Well, hello, my name is Gino Passi. The date is Tuesday, January 23rd, 2018. Today I am interviewing Dr. Fritz Casey Leininger as part of the History 3097 Honors Seminar entitled Bearcat Legacies and also as a part of the Emeriti Association History Project. Fritz, thank you for being willing to do this interview with us. Glad to do it. To begin, I know Fritz, I'm assuming, is a nickname. It is. So could you, for the record, just state your full name? Charles Frederick Casey Leininger. OK. Now I know your father was a Leininger. Right. And your mother's maiden name was Dean. Yeah. So where does the Casey name? My wife. Your wife's name, OK. So we hyphenated. Good. And when and where were you born? I was born on February 22nd, 1949. My parents lived in Woods Hole, Massachusetts on Cape Cod. I was born in Toby Hospital in Wareham, Massachusetts, just off Cape. I'm sorry, in? Wareham, Massachusetts. Wareham, Massachusetts, OK. Were both of your parents East Coasters? Yeah. OK. Though they met in Chicago. OK. And again, just because I know a little bit about your history, how then did the family emigrate to Ohio? So my dad worked for, worked in the retail cooperative movement, which had customer-owned grocery stores in a number of cities around the country. And he got his start doing education about the cooperative movement, how to set up stores, what the philosophy of the cooperative movement was. He was doing that in Chicago.  And after about six years of that, he discovered, as he said, it wasn't that he was defrocked. He was unsuited to being a minister. It was about 1940. When back, his parents had moved to Ohio by that time. His dad and his brother were in the sheet metal business. They brought him into the sheet metal business. It wasn't something he wanted to do. Went to work in the co-op movement in Ohio and then moved to Chicago. My mother was a nurse, had done her training at Boston Children's Hospital, worked there and then New York City. By 1940-ish, she had decided she was wanted to try some new stuff and got some training as a physical therapist and then got a job in Chicago as a physical therapist. And my parents met in a cooperative co-ed rooming house in the Hyde Park area of Chicago. My mother almost voted against my dad moving in. But he did and they fell in love and got married. I think they both wanted to return to New England. And dad decided that if he was going to do education around cooperative stores, he ought to run one. So they moved to Needham, Massachusetts where he ran a store and then to Woods Hole where he ran that store. And eventually come back to Ohio at some point? Yes. Or come to Ohio. The cooperative movement in the early 1950s was disappearing as the economy, so the Quad Movement had developed in part in response to the collapsing economy in the 1930s that looked like the death of capitalism. By the early 1950s, capitalism was doing very well. And the commitment to alternative economies was disappearing. And his store was not doing well, so he was fired. Moved back to Ohio to work with his father and brother in the sheet metal business again. And eventually after a couple of different jobs ended up working for a small folks-on-book publishing company in Delaware, Ohio where I grew up. So you grew up in Delaware, Ohio? Pretty much, yeah. I was going to ask if you had a blue-collar upbringing or white-collar, but it sounded like it was a little bit of... The answer is yes to both.  Mom was a nurse, which was distinctly poorly paid when she was a nurse. So we had working-class incomes. Dad grew up working-class. My mom grew up in an upper-middle-class family in Maine. But her career was a working-class career. But now after you were born, had your father, was he an academic at that point or was he in the store at that point? He was in the store when I was born. Okay, but had a college education. He had a master's. My mother flunked out of college. And not because she was not committed to academics, but was a wonderful nurse and did very well. And had to get some schooling to become a nurse. Right, she did. I don't think she ever had a bachelor's degree, but you didn't need that to be a nurse in her era. So your dad had gone to college. Your mom, not so much, was going to college as a young man. Was that something you distinctly in your future or not so much? Oh yeah, I grew up, it was like my brother and I were going to go to college and that we would have professional jobs. Okay. And so as your senior year approached, where did you find your interests gravitating? Like what was it you wanted to study? Everything. Which was one of the interesting things about my family is that we sat around the dinner table talking about politics, theology, math, science, everything. And I literally, when I got to college I changed my major literally every couple of quarters. And as far as your upbringing is concerned, this is just, I hear co-op, I hear folk songs, I hear Unitarian minister. I'm assuming it sounds like a progressive upbringing, family. Yeah. My dad grew up Methodist and Republican. And when he went to college he apparently had some sort of conversion experience because by the middle of his freshman year he was a pacifist and a socialist. So you then chose to go to what college as an undergraduate? I went to Antioch College, which was a very interesting, very progressive school. It had a co-op program for everybody, not just for science and engineering, which was a wonderful experience. Was Antioch's progressive nature part and parcel of why you chose to go there? Yeah. Had you applied anywhere else or you really had your sights set on Antioch? I applied to University of Chicago. My dad thinks I also applied to Oberlin. I don't remember that. I actually graduated after my junior year in high school because I wanted to get the hell out of my small, very conservative, Central Ohio town. Chicago had a program where they accepted juniors out of high school, but they waitlisted me. Antioch accepted me and I would have chosen Antioch anyway over Chicago. And what did you end up, you said you changed your major several times. What was it that you ended up settling on? Well, I didn't really. Antioch allowed you to build an interdisciplinary major, which meant that I could actually graduate. So it was called environmental studies, but it included history, anthropology, hard science. At the end, I was actually thought I was going to become a geologist because I was doing a lot of hiking and camping and really liking being out in the woods. So I thought, you know, being a geologist, I could get paid to do a lot of hiking and camping and climbing mountains. And so you graduated with this environmental science degree? Environmental studies. Environmental studies, I'm sorry. It was a BA. With the intention of possibly going into geology as a career. And I went to Boston College and got a master's in geology. So let me step back. Was it just nature in general that you were enthralled with that you just wanted to study? You said you enjoyed hiking. Is that pretty much what led you to focus on geology or were you still kind of unclear and you just picked something? I thought I was clear towards my senior, you know, I think by the beginning of my senior year its geology seemed like a way to be paid to be out in nature. And, you know, the geology courses I took, I found really interesting. And what year did you graduate? 1971. And so you said you go to Boston College? Yes. Then directly after undergrad? Yes. So early in my senior year it was like, hmm, I'm going to graduate from college.  I guess I'd better go to graduate school. And so you spent two years at Boston College? Yeah, it took me five years. Okay. Probably because I didn't have a strong undergraduate background in geology. So I had to be retrained. I had to take extra undergraduate courses. And then I was required to do a thesis, which just took me a long time. What was your graduate, your master's thesis on? Brittle fracture of granitic rocks. Okay. Which sounds fascinating. Don't get me wrong. Occasionally I look at my master's thesis and go, I have no idea what this means. So, okay, so you go there for about five years. What are you doing to earn an income? Do you have a family at this point? No. I had a free ride in my first two years, tuition and $200 a month, which in 1971 was just barely enough. My third year I had tuition, remission, and borrowed money. Fourth and fifth year I was only registered for like one course a semester and had a part-time job in an outdoor store, backpacking store. Which seemed to fit with your inclinations. And I was also beginning to do some carpentry and home repair stuff as well. And so when you graduate with your MA, do you then continue to study granitic rocks? Actually it was an MS, a master's thesis. These kinds of distinctions, talking to the students, the distinctions between BAs and BSs and MAs and MSs are really important in the academic world. They are. To some people. So do you go in then?  No, I discovered that almost all of the people I was in graduate school with were going to go to work for oil companies and mining companies. And as I thought of it at the time, they were going to go help raid the earth. Sure. And I had had a checkered career as a graduate student. Was not well liked by my faculty by the time I left because I talked back to them. So I moved to Ohio where my brother was living. And we went into the home handyman painting that's a self-employed home handyman business. Was that in the Cincinnati area? Cincinnati, yeah. How long did you do that? How long did you stay in that? Off and on from 76 through 89. So that became a career? Yes, actually. I was also involved in progressive politics. Started reading history on my own. And thinking that history might be helpful in thinking about how to change the world. And decided that maybe I should take some graduate courses. Called up the history department here. Talked to Gene Lewis, whose department had at that time. And he said, sure, you can, you know. Why don't you sign up for introduction to the Literature of American History. And I did that. And did that sequence my first year part-time. And did well enough that I was offered an assistantship and tuition remission. So I could go full-time the next year. And that was what year? Started part-time in 82, was full-time in 83, 84. And in 83, I took a course on the history of Cincinnati. Where the professor required the graduate students to do a piece of original research. Not just write a book review or do library research. And I had been living from 77 to 81 in a communal household in Avondale. And almost all of my neighbors were African American. Many of the houses on the street had been clearly middle class and upper middle class houses. We lived in a three-story Victorian mansion. And so I proposed to him that I figure out. It was clear to me that at some point