Live from Copenhagen, Denmark, it's theCUBE. Covering Nutanix.next 2019, brought to you by Nutanix. Got Morgan Cubanators, we are here in Copenhagen, Nutanix.next, I'm your host, Rebecca Knight, along with my co-host, Stu Miniman. What a beautiful day in Copenhagen, it's such a pleasure to be co-hosting.next with you. This is a company that you have really been watching for a long time. We're here celebrating 10 years of this company. I'd love to just get your first off-the-cuff thoughts. What do you think about this company? How has it changed since its inception 10 years ago? TAC, Rebecca, which unfortunately is the only Danish that I know, so hopefully you'll bring that. But super excited, it's the ninth.next that we've had theCUBE at, which is all of them. It's the eighth one I've had the pleasure of attending. And Rebecca, as you said, I've watched this company since early, early days. First time, I went to Nutanix's office. The paint was drying on the wall there. And Dheeraj, actually the CEO, founder of the company, showed me, here's actually, from a real estate standpoint, we're going to expand here and move here. And if things go well, like we think, we will move across the street and we can really build out a corporate headquarters. And actually all of that has happened. So 10 years of celebration here, over 5,000 employees. There are some things that have not changed at all from the very first interview that John Furrier and I had with Dheeraj. It was talking about the complexity of building distributed architectures and software. What Nutanix has learned from the hyperscale players absolutely impacts what they're doing. But this landscape has changed so greatly. This was originally, everybody thought about it. That term hyper-converged infrastructure came out. It was about appliances and how many boxes you have. But at the core, it always was software. And today, we've heard them talking about how you live in that hybrid and multi-cloud world, all of these software pieces, many of which seem to have, they're loosely coupled with the core AOS software, which itself has gone through a complete revision to be ready for cloud native, the latest databases, all of the new things. So we know there's so much change going on in our industry. But I saw what was built here is a culture and a company, not just a product. And so it is a celebration. I loved that they started with some of their early customers and partners, especially here in Europe. So very international flavor, of course, over 50 countries represented at this show. We can see the energy behind us with the X-Ball hall here. And yeah, Nutanix have been public now for about three years, going through a lot of transitions and lots of stuff for us to dig into over the next few days. Absolutely, we're going to get into all of that. One of your tweets from this morning was where you were watching the main stage and you said, Nutanix is finally starting to answer that question. What is the value of Nutanix in the data center? You have a devoted Twitter followings due, so we are all dying to hear what, how do you see them answering that question? And is it enough? Well, it's actually how they fit into the hyperscale data centers because we know where Nutanix fits in the on-premises data center. That's where they've lived, but as customers are figuring out and the thing that gets talked about a bunch here is the technology that most of the customers use here is virtualization and VMware, of course, has still has a dominant position in this environment while almost half of all Nutanix nodes that shipped in the last year use AHV, the Acropolis hypervisor, which is free. It's by Nutanix, it's based off of the KVM open source. The rest of them are using predominantly VMware, a little bit of Hyper-V in there, but when you go to that cloud environment, I want some of the same software stack I want to be able to be able to put there. So right, there's one of the nuggets that they showed towards the end of the keynote today and they've teased it out a little bit over the last year, it's what they call Zyclusters. So that is their stack or what they call X in some of those clouds. The first one, interestingly enough, is AWS and I say interestingly, because Google has been a solution that Nutanix has been working on, but AWS is actually opening up bare metal instances. So it doesn't mean we take our stack and we put it on the side and we have specialized hardware, it's the EC2 bare metal instances that we're going to be able to run the Nutanix software. And we've seen a number of companies out there, Pure Storage has won, Dave Vellante and Lisa Martin were at that show not that long ago, talking about if I am truly software and I'm independent of location, how can I integrate into some of these environments? So that's where we see Nutanix looking to go. It's in tech preview with AWS, GCP is something they can do for demo environments, but it's not yet open to be able to put in production environments. The hope from Nutanix and others is that Google will open that up. Google is positioning themselves in the open cloud and then Azure will be there too. So other clouds, so when customers choose their environments and their own data centers, their hosted environment, the public clouds, we know there's going to be a lot of moves and changes and it's not going to be a one way or a one time thing. So I want to get a solutions that give flexibility and allow me to place where I want to and then move things as my strategy needs to adjust. So really interesting stuff, definitely something we'll geek out with here at the show. Well, talking about the competitive landscape, this is a company that is a solid number two. You've talked about this a lot in your analysts reports and at these various shows to VMware. This is a two horse race, there's a lot of money to be made in this market. Where do you see, this is a company somewhat under pressure, but where do you see Nutanix strengths and where do you see its biggest obstacles to overcome, especially as it goes head to head with VMware? Yeah, so from the early discussion about hyper-converged infrastructure, it is down to two companies and it doesn't get talked as much as it might have a couple of years ago. There were some of my peers in the industry, three, four years ago, there were like 30 companies out there. There were a few acquisitions, Cisco made an acquisition, HPE made an acquisition. VMware has their offerings out there, but really it is two lead horses out there. If you talk from a revenue and a dollar standpoint, it is VMware and their partnerships there. Dell of course has the leading offering from VMware and then Nutanix is strong and Nutanix is growing customers. They've got over 14,000 customers. They added over 3,500 in the last 12 months. So growing strong, good growth. The transition from being both, softwares at the core, but really kind of ridding themselves of the hardware, going to full subscription and software model has been increasing their gross margin. They're up to about 80 points of gross margin up. If I remember right, about three, three and a half from a year ago, it has moderated their revenue because if you look traditionally and say, okay, what's their bookings and what's their billings?  