The first lecture is on diodes and as I said this I am sure all of you must have been teaching this course sometime or the other and I was also not sure what to put and in an hour typically kind of our lectures at your place I am sure that our place also is one hour and we roughly have as teachers an idea how much you can how many slides you need or how many pages you need to cover in a in an hour lecture and I have much more than that ok. So, the purpose is not to cover all this, but you know kind of interact. So, please stop me please feel free to stop me maybe I show you a hand or please do that you know if any class and I do not get questions you know get extremely bored and I always feel something is wrong ok especially something is wrong with me that is why people are not reacting yeah. Now as I said the main purpose of this particular course itself is to decide on kind of syllabus is one aspect, but the other aspect is to kind of jointly learn from each other you know how to teach and unfortunately I am sure none of you would have had a training in teaching like a beard course you know we are all launched as teachers from day one and we are expected to learn the art you know while swimming itself we are supposed to learn and therefore I am sure we all have different experiences and based on my own experiences I can say some things which I have helped as I was sharing earlier also I was teaching at IIT Kanpur for last 17 years and I have just come on a visiting postage here for 2 years. Now I have been I taught this particular course several times I mean I have taught this in Kanpur we had at that time a strength of about 200 students so one shot we have to teach is 200 students and it had a lab component also that I taught about 2 times and I have been involved for last 17 years every semester or every year in the either the lab or somewhere else involved. At IIT Bombay also last semester I taught a similar course very similar for 120 students so as you know when IIT is also the number of students are now very large so we have anywhere from 600 to 800 students at a time so we teach in about 5 separate sessions so I taught one such class but here at Bombay we do not have the lab also along with the course that is the main difference and separate lab whereas at Kanpur we had that integrated with the course yeah coming back to diodes so when I quickly go through I also want to share some of my experiences with my own students okay and I find that students are the same there is Kanpur where is Bombay students are students okay and no difference and they may be little bit maybe you know the city makes some difference but I think otherwise students are always students so I am sure you would have the same experience. Now I am sure you are all from different parts of India one of the basic problem in teaching a course like basic electronics is what what is the problem some of some of the problems you have faced so one of the problems I faced is that at least some students would say that we have to know it okay at least I had one student he said I am bored I do not want to attend your classes do not attend no problem but at the same time you would have another set of students say no no we do not know anything assume nothing I had most of the time even here also students said sir assume nothing start from scratch okay the same time you have 50% students say no no we know all this from our boards so we have this problem in our country again we cannot complain we have to solve the problem okay for example some state boards might have especially we look at CBSE they taught everything basic electronics course is over if you have 12 standard 12 standard physics books with you and if somebody understood then do not have but we know that it has been taught so bad or they are so confused so that is where you have to undo some of the damages okay or some state board fortunately have not taught them okay and then you have an advantage you can teach them so I think I am sure you have all this so one of the things I always fun as I said and I am I found this universal last 17 years of experience I can say this and I found it every time one part which students always appreciate that is they want to see things okay and I am sure all of us also appreciate it so always make it a point to and I have not done it today because your teachers I do not should not teach you like three to the kids always bring components to the class okay diodes and they would like to see touch it okay in fact it is not a bad idea to burn some of them you know they should see when you say diode characteristics you know they should understand what it means by a diode characteristics now when you talk about diodes is one of the most basic electronic device and this is something fortunately most of them know about it so we do not need to talk much about diodes but what is more important is we need to dwell on the applications and also how they how it is used so what are the most important concept to a concept concept device I found one of the most important things for students is that they need to figure out that diode is a two terminal device and the moment you say two terminal device you are automatically saying that it is a single port device okay the concept of port because later we will talk about two port devices so they need to know this word you know two port single port so every any two terminal device now the important thing about a two terminal device is it is completely characterized by one equation okay which is the IB characteristics whether it is ohm's law that will give you a resistance if you have a capacitor you have a single equation for an inductor you have a single equation they are all two terminal devices so that is a very very very important concept I always found it helps students tremendously that you can say that if you get a two terminal component take it for granted one equation is enough a simple IB characteristic so that is the importance of the IB characteristic you know sometimes these things they figure I mean they also wonder why you say IB character why not something else so they should know that you know this is a single characteristic and if you equate them to you show that ohm's law which they are very familiar then it makes sense there is a current there is a voltage so you are relating the voltage to the current so that is the importance of the diode equation now coming to application as I said diode fortunately is something which students generally understand well because they have studied it and they have some idea but it is a very simple device also but again what is most important is that the application we need to especially basic electronics course I would say from A to Z you have to emphasize on application and show them and always try to relate to some gadget which they are familiar with and so on then it makes and then they keep interest they their interest especially basic electronics course is a course taught to everybody whether it is a civil engineer mechanical engineer anybody you teach it everybody that is why and it is very important at the same time today basic electronics course is extremely important why why is it very important today just maybe not so 10 years ago why is it so important today why is it very important for all engineers to know basic electronics why yeah today you you do not have a single equipment which does not have electronics okay not a single equipment so this is another reason why you need to motivate in fact I always I happen to teach always non-electrical students always even last semester I taught mechanical students and that is the time it is difficult to teach them so I always motivate them by saying that you are very lucky and they are very surprised why they lucky that you are very very lucky tell them that you have the most sophisticated new people are going to handle the most sophisticated electronic equipment and they are very happy when to hear that coming from an electrical engineer I said we are very unlucky people they are even more happy and say we are just have three equipment that is all we have a CRO a functionator and the power supply that is all we have and they are very happy and they laugh but then I tell them but we designed your equipment then that may complete the story and I think that is very important to keep them and this very true today you walk into any department you would see that the kind of equipment which is used in other non-electrical departments are much much much more sophisticated than the equipment you would see in your own department so which is very good now again when we come look at the diode equation I mean again one of the biggest problem today I am maybe I think is more in IITs maybe than less at your place that students are extremely good with maths okay but what they lack is what something else they lack what is it what it means okay and I always know in IIT system I know it very well if I want to trick a student very easy write a question without writing an equation just write in words they are sunk okay right one equation they'll solve it just like that don't write an equation but write everything in words you can just trap them completely what I'm trying to say is our present generation unfortunately you know have been taught equations without telling them what it means and here like a diode equation you need to really tell the significance of each and every term there and that's extremely important and then it makes sense you know and that's true for engineering that you know and that equations they have their domains sometimes unfortunately students are taught to think that you know here is everything you know and so some of the things they must understand and looking at the diode equation the there are a few things again very common mistakes both students and teachers make for example the diode current is related to the IS so diode current I is equal to IS times e to the power V by VT minus 1. Now what is the relative significance where IS is the saturation current V is the voltage across the diode I is the current flowing through it VT is the thermal voltage given by kT by Q now what is the relative significance of these two term that's the most important thing now let's look at the forward bias region now in the forward bias region the first term is what is important now since V, VT is typically at room temperature the order of 25 to 26 millivolts and V is about let's say 5 to 10 times VT then you will see that even though IS is an extremely small number typically the range from here from 10 power 12 to 10 power 15 we'll come to that in a minute again a very very common mistake made now because of this once V the voltage across the diode becomes about 10 times VT then you see that the it shoots up and you get a very very large current here now this is something they need to appreciate that that you know that number V by VT that ratio is what makes a difference and that need to be a order of 10 or 20 now another very very very important thing to remember when we look at the value of IS now very very common mistake made is about the value of IS what do you think would should be the typical value of IS and why paranormal diode let's say a diode which you would use in a lab in a lab experiment what should be the value of IS I'll show you an actual simulation then we'll see but before that nano ampere for silicon and micro ampere for germane okay now today by the way germanium diodes we don't use at all okay so we'll but fine let's now let me I want to show you the same equation I just kind of calculated and now and let's see the effect of IS then you'll be shocked you'll be shocked to see this okay so that's why now what I have here is a graph where I have used 4 values of IS okay same diode equation 1 is equal to you know 10 power minus 6 10 power minus 9 10 power minus 12 and 10 power minus 15 now let's look at 10 power minus 6 look at a value like 0.6 volts okay at 0.6 volts this is an amp mind you 10,000 amps 0.6 volts 10,000 amps is there something wrong so what is wrong so a 10 power 6 value for IS is what good or bad you should never ever use that value okay this is just I just plugged in numbers and calculated you can do it yourself okay must be shocking so you see the effect now look at the same 0.6 let's look at if you use 10 power minus 9 that current is somewhere or the order of from the like 20 amps still amps sorry about 10 roughly 10 amps okay same 0.6 come down to 10 power minus 12 that current becomes now 10 milliamps you see how drastically