Okay, morning, everyone. Welcome to PC212. Just a slight change in how we are doing the class today. I'm teaching from home, these two hours. So those are the on-campus. You're connected online and others as well. Let's bring it get started. I just request somebody to please lead us in prayer and get started. Jesus, we thank you, Lord Father, for this time, Lord Father. Thank you, Lord Father, for gathering us, Lord Father, together, Lord Father, to listen, Lord Father, and to learn, Lord Father, from you, Jesus. Holy Spirit, God, we just invite you into our midst, Lord Father. Be present and we just submit our minds, our hearts, Lord Father, into your hands, Jesus. Holy Spirit, God, you just take control over us, Lord Father. Help us to focus, Lord Father, and Jesus, we pray, Lord, that everything that you're teaching, Lord Father, will be like a seed, Lord Father, that was sown in the good ground, Lord Father, that bays 34, 64, and 100 folds, Lord Father, for your kingdom, say, Jesus. We just submit everything into your hands, Lord Father. We give you glory and honor in Jesus' name, we pray. Amen. Amen. Amen. Thank you. All right. So last week, we started talking about the authenticity and the accuracy of the scriptures. This is lesson number nine. We went through the first part of it. So I'll just quickly review what we've covered, and then we will finish. I think we should be able to finish the second part of lesson nine. And the second hour today, we should be able to progress into our next lesson, lesson number 10. So let's quickly review some of the things we've covered when we're talking about these scriptures. So this is a question again that many people would ask us about our scriptures. Why do we believe in the Bible, you know, so confidently, so entirely? How do we know it's true? Et cetera. All right. Okay. So I'm just sharing the PDF. Lesson number nine, the Bible is Authenticity and Accuracy. Just to quickly review, we went through some basic questions that we're trying to answer. That is, how do we know the scriptures are real? How are the books put together? You know, why are there these six books and what about other literature that was written around the same time? And why are there some different versions of the English Bible? These are some of the things we would like to understand and have answers for. So we said the Bible, you know, claims for itself that it is the inspired word of God that God breathed into it. God inspired people. And of course it was written by Godly men over a period of almost 1500 years. It was written over a period of time. Godly people wrote it, but they were inspired by God. And we understand most of the scriptures were written, the Old Testament was written in Hebrews and parts of the world in Aramaic, the New Testament in Greek. How was it transmitted through meticulous copying on papyrus and then later on in the codex form, which is on animal skin, very meticulous, so on. And then we did a little comparison of manuscripts, credentials, looking at ancient manuscripts and the number of the manuscripts and the time gap that we have and we compared it to what we have for the scriptures. So we give a little background to the scriptures, how both the number of manuscripts and the time gap is very, very small, especially after the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947. So in summary, we are saying the Old Testament time gap is just about 250 years and the New Testament is just, you know, 40, 50 years. And we have about 10,000 manuscripts of the Old Testament, 24,000 manuscripts of the New Testament, in this very small time gap. Basically, these are two criteria or things that we look at to establish the reliability of text that we are reading of ancient scriptures. So we say that, you know, based on this, we could say the Bible is very, very reliable. The number of manuscripts, the time gap, we know that the text we are reading is close to the original. It has not been corrupted or as it was transmitted over many hundreds and thousands of years. So the reliability, the authenticity of the text we are reading is very reliable. We closed in, you know, towards the end of last week, we had a little bit of discussion about the Koran with us. We are not getting into too much detail there. A call is not to argue or not to compare.  A call is just to present. This is what we know about the Bible. Others will have perspectives on their scriptures and it's up to them to compare and make their own decision. You're not here to argue and find. Now, as we move forward, I want to bring our attention to a few other things and also talk about how the scriptures were canonized. That means the, why do we have these 66 books and not other books? So we will spend some time on that. The canonization of scripture, how to get all this come together, the Old Testament and the New Testament. So we'll spend some time on that. And then we will get into talking about the different English versions of the Bible. So we will do that. Now, before we get into it, I just want to point out a few things. One is that the Lord Jesus himself quoted a lot from the Old Testament scriptures. That means from Genesis to Malachi. So let me say Old Testament. We are specifically speaking about the 39 books of the Old Testament and the Lord Jesus in his ministry, in his life in ministry, actually quoted from this, the Old Testament scriptures, which means that by the time Jesus was ministering on the earth, there was an accepted set. As I said, these 39 books, there was an accepted collection of Old Testament scriptures. And of course, we talked about how it came together, but there was this set of Old Testament scriptures, accepted by the Jewish people. And they looked at this as the Holy Scriptures and the Lord Jesus himself quoted from it. And when you study the Gospels and look at how Jesus spoke from the scriptures, he used the Old Testament scriptures a lot. He used it when he was, you know, facing the devil in temptation. He pointed to the scriptures. And you know, many times you would say, you know what the scriptures have said, right? He said, have you another possibly, but not one word of the law in possibly. He spoke about the reliability in his studies of the law, you know, the facts that are presented there. He said, I word is truth. He quoted from the law, the prophets, and the Psalms. And when he was, or the Matthew and the book, when he was speaking after his resurrection on the Rotary Nails with two of his disciples or followers, he went through the entirety of the Old Testament scriptures. He went through the Old Scriptures, Old Testament, pointing out the scriptures that were speaking about him. So he journeyed through the scriptures. And these people were listening. Oh, you know, so the Lord Jesus was very well, very familiar with the Old Testament scriptures. And he used that scriptures to point and say, point about him to himself. In fact, he told some of the scribes says, you know, search the scriptures. He's telling them, you search the scripture, which is the collection of 39 books, which they hand. So you search the scriptures because you know that it's life is in it. And he says, but the scriptures are speaking of me. So we're saying that the Old Testament scriptures are actually speaking about him pointing to him. So I want us to understand that the Lord Jesus himself recognized, acknowledged, he quoted from, he referenced, and he even used in his own personal life these 39 books of the Old Testament. So that's very, very significant. Now, sometimes people may question the validity of the text and I'm going to say text. I mean, both Old and New Testament text by pointing out what seem to be errors in the text. And there are different examples of this. Let me say example, and let's look at a few things. For instance, in the Old Testament, we have first and second kings, we have first and second chronicles, which are a historical record, starting right from Genesis on. But kings and chronicles are somewhat parallel. And they are a historical record of what happened in the life of Israel and later on Israel and Judah after they separated as a nation during the time of the kings. And sometimes there seem to be a little variation in how a particular incident is recorded. Or when you come into the New Testament, especially in the Gospels, again, there may be a little variation in how a particular incident is recorded. So people may point to this and say, hey, look, in one case, one of the Gospel writers saying, there's one demon possessed man. In another case, the other Gospel writer about the same incident is saying there were two demon possessed men. So you see there's a contradiction in the Scriptures. So things like that. So how do we respond to such things? And it's very simple, logical response, nothing complicated. We refer to this or technically, in logical thinking, it's the law of non-contradiction. That means, and we can illustrate it like this. Suppose in a given day at nine o'clock, I scheduled a meeting with John, somebody, example, John. Ten o'clock, I scheduled a meeting with somebody else, say Mark. And then at three o'clock, I have a meeting with somebody else, say Paul. And when I meet Paul at three o'clock, if I tell him, hey, I met John today, that's a correct statement. Or if I tell him, hey, I met John and Mark today, there is also a correct statement. So both my statements are true. If I say I met John, that is a correct statement. If I say I met John and Mark, that is also a correct statement. But there is a difference of information in these two statements, but neither of the statements are false. The statements are not contradicting each other. Just that one statement, when I say John, I met John and Mark today, that statement has more information than the statement that says I met John today. Both statements are true, just one has more information, but then it's not a contradiction. So this is logical, it's a simple example. So also in the Gospels, we do find that there will be certain details, whether to look right or somebody else right, which are not found in the other Gospels about the same incident. It doesn't mean this is a contradiction, the scripture text. It just means that the Gospel writer is recording something that he felt was important, that he wanted us to know. It's not a contradiction, it's just that there's a difference in what is recorded. And like this, we understand that you can use many examples in our day-to-day conversations where we say things, only when you need to communicate, whether in written form or spoken form, we use this. And it's not that we're saying something untrue. Both statements are true, it's just that the amount of information that is communicated is different. So that's