So they believe they're past the toughest piece of that transition and I'm sure Deerich will be talking about that they've done the fastest transition of any company that's done this. He sits on the board of Adobe. Adobe went to that subscription model from just software subscription, so they're doing that. But the big change is really if you talk about, okay, Nutanix is number two. Well, that's the hyperconverge market. That's what we were talking about a couple of years ago. When we're talking the multi-cloud market, you're talking about companies like Microsoft and Google and Cisco and of course, VMware competing there. And Nutanix would not be one of the first ones that I would mention, but they do have their well positioned to help their customers. And what we need in cloud is the simplicity that hyperconverge solutions like Nutanix brought to the data center. So Nutanix has that opportunity to reach a much broader audience and a much broader market to go from the 14,000 customers they have to literally hundreds of thousands of companies out there that need these types of solutions. And if they are to be 10 years from now at their 20 years, looking back and saying, where do they fit in cloud? Where are they as a true technology software company for businesses? That is the market that they will need to make. And what you're saying about the simplicity, that is the message that we are given here today is that this is all about simplicity, choice and delight, make computing invisible.  That's the marketing gambit here, all together now. Do you think that, is it going to work? I mean, it is clearly what you say that the market needs, but does Nutanix have the staying power in your mind? So Rebecca, I think you'll agree, what's nice is when you hear the customers out on stage, you know, they actually give you the reality. And it is, you know, in the early days of these shows, it was, I love Nutanix, it gave me my weekends back. The quote that I had from a customer that I spoke to getting ready for this show is what I loved about this, they actually had a customer that the main IT staff was not really in favor of going Nutanix. They were certified and knew how to use the existing hardware and software, and it spent years working on that, and they followed the rules. And he said, I don't want IT to follow the rules, I want them to try things, I want them to break things. You know, I want them to be able to get ahead of the business and not just meet the requirements. So he said, we're ramping up our spending on training and education and sending them to events like this, and Nutanix is an enabler because it doesn't just work, it exceeds their expectations. It is better performance. They have headroom to be able to try things and throw things at it, and that is exciting. So it's not just, as I said, oh, this interesting box that I stick in a corner and I don't worry about it, it is changing that culture. Something I've been looking at, you know, can some of these technologies actually drive some of that cultural changes? Because traditionally, it's executive mandate, you put something new in and everybody fights against it. So some of this can actually be from the ground level up is I get into these tools and solutions, and it changes my workflow, it changes how I work between groups, how do I get the developers involved? There's a lot of talk about the applications. The messaging that they unveiled here all together now that resonates with, I can't just have my database and my apps and my data itself in siloed as to who can access it and who can use it and have to worry about, oh, I need nine months and hundreds of thousands of dollars to do anything. I want to be able to, IT needs to be not no or slow, but go. Shout out to Cube alum, Alan Cohen, who actually interviewed at thefirst.next. So he was early supporter of Nutanix and that's what the kind of the developer driven mantra is IT very much working with the business and if it can drive innovation. I mean, Rebecca, we've been talking about that from a cultural standpoint. You are stepping into my realize to quote another very important female leader at the moment, but exactly, talking about how technology can drive cultural change within a large organization because Nutanix is a large organization now, it's only 10 years old, but it is not a startup, it is a large, complex, exceedingly complicated organization and so how do you drive innovation, creativity, change, collaboration, communication between different silos? These are all topics that we're going to delve into today. Another word we keep hearing, sort of a cultural buzzword at this conference is resilience. And we're going to, on the main stage, we're going to hear from Caroline Wozniaki, who is a very famous tennis player. We're going to hear from the CEO of NOMA, who is of course, Copenhagen's famous culinary delight, and of course, Kit Harrington. Yeah, so anybody that watched Game of Thrones, John Snow was definitely resilient to be able to last the eight seasons and everything that happened across it. And Dirich, one thing we really respect, we've watched him since the early days. He is very thoughtful as to how he goes and what he actually said to me yesterday is that, Stu, you're going to hear some of the same words that some of the other vendors, but the why and the how underneath that for us is different. And that's very important. And especially in the technology space, that nuance and the, really how's that work? And how does that put together, and not just that we can do it, but is this the right way and doesn't make sense? So they are thoughtful about how they do it and they're moving forward. So they definitely believe their position well for the next phase of their journey. And always it's been a pleasure to watch this and talk to all the builders, the dreamers, and... The disruptors. Yeah, dreamers, believers, and builders is what they came out this morning, so. Well, we're going to be, we have a lot of great guests on the show today. I'm so excited to be hosting here with you in Copenhagen at this next dot, dot next. So we have Dearage Pandy coming up next. I'm Rebecca Knight for Stu Miniman. Please keep tuned to theCUBE, you're watching theCUBE.


The San Diego Chargers visit in Marine Corps Air Station Miramar August 31st for the fifth annual Chargers Military Appreciation Day practice. The Chargers cheerleaders accompany the players to put on a show, sign autographs and take pictures. Chargers wide receiver Patrick Creighton said coming out to Miramar is the least he can do for the service members here. People don't realize what you guys sacrifice. It's a lot more than we sacrifice. We do a job, but you guys' job is definitely could be life-threatening at times. And you guys put your life on the line to give us the opportunity just to go out here and play this game. So that's why we truly support you guys and enjoy it and love you guys for it.  For Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, I'm Sergeant Zach Griffith.


