Mae bwysig, yn holliaeth ac mae'r cyfarfodyddar yn those ystod o'u drwpwn yn ein cyfarfodyddar. Mae'n uchwanigiaid iawn i'r carfodyddar nifer yn cael ei ffyrw. Yn y gwrs hyn, mae'r hyn yn cymryd yn ochr yn gymweithio ar gyfer cyffredinol ac cynnwysol. Felly, na fydd y ffordd y tro i'r ll wyfan, vaod i'r Percol 1, pwysig y Rydydd, of relations. And you might well wonder what on earth is going on there. We've seen that Hume starts off talking about association and how that gives rise to complex ideas, and then he sets out to give this taxonomy of the complex ideas. And then in the very next section he says, well let's start with relations, here are the different kinds of relations. And you might wonder is this just boring taxonomy or is there something else going on? Well as I'll explain to you now, there's quite a lot more going on. To understand this let's go back to John Locke. John Locke, as so often, is the source of things that feed into Hume's philosophy. So recall what John Locke was trying to do was explain how all our ideas could be explained as arriving from experience. And one of the things he wanted to do, particularly in book two of his essay concerning human understanding, was to go through all the various ideas showing how they could arise from experience. So Locke was very much in the business of taxonomising, listing all the various ideas we have showing how they can all be explained as arising from experience. So if you look through Locke you'll see that he draws a distinction between different categories of relation. What he's trying to do is look at all the various types of relation that there are. Well there's cause and effect relations, relations of time, relations of place and extension, identity and diversity, what he calls proportional relations. Proportional relations by the way include both what Hume calls degrees in quality and proportions in quantity or number. So it's kind of mathematical relations broadly speaking. He then says that there are lots of other types of relation. Indeed infinite other relations. For example there are natural relations such as father and son, brothers, countrymen. Just noticed by the way for future reference when Hume talks about a natural relation he doesn't mean what Locke means. When Hume talks about a natural relation he just means an associative relation. When we think of one thing as related to another it's because the idea of one of them naturally leads our thought to the idea of the other because they resemble each other, because they're close by, they're contiguous or because one cause is the other or is the cause of it. That's what Hume means by a natural relation, what Locke means by a natural relation is more or less a blood relation. And then there are instituted or voluntary relations, general, citizen, patron and client, constable, dictator. These are instituted relations, relations that come from social relations or politics etc. And then there are various moral relations. Okay, now let's think about Hume's taxonomy of relations in relation to Locke's. Well, Hume has a relation called contrariety where Locke has diversity. That seems to be something like a way of bringing negation into the whole picture. Locke talks about agreement or disagreement of ideas. Hume talks about resemblance. And we'll see that he thinks that resemblance enters into every relation. He doesn't actually explain why and it's somewhat mysterious to be frank. So when you read treatise 115 and you see this thing about resemblance coming into every relation and you might think that's rather strange. How's that? Well, it's not well explained and it's not clear what role Hume takes it to play. But it is quite intriguing that Locke talks about agreement and disagreement of ideas in very much the same way. Locke's agreement seems to be a general sort of logical glue rather than anything more specific. So there's quite a similarity between what Hume says about resemblance and what Locke says about agreement. Locke doesn't treat resemblance as a single type. He recognises all sorts of different kinds of resemblance and talks about them as different relations. So countrymen, those who were born in the same country, that's a kind of resemblance. And there are myriad resemblances. Whereas Hume wants to reduce them all to one general relation of resemblance. Now look at these two passages. Now these are quite well-known passages in Hume scholarship for the following reason. Norman Kemp Smith, very famous Hume scholar, wrote a major book in 1941, one of the few early 20th century works that's still worth reading on Hume. Kemp Smith famously made a speculation about Hume's philosophy. Kemp Smith wanted to say that Hume's philosophy is driven primarily by the moral theory. He saw Hume as influenced by Hutchison. Hutchison wanted to say that morality is ultimately derived from feeling, from sympathy, from our fellow feeling towards other people. That's where it comes from. And Kemp Smith wanted to say that Hume took over that insight and wanted to apply it to his philosophy generally. So when we make an inductive inference, for example, Hume says things that imply that that's somewhat similar to feeling. We see an A followed by a B again and again and again, C A again, we feel that a B is going to follow. So there's actually quite a big structural similarity between what Hume says about induction and what he says about morality. Kemp Smith speculated that it was actually the theory of morality that was driving the philosophy and that Hume had worked on book three of the treatise on morals before he wrote book one. Now, as evidence for that, Kemp Smith gave these examples. He said, notice, when Hume wants to give examples of causal relations, he gives relations that are morally pertinent. There we are. That gives evidence that what's really driving Hume's philosophy is the moral theory. Well, it's an interesting speculation. It's not particularly popular these days because for all sorts of reasons it just doesn't seem to hold up as a theory of the order in which things were done. But what I want to suggest is that there's a more interesting explanation.  But suppose you look at these in the light of Locke's taxonomy. Remember, Locke had this proliferation of relations, including a whole load of what he called natural relations, blood relations, and instituted relations. And here is Hume saying all the relations of blood depend upon cause and effect. Right, so all blood relations are actually causal relations. The relation of cause and effect, we may observe to be the source of all the relations of interest and duty by which men influence each other in society and are placed in the ties of government and subordination. Okay, so all Locke's instituted relations are causal relations too. So what I'm suggesting is this. Hume got hold of Locke's taxonomy of relations, where Locke had a proliferation of relations of similarity, Hume puts them all under heading of resemblance, where Locke had blood relations and instituted relations, Locke puts them all under the heading of causation. And as a result, he's able to reduce all of Locke's proliferation of relations to seven categories. And there in Treaties 115, he spells out these categories. So he says all the types of relation there are, what he calls philosophical relations, that is relations as considered by philosophers, are resemblance, cause and effect, space and time, identity, contrariety, proportions in quantity, degrees in quality. Okay, so far what I've argued is that what Hume is doing here is taking Locke's taxonomy and shrinking it, reducing it to seven categories of relation. Why? What's going on here? Well, his motivation doesn't become clear until book one part three. Book one part three, right at the beginning, he draws a distinction between two different categories of relation. These are commonly called constant relations and inconstant. That's a term he does talk, use once, apparently referring to this distinction, so it's worth using that term. On the one hand, you've got relations that depend entirely on the ideas which we compare together. So resemblance, contrariety, degrees in quality, proportions in quantity or number. So the claim there is that if you take two things and compare them together, these relations between them, their resemblance or their contrariety or degrees in quality or proportions in quantity or number, those will depend purely on the things you're comparing together. On the other hand, there are three inconstant relations. Identity, relations of time and place, cause and effect. Now, the last two of those are fairly straightforward, right? Time and place, yes, of course, take one thing, take another thing, they could remain the same things and yet be in different relations of time and place. Causation, cause and effect. Well, we can think of anything causing anything. So whatever A and B might be, take those ideas, you could have those very same ideas and have one thing causing another or not causing. It wouldn't change their identity. But what about the notion of identity? That's a bit of a strange one to put here, you might think. How is it supposed that that relation can be changed without any change in the ideas? Well, Hume is here talking about identity over time. So think of coming across something today and then coming across something next week and wondering whether they're the same thing. The thought would be that you can perceive the thing now and have your idea of that thing. Next week you can perceive the other thing and have your idea of that and you can speculate whether they are or are not the same thing without actually changing those ideas. Okay. So you've got three, four constant relations, three inconstant relations. Here is the payoff. Hume wants to argue later in the treatise that certain things cannot be demonstrated, cannot be demonstratively proved, proved with certainty going purely from our ideas. One of them is the causal maxim, that every beginning of existence must have a cause. So that's in treatise 1-3-3. And he argues, well, since that doesn't include, isn't based on inconstant relations, it cannot be demonstrated. Only things that are based on constant relations can be demonstrated. Again, in book 3 of the treatise, the first section of that when he's talking about morality, as we've seen, he's going to argue that morality is not founded on reason. And as part of that he wants to say that moral distinctions cannot be demonstrated. So again he says they can't be demonstrated because they involve inconstant relations. They're not based purely on constant relations. Now he doesn't actually enunciate this principle as such but his use of it in those two passages seems pretty clearly to indicate that this is the thought that's driving him. We've got these seven relations, seven types of relation. We divide them between those that depend only on the ideas called those constant relations and those which depend on something else, you know, situation in time and place or whatever it might be. Well, only things that depend on the constant relations can possibly be demonstrated because they're the only things that depend only on the ideas, right? Seems plausible. And Hume uses it, as I say, to argue that the causal maxim can't be shown to be intuitively true. Therefore, incidentally it can't be demonstrated. And that moral relations cannot be demonstrated. Now sadly that's complete nonsense. It's a great shame but it just doesn't work. So let's look at some examples.  