is with exponential dropping that makes sense okay 10 power yeah 0.6 volts 10 milliamps makes sense the normal diodes which we have made measurements so this is why you should always remember IS value never ever come below 10 power minus 12 okay the other will be a gross error so this something very important in fact good diodes would have typically 10 power minus 15 look at 10 power minus 15 your current is to the order of 0.1 milliamp the value which we very commonly use is 0.7 okay let's look at 0.7 but 0.7 forget about the 10 power minus 6 current goes to you know huge but even at 0.7 a 10 power minus 9 value of IS gives you current of the order of 150 amps okay which we have never ever seen that kind of current in the lab whereas 10 power minus 12 gives you even that gives you 1 amp okay now I'm sure when you make measurements in the lab so this this simple equation if you just calculate will make sense okay now you would have seen that when you do a diode experiment in the lab which diode do you generally do you use what kind of diodes we have generally you know normal diodes in the lab what what kind of IN 4001 okay this one diode what diode is that it's a it's a power diode okay it's meant for power supply applications now the IN 4001 has 1 amp and 1000 volts VIB okay it's meant for power supply application now you would see that you know I've done measurements and you would be shocked and you will be again doing some doing some measurements in the lab you would see that in IN 4001 if you make a measurement for 10 milliamps of current you would see that the forward voltage is hardly 0.3 volts now everything is make sense okay it makes sense now so that's why don't take 0.7 you know as a kind of a value which is there you know that value itself is a approximation some of these things students also need to know I mean some of these simple numbers if you tell this to students they also understand it okay very very important and I'm sure if you use a signal diode okay signal diode is very different from a power diode signal diodes would how do they look like typically they're very on the first of all they'll be very small very small diode sometimes they kind of glass type they have okay I will show you some actual measurements also we'll actually show you some of these measurements over here and or sometimes you have like a transistor kind of a can type also SH some number they have they are all signal diodes now those diodes would show you very different characteristics okay now those signal diodes would have typically IS of the order of 10 power minus 12 or minus 15 that range but 10 power minus 12 is a good number okay don't come below that if at all you have to come down come down only for power diodes and power diodes we will seldom use for such calculations so these are extremely important thing to remember okay and at least for our own sake you know keep this numbers at mind but tell me why what is the problem IS is what is the saturation current but if you actually make a measurement somebody might say that you actually get much higher current so the forward region we said it's only forward bias current but the reverse region reverse bias and the same equation you would see that the first time when again your V becomes negative your negative that e to the power minus V by VT becomes a almost close to 0 okay now we see that I is approximately equal to minus IS okay so that's why this significant those two terms which actually is very very interesting but if you actually make a measurement in the lab what do you think you will get just take a diode and measure okay and you would be shocked that even if I have a diode with IS is equal to 10 power minus 12 if you when you make a measurement in the lab you will not get it anywhere there for 10 power minus 6 that come to our head because of this make a measurement you will get typically 10 power minus 6 or 10 power minus 10 what are the various what is the problem why why do you see that why do you get a much higher current so that's why this 10 power 6 is there in our mind because we have seen it why now the the problem is the following IS is something you know highly purely at the device level but actually when you make a measurement the there is another current called the leakage current okay in a real diode you have a much higher reverse current the main reason is because you have leakage effects and this leakage current is directly promote proportional to the area okay area of the so therefore and unfortunately the strictly speaking reverse bias should be what is a constant which means supposed to have a flat line when actually make a measurement you see that what do you actually see to make a measurement in fact is very difficult to make this measurement why device that very difficult because the kind of impedance the meter multimeter or whatever if you make a measurement of the multimeter you make error okay you need a much higher impedance for the meter you need okay now the problem here is the leakage current is directly proportional to voltage so actually what you will see is not this okay but you would see a combination of this plus a leakage current which is directly proportional to the voltage okay so these are things which are important for us also to realize that when you actually make a measurement you would find that the leakage current is much higher than the IS value so this is why it's very very important to you know and if you are making reverse current measurements you have to be aware of all this okay otherwise you will make a gross error gross error I hope this is something to think about okay and the best thing I would say is to just sit with me this when we be when tomorrow onwards you will be doing labs when you go to the lab please make some of this measurement okay and see the limitation of a multimeter okay you must see what do you think what is the typical impedance of a multimeter input impedance what is the impedance typical one make any other answers ten make any other answers typically all multimeters you buy today would give you at least 20 make okay one make is somebody else's impedance pitch one another instrument which is used for measurement CRO CROs have very bad so never ever makes measurements such measurement with a CRO never if you use a voltage probe a 10 is to 1 voltage probe then the impedance becomes 10 make okay so never ever in fact multimeters are much better in making this measurement because multimeters would most of them would give you at least 20 make if you have a very sophisticated multimeter would give much better that okay so this something very very very interesting now when you talk about diode model I am sure again we do this in the I am sure you are doing this and again some some in size yes yeah I am not a device man but let me I will try my best okay now when you talk about a basically when you take a device you know you have this minority carries and majority carries IS is the current due to minority carries that is precisely why it is extremely small okay so that is basically IS itself is highly dependent on the doping of that particular diode now so typically the normal diodes we talk about the signal diodes we talk about the doping levels are very very small okay that is why the currents are very very small where in power diode because you need much higher currents also I mean it is a not only doping the junction old areas also very large in a power diode much the size also we see that much higher so IS actually is a function of many things one is the doping one is the area so it is a lot of these parameters decide the value of IS but anyway for a signal diode the junction area is extremely small so that is the another reason why the current for a signal diode is very very very small so IS is a function of of many many things good is a good question see one very very very very very good question I like it very good question see again this another thing we all do in engineering all the time we talk about models what are models a very good question that's a very good question it's a very common question in our certain source of phase we must be clear first ourselves okay now what are models why do we use models what are models take for example ohm's law okay IS ohm's law correct what do you think I would say yes or no it's not completely correct yes when is it correct when is it wrong it is correct as long as you make measurements for low voltages and as long as you keep your you know the sorry yeah see see normal room temperatures it's it will work very well similarly if you think about the the frequency okay you need to keep the frequency also very low as we keep increasing frequency and temperature also to some extent you would see that ohm's law fails okay so then why do we use ohm's law why I'm asking this question is to bring the issue of models why do we use models why do we need models why do we ohm's law it's a model it's a model it's a way of finding given a resistance how do I find current so it's a model now every model has some assumptions and some limitations okay so when you talk about a diode and when you say IS okay that is a current which flows when you apply a voltage it's there is nothing sitting inside in fact a diode is a passive device what is the meaning of a passive device it has nothing inside okay as opposed to a battery or something now strictly when you actually when you apply a voltage there like you to apply a forward voltage you have forward a current flowing there due to the majority carriers so you have a much larger current similarly when you apply a reverse bias what is happening is essentially in one sense you see ohm's law strictly speaking it's not valid there okay maybe for some very limited range ohm's law work so what is happening is you have a semiconductor material okay which actually I mean you cannot directly model as a resistant but the point is IS therefore I mean if you look at the there's an expression for you can actually write an expression for IS in terms of the doping and area okay there are standard equations are available but so the point is this particular IS is applicable only when you apply a voltage there is nothing sitting inside so it's a it's a it's something which you physically relate to and actually you can mod so that's why what I'm trying to say is when you make an equation like this this equation was I mean by Shockley okay very famous person I'm one of the persons involved in design of the invention of transistor also now this is something you observed and then they try to relate okay and the diodes which they used where point contact not the junction diode because the technology was not well developed in the early 40s okay so they observed some of these effects and they found a model and they found it is working clear okay yeah by the way brings to another very important issue when we talk about another very very very important thing is the issue of textbooks okay and I know one of the most commonly used textbooks in in unicities is what? Milman and Halkias if possible please throw it out of the window okay the simple reason is Milman and Halkias a book I studied when I was engineering student I graduated in 1978 this is a book which I used okay that's the time it book came there is no other book available in the whole world that time it's a very book good book at that time but today that's a very bad book do you know why please don't use that book today why no no no no then I would have used it we should not be biased against Milman and Halkias what is the problem see that is a book written with the technology knowledge of the 60s okay if you say that semiconductor has not changed since 60 something is wrong so you should use one of the current book one of the best books you can use is Satter and Smith okay Michael electronic engineering available cheap very accurate precise and extremely readable Milman and Halkias is not at all readable okay but if you if you if you are all involved in syllabus please remove Milman and Halkias from the syllabus okay you will do a big service to students I'll I'll this notes will be available to you Satter and Smith I'll bring the I wanted to bring that book I'll bring you this book and show you this is called micro electronic circuits by Federa and Smith it cost about 300 rupees thick book extremely good book no all all in fact starting from diodes transistor no better book I have found even today okay diodes transistor op-amps in fact you are not only basic electronics course your other analog electronics