solve other business challenges as well so you know our three is working with a chemical manufacturer that you know we found that water reuse is a is a strategy is something that they want to implement, both from an ESG perspective also resiliency perspective, based on you know local municipal treatment facility challenges, but the the reuse facility could also solve you know other business problems related to, you know, storm water drainage issues relating also to river intake issues. So that you know we're really trying to look at water reuse as a way to solve multiple business challenges, while you know driving what we're all after here is is you know reduction and reuse of water. And in this particular project as well, you know, capital budget requirements where are completely out of alignment with where management sees sees the need for project paybacks and that's where a group like our three to help come in with with financing for the project came into play. Could you go to the, the next slide please. You know, similarly to the chemical manufacturer, working with a poultry processor where, you know the, the requirements to to truck away sludge to and to land applications or to landfills is becoming increasingly reduced. There's been you know several cases where landfills have, you know, collapse and part of the view is that it's due to you know heavy sludge from from food process waste and so on. And so again, in this instance our three is developing the solution with the client to not only reduce that land application to the, you know, to the number of about 60%. In terms of the amount of truck loads required, but also to reuse some of the process water downstream in into the facility to, you know, reduce, reduce some of that initial water overhead and to, you know, again, do what we're all looking to do here and reduce this overall water consumption. Again, on this one. Capital budgeting was was another major consideration. And you know something I think we'll probably have discussions around on Q&A. Next slide please. So, you know the last two slides but what the R3 model helps to do and you know others out there as well as really reduce that initial upfront requirement when it comes to trying to figure out if reuse projects are even feasible, they make sense for your facility and so on. You know a lot of groups can can try to go down this path and we see is they doesn't really stop is there's pretty pretty heavy checks at the front end to try to see if you're even have a feasible opportunity. You know timelines are also something that that becomes difficult when you know if you're starting from scratch. You can be looking at a multi year feasibility study and understanding of if reuse makes sense. And you know a lot of times those types of projects, again, are tough to continue to push forward on, frankly. The CAPEX requirement is a is probably one of the most major considerations. Based on with the fact we just came out of COVID and so on companies are looking capital projects differently they're looking at cash differently, operations differently. And really where you know our threes again hoping to help is to we can provide that that CAPEX and eliminate that capital, you know budgeting requirement. You know one one aspect that seemingly gets overlooked and a lot of water projects is is working with stakeholders I think you know Patrick mentioned it quite well and in his discussion is of how to you know partner with nearby facilities but there's also you know stakeholder groups that that are related to the treatment system, you know making sure we're not causing special groups to get, you know, really high rate hikes, for example, because we take a lot of substantial fluid stream offline. And so you know, doing that more full sum approach, we feel it is a way to ultimately get projects across the finish line. And then finally, leveraging insurance and financing instruments if you will to make sure we can utilize innovative technology. And as we all know you know water reuse is evolving every day. And it is very difficult oftentimes to stomach the ability to, to try something new. And so, you know, there are products out there to say, you know, we can actually fund and finance new, new tech that might work best for your particular application. I think we, you know, time we can open up for Q&A or I'll let you do that Ken, but that's all from our sampling. Hey, thank you for a great presentation. I really liked how it rounds out to discussion today, because I do think financing and ready to return on investment is something that holds back a lot of projects. All right, so I think now IWA staff is going to release the poll questions at the bottom of the screen you should have a button I think you can access those. I see him popping up here now. And at the end of our presentation. All right, so I'm sorry at the end of a Q&A period, we're going to go ahead and show the poll results from today. There's just three questions and they'll take you 10 seconds each answer so if you could do that I think you'll be interested in and how that sort of shakes out. Okay, so we had a couple questions that will remain unanswered from during their presentation but Patrick I'm not sure I don't see you on anymore. So two of them were directed at Patrick but I do think Kyle, the second question on financing you can address that as well as the third one's addressed to you so why don't you go ahead and hit those two questions. Maybe save the question first and then