That's intuitively true, isn't it?   Indeed, that seems plausible. It's a causal relation. Parent is a causal relation. So here we have a proposition that involves two causal relations. It doesn't mean it can't be demonstrated. Or anyone who's paternal grandparents have two sons has an uncle. Agreed? If your paternal grandparents have two sons, well, one of them must be your father. The other one's an uncle. So again, we've got a relation, we've got a proposition that can be demonstrated even though it involves causal relations. And then we've got one, I've put one at the top involving identity. If A equals B and B equals C, then A equals C. And transitivity of identity. Intuitively true.  It involves the relation of contiguity. But nevertheless it can be demonstrated. So Hume's principle in the abstract sounds quite plausible, right?  That seems about right. But then when you start looking at examples, it falls apart. What's gone wrong? Well, I only know of one person in the literature who's actually discussed this in ways that I think are really illuminating. And that's Jonathan Bennett. Two works there. Incidentally, the website will contain links to all these various things. So if you want to chase them up, you're very welcome to do so. What Bennett suggests is that Hume is essentially confusing two different notions. And one of them is supervenience and one of them is analyticity. So very roughly supervenience is where the relation between two things depends on their individual properties. If you've given the properties of one thing and another thing, then the relation between them follows as a matter of necessity. Analyticity is different. That is, if you know about A and B, you've given your ideas of A and B, you can deduce the relation, you can see that it follows as a matter of the relations between the ideas. So that's related, if you like, to a prioricity. Follows from the meanings of the terms. So I'm using modern terms here for kind of the closest equivalents to what Hume seems to be talking about. Now I think Bennett is right that there is this confusion in Hume. I have an idea of what's gone wrong here. I think what Hume does is when he's talking about objects or ideas of objects, he gets muddled. Sometimes he's thinking about the properties of objects. Sometimes he's thinking about the properties of our ideas of objects. And since he's talking about issues of knowledge, it's very easy to conflate those two. And I think that's what happens here. He pushes the two together. He's talking at a very abstract level. He's not anchoring it with examples, and so he doesn't see the problem. But I think it's important when reading those early parts of the treatise to know that Hume has this target in mind in order to understand some of what's going on there. Now very briefly, fortunately, Hume doesn't actually rely very much on this dichotomy, only in the two cases that I've mentioned. Most of the time, his criterion for whether something's demonstrable or not is actually based on the conceivability principle of which I've given a couple of quotations there. To form a clear idea of anything is an undeniable argument for its possibility and is alone a refutation of any pretended demonstration against it. Whatever we conceive is possible, at least in a metaphysical sense, but wherever a demonstration takes place, the contrary is impossible and implies a contradiction. So notice, he's not here distinguishing between constant and inconstant relations. He's not relying on that at all. He's simply saying the criterion for something being demonstrable is that the opposite is impossible. And if you can clearly conceive of something, that shows it is possible. So that delimits the possible range of what can be demonstrated. So although I've been rather harsh on Hume's theory of relations, I've suggested that it's motivated by trying to draw a dichotomy for a reason that just doesn't work. Fortunately, it doesn't infect too much of Hume's philosophy. In the inquiry, by the way, the dichotomy makes no appearance at all. He relies on what is commonly known as Hume's fork, which is clearly based on the conceivability principle, the distinction between things that we can conceive and therefore are possible and things that we cannot conceive and tend therefore to be impossible.


at seven we had a huge team of a bunch of different people and we'd all do all kinds of different crazy things and you know we we kind of worked off of seniority more than anything as far as making decisions and and letting people make the calls but the big change is now that we're at 20 we have entire forces we have an entire corporate well not corporate that's normally put it we have an entire what is it a hierarchy that exists so you've got Jeff you've got Cheryl and Zach and Cheryl is the lead events coordinator for DEF CON she's the one who handles the hotel any of the requests that people have she is absolutely amazing and Zach is the head of all DEF CON goons and then underneath Zach you have each one of the department leads or department heads myself Chris Lockheed with networking it's just crazy every every aspect of what you see going on in DEF CON and a lot of stuff that you don't see as a human all has an entire team of people dedicated to it to make sure that it goes smoothly and to make sure that it runs well I believe that DEF CON contest and events is about a third of the overall conference and my goon staff directly for just contest and events is 16 people so and it and it and I need to grow it to be honest it's one of those where every single year we find that we need more and more people more attendees you need more help 18 year old me would kick my ass 18 year old 18 year old me I'm in that photo of the Volkswagen bug and I'm the guy wearing the FBI hat and the punk rock t-shirt the MDC t-shirt and yeah 18 year old me would not like 38 year old me well because I'm a corporate sellout I live in a house in the suburbs you know I make you know I make I make a good salary working at a big company you know I've taken DEF CON security you know I've gotten DEF CON security itself to the point where it's it's run we have an org chart that that right there I think would cause 18 year old me to just you know go after 38 year old me about the time I said well if you check the org chart for DEF CON security yeah that would pretty much be it


Russians resort to alternatives for reconnaissance following A-50 aircraft loss. In the south of Ukraine, there is an extremely high activity of Russian reconnaissance drones. They are collecting information along the contact line and in the depths of the region, according to Natalya Hemenyuk, head of the Joint Coordination Press Centre of the Southern Defence Forces of Ukraine. According to Hemenyuk, this was caused by the downing of a Russian long-range radar detection aircraft. They are now trying to replace the A-50, which was shot down, unplanned by the Russians. Now the activity of enemy reconnaissance drones is extremely high in our area of responsibility, she said. In particular, Hemenyuk says that over 100 drones of this type were spotted along the contact line and in deeper regions over the day. They are trying to collect the information that the A-50 can no longer transmit. And that is why we see the non-specific activity of tactical aviation, which is more distant in the Black Sea, also concentrating its efforts on collecting relevant operational data, emphasises the head of the Joint Coordination Press Centre of the Southern Defence Forces of Ukraine. Recall that on February the 23rd, the Ukrainian Defence Forces reported that a Russian A-50 aircraft was shot down over the Sea of Azov. It is worth adding that this is the second A-50 to be destroyed by our soldiers since the beginning of the full-scale war. Later, the Intelligence Service clarified that the A-50U is a new modernised version of the aircraft and its cost is about $350 million. India urges Russia to release its citizens serving in support jobs in army. India has requested the early release of some of its citizens working with the Russian army in support jobs, according to the Ministry of External Affairs of India. The statement from the Indian Ministry of External Affairs came after a local newspaper reported that last year about 100 Indians were employed under contracts for a term of no less than a year. Citizens from many countries sought employment in the Russian army, including from the neighbouring Nepal. We are aware that a few Indian nationals have signed up for support jobs with the Russian army, the statement said. Diplomats also indicated that the Indian Embassy regularly discussed this issue with the relevant Russian authorities for their early release. We urge all Indian nationals to exercise due caution and stay away from this conflict, diplomats added. As previously reported, Russian forces are experiencing a shortage of military personnel to fill combat losses so they are trying to recruit foreign volunteers for service. In particular, the Russian state has been recruiting citizens of Cuba for the war in Ukraine. The latter were promised high salaries, bonuses and vacations. Also in early January, Nepal stopped issuing permits to its citizens to work in Russia and Ukraine. At least 10 Nepalese soldiers were killed while serving in the Russian army. Russia has created special unit union to involve athletes in war against Ukraine. Russia has created a new special unit of athletes to participate in the war against Ukraine. It is sponsored by Russian state-owned companies. This was reported by the National Resistance Center of Ukraine. At the initiative of the first deputy head of the Russian presidential administration, Sergei Kirienko, the union detachment was created. It included participants in sports competitions, in particular martial arts tournaments, the statement said. It is noted that the sponsors are Rosatom, Saberbank and other Russian state owned companies. During the war, they spent tens of millions of rubles on the purchase of weapons and optical equipment for the Russians. The National Resistance Center added that the Russian Special Forces University, located in Chechnya, is responsible for training the union members. Russia is actively using sports to promote its invasive policy. For example, Russian athletes openly support the war against Ukraine. They participate in propaganda events, deliver speeches, justifying the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, and they even receive military ranks. While athletes from the Russian Federation support the war, Ukrainians defend their homeland with weapons in their hands and fall victim to Russian shelling.