course this is all that you don't teach anything else too good a book okay and the good thing is fifth edition if a book has five editions it tells something okay that's the book will follow all over the world and I have never found a better book okay and last semester we use another book here called Bob Roe LS Bob Roe again by Oxford University Press a good book but that's a only one edition plus and minus simple book but I would strongly recommend all of you to you know I have this Satter and Smith because you know beautifully tells all this and lots of problems lots of problems this is another very important issue now when we talk about models okay again very important to have a models when you have a diode we have that equation now the purpose of a model and all engineering models is to be as accurate as possible but accuracy is not the big issue what is the more what is the big issue in all models this is a very very important concept not only for us but for students also because all subjects they learn models here also we are talking about models what is the purpose of a model some you have an equation that equation why are you not happy with that equation why do you need a model the equation is too complex okay for an actual application you would like to have a model which is simple at the same time really kind of reasonably accurate okay why is accuracy not important especially in electronic circuit in our courses why is it not important sorry yeah see one of very important thing you must remember is that's why again I said Milman Halki as you know I mean it's a book which was written a long time ago when there was nothing available but today you have extremely good simulation tools available the purpose of teaching a course is not to get accuracy to this third decimal point but is to help a student to design or to do a hand calculation in hand calculation you are not looking for accuracy you are looking for a for a range I always tell students you must always have the range in mind not the accurate number okay they should know that if current is in 100 amps something is wrong in a diode okay that they should get it may be within 10 milliamp 20 that milliamp microamp the range is very very important okay accuracy you have a plenty of free simulation tools which they could use okay so when you talk about exponential model this is directly picked up from the Shockley equation therefore will be very accurate but what will be the problem what is the problem this is never used but it's very accurate what is the problem too complicated for example you have a simple circuit like this now you apply a voltage find the current and the voltage you have one equation to unknown okay and you somebody might say that this can be solved either graphically or iteratively but fortunately thing is just by writing two three equations you can write two equations one for the current this is the being forward because the forward bias you can write just the simpler one and the second equation is because you write a symbol you know ohm's law if you apply you can write it iteratively solve this you will get extremely good accuracy so in two iteration I have done the iteration here iteration number one you assume the Vd to be 0 which will give you an id value of battery divided by the reason 5 million now put that back into the previous equation now you find out what is Vd give you 558.8 0.3 millivolts second iteration take that value plug in here find the new value of id and you get 4.44 million plug it back here find the thing and you see it has converge just in two steps so a simple iterative method with simple calculator is all that you need but still this is too complex because of this this is not used at all okay and most of the diode circuit you don't need this kind of accuracy you don't need it so this very important when you talk about model what is important is so when we talk about we have at least three more models the piecewise linear model this is again reasonably good accuracy a constant voltage drop model where you just take the diode with just a voltage okay and you also have an ideal model which is the simplest one now the piecewise linear model essentially what you have is you assume the diode to be a ideal diode and in series with a kind of a battery and a Rd now the most important thing to remember here is again is that there is no battery sitting here you have a voltage source so the current is flowing what into the battery which means it only can dissipate power this is very important in a model because this is a very common doubt okay you have a battery sitting there is it delivering power no it's only a representation you can only dissipate power you cannot give power okay so it's only an equivalent circuit so this is a model that's the important thing to remember about model models are made for our convenience and they always have limitations and they have to be used within those assumptions not outside that now I've just I plugged in the piecewise linear model and the exact diode equation and you can see that pretty good pretty good approximation okay but again what is the problem even this is most of the time too complex okay most of the problem in a diode problem this is not but this is very very good you will get results very close to what we actually observe so this if you want accuracy then you should go for piecewise linear now the issue is here I used to the series resistance as 10 ohm shouldn't be 5 ohm should be 15 ohm that depends depends on the kind of current the operating point you want so this is where you may have you want a lot of accuracy you may have to play with it yeah the constant voltage model is kind of very very commonly used and all that you are saying is you have you assume that the diode doesn't contact up to some voltage so up to 0.7 it doesn't contact and all of a sudden you have infinite current okay it looks very very very ideally see but this is a very very good model okay especially when you talk about clipping circuits you don't want lot of complexity so this is a good model okay and because of this the output result which you are going to get will not be very accurate but that's fine if you are not satisfied with the accuracy you can first use this and then go back to the previous one so very often and this is a skill we also need to pass on to the students that given a circuit they should learn skills to divide and conquer okay they should know how to and that's kill they have to learn so that's where when looking at a circuit they should be able to figure out forward bias road bias which one to do I remove this or that that skill they had to develop so this kind of a model very useful just to see what is happening in the sector once I understand that then I can figure out what to do next yeah the ideal diode model again is very very often used this is especially used when you are talking about the voltage drop across a diode 0.6 to 0.8 volt being negligible like in a power supply circuit you are by your hands over may be 12 sin omega t huge so 0.6 volts is something you don't want to bother about it so such cases you just ignore yeah now coming back to diode applications quickly go through a few applications now rectifier application is the most common application I would strongly or I don't know how much flexibility you have in your curriculum or how much your college will be happy about it or unhappy about it to give some small projects to students but something which is extremely good today if some students can make a simple power supply okay maybe in groups okay the amount of learning they will go through is tremendous okay they get to see a transformer you know they they get to understand some understand of a electric engineering they see a transformer they see the voltage you know they see the connection between peak voltage and RMS voltage all this confusions are done so nothing to beat an experiment I think it's a good idea I don't know like unfortunately one of the biggest problem even in IITC phase when we get our M Tech students a good number of those students have never ever experimented at least but I am I'm assuming all of you are from very good institutions I'm sure that's not a problem definitely at your place but many colleges I'm sure you may be aware of such colleges experiments are rigged up and kept there students are asked to take what take readings okay that's the silliest thing that can happen okay no student will ever learn anything if you do that and we get into our M Tech good students who have come for that background and we have to teach them all basic electronics okay before they are of any use to us so please remember especially electronics is a course fortunately you can do simple as I said all that you need is a multimeter I may an oscilloscope sometimes you have multimeter all that in a multimeter a power supply and a functionator you can teach the entire basic electronics just with that and this amount of learning students go through why I'm saying this because when you find the kind of basic questions students have even after graduation electronic students then you are amazed something is wrong I think you have a very big role to play and that's where I think we need your feedback also you know what are the things where we should emphasize you know then accordingly especially for the June the lectures then those issues we could take care so we need a lot of feedback from you yeah so this is a clipping circuit you will be doing some of this in the lab now how do you analyze this kind of circuit any circuit so and before we actually given a solution there but anyway the most important thing whenever you get a circuit like this from the point of your student needs to figure out what is happening in the diode more than what is the result okay first he has to figure out how the diode is connected now diode is connected in this fashion which means that for the positive half diode will be off okay which means this is an open circuit okay so this can be let's say divide and conquer strategy is what we do always do in engineering okay so that entire branch can be removed for the positive half and that becomes a very very simple simple resistive network so you get output will be 0.75 of input very very simple now the reverse what happens again because the battery connected in series here till this branch in the voltage across this particular branch has to exceed 3 volt then only so some of these basic things if you understand then it can be solved so I think that's very very very important this kind of circuit here which I have given here I am sure you have done this kind of thing and what I have done here is I just done the same thing simulated it and see how it look like so this is the input here and this is output yeah now yeah coming back to so diodes as I said you know something which students really understand well and it's basically there are not not many conceptual problems here but when you come to synodiode yes that's where lot of problems students have lot of problems why the reverse you why positive why negative lot of lot of lot of confusion so this is where we need to really emphasize again as I said an experiment is something which is very very very useful so synodiodes are primarily reference diodes and used in as voltage regulator and typically the the synod voltage would maybe anywhere from a few volts to a few hundreds of volts now today especially lot of these things you can relate to their charger mobile charger in their hand okay and again if you can ask students to maybe design a simple voltage regulator something little not you are not worried about the actual output of what they got but more than that the process they go they are gone through and only if they burn a few components they learn something okay and only thing it should be a measured not the lab should not burn okay maybe a component can burn yeah so again a sinner simple sinner regulator because again a sinner when you model it you have to model both the positive forward bias region and the reverse bias region okay and those two reasons will be very different we'll see that we'll show you I'll just show you an actual measurement of a thin and out yeah so what I have done is we have connected a actual measurement now this is using lab you which is a very good software but unfortunately as far as the current right we said for education institution is very cheap you get a 4 lakh license for about 100 users but still it's a costly but the good thing about lab use very easy to do things lot of