this had been a wealthy white neighborhood. And had been told by Cincinnati that that was true. And so I decided to do a research project to see if I could figure out when it changed from white to black and why. And that laid the basis for almost all of my future research down to the present. And at this point, are you thinking, this is my next career. This is what I'm going to do. Yeah, it became clearer and clearer to me that I love doing nitty-gritty, getting my hands dirty in the archives history, putting together stories, getting an understanding of stuff that had happened in the past that no one else really had ever figured out. It was just, it was fun, it was exciting. And I thought that the story of racial change in Cincinnati's neighborhoods was an important story to understand in the history of racism. Because you started to gravitate toward that housing social justice, the history of housing in neighborhoods, did your background in home renovation have anything to do with that, or are they completely separate? They're completely separate. But the interest in racial justice goes back to the fact that I grew up at the height of the Civil Rights Movement, was aware of my, my dad was, my parents were not activists. They were paid lots of attention to progressive politics, the Civil Rights Movement. Remember, my dad brought home a comic book that had been put together, to publicize the Montgomery bus boycott, the Rosa Parks Martin Luther King story, and being really influenced by that. And in fact, at some point I was left home alone with my older brother and he told me to do something. I said, no, I'm engaging in civil disobedience. You can't make me do that from reading this comic book. And I had a black cousin whose godfather was a prominent civil rights leader in the 1960s. And he was almost exactly my age and I really kind of grew up with him and knew his story. His dad was an African American lawyer in New York. His mom was my dad's younger sister. So race, racial justice, social justice was an essential part of who our family was. And so it was no surprise that when I decided to do history that I would want to do history of race, social justice. And I keep coming back to it. Occasionally I'll work on a project that's not really that. And I was like, this is interesting but not what I want to do. And a lot of your research is focused around neighborhoods and white flight and housing and things like that for African Americans and the underrepresented. And that has kind of become your thing. My career. Right. So you come back to graduate school in the early 80s and then you get an MA. Is that right? Right. This one took me seven years. Okay. In part for two reasons. One is that my advisor kept asking me questions. He wanted me to answer on my thesis. And I had told him that once I got my MA I had a preneutral agreement with my wife that we would move back to New England which is where she's from in Massachusetts. Is this a real prenuptial? It wasn't written down but it was like, okay, if you move to Ohio to marry me while I get my masters once I get my masters we'll move back to Massachusetts. So you met her while you were living in Boston? In Boston. I'm getting my first masters. And we had an on again and then a long time off again of relationship before we decided that we actually should be on again. There's a ten year gap in there. And you sucker her into moving to Ohio? Well, when you negotiated for a move to Ohio in exchange for we'll move back. And I think my advisor was like if I keep asking him questions and make him keep working on this thesis he'll give up the idea moving back to Massachusetts. But, and then we have twins which you know how much worked for him. And then we finally moved back to Massachusetts where I worked as a house carpenter for a couple of years and kind of continued to take her with the thesis and a book chapter that I had been asked to do. And so in, so we moved to Massachusetts in the fall of 86 spring of 88 my wife's former employer in Cincinnati came out to Boston for a conference and basically said I will give you a lot of money if you come back to Ohio. I'll pay you really well and I'll give you a signing bonus so you can afford to make the move and buy a house. And I've been working as a house carpenter for wealthy people. She had been working as a wedding planner for wealthy people. Both of us were doing good work but not making enough money. I was tired of dealing with rich people. Jenny was tired of dealing with rich people. These were not careers we wanted. And I knew that from what my advisor had said that if I finished my masters and came back they would give me an assistantship and tuition and remission that I would have a free ride to get my PhD. Jenny's offered lots of money to come back to Ohio. My advisor said if you come on back finish the masters I'll give you a free ride. And who was your advisor? Zane Miller UC's long time urban historian. For many years he was the person you went to if you wanted to know something about the history of Cincinnati. He was the guy that got quoted in the newspapers. So you come back here then and you decide that the PhD is the route you're going to take and continuing on I assume building on your master's thesis and the research you had done there. What do you end up doing your dissertation on? Race and housing in neighborhoods. My masters was specifically on the Avondale neighborhood. I expanded it to a wider area. Looked at city planning how that impacted it how racial discrimination and housing had impacted where blacks could live and so that that story is from about 1945 to 1970. Looked at the transition in the thinking amongst planners and housing reformers from believing that racial segregation was a good thing to realizing that it was a bad thing and coming into coalition with civil rights activists who came to who wanted there to be laws making racial discrimination in housing illegal. So my story is neighborhood racial change why that happened and then the growth of a fair housing movement and how that was related to very much intimately tied up with well actually massive displacement of African-Americans from the old West End black community when I-75 was driven right through the middle of that community and the planners decided that the housing there was so horrible it had to be leveled and the people needed to be re-housed they did a great job of leveling that housing and they did a terrible job of re-housing the people were displaced so African-Americans were tens of thousands of African-Americans were displaced from the West End within a tightly segregated housing market which meant that they were all funneled into the margins of existing black neighborhoods at the same time that whites were moving in large numbers to the suburbs because federal housing policy made it possible to buy for whites to buy a brand new suburban home on a grassy lot and then take the interstate the brand new interstates to work so whites could escape the city easily at the same time that blacks can only move into certain neighborhoods Now in the early 1990s is this a topic that a lot of scholars are working on or at least in UC do you find yourself kind of alone in that scholarship? There wasn't anybody else certainly in the history department was working on that topic but it was a pretty hot topic nationally lots of other scholars working on it from a variety of points of view there are a whole series of books starting in the late maybe late 50s, early 60s examining how what we then called ghettos developed almost exclusively African-American neighborhoods tight, intense racial segregation enforced by discrimination so there were a series of books that examined that in a number of cities and actually there had been a previous doctoral student at UC who looked at those issues for Cincinnati in the pre-World War II up through the end of World War II and I was able to take what build on the work he had done if he hadn't done his book I would have had to go back to the early 20th century but fortunately Bob laid this very nice foundation that allowed me to start at World War II So you get your dissertation you get your PhD do you what happens next? Are you immediately given a faculty position here? Do you adjunct? Do you do something else? Go back to renovating homes? Did not go back to renovating homes except my own worked as an adjunct at UC for about a year and a half was on the job market had lots of interviews including several finalist interviews and was never hired At this point you were willing to move wherever the job was Yeah for a variety of reasons So I got the PhD in 1993 and the fall of 1994 I heard about a position doing social policy analysis for the Cincinnati office of a national organization called the Children's Defense Fund The executive director of that was my wife's executive director's sister So I got hired to do social policy I got that job for the old gals network as opposed to the old boys network and did that from 1995 through 2002 while continuing to teach one or two courses a year at UC keeping my hand in the I think I did one other academic publication article in that period but was mostly doing social policy stuff and doing some writing for that And maybe a little UC history here as an adjunct because I think adjuncts notoriously talk about you know overwork underpaid getting screwed How was the adjunct culture at university compared to nationwide trends So 1993-94 I worked It was basically three-quarter time as an adjunct So three quarters of a full teaching level And what courses were you teaching? Basic American History Survey courses? And I was making less than I did as a doctoral candidate My income Right Because the pay was so lousy I think I was making about $3,600 a quarter three times that So I was making about $10,000 a year At what point do you get hired as a full-time faculty member a year? So that was a long and winding road I left Children's Defense Fund at the end of 2002 set myself up doing Social Policy Consulting Since I My work was well known in the Cincinnati Social Service Community A lot of what I was doing still had to do with race and poverty And continued to teach a couple of courses a year at UC And just about the time that I left the Defense Fund, the Evening College which I was teaching in was wiped out by the University Administration So this was a teaching an Evening College at UC Right, a separate Evening College Which had been really important to and actually I think had remained really important to a lot of working-class Cincinnatians who work full-time Catered to non-traditional Yeah, I had lots of adult students who were you know, had working-class jobs but and many of them were UC employees who got tuition free but they were they were wonderful to work with because they knew why they were in college They wanted to be there not always well-prepared