Agent Nation, it's your host, Agent Beamstar. Let's get Roy into the news. Hey, I'm so proud of you guys, man. What happened? There's no drama. And I'm really happy when there's no drama because Agent Beamstar, I don't have to work, ladies and gentlemen, and I love not working. But here we are because some stuff has popped off from the 2K community. And I'm here to fill y'all in. If y'all new to the channel, be sure to subscribe. But let's get right into it. For our first story of the day, of course, we have to cover all the new changes that was made to NBA 2K20. I got to fill y'all in somehow. About a week ago, Mike Wang put out a flurry of tweets saying this. In reference to some changes made to the sliders, Mike Wang said there's going to be fewer missed full whites. They're going to buff pick dodger, fix Steve Nash's signature dribble, and widen the speed gap. Now, of course, there's a lot to discuss. Widening the speed gap, yeah, that makes sense. Guards should move faster than big men. And before the update, that was not the case. There's been a few changes made to speed so far since 2K20 dropped. And so far, this one seems to be it. Don't touch it no more, Mike Wang. Now, I get that you might want to buff pick dodger to nerf brick wall. But have we considered the fact that brick wall screens in NBA 2K20 are a lot like the brick wall screens in NBA 2K17? And they were way too overpowered. Oh my gosh, that was going to be a whole another year. If you don't have Hall of Fame pick dodger, where you're going to hit screens, and your character's going to go flying, it doesn't matter how good you are at evading them, stick skill does not matter. Do you have the badge? That's all that matters. And in a game where I feel like at the start, they did a really good job with the skills gap, it's frustrating to see badges take control of everything. Whether I'm playing defense, am I in the lane, and I click square? I'm still not intercepting the ball unless I have the interceptor badge. Badges are everything this year, and it takes away from the skill of the game in my opinion. And of course, probably the biggest one, missing full white releases. Now, have you played the game in the last week? Yeah, you're probably hitting some bounce backs, some slightly earlys. Frustrating, yeah. Cause if you're not greeting a shot, you don't have no business hitting it consistently.  But it's like, it's glass cleaners hitting whites and stuff. It's like, oh man. When the game launched, and I don't say this often, but when it came to shooting, there was a skills gap. All you had to do was dedicate the 60 hours to get your badges. So man, I guess there wasn't a skills gap then. I don't know, ladies and gentlemen. I just know once you got your badges, if you were good enough, you were hitting consistently. But you shouldn't need badges to do that. Maybe that's the whole point of this first story. You shouldn't need badges to do things that take skill. They should enhance your ability to do it, but they shouldn't be the end all be all in my opinion. Especially when they're so boring to get, like they're dead dry. Who's trying to grind that? Nobody. To clarify, the fix for full white shooting percentages were untouched. Shooting will be the same as it was pre-patch. It just fixed inconsistencies between what the shot meter shows and the actual outcome. So I didn't even know that. I didn't even know there was inconsistency there, but now we do. Zach Timmerman, developer for NBA 2K, added on saying, today's patch addresses badge progression. Essentially making the meter smaller, not visually, will shorten the amount of time to fill badge meters. And probably the biggest change they made in all of this is that instead of buffing the progress you see in your badges and your rep in park, they gave a serious nerf to Pro-Am. And so now it's like, you might as well play park, you can play prime if you want to, but you're not getting substantially more rep for doing that. Ah, like half of those changes I don't like, but it's whatever.  I have plenty of people hit me up like bro agent, you just tell them to change this thing. They'll do it. Bro, if they was listening to me, the game would be perfect.  But anyway, I mean, they probably know better, right? Hopefully.  I'm gonna show you guys what I'm talking about. There's a guy on Twitter by the name of your boy EJ, and he's been blowing up recently on Twitter. And so he decided what he was gonna do with his time was go to a Chinese restaurant and look for Mike Wayne. Excuse me, man. How you seeing Mike Wayne? Mike Wayne, he's a five or seven Chinese guy. He's every patch on 2K. Have you seen him? You ever seen Mike Wayne? He hasn't been here. No. He supposed to meet me here at 2.30. 2.30. Okay, thank you. Now, if you were Mike Wayne, maybe you'd be a little bit offended by that. You can't just find Mike Wayne at 80. Bro, are you crazy? So this one Mike Wayne responded. Hey, I'm taller than five, seven. I swear it's a very rare situation in which no matter how disrespectful, ruthless, rude a community is to Mike Wayne, he's never disrespectful, rude to nobody back. He always, he's never offended. That's crazy to me. Bro, I went to one EA event and now they don't put me at all because I just came back and said honest things. This is not, I'm telling you that's not normal with most companies.  Literally, last week, Mike Wayne followed me. That's dope. That's really dope when you have developers in a community that can take criticism, even when it's supposed to be just playfully a little bit offensive. So then EJ Quote tweeted that tweet and said, I have much respect for Mike Wayne. All my vids are for entertainment, you guys, but Mike, how y'all are you real? Huh? Mike Wayne responded, five, 11, and I can dunk.  Hey, bro, I'd hate that 2K gets. I'm happy that a lot of the time is not on the developers and it's on the publishers because it's mostly just microtransactions, servers. It's all stuff that they don't even have a hand in. But shout out to them though. That was a funny encounter. I figured you might want to know a story like that. For our next story of the day. So Ronnie 2K does his regular streams and it's not going to be one of the logo rants. No, no, no, guys, ladies and gentlemen, we're past that. Ronnie 2K had JR Smith on his stream and there was a moment where JR Smith said something kind of wild. Kobe or LeBron? Kobe. Kobe over LeBron? Kobe, my second favorite player. I think Kobe, well, Penny's my second favorite player but Kobe, my third. That's a fact. That's a fact. Kobe is the goat. I don't want to hear it, ladies and gentlemen. Cash Nasty decided to tweet out the video with the caption, JR been drinking again. Shout out to JR though because I know he does play a lot of 2K so it was kind of neat to see him on the stream. Not gonna lie, did I watch the stream? No, did I watch the highlights of the stream? Yeah, because I was curious what he said. For 2K, we gotta talk man because it's not a good look for you guys, okay? What's good with the servers?  Davis decided to put out this tweet saying, 2K gotta fix the lag delay issues at the park. Ever since the fall update, it's been random lag spikes, beluba. Badge plug responded since I shouted out my account the other day and started getting crowds, I've noticed a huge spike in delay. It's got to do with that. So from what I understand, Xbox people aren't affected by the fall update but a lot of PS4 users are and so what's happening now is PS4 users are literally buying PS4 Pro's just so they don't have to deal with it and even with the Pro, you still deal with lag spikes to the point where when you're walking around the park, you're skipping around. You're not even in the game yet. In one of my videos, I think I'm dropping it tomorrow. The lag was so brutally bad. The latency was so bad that I've never seen anything worse since 2K17 park after dark. That's how bad it is. And it seems to have all started right when the fall update came out. So maybe it's that witch going back and forth across the park. Maybe it's the leaves. I don't know what it is that's causing the performance issues but a lot of people aren't happy about it. Agent Zero himself put out a tweet saying, please 2K, give us an option to decrease the graphics on 2K20. Whether it's just bad optimization or the console hardware is just old, it will make for way better performance. I'm literally lagging walking on the park like come on. Duke Dennis was unhappy with the situation. He said 2K has been doing park since 2K14. So they still