From Las Vegas, it's theCUBE. Covering VMworld 2018. Brought to you by VMware and its ecosystem partners. Welcome back to the Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas, everybody. You're watching theCUBE, the leader in live tech coverage. My name is Dave Vellante, I'm here with my co-host, Peter Burris, Peter, great to be working with you. We haven't done much this week, but I'm really excited to have you here. It's been a great week, despite that. It's been a great week. This is day three of our wall-to-wall coverage. Last year at VMworld, one of the biggest hottest trends was data protection. Same thing this year, a lot of buzz, a lot of hype, a lot of parties. Rhea Barrett is here, she's the Vice President of Product Marketing for the Data Protection Division of Dell EMC. Welcome, great to see you again. Thank you, great to be here. Brian Linden is here. He is the IT Director at Melanson Heath, out of Austin as well. Brian, thanks very much for coming on. Thanks for having me. So Rhea, I mean, you and I have talked about this. What's going on in data protection? I mean, VMworld, it's become the hottest topic. You're seeing you guys, some of the VC-funded startups, trying to duke it out, throwing big parties. All right, you guys got all the customers. Everybody wants them, you're fighting like crazy. Cloud has now come in. What's your take? What's going on? Well, it's really exciting. I mean, data protection, I started out my career in data protection, but move forward and back in data protection is hotter than ever. It's great. And I think it has to do with the trends that are happening out in the market, the big mega trends that are happening. We talk about distribution, data moving out of the data center, where the four walls are no longer defining how you secure something. So security, recoverability are becoming really critical as you talk about edge and data moving to the edge and to cloud computing and multi-cloud computing. I think it's going to be one of those frontiers that the enterprise still wants to have a reign over. How do I recover my data no matter where it's sitting and how do I get it back and how do I secure it? So it's very exciting. So Brian, talk about Melanson Heath, set it up. Company, you know, tax accounting, Boston based, New England, et cetera, your role. And I really want to understand the drivers in IT, but start with the company please. Yes, Melanson Heath is a top 10 regional accounting firm in New England. We have offices in Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine. We service other clients in Vermont, et cetera. A large portion of our focus is on auditing. We do a lot of municipal audits, school districts, towns, cities. We also do traditional tax accounting, management advisory, the full gamut of accounting professional services. You run IT? I do, yes. Okay, what are the big drivers in your business and how are they forcing you to sort of rethink the way in which you generally approach IT, but specifically approach data protection? Over the years, we've gone from the traditional everything on premise to moving things to the cloud, whether it's a SaaS provider or whatever. So we really need to be able to secure our data no matter where it is, whether it's in the cloud, be able to have it back up locally, between our various offices, et cetera. And uptime is paramount. We have deadlines that don't shift. The IRS does not care if we have a storm or we have something wrong with our building, we have, our professionals have hard deadlines. So one of my tasks is to make sure that no matter what happens, we have a timely backup plan and I need to be able to focus on the business and not be focusing on worrying about the backup and data protection. So obviously the other part of that equation is the recovery plan. So Rhea, this is our ninth year of theCUBE at VMware. Congratulations, by the way. And at the time, when we first started, it was a lot of talk about re-architecting backup to handle the V Blender, if you will, and the lack of resources. Now all the conversation, and Brian just mentioned it, is cloud. So how are you guys responding to that from a product standpoint? Oh my God, yeah. This has been a big topic of conversation. I think one of the areas where we really differentiated, one of the areas that Brian is in the middle of is mid-market and we see a big propensity for an appetite for cloud, from an agility standpoint, from a time to respond standpoint. And one of the biggest trends, and we heard about it at yesterday's keynote as well, is cloud is a disaster recovery site, especially for customers that might not have a secondary site. So we recently introduced a product called the DP4400. Brian's actually the first customer to purchase the product, so in July we announced it. One of the key differentiations of that product is the ease of which customers can now access cloud. Whether it's for long-term retention or cloud disaster recovery without needing any additional hardware. Literally, it's at the fingertips. You manage it exactly the way you would. You can manage it directly from your VMware operational tools and have access to cloud as a secondary site, whether it's for DR or long-term retention. So that's one of the ways for mid-market customers, we're really bringing that cloud and bringing it at their fingertips from a recoverability standpoint. And then we've done some exciting announcements.  So I think that's by far one of our key differentiations and better together stories with VMware. So I'm really fascinated, Brian, about some of the things you're doing. Let me throw a thesis at you and really you probably heard this. We tend to think that there's a difference between business and digital business. And that difference is the degree to which a digital business uses data as an asset. And many respects, if you start thinking in those terms, then data protection for the new world is not just protecting your data, it's protecting your digital business. For sure. Now, if you think about an accounting firm, we normally associate accounting with manual processes, manual activities, but there's a lot more data being generated by your clients, by the people that are providing the services. How is this relationship between data, the value of your business, and the value of your services driving you to adopt these new classes of solutions? For Millanston Heath, we are almost completely paperless. So all of our data, all of our work product goes through technology. So we need to, it's imperative that we be protected. If servers go down, if a site goes down, our professionals don't do work and time is money. So it first is the old thinking of having paper storage or just having local backups. If there's a significant enough event, we can leverage the cloud and be able to disperse our staff to places where they can sit down with a computer and do work. Additionally, like you said, we're collecting a lot more data. Our very software processes are using more machine learning to get more out of that data. So having that protected as it expands is critical. So increasingly the services that you're providing to your clients are themselves becoming more digital as well? That's correct, yes. So as you think about where this ends up, would you characterize yourself as especially interested in the DP4400 and the set of services that are around that as facilitating that process? Are you going to be able to tell a better story? To your business about how they can adopt new practices, offer new services, et cetera, that are more digital in nature because of this? I think so. I think having the DP4400 with its cloud connections will help our partners, our principals become more comfortable with the cloud and not fear it. They've tended to be a little more insular and want to see and feel and know that the data is there so being able to recover to the cloud or just use the cloud natively is going to be a game changer for our firm and our business. Just to add one thing that we talked about with Brian, one of the capabilities with the DP4400 is the instant access and restore capabilities. And we're seeing more of a trend, especially in secondary storage platforms, much like the ones we're using with DP4400 where basically all your data is there, right? So you're doing your data for recovery, your data for disaster recovery, for replication is in a place. And we're seeing a trend towards wanting to have flash and VME cash to be able to actually do instant access and restore not only for recoverability purposes for app test and dev type applications and data sharing. So that trend has already left the station. Even in our mid-tier products like DP4400, while targeted specifically for commercial buyers and mid-sized organizations, we're bringing that enterprise-class capabilities and making it available to them to be able to leverage, not only cloud, but also on-premise. And your cloud is, are you all cloud?  Are you hybrid? We're hybrid. We do have a lot of on-premise. We are migrating things over the years to the cloud and that's certainly going to be the trend. And is that in effect or in part what's driving you to rethink how you approach data protection or how did that affect your data protection decisions? I think having the capacity to touch all types of systems and services is critical. We need to be thinking not what we're doing now but we're going to do a year, five years from now. And just looking back at the past five years, it's a completely different IT environment. Okay, so I want to translate a little marketing into what it means for the customers. Rhea, when you guys announced the DP4400, it was simply powerful, was kind of the tag line. Absolutely. Okay, so what are you looking for from the standpoint of simplicity and same question on power? Simplicity, the DP4400 is a 2U unit. Goes right in the rack, it's not use of various interconnected components that you have to figure out how to connect. It's one interface, it's extremely simple and quick to deploy. I have a very lean IT shop. We don't have a lot of time, a lot of people to be devoting hours and days and weeks to getting a data protection environment set up. Our previous solutions were much more complicated, different interfaces, always changing interfaces and they didn't really work well. I need to be able to just set it and forget it. It's an insurance policy is what it is. When something goes wrong, I need to know what's going to happen from the moment that the disaster is recognized to when our staff will be able to get back up and working. Okay. The DP4400 just makes that extremely simple. Okay, so it's simple, not just simpler. No. Is that right? It's simple, okay. It's simple. And what about the powerful piece, what does that mean? The power of having everything in one unit, it's one interface giving me and my staff the power to do what we need to do without having to have a degree in data protection. It's very simple to learn, very simple to use. It just works. And a couple of the things Brian and I talked about earlier was really no one wants to impact production to do data protection, right? Like he said, it's an insurance policy. So the performance of the platform is really significant. I think performance, performance without compromising efficiency because at the end of the day, cost is a big consideration, especially for mid-sized organizations when they're buying a solution. So I think it's really, hey, it's simple to use, simple to deploy, but it's powerful because you can get your stuff done in a lot of times for data protection, which is almost zero these days with efficiency. I got to also say really quickly that I would also presume that because every single document is so valuable and so essential, power also relates to being able to sustain the organization of that data at every scale. Absolutely, going further into power as we was indicating is the performance of the backups, the deduplication rate, sending things over the network to our disaster recovery site very quickly, very efficiently. We can pull back, do backups during business hours. We don't have to throttle it to just the overnight hours, which those hours are off hours are getting fewer further between because in taxis and in particular, we have people working seven days a week all day. So to send that data to where it needs to go in a compact form doesn't prevent our staff from doing work whenever they want and need to be able to do it. Organization is increasingly focusing on the data. Data has more value, means it's got to be protected in new ways, bring in cloud, requires new architectures.  Bring it on. A lot of people want it, you're the leader. Congratulations guys. Thank you. All right, thanks very much for coming on theCUBE. Appreciate it. Thank you, thank you very much. All right, keep it right there, everybody theCUBE will be back from VMworld 2018 right after this short break.