things can be done easily now what I what we have done is we have connected a sinner diode and the characteristics see the character is running and see that's hope hope it works yeah so you can see this is a sinner yeah so this is nice to see see you can see this is a sinner diode now very important thing the room for in a sinner diode is the forward region is exactly like a normal diode and the look at the slope this slope and this what is the main difference here we model this before the which one has more reasons forward region or reverse reverse okay so this is very very important and this tells you a lot about a sinner in a sinner diode the is extremely important the way the voltage which you mentioned there is mentioned for a current okay so you can see here depending on the current like for example if you are talking about 1 million minus 1 million the corresponding voltage is around minus 2.8 volts okay but depending on that particular current here you can get different different values so now putting putting it back if you want a extremely accurate value of voltage in a sinner diode what should you do sorry no no no listen to the question again look at the graph sinner diodes are used all over the world for as voltage regulators okay now if I want to get an extremely constant sinner voltage what should I do then I design my circuit what should I do just looking at the graph no no no no my question is what should I do what should I do sorry no no I have no liberty I somebody has bought me as you know I have to use it that's fine I'm talking only about this my question is where should I operate now what should I do yes that is under taken for granted but then but you are all missing one big point the important thing is if you want I asked the point I used to I told you something you I want very good accuracy what should I do I can't do anything that's a given to me no can't change the diver sorry there's something with the current no on operate at a constant current that word I was looking for nobody said it ticket so that's the important thing so if you want a very accurate sinner voltage see the exact voltage is not very important once I have a fixed voltage I can do whatever I want to do that that's what this graph says here okay this graph is telling is if I have if I can if I if I pass 1 million current to this I get some voltage so I must have a constant current source passing only 1 million okay of course it has to be the reverse then I get that voltage which is steady okay and another very interesting thing about sinner is any other property of sinner as opposed to normal diodes will put a diode also and show you okay another diode this is a sinner diode any other any other interesting about I see a normal diode has another today is a very very very important use of a normal diode one is rectifier we said clipper clamp or anything else silicon simple diode has a very big use today sorry good very good temperature temperature sensor extremely good temperature sensor now how is it used again same thing if you pass a constant current through a silicon diode okay for every degree rise in temperature the junction voltage will decrease by exactly 2 millivolt you may be aware of an IC called LM 35 LM 35 just uses it but only one difference the output will be exactly 10 millivolt per degree centigrade they linearized it that's all they're done so all that you do the three terminal device connect any voltage to the input output be exactly 10 millivolt into your degree centigrade so if it gives you 290 millivolt 29 degree centigrade it's very commonly available 20 rupees but fantastic thing okay extremely good thing all that it does is it has a constant current source pass pass that to a diode and just take the voltage across it amplify it and linearize it that's all he has done okay all based on this principle so this is a very very very simple simple very good thing we have put a normal diode let's let's now use a see how a normal diode characteristics look like yeah reverse region no current and then it shoots up okay so this is a normal diode again you can see the forward characteristics of this and the previous synodiode where what similar another important thing is look at the voltage forward voltage is how much this is a silicon diode how much roughly around 0.6 0.6 0.7 okay based on that previous IS value what should what do you think we if you guess back what may be the IS value 10 power minus 12 somewhere between 10 power minus 10 power minus 15 okay that's very very evident here okay so this one thing now one more thing before I disconnect it now there are a few more types of special diodes we'll talk about them one such special diode is an LED I'll put it up right now now the most common problem if you any idea what what if you do the measurement of an LED how that will be different compared to this okay good now the current voltage may not be that high but you are right sometimes can be 2 plus but it will be definitely more than 1.5 volts okay depending on the type of a LED you will never be 0.7 that's the most important thing do the unfortunately this number 0.7 has got stuck into a head okay and we have to get out of it and that 0.7 or that voltage is a kind of it depends on the material you see the germinium is 0.2 if it is gallium arsenide and gallium phosphate that kind of material you have different different different values so we'll do an experiment right now this is a LED yeah same reverse characteristic but look look for the forward four characteristics can you see it's somewhere around 0.1 point that we expand that you can see that around 1.8 okay very different from the previous one so this something very very important to remember but an LED the forward voltage is quite high somewhere around 1.8 it can even be greater than 2 depending on the material but we use a blue LED will be greater depends on the material they are all different materials and LEDs LEDs are made of all all diodes which we use in the lab the power diodes or the signal diodes they are all most of the time made of silicon okay now as a material silicon is a indirect bandgap material okay whenever you inject carriers there's always recombination taking place okay when for example electrons are injected into the into the let's say p region there's recombination taking place all the time now recombination can when you when recombination takes place we are actually giving out energy it can be give out either radiatively or non radiatively okay in a silicon the chance of having a radiative recombination is negligible whereas if you have special semiconductors like direct semiconductors which are one example is gallium at night now such as most of the three five semiconductors come in that category gallium at night aluminum gallium at night indium gallium at night all this all of all these are direct bandgap material these materials if you make a diode out of this material whenever you pass a forward current it will emit light because the recombination that takes place has at least 50% of it will be radiative recombination and the remaining 50 may be non radiative so LED the principle of an LED is just to have a p-n junction made out of direct bandgap semiconductor and depending on the material you get different color okay that is the principle of an LED now let me go down yeah we are talking about other diodes now another LED we just now talked about it LED is an extremely interesting extreme again this something you could enthuse students the cost of an LED is only 50 paisa today very very very cheap very cheap but the kind of things you can do then LED is amazing okay we will talk about one such thing now LED is also called an electro optic converter the it can convert the electrical current into an optical signal in fact LED if you look at the light output you would see that the light output is directly proportional to the current flow into it so it is used in fiber optic communication as a source now let us look at photo detectors I have a purpose in this photo detectors now now photo detectors LED is always used in which bias forward bias very very important remember now photo detectors on the other way they are always using the words bias now again any radiation being a semiconductor semiconductors have a problem because any radiation especially heat okay would increase the number of carriers now in a forward bias condition if you put some heat the effect of that excess carriers is negligible but if it is a reverse bias the current is very very small now if you put any any radiation okay especially if you open the junction area put some radiation light or anything you would see that the current shoots up okay very high now the principle of photo detectors is nothing but all that is done in a photo detector is you make a large depletion region okay make that large so that most of the light falling on it falls in the depletion region now what happens is the number of carriers will shoot up so in a photo detector and most of the time the visible light you can get you can use a silicon for that purpose now in a the current which is flowing because it's a reverse junction there is no light it will be nothing but our reverse saturation current and as I said earlier even though the reverse saturation current IS may be 10 power minus 15 but because of leakage current typically you the best you can get rather it will be about 1 nano amp you can't get less than that okay most of the diode in a photo diode also the typical current the reverse current is 1 nano amp and that current has a name what is the name of the current dark current intensely done to say that that's the current flowing there is no light and when light flows you have a you have what is called a photo current now you can think of another very interesting thing about a photo detector is because it's used in the reverse bias mode you can think of this like a current source okay and if you model it just be modeled as a current source I have supposed to a diode where it has to be modeled as a voltage source you saw that all diodes have been whereas here the photo detector you have to model it as a current source because what is the property of a current source how do you model a current source which model would you use the model or not a model not a model not a model you have a current source and a parallel and that recents is ideally infinite okay so here a photo detector you can think of as a control current source with a recents in parallel now a beautiful device can be made out of a LED and a photo detector called optocoupler now this something all non-electrical students must see okay or we should tell them now optocouplers are extensively used now the biggest use of optocoupler is if you want to transmit a signal from one system to another system without interconnecting them what is the problem if you connect two systems together sorry wire what is the problem impedance that's let me ask a simple question very often you know you try to take a laptop somewhere and you want to print or something most people are scared to connect why see what happens is one very very common mistake we all make is about ground what is ground what is the definition of ground let me ask a question for an a for an aeroplane where is ground which is ground for aeroplane body what about a car chassis okay the point is reference ground is nothing but a reference point now because of the same thing two systems you bring together the chances of having exactly the same ground is almost you know zero this is extremely dangerous now if you connect two systems with two reference points and short them together what will happen sometimes you can have fire also okay now this is why air if you have you are talking about a high voltage system and if you count to connect that to another system through a wire you can have disaster so most such applications you would optocoupler optocoupler that's the beauty of optocoupler you don't have to connect okay you have a electrical isolation all that you do is you put your signal here this light shines other end if you pick it up so both are sitting at their own ground level without any problem extremely useful and a very very interesting device optocoupler okay so especially non-electrical students must see this why expertly mechanical engineers you would they would burn a few things okay just because of this ground is such a complicated concept and a lot of things have burnt just because they don't understand what ground is okay now a laser diodes my specialization optical fiber