haven't learned to get this type of correct. Joe knows put out a tweet saying, it's been days of getting dashboarded for opening the phone. Still no patch to fix it. Any other game would have been rushing to fix this issue. Oh, on that point, Chuck, who's actually the number one dude on the leaderboards, I did put out a tweet. I couldn't find it, but he basically said, if your game is crashing while you're on your phone, wait five seconds after you pull out your phone before going to the place to invite your friends. And then after you invite them, wait five seconds before closing your phone. I haven't tried it, but he's number one on the leaderboards. So if he says he has a fix, it's probably a fix. Try it out. If you're getting dashboarded a lot because you're on your phone, then that might work for you. Even Orlando in Chicago was disappointed. He said, is it possible to win this 2V2 event? In an event where you have to win four games in a row to get the prize, how do you do that if after every game your win does not count and you lag out? And sometimes before you even get into the game, your teammate lags out so you can't continue. It got so bad with the event the other day that 2V2 Rush event that the event was supposed to go from, I believe 12 to six. It had a six hour window, three hours into the event, NBA 2K just stopped the event. And they randomly did a 3V3 winner takes it event. And then they randomly stopped that event and did a 5V5 event. It's like, yo, y'all don't even have plans? Come on. This, how long y'all been doing this? Just still messing it up? It's at this point, and I even made a video about this when I went to Virginia to see the 2K servers. All they have to do is make a call to Amazon. All it costs is money. The infrastructure exists. All it, that's the crazy part. It's tomorrow. We would never have to deal with an issue like this. If they just put up the money. That's it, it'd be tomorrow. Anyway, for our next story of the day, there's been some more logo drama. And I've been trying to stay out of logo drama because I just about had enough of it, all right? I don't have a logo, it's whatever. But this time, it has nothing to do with me.  Oh, he deleted it. He was basically saying that another content creator, easy breezy, how does he have a logo? Well, other people don't have a logo. What's the criteria? We don't know the criteria. And it came across as pretty disrespectful to a lot of people. Power responded because he's in the same group as easy breezy, DF. This is pretty sad and pathetic. You made a whole video hating on a kid to get a YouTube logo and his channel. By all means advocate for others getting their logo. But this is pretty shameful.  He responded, this video was a joke. I don't have anything against him personally. Power, if you show your face, I swear I'll delete the video right now. Y'all don't laugh. This is not meant to be funny. I'm serious. I'll delete this video if you show your face. Which has nothing to do with why Power even addressed it to begin with, right? If you don't want to show his face, he's not showing his face. That has nothing to do with the video you put out. That's out of left field for no reason. Power responded saying it wasn't funny. It was embarrassing. You should know better. You can't hide behind. It's a joke every time you go out saying things after age, EJ. You getting confused on what hating is. I'm not saying he's making horrible videos. I'm saying it's way more YouTubers pulling higher views that deserve their logo. And I meant the tweet I posted was not to be funny, but the video is hilarious. Anyway, that kind of went on for a while. Grinding even decided to get in on the mix. Imagine hating on someone's grind like that. Come on now, EJ. Dude said the same thing about me when I got my logo fast last year and look where I'm at now. Never underestimate someone's potential to grow. And probably the most important point of this whole story is this following response. Somebody responded to Grinding saying he isn't being serious, I'm pretty sure. His videos are just for entertainment. And Grinding responded, I know and most of them are funny, but views can be depressing for YouTubers when they're putting in work and not getting results. And then that kind of hit me because through a whole thing I was just like, ah, he's just trying to be funny, bro. Just let it go. But he's right. A lot at the times, bro. If you have a video and it flops, it kind of ruins your day. I'm just being honest with you. As a YouTuber, you try and learn to not have the performance of a video affect your entire life, but it kind of does. If a video does fantastic, bro, I'm gassed. I'm out, I'm celebrating. I ought to do something. But if a video just does a career low, and especially when it, like, in your channel's not performing is, because, and then you got a person on Twitter making fun of you about it, ah, I feel some type of weight too. That's, I respect that. Somebody in DF gets attacked, the whole clan comes together to go ahead and support their man. That's dope. Anyway, for our next story of the day, there's been an ongoing feud between flight reacts and cash nasty gaming, guys. So what usually happens is cash will pull up on flight or flight will pull up on cash and they'll play a game. Usually flight is streaming this stuff on Twitch, right? It was a pretty funny moment that Cash decided to react to on his channel and it goes a little like this. Wash this, wash this, wash this, wash this. It's a poor thing, it's a same snack. Wash this, wash this, wash this. Oh, you're reaching every second, yo, yo. And they're very entertaining to watch. Sometimes flight wins it, sometimes cash wins it. But cash has been stirring up drama in the community because he'll have defensive performances like that and then he'll go on Twitter saying things like this. So in response to this tweet from Mike Wang, if you're still getting ripped too often with Hall of Fame Unpluckable, it's possible you're over dribbling too close to the defender. You might wanna try being more efficient with your moves and making sure you have enough space to pull them off. But Cash Nasty's response was, let them dribble God's cry, they ain't used to clams. So he's taking shots at the whole dribbling community saying like, I can handle any one of y'all.  My team is harder competition. There's no way park heads could run me off my team. Which isn't true, because all the guys winning the my team competitions are pro-am guys. iPod responded to Cash saying, you gassing. Cash responded saying, stay out of this, not for casuals. It's heating up, ladies and gentlemen. Nope, I'm here. I'm definitely more confident you in this park talk. You got me mistaken for someone else. Let's put up 2K easily. You ain't comp, bruh. Just being real with you, chief. Just say where and when. My control is fully charged. I'm gonna send you the invoice for my money right now.  I gotta play Mario real comp. Then I'll take your lunch money next week, my third out of town. Cash trying to deflect with, I think that's Wonder Woman. Correct me if I'm wrong. So obviously everyone's like, Cash, you're not really comp. Sorry to break it to you. So I would very much like to see these wages go down and there have been wages going down recently. People have been streaming them.   You know what I mean? I'm not gonna have to put up some wages. You know, just see where I'm at, you know what I mean? But yeah, it's been kind of good. This is positive drama.  I'm so excited for our final story of the day. A short little quick one. A funny exchange on Twitter. I figured I'd share. Duke decided to put out this tweet saying, hey Ronnie, all jokes aside, y'all gotta get in the lab and fix 2K, like for real. And it's kind of funny, because right when 2K20 launched, Ronnie was on his Instagram riding around in a Ferrari. I was like, bro, he just spent our VC money on his Ferrari? Flate reacts, who's had a problem with Ronnie 2K because Ronnie 2K said you're not being verified because you disrespect the developers. He quote tweeted that saying, dude's cashing out on all of us right now. He'll think about 2K again, probably sometime in December. Hi, ladies and gentlemen, I really enjoyed this drama alert. Wasn't serious, just some good old fun, right? If you enjoyed, drop a like. There's a video on the screen with all the other drama alerts I've done. You might as well click it and watch. Hey, I'll catch you guys in the next one, man. I'm back with the most likely tomorrow as well, right? Okay, bye. Later.