Hello, welcome to SSUnitech, so see this site and this is part 3 of SQL Server Performance training. So today we are going to discuss about execution plans. So here we will understand about the execution plans, what is execution plan and what type of information it will contain and types of execution plan. And then what are the different ways to save the execution plan. So let's start with execution plan. So it will be generated by query optimizer with the help of stats of the tables and indexes. So we can say that it will be generated with the help of query optimizer and it will use the stats of the table and indexes. Then types of execution plans. So in SQL Server we have three types of execution plans. First is estimated execution plan, then actual execution plan, then live query stats. So live query stats is available 2k16 onwards. So before 2k16 it is not available. So if you are using 2k16 or ever version then you can check the live query stats. Now let's have a look of estimated execution plan and what type of information it contains. So go to our SQL Server Management Studio. As I am using SQL 2017 you may have another version of SQL Server. So I am having Adventure Works 2k16. So here this is our simple query. We gonna fetch the values from address table and schema is person and this is our database. So let me execute this query. So before going to execute this query so we have three type of execution plans. So first is estimated execution plan. So before going to run this query we can check the execution plan and that would be the forecast of this query. So here we can see this is the estimated execution plan or we can press control l. So once we click then we can check the execution plan. So here it will scan with a cluster index scan. So here we can check it will contain the information like physical operation, logical operations, estimated execution mode, then the storage that is row store. So if you will have the column store index then it will be changed with column store. Then estimated IO cost. So what will be the IO cost? It may be used 0.26831 then operator cost, estimated CPU cost and subtree cost. Then estimated number of executions that would be 1. Then estimated number of rows that would be around 19614. So these are the information it will contain. So we are not going to execute this query. Before going to execute if we want to estimate then we can estimate by using the estimated execution plan and we can simply select the query and press control l or we can click on this icon that is for estimated execution plan. So this is the first. So it will not going to contain any information that would be actual. It would contain all the information with the for cost basis and it is generated by query optimizer with the help of stats. Here as we can see in our second method that is actual execution plan. That is also very important if we want to execute our query and after that we want to check the execution plan that would be the actual execution plan. So here we can click on this icon with include actual execution plan or we can press control m. Then we want to execute our query. So let me execute this query. So query executed successfully and we are getting 19614 rows. So here we can see a spectacle results. So it will discussed in our upcoming videos then messages then go to one execution plans. So in execution plan once we go with this cluster indexes scan then we can check the information that it is contained. So here we can say that physical operations logical operations actual execution mode that is row then estimated that is also a row. Then storage row store as I have told you if we will create any column store index then it would be replaced row by column store. Then number of row reads that is 19614 and actual number of rows that is again 19614. So it will contain the information with the estimated as well as actual. So this is type 2 for actual execution plan. Our next is we can see over this icon that is include live query stats. Let me unselect this actual execution plan and select this live execution plan. So let me execute this query and we can check at the execution of time. So this execution plan is going to generated at the same time once our query is going to be executed and we can check the execution plan at the same time. So once we check in this cluster indexes scan then it would contain the information which we have seen in our actual execution plan that was physical operation logical operations estimated execution mode storage actual number of rows estimated I of course. So all the information was available once we have used actual execution plan. So this is for execution plans. So we have three type of execution plans and we have discussed about the estimated execution plan actual execution plan and live query stats. So in estimated execution plan if we don't want to execute the query and we just want to check the execution plan then we can estimate our execution plan by this estimated execution plan then actual execution plan in actual execution plan it will be generated once our query will be executed then it will generate the actual execution plan and it will contain the information that is actually happened with the query. Next is live query stats as we have seen this is our label only in 2 case 16 and above version and here we can check the execution plan at the same time once our query is going to be executed next is execution plan can be saved into below formats. So here we have three type of formats where execution plan can be saved first is graphical then text then XML. So let's have a look how we can save it. So go to on SSMS then replace this live with the actual and let me execute the query. So this is our execution plan simply we can right click on this and save execution plan as then I want to save in this folder and we can rename with execution plan graphical go to on the folder and this is the execution plan now double click on this and we can check it will open as a graphical mode as we have seen. So here as we can see this is the execution plan now we can close it and go to on SSMS and this is for graphical now right click on this and here so execution plan in XML we can open it so this is the execution plan which can be saved in XML now we can control s and here we can save this execution plan with XML format now we can save we can close it go to on the folder then this is execution plan in XML so we can right click and we can open with notepad so this is for XML. So if we want to send this query to other users or other developers then we can use this XML format and here we don't want to provide the right to the other users to check the execution plan and sort out the queries then we can use it now we can close it go to on SSMS and third option is TXT so right click save execution plan as here let me try execution plan dot txt now we can save it go to on the folder and we can double click and this is for flat file so we can save the execution plan in flat files as well but that is saved as XML as well so as we have discussed we can save the execution plan is graphical then text then XML and XML is used once we gonna send the execution plan to other team to check and validate the query is working fine or not if our query is going to take a lot of time to be executed then that team can be sort out the issue by checking the execution plan which we will send in XML so here let's have a look of operators so go to on SSMS so here as we can see we are having this operator that is called as clustered indexes scan with the cluster so this is the one operator in execution plan we will get a lot of operators and that is a label and if you want to learn about those operators then go to on Microsoft website and here as you can see this is the operators so all the operators is a label over here if you want to learn about these operators we can directly click on this and it will be moved to next page and in next page you can learn about this operator so this link will be available on the description of this video so if you need you can copy from there so thank you so much for watching this video if you like this video please subscribe our channel to get many more videos don't forget to press the bell icon to get the notification of our newly uploaded videos thank you so much.


A cloud of dust and a hearty, high-o silver! The Lone Ranger! Companion Totto, the daring and resourceful mask rider of the planes led the fight for law and order in the early Western United States. Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Now to those thrilling days... ...the southwestern town of Chanceville. He dressed in ill-fitting eastern clothes and rode an aged horse hired from the local livery stable across his back in an oversized open cloth sack where squares of framed canvas, brushes and oil paints. On his way out of town on his morning excursion into the rugged hills, he stopped in front of the sheriff's office and greeted Sheriff Tom Harris. Morning Sheriff! You're up early this morning. Are you expecting outlaws? No, Mr. Curley. Outlaws don't bother much with this town. They've been playing hob in other towns in the territory, but so far they've left us alone. I hope they stay away. Sheriff, I... I'd hide if I knew there were bad men within ten miles of here. I bet you weren't that. You don't like it too much out here, do you? I like the people, and I like the scenery. But the east is my home, and I'll return there soon. Sheriff, I'd better get up into the hills and take advantage of the morning sun. I'll see you later.   A few hours later in a cave high in the tree-bear hills to the east of town, a band of four outlaws sat listening as their leader related a story to them. He was the notorious Frank Grimes from Kansas Territory, a man who in the town of Chanceville was known as the artist Ellis Carter. Ha ha ha ha! Sure! And then I said to him, I said, Sheriff, I'd hide if I knew there were bad men within ten miles of here. Ha ha ha ha! Ha ha ha!  