one response where people find that there's a difference in the stories that are recorded, either in the Old Testament or New Testament, we can explain it that way. Secondly, there's again another thing that people may point to as errors saying, hey, this passage is so difficult to understand. What is it mean? Now, things are difficult for us to understand because we are living in a different context. We are living sometimes about 2,000 years after or sometimes it's in something, if it's the New Testament, it's 2,000 times after. If it is the Old Testament, it's 3, 4, 5,000 years later. So there's a huge time gap. And so there's a difference in our context. And then what may have been very clear and simple to the writer in recording something, to us, this may be very difficult to understand. Throw an example in the book of Job, Job writes about strange things like he says leviathan. So we read, what is that? What is it? We have no context for it, other than look, we know there are big animals, but we don't have an animal called leviathan. Job writes about this. So you need to understand that that doesn't mean it's an error in the text just because we have no such thing as leviathan in our understanding today. But it simply means that there existed certain preachers and we don't know for sure what it is. Which was very big and a big animal, which translated text is referred to as leviathan, but we don't know what it is for sure. But that doesn't mean that it's an error or there's something wrong in the text. It just means we are in a different time frame. And if we are able to get information on either the culture or the history, we will be able to understand that a little better. So that's another important thing for us to present when people say there are errors in the Bible. Look at the story or how could this be? We said, look, we are in a different time frame, but if we can take some time to study the culture or the history, things will become clearer for us and we understand why they said what they said or what they did, what they did. And this can come up in many different scenarios. For example, people ask a lot of preachers, look at how much bloodshed there is in the Old Testament. There's so many wars and fighting, killing, destroying of tribes, destroying of cities. What does all that mean? In those times, that was the way they had to gain territory. That was the way they had to possess land. That's where they had to defend themselves and so on. That was part of the way of life in those times. So it was part of the way they lived or in destroying cities and so on. Or when you come in to the New Testament, say Paul says, he addresses women specifically, how they dress, how they conduct themselves. So Paul retells this whole thing about head covering, so many things like that, where some people can use those passages and say, look, the Bible is putting women down, the Bible is not giving women equal place before God, so on and so forth. But then we say, okay, let's understand the cultural, the historical setting and we can interpret, explain it based on that information, knowledge. So two things to keep in mind when people try to point out errors or contradictions in scripture. One is the way narratives have been recorded for us about incidents. Second is trying to understand the culture and the history and the context and with something that's written will help clear up our understanding. I just wanted to mention these two things. Are there any questions on this before we start talking about the canon of scripture? Any questions on these two things? Okay, you're answering with me so far? Fine, so let's move forward and we want to talk about the canon of scripture which is why are there these 39 plus 27 books that we call as the Bible? How did they all get put together? Who decided? It's going to be these 39 and these 27. Who decided that? How was it, you know, and when did it happen? So we're going to talk about that. So I'll just summarize and how I have collected the information. Of course, I'll just put it in the notes. You can read it in depth. I'll just summarize that for us so we have an idea about the canon of scripture. So the word canon, it just simply means standard or a line that is strong. So this is a line of the standard by which we live and also when we say the canon of scripture, it means two things. It's a standard by which we live but also means these books have made a certain standard because of which they are part of the scriptures and canon is a standard, a rule, a line that's strong. So we know 39 books in the Old Testament, 27 and 27 are the new. Okay, who decided that this was going to be there? These books were going to be in these in the scriptures. What determined them to for them to be there? Now in the Old Testament, the Hebrew Bible as so very important criteria was for the Jews, not just summarizing, you know, the content that's in the notes, you can read it for the Jews. The Hebrews, very important was these were prophets of God who were speaking, very important and these were recorded as part of their spiritual journey. So the law of Moses, the first five books, the law of Moses, it was given through Moses. Now of course, Moses was not there in the garden of Eden, but it was given to him by revelation and Moses wrote down by revelation, things that God revealed, Moses put that down for for us. So the first five books came through the prophet Moses, that's very important. That means these were scriptures given through prophets, people were inspired by God. And then the second section of the Old Testament scriptures were called the prophets. And they were what we would refer to as the major and the minor prophets. That means they just looking at the influence these prophets had. And these were prophets, men appointed by God who prophesied and the things they prophesied along with the history around which they prophesied, during which time they prophesied was all recorded, starting from Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, First and Second Samuel, First and Second Kings and so on and the minor prophets. So these were men who were recognized to be people inspired by God, the words they spoke, the situations, the history around which they were speaking was all recorded. And those books referred to the major and the minor prophets, those books, again, were treated very sacred by the Hebrews. And the last portion of it is just referred to as the rankings, which consists of other 11 books. There are more books, are more of the books that were poetry or wisdom or songs of prayer, prayer and worship, part of their spiritual journey, as well as some of it was part of what happened, that I caught up what happened during the exile and they returned back to the land. So these writings were also sacred, a lot of it were given through prophets like David. Solomon, we won't call him a prophet, but he was definitely a man, anointed by the wisdom of God. So his writings or his sayings. And then, of course, we have Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah. So these were all considered sacred. So essentially, these 39 books over a period of time, they've met certain criteria and they were held as sacred writings by the Jews. The criteria was this was given through the prophets of men who were inspired by God, men upon whom the hand of God works. Now, when I say prophets, we understand that like Solomon or Nehemiah or Ezra may not be necessarily regarded as prophets, but they were men whom God had chosen, whom God was working through or speaking through. And the things they said did and the history around the times in which they lived and served were all recorded. And these scriptures were considered sacred. So there was a certain criteria that went into these scriptures being selected. The underlying thing was these men were people who are inspired by God or who they could recognize and God's hand was upon them. And so those books were considered. Now, obviously, during this time, there were other things being written by other people. Other people were recording history or other people may have written lots of other things. And sometimes even in, for example, in Kings and Chronicles, the Old Testament is actually making mention that, hey, somebody else has recorded something. Right. So it's okay. The life of this king was recorded in this literature in this book. That doesn't make that book sacred. It's just that kings or chronicles is telling us that the things that this king did, apart from what's recorded here, was also recorded by somebody else in writing, recording history. So there is always reference to other material that was being, the other people writing or recording historical events, things going on during those times. The interesting thing is none of those bad literature is available. It's found. Whereas these 39 books have been preserved somehow. And we would say, you know, generally people say, oh, it was just coincidence. You know, I don't think it's coincidence. It was God's hand on these 39 books that these books were preserved, even though there were other people writing other things, you know, during those times, which I actually mentioned here, but none of them survived. None of them were able to last through time. But these 39 books, they were only preserved and they survived through time. So somewhere around 400 BC, and again, this is not known for sure, but Ezra, Ezra the priest, who was there during the exile to Babylon, during the 70-year exile to Babylon, and who was able, and he was very, you know, you can imagine, he was very old at this time, aged at this time. So he was, when he came back, he is credited to as somebody who preserved this collection of 39 books. He's responsible. He's credited that saying, hey, how did these 39 books survive all, you know, the Jews were attacked? Everything, the temple was destroyed, the city was destroyed by the, you know, by different the Syrians and then the Babylonians. And how did these 39 books survive? A lot of other things were lost or destroyed. How did they survive? How were they brought back safely to the Jewish people? And that's where Ezra the priest is given, you know, the credit that he must have had an important role to play because when the people came back and you read about this both in Ezra and Nehemiah, Ezra, you know, he's the one in reading and bringing out the sculptures for the people. And so Ezra the priest, God must have used him to preserve these 39 books safely, you know, while there was all these things happening, invasions and attacks and destruction of Jerusalem. He must have done a very important work in preserving these scriptures and bringing it back into Jerusalem and across the temple was rebuilt and re-established. So