communication I deal with this all the time now laser diodes are nothing but let's say special LEDs where the fabricated such a way that the light coming out is coherent so that's not what you can think of them as let's say special LEDs and today laser diodes are used extensively and all communications they use but a more than that pointers okay we all we are all familiar with the standard the kind of laser pointers okay any idea what is the kind of power you're seeing here like if you read it they'll say why do they sell this in fact the what is the power of let's say a tube light this standard tube light 40 watts any idea what's power here 500 micro watt maximum yeah I don't think it's even that okay why is it looks so bright whereas the light 40 watt 500 micro watt looks so bright but the 40 watt doesn't look that bright why coherent so this is where it is coherent you have two types of coherent one is what is called a facial coherent which means it's so sharp focused okay so that's an angular or spatial so it's extremely narrow beam whereas the the tube light it spreads all over the place so there is no special coherent number one second thing is what is called a temporal coherent or the spectral coherent if you look at this light it looks so sharp red if you if you see the spectrum of it you would see that you have a extremely narrow you know wavelength region so that is called the temporal coherent so a laser diode LED also does that but LED is much broad much broader than an a laser diode so let's not get into that but anyway before we have crossed the time solar cells and just let me just stop with this now again another very good thing you can tell students is about where it is like I'm sure all of all students would have done you know fine to radio and fine tuning you know and so if you say that where actors are special diodes which are used in the reverse bias where if you change the voltage the capacitance of changes in a very small maybe in the in the sub picofarad range which you cannot change otherwise you can change the tuning and then they really understand I think we'll stop here so there's a very broad kind of we talked a lot of things the diodes as you said it's a topic well understood and a lot of applications and conceptually couldn't find this not that difficult yeah thank you


The federal judicial system covers a lot of territory. In 1967, Congress created the Federal Judicial Center to be the federal court's agency for research, planning, and for orientation and continuing education of judges and employees of the federal courts. The center provides education through seminars, monographs, manuals, and instructional courses prepared at the center for use in courts around the country under the supervision of court employees specially trained by the center. Video and audio programs and computer-based interactive programs, what we call media programs, help the center to bring continuing education right into the courthouse, saving the time and money required for travel to distant seminar sites. An audio recording of a lecture at a center seminar allows a judge to listen to a lecture he or she couldn't attend. But media programs do more than simply substitute for attending a seminar. They can do things that traditional forms of education can't do. A video program, for example, can take the viewer directly into the courtroom or workplace for a demonstration or illustrate a point more precisely than the conventional blackboard or flip chart. Computer-based interactive programs let court employees test their knowledge as they proceed at their own pace. Media technology allows the center to keep judges and their staffs informed about major new developments in the law. And probably those matters either be abrogated because they have been supplanted or at least be checked to make sure they're not inconsistent. That could be a real problem because the national rule now provides for the waiver of the objection and you can have a local rule that covers the same subject matter but says nothing about a waiver of the objection. This received this center program on the December 1993 amendments to the federal rules of civil procedure within weeks after the rule changes went into effect. Justices of the Supreme Court and other court officials also use the center's media studio to prepare videotape remarks for conferences and seminars they can't attend. Here's a look at the kinds of video programs the center produces. Employees in clerk's offices need to learn how the federal courts operate and how their jobs fit into the larger picture. A series of center video programs fills a large part of that need. These orientation programs rely on dramatization as a learning tool. Let's see what she does with Ms. Atkins testimony about a second phone call for Mr. Mayweather. How long a phone call was it? Not that long. I'd say five minutes tops. You know, it was pure business. He just gave me the figures and that was it. When you testified at your deposition in this case last October, do you remember being asked this question and giving this answer? Question. Who took the phone call from Mr. Mayweather? Answer. I really don't remember. We were so busy then I think it might have been Alan. Yes. You were under oath then just as you are today. Yes. But today you say you took the call. That's right. Programs on the bankruptcy, criminal, civil and appellate processes follow hypothetical cases through the system. The programs are designed to help court employees better understand their jobs and the important role they play in the effective administration of justice. They convey basic information that supervisors in each court can supplement with their own training. Dramatizations are effective because they help viewers think about how to deal with an actual problem or situation, as in this center program for probation and pretrial services officers. I want to see you try. These officers are federal court employees who advise judges about whether to release criminal defendants before trial, how to sentence convicted offenders, and often must supervise offenders after sentencing and imprisonment. The program dramatizes some of the dangerous and difficult situations that officers encounter. What would you do? Another program follows a hypothetical case study to demonstrate some situations officers will face in supervising offenders. Some videos are included in packaged training courses that the center prepares for center trained personnel to administer in federal courts around the country. These packages contain lesson plans, study guides, quizzes, and in some cases center produced videos. These video components allow court managers and employees to observe problems they may encounter and to exchange views on how to handle them. Panel discussions promote a vigorous exchange of ideas on important issues of judicial administration and provide viewers with a variety of perspectives. Here, for example, four district judges who had served as magistrate judges share their views on how courts can use magistrate judges effectively. In this program that the center sends to newly appointed appellate judges, an informal exchange among four experienced judges helps to answer some of the many questions that a new judge may have about being a member of a multi-judge appellate court. Would you ask a devil's advocate question? I don't think a question asked simply to enlighten your colleagues is very helpful. We all know by the time we've had our second oral argument when Judge A. is asking a question just to tell me something. For some purposes and audiences, lectures are still the best way to transmit information. Many of the center's video programs are also lectures, but there is more to producing them than meets the eye. Simply recording a lecture as it is given in a seminar is relatively inexpensive, but the equipment might disrupt the seminar. More important, what looks good in a classroom might not look good on television. The better way is to prepare the lecture specifically for television. In fact, a lecture prepared specifically for video will often communicate the same information more effectively in less time. Producing such a lecture takes more effort, of course. Center staff work with the speaker prior to taping to prepare the lecture for television. It may take a whole day to shoot the footage for one 30-minute lecture and another two or three weeks to edit it, but the result is well worth the effort. We have thousands of Chapter 13 cases in Arkansas. Court shall hold a hearing. Compliance with this provision differs from court to court. The center's orientation programs for all federal trial judges rely heavily on a series of center-produced lectures. New federal trial judges must become familiar with many procedures and areas of the law that they didn't encounter in their former careers. The video lectures provide basic information, along with insights and advice from federal judges throughout the system, each chosen for mastery of a particular topic. These video lectures enable the center to schedule regional orientation seminars for small groups of five to twelve new judges soon after their nominations. The seminar format allows plenty of time for discussion, moderated by an experienced judge who can comment on the lectures and answer questions. This initial orientation is followed by a week-long seminar at the center's headquarters in Washington, D.C. Interviews are less formal than lectures and panel discussions, but they too can engage the viewer's interest. These interviews with three recently appointed district judges help new judges realize that the apprehension they may feel isn't unique, that others have gone through the same experience and survived. Every once in a while I am sitting in the courtroom and I feel this kind of inner self looking at myself and saying, what are you doing here? Audio programs are another center educational tool. Automobile tape decks and portable audio cassette players let judges and their staffs use otherwise idle time to listen to recordings of lectures of center seminars, edited versions of selected center publications, and even the soundtracks of center video programs. Interactive multimedia programs combine the benefits of audio and video with the convenience of personal computers to create individual instructional programs that court employees can work on at their own desks. In this center produced program on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, clerks working at their own pace can expand their knowledge of the rules and check their progress with periodic quizzes. The program also contains the text of all the civil rules and can be used as a reference tool. No matter what the format, educational media programs must be polished to capture the attention of today's visually sophisticated audiences. Federal Judicial Center media programs are primarily the work of experts with combined skills in federal court organization and procedure and dramatization. They determine which topics lend themselves to video or other media productions and design the programs. They work with the center's media production experts who are skilled at translating the information into a finished video or audio product. Center computer specialists work with media staff and with the center's education specialists in developing interactive training programs. Most of the audio and video production and post-production work is done in the center's media production center in the Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building. Judges and employees of the federal courts of the administrative office of the United States courts and the United States Sentencing Commission advise the center on its productions and appear in them. Their involvement makes the center's media programs a cooperative venture of the federal judicial center and the personnel of the judicial branch. While the center sends many of its media programs directly to the courts for them to keep, federal judges and federal court employees may also borrow center media programs, as well as commercially produced media programs through the center's Information Services Office. Programs available on loan through this media library are listed in the center's catalog of audio-visual materials. Users are asked to complete an evaluation form for most programs, thus providing feedback to the center. Producing educational media programs is like the educational process itself. Both are evolutionary. Improvement comes from experience, evaluation, and testing new ideas.