your answer. So the question being that do industrial customer struggle to achieve acceptable return on invested capital for water reuse projects and what options do they consider to close the gap and be able to adopt technologies within the segment. So the answer is absolutely these obviously it's company dependent, but in I think broadly speaking, water reuse projects are extremely difficult to line up next to other capital budgeting projects. And that's where leveraging different financing options, you know groups like you know our three are out there to, you know, help you look at those options to figure out models that ultimately can make sense for industrial customers. And allow it so that there's no cat-back so when you're looking at the acceptable return, it's really a cost line item versus a you know return on investments. And as it relates to the adopting new reuse technologies, again mentioned the there are products you know insurance and financing projects that can really help support that. Great. Good answers. And I'll just say it's only been my experience that you know most industries look for returns on the order of two or three years, but you're the groups like yourself that you have there can help bridge that financing allow and return that's not that aggressive, but so allow us a project to go forward so I really like the fact that that option exists there. Patrick I see you are on can you answer. Yeah, you know and I'm on and I'm being cautious that if I keep my video off because my connections getting a little wonky but I'll certainly. Okay, I thought you just asked questions. Okay. Yeah, no worries. Go for it. Yeah, well listen, there's one question just in terms of managing the Brian, you know we manage that as as we would that we basically went to the sewer right we we managed to the same way we were managing the cooling tower broke blow down. And continue to manage the cooling tower blow down. Yeah, then, and I think if I can jump to the next the next question in terms of regulatory policy. I think it's one of the. One of the things it's, it's, I don't think it'll persist forever, but you know, at a high level municipalities have to deal with a lot more than industrial facilities do when it comes to regulation around water recycle water reuse.  If there's a potential for contact with humans with people. That's where there's more regulation than really where there's any regulation. If you'll allow me I'll jump right to Joe's question just because I just load me up but you know that they if I can do my best to answer it. You know, in terms of the return on invested capital a little bit for the for the water reuse or water recycle projects. You know, ultimately, you're right it lands with an ROI in the neighborhood of two maybe three years, but in the case of the refinery in the Midwest. The costs were were greater than the cost per K gal for makeup water or for that supply water. It was really about enabling a very needed almost a desperate expansion to the capacity for that refinery. So, as much it was viewed from that lens, the typical ROI metrics went to the wayside. Okay, good. Good answer. I would like to kind of add on real quickly on the disposal of the RO concentrate, and you gave us what the actual scenario was in your, your example, but I would say that, you know, it would be a lot of times you can't go to a municipality because they have certain limits and their, their TDS certainly has to in some California and Southwest in general. So instead you know I really be more of a program of disposing a deep well I do not believe whatsoever and drying to salt with a crystallizer I know some people probably had a call here on the webinar today that working that field but because when you saw dispose of the salt to a landfill, you know 10 man years not salt still going to be salt doesn't decay radioactive materials decay pesticide decay but salt doesn't decay is going to outlive the landfill liner and it's going to go to groundwater. So I think instead what we ought to be doing is leaving things in a liquid state brine and rejecting deep well into a geologically stable formation that's the way to get rid of it. And of course the ocean to go there potentially but I think they can concentrate assaults to like lakes or rivers and stuff freshwater sources is something we should really should be avoiding. That's my little sub box moment. Okay, so we had a few other questions that were provided ahead of time, and I'll go do we'll fill a couple of those. See how that goes. So, one of those were are there any new trends and near ZLD or ultra high pressure RO applications. Patrick, why don't you take that on. What do you know about that. Yeah, no, and this was the, I think to some degree it speaks to the second example that I was trying to sneak in. Within DuPont, we have our version of a closed loop kind of high recovery RO and I know there's certainly other providers of similar technology, but that's the first step in terms of getting as much of that water, let's say reducing the brine stream as much as possible, prior to getting to a level where you're, you know, do going to evaporation crystallizers that that I think is the most readily applicable readily deployable technology. There's companies like Saltworks, there's there's companies like Heartland that take a let's say a less conventional approach to further squeeze that brine stream. And you know, even, you know, I think Saltworks, for example, we were talking about the example