but willing to work hard really satisfying to work with But the UC Administration decided to wipe out Evening College for a variety of reasons One of which was that it was retaliation against the dean of Evening College for fights between her and the senior administration She retired and the senior administration said now it's time to get rid of Evening College And UC decided to move what were open access parts of the university away from the Clifton campus Open access meant that if you had a high school diploma you were automatically admitted not to ANS or any of the professional schools but Evening College and a two-year college on this campus called University College Now that work is done by Claremont and Blouache Would you still get a degree like an associates degree if you attended those or would you just eventually matriculate into a professional school You would get an associates degree from Evening College You might have been able to get a B.A. and Evening University College was just an associates degree and you could if you were successful with your associates apply to arts and sciences or any of the professional schools your admission was not necessarily guaranteed So the history courses in Evening College were brought back into the ANS history department which brought me back in contact with people who had been my teacher Barbara Ramosack was department head at that time and she was was very pleased to have me teaching Evening courses and then I picked up 2006 I picked up a contract to write a history of the local legal aid society actually Jean Lewis' wife Donnie worked there in fundraising and she did me with the executive director of the legal aid society and I got a fairly substantial contract to write what turned out to be 100 page history of the legal aid society that was very successful really brought me back to the attention of my colleagues who were teaching during the day was hired to teach full time for one year as what was called a visiting professor and friends of mine within the department started talking about how do we we want friends full time on the faculty how do we do that and their budgetary problems persuading deans that they should hire someone with my expertise but eventually I was able to pitch myself as a public historian because I had worked outside of the academy outside of the university doing both social policy and contract historical research and so eventually the department was able to sell me to the then dean and I was hired full time in 2012 so there was no national search or anything there was a search the rules require that they have to do a formal search but I was I was asked to write the job description and to be fair they interviewed two other people who they said were quite impressive but I had a track record now is this something that sort of um that trajectory is that something that happens at other universities somebody joins a department people like them they want to keep them on I think so I don't know a whole lot about it I do have a friend who actually had a full time tenure track job at Wilmington college a small college about an hour from here her husband taught over in northern Kentucky they lived in Cincinnati close friends with a senior faculty member who had been her PHD advisor at UC and he wanted to bring her back into the UC psychology department and eventually was able to get UC to hire her as what they called an educator assistant professor which is how I was hired it's not a ten year job three year contracts that are renewable indefinitely and with a possibility of promotion so I think it's not uncommon if someone knows someone and wants them to figure out how to hire them but there have to be formal searches and the dean has to sign off on that the way my advisor was hired at UC was that the head of the department in the mid 60s called his buddy who was the head of the department at University of Chicago and said hey have you got anybody who can teach urban history Zane had done his dissertation on late 19th century Cincinnati history and said they hired him that was enough I'm sure there was no formal search no competition very different certainly so you kind of as an adjunct and maybe visiting professor were kind of on the outskirts of departmental culture history department A&S college arts and sciences college when you became a full time professor was it an eye opening experience for you now being completely submerged in this culture or was it no surprises well there I knew a lot of what to expect going in what I hadn't realized even when I was a full time visiting professor was the incredible workload I taught two courses a semester I supervised the internship program served on committees met with students and it was I mean you know it does not sound like a huge amount but it was it wasn't 24-7 but it was more like 10 hours a week 10 hours a day, 7 days a week but when you did submerge yourself in that culture you begin I know faculty members you not only teach class, you serve on faculty committees you have to involve yourself in professional service were there committees that you enjoyed serving on some that you did not enjoy serving on and if so could you talk about some of those served on the undergraduate studies committee I think for three years and there were some satisfactions there it's okay by the way if you say no committee provided me satisfaction that is perfectly acceptable you notice I said some satisfaction there the faculty member who was the head of the committee was disorganized I was like you know let's try to get us back on track maybe we can get this process done this year instead of having to work on it again next year right you know the history department while I was there full time those five years was generally a good place to be good people liked each other respected each other so mostly that kind of administrative stuff that committee stuff worked pretty well there were varying amounts of lack of respect for me because I was an educator faculty instead of a ten year line faculty and because I wasn't doing research and publishing the way they were and I really had to kind of push remind the department that I was there that I was a competent contributing member of the department you know an example of this is about three years ago I had taught a class where we wrote a history of us in any neighborhood next fall there was a party at another faculty member's house to celebrate other faculty members who had published books in the previous year and mine was ignored because it was not published by an academic press you know and I had mentioned it to her by the way we just finished this book that I think is a really nice history of this neighborhood I'll bring it to the party and when she announced who the published authors were she didn't remember to mention me so there was there is a hierarchy within the academic world that can be sometimes hard to deal with well and for me personally as a public historian I tend to think public historians traditionally over the well since they've been increasingly more a part of traditional academic history departments kind of feel like the you know second class citizen yeah yeah so the difference between a public historian and a academic historian is academic historians publish books full length books that have been published by university presses or if they're really good if they have become a star their books get published by commercial presses but they're always reviewed by other people in the field you also have to write articles that get published in professional journals you go to conferences and give papers public historians tend to do smaller projects sometimes peer reviewed but not as often they're not necessarily as I was going to say academically rigorous but I don't think that's quite the word there help me out here academically rigorous traditionally I think it's changing where public historians are being more and more accepted whereas an exhibit for instance is being accepted now as scholarly work by some by some academic historians but others were like well that's nice exactly where the hell is your book you kids did a nice exhibit there where's the real scholarship and part of it is that the academic historians are writing primarily for other academic historians whereas public historians are writing putting together exhibits web pages for the general public so you're writing stuff that can be understood by ordinary citizens museum exhibits the text the text is written for eighth grade or tenth grade level it's simple it's a hundred words and academic scholars are writing three, four hundred page books that quite frankly take a huge amount of work our department had just last year published a book that he'd been working on for 20 years it's won tons of awards and he deserves every award he's gotten and he put a huge amount of work into it so yeah so increasingly public history the creation of history for the general public is more and more accepted within academic departments but there are still you know still people who are like why are we paying these people to write text for tenth graders right well I think there is a tradition there among public historians too where at times it has not been that academically rigorous I mean I do see both sides of the coin and that's true that small museums are often amateur or semi-amateur operations staff there are not always trained and in order to keep their doors open they often do stuff that is incredibly ahistoric stuff that people will pay money to come see that really is not well done and so that you know I actually found myself sort of torn between you know traditional academic rigor and the complexity of the stories I wanted to tell and the fact that I also wanted to make sure that at the very least that an intelligent educated public could read the stuff I was writing and understand and I think I was pretty successful at that you'll sometimes find historians not as much as some other fields but sometimes historians will write highly theoretical stuff with jargon that you're you know you go yeah there's something to be said for the public intellectual that can distill concepts and ultimately I see the historians job as as being able to talk about the work they do in a way that is going to help enlighten the general public now I know that you know this book that took 20 years to write will be read by lots of scholars and they will use that material in the classes they teach and some of the students will go off and teach high school social studies so some of Chris's scholarship will get to college classes obviously he's teaching it it's certainly informed his teaching and some of it will get to high schools and some of it will get to maybe to elementary school though a friend of mine posted on Facebook recently a quiz that her first grader was given about Martin Luther King and the three choices for