Ezra is credited to this and doing this. And the criteria, as I mentioned, why the Jewish people regarded these 39 books as sacred, very important criteria. Again, it wasn't like some committee was sitting and deciding these things. It was something that just happened in the life of these Hebrews. And they began to regard these 39 books. It was, you know, the inspiration was the hand of God upon the speaker. Could he be recognized as a genuine prophet of God? Did he agree with the teachings of the earlier prophets? What was already given to them? Did other subsequent prophets recognize these as inspired scriptures? And then obviously they'll all survive through time. So these are implicit criteria and it's implicit meaning it's not like, you know, some committee was sitting and said, okay, we have these fine criteria and the text that fulfills these criteria, we will make it sacred. No, no, no. As these books were being written, they were accepted as sacred because of these reasons. The person speaking was speaking out of inspiration. The person speaking was a genuine prophet of God. And as it was being written, yeah, it's an agreement with the doctrine of God and the teaching that we have received starting from the words given to us through Moses and it is being recognized by prophets. And of course, it's a right through time. So by 400 BC, Malachi is the last recognized prophet by this time these 39 books are already in place, including the writings the words of Malachi, the prophet. And so after that, nothing else has been added to this collection of 39 books, which today we call as the Old Testament, right? Because after Malachi, there was no other recognized prophet who came on the scene until John the Baptist. That is we crossing over into what we refer to as the New Testament period. So until Malachi, or after Malachi, Malachi was the last one, the last recognized prophet. After him, there was no recognized prophet. And there were like I mentioned, there was, you know, many different historical writings. And after Malachi, there were other things that were written. But these were not considered sacred because they didn't meet the previous criteria. And these were not writings of prophets, of men upon whom, people upon whom God was. And so the Jewish people, and neither did the church at a later point, considered these writings during after Malachi, the prophet, they didn't consider them as sacred. They didn't meet that criteria. They didn't meet the canon, but the standard by which these books were selected, there was no evidence of divine inspiration in, you know, these other books. Although the Catholic Church and some of the Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, they look, they include these scriptures under the section called apocrypha. But they're merely considered human works are just, you know, some writings of people literature, but they're not considered sacred. Then we transition to the New Testament period, which after Malachi, 400 years of silence, then they have John the Baptist coming on the scene. And the four gospels being written, the four gospels are essentially a record of what happened from the time of John the Baptist leading into the ministry of the Lord Jesus' death, burial, resurrection, and ascension. And these were written again during the first 100 years as, so within a 17 year period after the actual events. So that means we say the life of the ministry of Jesus, and these are approximate dates, 80 till about 80, 30 or D33. Then you have the gospels being written within the next 50 to 70 years, the four gospels are written, and then the writings of the apostles and so on. But they were not canonized at that time. The scriptures were written initially the words of Jesus were transmitted orally. The apostles were sharing, speaking, preaching. This is what Jesus taught us, this is what Jesus said. And then they were then written down by the apostles. There was the revelation given through Paul, which was also written down in letters. So these things were written down, but they were not immediately called the New Testament. They knew Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Paul's letters, the other apostles, James, Jude, Peter, and John. They wrote the other letters, but these were not compiled together. They were recognized for what they were. These are the writings of the apostles, they were written, they were recognized, of course, during the early times of the early church. It was only around AD 300, that means going about 200 years after the writings. So if you say the writings were written during the first hundred years or during the 50 years after the death period resurrection of Jesus, 50 to 70 years after that, they were written, they were recognized that they were written by the apostles. So the letters were there, but they had not been put together as the New Testament. Everybody was still recognizing. These are the writings of the apostles, yes. But it was only around 350 AD, about 250 years later, at a bishop of Alexandria, that he officially stated in these 27 books, we are going to recognize as sacred books of the New Testament. Up until the time, people in a very loose way were recognizing these things.  The next 150 years, again, the teachings were held with great respect and authority. It was all written down. The sacred scriptures were there, but they had not yet officially put them all together, then came later on in a very loose way. People were recognizing, hey, these books, some were looking at 26, 27. These are sacred scriptures. These are the writings of the apostles. So different councils or groups of leaders, elders, were recognizing these books. The heads of different churches were recognizing these books as New Testament. And eventually around AD 350, it was officially, as I mentioned earlier, it was officially being stated by these leaders that these 27 books are the books of the New Testament. So again, it's not a set one single committee that decided this, but we are seeing that as these were written, people were recognizing these were being written by the apostles, they were holding them with high regard as authority. They were making copies of their sharing, teaching, preaching from it. And then eventually the heads of different churches. And then around that region, we're talking about around the Mediterranean, the churches were established by that time. They began to recognize these 27 books, this collection for these seven books, as the canon of scripture. And so these 27 books, along with 39 books of the Old Testament, then became the Bible. Now remember what we said, the Lord Jesus quoted extensively from the 39 books of the Old Testament. And the early church began, so we're talking about the first 30 years of the early church from AD 30 to up to AD 60, actually Paul's handwriting is letters around AD 45. So at least the first 15 years, most of the teaching, the preaching of the early church was from the Old Testament. They recognized because Jesus means a preach from the Old Testament. The first 15 years, they didn't have what we refer to as New Testament. They didn't have any of the letters of the Apostle Paul yet. So those first 15 years under Paul's that are writing, and then the gospels, everything was recorded. They were preaching from the Old Testament scriptures, along with the teachings of Jesus, which they personally heard. That was the essence of the preaching, the teaching. So the early church implicitly accepted 39 books of the Old Testament as part of the Holy Scriptures. It became part of the church because that was the preaching and the teaching, which was actually started by Jesus. Jesus said, hey, these 39 books are speaking about me. The Apostles continued it. They quoted and taught from the Old Testament plus everything they heard Jesus preach and teach during the earthly ministry. And then came the record of scripture, which is the writings of the Apostle Paul, the writing of the four gospels. Finally, the book of Revelation around 1819 was written. So the 39 books of the Old Testament became part of the New Testament church. It is part of our faith. Our faith is based on the teachings of the Old Testament scripture, along with the 27 books of the New Testament. And so this was compiled together as the Bible. So that term, Bible, again, it was only around 200 AD that people started referring to using the Bible, which in a very loose way referred to the 39 books of the Old Testament and the 27 books that were accepted as the written scriptures by the Apostles. In a very loose way, but only later on around mid 350 AD, it was officially recognized. And then it was very much later, around 1560, the chapters and verses were introduced. The English Bible, the first Bible in English, chapter verse was the Geneva Bible, published around 1560. So it was a long way off before we got the English Bible and got it in the form that we have today in chapter verse. So let me pause here. So that kind of gives us a little background on how the canon of scripture came together and how we have these 39 plus 27 books of the Bible. I'll pause here before we get into the translation and take any questions that we might have. Any questions? This is about the canon of scripture. How did the scriptures come together? You are good to do. I'll follow it me. Obviously, you get lost somewhere. It seems like everyone has, you're most welcome to ask questions anytime. All right, maybe before we start, next. So what we've done is we talked about the canon of scripture, how these 39 plus 27 books all came together. Our next question is why, how are translations done? So remember, Old Testament, Hebrew, mainly Hebrew, New Testament, mainly Greek. Today we have English Bibles. We can read it in English and not just English, but we have so many versions of English Bible. So we want to understand how these translations are done. And secondly, why are there so many versions of the Bible? What is the difference between, you know, these different versions of the Bible? Why are people continuing to make new versions? What's the core purpose behind it? Why can't we just stay with King James or new King James? Why are we having these new, you know, versions? Okay. So yeah, we're in the same. We learned the canon of scripture, the Old Testament surface. Okay, great. Let's go. It's good to revise. I don't repeat that. Okay. So let's pause here. We'll come back in 10 minutes and then we'll get into looking at translations. How are these English translations done? What's the difference between the different English versions of the Bible? So we should finish that and then with that we're going to wrap up this lesson and we'll move into lesson number 10 after that. Okay. So we'll get back in 10 minutes.