of a of a landfill. And that's Saltworks, Heartland, sorry. But Heartland, they use basically readily available fuel to power what is a fairly robust device. So I won't still steal Earl Jones or any of the Heartland's teams thunder. But I think there's a lot to choose from but as you go, let's say the more you squeeze that brine, the more expensive it's going to get. So I think, again, to redeploy to the readily deployables at those high recovery RO systems. Yeah, and I do think and that's a good point to CRO is not definitely expensive to deploy you can use a pretty common facilities for that, or high pressure, but things like for us Moses and other more exotic technologies. And those are also energy hogs. And so there is a there is decidedly, some very ungreen aspects of trying to recover that water because all that power comes with the water energy nexus at the power plant, you know that you don't always account for so good. So the next question we have was this is really the world and water reuse. That's my understanding if anybody else on the group wants to chime in and you're, you're welcome to but I do understand they are pretty much the world leaders now. Okay. So the ability of growth with zero liquid discharge and additional water reuse regimen.  It was very, very limited. And I would say 90% of our projects was more about treatment for discharge. Now 90% of my projects are treatment for reuse and recovery in some way internally. So definitely the script is flipped in an industry over that. But as far as going to look at those look at zero liquid discharge. And finding that like so upon that's pretty, that's not hard to do. And it's energy efficient very green, but you know crystallizer evaporator those are those are very energy intensive so. And then like I said earlier I don't believe in going to salt anyways I think we should leave it a liquid form and dispose of in a geologic stable formation as a way to get rid of the high salt waste over left over. Next, next question how how much is going to cost for enterprise water reuse and how much equipment so would it be expensive. How about you, Kyle. I mean it's very much, you know, project specific on everything from from from pumps to process whether you can have, you know, containerized units versus, you know, the full blown spectrum of projects like what what, you know, Patrick and and Lauren shown. So I think that that yeah it's going to be expensive. But you know there's where I think industry can evolve as you saw in the, the energy industry with with solar and whatnot is partnering with with, you know, financing options that can really help you mitigate that upfront cost. I have a question for Lauren here that we had earlier and that is, Lauren the last slide mess with you said the city has potential harvest and treat 50% of its water needs within the metropolitan area. Do you know if the Mexican government has any plans to act upon that. Are there any Mexican laws that are promoting the use at that scale. Yes, there is actually a big plan of restoring the former lake bed of lake of fix up ex cocoa which was, it's a 14, almost 14,000 hectare lake bed which was going to turn into an airport. So, it was recovered and it's turning to a natural protected area, and it's going to be turning to a stormwater regulation basin and with water treatment wetlands. In the next few years, there's a second one south of the city which is a very big system 1000 hectares as well which we are working with water use and the wrap from the EPA also as an advisor. So we are closely. The reason why we are here is because of water reuse association but we are working on big projects within the Mexico City basin for reuse and what I meant with the potential of 50% reuse is that there's enough land and enough wastewater. So we are close to each other for, for this purpose so we there is your plan and, and for the next 10 years, it will be. It sounds great to see it being to see how to get implemented. So, a couple other quick questions we had ahead of time. Is there a pathway and direct power reuse for industrial facilities in California. I thought there was a direct power reuse project in in San Diego area that CSM Hill did that would be municipal not industrial. Obviously that means probably maybe see some industrial waste but I believe that is a direct power reuse project in San Diego area. Let's talk about offhand anybody else on the group here have no of any other direct reuse of industrial wastewater for potable. Yeah, it's liability issue probably is this one of those things to get over. Okay, then what is the great question is next one is which industries that are for one or implementing the practices in North America. You know I listed a lot of industries and my one slide I presented on that are doing industrial water reuse. But which one is the largest for runners is a good question. And then ZLD, that's asking a lot let's just say you know reuse right. So, you know I kind of, I kind of would have to hand it to, in my opinion, municipalities, right, they're doing the treatment they're making it available for industrial water reuse and they're at the very very large scale. They're doing work right now on a mine in Peru. That is treating city wastewater minutes sewage on the order of 40 to 50 million gallons a day. Two thirds of that treated water goes to the mine. One third goes back to the river. That's the deal they struck and they in the mind paid for that all that treatment. That's a good deal. And I