answers, the two of them were obviously wrong and the third one was so simplistic basically it said what was the result of Martin Luther King's work and the correct answer was people are now treated fairly it's like wait I don't know if this teacher made up that quiz or whether she it was canned or it came from some other place but it showed a gross lack of understanding of the current state of race there's room there for there's room for significant improvement well Fritz listen I just want to be respectful to the class because we've been talking for a while now and I've got a few more questions to ask not that many but maybe some of the students here will pick up on some of those questions that I didn't ask about to the table that'd be great anything that you'd like to ask Fritz? Alyssa? I know you're talking a lot about your what was your involvement in and I just want to repeat that for the camera what was your involvement in activism regarding your dedication to social justice so that's a very fair question it's turned out that I'm a much better academic than I am an activist well it may not seem like it when I'm in the classroom I'm really kind of shy and careful and and having been trained as an academic fortunately or unfortunately makes me see things in complex ways which makes it hard to be gung-ho out in the streets you know tear down the walls so I'm a better I'm better writing about this stuff and educating people about it than I am about organizing or being a member of an activist organization though in the late 70s early 80s I was part of a street theater group that did social justice street theater which was kind of fun and we did our plays in a number of different venues that so that's my one claim to fame as an activist but I've always been and my dad was very similar in the ways that he understood a lot of what was going on but was not in the streets he did however when I was in high school black kids who rode the school bus to our high school were accused of slashing bus seats and I had a good friend who was one of those African-American students and she said we didn't do this you know we're being falsely accused and I took the story home to my dad and and got involved with a group of people who challenged the school administration on it and forced them to apologize to the black kids but yeah I think of myself more as being really good at it as a critic social critic and being able to lay out the history of how many African-Americans have been displaced and discriminated against and the results of that lay that out in a way that's accessible to the general public and every now and then someone will post on Facebook something related to my topic and it's like okay if you want to know more about this here's an article I wrote and here's a book that you could read and long form answers on Facebook which my closest friends read all the way through and my daughter's like other questions I'm just to interject here I'm reminded of, we have a case on her, Lucy Oxley, she was the first African-American graduate of the College of Medicine here in 1936 in an interview done in the 80s somebody said did you involve yourself in the civil rights movement and were you a civil rights activist and she said yes and the interviewer said well how, she said I showed up for work every day she had a private medical practice in Avondale primarily black neighborhood black patients and she did that for 40 years into her 90s I think significantly underserved medically underserved population yeah so I think she made a statement like my activism is my life it's my job you know I didn't have to be on the news throwing a Molotov cocktail I show up for work every day and I treat the community you know any other questions do you think you're kind of extended education you said you got two master's master's degrees and they both took a long time with periods of working between do you think that your life would have turned out saved very differently if you would have just went the normal I say normal standard route of going get your four years for bachelor's and two years for master's I don't think I was capable of doing that just who I am you know when I went to get the master's in geology in some ways it was kind of a whim I'd only discovered geology as something that was interesting in the last year and a half of college you know if it had been the last year and a half of college I'd been taking anthropology classes I would have gone to anthropology graduate school I really I wasn't ready when I graduated from college to commit to a career I didn't know what I wanted to do and sort of part of the problem or part of the positive side of that was that what I really wanted to do was explore and try different things out and so that when I got to the history degree it was clear to me that that's what I wanted to do gave up I kind of gave up on the master's in history because we had two infants and we had to earn a living but my but I knew I didn't want to be a house carpenter anymore and my advisor and another senior historian kept leaning on me and when I had the chance to come back it was the right move it took me four years to get my doctorate it took me 12 years to get two masters degree and four years to get a doctorate and that was because I had I'd grown up you know I'd done a bunch of different things you know I run into to people who have had professional jobs who went you know went to law school worked for a law firm for 20 years and then went F this I'm going to become I'm going to go build furniture or I'm going to become a house carpenter I did that first and while I still I really enjoy building something with my hands and I started this when I was working on the master's I would go work rebuild someone's front porch you know at the end of the week I did something this was a mess a week ago now there's something new there so I still have a real satisfaction of working with my hands but doing history is much more important to me so that's a really kind of long and roundabout answer to your question but I think for me I had to grow up I had to experiment I'm really glad I think that if I had followed the sort of normal career path I would have burned out on it in my late 30s and said screw this I want to be a carpenter and probably would have done that for a few years and went yeah this is okay I'm earning some money but no this is not what I want to do so the experimenting and growing up got me to a place that was a place for me and that's something that I really worried about for my daughters generation and you guys is that most of you are going to graduate from college with a lot of debt and you are not going to have it's going to be much more difficult for you to experiment you know I was able to I had very little debt at the end of the geology masters since then had he lived in a communal household work maybe 10 months out of the year winter work slope way down I would just take two months off earn a subsistence living do political work go backpacking and have lots of choices both my daughters are saddled with huge but one of them went to graduate school and her husband owe several hundred thousand dollars in college debt they have to work they can't just say to hell with this we're going to go to Europe for six months before we have babies we'll have to have jobs and taking six months or a year to go to Europe or South Asia is not possible so it's sorry to build on that but if somebody had the opportunity to say what they believe they're passionate about but may not end up finding that they're the most passionate about that or taking more of a safe route and being able to build a foundation maybe exploring those passions later in life what advice would you give I guess well again a kind of roundabout answer to that is I learned stuff in doing the masters in geology that has stuck with me about certain kinds of rigor about certain ways of approaching problem solving you know I look back and it's like I've forgotten most of what I learned most of the technical stuff I learned but I did learn how to do research I learned a lot about problem solving so it wasn't a waste of time what I would say is that you as much as possible given the realities of a person's responsibilities and financial situation you should follow your passion do what you think is what is good for you taking into account everything that that environment the environment that you're in and be willing to experiment I think lots of people in your generation are going to change jobs multiple times careers multiple times that's fine it's one way to keep your life interesting I would say try not to get trapped into a career path that you're not sure you want to do Fritz I'm going to stop you there any other questions alright well then let me just bring the interview to a place Fritz by asking you um two more questions that one thing that you can encapsulate from your career here at UC of which you are most proud you had to pick just one thing the research and writing I've done about race and housing in neighborhoods I know that people use that every now and then someone contacts me and said I just read or I've been reading your stuff for years let's talk or a former student will email me 10 years later and say you know that stuff you taught me about race changed my life so that's really been your life's work I mean you've been carpenter, professor you've done work with political organizations but your life's work has been really about exposing issues in race housing yeah the research and writing and teaching um I've done good work anything we haven't talked about that you feel should be on the record before we close that you'd like to say I mean I could go into more detail about a bunch of pieces of this my parent's story I think is really fascinating story I don't have time to do that here a successive or a later interview no I think this has been nicely comprehensive well with that we'll thank you again and we'll bring this to a close thank you well thank you for your well put together questions you're welcome and as you said you were very compliant I didn't have to do a lot of lassoing thanks Fritz


So you just want an easy way to turn your polygroups into texture IDs, not a problem. With polypaint turned on, go to UVs and set your size to 4k. Then under polypaint, say paint from polygroups, and then under textures, say create from polypaint. Clone, then under textures, flip V and export the image, okay? Then in substance, file, new, set your size to 4k. Import your object and under texture settings, do whatever normal bake stuff you usually do. Import resources, grab your map, say it's a texture, put it in the current project, then click ID, and set it to your ID map, you're done. From here, just hold control and drag materials wherever they need to go. All that helps, and as always, hope you have a fantastic day, and I'll see you around.