In this last module which is 7th for this semester, we will be trying to become ambitious for covering the entire space of dispersed systems in just about 40 minutes and the topics I intend to touch upon are outlined there colloids, aerosols, emulsions, foams, coagulation and one of the most important theories for coagulation, Smolikowski's theory. I did mention a bit about dispersed systems in one of the earlier lectures. However, we have not had a chance to look into how the dispersed systems owe their thermodynamic nature, how partly the intrinsic thermodynamic nature could be modified and in those systems where the effect of interfacial energy is too overwhelming how we could analyze the breakdown of dispersed systems. That is what we will try to look into today. Let me begin with the slides we might interchange with the visualizer. First some generic remarks about dispersed systems. First point to note here is that the dispersed systems are thermodynamically unstable. Why does this happen? As the name suggests we have one of the phases dispersed in another perhaps at very small dimensions and if we have particles or droplets present within the continuous phase of the dispersed phase, we expect the interfacial energy to be very high. That is the genesis of the unstable nature of the system, the very high interfacial energy associated with the large interfacial area in these dispersed systems. It is a thermodynamic tendency for a system with high interfacial energy to respond to lower that high energy. That could be done by spontaneous coagulation or coalescence or aggregation of these droplets or particles forming larger clumps or coalesced droplets which then will have lesser specific interfacial energy. That is one way the system could respond to the unstable nature. So, it is the interfacial free energy which is large and positive which leads to this kind of behavior and we call such systems as liophobic dispersions. By that we mean that the droplets would aggregate or coalesce rather than remain in contact with the continuous phase or solvent. So, it is the tendency to coalesce or aggregate and minimize the contact with the continuous phase or the solvent phase. We did refer to colloids very early on when we talked about fluid bounded persistent structures, submicroscopically small in at least one dimension and here we come to that dimension. We will call a dispersed system as a colloidal solution if that one dimension is less than about 10 raise to minus 7 centimeters to 10 raise to minus 4 centimeters. If the particles are smaller than this range we will call them colloidal. Next question will arise as to how these liophobic colloids can be prepared. There are two classes of making these colloidal dispersions or solutions. First we have the class of methods which are the dispersion which referred to one of the phases being toned in another phase making smaller and smaller fragments of this particular phase which will end up as a dispersed phase. The other one is condensation as you are familiar with condensation it would involve super saturation of a phase with a solute. As a result of this super saturation we will have precipitation into very small particles or droplets leading to the colloidal dispersion by the condensation method. It is here that it might be worthwhile to know that in condensation which is akin to crystallization the super saturation can itself lead to two different ways of forming these submicroscopically small particles. One could think of nucleation here. We may have ultra high super saturations leading to spontaneous formation of molecular clusters which are few thousands or few tens of thousands of molecules forming aggregates as a result of thermodynamic fluctuation. Such kind of clusters would always form when we have very high super saturation. What fate do these clusters or nuclei suffer? There are two possibilities just a similar kind of fluctuation which has brought these large number of molecules together forming the nucleus subsequent fluctuation could take them apart. So we might have this dynamic formation and disintegration of nuclei. However, when you do the analysis based on total energy for such clusters it turns out that there is a critical radius of a cluster below which these clusters will be necessarily unstable. They may form but by the similar fluctuation as is creating those nuclei or sub-nuclea size particles those will disintegrate also. But if the particles have these nuclei have critical size or higher then they will grow into larger particles droplets crystals whatever we have. Right.  So when we take this together it is possible to show that there is a critical size of nucleus below which the clusters would be unstable. This is purely talking about super saturation and generally very high super saturation driven nuclea formation or nucleation. But most realistic systems as you would anticipate would not be so pure. They would always be some kind of sites for nucleation very fine dust particles for example. Those fine heterogenities could be the preferred site for condensation or precipitation of the solute which is coming from this super saturated surrounding solution. So if we have those extraneous particles serving as a shortcut to nucleation we have heterogeneous nucleation as opposed to very clean systems where the nucleic will have to exceed the critical size and that will require very high super saturations. The heterogeneous nucleation is relatively easier at lesser super saturation driving force we will have the condensation bringing about formation of these colloidal particles. That is precisely the reason why when it comes to the precipitation leading to rain we have the role for dust particles or in artificial rain we seed the clouds with nucleic silver iodide particles for example or in crystallization you have the seed crystals added which serves as sites for nucleation. In any case this is the other method where the super saturation driven formation of colloidal suspensions of particle solutions could occur. The lyophobic colloids with concentrations of particles in excess of over 10 to the power 10 per cc would tend to coagulate rapidly. The particles see each other the colloid and if they have very high surface energy this is one sure way of removing that unstable character particles could come together join together so that the effective area goes down the energy goes down. So it is here that you can think that lyophobic colloids with high very high surface energy for particles would tend to have every collision fruitful every collision results into clumping together or aggregation of particles. This is how the colloids would break down but having said that yeah. I said there are two ways in which you can have the colloidal particles forming in condensation itself. In condensation you could have one kind of system which is relatively rare very pure system there is only the super saturated solution. It could be the water vapor in air free of dust particles or it could be super saturated solution in a crystallization system without any seed crystals or roughness on the surface because those particles if they are present they are sites of lower free energy. So the system goes by relieving the super saturation by depositing this solute which may be the vapor or the solute in the super saturated mother liquor it is now deposited on to these particles. So if the particles are present it is a heterogeneous nucleation. If there are no extraneous particles thus particles or roughness on the surface or seed crystals then we have only the solvent and the solute