could and I could see that model being done. In fact it has been done in a number of areas around the world. And it's a good model because it provides industry the water source they need and it provides municipalities with some financial relief and getting and getting things built. Anybody else have any other things. I would just add right I think there's two basic good drivers that I think the kind of land with food and bed for example, but one is around necessity and the other one is around brand. Right and that brand might be wrapped in a sustainability or ESG label, but you know mine, I think you call out the mining industry and maybe even some cases produce water upstream oil and gas. It's out of necessity, right but but otherwise. I think the brand is driving a lot of the work you think about what Pepsi co or AB embed Budweiser talks about in terms of their, you know, their water consumption that that's a big part of their brand and if they're going to get there, they have to recycle water. Yeah, yeah, yeah, I did some rocket co co co facility about 15 years ago and that was recycling some of their waste sort of actually that for what waste water treatment and missed out it was great application. All right, gonna move on. Last question was about recycling a flow back and produce water. Let me discuss that wasn't part of the presentation I can tell you that obviously it is done very high salinity in most cases. So it's you don't usually try to go away to fresh water, but you can do a lot of reuse within production through reuse of the produce water for additional use within that same industry. Isabella want to go on to the closing slides. Oh, poor results great. Okay, so the first poll question was about the typical amount of recycling directly. So, the highest number is 50%, but I guess the average of those. Yeah, the average is probably also about 50%. Yeah, and that's, that's not too far from the truth, I don't think. Okay, the next question. Oh, we scroll down, excuse me. Okay, you can scroll down I was. All right, the second question how you feel about government's best support. So the biggest was all of the above which I agree, I think that was, you know, that makes the most sense to me as well. That we really need a multiple prong attack to really help get to stop the ground. The third question is, and this is going to be multiple choice here. And the biggest was the capital cost demands in terms of the most significant deterrent and I agree and G Kyle last week I mean don't you. Yeah. All right, go. All right. So now, Dr. Raspinola, please. Thank you. Okay, so closing slides. So there's a upcoming webinar next week on modeling and mitigating nitrous oxide. So if you're interested, navigate to that. Next slide. And then we also want to mention the World Water Congress in Copenhagen in September this year. And taking a liver registrations now so if you're interested in that, navigate to World Water Congress.org and sign up. And lastly, I think. Yes, so then also there's a you know, the suggestion to join a network of water professional I think you will find a lot of good discussion in these, these chats, you'll learn about more webinars like today. They're often discounts and sign up so if you're interested, please navigate to Ida connect.org. And then last slide I think. Thank you very much. So I think we had a great presentation group of presenters today I really like the fact that it was very well rounded with heavy industry manufacturing financing. A lot of good questions. Thank you all the audience and our presenters and to Ida and waterbees.org.


Let them eat cake. Okay, but what if they have no cake? Anarchist thinkers have often focused on food and my personal focus on how to live freely also concentrates on how we secure our need for food But how did I start on that path? Published 35 years ago. This book is a simple comprehensive diverse and more importantly fun exploration of anarchism Based on many different anarchist texts It's one of the best introductions to the history and theory of anarchism I found It avoids the often dry academic prose of other guides for an involving narrative and attractive graphics What it seeks to demonstrate is not so much what anarchism is but the broad field of anarchist ideas that have existed for centuries I'm a working-class Genexa from a small town out in the sticks when punk came along I couldn't afford the clothes or trips to London to see concerts instead What I got from punk was to do it yourself epic. I punked my outlook in attitudes rather than just to close I wore all the music I listened to That attitude never to be brought me to anarchism at first that meant reading a few books by anarchist thinkers But it was this book which I bought around 1987 or 88 when it was published It really opened up the full range of anarchist thinking and gave me direction to express my ideas deliberately in the way I chose to live One of the reasons you are reading watching or listening to this today is not so much because of the words in the book But the direction those words gave me to explore the rabbit hole of anarchist thinking We can start with some of the earliest anarchists such as William Godwin With what delight must every well-informed friend of mankind look forward to the dissolution of political government of that brute engine Which has been only the perennial causes of the vices of humankind and which has mischiefs of various sorts Incorporated within its substance and not otherwise to be