So, let's get into some positives, because the June NPD just released, and some good news, relatively good news. The top Nintendo game for the month was ARMS, no surprise. That debuted at number five for the month, and it sold 256,000 units, that's combined digital and physical. That's for a brand new IP on a platform that is really hard to get your hands on right now. And very limited in install base. That's not bad, we could be talking by end of summer, we could be looking at half a million. And this is just in North America, so you look at worldwide, it could already be close to a million units sold. So definitely up to a good start, just like Splatoon was. Notably it was behind Crash Bandicoot at four, GTA V at three, Tekken 7 at one, Justice 2 GTA V Bandicoot, so it was behind all those games. But again, you're talking Tekken 7, pretty big franchise, we're talking about Injustice 2 again. The first game was great, second game was pretty good too, Grand Theft Auto V, the game that just keeps on selling, it's also a multi-platform, so that's combined sales across all platforms, so I mean, a single platform game against that. Now obviously Crash Bandicoot, that was the insane trilogy remake remaster thing, which kind of just proves that Crash Bandicoot is really, really popular and they probably should have never stopped making Crash Bandicoot games. But it is what it is, I mean Naughty Dog I think was the one who made it and they moved on, obviously they made great game sense. So what's really cool though is that Nintendo Switch itself has three Nintendo games in the top ten still. Arms was at number five, Breath of the Wild was at number six, and the estimate right now is about 190,000. They don't have any numbers listed here for Breath of the Wild, for some reason it's only got monetary, like how much money it made listed. It must be because Nintendo didn't provide enough data. But they do know that it sold 145,000 physical, but they also know that the game right behind it, Mario Kart 8, sold 180,000, so that means that it would have had to sold more than 180,000 units. So they don't know what the digital sales were, but based on the money that was reported they're guessing around 190,000 units. So, I mean still in June 190,000 units and number six, one of this game come out again March? Yeah. On a single platform? Yeah, because if you look at the list it's full of a ton of multi-platform games, except for the Nintendo ones and Crash of course. So yeah, I mean that's impressive that it's basically right on the edge of top five only kicked out by another Nintendo game. And obviously Mario Kart 8, I mentioned Deluxe, it's 180,000. And kind of to something I did mention in my notes is that PlayStation 4 was again number one hardware in June. Switch is rumored to have been number two. The exact numbers haven't been provided by Nintendo yet. And it sounds like the reason that Switch isn't number one is just because there wasn't enough hardware to actually get to number one available to purchase. Yeah, so it's not like PlayStation 4 is just running away with it. Nintendo just doesn't have enough units for people to buy to catch up. Right, and I think they've shown like a history of the sales from the early days of PS4 to Switch, you know, from exact timeline that week number 15, switch in 15th. And it's still like way ahead of PS4. Yeah, and this isn't to discredit PS4. They had their slim version come out. Their slim one terabyte apparently was like the best seller last month. And that's good. I mean, you know, they just said Crash was one of the best selling games. So obviously, you know, PlayStation 4 is selling. This isn't to discredit, you know, their sales. It shows the state that Nintendo sales likely could have been better if they could have had the units in the market. I mean, whereas there's plenty of PlayStation 4s in the market and Sony's caught up to demand a long time ago. So Nintendo's kind of strapped by how much units they can get out. And if you don't believe me, just check out the 3,000 plus people lines that are happening in Japan. That's what I was just going to say. Like going nuts, trying to get the only 250 units available but 10,000 people line up. It's like, wha? What's the plan? If you're at the end of it. No, because it's a lottery. So strange. You get a lottery number when you're in the line. So then when the time hits to sell it, they spend a thing, pull 250 numbers out, and then you get a chance to get it. So that's the point of showing up. So you don't have to actually sit in line for 18,000 hours. You can just show up two minutes beforehand and get your lottery number. OK. Yeah, nice. Well, they might cut off a lot of your numbers 15 minutes beforehand. I don't know. I don't live in Japan. The idea is that you don't have to wait all night. Interesting. Maybe people are like, oh, if I get number one, it's going to happen and that doesn't really matter. It's a lottery. I don't think number one was one of the 250. I don't know if they can leave the top 10. They have the lowest. Anyways. Yeah, because you could kind of know. Oh, wait, $16. Maybe I'm like ratio. I didn't have to. It's a lottery. And Japan's been doing this for a while. So it sounds weird because we would never do that in the United States, but it is what it is. And like, even if you're 250 units, that's the last time my local retail store had 250 units. Yeah. So Nintendo is even forgiving Japan over here. Never. Never. Yeah, usually five to 10 at most. Yeah. And I know our local GameStop, our local GameStop has had units every day for this week because they had a shipment for Splatoon 2. But apparently what I heard is that the shipment, they got all the shipment at once, but they were told by GameStop management to limit per sales per day. So they could technically have units available every day for people who really want to get a hold of Splatoon.  We're not going to save you any money either. No. It's not actually a deal. It's just like buying everything individually. But we make more money because we sell more product. And to be fair, one of their bundles wasn't that bad. If you don't own a Switch, one of it was like Splatoon 2, Mario Kart 8, Breath of the Wild, a Pro Controller, and the Switch. And if you don't own a Switch and you plan to buy all this stuff anyways, that's not a bad deal. No, no. But I mean, not everyone's ready to shell out $600. They might just want to get the system in one game now and get that rest of that stuff when they get more money. So it's kind of starting to favor people who have more disposable income. But again, that's what GameStop's been doing this forever with their bundles.  I'm like, what do you mean? I can go buy it right now on the GameStop website for like $500. You're going to spend $500, $600 on the Switch? Clearly, those bundles aren't selling that well if they're not sold out. That's kind of my point. But yeah, so anyways, just bringing up in general that the Switch is doing really, really well sales-wise still. No one, I mean, I must say no one cares about the app, but the app didn't exist for any of these sales. It's not stopping people being hyped for Splatoon 2 in Japan, obviously. Splatoon 2 is probably still going to be a killer set. Like, I think Splatoon 2 is going to end up outselling the original Splatoon by a large margin. I really hope so. It was already huge in Japan, and what's huge in Japan? Handheld gaming. Yeah. And it wasn't released on the handheld last time. So this is going to be... Yeah. It had released with so few features and had built up over time, whereas this starts with a crap ton of features. Well, if you think about it, there was 10,000 people waiting at one location just one location of several that were selling Switches this week. So 10,000 people, to be like a top five seller on their charts per week, you only need like 10,000 sales. So it's like, just by the numbers waiting in line that one against Splatoon 2, it's like, yeah, it's going to sell. It's going to sell like crazy. I wouldn't even be surprised in Japan if more, just like in the United States, what was it, worldwide, there were more copies of Breath of the Wild sold than Switches sold during launch month. I'm sure that that's probably not true anymore, but during launch month it was. I could see that being for Splatoon, like more copies of Splatoon 2 selling Japan than available Switches. I can totally see that. That really won't express me either. Because Splatoon 2 is like huge in Japan. It potentially could be as big, if not bigger than Master Hunter. It could even compete with Pokemon, if like, now that it's on a handheld, it's going to be nice. Until Pokemon comes to the Switch. And what's crazy is it's that big while being mostly a multiplayer game. Right. Yeah, that's a crazy thing. It's actually a game that, oh yeah, it's portable. I'm like, yeah, but you still need an online connection. Yeah. Granite, Japan actually has it, like online everywhere.  Yeah, the US has the best internet. It also helps that Japan is not all that big relative to the United States. Yeah, I know. I have a lot of money over there too. Yeah. I mean, we have a lot of money here. We just wasted our things. So, like, hey, we could have had a speed train built from Chicago through Madison, Eau Claire, and up to Twin Cities. We could have been going, I could have been working down to Chicago. Yeah. And been able to just hop on a train for 20 minutes. Yeah, that's... Well, a little bit longer than 20 minutes, but it would have been less time than it takes me to drive, that's for sure. Yeah. Our governor. And that got beat all down because that's not worth spending money on, you know, public transportation to let people actually work who live in the suburbs. So, no, like, right now, if I want a good job, I got to work in Minnesota, but I can't afford to live in Minnesota, so I got to live an hour and a half away in Wisconsin. Anyways, just my own personal frustrations with what we choose to spend money on, what we don't.  I wanted to keep the Bucks here. So, they're payable. I don't think the Milwaukee Bucks are why we don't have solar panels. And I think that they just announced that, or at least Elon Musk announced that they funded the Hyperloop from, was it DC to New York? Of course that. That's pretty sweet. Then you can go to New York and then take a day trip over to DC. That'd be amazing. Yeah, like, why don't we have this kind of public transportation everywhere? Anyways, I know we're like a bigger country and there's a lot of things to consider, but we have money. At least it seems like we have money. We pretend we have money. Yeah. I mean, I know we're trillions of hundreds of trillions of dollars in debt or whatever, and our government owes everyone, but I mean, our local states have money. The government, the federal government just doesn't have any. The federal government owes the local states all. Yeah, well. Anyways. I think everybody's accepted that they're never going to see that money anyway. I know like China. China's just going to keep putting up with the fact we owe them because we're their primary consumer base. So, anyways, I just thought that was kind of cool to talk about that the Switch had really good sales for games last month, three games specifically. You could also, Minecraft was also on the list. That's also on Switch, so Switch sales, we're going to be counted in that. So, yeah, I mean, just Nintendo, three of the top 10 with games that are single platform only is impressive. Yeah, it is. Impressive. So good on you, Nintendo, and hopefully you can get enough Switches out there. So one of these months, you'll end up number one in the hardware because you actually have enough hardware to meet them. Or is the app going to hurt the man?  Hopefully, that doesn't come with it. I still think it's... People are going to... People, I think, if you want Splatoon 2, I don't think it's going to hurt at that bad just because you can still use Discord. You can still use Skype. You can still use all these other things, but... Sure, you could. But we have to remember as a general consumer, it doesn't know what Discord is. Oh, no, I don't. They might know what Skype is, maybe if they were a kind of company that uses it. Yeah. So they thought, well, let me use that for gaming. Yeah. And that's what you have to remember. People who use Discord tend to be more tech-savvy people. People who game on consoles tend to be the kind of people that don't know about the things that aren't on consoles. Yeah, very true. Or aren't on consoles by default, I should say. I think Discord is on Xbox One. I remember that.