So let's get started looking at the stock. I will cover what I learned is data governance. Why is data governance hard or why I found data governance to be hard and also examples of automation to accomplish data governance tasks, right? So why is data governance hard or what is data governance? Data governance means different things to different people. If you ask them, there's a bunch of definitions out there and it's pretty hard to come to an agreement, right? The way that I found it easy to understand what data governance is, is to define the outcomes that data governance tasks should deliver. And in my case, and in the projects that I worked on, the outcomes of data governance were compliance. That is, you wanna understand the data life-cycling, the life-cycle of data and whether it's usages in accordance with laws and regulations, whether privacy, they're gonna do data governance tasks, help with privacy, that is protect data as for regulations and user expectations and finding security. Do data governance tasks enhance security or to prove that the security of data and data infrastructure is adequate, right? So data governance is pretty much any task, right? Capturing and managing the metadata of data of users, of workflows, of any other information that you would require to be able to achieve the outcomes that you want from your projects and in the areas of compliance, privacy and security, right? And with this definition, we could make some reasonable progress with the projects that we worked on. Why is data governance hard, right? And let me try to explain this with a story, right? So, you know, there's paparazzi everywhere, that in New York City as well and the celebrities in New York City and it's very common for people to go for the celebrities and since taxis are a common mode of transportation, you see photographs of celebrities with taxis, right? And taxis have their medallion numbers and their registration numbers, which are also available in these photos, right?  And many of these funds with the latest cameras and camera phones and the latest DSR are also geo-tagged and have a timestamp. Completely independently what happened was the Taxi Commission of New York City released a bunch of reports on taxi usage in the city, right? And a researcher got curious about the data set and used the Freedom of Information Act that is an act in the US to get the raw data that the Taxi Commission of New York City had. So, the Taxi Commission anonymized data or they thought they anonymized the data and released and whole years worth of record, right? And they continued to do this. So, if you go and search for NYC Taxicab, you will find data sets for every single year all the way to the, I think 2019, right? And the researchers used this data set for finding out all kinds of transportation details, how people get from one point to the other the popularity of taxis and so on and so forth, right? The which time it is popular and so on, et cetera, that in New York City. However, someone figured out that they could take these two data sets. The first data set being the geo-tagged and timestamp photos that are available on media websites and the taxi usage data set, right? Join them together and drill down to the records of the taxi rides that celebrity stuff. And they could figure out that what is the tipping habits of these celebrities? You know, how much is the tip based on the fare, right? Like you said, this is an example of an insight that no one, at least the original owners of the data set or the original people who generated the data set didn't expect, right? So the media of the paparazzi didn't expect that them taking photographs would end up exposing the tipping habits of celebrities and neither did the Taxi Commission or the researcher who initially requested the data set, right? So there's an example of a link attack and there are multiple problems or multiple data governance failures over here, right? So there's, first of all, there's too much data or there's ability to link to data sets that weren't supposed to be linked together. There was information that people shouldn't have had, right? So there was not good access place and there was no way to monitor how these data sets are being used and for what kind of insights these data sets are being used. Are these data sets being used for the original request, right? So let's get into a little more details about all these problems and let's see how it can get started on solving some of the issues that we saw in the story. So the first real problem is that there's too much data, right? I show on this slide, you see an example of the data sharing agreements that a company like PayPal has, right? So PayPal exchanges data with a bunch of entities and if you see, a couple of them are pretty interesting, right? If you look down the list, marketers and publicists and operational service providers are an interesting list of companies that share or that have access to PayPal transactions, right? So you wonder why someone like Amazon Web Services, not even Amazon, the e-commerce company but Amazon Web Services has access to the transactions that you made on PayPal, right? So if you have a lot of data and you have the ability to join different data sets, you don't know what kind of insights are there, right? And this trend has continued to grow. There's more and more data being generated and there's more and more data being shared, not just among we as private citizens with companies but even among companies that you don't know what kind of insights can we need from these and if they're harmful or not. The second problem is complexity. The trend in the industry is to have a product for every single niche, right? So instead of having like in the old days, I think there are a couple of database companies like Oracle or SQL Server, which satisfied most of your data infrastructure needs and you had a couple of instances of these that you could protect the infrastructure as well as the data. Now you have many, many different infrastructure pieces that you put together and each of them solve a niche, right? So if you just look at the data infrastructure industry as there are approximately 1,500 data technologies, these are both commercial as well as open source. I did a quick survey among the companies that I know and I work with. And there's typically about eight to 10 different data infrastructure components that they use right from production databases like MySQL and Postgres to cloud storage like S3, maybe a data warehouse in their data lakes or Hadoop components, right? So there's about eight to 10 different components and you have to protect every single one of these components at the same level and that's pretty hard because different projects and different commercial products have different capabilities when it comes to compliance privacy and security. The similar trend is there when you look at marketing technology companies or sales technology companies these are Indiana data processing and data storage technologies underneath, right? So with increasing complexity, security is a huge problem, right? And if you don't have enough security then you are compromising on privacy and compliance. The third problem is that there's no context for data usage. Fundamentally, analytics, data science and AI have competing objectives when it comes to compliance privacy and security. Analytics, data science and AI you want to have as much access to data as possible so that they're set up with, so that there's sensitivity and, you know, people try out different things and they find out different insights and that can drive business, right? On the other hand, the best compliance privacy and security is not to give access to anyone. However, that's not practical. So both extremes either give complete access to data or not give any access to data. Both of them are not practical. You need to have a much more nuanced approach to providing access and as well as monitoring and auditing usage of this data, right? However, there's not enough information, right? The information that you need is who's using the data, for what purpose and when, right? You need this trial of information to make intelligent decisions about whether the data is being used appropriately or not. So these are the three different problems that at least I saw when I was helping companies with meeting the goals, insecurity compliance and privacy, right? Next, what I'll do is I will go through a few examples of how we went about solving this, right? So, just to set context, these were companies that didn't have any data governance or any data security compliance and privacy process in place. For various reasons, they had to give them a compel to add these controls so that for either regulations or because security breaches and so on and so forth, right? So we pretty much started off from zero and we started off by trying to answer basic questions, right? Questions that we could answer and questions. For which we could automate to get the answers, right? So instead of trying to do manual tasks to control access, how could we automate them, right? So the three questions that helped me or it helped me and the teams that I worked with to get started on data governance are, where is my data? Who has access to my data? Who has access to the data and how the data is used, right? But stepping back a bit, you probably don't really care about who has, I mean, about all the data that you own, you probably care about the sensitive data that you own and the definition of sensitive differs between industries and companies, right? So financial data is sensitive. PI data is sensitive. If you're a health related, health industry related company, then you might be storing information about the health of your customers and that is sensitive and so on and so forth, right? So what you really care about is, where is my sensitive data? Who has access to sensitive data and how is the sensitive data being used? To be able to understand where sensitive data is, you need three capabilities. You need to have a data catalog where you can store information or metadata about your data sets. What are the tables? What college do the tables have? What are the data types? What kind of data do they store? And so on and so forth. You need to have the ability to scan your database and recognize sensitive data. So there are, so you should be able to tag the desets with your data catalog and say, hey, this is a sensitive data set and this is not a sensitive data set, right? So that you can focus your attention on the sensitive data set. And as I said, in the previous slide, the definition of sensitivity changes from company to company and industry to industry, right? So there are obviously some common definitions, for example, PII and financial, but not for others, right? So you do find scanners for common patterns online, but you also have to build your own scanners for sensitive data that is specific to you. Just scanning the data set is not practical because typically you have huge data sets and you don't want to scan terabytes and terabytes of data. So you need the capability to capture data lineage to tag every single data set within your catalog, right? So typically the way, the practical way for this to work is that you scan your base data sets, right? The data sets that you've generated or you've got from third parties and find out where the sensitive data is. And then you use data lineage to track how the data moves through the derived data sets and through your data infrastructure across your production database to your data warehouse too, let's say your database in SD, right? And then you build this data lineage and once you have the data lineage, you can use, you can automate tagging of sensitive data in your derived data sets, right? To give an example, I built a open source project called PyCatcher. PyCatcher can scan data in databases like MySQL or even data in AWS S3 and accessible through Presto, right? So it goes and looks at column names and a few rows to figure out which of the columns have PI data and then it goes and stores in the catalog, right? So the example on the left is a data catalog with schema tables and columns and one of the columns is whether it has PI or not, right? The example on the right is from a blue catalog. So AWS Glue is a catalog that AWS provides, a catalog, a data catalog as a service. And now you can scan data in S3 and tag tables and columns within the blue catalog to specify which one of them have PI columns. So for example, in the example on the right, the zone column has PI data and it's a type address, right? So the first step is to create a catalog and scan your data sets to tag it. The next step is to use data lineage. Again, to give an example, I built a simple data lineage library in Python which looks at query history, looks at statements like statements that copy data from one table to another and then creates a tag or a graph of how the data flows through from one table to another. And now you can use this graph to either visualize it and notice patterns or you can use, this graph sits in memory, right? So you only get built using the graphing library. So you have access to graphing algorithms and you can automate and search patterns and as well as tag columns in the right data sets with PI. So you have a whole bunch of options. Once you've built this graph in memory, you can visualize it or you can use some kind of automation to go and tag the rest of the columns in your data sets. So these are a couple of examples of how you can go and answer where is my data or where is my sensitive data, right? So again, with the combination of scanning and running data lineage, you should have a pretty reasonable idea of where all the sensitive data is and which tables and columns that you need to pay attention to. The next one is who has access to my sensitive data, right? So once you have a data catalog which has all the PI data tagged, the next step is to find out who has access to it. Most data warehouses and databases have a table which lists out