He should have been an actor, shouldn't he? He should have been. What do you think he's been doing in Chanceville these past three months? That's right, and the acting has been difficult. But let's get serious about this job tomorrow. The leader outlined the plans for the next day's contemplated robbery in Overland Junction, eight miles to the east of Chanceville. When he'd completed the details, Grimes, Alias Carter, prepared to leave. I'll be here at Sunup. Have my horse and ranch clothes ready so I can make a quick change. You'll be ready, Frank. Frank, you're not going to leave your paintings here, are you? Oh, no, no. Give me that shaggy. You know, nobody's ever seen anything I've painted. Well, maybe that's because you never painted anything. Ha ha ha! That's the answer. I've been carrying the same pictures back and forth each day ever since I arrived in Chanceville. So long, boys. Till tomorrow. Goodbye, Carter. The Lone Ranger and Topple were riding in the hills to the east of Chanceville. They were on their way to the Lone Ranger's secret silver mine to the west of the town to obtain precious ore for a minister in Overland Junction, Reverend Winthrop, whose need for money was great. Who's who's who? They stopped their horses for a moment and used their field glasses to study the hills that surrounded them. The masked man's eyes came to rest on a spot less than a mile away. Carter, that's peculiar. There's a man riding down from that knob in the hills. No one ever rides up there. Ah, me see him. Him not dressed to ride in a country like this. It would be interesting to know what he's doing here. I don't know if he's heading down to the main trail. We ride down to and meet him before he gets to the Chanceville Road. Come on, Silver! Come on, Silver! The falsely named Ellis Carter stiffened in his saddle as nearing the cross trail to Chanceville, he saw the two riders approaching from the hills above. They were a masked man and Indian, but their manner and greeting were friendly and he stopped prepared to meet them. Whoa! Whoa! Oh, Silver, whoa! We've got hope, man! You've no cause to be alarmed, sir. You're... you're wearing a mask. That's true. I assure you, my friend and I are not outlaws. We saw you and thought, perhaps, you were a geologist working in these hills. Your guess is wrong. I'm visiting the west to do scenes of this beautiful country. You see, I'm a painter. The pseudo artist introduced himself as Ellis Carter and told of the pictures he'd painted since his arrival from the east. He ended by touching the canvas and the pouch that hung from his shoulder. This is one I had just completed. It's a study of that peak up there.  Keep it up, you snake! Got the critter? I'm shooting, Carter. Oh, steady there, easy. Let me hear a rattle, but not see snake right away. I heard and saw him.  Mr. Carter, the canvas is falling from your pouch here. No, no, keep away, I'll fix it. There, thank you just the same. If you won't pardon me, I'll ride on to town. Goodbye. Adios. Get up, get up there. Well, Toto, what do you think? Hmm, him strange man. Very strange. He comes from the east, yet he handled that horse like a cowpoke. He drew a gun and fired as quickly as any man I've ever seen. Ah, name hits snake every shop. Yes. What's more, his manner changed during those few minutes. His vocabulary, too. Let me hear that. Call horse coyote. Tenderfoot not do that. He also called that snake a sidewinder. Only real westerners know that the horn-rattle snake is called a sidewinder. Ah, that's strange. Not as strange as his painting. When his canvas almost fell from the pouch, I saw the scene on it. And me see it. Got picture of trees. There's not a tree within miles of here. And he's already told us he's been painting that knob of the hill. Peaky called it. Ah. Himasabi, maybe it good we learn more about him. You stop at Chanceville to see him again? Well, Tom Harris is sure of there. We helped him in the past, Hunter. I'd like to speak to him and learn more about that man, Ellis Carter. Come on, Silver. Get him up, Scott. The man called Ellis Carter left Chanceville before dawn the next morning and rode to the cave where his outlaw band waited. At 10 minutes past 10, the five men, their faces masked, held up the express company office in Overland Junction. They shot down three company employees, killing two. Come on, I've got the cash. Alone deputy sheriff, Glenn Lassen, on foot near the hold-up scene, fired after the fleeing robbers. I got one of them. Hit him again, shot him twice. And he was their leader. Hold up, sheriff. Laws escaped and rode back to their cave in the hills near Chanceville. But the leader, Frank Grimes, alias Ellis Carter, had been shot twice in the shoulder and side. The outlaw's doxy and red laid him gently on the ground, stripped off his shirt, and using strips of the garment, bandaged his wounds. You're bleeding pretty bad, Frank. It's not too dangerous in the looks of it, but it sure is bleeding. It hurts a lot. I'm sorry, Frank. We're doing all we can to bleed and stop and something. Yeah, but look what you're using to stop on that filthy shirt. You'll poison me.  Ah, you won't. You'll be all right, Frank. Don't tell me that. I know. I need a doctor. I'm going to a doctor. Well, only doctors in Chanceville. And you can't go back there like this. They'd ask questions. These clues off me. Don't stand there. Pull them off me. All right. Oh, doxy. I have this whole thing figured out. Oh. I have a story to explain how I got shot. I'll tell it to the doctor. I'm a sheriff. What is the story, Frank? I'll tell you while you remove these clothes and get me back into that artist's outfit. Mary, will you? My side's hurting. Gressed once more in his eastern clothes, the outlaw chief prepared to ride from the cave to Chanceville. Stay here, boys. All right. Put the money behind the rocks with what's left of the other loot. All right. Those lawmen from Overland Junction will never find you here. Don't worry about them. What about this sheriff hairs in Chanceville? What'll he do after you tell your story? He'll go out looking for some outlaws. But I'll have him looking for them in another direction from here. You'll see. Keep cool, boys. I'll be back. Sheriff Tom Harris saw Ellis Carter slumped over the neck of his horse as the spab and animal came to a stop before the lawman's office. His eyes caught the sight of bloodstains on the artist's coat, and he ran to help the man. Mr. Carter, you've been hurt. Here, let me help you down from the horse. Easy now. What happened? You've been shot. Get me a doctor. Sure, sure. Tex and I'll carry you over to Doc Tuttle's office. Oh, Tex, come on here. They rode north from the main trail. The ones who shot you? Yes. There were five of them. They came from the east. I saw they were masked, and I tried to get away. Why did they shoot you? Call me, Tom. What's wrong? Tex, Mr. Carter's been shot. Help me get him over to Doc Tuttle's. Sure. Grab him on one side. Yeah, I'll get the other. That's it. Carter had actually become weakened when Dr. Tuttle probed his wounds. He lapsed into unconsciousness without telling Sheriff Harris more. Harris and his deputy, Tex White, walked from the doctor's office and arrived at their own. At the moment, a horseman galloped to a stop there. Tex is Glenn Lassen, deputy sheriff over in Oberlin Junction. Glenn, what are you doing here? Sheriff, there's been a hold up in Oberlin Junction. Crooks robbed the express company. He got away with $11,000. They hid in this direction. Are there five of them? Mask? Yeah, that's right. You mean you've seen them? No, but they shot a man from this town heading north of the main trail. They did. My posse kept heading west, looking for him. I was sent to ask if you'd help us search for the Crooks, Sheriff. The hold up wasn't in your county, but they shot a citizen to Chanceville. That brings this county into it. I'll round up a posse in a few minutes, Glenn. We'll ride with you and go north after those coyotes. A long ranger and Tuttle riding back from the mine along a back trail stopped on the outskirts of Chanceville's main street. Tuttle, I'll remain here while you ride to see if Sheriff Harris is in his office. Ah. May not be long, Kimusubby.  Oh, Tuttle, you're back in a hurry. Sheriff Harris in his office? No, Kimusubby. Nobody in town. We look every place. See nobody. If that's the case, something's wrong. I wonder if... Oh, wait. There's a man on the main street now. I'll ride to him and ask if he knows where we may locate the sheriff. Come on, Tuttle. Must count. The curtain falls on the first act of our lone ranger adventure. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Pulled into Chanceville and hailed Dr. Tuttle, the elderly man was apprehensive, but the masked man assured him he knew Sheriff Harris. And soon the doctor told of Carter's shooting and the reason for the posse's leaving. He ended... I had gone with him, but I thought I'd better stay with Carter. Badly wounded? Well, he was hitting the shoulder and the side, but there's complications set in. I'd say he's in no danger of dying. No danger at all. Dr. Wee Meadow was Carter yesterday. He's the reason we're in town today. May we speak with him? Well, if he's awake, I don't see why you can't. Come inside with me. When they entered the bedroom of the doctor's house, Carter was deep in the sleep of exhaustion. While Dr. Tuttle and the lone ranger looked at the wounded man, Tuttle, standing behind them, idly studied the clothes that hung across a chair. Suddenly his eyes gleamed and he handled the garments. Then he summoned the lone ranger to one side. He must have been... Look at clothes on chair. Tuttle whispered to the masked man, then both examined the bloodstained clothes once more. Then the lone ranger turned to Dr. Tuttle. Doctor, do you mind coming into the other room? Not at all. Come on. Something's wrong. What is it? We saw Ellis Carter wearing those clothes yesterday. Did he wear them when he was shot? The bloodstains should have told you that. But they don't. Unless you tell me how it's possible for a man to be shot in the side and shoulder without the bullets penetrating his clothes. What's that? You mean to say that? I mean to say there's no sign of bullet marks in Carter's coat, vest, or shirt. Well, darn nation. I was so busy treating him so taken up by the excitement of their getting a posse together, I didn't bother to look at his clothes. But evidently, the sheriff didn't either. Say, what do you make of a thing like that? For the moment, nothing. There was suspicion of Carter that brought us to Chanceville. Despite his wounds, our suspicion of him is still great. Bullet business is peculiar to say the least. Doctor, Tuttle and I have a quantity of silver ingots in our saddlebags. May we leave the bags here in your office for a while? Sure. Bring the bags in here.  