and if such a system has to form nuclei spontaneously in these very clean systems you need very very high super saturation. In crystallization literature you would come across super saturation to the tune of say about 1500 percent over saturation you require that high super saturations in order to have any crystal nuclei forming and that is homogenous nucleation. So homogenous nucleation is in a very clean system heterogeneous nucleation where there are some seed nucleicides to build up the nuclei. Now we are returning to something which is colloidal particles which have very high energy we might only have the colloidal particles of the dispersed phase and the continuous phase and these particles they are moving about they may be large compared to let us say molecular dimensions or the molecular free path but they are still not so large as to be in relatively static positions. Now what I am referring to is probably the dimensions of particles which might exhibit Brownian kind of movement. The zigzag motion which is the result of non equilibrium conditions in the continuous phase. The particles are small enough to be able to show the non equilibrium effects but they are large compared to molecular dimensions or mean free paths. Now it may take a different level of understanding this if such particles are there they are moving about it is interesting that the hypothesis that such particles such small particles capable of displaying Brownian movement might exhibit a property similar to what we see in diffusion. How these particles move from one region to another might show a similarity with diffusion. Obviously we are not dealing with molecular system but much larger particles. So the characteristic transport cohesion is the Brownian diffusion cohesion. We will see later how to predict or estimate that Brownian diffusion cohesion given the size of particles. So you can visualize on one hand the kinetic molecular theory for molecules. Molecules are getting bombarded by other molecules. They move about in random chaotic fashion and on the other hand you have these colloidal particles much larger than molecular dimensions or mean free paths but they are also slightly more sluggish leaf but moving randomly and chaotic and the two have a certain analogy which is of diffusional character ok. So these particles which are moving around if they happen to collide against each other they will tend to stick to each other. There by they will lower the energy. We might otherwise say that these particles are droplets which are getting bombarded against each other they get adhere to each other. You might have adhesion of these particles. The moment they come together they clump together and the chances of such a thing happening are obviously high if the particle concentrations are large. So that is why this number was there. If we have number of particles per cc in excess of 10 to the power 10 we might have such frequent collisions leading to the clumping or agglomeration or aggregation of particles. Now for such a system which is called as rapidly coagulating system a certain theory was advanced by Smolikowski in 1916 to be able to estimate how the number of particles in the system would change with time. And it turns out that simple theory is in pretty good agreement with experiment. We will shortly see what that theory is. I will try to simplify the picture as much as possible but we can alongside look at the more rigorous derivation also. Before we do that let us think of the practical part of it. If we have such rapid coagulation systems in practice you may not always want. After all the dispersions may have to be processed over certain lengths of time. You might not want these dispersions to break down very quickly and many products will require the dispersions to be metastable as stable as you can practically have. So often we need this stabilization that could be done either through electrical factors or through solvation barrier. Electrical factors you can imagine if let us say the colloidal particles carry surface charge. Typically very small droplets of particles may carry negative charges and if they are suspended in the medium then it means that even though particles come very close to each other the electrostatic charges would repel them. So that is a stabilizing factor. If you want to destabilize you should be aiming at removing that charge or alternatively we might have solvation barriers. We might deliberately coat these particles or droplets with amphipelic molecules like surfactants. Therefore there is a barrier the energy is lowered and if the particles have to bring the native surfaces together they will have to rip off these surrounding surfactant layers which will not be easy. So there are those kind of barriers possible. So through such expedience it is possible to stabilize dispersions even when the concentrations are in excess of about 10 to the power 14 particles per cc. So we can make such dispersions colloidal dispersions last for long periods. If we achieve such stabilization it means now very few of the collisions will be fruitful or effective in reducing the energy whatever residual energy in the surfaces and that will amount to something like 1 in 10 to the power 6 collisions or 1 in about 10 raise to 8 collisions might actually succeed in coagulation. So it is possible to tailor make the stabilizing factor such that you reduce the coagulation frequency or efficiency by a very significant factor and such very stable dispersions are quite common in practice. Some of the dispersions could be made stable for up to several years. Having said that and having earlier mentioned that the mists or smogs aerosols could be made harder to disperse if tarry material is present we cannot actually stabilize mists or smoke that much. Forms on the other hand can be stabilized as I mentioned earlier by having factors like these electrostatic repulsions and you can preserve soap films for several years. Yeah, they will coagulate you might be able to delay it a bit but not so much you cannot make. What is the limit of the coagulation? You just have to look at what is the time it takes for the smog to last even in the most polluted cities of the order of few hours at the most. We cannot however use this Smolikowski's theory for coagulation of foam because we have very high volume fraction of gas. In typical foam you may have 97 percent or higher percentage of volume of gas disperse in liquid. In those systems the stability depends on other factors the drainage of liquid or thinning of foam films and other mechanical factor and often it is required to break the colloidal dispersions. It will help here how the colloids are stabilized. Once we know what is the stabilizing factor we can take counter measures against the stabilizing factors. If it is the charge you might think of neutralizing the charge by introducing let us say in a negative charge stabilized colloidal system you can introduce maybe cationics or factors where the adsorbing component will carry positive charge. So it will annihilate the negative charges once the particles become neutral then it may be easier to break down those kind of suspensions or emulsions. So in the remaining time let us focus on the collision rates in disperse systems or Smolikowski's theory. It is here that I would like you to think of the system as having all initial population of particles which we will call primary particles. Primary particles are the particles that we start with. For simplicity we may say all those particles that we have in the beginning are of the same size. It is possible to