North Korea violates South Korea's airspace. Five unmanned aerial vehicles belonging to North Korea have violated South Korea's airspace, the Ministry of Defense of South Korea reported today. The drones crossing from North Korea were detected in the skies of the western seat of Jinpo at about 10.25 am. One of the drones reached the capital Seoul. In response, South Korea launched fighter jets and helicopters and activated its air defense systems. The Kar-1 fighter, which took off to intercept drones, crashed shortly after departing its base in the country's east. Two pilots were able to escape before the crash. According to South Korea's Transport Ministry, some airports in the country have stopped operating.


So, why do we go in and out of ice ages? One of the major factors there is the amount of CO2 that's in the atmosphere. If we want to put a lot of CO2 in the atmosphere, the best place to do it is via lots of CO2 coming out of volcanoes into the atmosphere. That sets us off where we start to go into warming trend. As we do that, the ice starts to melt from the poles and the reflectivity of the planet goes down and we absorb more heat and we go into a heating trend. Now how do we get out of that heating trend? One good way is to put a lot of volcanic ash in the upper atmosphere and block the surface for some tens of years. That sends us into a cold spell. The other part of this whole sequence is the weathering of rocks where we have CO2, and it's a lot of CO2 in the atmosphere. We have carbonic acid in the rain, which then interacts with the rocks in the mountains, goes down into the rivers and into the ocean, and we start precipitating limestone. As we precipitate that limestone, we pull the CO2 down and we go into a cold period. So there's this amazing interaction between the organisms in the sea, the weathering of the rocks in the mountains, the positions of the continents relative to the poles, and all of this combines to put us in and out of ice ages.


We will rescue Lagos, says PDP governorship candidate in Lagos State, Olagide Adediran, and controversies mark APC's primaries ahead of the local government elections. This is Plus Politics, I am Mary Anacor. Abdulaziz Olagide Adediran, the People's Democratic Party PDP governorship candidate, in Lagos State has said he would focus on taking development to the inner parts of the state and give priority to education in order to reduce the number of out-of-school children in the state if elected as governor in 2023. Now the governorship candidate argued that for more than two decades now Lagos has had only one governor, asking that it is time that the state gets the second governor. Jando is the main challenger to the candidates of the ruling or progressive congress APC and incumbent Lagos state governor Barajideh Somolou in 2023 election. Now he defeated from, he defected from the APC to the PDP last year after complaining of marginalization in the party. Well joining us to discuss this and his plans for Lagos State is Bhinga Ghunlaye, he's a spokesman for Jando humanitarian campaign council. Thank you so much Mr. Ghunlaye for joining us. Yeah thank you so much, thank you for having me. Great, let's start by looking at the momentum that the Jando campaign is gathering if there be any. Now we also know that the dust has settled on who he picked as his running mate and now Lagosians are looking to see how the PDP is gathering momentum. So let's talk, has there been a blueprint out yet on how the campaign and of course what the plans of your governorship candidate is for Lagos State? Thank you so much, there is, of course there is a manifesto of the party and the plans of the gubernatorial candidate of a party Dr. Abdullah says, which of course we will review and present to the public very shortly but you know from day one Jando has never kept anyone in the dark as regards his program for legacy. His intention is to offer a breadth of pressure and turn around governance in the state. You know what we have had in the last 23 years is obvious, even the blind could see that this is not the best that our state could have and so it's excellent as Dr. Abdullah says the legendary Jando is focusing on all the areas of governance to make life better for the people of Lagos State and like you mentioned they have great passion for taking development around Lagos State. Lagos State is not just about Ikui or the Highland or a part of Ikeja, it's about the entire divisions of the state, it's about making Lagosians feel the wealth beyond caring but to physically enjoy development and so that is what the manifesto we speak to regarding provision of housing for Lagosians across the five divisions regarding provision of quality education across the five divisions regarding I mean roads and maintenance and then rehabilitation of roads and opening of new roads across the five divisions ensuring that we enhance healthcare delivery across the five divisions so that wherever you are whether you are in Badakli or in Efe or in Kuru Dhu or in Ikui or Victoria Highland or in Banana Highland you know for sure that you are in Lagos and there will be no need for people to unnecessarily migrate within the state just to area where they feel that there is concentration of development so very shortly there will be a public presentation of the manifesto of Jando. Let's talk about the challenges that lie ahead of Adediran and his campaign. Like I said at the beginning the dust has settled on him picking a movie star and a female business mogul as his running mate but now let's talk about the nitty-gritties. What are the challenges that you hope to surmount with this campaign? Now you've talked about roads and you've talked about you know infrastructural development now many people would say that there are so many things that the APC government has done but what are those things that you think that you need to first tackle if you were given the opportunity to become you know the ruling party? What are the first phases of things that you should apply yourself to? Well thank you so much. A section of the populace in Lagos state may allude to the fact that the APC government haven't been in power for 23 years has done a bit of things but if you look around you will see a huge gap between what should be and what is existing. Look at the issue of road that we mentioned. Where are the roads in Lagos? These are just reality.  What you just need is a few hours of rest and you will only be able to move around Lagos. Recently a video is going viral regarding the experience of people around the Juleki look government. Precisely over the years they have been having this challenge that whenever there is a little rain there will be too much gridlock within that axis and it's not limited to them. Come around now just as we speak now, move around Lagos that you see and you see the challenge, you see the terrible state of infrastructure in Lagos state. Now Jando is bringing a human face to governance. He is a Lugosian and he knows the state like the back of his hand and so we are going to correct right from this scratch the deficiency that we have observed in the area of governance is a major concern to Jando and number one principally is that even the governor of the state will not take decision on his own. He needs a second level of approval that is the first thing to correct. No matter how good a governor could be as long as he is from APC he will be unable to perform because there is a power behind the scene that dictates what you What do you mean by there is a power behind the scene? What power are you making reference to and who could discuss it? Because it is obvious that there is a godfather, there is a godfather in Lagos state who dictates how Lagos should be wrong. The same godfather that that that that worked with Pashola, the same godfather that insisted that Ambo Day must succeed. Pashola, the same godfather that pulled out Ambo Day out of the system, the same godfather that have put us into the problem we are having now by forcing the the the clueless and inept government of Sao Wulu on Lagos state. It is it is common knowledge, it is a public knowledge that the great problem of Lagos state is beyond bringing a good candidate for APC. It is about bringing a man who can hit the ground running, who will see where he needs to attend to the needs of the people and then we go ahead and do it without just really waiting for an approver. Okay. Alright, let's talk about some allegations that your governorship candidates made recently. He talked about the fact that in fact he accused the Lagos state government of pulling down campaign posters. He also accused the Lagos state signage and advertisement agency. He allegedly said that they threatened two companies that he was using for his campaign posters to bring down those posters. Now of course you know that the Lagos state government has come up to deny these claims but I ask you why would the Lagos state government knowing that Lagos is of course a cosmopolitan city and of course a state that is not necessarily just a state for a certain group of people. It's a state for everyone. Why would the Lagos state government want to do that and tell companies to take down posters of a different political party other than this? Oh, you know that the Lagos state government is G3. The opposition has never been these are ready to raise the power from APC. I am a member of the People's Democratic Party for years and I know that every election year with the alternative, the better alternative to Lagosians have never been this intentional. We have never been this deliberate. General has brought a breath of fresh air to the PDP as presented to the voting public as the better alternative and the ruling party is feeling the heat and so the best way they feel they could meet this in default is to stop the APDP from having visibility.  