What do you plan to do? Tuttle and I have time before it's necessary to continue our journey. The afternoon's still young, so we're riding north to look for Sheriff Harris. The silver ingots were left in the doctor's office. Then the lone ranger and Tuttle sped out of Chanceville, crossed the main trail, and continued northward. Sheriff Harris and his posse had found no trail of the five horsemen Carter said had shot him. He turned the posse around and started back to the main trail, riding beside Glenn Lassen and Tex White. Harris said, Carter must have made a mistake about the direction those hombres took. We go back to the main trail, see if we can't pick up their hoof prints. We should have done that right off. We thought they'd come this way, and then it... Hey, Sheriff, look. Riding this way. Yeah, two horsemen. Galloping like old Nick was chasing them. Who, who, there, who? All right, boys, hold up. Jesus. Hey, one of them's an engine. One on the white horse's mask. Sheriff, this could be a couple of the coyotes we're after. No, no, wait, wait, man. Don't start reaching for your guns yet. We got them outnumbered plenty. But, Sheriff... Tex, to me, a masked man on a white horse and an engine riding together could mean that... Oh, gone, that's who they are. I see him playing now. Move aside, let me through there. Come on. Man, these are friends, not crooks. Ranger and tunnel greeted Sheriff Harris and told him what they knew about Ellis Carter. Harris was stunned.   It's possible he never handled an artist's brush, either. Sheriff, do you have any explanation why there were no bullet holes in his clothes? No. See, here, do you think he had anything to do with a robbery and overland junction? I know none of the details. If you'll give them to me, I'll tell you what I think. Glenn Larson here saw the holdup, even plugged leader of the gang. Shot him twice. Sheriff, I hit him twice. You say this caught around the bush. Yes, Glenn, he was shot twice also. I see what you mean. Danes continue to add up, Sheriff. They sure do. Imagine that pole cat making me believe he was at tender foot Namby Pamby. He was using me, that's what he was. Well, I'm going back to Chance Wheeler. I thought I saw where Carter rode from yesterday. Those rocky hills, especially up near the Knob, would be an ideal spot for a gang to hide out. A perfect place to hide stolen money. You've got something there. How far was the place in the Chanceville crossroad? Not more than two miles. Carter wounded like he is can keep. We'll look into those hills when we go back to town while there's still some daylight. Take it, sir, will you please? I'll be glad to. Come on, sir, then. Tuttle led the posse into the rock-strewn hills where they had seen Carter the previous day. It was there that Tuttle caught the first sign of life above them. He must have been up near peak. Yes, I see, Tuttle. Sheriff, there's smoke rising from a spot behind that high rock up there. Yeah, it's just a whistle. But there's smoke, nevertheless. Someone's up there. And it's not hard to guess who they are. Well, let's go up and take them. Wait, hold them, Sheriff. The way these hills are laid out, the chances are whoever's up there hasn't seen us approaching yet. Well, that's good. Only as long as they don't see you. But that'll be bad. There are no trails up near the Knob, and the hill narrows up where the smoke is. If we try to ride their head on, they'll moist down. That's my thought. Sheriff, let Tuttle and me go on alone. Just the two of you? Those are the crooks. There's at least four of them up there. That's the chance we'll take. Listen, here's what I have in mind. We'll go ahead and... The Lone Ranger outlined a plan by which he and Tuttle would ride to where the smoke was rising. Sheriff Harris agreed. In line with the plan, the posse would follow on foot. A few minutes later, the Lone Ranger and Tuttle started their ride upward. It was the crook named Doxy who, standing at the entrance of the cave, saw the masked man and Indian approaching. Red, Casey, Slim, get your guns quick. There's two hombres coming here. Keep them covered. The four outlaws with guns level stood in the entrance to the cave. The Lone Ranger and Tuttle showed no alarm as they rode up and dismounted. Doxy spoke as the strangers walked forward. Then right where you are. Come another step and we fire. That would be foolish. You're making enough mistakes as it is. What? What's he mean by that?  Smoke's coming out to the top. So wonder the posse hasn't seen it by now. Casey, stop on that fire. All right, Doxy. Stranger, who are you? Why'd you tell us about the smoke? And what's his stuff about our posse? The posse for mobile and junction after you. You should know that. Don't stand out here where you might be seen. Let's go inside. Don't move. I ask who you are. I'm your friend. Let's call him Carter. I told you he's the reason I'm here. What would you say? Carter. He sent you here? Hey, Doxy, this hombre knows something.  All right, you two. Come on inside. Now stand right there, both of you.  Yeah, I bring that lantern over here. Yeah, you are. Leave it on the rock there. Now, mask man, what's this about Carter? I saw him in Chanceville a few hours ago in the doctor's office. He wasn't dead when I left him. But I'll tell you this much, he hasn't a chance. They're wise to him. They are. You mean they know he's Frank Grimes? They'll know it in a short time. I came up here to find you. Is the money safe? Yeah, it's still in there. Hold it, Red. Why are you asking about the money? Why does anyone ask about money? I asked about it because I... Did you hear that? Hmm? Hear what? Outside. I heard someone outside. Hey, what is this? Red, go out there. Red hurried outside the cave and returned about a minute later. I'll see. There are men coming out of here. I can see them among the rocks about 50 feet downhill. They're coming up slow. Don't let them get your guns out. Let's not be trapped in this cave. Now look, I'm in charge here. Don't try to take over. You men want to get trapped in here? That's your business. I say it's better outside. He's right about that, boys. If it's a posse coming, we'll have to fight him outside. We can hold them off out there. Let's get out there then. I'll leave the way. Out of the way, ancient. Stay here. We'll take care of this. Red, you get behind the big rock to the left. Right. You, Casey, sprawl out behind that ledge over there. Right. Slim, you stay with Casey. You mind? I'll stay with you.  They'll see you. Now sprawl out everybody and don't shoot till you have a target. All right, stranger. You come over behind this rock with me. We can see them at any angle there. I'm with you. Is this the spot? Yeah, this is perfect. Now kneel down in here. And I'll take your gun. The Lone Ranger's gun descended on Doxy's head as the man sprawled unconscious. The Lone Ranger grabbed his gun and, crouching low, ran to where Red had taken his position behind another rock. Red. What's the matter? What are you... I had to do it that way. He took Red's gun. He turned and saw Toto step from within the cave where the Indian had been left ignored. The masked man signaled to the Indian and together they moved quietly to the boulder where Casey and Slim were crouching. Their guns pointed downward between clefts and the rocks. The Lone Ranger spoke. I'll take those guns. We'll take them. Casey, shoot! You're too slow, Casey.  My wrist. It's bleeding. You shouldn't have tried to shoot. If you hadn't, you'd have enjoyed a short sleep like your partners are taking. Toto, call down the posse. Tell Sheriff Harris we have some presence for him. Surprised posse, in response to Toto's summons, scrambled to the spot where three unconscious and one wounded men were spread out There they are, Sheriff. From what one of them said, you'll find the express company loot in the cave. These are the crooks, eh? Carter's men? They're the ones who are after. But they're Frank Grimes' men. You've heard of Frank Grimes? A bad man from Kansas territory? Why, sure. Well, your friend Carter is really Frank Grimes. Well, there's a big reward offered for him. And he'll go to you. You and nobody else. Well, if you think I'm entitled to the reward, I'll accept it. I'll go to the Reverend Winthrop in Overland Junction. He's building a church there, and he needs financial help. If you say so, that's what we'll do. He and all the people in the territory will be grateful. Now, Sheriff, you have your crooks and the leaders in Chanceville. While you're marching these men down to where your horses are, I'll take Toto back to town. We'll see that Carter, Grimes, I mean, makes no attempt to escape, and that's perfect. Will you stay overnight? I know, Sheriff. We have an appointment with Reverend Winthrop in the morning. We'll see you. Come, Dullo. Tug gone, Sheriff. There goes a man. After all, he didn't a couple of hours. I'd say he was an army of men all rolled into one. And when you say that, there's still much more to say about him. You see, he's the Lone Ranger. The feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated, created by George W. Trendle, produced by Trendle Campbell Muir Incorporated, directed by Charles D. Livingston, and edited by Fran Stryker. The part of the Lone Ranger is played by Brace Beamer.


Both Houses in Parliament share responsibility for making and shaping laws, but where do laws come from in the first place? A bill is a proposal for a new law, or to change an existing law, and comes from lots of places, like governing and opposition parties, public inquiries, civil servants or campaign groups. So how does an idea get turned into a law? Imagine the government wanted to place greater controls over the internet. A proposal called a green paper is published, which presents the government's ideas for future policy. This is open for public discussion, with interested groups like internet service providers and others likely to be affected. Once findings are gathered, a white paper is published, which outlines a firmer plan for government policy. Cabinet ministers must agree whether the proposal is taken forward. Once agreed, a bill is drawn up, and the minister responsible for the policy introduces the bill to Parliament for debate. MPs and members of the House of Lords comment on, debate or amend the bill through several stages, and at the end of the process, apart from very rare circumstances, it must be agreed by both Houses. It's then passed to the monarch, who gives formal approval or royal assent, and the bill becomes law, called an act of Parliament.