build up more rigorous versions of this theory allowing for the polydispersity of particles but let us say to get the key concepts and approach right we think of all particles to be of same size and they are moving around with some characteristic transport cohesion the diffusion cohesion D like the Brownian diffusion cohesion. With the same units as of diffusion cohesion molecular diffusion cohesion this will relate the flux of the particles to their gradient through this Brownian diffusion cohesion. We may think of the primary particles number concentration as being represented by the symbol n subscript 1 n 1 is the number of primary particles per cc and they will come one other parameter called collision radius of particles capital R or what is stated originally by Smolikowski the radius of sphere of coagulation I need to explain this a bit. Let us say you have certain primary particles we have these particles of same size all moving around randomly and over period of time will have reduction in their number and so on. If the number of primary particles per volume is n 1 that will be function of time and we might be interested in how this total number of particles within a system is changing with time. Now in Smolikowski's theory what is visualized is the following Smolikowski hypothesized the following approach that you can take any one of the particles primary particles and regard it as stationary and around this particle he said there is a sphere of coagulation or sphere of influence with radius which is capital R. Now that is a hypothetical envelope around the particle he says if any other particle crosses this sphere of coagulation it will get bonded to this particular particle under reference. So you can now think that in this population we have one particle arbitrarily chosen to be stationary and around that there is a whole population of these other primary particles they are all moving about around this arbitrarily chosen particle we have a certain sphere of influence or coagulation such that any other particle which crosses the boundary of this sphere will get bonded to this. In other words in this case it is simple another particle will cross this when their centers differ by the sum of their radii or the particles touch each other right every contact between particles is fruitful leading to aggregation. So this sphere of coagulation is a concept around the sphere of coagulation till infinity you have all the particles if this sphere is acting as something which is able to make particles vanish we could say the number part concentration of particles at this boundary will be always 0 anything which comes to that point we will get immediately removed from the system. So the free primary particles number concentration on this spherical envelope will be 0 far away it will be whatever is initial concentration supposing initial concentration is n 0 that will be the n 1 0 that is the initial concentration far away here the concentration is 0. Now you have two ways of looking at it regardless is speaking you take the spherical coordinates and find out what is the profile of concentration which makes it vary from n 1 0 at infinity at the radial coordinate of infinity to 0 at this sphere radius or at r. Then you can actually find out what that concentration profile is you can try calculate the flux and then you multiply that flux by the area of the sphere and get the flux that will give you a measure of what will be the collisional frequency of like particles primary particles then we should be able to relate it to how the total number is changing with time or maybe even simpler and I will just see this idea you could take take the film theoretic picture you can think around this sphere a film across which there is a steady state kind of transport and you are using a pseudo steady state kind of approximation the flux is given by the film theoretic picture and again the total area of the sphere times that flux will give you the rate of disappearance of particles primary particles alright. So, based on these approaches we could consider the equations here. So, let us look at this minus d n 1 by d t that is the rate of change of number of primary particles n 1 per volume that will be equal to 8 pi d r n 1 square and this equation presumes that every collision is effective in removing two primary particles from the system if their centers approach to within the collision radius capital r, but in our approach here we are concerned with total number of particles in the system and each collision in effect will remove only one particle because before collision there are two like particles after collision there is one particle. So, in effect we are removed only one particle from the total number. So, we change our notation here a bit moving from the primary particles we are now n the total number of particles in the system that is d n by d t this should be minus d n by d t equal to 4 pi d r n square integration of this equation leads to 1 by n equal to 4 pi d r small t plus a constant at time 0 the number of particles per c c is n 0. So, that constant is 1 by n 0 substituting that we get 1 by n minus 1 by n 0 is equal to 4 pi d r t and this equation this result has been checked against experiments many experiments including steric acid smoke coagulation. So, there may be one way of checking it you could plot 1 by n versus t that should be a straight line with a constant slope of this 4 pi d r or the other way would be that you look at a time when the total number of particles changes reduces from n 0 to half that value. So, at t equal to t half n will become equal to n 0 by 2 this should read as n 0 by 2 at t equal to 0 n is n 0 at t equal to t half n is n 0 by 2 correspondingly the t half will come out to be equal to 1 by 4 pi d r n 0. So, you could check at what time the initial total number of particles per c c reduces to half the original value n 0 by 2. As for second order chemical reaction we see that this t half is inversely proportional to the initial number of particles total number of particles present n 0. The diffusion cohesion here for the particles this is not molecular diffusion cohesion may be regarded as Brownian diffusion cohesion for that dimension of particles is given by the equation given by Einstein and that is k t by 6 pi eta a where k is Boltzmann constant t is absolute temperature eta is the viscosity of the medium the continuous phase or solvent whatever we have and this small a is the radius of the particle. So, if you look at d estimated from here and then plotted for this steric acid smoke coagulation is 1 by n versus t you get a pretty good agreement between the prediction and the experiment. There is only one limitation for this diffusion cohesion relation the particles that you are calculating diffusion cohesion for should be large compared to the mean free path of molecules. We could think of next emulsions. Emulsions are made by subjecting large oil droplets to high shear and you split this into smaller daughter droplets. If you are thinking of oil being dispersed in water you can think of water being vigorously mixed with a mechanical agitator and you add large oil drops to it which when the enter water are subjected to turbulent shear which will tend to break these droplets into smaller ones. Supposing that in the initial concentration we only look at the dispersed phase and the continuous phase. The dispersed phase is oil, continuous phase is water. Oil droplets subjected to turbulent shear conditions will break into smaller droplets. There is nothing to stabilize. So, you can think of this droplet