Basically I'm a painter. I always wanted to visit Lorraine Museum in Paris to see Mona Lisa painting and I have great, I'm a great admirer of that, and other paintings also. It so happened that suddenly I was able to get my dream come true. So I visited through Europe tour and as I reached Zurich suddenly I underwent a complete breakdown. My whole body became immobile. It softened nervous system and my muscular system, everything, you know, it was so softened that I was not able to move out of my bed. And then I, it's called, actually now I know it's a Guillain Barry syndrome. It's a viral, neurological viral disease. It's a very rare disease. It, I have heard that it comes one in a million falls sick because of this. And it is a very long journey to get a recovery also. Everybody helped me to reach the hospital in Zurich itself, Switzerland. And there I was there for nearly three weeks. And then I was air flown, that is, air ambulance was flown from Zurich to India. It is 10 and a half hour journey. Very rare, you know, like everybody were anxious that whether I would be able to sustain and able to face the 10, 10 and a half hour journey. The moment I reached India, I was admitted in Manipal's ICU. I was there for nearly four, four and a half months, almost like September in ICU. Basically this kind of treatment is physiotherapy. And physiotherapy, huge department, it is called PMR. One which takes care of all physiotherapy, including some of the ortho also. But the other one they have, it's called minus one floor, where it is machine, that is stimulation is also given there. Basically I want to talk about the physiotherapy team in Manipal, which really if they were not there, that kind of team, I don't think I would have come back to this particular normalcy. Today what you are seeing me is I am able to walk, I am able to talk because all doctors and physiotherapists, they were there at the beck and call of day and night with me. I was on ventilator for nearly four and a half months. I was in oxygen. Various kinds of physiotherapy were done to me. Like initially they used to make me sit in the chair for two hours. Very patiently they used to treat me by helping my fingers, my hands. Later I was taken by the wheelchairs and by the bed, by the beautiful lovely stuff, the housekeeping stuff. Always they were smiling and the moment I used to read the PMR hall, I was very happy because I knew this is what I have to do, if I have to get back to my family, get back to the usual routine kind of my day to day life. Of course it was a second birth for me and each and every doctor there would be there, especially Dr. Dheeraj and Dr. Naveen. To come back to my family, my friends and relatives, what a wonderful family I have. I don't have words actually. Especially my husband is so lovable and he was there every minute, every second and all the burden he never shared with me. He took so much care of me.  I tell him don't get tensed up. He is very loving, very caring. I have very lovely grown up son who is very, very lovable and very caring. All my friends and relatives, they were always there praying for me. I am a very positive person and I am able to overcome this with not much difficulty anymore. I am able to do many of the things which I thought I will never be. One thing I want to really share with you which I really want to do and hope everybody listens also. We think Indians that what is there here, I tell you, my nephew, my other people, my friends from US, they were horrified. They were not believing at all that I am able to walk within 6 months. Best doctors are visiting home and treating me. Just a little bit of need based therapies going on. I am almost at the end of that. So thank you Manipal, thank you doctors.


Who is your therapy daddy? I'm a data analyst and being at Steve Brown Consulting and Analysts Group Camp has been what an experience for me. Having to learn about the power platform product is one key thing for me this year for real. I got to build an automated app for an aviation industry and I was wowed by it. I never imagined I'd be able to do that. So thank you very much, Steve Brown Consulting, for this opportunity. I really appreciate these things. Thank you.


If you can't walk, you can't fight. Hello everyone, Dylan Schumacher, Citadel Defense, and we are here to take a look at the Marine Rats boots. Before we get into this real quick, footwear is obviously super important and it's probably a severely underrated piece of gear.  So you know, wearing comfortable footwear is important and it becomes more important when you're out doing field stuff, right? Because if you don't have good footwear, then of course you break down and all of a sudden you can't walk and as a everyday American who's embracing their martial American heritage to be a minute man type person, if you can't walk, that's probably your main mode of transportation and you're gonna be in big trouble. Bad footwear can make you a casualty either because of blisters and uneven wear or just because your foot breaks either like really break a bone or you know, it's just so beat up and so unfunctional that you can't walk anymore. You then become a liability all because you didn't bother to wear a good pair of boots. These are a good pair of boots and let's talk about some of the reasons why. So as I hope you will be able to read from this tag, these are the Daner United States Marine Corps rat temperate boots. They are Gore-Tex lined and made out of leather. So these are a temperate boot. Let's start with that. I would not suggest these boots where it's gonna be hot all the time, right? Like any kind of desert. A lot of my friends south of the Mason-Dixon line, these might not be the boots for you but if you are in any kind of temperate environment, this is really a three season boot, right? Winter, fall, and spring because they're waterproof, which is a big, big plus, right? They're not like the typical desert combat boots with the little open vent right here, right? So these are 100% waterproof and the waterproof lining goes all the way up to here, up to the top because that's where the tongue is connected at, right? So you can be standing in, I don't know, six, eight inches of water and be just fine without water actually getting into the boot. So that's a super big positive. I've worn these outside, just around the neighborhood. I've worn them out in the field. I've worn them, I don't know, a lot and there's a little bead up here on the toe, you can see, but by and large, they've held up pretty well and I've become a big, big believer in these boots because they have that waterproof Gore-Tex lining and a little bit of temperature control. They're good, I mean, not in like the deep cold, like below zero, you know, you're not gonna do well, but in like the teens and twenties, if you're moving, they're really good.  So I'm a big fan of these boots for, like I said, about three seasons out of the year because they allow a lot of flexibility and they don't allow your feet to get wet. So in the spring and in the fall when it's that slushy, wet, rainy, whatever, these boots are impervious and I really, really appreciate that. The sole, as I think you can tell here, is a little bit bigger than the actual shoe, right? They give you like, I don't know, a quarter-inch, half-inch, kind of all the way around the boot. So the sole ends up being pretty monster big compared to the actual shoe size and I like that. They're called rugged all-terrain boot, right? A rat's boot, rugged all-terrain. So that's really nice because this does do a good job of giving you grip. I've never had slip issues or anything like that. It's got big, deep treads in here. I'm a big fan of that. When you're wearing these with a pack or under heavy load, it's gonna support that well and it's gonna keep your foot pretty comfortable. There was a break-in period, particularly back here, like on the heel part, right? That kind of wore on my Achilles a little bit. But after a good like 10, 12 hours of break-in, you don't notice it anymore and it's totally fine. So there is some time, if you're gonna buy these, I would suggest just wearing them around your house for a few days, right? Give them some good break-in time, but they do a great job. The other thing that I gotta love hate relationship with here is this speed lace system. So this is just a skinny shoe lace and it's cool because you can unlace this whole thing, put the boot on your foot and pull that and it pretty much tightens the whole thing up. You get a little loose here, maybe you gotta prep that a little bit, but by and large, it's called a speed lace system and it does live up to its name and I appreciate that. The one downside is it does continually fall out of this top eyelet right here. So I continually, when I set them down, the lace just falls out of there and I always have to rethread it through the top eyelet. So that's kind of annoying, but it does overall live up to its name about a speed lace system. Overall, I really like these boots and if you are north of that Mason-Dixon line and you need a good three-season boot to get you through, I would highly recommend this. I'll put an Amazon affiliate link below. If you can find your size, I would tell you to get a pair of these. In Amazon, they're going for like 70-some dollars, which I'm probably gonna buy a second pair at that rate. I think these are being phased out or have been phased out, so you gotta kinda hunt for your size on eBay or wherever and if you can find it for 70 bucks, buy them. You will thank me later. If however you can't find your size, I'm sorry, that's a bummer, but like I said, if you can find them in your size, I would highly recommend the United States Marine Corps rat boot. Wear them all year long, except for one at summertime. Do brave deeds and endure.