the privileges or the access control that all the users of the database have, right? And that, did you see that in the image? It was tagged with number two, right? This is from AWS View Catalog where there's a table called table privileges. And this tells you which principle or which user has access to which tables. While the data catalog in image one tells you which tables and which columns have PI data. If you join these two tables, you can get a list of users or principles who have access to sensitive data. So this is a very simple way to get a list of people who have access to sensitive data and you can audit it regularly, right? So once you have this list, you can take decisions or you have enough information to take decisions whether this list is okay or this list is too big or there are important people missing this list, whichever way you go. The third question is how is my sensitive data being used? You know who has access to it, but how are they using it? For this, you have to log usage across all databases. So you need to know the query history or the workloads that are running on your databases and your data lakes. Most databases and data warehouse store query history and what they call information schema. The even big data technologies like Presto and Spark have hooks where you can capture the queries and the workloads and the Spark code that runs on it, right? And you can keep store this somewhere. You can store, you can log and store the usage history somewhere and then once you have it, you can start looking for patterns to see if there are any misuse of data. Production databases are different. You typically don't want to capture query history on production databases like MySQL or Postgres because there's so much CPU and IO going on that if you go and try to capture query history as well, you will affect the performance of these databases. So what you typically want is you want to put a proxy in there and then give access to your operations team through that. I'll show a couple of examples. The first one is catching query history snowflake that is a open source project called Snowflake spent by GitLab which you can run through dbt. So there's a dbt library that's available in dbt hub. So you can download dbt, you can download this library. There's a pretty straightforward instructions to get going and then you can schedule this library through dbt to copy the query history from the information schema and snowflake and then store it in a table that you want. And then once in a while, maybe monthly dbt, what is required, you can go and look at the query text to see and look for specific patterns to make sure that there's no misuse of the data. Another example is the links to capture query history from something like MySQL. There are proxies, open source proxies, very popular ones like proxy SQL for MySQL or PG pool for Postgres which you can install in front of data as a bastion to your actual MySQL instance. All your application workload goes to your production database directly, but any access that your operations or your customer support needs can go through this proxy and whatever activity happens to this proxy can be locked and I show you the examples of logs in the bottom half of the slide. So again, once you have all this information, you can go and start looking for patterns of who access certain tables, what kind of queries did they run? Did they try to do a dump of this table or were they only running aggregates? Typically running aggregates is fine. Doing specific lookup is probably okay if it is also a customer support but probably a select star or an unload is not expected behavior. So to summarize, data compliance privacy and security is a journey. At least if you don't have any systems in place, you have to start with simple questions and the three simple questions that I found interesting or I found useful as well as the sensitive data who has access to sensitive data and how is the sensitive data being used? You have to think about automation right from the beginning. There is no practical solution without automation and I'll show a bunch of resources about the projects and that I spoke about in the start. Hi everyone. Welcome to another exciting session of privacy mode from Hasgeep. This is Hasgeep's initiative for a deep dive into privacy and security as we go increasingly digital in daily life and have a digital footprint like never before. I'm Rishu, part of the Hasgeep community and been working in the industry for past 15 to 16 years dealing with a lot of data platforms and transformations. We've had some really amazing talks in the past some of which you should definitely check out. Coming to the topic at hand, for a long time organizations have been collecting data in order to find human and personalize their customer offerings. However, given the increasing focus on nature of sensitive data and threats and compromises would pose to owners of the data and let's not forget that the ownership of the data is still with the customers. They are the ones who own the data, the companies and organizations that collect data merely custodians. These organizations are increasingly looking or they are made to look into having the right set of processes and tools that safeguard customer data as well as deliver delightful value to customers. And this is exactly where data governance comes in. It primarily looks to address certain key aspects of handling data such as usability as to how the data is being used, accessibility, who has access to data and the third part is security which is around safeguarding data against malevolent actors both within and outside the system. In order to address above data governance initiatives usually result in certain key outcomes one of which is compliance which is adhering to standardized industry-wide guidelines based on the domain in which a certain organization is operating. What it helps is it helps organizations to gauge at how much of a risk they are or where is it that their governance maturity levels are at. Second is privacy, which is around deciding that since the data is owned by the customer the customer gets to choose what data do they want to expose to the organization and what data it is that the organization is not going to get ready access to. And this is where a lot of PIA and PAI conversations also come in. The third part is cybersecurity and infosec which we've covered before is all about ensuring that any of the malevolent entities do not get easy access to the data or the data breaches.  One of which is that data is being collected by disparate systems in a different possible fashion and trying to apply a certain set of rules to these vastly distributed systems which have been collecting data for probably more than a decade in a lot of scenarios is definitely not an easy task. Second, there's a lot of complexity in the way data is managed, the way it is handled and the way it flows across various ecosystems. And the third is the context of data usage which is you cannot really apply rules of thumb or only macro level governance rules to all the data that you would have in an organization but contextuality plays a very important role. In order to take us through this journey today we have Roger from LinkedIn and I'm very happy to welcome Roger to this forum not just as a Hasleek member but also as an ex-Lingdon one. He'll be talking us through some of the aspects of data governance and commonly available tools and technologies that he himself has run through. He's a pretty avid practitioner and some of these tech and tools can readily be used to bootstrap data governance in respective organizations. So with that I hope you guys really enjoy this talk and with that I would hand it over to Roger.


I'm Marcia Joyner, and we are navigating the journey and our journey from today until November. And that is about the election. And I don't know if you must be under a rock if you don't know that we are getting ready for a November the third election. And part of that is that there are Democratic Party, Republican Party, the Green Party, Aloha Party, all of these people come together in a group and work to elect their candidates. So today we're going to talk about the process of recruiting people, making sure you've got all of the things in place so that the election goes smoothly in spite of what the Orange Man in the White House says. No one has proven that there was any fraud anyplace. So anyway, we have not had any fraud in Hawaii. Most of the time we had not enough people voting, but as we saw in the primary with the mail in ballot for the first time, we had way, way more people than we've ever had since statehood. So today we're going to talk with Christopher Edwards and we're gonna talk about his job. He has just been elected to, okay, he'll tell you. And his job is to make sure that everything is in place that we recruit people, that we make sure that they understand what the process is and like so. So, Christopher, welcome. Hello. Hello. Tell us now, Christopher Edwards, tell us about Christopher and what you were elected to because I said you were elected to something better. Yeah. So I was elected by the Democratic delegates on our island Oahu to be their representative at the state standing committee for the Democratic party of the state. And so I happily work alongside my colleague, Limo Mikan to disseminate information to the party representatives for Oahu County about the goings on of the standing committee and what the party's doing on behalf of the election and the party itself so that they know and we can help organize to assist with the party and the party's functions on our island and for the candidate who are running and for the community as well as what the party's doing on other islands to assist and thinking a little bit about getting the president elected as well. A new president. Yeah, everybody, I'm sure that, you know, unless you're under some rock, everybody knows that we as Democrats and just to let the audience know I did vote for you. And... Thank you. So, but what parties do, and I have to believe this is what we do, what the Republicans do, the Green Party, all of them is to work to get our candidates elected, not just the president, but all the way down the ballot. And I wanna be sure that everybody that's listening vote all the way down the ballot.   Walk, work all the way down. So that's mayor, also president, vice president, and the prosecutor before we get to mayor and the mayor at all of the city council people and any legions on it. Legions exactly, yeah. Yeah. So, but go all the way down. Don't leave anybody out, everyone counts. Everyone counts because it takes all of those pieces to operate together in harmony to make the city work or the island or the state or whatever we're doing. So, so tell us about Christopher. So I got started here in Hawaii about four years ago. At first I was a human resources assistant and then after that I worked in a bank and following that I worked at a private recruitment firm where I helped a lot of people find new jobs. So like all over the county was helping people find jobs in Kapolei and here in town, in between, trying to think if there was any, there were some windward jobs as well. And I had a lot of fun just getting to know people. That's kind of the big thing that I like doing is getting to know people, connecting them to other people, trying to play kind of ambassador and facilitator liaison even of like, they come to me, they say these are the things that I'm interested in. And then I try and think of, well, who else is doing work like that that can help you get to the next level of where you'd like to go? How can you learn the skills that will help you do what you'd like to do in the community next or in the workplace next? And so that's the recruiter type work that I'd like that I bring into the community service and the political service work that I do as well where my goal is to connect new people coming into the party, into the areas that they'd like to go, whether it's a caucus or a group inside the Democratic Party because we do conversate an awful lot about the different priorities that the party has when, whether it's healthcare or the economy or native Hawaiian issues, we have an agenda that's important to the community. And so I want to connect people to allow them to pursue those things and try and get those great ideas into our ears so that we can then ask legislators to perform those duties at the city or state level. Well, you mentioned, you know, working with the legislature. I noticed that, and I think I got this right, there was so many young people even with mayor. It was the two new people that won, that got the top votes. All of those people with all that we all know did not get elected. Those that have been around for a while, we get the two newbies. And then you look at other races and across the country, so many new people, young people, what are we doing to attract young people? And I mean, because you can work, well it used to be if you could work the polls but we don't have polls anymore, but it was from 16 on. So what are we doing to attract those young people to participate in government, to learn how government works? What are we doing for them? Well, I think young people are seeing other young people involved in politics and making an actual change and difference and so many times in life we really only pursue things after we've discovered that other people like us are also doing that. So whether that's other people from all the different structures and how we structure our own feelings about ourselves. So whether we see other black people doing something or we see other Asian people doing something or other young people or other rich people or other poor people, people who are coming out of middle class backgrounds and coming out of lower middle class backgrounds or even lower, if we see people succeeding and coming from a stage where we were in our lives and making a big difference in our government I think that will lead to additional people doing it. And so the