They did the same thing in the last election. They did not allow the Lagos state to have visibility. They even stopped the party from using the state-owned stadium for its campaign the party had to go to the road so the campaign for what happened that all these shenanigans did not stop the will of the people so whatever APC in Lagos state tries to do we are to nothing. The people have made up their mind that they are changing this government and so it is obvious that APC felt that visibility by the outdoor and other channels, media channels is what we give the PDP the strength but it is beyond that. It is about the resolution of Lagosian, it's about the readiness of the electorate, it's about the willingness of the people to change this government and for the first time have an independent governor, have a governor who they can really call their own governor, a governor they elected, a governor that they can bring them flee to and a governor that will not just rush out over them. The governor that knows that they have both hands and will be very concerned what they want for time and you know that is what APC would not want to happen. Unfortunately it's over. It is over, we are just counting days for this government of the APC to leave the position. You can bet that. Let me take you back a bit. You keep talking about the breath of fresh air that your candidate is bringing to Lagos. What constitutes of this breath of fresh air? What exactly is this breath of fresh air? Literally break it down for us because I'm guessing and I'm hoping that I'm speaking for Lagotians. This is no longer a time for rhetorics but Lagotians want to see something different so if they want to see something different is this slogan enough or anything for them to go by? Thank you. This is beyond sloganeering. It is about a change in Lagos. Now, average Nigerian believe Lagos is a very rich state and we always felt it that we have a high GR of over 50 billion every month so Lagos is rich, Lagos is wealthy but please you will agree with me that when you enter into the city of Lagos you cannot feel the wealth. You cannot see the wealth of Lagos. Now go to other cities you can compare Lagos with go to Dubai. You need nobody to tell you Dubai is a wealthy city because the state of infrastructure speaks to it. Now come to Lagos what do you see? Do you see a wealthy city? Now this is a this is part of the breath of fresh air we talk about doing things differently.  A state like Lagos generating over 600 billion in IGR in a year not to talk of federal allocation and other areas of revenue that comes to the state. You as a Lagotian or a resident of Lagos will you be proud to take any of your children to public school? You will not. You will not. If you have a choice you will prefer to go for private hospitals when you have an health need. It's because you do not have the confidence in the provision of healthcare services done by the government. Sometime ago you know we have issues with the doctors in Lagos complaining about their remuneration. Go to all the hospitals the state phone hospitals and the general hospitals. What do you see? You see they have to stop. The people have left because of the poor welfare condition of the workers. Wherever you go in Lagos look at the drainage system. Look at the road infrastructure. Look at the situation of things in Lagos point to one area of Lagos that distinguishes the state from other states in Nigeria. You have little or not to show for the wealth of Lagos. So the breadth of pressure is making Lagos look feel wealthy. Making Lagotians enjoy the wealth of Lagos. Lagos is truly wealthy but this wealth is in the hand of few people. You are aware of what goes into the hand of Alphabeta every month. You are aware of the resources of Lagos that some individuals have cornered. You are aware of properties that belong to Lagos that have been cornered by individuals. You are aware of what goes to individual pockets from views and taxes of the people. Things will be done differently. There will be breadth of pressure in every area of our life.  Quickly in a few words I'd like for you to tell us what your plans are for security in Lagos. Now the Lagos state government as we know has banned Okada for security reasons. But then there are also those who are calling for clearing of under the bridges etc etc. What is the Jandoah campaign going to do in terms of security that the Lagos state government has not already done or to better upon what they're doing right now? Yes Jandoah has said it over and over that securing the state cannot be left with the government alone. We need to engage the people and that is why there are a native approach to security of Lagos state. You are familiar with this state and you know that there are black spots around Lagos and there are individual group of people we know that have influence within these black spots and what have you. Government we engage key opinion leaders and influence here people, influence us so to say, in securing Lagos. Now we're going to ensure that community policing that is being agitated for nationwide which we have plans with the people that the current Lagos state government but hope it has been done along party lines and having sentiment without necessarily occupying labor would guard. Number two, one thing critical security is to ensure that there is provision of job and people's means of livelihood is it's protected. Now at the volume of Okada riders we have a Lagos in the transport sector look at the volume and we wake up one day and then we begin to pull these people out of business by taking their means of livelihood as much as we ensure that security of life and property is a priority to our government. We will also ensure that we will not take the means of livelihood of people without providing an alternative without providing an alternative because and out of his business you are already exposing him to crime you are giving him and giving him no alternative than to consider crime and so what you say by taking Okada off the road would not be comparable to more problem you have had it to the security issue so therefore there will be engagement proper engagement of the people regarding this area these are residents of Lagos. Okay let me quickly talk about let me quickly talk about something that recently happened that your candidate got flak for now he and his running mate recently visited owners of auctioned vehicles now according to the Lagos state government these are traffic offenders these are people who have committed a crime against the state and these people's vehicles were taken or impounded they didn't show up to pick those vehicles and those vehicles were auctioned of course these are consequences for actions that have already been clearly stated as criminal but then the flak that your candidate is getting for visiting these people the government is saying that he's looking for cheap votes so I'm wondering why did Jando visit those people whose vehicles were auctioned did he not know that these people had committed offenses against the state thank you very much last Thursday that is 15th September 134 impounded vehicles were auctioned by the Lagos state government and as negotiations mean all what this we saw it on hair and two individuals among the 134 people cried for help they told all their stories told negotiations their stories now these two people had serious challenges now Latin Colaco who was one of the 134 had a potential and he was sick gave his acclaimed, he gave his boss here to a mechanic who drove one way and the boss was confiscated but from his I mean from sick from his sick bed it came to the point of auctioning to appeal to government and he appealed to the court of public opinion of course they have violated traffic rules. Unduke Osinachi is the second guy he was arrested for flying one way he was in prison at Badagri prison for three months while he was in prison his three-year-old daughter fell sick and died two weeks ago he was released haven't spent three months in prison and he got wind of the auctioning of his vehicle which he got on air for chase and is yet to pay and he came there thinking he would be able to get the vehicle back but this was auctioned for 450,000 naira now these two individuals were shown it was viral on the social media calling for help now Jando has not gone to these people to condone indiscipline and he said it over and over and over again but you look there is something with look these people has appealed to negotiate these people has called for help the first thing Jando did at Mushi when he got to Mr. Alachi Kolapo is to want to lampoon him again that how could you have allowed that to be done but whatever you have done you have been punished but we cannot allow you to remain hopeless we need to offer you hope you have made a mistake and you have been punished which will not allow your means of livelihood to go because especially the man was even still on medication as at the time we visited him the same thing with Osinachi Osinachi and the mother in other area of Lagos plead for negotiations to come to their rescue he still have a standing to play on that bus and he has lost his daughter and is calling for help look we are not closing our eyes to the fact that they have violated traffic rules and they have been punished but should we allow them to go into depression should we not offer help to people who need help even state government offer but if what you're saying is anything to go by if you're offering some form of soccer to these two people what happens to the rest of them if you are if Jando is doing this for two people why can't he do that I mean is he ready to do that for the others because again the truth is it remains that these