Going on everyone Sam here with late sports cards You've been 22 Panini select football Asia team all 10 box break number five random team style So look again at your random results as always You can find those on the website under the results tab as well as the link and chat Good, but I think the link that I put in here. I'll drop another link. I hit B accidentally I know kind of a bot move again guys tend to go on eat on a Select H2 hybrid. So good luck here everybody. Let's do it. What's for us doing the dragon scales for All right, dragon scale Danny Gray to 89 as well as a Cooper cup to 89 for the Rams and Bernard Raymond to 89 There's Baker Silver is Davis Mills, yeah, I can imagine there's gonna be either any or Very very few Dragon skills are sweet They sell well they sell very well Zemir white 89 rookie for the Raiders nice Got a Deontre swift 89 for the Lions And I'll Linda bomb. That's awesome 10 of 89 for the Ravens Magi Sanders and a silver die cup Brady. There you go Paul. Congrats, man 10 to go everybody on select H2 breaking next. Thank you all. Thank you all. There's a Jared Goff to 89 Hey, Cooper cup to 89 again and Nick Chubb to 89 for the Browns Austin Echler silver die cut your quad brisker rookie for the Bears Unfortunately Bobby there is no way we could refund. You'll just have to have a 5% restocking fee if you bought into it and unfortunately We cannot transfer we cannot transfer it can only refund you have done. There's a 5% restocking fee Justin Jefferson to 89 Hey chase Claypool to 89 And Damian Pierce to 89 Mack Jones and silver Drake Jackson rookie on the die cut What's up thumbs? Yes, Robert. You have the Saints the bills Saints bills and Jags Saints bills Jags Saints bills Jags. That is Matt Ryan. Yes, it did rich till tomorrow here Well after this box, I explained to you Luke go deke to 89 and take one Thornton to 89 That is a Marvin Leal and Silver Marcus Jones die cut so the product we're supposed we had a full case and we oversold it for personals accidentally so We have another case that was supposed to come today, but it's coming in tomorrow So we just move it to tomorrow So it's like the second and second the second and third last breaks of the night tomorrow So yeah, do apologize on that Thumbs, what's your order number? There's a Kyler, Mary to 89 a Harrison Phillips to 89 and Rookie Kobe Bryant nice one there to 89 All right Devonte Williams and Tyree killer Yes, that's for both rich. Yeah, we had like I think we had six boxes left So we couldn't even do a half case which was unfortunate, but yeah, we oversold the personals The case that was open and ripped for personals was not supposed to be Did you get an email from us thumbs? There's John met you to 89 Well snackler to 89 dragon scale and Jack sandborn to 89 nice one there for the bearer She's actually a stud AJ Brown and Silver Joe burrow die cut or First name last initial I can get that from you to I think they're Matt picking up a spot in Chronicles and to an H2 But we're down to six on each two now. Let me look Yep, six to go. We're not rich Yeah, no problem Yeah, every time that someone's coming and asked about it. I've explained it I didn't want to say it too many times, especially Nobody's in here. That's in the break. But yeah, that that's basically what happens. So sorry about that So we'll go tomorrow and everything just got moved So tomorrow for those 20709 for got your thumbs me one sec I'll check into that after the break for a man. Okay, Vonsibido to 88 patch my homes to 88 nice one there 89 I should say and Vyllis Jones, Jr. to 89 Hearing Dave's price rookie. So but I cut is how to lock it. That's actually car number one in this set, which is odd No, no, no, no, you're good rich. I think it's only been like three or four people. But yeah, no worries at all. No worries at all We got something in here we got something in here Sean picky here modern Ross St. Brown to 89 Bobby That is much I Sanders to 89 and Derek hard to 89 That's gonna be a Samir whites team all exclusive gold wave Jersey Auto for the Raiders nice one there Raiders Randy with a spot an H2. Thank you, Randy Joel with a spot in 10 box and Chronicles and Richard V with a spot and everything That's remaining There's a Darren blend as well. So thank you guys appreciate that. We're down to four to go now an H2 The Marvin Lee Al 89 a Hayden Hurst 89 and Cam Acres to 89 It's gonna be a Bobby Wagner and silver Joe but all I only have one auto in here Which is about you get about one a case gonna be the Samir white gold wave RPI nice one there for the Raiders That'll do it for the break guys. Thanks again for the fill up next is H2


What's going on guys welcome to another vlog and I'm vlogging today because I have a very busy day. I think it'd be good to walk Take you guys through walk you guys through walk you guys through what am I saying? So I'm going to my first meeting today. I have have multiple I'll have a multiple phone calls that I got to do probably like for I'm gonna get that done today. I have a meeting right now I have to go by the Apple store because I have a meeting there not a meeting, but Pretty much a meeting there That's right after my meeting now Yeah, my meeting now is going to be a lunch Well, I'm gonna meet at the office and then I'm gonna have a lunch as well So that's kind of the deal today is just getting a lot of work done up the past couple of days I kind of wish I vlog because I got so much work done. It's ridiculous like as in videos and business stuff Just stuff like that. I've been getting a lot of work done, but let's go ahead and get this day started I want to take you through out it because you guys love these day-in-the-life vlogs First meeting I'm having to make it to my next one here in about 10 minutes Fly there We actually launched there's a cop that I watch is outside of his place And I'm actually launched with him too. It's pretty cool. It's actually a really cool guy And I told him I'll take him fishing sometime. He's in the fishing stuff like that So I was like, yeah, let's go fishing John gave me all kinds of stuff. I'll show you guys that later But trying to make it to my next meeting At the absolute so gotta make it to that right now. I'll probably vlog here But I'm gonna vlog on my phone should be a little bit different, but uh, yeah, I just need to go ahead and get over there It's raining She's got my laptop all done You're probably wondering why but I was right out here to drop that thing off actually got a run back inside and uh I need to get a phone protector Except I'm gonna get it not at the up store. I'm gonna get it somewhere else The computer we just restored it the whole thing. So hopefully everything's gonna be okay.  Whoa, it's been it's raining pretty bad Actually, I was just gonna get the screen protector, but I ended up getting the case too, but that's the case Clean look Looks pretty slick Wrong with that at all I might be getting a new phone soon, but you know, I needed I needed something to go on my phone So I'll crack it again for right now I'm not too worried about it, but you know, I got some phone calls. I need to get on so I'm probably gonna do that Do I need to reply to a few emails? Let me just take this phone call get back to you guys Well, you gotta love shipping and they do this Look at this box Ridiculous. I'm just getting spoiled today Origin industry sending me some clothing Another hat that's pretty sick. That's awesome American flag Other rigid shirt. All these looks sick. It looks like oh No, they're using the same clothing company. I'm using They use the same shirts that I use an LTV uses those shirts By the way, if you guys haven't checked out my clothing line, feel free to go check it out If you go on to my website, you can actually go to my clothing line and feel free to go purchase some of my clothing I'll actually promote it on Instagram. I love, you know, people wearing my stuff around. I think that's awesome I'm the clothing is absolutely amazing. I'm not lying anyone that owns one of my new shirts Everyone knows I mean that it is probably one of the most comfortable shirts you've ever put on and that's pretty much all I wear I mean, yeah, I'm wearing some under armor right now But I don't mean today's I'll wear the shirt Literally my shirts and lucky tackle washer says all I wear because the material is just amazing That's actually what these are made out of and it's very soft Fits very well. Everything's just amazing about the material But if you guys want to go check out my clothing line links below and also I mean just go on my website and go to my store To my city now like Katie on some new teams I put up for my family could we hang in on my shoestrings change my habits up And now it's feeling like a mood ring now. It's feel like a mood ring ha I've been intellectual I gotta get my dream on it's me my girl a million bucks. I gotta put my team on and when they should start getting tough What were you gonna leave?  I was wishing I was hoping To film a little bit more than I was getting and then I got to today I was really hoping I could film a little bit more But I was just so packed and so many phone calls so many emails so many I was focusing on, you know, just Meetings phone calls emails like all today. I wasn't really focused on filming and editing more of because You know, I just had so much going on and I just need some of those days some days I just really have to focus just straight towards the business and Some days all filming and some days all filming and editing and some days just all editing, you know It's just always always working though always working on the business always working on stuff and improving day by day and getting out content to you guys that you guys will enjoy and that's at the end of the Day, you know if I get all my stuff done and I'm helping you guys and showing you guys how to fish and You know showing you guys my day-to-day life and expressing everything to you guys by the end of the day if all that gets done You know, that's what I care about the most is showing it all to you guys I'm at Firestone right now. I really need to get my will change. I want to go hang it over with run a few errands Uh, I need to go set up my computer here in a little bit, but I just need to get this done This is like something I've been needing to get done for a minute. So I'm gonna go hang it over with That's one thing awful is I need to get done. I need to go buy Michaels over here. I need to get like this portfolio thing to keep all my artwork for schooling and stuff like that because uh They actually check that for like say I was gonna get some more scholarship from you know Give it a different scholarship then I need To show them my portfolio So I need to get something I could keep that and plus it's laying in my room And I want to set up my computer today and it's just been sitting on my computer desk I need to just straighten out so I'm gonna run by there real quick I was asking people like where you know where your portfolios are and they all told me the same place and I walked over there I couldn't find them I kept walking and finally I saw them and it was behind this ladder They just had sitting in the middle of nowhere and I go over there and there's all like spin So I just want something cheap Like 50 bucks. I'm not about to pay 50 bucks put something that I'm just gonna like store away And I can buy like a cardboard one for five bucks back in school. So I don't know. I'll probably just wait What's going on man? I got you There you go. I'll talk to him. He's like super slammed right now, but I'll see if you can fit you in. Yeah. Yeah Yeah, I could I could help you out with it too. Well, we can knock it out going to a ABC right now ABC Marine To look at my subs and attempt to fix them because they've been messed up But we're gonna do a fuse connector to this multiple times. It keeps on burning I don't know what's going on with it. I've messed around with the wiring I've fixed it multiple times It's just not want to work to the guy originally put a man on one of my buddies down here Ben that works at ABC Marine He's gonna look at him. It's they close at six is 555 But he says come over after work and go look at it. So we're gonna do that. I was just talking to fluke on the phone We're trying to play some stuff. Maybe this weekend to do like a fan meetup. I think that'd be really sick So always stay tuned to my social media I'm like Instagram and everything if you haven't followed me on Instagram and everything else be sure to Follow me there because that's where I'm gonna post, you know updates and stuff like that Post of me being on the water and meetups just stuff like that for you know quick access to updates It's like trying to kick but it just won't you know, you see the lighthouse flashing from Green or blue to red. Yeah, that means it's going in Thanks Finally Got my subs fixed finally. It's all done been helped me out. Thank God and they're working now so Now I'm actually going to end off this vlog, but overall I think he has so much for watching I know it might have been a boring vlog, but I wanted to document my life show you guys what I do You know go into these meetings go in and get work done You know, don't show much of emails and stuff just know I'm doing on behind the scenes stuff But overall thing you guys so much for watching probably gonna hit the gyms tonight and go back and work the rest of the night But thank you guys so much for watching. Please hit the thumbs up button Please comment below and subscribe if you haven't already and be sure hit to hit the bell if you haven't but thank you guys So much for watching. Thank you guys so much for the support. I'll catch you guys in the next video This is for the ones way to frame