steps that we've taken to engage young people are starting to really bear fruit. So allowing 16 year olds to register to vote at the age of 16 gets them excited for two years later when they can actually vote. When they see young people like Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez being so successful as like a 31 year old in Congress and really helping to push the narratives that make her constituents happy and really push the country towards healthy situations for a lot of us, I think that will help people explore what they can do in civic engagement. And it doesn't have to be in elected politics. There's opportunities at the neighborhood board level here to get involved and to make sure that you have a better understanding of the community and then can tell the city, this is what people in my community want and what we want you to do or whether it's through civic engagement organizations of which we have a great many and people should explore them because they can be quite successful when you focus on a need like affordable housing or another need, you can really push forward and help the community. And so young people are seeing success and they want to explore that success. Plus, things have not been that great for young people in some of the big economic issues that have happened. Now we have this healthcare pandemic crisis that's really affecting our families, state by state, town by town, neighborhood by neighborhood in a really, really bad way. And then we saw the consequences of the Wall Street crisis in 070809. And we have had to deal with the consequences of the ending of the Cold War and the expansion of the global labor market in more of a free market way. And we've seen a lot of jobs leave to go to those places where pay can be lower and corporations can still succeed. And so that's why we haven't seen the job growth that we would have liked and that we saw in the decades proceeding, let's say 1990 when the Berlin Wall and all that came down, the Cold War ended. We haven't seen that growth because there's been so much growth for folks in other nations. And so we need to figure out ways like the Green New Deal that could quite successfully bring a ton of jobs back to our nation. But now two things. What are we doing for young people right here in Hawaii? And what is the party doing for them? How do you reach out to them and what is that? And then number two, explain to our audience what is the Green New Deal? Oh gosh, I don't know if you can follow up, I did describe the Green New Deal. But let's see about what we can talk about with young people. Let's talk about what we're doing, what you are doing to reach out to young people now to participate, let's say between now and November, and to participate in registering to vote, to help to get out the vote, to do all of these things. What are you doing for them, for that community? So young people here on our island need to be encouraged to vote and registered to vote. And so it's a multi-step process and we've had a lot of success bringing opportunity to them. And now we just need to make sure they actually turn in their paperwork online. They can do it on the state's website. And make sure that they actually send in their ballots or vote in person. And so what are we doing to help encourage that? There is a very interesting down ballot initiative on the county's general election ballot this year. It's charter amendment number two. And what it does is its goal is to create a Honolulu youth council or commission where those folks who sit on the commission can really advocate on behalf of youth in the city. And so what we're doing as a county committee for O'ahu and the Democrats is we're reaching out to young people and trying to connect them to young candidates who are also in our race this year. And so we're really, really excited about this opportunity because we have a number of young candidates that we really want to get elected. And so... Now, before we go too far, let's explain that a charter amendment is, well, the city and county is a corporation. That's number one. The entire island is a corporation. That's why it's called the city and county of Honolulu. Now, and all corporations have a charter by which they function. So all corporations have it. A charter amendment is a part of amending the charter by which the city operates. And what you're saying is the charter amendment number two is the one that you want to support. Now, to get a charter on the ballot has to go through hearing after hearing after hearing and people testify for and against and yes, we want it, no, we don't want it and whatnot. So to get to be on the ballot means it has survived all of those steps. Now, how do we, well, what do we do to make sure that everybody that votes understands that they need to vote for the charter amendment also? We have been in discussions internally to figure out what methods do we want to utilize in order to inform the public? Because one thing we've definitely noticed is that when people don't know what they're voting on, they tend not to vote at all. They'll just skip it. They'll be like, oh, I don't know what that is. I don't wanna say yes or no. What benefit will that have for the city and the community? And we want them to know that the benefit of charter amendment two is that we give representatives to youthful people to be in city hall and ask questions and advocate on behalf of youth in the city. And youth are our future and we want them to be extremely successful if we want to have great roads. We wanna have representatives who can push for that. If we want to have affordable housing for them, then we want to have representatives who will push for that. If they have an interest in climate change and making sure that the health of the air and the water and the soil is very good and we are missing that voice. And so that's what this charter amendment is for. It's to give voice to those who at the moment are voiceless until they're 18 and they can vote and really influence our government in that particular manner. It gives also a great leadership opportunity to these young people to start learning about city government, to learn the levers and to figure out and organize to be successful at the campaigns that are of interest to them. And young people's perspective can be extremely helpful, youthful ideas and not just young people always but young ideas and new ideas that can change our government for the better are really the lifeblood of democracy that in like actually voting in our representative democracy. And so it's so important that you brought up earlier that people need to vote not just for the president and then skip over everything else but they need to vote for all of these different representatives and they should spend some time getting to know them if can too. Well, what about the other charter amendments? Do you know the rest of them? How many there are? There are four. Two of them have to do with the ethics commission. One has to do with term limits for the prosecutor's office and one is charter amendment number two that we'd like people to vote yes for. It's to create this youth counseling commission for the city. Now, I have to tell you the last time there were charter amendments on the ballot, I decided as a campaign of one to make a button that said no on 15, nothing else, no on 15. And everywhere I went, people would say, what is that? And then I would tell them, it gets rid of the term limits for the mayor and the prosecutor and no, I don't want Kirk to have any more time. No, it was the first time that there was a huge turnout for charter amendments because people paid attention but all I did was that was it, no on 15. And I went everywhere in the store and of course everything was open in those days and people actually paid attention to the charter, the charter amendments. And if there's a question that comes from the state, the charter comes from the city count. And if they're on the ballot, we need to look at them to pay attention. And the advantage now of course is that because we can do it at home, you can talk about it to your spouse or whoever. What does this mean? How does this impact me? Because if you're in the booth and you read it and they said, oh my goodness, what does that mean? So now that you're home, you can talk about it. Mm-hmm, we're very excited at the party about vote by mail and the convenience that it's provided to people. We had record turnout numbers. We haven't had numbers like this since 1998 in a primary election where 51% of registered voters across the state voted and that's fantastic. Not since 1998, if we had that. And so we had people voting on things and they had time to look up the candidates and make informed decisions. Whereas if they had walked into the election day polling place and seen these charter amendments for the first time, they are gonna skip them sadly enough. And we are really excited about the opportunity that some of these charter amendments have in most especially number two, to give voice to additional people across the city. Well, I'm excited about it because like I said, that is something that you can market successfully with all young people to take a look at that so that if they are interested in charter amendment two, even though they can't vote, but they can surely tell their parents vote for that one. So I think this is a marvelous opportunity that we tend to think that all of our energy is into the president as it should be because that affects everybody for a very long time. But all of these offices, I don't think we know who the prosecutor's name is. Well, I guess since they had such trouble, everybody knows about the prosecutor. But who is the prosecutor? What does the prosecutor do? Do we know? Do we have any idea? And how long is his term? And if you read the description of this, of who the prosecutor can be, it's like, well, that sure narrows the prosecutor has to be somebody that has been in the court and has tried cases for at least the last two years. Well, that sure limits, but nonetheless, that's a difference. Well, what are these offices that we're voting on? What do they mean? How is the city and county different from the state? And we're voting for both members of the city council and members of the legislature. So there's so much to talk about that for young people to have a voice with their parents as they're voting. I like this guy because of this. And I don't like this one because of that. But it's a great opportunity to talk about all of that. What does the legislature do? What does the city council do? All of those kinds of wonderful things that you get to talk about because you can vote at once. And they should. There should be a discussion. I remember I had great love and joy for election day as a young person, as a, let's say, like a second grader to maybe sixth grader, going into the booth with my dad and getting lifted up and to flip the switches. It was the most wonderful experience to be apart. Oh, flip that one. Don't flip that one. Flip that one. Don't flip that one. And to know that this vote counted, that it mattered and that it would make a difference to me even though I was too young. And so parents and kids can have that experience with the ballots as they arrive in the mail. Maybe an assignment of, look these people up and tell me about them would be a really pleasant experience in civic engagement, as well as the opportunity to discuss and have a debate, a small debate about the pros and the cons. And this is why I'm making this decision. And one day it'll be your opportunity as well. At 16, sign up to register to vote. You can do a whole lot of influencing as a 16-year-old amongst your friends and amongst your community. And if you get on this council, because it's 14 to 24 or the age ranges, you can do an even more influencing. You can play a part in the Democratic Party as a young person. You can play a part in other civic engagement organizations. And we would love to have the skill set of young people. We would love to have the perspectives of young people. And we'd like to pass laws and legislation that disproportionately assist those folks because oftentimes they are the ones most in need across our community in different districts, city council districts and state representative districts. We need to know how to contact you at the Democratic Party. Can you give us a contact email or for the party? Or how do we... So if we have young people, how do they connect you? How do they get involved? So the number one way to get involved with the party is to join the Democratic Party. And you would just go to our website, Oahu Democrats. It is free. And then you get to vote in the presidential primary as well. And so you go to OahuDemocrats.org and then you find the join button, click the join button and join the party. To reach me, you can find me at chrisedwardshawaii at gmail.com. And then I can help walk you through all of these steps. And we will be doing more programs to help walk people through the questions you were asking. What is the state ledge? What are the laws? How does that work? How do you get a law passed? And also what is the city council and how do they operate? And so we do lots of programming to help people better understand, Democrats better understand the government around them and how they might be able to influence it to get the better world that we want, affordable housing, climate change.  And you will come back and talk some more. We've got just a couple of what? A month or two to get all of this done before the election. So you will come back and visit with us again? Absolutely. And I do want to encourage people, if I could just have a second to vote yes on number two and to do a little research to see if you're absolutely correct. Make some buttons to say yes on two. Yes. Yes on two. That's right. Yeah. And just do a little research, make sure you're picking the right person for you. Okay. Well, great. Thank you. Thank you so much for spending this time with us. And we'll see you next time. Thanks. See you next time.