people committed an offense and they had to go down for it now according to the government these vehicles were not reclaimed and hence the reason why they were auctioned off so where were they when these vehicles were asked to be reclaimed so again I appreciate the fact that he's trying to do good but if you must do good to two why can't you extend the extend the same good to the others who also committed a crime and they have done their time and their cars are also I'm sure to listen to everybody's story they all have a story don't you know no no can you get it we said 134 people were involved we had it on the social media on record these two individuals a man of over 50 years crying like baby sticking for help Osinachi is a young guy of maybe about 40 years very about crying that he has lost his child these are the two people that cried for help seeking for assistance from negotiations it is on record Jando was not looking around for 134 people who have violated traffic offense no he was not even interested in condoning that he will never do that I can recollect he said it on head your colleagues media men were there that looked when I imagine as governor that's Jando he said when he imagine as governor may 29 2023 he will ensure that traffic offender punished so he has no sympathy for you for committing offense and for being punished for you have cried for help your means of livelihood is lost there's need to take care of you you see have your children to take care of so there's need to ameliorate your condition and so those two people cried for help and Jando helped them and look in addition to this the government of Jando we punish offenders but we not take the means of people's livelihood that is clear and every obnoxious law that does not care whether people perish as long as you want to govern will be reviewed that is clear it is clear negotiations need government with human faith the Jando government will not hesitate to take hard decisions to make sure that they take run properly but it will also accommodate the people because it is in government for the people it is the government of the people and so as much as we ensure order and the legal egalitarianism we will also ensure there is empathy empathy and that is what some will lose government lacks that is what this government lacks you will just shut down a market just because some feel individual about late government regulations not minding that there are thousands of people whose livelihood is attached to what they make daily from the market that is that is wicked that is insensitive and look go and check the number of people who are found capable of these offenses belongs to the downloading members of the public their cronies would never be treated this way please you are aware that a building collapsed in victoria island recently and 60 people died in that building the chairman of the agency in charge of these said it to the public that the owner of that property refused to obey the law on three occasions they sealed that building for this fellow who owns that this this crony of government who owns that property violated the law of the land see today nothing has been done we do not know that individual nobody cares to know because he's a fat pig he's a fat cow but if it is a it is an average negotiation you will want him dead and buried no then don't we not do that then don't we ensure that equality before the law is what we practice the rule of law is fine but everybody will be equal before the law we will not we will not use like armor to treat the poor why we will pamper the rich no all right all right because we're almost out of time i want to ask you some questions let's talk about the internal democracy in the pdp right now the pdp has gone against the apc over the years and they've never really been able to win that battle what has changed and what gives you that you know trust and hope that you can surmount this this particular one come 2023 again your your president your governorship candidate is a bigger pardon is a former apc member what exactly does he have that would make him win this election again we know that there had been some frayed nerves within your party have those nerves been calmed has there been a reconciliation whatsoever and finally this is a three-pronged question that's because we're running out of time there's a position that we hear that the pdp in Lagos or jandaws segment of the party seemed to have differed with the governor of or your state on the situation of iu that's the chairman of the party the national chairman the southern caucus of the pdp has been asking for iu to step down but i do hear that you have disagreed with governor mac inday on the resignation of iu can you explain to us why that is all right thank you so much what has changed in Lagos this time around is that there is an implosion in the apc jandaw is the convener of the Lagos for Lagos movement one of the pillars of the pillar structure of the apc in Lagos and so jandaw leaving apc to come to pdp it's like taking a quarter of the strength of apc in Lagos into pdp and you are aware that over the years after the election year pdp will score up to 30 to 40 percent of the vote in every election though we know apc reeks the election for this time around we have about 25 percent of the strength of apc in Lagos joining with the 40 percent of pdp to have the majority now kukia gendales factor is also coming into it and now please permit me to correct there is no jandaw faction or jandaw faction in Lagos pdp Lagos pdp is united Lagos pdp well i'll tell you why i asked that because chief body george who is a a senior and eldest statesman within the pdp is one of those who are asking that the the national chairman steps down resigns so that and and he said this is in the interest of the party but then it looks like but it looks like some section of the party seems to differ on this particular matter hence my question look um the issue of uh the call for designation of our national chairman is not a Lagos politics look it is it is beyond Lagos state and those far dr. Abdulaziz olagide aded iran jandaw does not take side on this matter at all likewise key leaders of the party Lagos state chief olago de george is not a Lagos leader of pdp he is a national leader so when he speaks he speaks to the interests of the southwest or some people are imperceptible and you see in that is the beauty of pdp pdp is not draconian pdp is not it is a party of the people you are allowed to hold your view the majority are allowed to have their way and the minority they are safe and that is the beauty of pdp and so there is no division as far as the party is concerned every individual have their own view on why the national man should remain or should you leave but what everybody has unitedly agreed to is that the former president is the most qualified and competent candidate for the 2023 presidential election and by the grace of god is going to win and all the party leaders including chief olago de george including governor yes on wiki including governor maki de shei maki de and all other party leaders will unite to ensure attiku is elected and that is what is most important whatever you are hearing is just internal party politics it's just about interest and it is it has nothing to do with faction or division the chairman of legacy the p is honorific philip i boji everybody agrees with him the party candidate is jandall dr abdelaziz olaji the other day you know everybody agrees to it are you still there it's a good day i think that we lost that conversation we'll take a quick break when we come back we'll be wrapping things up stay with us it's two plus politics and we have been speaking on the jandall campaign of cosky banister or campaign here in legos which is of the legos day people's democratic party bingal gunlaya is the spokesperson of that campaign now mr gunlaya before we went on that break you are still trying to tell us about um what your party is or the the position of your candidates on what's on the issues of the national um chairman being asked to resign now you're saying that your candidate is sitting on the fence on this particular matter i wonder why there is even no fence as regards this matter what i have generally said was that it is not an issue it is just about in in interest of individuals and but but but the southern caucus the southern caucus of the people's democratic party also consists of the southwest and like i said um if this is something that bothers around the interest of the people in the south which also means legos state why should your candidate say well it's a national matter shouldn't concern me what is the interest of the south look there is no consensus so far as regards what the interest of the south is but but but what is important is that the people's democratic party in southwest Nigeria is interested in winning the election in 2023 and please note whether what whatever side of the divide anyone belongs the the interest is to win some people feel that if the southwest has the national chairmanship it brightens our chances of winning some people the other side feels that if you remove the chairman now if we affect our interests of winning so you can see that we are on the same page our interest is about winning the election and that is the concern of dr. Abdulaziz or like you did you know we need to win the election come 2023 at the federal level and in legos state and that is our primary objective for now and that is our focus what we will not stop anyone who have interest to express themselves that is the beauty of pdp and you see that some individuals came up to say look don't distract fact by a best president that people back at former best president because the campaign is getting into food swing look at his visit to legos look at the