removed than bias utter annihilation When the world was simple and people live more directly with agriculture and small industries Anarchist ideas were focused on the relationship between people's needs and access to the land or resources to meet them Early anarchism was mainly about cutting out the middle manner government and corporations so that we might all share in the natural resources the earth provides What changed that in the 19th century was the full force of industrialization and how it's several people from the land Making the mere cogs in the overwhelming machine of capitalism as Proudhon said If I were asked to answer the question what is slavery and I should answer in one word murder my meaning will be understood at once No further argument will be needed to show that the power to take from someone their thought their will their personality is a power of life and death And that to enslave a human is to kill them Why then to this other question what is property may or not likewise answer theft Anarchist ideals are often phrased around the community the commune That's because contrary to the hyper-individualism of later libertarian capitalists. We can't be wholly self-sufficient Therefore the struggle we engage in is to find a balance where we can all participate Equally in the process of meeting our needs and through that to express our individual human identity Or as Kropotkin put it When these days shall come and it is for you to hasten their coming when a whole region When great towns with all their suburbs shall shake off their rulers our work is clear All equipment must return to the community the social means held by individuals must be restored to their true owners Everybody so that each may have his full sharing consumption that production may continue in everything that is necessary and useful And that social life far from being interrupted may be resumed with the greatest energy Growing up in the 1970s and 80s Annihilation by nuclear conflicts seemed an ever-present danger just as today the focus is on climate change The answer to both is to tackle the possessive Controlling nature of the industrial state and the governments who work primarily for the owners of the state's wealth and resources And guess what the media seldom talk or explain that perspective, which again is why books like this are so important It may be we can't avoid a catastrophic failure of industrial capitalism by war or ecological collapse Anarchists have already thought about that most notably Daruti We've always lived in slums and holes in the wall. We know how to accommodate ourselves for a while We must not forget that we can also build it is we who built these palaces and cities we the workers We can build others to take their place and better ones. We are not in the least afraid of ruins We are going to inherit the earth. There is not the slightest doubt about that The bourgeoisie may blast and ruin its own world before it leaves the stage of history We carry a new world here in our hearts. That world is growing in this minute There are some truly great books on anarchist ideas Daniel Gerrins no gods no masters or George Woodcox anarchism a history But unless you have a burning desire for their gratuitous detail these tomes are not going to catch your interest I think this book is one of the most effective introductions to the history of anarchist ideas because literally it paints pictures rather than making arguments It allows people to find their place in the pantheon of anarchist thought rather than telling them what to think And of course the lovely graphics are just the icing on that particular cake Some afterthoughts As this is the 21st review I thought perhaps I should review how this idea has developed over the last year or so The point of a book in five minutes is to digest the essence of a book into a series of short quotes and descriptions So that people may have their interests captured and perhaps get a copy of the book and read it in full Over recent months a number of people have said that they'd love to have a more general description about each book and its significance Problem is you can't do that in five minutes, which would defeat the purpose of why I write these deliberately short reviews To try and answer that demand. I thought rather than change the format I'd just add to that not by lengthening the review But instead with a swish of a backpossess scorto harp adding some freeform ideas Which are absolutely not to win the historic context of the book to bring people up to date Let's get started Some afterthoughts on anarchy a graphic guide Anarchism is utopian utopias are never meant to be attained otherwise. They wouldn't be utopian When it comes to anarchism people have a problem with that idea because it leaves the future open to interpretation An unwritten script with only vague stage directions, which you have to improvise as you go Reading anarchy a graphic guide allowed me to understand that To resolve the conflict between the mainstream media and political portrayal of anarchism as a lack of order versus the central idea of anarchism Which is that a truly democratic order is something created horizontally between people not vertically under an imposed hierarchy of control Like the book's author I chose to end the review of deruta's famous quote because in all honesty The capitalist mode of production has driven the entire planet to the verge of destruction How bad things get is not merely an issue of how long the system could