This study isolated and analyzed exosomes from amniotic fluid, saliva, and urine to determine their protein and RNA content which could serve as a novel platform for diagnosis. The results demonstrate that exosomes carry a cyanase which can be analyzed and offers access to the transcriptome of the host organism while the exosomal lipid bilayer protects genetic information from degradation. The minimally invasive isolation technique opens new possibilities for diagnostics. This article was authored by Janssen Johannes WG, Rupp and Kathleen, Ridinger Johannes, and others.


Dizzy TT is one of our, he is our biggest up-and-coming young talented player in the UK. Honest to God, I'm gonna pitch it for him. If there's any European or British orgs out there, you're looking to sponsor a player for the love of God, make it Dizzy TT. Because this guy is an animal at such a young age as well. But Foxy was really the player that had been teaching Dizzy everything he knows. You know, Dizzy has an extensive experience from a young age in tournaments. And I think that's really the commendable thing when you see young players that can play in tournament pressure and it doesn't really faze them that much. I mean, God knows when we were that age, it wasn't that easy. No, honestly, that's one of the things that makes me the most impressed about Dizzy is A, how young he is, and B, just, oh. He just wants to play Shanks on you. Oh no, the mix-up. Wow. I mean, as far as failed handshakes and fist bumps go, that was a pretty good way of recovering him. I mean, look, this is two generations of top UK Netherrealm talent. Foxy was the original UK superstar, and Dizzy TT is not far behind him.  Dizzy TT, like, it's how good he is at the game, but how composed he is. Just like we said, his ability to just, he doesn't tilt, he keeps calm. At, like, the amount of, like, high, highest level tournaments he's already been able to go to is staggering.  But here we go. Loser's action. Only one can progress through to get that match against Tekken Master and Loser's finals. It's very rare you can see a matchup of student versus master. And I think we, the divide between the two of those has very, very quickly, like, drawn closer, because, I mean, very much, I would say, Foxy and Dizzy evenly matched in skill at this stage. Now, last time they played in tournament was Stunfest. Shortly after the game came out, it was a different matchup. It was Cassie versus Sonya, but Dizzy was able to reset the bracket and then, no, Foxy was able to reset the bracket and then Dizzy was able to win 3-0. So they have definitely gone back and forth already in European tournaments. Big punish on the Teleport. I already foresee this is going to be a matchup of Sonya controlling the pace due to her increased range. But then when Foxy gets in, it's, how does Dizzy handle this mixer? A wake-up neutral jump into an instant Z-hat. Foxy doesn't normally make that choice. And I think this is absolutely going to be a player matchup here, Lusted. I mean, these guys would have played hundreds of times by now. So I think we're going to see some stuff from both players that we maybe wouldn't normally see. But that normally happens when you get training partners playing into one of them. They're going to be against the book a little bit here and there. Oh, okay. I don't know, Foxy may be the more immediately successful player of the two of them in the pro competition. Dizzy is still doing well in his own right, but it's Foxy that has the two top 8. Dizzy looking to overtake this time would be such a great result for him. Holding the forward for. Smart. I expect Dizzy, honestly, to hold a fair few of those and react to the grab. We know he has grab reactions. Well, the thing is like, think back to watching Foxy at CEO last week. We would see him just roll and just steam roll over so many players, but the second he fogates like the Sonic Boxer Dragon, the players with, again, that top tier composure that willing to kind of just make the risks and make the reason, I should say, against the options Foxy is trying to enforce. We would see those players. Oh, he's dead. He's dead. Oh, break the back guarantee right there. Whatever that bit is. I'm not a doctor. Break that piece of anatomy. Break the bone. Why not that bone? Break the bones. But I feel like Dizzy is one of the players that you might see have that level of composure to not necessarily crack under the relentless enforcement of the middle throat. Energy ring. Trading unfavorably with Foxy right now who enforces Z-Hack. Expects actually some sort of advancement from Dizzy, I think, and a lot more use of the straight hat. If Foxy has the likely. That ship damage is actually kind of crazy. I love the jump. I actually think that's why Dizzy is trying to jump a lot more, because jump has a really high chance, it seems, of the forward four whiffing on the second hit, which means, if you go to forward four, Foxy can't confirm it. But that's only if the time, the meeting timing isn't perfect. Okay, this could become a territory for Dizzy. Oh, Foxy has no defensive bar. Dizzy, I foresee him spending a lot of meter here. Yeah, there we go. One bar spent. Oh, my God. Foxy knows. Z-Hack down three. Has to wait for the hat to come back. Oh, the leg takedown. Oh, no finish. Just kick. A late jump kick. Dizzy, no idea. Now, you know what I said, right at the start of the game, where we're going to see some stuff from these players that you don't normally see. When was the last time? Wait, not even the last time. When have you ever seen Foxy go for three pokes in a row? And then it'd be out of the fatal blow, and then he stopped, because that is clearly what he was looking for. He knew. He knew that was a likely option. He found three stepping in and saying my work here is done, and then vanishing for good.  Not for good. Not for good. For the game. We have plenty of matches left to go. I mean the first game, Jake. Yeah, I know. I know. God. Now, Dizzy has been doing this quite a lot. He's taken this time in between games. I feel like after every loss he's had, he has always re-random the stage. I know they're selecting the analogy, but the tournament stage has random select built into it. So, you know, don't roast before it. It is true. But he's taken this downtime. You know, I think it's important. And it also could go hand in hand with why we talk about and comment his composure so much.  Think about it. And very important for sure. I'm a firm believer that I'm glad that three-star match was removed for the tournament, because how many players can turn around now? How many players can turn around and say that they feel like there's increased time to think and calculate? It goes so far in the world of competitive. Dizzy now. He's going for these really weird jump-kick times. He even tries to amplify the spin, because he was so convinced it was going to pick up. I know the regular spin doesn't hit from that range, but I guess the amplify didn't at that angle either. Again, this is part of the matchup. If you decide to break away as Kung Lao goes for the amplified spin, you are going to punish him for it. It's just normally quite dangerous, Dizzy, with the crispy link in the corner, into the round when Dizzy could get himself on the board. The moment Sonya has your back to the wall, the back one becomes one of the scariest buttons in the whole game, especially in ringmaster thanks to those ring dash cancels. See that? It's establishing some space. There's a lot of conditioning that has to come out, though, for that Z-Hat to actually be effective, because at any moment here, if ZZT just throws an energy ring, he won't even get the Z-Hat to come out. It's when Foxy's convinced he's going to cancel it, he'll do nothing. A forward throw. In fact, forward throw is not the worst thing here. Normally you're used to seeing that. The back throw is the one that gives him the advantage. It has the crushing blow. There it is. So that's the one you normally see, but the forward throw there, setting full screen, but with a little bit of time to go for the Z-Hats, that kind of stuff up, but big jumping from Dizzy. Ooh, another big green on the throw, but didn't get too much. A big change in flow from Dizzy. Foxy and then got a little bit too comfortable throwing those Z-Hats. Now he's an advancing midfielder and a full jump kick. That said, did he TT his back into the corner? Kung Lao now. Eater down three. I can definitely... 4-1, here we go. Damage dead. I can definitely understand why Dizzy opted to go for a wake-up up to attempt there, because, yes, the 4-4 will beat it, but their throw immune are up twos. And hers is fast. So if he's going to go... Okay, he is going to meet me with a grab up to it is. I can definitely understand it. Ooh. Ooh. She can now knock down. Uh-oh, uh-oh. He's losing meter, and that's really worrying for Dizzy, too. The moment you lose those defensive resources, Kung Lao just has so much more ability. Ooh. That's big, you ain't getting out of the damage. Dizzy calling out Foxy's counter poke game. All the confirmed breakaway really high up. And then it is again. All back-to-back hopes. Not close enough to get the damage. No dive kick here either. I think he just wants to knock down. Oh, no! And no breakaway. This might be dead. Knock down. Oh, he wants to take the advantage. And there we go. He went for the reset. It was a specific set up there. Getting the forward one to knock down the amplified Z-hat meteor on pressure. I mean, that was just... I have two bars in this variation. What can I do to kill with it? It was reset 101.  