Hello. This presentation will focus on the testing, evaluation and teaching of special groups. Firstly we should say that regardless of which teaching situation you find yourself in in terms of the school, in a language centre or teaching young learners or adults or whatever, you will always be involved in some way or other in some form of testing or evaluation. Those tests may include things that are done internally for the school including such things as homework, course uni tests, maybe half-year exams, certainly end-of-year exams, and you may also be involved in the testing for external tests, such as preparation for IELTS and other such examinations. So ydw i'n ddweud, am fawr, i rhaid, Ac i'n ddweud fath o'i cychwyn lluniau mewn gwyl addon. Y dylai ei личion i fod yn peirentau lleol. Mynd i ddweud o gwysig o gyhoeddysau targetrif, meddwl anodol adwysig, gwybod gyna unrhyw sydd wedi'r rhai metres lluniau, ac mae'r cynyddoedd yn fwylo'r lleol. A'r hwn! Yn ydych chi, ychydig ar gwybod i'r ddeithas i'r lluniau, a'r gynnig urch ydych chi'n ddweud hynny, oedd ymddangos. Ond mae'r rhaid hynny'n gwneud y clywed o ddodol o'r ddodol iawn o'r ddodol cyntaf. A dyna'n gwneud o'r ddodol maen nhw'n gwneud y clywed o'r ddodol o'r ddodol cyfrifol. Yn rhaid o ffordd gwybod o ddodol, mae'r rhai ddodol cilwys yn cyfadwch, a'i sylweddol i'r gyflog, rhai o'r ddodol, ac rhai o'r ddodol, ac o'r ddodol o'r ddodol, is that the questions tend to start easy and gradually become harder and harder. That means that not all students will get to the end of the test, and how far they actually get will determine the actual level of the students. If we take a speaking test, for example, we might start off with some very simple things like, does the student know the vocabulary for the days of the week? If they do, can they put today's day into a sentence? So they may say something like, OK, today is Wednesday. We can then raise the level of the question and say, all right, if today is Wednesday, can you give me a sentence for yesterday and a sentence for tomorrow? Then we will hopefully be using the past form of is and the future form to find out whether they're at the next level. Once we've done that, we could perhaps check a further grammar point. We could say something like, OK, if I am eating rice, could you tell me what tense this is? If they are able to identify that tense as the present continuous, then can they actually identify each of the parts of speech within that question? If so, we could then give them another sentence of a different tense, for example, present perfect, and see if they can indicate the parts of speech for that one, looking particularly at this new form, the adverb of frequency. That will then give us up to the higher levels and we can then ask them some general questions to find out whether we think they should be in the intermediate or the upper intermediate groups. So it tends to be progressive, starting easy. The further the students go, the higher the level they're actually at. The next type of test is called the diagnostic test. What a diagnostic test is really doing is telling us about the student's current strengths and weaknesses. A diagnostic test can also give us some indication of the student's aptitude and tell us something about whether or not they're going to be able to learn a particular type of material. One of the main things that a diagnostic test can do is that it will allow us to concentrate our planning by telling us what the students already know and the gaps in their knowledge. So a diagnostic test is very, very useful for the teacher in terms of the curriculum plan. The next type of test is called the progress test and it's one that whatever teaching situation you find yourself in, you're probably going to be involved in in one way or another. Typically for progress tests, again, all four skills are tested. This type of test is often required by the school or the language centre that you're working in and even so by the parents to show that learning has taken place. The duration of time that the progress test is taken over can vary. It could be a particular unit test that's done when a unit is completed in a book. It could be a term test, it could be half-year or it could be an end of year. So there are different lengths of time over which these progress tests are covering. The progress test can be a very, very useful test for the teacher because quite often it will indicate from the whole class if there are any areas that they're struggling with and it tells us that we need to cover that particular area of the curriculum again. If we have a particular topic that all the students are getting incorrect and it tells us that that class weakness needs to be readdressed, we need to cover that particular area again. The practice test is any type of test that will cover any of the other tests that we've already mentioned. So they use basically for revision purposes. The types of tests that we may be wanting to practice for certainly will include the longer progress tests like half-year exams and end of year exams but also things like external examinations that we'll look at later. As they are practice tests, what we should ensure with each of these is that the practice test follows as near as possible the actual test that it's being used to practice for. There's very little point in having a practice test that is only 10 questions long and lasts half an hour if that's being used to practice for an exam that actually contains 50 questions and lasts three hours. So try to make your practice test as near to the silent content of the actual thing you're practicing for. Our next category is what are often called external proficiency tests. Within these types of tests there are three general categories and we could label those categories as general English tests, the next business tests or business English and the final category, academic. And within these three categories there are various subcategories of tests so we'll have a look at each of these in turn now. So our first main category was called general English and there are a number of organisations or companies that offer these types of exams. Perhaps the most well known is the Cambridge suite of examinations and within the Cambridge suite there are five different examinations at five different levels. The entry level examination for the Cambridge suite is known as the key English test and it's often known by its acronym KET. This is actually an entry level examination and both this and the next test are really used to show that people are ready for the third level of the Cambridge test. Moving on from the key English test is the second level known by the name PET and that stands for the preliminary English test. Again these two as we've mentioned are entry level exams and in terms of the five levels that we often have in a school in terms of starter, elementary then pre-intermediate these two exams would cover the starter elementary level within a school getting us up to perhaps the pre-intermediate level at the very most. The next level examination is given the name the FCE and this is known as the first certificate in English and this level of examination is approximately equivalent to the upper intermediate level in a school. So typically the FCE is the type of level within the ESL teaching situation that would be the highest level that we normally go to. Beyond that we're moving into very complex examinations in terms of grammar knowledge and the first one is called the certificate in advanced English. Most native speakers who've not studied formal grammar and indeed perhaps most teachers of ESL would find this examination extremely difficult. However having said that that's still not the highest level of examination that's offered. The final level is called the CPE which is called the certificate of proficiency in English. Rather ironic perhaps that it's called the certificate of proficiency when it's the highest level of exam that you can take. So the Cambridge suite offering five different levels of examination one point to consider with these exams is that if you're ever given a teaching situation where you're expected to prepare students for either level four or level five you need to be very careful about that because it will involve a lot of work for you to do above the level of a normal ESL certificate. There are other types of examinations other than the Cambridge that offer these sorts of things. Perhaps one of the best well known is given the name Cells which is the certificate in English language skills. So a number of examinations at this level. Our next main category is that of business exams and again perhaps the most well known example of this is the TOEIC and TOEIC stands for the test of English for international communication. In terms of the exam itself it covers all four skills and the examination itself is often used by companies and agencies throughout the world for employing and promoting staff. So by doing the TOEIC examination you're showing that your English level is at a particular level that's needed within a company or agency for a particular type of job. Some universities will also accept the TOEIC as an entry level examination. There are other types of business examination available the other two main well known ones perhaps are the Cambridge BEC and that one is the Cambridge Business English Certificate. This particular examination has three levels and those three levels are given the name of preliminary, vantage and hire. The final type of business category that we might look at is what's known as the Business English Language Testing Service or BULATHS. The BULATHS is mainly used within companies themselves to show a particular level of business English knowledge. Our next main category is that of academic English and here perhaps the two best known exams are those of the TOEFL and the IELTS. The TOEFL the acronym stands for the test of English as a foreign language and some of the main features of this particular examination is that it's used by universities particularly in the US to check that students from a different country have a high enough level of English to enter into a normal US academic programme. It's not only used in the US in fact this particular exam is recognised through over 90 countries worldwide and you don't get a particular grade with this type of examination. What they do is they test all the skills and you then get a cumulative score. There are two ways in which the examination can be taken either in a centre where you do a paper exam so you have multiple choice type questions on paper or it can also be done via computer and generally the levels that the universities are looking for depend on which type of test you are doing. For the paper test very often the score level has to be above 450 whereas on the computerised version of the exam they are looking for a score of at least 135. The tests actually cover the same things be it on paper or the computer version it's just a different method of marking. The second major academic English exam is that of the IELTS. IELTS itself stands for the International English Language Testing System. It's a very similar exam to that of the TOEFL in other words it covers all skills and again it's used by universities so it's recognised by universities as an entry level exam. One particular thing about this particular exam is that for both the reading and writing skills you get to choose which type of examination you take. Within the reading and writing examinations you can choose to do either an academic exam or a more general option.


Hello everyone. Today we pause to pay tribute to the Canadian women and men in uniform. Since Confederation, more than 2.3 million Canadians have served in our Armed Forces and over 120,000 of them have made the ultimate sacrifice. With selflessness, dedication and bravery, members of the Canadian Armed Forces and our veterans represent the values that we stand for as a country. Values like freedom, democracy, justice, security and peace. In Canada and around the world, our military serves with honour. As I speak, members of the Canadian Armed Forces are supporting our allies at NATO's eastern flank, protecting the waters of the Indo-Pacific and training Ukrainians who are defending their country. This year, we've also seen the work they do to support Canadians affected by natural disasters. They do so while wearing the maple leaf and carrying on the tradition of the veterans before them. So on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, as we mark two minutes of silence, as we visit war memorials and participate in ceremonies, as we wear poppies over our hearts, I encourage all Canadians to reflect on the sacrifices of our military families, of our veterans, of members of our Canadian Armed Forces, and of those who served in the First and Second World Wars in Korea and Afghanistan and in peacekeeping missions around the world. Let's remember those who gave their lives in service of a better Canada and let's say with meaning and conviction, lest we forget.