perpetuate itself But of how long centrist reformers prop up that system by trying to ameliorate those deleterious impacts In order to drastically reduce our footprint on the earth We the 10 percent of the global population who consume over half of everything and who are the most likely group to be reading this Have not only to radically curtail our consumption We have to radically relocalize in order to ensure that local ecological conditions are assessed and properly considered under local decision making In the years since the publication of the book I think there are three major changes to the knowledge base of anarchism and anthropology generally which are worth adding to the book's scope Firstly the rising role of indigenous people's knowledge of self-governance and communal decision making that the west has long ignored This was discussed recently in grave room when grows the dawn of everything I'd also recommend ruxang, demba or teases and indigenous people's history of the united states Other researchers are also highlighting the role that indigenous knowledge has played in civilizing western ideas Such as the influence of the blackfoot confederacy on the origins of manslo's hierarchy of needs And generally indigenous knowledge has been identified as a major part of how we adapt to a more ecologically perilous world Secondly we need more contemporary anarchist thinkers who are dealing with the world as it is Because that world view is now so far outside the world view of classical anarchism For example, although Murray Bookchin gets a mention in the years since the book was published The significance of bookchin's ideas on self-organizing movements has grown the most well known example being re harvard Finally related to the above perhaps the most significant thing missing from the book is an analysis of technology And how technology extends the power of late stage capitalism by further subjugating people to the priorities of the modern workplace The book ignores technology as both a force for hierarchical control and for decentralized liberation Today the role of technology, especially in the rise of near feudalism through digital platforms Is absolutely critical to any realistic discussion of anarchism So I commend to you Clifford Harper's wonderful book that 35 years after I first read it still dazzles in its ability to synthesize the ideas of anarchism across the centuries in less than 200 pages Now of course for those watching the video what has dominated my review of the book have been the scenes of gratuitous chocolate cake making As I opened with anarchism and food have a long history one which I still cherish In that vein to extend the point made above I'll leave you with this from Murray bookchin Which advances the idea that tyrannochist organization relies on groups of conscious self-motivating individuals Not collective class consciousness There can be no society based on self-management without self-activity Indeed revolution is the self-activity in its most advanced form Direct action carries to the point where the streets the land and the factories are appropriated by the autonomous people Until this order of consciousness is attained consciousness at least on the social level remains mass consciousness the object of manipulation by elites If for this reason alone Authentic revolutionists must affirm that the most advanced form of class consciousness is self-consciousness The individuation of the masses into conscious beings who can take direct unmediated control of society and of their own lives If only for this reason too or fantic revolutionists must affirm that the only real Siege of power by the masses is a dissolution of power the power of human over human Of town over country of state over community and of mind over sensuousness


He's just constantly running. I haven't even touched this guy. I don't think I've only pooped him I'm thinking crafting the Crap, okay, cool But I can't craft anymore. I don't have the recipe on here Frank bombs. Okay. I don't have them.  No, he's not No, don't run Lord have mercy. What is with this game? What's up torque? How you doing, man? He's run three times in a row What? Tell me why I can't go up there. How do I get over there? Is it gonna come out? Warriors Come out and play a Good job. Oh, I got the whole whiff the entire fart all of this all of this.  You're supposed to be helping me your jerks What are you doing? Yeah, everybody doing what you guys doing Feels good man. I don't like you. I don't like you. What's up game source? You're welcome back Lord have mercy. What is going on? Y'all supposed to be helping me? Frank and got a little night. It feels good, man Yeah, oh, thank you so much. Just so dreamy for the 16 months in a row. Everybody show him some love in the chat Thank you. Just so dreamy for that Your daddy we don't like him I Ran right into it chat. It was good Frank Gallagher all that night. Y'all need to help man I'm about to die over here. All right. I got a trap, but I have no I'll do I drink bombs am I? We do have a trap have a trap. All right. What's good fight man? I love that wiggly head the armor charge chat Yes Didn't hire up with the me allotov. That's why we're doing this Killing six birds with 18 stones chat I'm gonna sit down now. Let me go check on my plan to loonies See if I need to refresh some soil. I Forgot what I've even making I think I'm still making heavy bow gun ammo Which is fine You never have too much of that stuff Hey, oh Well I don't have