He could have taken the combo and ended with a jump kick dive kick and maybe have killed, but it wasn't guaranteed, right? It was very unlikely to kill with that combo damage. So he reset the situation, deliberately going for unoptable damage, but a better situation to maybe reset into another hit, which had a higher chance of winning the game. That is exactly what we saw, and that is why Foxy is 2-0 up, and Dizzy, unfortunately, backed into a corner. Two games down, facing elimination against one of the best there is. The crowd has a thing to say about the fact that... I've never seen Dizzy TT. I mean, has Dizzy played anything but Sonya? Since the game came out. I know he... What? Is this where the saga continues? Is it UK Shaolin that we're about to see? I don't know why I'm going, ah, this is the better pick. Or am I disappointed? Of course. I agree for sure. But man, it is absolutely insane how much you can learn about this game by watching the best players go head-to-head because you see so much next-level tech that you just don't see outside of the pro competition. Well, we're going into what could be the final game of the set. I definitely do not want to count Dizzy out. They come back in Stunfest. But Stunfest is already two months ago. And it was a different match-up. And it has been some time, Foxy was going in with Cassie because at the time of Stunfest, Foxy wasn't a believer in Kung Lao. He actually spoke to him about this at the analysis, and I said, what is it about Kung Lao from the Summit days and Stunfest days to now that just makes it different? And he said, I just needed time to figure out the character. Yeah, for sure. But think about it as well. It's more than just that. Cassie on paper, better character. Think of the tier list the community is making, right? A better character overall. Much better than Kung Lao. But what is Foxy Grandpa more comfortable with? What is having more success? Kung Lao. It's not always about the tier list, my friends. If it fits your style and that character does it, then by all means go with that character. It's what Foxy's doing with Kung Lao, and it's clearly putting in its dues. And there we go. Full confirm. Foxy Grandpa on a comfortable match point. And Dizzy just looking like he just can't find the answer right now. That was a dominating round for Foxy. Dizzy just not quite able to make it work just yet. It seems as we see, again, he's going for that ring blast. We're not really able to see the full screen game of Sonya really do anything at the moment. Foxy is just playing around it so well with the dive kicks, the Z hat, trading, the guided hat being... Honestly, I still think the same. The guided hat, Loki, one of the best projectiles in this game. If you can take a projectile and make it un- Make it a mid? Just make it a mid? Yeah, the ability to make a projectile a mid is so underrated in Netherrealm games in general. Ducking highs is a massive part. Especially when used in conjunction with the Z hat. Oh, it's Foxy Grandpa. He has a life lead. Not a commanding lead though. Dizzy more than capable of bringing this one back. Especially as he gets these rings one at a time. Yeesh. Oh, no. No drone here. He didn't get the signal. My friend. There's going to be a dive kick with Punish. Foxy just knew it's right now. Yeah, he was so ready for that dive kick. It's insane. That was no hit confirmed. Now, Dizzy potentially won. Gets away. The neutral jump. No with Punish. And this is a life lead. Oh, my word. Foxy with the turnaround. No with Punish. No. He holds the ring. Oh, the whiff. The jumping kick is going to do it. And Foxy is going to take it 3-0 over Dizzy on a clutch flawless block launcher. We saw Foxy do quite a bit of that in early stage matches. We still do a lot in pools at CEO, even if the analogy, but saving it for the last moment in this game. And what a decision. Holding up his sleeve until the very end. And he's going to be able to take a game against Tekken Master. This is the first time we've seen this.


What's up, everybody? Jason here for jasperjasefrakes.com. We just sold out our last mystery crate filler to give away that one spot in 2324, who was fast on one box break round in season number two. Now guys, we're gonna do a break first, right? Randomize because your name seems to be the hits out. And we're no veteran, base commons will ship, everything else will, inserts, rookies, hits. And then at the end, we'll take the original list again, randomize them, and one winner will get into this mystery crate break, which you are guaranteed to hit anywhere between two to 300 at worst, 1800 plus. So, let's do the group break first. Let's click dice roll. It's a one to three, four times. Let's do the break first. One, two, three, four. Fred down to Adam. One, two, three, four. Matt rakes down to the old Lakers. All right, now again, of course, this is just a box break filler, so no trading, but I'll give you guys a quick minute to see the teams you guys got. Obviously, the Spurs are a pretty popular big team. Cornus would be pretty nice. Heat, et cetera, you know, Blazers, but if anybody's wondering, Spurs went to Matt. Gets a potential Victor Wimbidneamas. All right, guys, kind of skim through it, guys, just because obviously it's kind of a longer filler box and really just looking for a couple players and inserts and some numbered cards with potentially one autograph, at least. There's a Mitchell Robinson there to 25 Artist Proof, which is really nice. Let's go on to the Knicks, which is Fred. There's Jaime Hacquez, he's a ball. Yo, can we get Peacock out here for the second game? Yeah, you just, I think it's downloadable, right there. It is? Yeah, either you have one. I don't think I have Peacock. I counseled mine. Okay. Is it exclusively only on Peacock? I think so. Oh, yeah, you could if someone has it. Mohamed for the Hawks. Hawks is Matt, gee. This is the young and nice little Chris Murray. What blazers? Presentations. There's a Victor Wimbidneama. Oh, gotcha. Actually, hey, Ted. You're right, Adam. No, yeah, because Ted was asking, but I forget if it is a local game, we get it on regular channels anyways. Ooh, stuff and curry. Yeah, I counseled my Peacock man. I had it for almost a whole year. And I remember I only downloaded, I only ended up adding it to my TV at home was because it was like a special. It was like six months for a dollar. And I was like, cool, I'll pay a dollar a month. Like, you know, whatever, right? And yeah, so much time passed. Whoa, nice, Brandon Miller there. Matt with that one, so much time passed. And then I realized that I was paying like the full price of like no ads premium for like, it was like 15 bucks a month, dude. I was like, hell no, bro. Didn't help not even using this app anymore. And I canceled it last month. Those are the finals.  I only pay for one month if the Eagles are playing on that exclusive game. They paid $110 million and I mean, I'm sure they'll do something like that, right? But like, hey, watch your favorite team playing our exclusively broadcasted Peacock game and you'll get the first six months for an X amount. And I'll be like, all right, cool, I'll do that. All right, guys, there you go. So you got a couple of women, you have a rookie base, which I want more, we're going for like 25 bucks a piece. Let me check and see if I missed any redbacks. There's a redback right there. Malik Monk, I don't think there'll be two. Usually there's only one per box. But I guess the sorting team sorts from the back. They'll find the second one if there is one. There you go, guys. Now, for the real reason why you guys bought in for this, let's do the giveaway. Here's the dice roll, here's all the names, guys. Roll it. Woo, snake eyes, baby. Oh my God, snake eyes, two times. We roll everything, guys. One, two, boom. Two times, two, two. Unfortunately, I don't know where I see you down there. But I have no idea who's gonna be at the top, though. Whoa, a lot of different names up here. At number two, you still have a chance to be number one. I know you got like 15. Here we go, man. Good luck, here we go, everybody. Good luck, it's gonna be Matt. He played the odds, boom. Congrats, man, after two times. All right, so there you go, guys. Appreciate it. Coming up next is the mystery crate.


And on news outside Africa, Australia isn't mincing words. Overwood believes it's behind a cyber attack on Microsoft Exchange servers in January. Australian Home Affairs Minister Karen Andrews has flatly accused China for the incident. The United States and not all the European Union, Australia, Britain, Canada, Japan and New Zealand have joined forces in a broad coalition of countries publicly calling out Beijing for hacking. The Australian government overnight has joined international partners in expressing serious concerns about malicious cyber activities by China's Ministry of State Security. In consultation with our partners, and that includes the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan, the government has determined that China's Ministry of State Security exploited vulnerabilities in the Microsoft Exchange software. We are aware that there are serious implications for any attribution that is made to any nation, but we also will not compromise our position on sovereignty and national security. And in this instance, along with our partner nations, we needed to call out this malicious cyber attack. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.