His poems have appeared in Generations, Cape Cod Review, Crate, Gesture, Rhino, and The Collogist. Please welcome Dan Lau. Thank you for having me, Radar. Thank you, Michelle. Pat yourselves on the back. There's a tool concert, but you're here. I have a few poems. No particular order. I'm kind of in a disjunctive mood, so I don't know what's going to happen. The first one is titled, technology, almost this all. Proposition, utter love, utter wings, utter anything, but what you're about to say, stop. Tide pools, blood to the head, a face flush, ravaged chemical, these two ab. First, the kissing lids flutter open than the mouth. Slackness, a dry basin, out escapes the air, slow popping the sand trap and release revision. On the side of the cliff of a cryptomeria begs the wind to relieve its weight. One limb, it says, one limb and solace. Evaluation, such pretty, pretty pink lungs, sponges, but your block garland's still allowing passing and passing through.  Each part for what it does done so well, but yet, perhaps mere calibration, a proper cog, the thread cut new for the bolt, tissue there for simple exchanges, convert, extract, ferment, break down, and all of us fall away what after, what after our task of breathing each other, intention. The steel over steel lying as if smelted from the same fire familiar. This train, this dull pair of wheel and rail, so familiar they only hiss, one turning over the other, leaving one portion behind to find more length. More rail, different, a new curve, a straightaway, our bodies above gliding over familiarity, over smooth metals and crushed pennies. This train coming and coming where, meeting what? A hum past windswept trees, one stripped of bark on one side, one stripped of limb for its ability to deal its unwillingness to uproot accompaniment. Sea urchin, dry, rootless furniture adorns the sand. Husks, horseshoe crabs, frozen in their desiccation in perpetuity, always almost about to beat its tail into the dry grit. All of them, the seaweed, the driftwood, the turnskull, occupying, whitening to each unnoticeable, prideless, free from connectors or reaction, without cause or requirement, each one almost thistle, a bed of pine needle, cicada shell. The next poem, I don't know, I've been seeing a lot of transitions and movements in San Francisco, and it's been really weird. And that's what I'm going to leave you with before I hear this. February. In front of the third house on the south side of the block, things began to accumulate. First came the easier things. Lamps, pre-box items, stacks of newspapers followed by mirrors and sun-bleached jello posters, each one possessing a distinct frame from the next. The sweaty, bull-bodied middle-aged men in green T-shirts, working at an even pace, filing in and out of the threshold like ants. Each man pulling carry-on outside to the curb, all these pieces of collateral, history of a life gathered into neat little heaps, the French press, the rest of a coffee service, metal this and that's from the kitchen, broken plastic things, a VCR, a gently worn DVD player, boxes of blank cassette tape still taught in their shrink wrap, a jar of string or twine or anything material, long and pliable, recently folded tablecloths, doily stack-like pancakes resting on a red enamel stool, marred like a mottled egg, patches of dark gray showing through. The neighbors come, first the ones next door to 569 Webster, then a few hours later the ones down the street. They happen upon it. Mounds of plastic, the regal wood, their eyes follow the men trailing in from where they've never been and out to what they've known. They've taken down the wreath and placed it next to the wreath that year. The tenant decided to go plastic. What a juxtaposition. The skin of the place removed now, they begin to pull the furniture. First four, no five green leather armchairs, scaled from age, meet new air. The dining set, first the leaves come, then the pedestal table with the long gouge as if someone struck it with a fire poker. Vases from the bookshelf, the book bundled with rough tawny twine, gifts. Soon others come and ask the same question neighbors asked before when the men responded just doing their job. The same job they do once a month, if not more. The passerby start to mill, start to ask more questions. The comments, we barely saw him in the daylight. Now what'll happen after you're done? The bookshelves come out, each one steadily painted a forest green poplar, popular in the 60s. The last one, a simple Ikea model with birch veneer and an obscure name. Side tables, the mattress, the box spring, the bed, a headboard, the post, carved mahogany pine cone finials come out bobbing rakeishly over one man's right shoulder. The garage was last. Old empty wine bottles, fishing poles, crates and crates of nothing, cans of fruit cocktail. The next poem is Memento Mori. I tend to like to talk about trash, so this one is kind of like human trash. Memento Mori, I'm removing you from my room, each strand of hair, your dust there.   Altogether, isn't it just one large one? The mound stirs along with the broom, coaxing a dance from it, a mumbo, a cha-cha, a datiwine. All that dead swirling reminds me how alive I am. Reminds me what I can do without. I beg this oracle, your litter, where do I go from here? What went wrong? Why this mess? I think of our life. The windows left open, the coffee left on. Mid-afternoon strolls by shop windows filled with promises. Just like that, your body next to me like a silk bow, around an empty box under a tinsel-laden tree. I counted it as an idea of generosity, but the idea is a presence that I bear with rather than enjoy. Yet I bid the thought of you stay, and still the detritus, the glass table in the kitchen blooming, cracks in the shape of a dahlia. Better alone, no more shoes thrown across the room, nothing but clean, nothing but empty, and no dreaming. Some nemulist. In my dreams when I was a child, he would come to me dressed in a white tuxedo. He would bring me to lakes, and we would smile at one another, knowing what we know, knowing how we feel, how genuine and rich our lives have become, knowing each other on all these lakes. And one time in Hangzhou, we waved out all the passers-by from our private ferry to the island, and I turned to him as the wind rose, ready and willing to submit in my way.  And I say, dear John Sakata, your soul is too deep for me to gain access. Yet I am intrigued by your mystery, and without this mystery, I would not find you so profound. And with that, his mouth would close like the bloom of a four o'clock at 4.05, and the wind would recede into the forest, and John would close his eyes in dismay to return tomorrow, unmaking and making me. This is my dress. There are many A-lines like it, but this one is mine. This pattern is my favorite.  I must button the back as I must match it with a decent necklace. My dress without me is useless. I would lay there crumpled on the dresser. I must wear my dress fiercely. I must swish in the awe of my enemies who are trying to kill me. I must serve executive realness before he shoots me. I will. My dress and myself know that what counts in this war is not the lace collar that flatters my necklace, the body glitter, or the pumps that click. We know that it's the way we compliment each other. We will. My dress is human, even as I am, because it is my refuge. Thus, I will wear it as a reminder. I will mend the tears, know the stress points when I bend, tighten its loose buttons, know its delicate hem. I will dry clean it when necessary, even as I am pressed for time. We will be part of each other's lifestyle, we will. Before RuPaul, I swear this creed. My dress and myself are the defenders of my country. We are the masters of our enemy.  So be it until victory is a satin evening gown and there is no enemy but peace. Two, today I am a boy in the dress, in this dress. Tomorrow I may wear a mask. It might be blue, it might be green. Tomorrow I might be black, Latino, or Asian. I might be a woman. Tomorrow I might take my dress off and just be a naked boy, or maybe now a man. Tomorrow I will walk like my father, or my mother, or my teacher, Mr. Patterson. And they will recognize me as my mother, or my father, or a people of Mr. Patterson. Having perfected his walk, having not perfected my face or my body by unmaking and making me in his image. And there, they'll take me as theirs. And we'll talk about what my parents are doing or did, and about what my parents want, and what I want, and how it's like fire and ice, how intentions are just representations of disparity attached to some form of hope. And there, around the fireplace, we will talk about art, and what contemporary art is doing, and wonder what place or shape we will find it in. The next time we enter a gallery, or better yet, a new museum dedicated to extremes and aesthetics, and we'll be in awe of all the melted plastic chairs and all the placards explaining what the melted plastic chairs represent. And we will ball our eyes out with feigned or legitimate tears depending on what personal emotional experience we've had, and what psychic space we've occupied during that experience. And we will meet again at a cafe, or a lounge, or reading, and discuss what it means to be authentic, and nothing will change. And this is a new poem in my last poem. It's called Malt. The ox cord lays its neck on the table. The nylon gym bag does its last shift in the chair. This is the sound of everything softening into the night. One dry purple bloom decides to relinquish its tie to the orchid stem. The latest piece of meat turns in the belly and whimpers its last high whimper until it's transformed into something different come morning. Another swig of kombucha and it'll sound even less. Every day, another dull sound echoes from an empty corner of the flat. Another piece of material refuses to sustain its own weight. The French pin in the kitchen finds a new position by the potatoes. The body notices these simple transitions and grows jealous of the ease of transformation. The body, the only thing in constant motion, yet still the most constant thing. It sees the deer, the hawk, the fish on the television. All change and be changed, one from the other, one to the other. It watches the phantom breath of a fish anew in the bear, the rabbit shiver in the clutches of the hawk, and the deer, belly full of wild greens. And necks stretch smooth like poplar trunks. And the body, the body saluated and in repose responds to the dark of transition within the neat, comely room and calls to the blinking television with wide eyes. Please, God, gut me and make me new. Thank you. Thank you, Dan Lau. That was great.