massive reception look at the love he has been shown across country look at the the volume of people coming into the pdp in the northern Nigeria look at the massive support is also getting in the south look he has won the election even before the election day we are only counting day and that is what is important to us as a party but we will not shut all that down if this happened in a pc you know what we have to they will victimize everyone who does not agree with the opinion of the godfather they will want to take them out of the party for pdp we being democratic we allow people to have their say so our interest is to win the election and we will continue to accommodate every interest and tendencies to make sure that we are united and we prosecute the 2023 election as a united fund and that is what is important to us give us few weeks all this is usually about designation or no designation we fizzle out only one thing will be important how do we continue to convince the Nigerian electorate that pdp is the government in waiting pdp is the alternative the best credible alternative how do we continue to to to to retain the good will we enjoy just as we continue to motion these people to keep up a line that the few months that we still need to endure these innet and clueless government of ppc is worth waiting because the light that is at the end of the tunnel is motivating enough that Nigeria will be better and Lagos we give a sign of relief when the government of Jandu Dr Abdul Aziz for Nigeria to debut is in store come may 29 2023 great even though we know that the campaigns have not started in earnest as everybody is looking and waiting for the 28th of this month but it we know that the there's a responsibility for political parties not just INIC not just the national orientation agency which is half past dead to have some level of voter education mostly this audience is on political parties you're the ones who are asking for votes how much voter education is the people's democratic party undertaking again there has been this pvc drive on social media for people to go and register now that the registration is done INIC is cleaning up these registers is there any push by political parties including your political party for people to go pick up this pvc because we know you and I know that that is the only way they can actually get gain access to voting and voting for whoever they decide to vote for what is the pdp doing in that regard we have a system in place why the continuous voters registration was on of course we mobilized massively our members and most especially members of the public who over the years have lost interest in voting especially in Lagos state we ensured that they were mobilized to register and get their pvc the volume of legations who have never voted before that register within that period are quite quite significant so and we are sure that come 2023 February and March they will vote the pdp now what we do now we have 245 words political words in Lagos state and our structure is spread across all the world to the zone to the polling unit in Lagos state and so we ensure we are working around to ensure that everyone will register who are party members get their pvc and then we are going taking it down door to door to non-party members who are the majority the non-party members are the majority so we are taking this we are taking the evangelism down to them that the fastest of this exercise has been completed now is the second phase go collect your pvc and we continue to do that until the campaign pick up and even during the campaign we will continue to still remind them and of course we follow up data by data street by street house by house person by person to ensure that the right thing is done look it is a big deal that Lagos must be free it is a big deal that Lagos must be rescued no the negotiations cannot afford another four years of this this calamity i'm sorry i can't i can't imagine negotiations passing through this agony again no it will not happen and from the feedback from the force of the people that we have felt people are participating change they are willing they are ready and they have their ability and their ability is their pvc so look the apc are counting days they know that their end has come the end of this dynasty i think that Lagosians would that will be left to Lagosians to decide campaigns have not started yet but i want to say thank you bengal gulay is the spokesperson jan dogg renitaro campaign council for Lagos states people's democratic party thank you so much for speaking with us thank you so much i appreciate you thank you plus pv all right well that's it on the show tonight but before i go i will give you my take stay with us now according to the philosopher plato no system of government can be perfect as long as humans are part of that system that same can be said for any man made system now when it comes to political systems however democracy is the strongest option that we have it promises the respect of every individual's voice and self-governance with the people bringing more important being more important i beg your pardon than the leaders unfortunately the spotlight that democratic system shines on our leaders only seems to offer their worst sides in a system that requires party politics to offer us choices in leaders our applicants to the most important jobs in the country only ever demonstrate the most selfish and egotistical sides to their nature they constantly fail to even reach a consensus on their own candidates they're incapable of even following their own party constitutions or even the rally for a common cause of the party now when such people seeking to represent our interests cannot rise above you know their own personal greed to put party over self glorification how can we ever hope that they can put our country over themselves i'm mary anacone thank you for watching have a good evening


In this video, I will describe the regulation of blood pH by the respiratory and urinary systems. The respiratory system provides a short-term mechanism to maintain pH homeostasis by regulating the excretion of carbon dioxide. We can either increase or decrease the pulmonary ventilation rate in order to regulate the rate of external respiration to control the rate at which carbon dioxide is removed from the body. The chemoreceptors detect changes in the pH of the brain or arterial blood and regulate the respiratory drive as a short-term mechanism to help maintain pH homeostasis in response to acidosis detected by the chemoreceptors. There will be an increase in the respiratory drive stimulating an increase in pulmonary ventilation which helps to increase the rate of excretion of carbon dioxide from the body helping to bring back pH homeostasis helping to prevent the acidosis by raising the blood pH. In contrast, if the chemoreceptors detect alkalosis, this will stimulate a decrease in the respiratory drive leading to decreased pulmonary ventilation rate and a decreased rate of carbon dioxide excretion from the body which helps to have an effect of lowering the blood pH restoring pH homeostasis. So the respiratory system provides a rapid short-term regulation over the pH balance of the body. The urinary system provides a long-term mechanism to maintain pH homeostasis by regulating the excretion of hydrogen ions coupled to the conservation of bicarbonate ions in order to respond to chronic long-term acidosis or conversely, in response to alkalosis, the urinary system can stimulate the excretion of bicarbonate ions. So acidosis will stimulate an increased excretion of hydrogen ions and conservation of bicarbonate ions leading to an increase in blood pH and alkalosis leads to excretion of bicarbonate ions which will have the effect of decreasing the blood pH. The illustration here is showing us the mechanism occurring at the proximal convoluted tubule that secretes hydrogen ions and conserves bicarbonate ions. Hydrogen ions are actively transported into the nephron, into the filtrate inside of the nephron. Meanwhile, bicarbonate ions are actively transported into the blood stream. This illustration shows us the mechanism occurring in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct for the secretion of hydrogen ions and conservation of bicarbonate in response to acidosis. So you can see this mechanism is very similar to the mechanism of the proximal convoluted tubule. The major difference is that potassium ions are exchanged for hydrogen ions at the apical surface of the type A intercalated cell instead of sodium ions. So in response to acidosis, the long-term mechanism in the kidneys will be to conserve bicarbonate and secret hydrogen ions, whereas the short-term mechanism in the lungs will be to increase the pulmonary ventilation rate to stimulate an increase in the rate of carbon dioxide excretion. So together, the urinary and respiratory systems can work to increase the blood pH, restoring the pH homeostasis preventing acidosis. In contrast, in response to alkalosis, the long-term response in the kidney will be to secrete bicarbonate ions, whereas the short-term response of the respiratory system will be decreasing the pulmonary ventilation rate, leading to a decrease in the rate of carbon dioxide excretion. Together, the urinary and respiratory systems will have the effect of decreasing the blood pH in response to alkalosis in order to restore pH homeostasis. This illustration shows us the mechanism of secretion of bicarbonate ions that occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct in the kidneys, where bicarbonate ions are secreted by bicarbonate chloride antiporter protein. Meanwhile, hydrogen ions are reabsorbed in this mechanism. This works to decrease the blood pH as a long-term response to help restore homeostasis in response to alkalosis.