anything for the flashbacks. Give me that fix. I'm in the jelly boy Not to come back next time and do the thick soil or the soil piggy. Where are you at? Come on? I forgot Looks even worse with this helm on My gracious goodness me So what does he count as? Probably large monster capture I don't think I have any Okay, I Do need to buy some level one potions Hi, that was loud. I'm sorry chat Wow, let me move my mic bad. I'm my mic Okay, oh Let's do like 200. There we go Not cool drinks are good Jerky, I need to start using this stuff. Can't you use jerky like do a quick heal? I just start using jerky chat How am I doing on trap tools 41? That's enough See hey, what's up, David? How you doing? I think I'm good in everything else You know, I might start I'm gonna use a different We're gonna use a different heavy bow gun man Cuz the man using that three ammo is so annoying.  I'm sorry. How you doing, man?  I was watching it again, too I've heard about the Tail riders in a while. I probably need to send some out You use a way too many napkins Just grill the blazer. I am That's all I do. I Know that's all I've been doing. I don't know if you've been watching Blaze nut and freaking what a blast nut both of those Not been I've been staying on top of it and you grow it For three days and then you do one day of hunting and then you guys is all gone That stuff goes so fast. You got to constantly grow.   It As soon as you stop growing you're out of ammo. That's my that's my annoyance with it Now if I all I did was play a heavy bow gun, it'd be fine But I need stuff to make like armor potions and you know, I need the the God bugs and all those other bugs For that stuff and it's like you get one slot for those And I use it for flash bugs.  I can go to a spread Heavy bow gun built and probably have to grow less nuts cuz that cluster freaking stuff Oi Why are you running out of ammo then this conversation is over All right, let's go back up and continue where we left off first. What was I doing here? What's the present chance of not using ammo with that one skill? I Want to say 10 it was the it was a Xeno set pretty sure it was a Xeno set that had that Xeno Alpha special ammo boost 10% if you get it max is 20% Kind of low. I think that's kind of low actually The one that's damaged for specials. Oh, I don't know what he's talking about it. I Was talking about heavy bow gun thing It's like poly bundles and warframe always out of it.  I probably craft about five to six times Like I said if I do a full day of farm It's like that stuff just dwindles dwindles and doing those the next thing you know you're out of ammo I feel like if I have like three thousand of each I'll feel comfortable. I'm constantly crafting dude I'm like I don't use normal at all. I Don't use normal. I barely use pierce like if I'm shooting is either sticky cluster or wyvern I Don't use sleep ammo. I don't use any of that stuff. That's probably my problem. I don't know But I know one thing the way I'm playing.  I don't remember. No, I didn't Let's go get my little compadre Yeah, this is me. What if you what is it what you witness right now is me basically leveling up my Palico gadget and Palico and these guys here Cuz right now they're not maxed And I can't expect them to be effective against an elder dragon or a tempered dragon if And I even maxed. Let's do this Let's find one. I Was already tracking them. I don't know if that's worth farming Zeno for though. We'll see for a 10% chance to not use ammo with spare a spare shot a armor skill or a decoration, I've never heard of it probably decoration with Giving that is so good. Oh, it's a Zeno bonus. Oh my goodness They both here. No, they're not buff time That's not oh, I just wasted life powder over here. All right. You're ready He left Where'd he go? I'll turn my head for one second and he's gone. All right, you sir You sir, I just wanted to get to start it. I'm gonna get out of the way now. I Got the Wiggler helm for range. That's why I have it on that wasn't part of a YouTube guy That was just people telling me that range is if you're gonna do this Palico build Having range is um having range It's like a must have He'll up Frank. See I don't understand that did heal them. Never mind.  I don't think I reached them. Oh, no, they can go off That one did you guys fighting him or what? I don't know what's going on Frank is knocked out Where's my heel? Really I hear him. I hear him chat. I hope I pooped the right one. I just picked one you can leave now You can leave You can go You can go. Thank you Frank.  It was good man Can we not fight down here? Can we go somewhere else? Can you run? I walk right into that this hill is too shallow Man, I can't use it. Whoa that messed me up. Okay. I still don't have the skills on my bar. I think we need to be higher level Or something I don't think you see that to the level five or six or something. There it goes What level do you start to see the Palico gadget skill on your bar? If at all I touched them I got my hill bet chat. I Had my help.  I've already seen a couple of videos from that pretty funny I think I'm gonna run a blue mushroom soon. I don't remember the last time I even used the mushroom What are you guys doing? Get over there fight?  I'm getting better at the video game. I think thanks for the follows. I appreciate it Come out and play Slide slide slippery slide Ah, I'd mess it up. I'd be just be this toe up. I stood right in that Frank don't come over to me and just stand there here and look at me. Do it