being bombarded by turbulent eddies and then breaking into these ones. Intermediate picture could be maybe something like this where the instability takes the droplets into separate droplets, but the rivers can also happen. When you have these daughter droplets or other droplets which are floating around by the similar eddies movement random chaotic movement they may actually bump against each other. If you look at the rivers it might actually be these droplets are coming closer together. This is oil. There is a water film in between. If these approach each other and squeeze out the water in between they may actually coalesce. So, this part is the reversible part, reverse part. So, you might have shear breaking it into smaller droplets and random eddies bringing together these droplets and squeezing the film of continuous phase will cause the mergers or coalescences or coagulation. So, one of the simplest models for emulsion formation was based on this picture. So, I like you to think about a few things here. The first is if we have to write how the number of emulsion droplets dispersed phase droplets will change with time. Based on this mechanism how would we formulate the equation? So, you are already saying that it is to be treated like a reaction. The forward reaction is breakage, the backward reaction is coalescence and the coalescence is the backward reaction or the reverse reaction. Now, if you choose say the number of dispersed phase droplets as N and you want to write N droplets per volume of the continuous phase, N droplets of dispersed phase per volume of continuous phase. How these are changing with time? You want to write dN by dt. How would we write this? Or on similar terms minus dN by dt? How the number of droplets of dispersed phase per volume of continuous phase will change with time? We go by the reaction. The forward reaction is corresponding to breakage and let us say we are looking at only the binary breakage or coalescence. If a droplet breaks, it breaks into two droplets. If droplets have to coalesce two droplets combined together and form one droplet, that is the simplest picture we keep. Then for the breakage we might say there is a breakage rate constant Kb and for coalescence we may say a coalescence rate constant Kc. Now, in terms of Kb and Kc how would we write this minus dN by dt?  So, you will write this as if the breakage is there, only breakage is there number of particles will increase. If there is coalescence, if there is only coalescence and no breakage, the number of particles will decrease. If the two are present together, we will have this sign correct. Then at t equal to 0, you may have the same N equal to N 0 and therefore, we can integrate this and obtain the expression for the number of emulsion droplets changing your time. You can obtain an index of stability half life for the number of droplets to come down to N 0 by 2, if you start with initial number N 0. This is one way in which you can approach the emulsions breakage and coalescence. There are certain two phase systems containing oil and water which are stabilized with the help of a surfactant and perhaps a co-surfactant such that you move from the unstable region of dispersions to a thermodynamically stable dispersion that is the micro emulsion. So, we will not worry about that. Those have many applications. Next is foam. Foam or froth will have very little liquid separating the bubbles. So, in foam the bubbles are actually polyhedral if we roughly represent them by the gas pockets here and the liquid film here. Then as a result of gravitational drainage, the liquid drains from within the liquid films bringing these phases closer together. If they are stabilized by anionic or cationic surfactants, there will be some electrostatic repulsion when these phases start seeing each other. But this is only an isolated bubble. In a polyhedral foam, you have large number of such bubbles in proximity and these films have a certain interesting ways to combine with other bubbles. These gas pockets are for different bubbles. Two bubbles are sharing this liquid film. If you take the polyhedral foam bubble, then one of the approximations or idealizations could be regular pentagonal dodecahedra. What it means is, each flat film is regarded as pentagonal of equal sides regular and each bubble has 12 such phases. So, the common foam that you see with large bubbles, they are polyhedral. If the bubbles are very small, they will be spherical. So, the foam is one which is polyhedral and spherical bubbles are in froth. Some people reserve the word froth if there are particles within the liquid. So, that if you let a layer of froth vaporize, it will leave a thin film of solids at the bottom. That probably has to do with the froth flotation, which is a much older process compared to other applications of foam. Now, if we have this structural idealization that each polyhedral foam bubble is like a dodecahedron, each with 12 pentagonal phases, each phase with the same length of side, you have one visualization. You take many such polyhedral together, dodecahedrons together. If they are all of same size and you put them together, there is one conceptual catch that is you are not able to fill space completely. If you take cubes, you can fill space completely because they will be exactly matching phases, leaving no gap. But in this dodecahedron, there are certain gaps which are not filled. They amount about 3 percent. So, it is presumable that those voids are filled up with liquid forming the films. Now, each phase has those 3 sides. Those sides in real foam are not line segments, but they have certain thickness. They are called plateau borders. They have a cross section which is curvilinear. If you take a cross section, this is how plateau border will look. This is a part of one film. This is part of another film. This is a part of third film. So, if you call them F1, F2 and F3, 3 films are meeting together in this edge or the side, which is like a curvilinear pipe all made of liquid, no sides, no surface, no wall. Then we have liquid here and a little consideration here from the Laplace Young equation will tell you that the pressure at the center and pressure in the film in the flat region when compared with the pressure in the center of the bubble will tell you something interesting about drainage. Think of this. Supposing you call this P1, this as P2 and this as P3, we want to know how these pressures are related to each other such that that analysis can tell us how liquid will flow within the plateau border. Now you can think of let us say first comparing P1 and P3. P1-P3 will be given by Laplace Young equation as 2 gamma by R between 1 and 3. But what is the radius of curvature for this flat region? Radius of curvature is the radius of that sphere of which this will be the surface. For a sphere to have flat surface, the radius will have to be infinity, is not it? So, that means this is infinity. If this is infinity, 2 gamma, a finite quantity by infinity will be 0 which means P1 is equal to P3. If similarly, you consider P1 and P2, P1-P2, it will be 2 gamma by R12. Radius of curvature for this surface is some finite radius R12. So, this is a positive quantity which means P1 is greater than P2, but P1 is equal to P3. P2 is equal to P1. So, P2 is greater than P3 which means the pressure here is higher than the pressure here and the liquid will flow from a higher pressure region to lower pressure region which means liquid goes from the center of the plate of order. You have P1 equal to P3, P1 greater than P2. So, P3 is greater than P2 which means the liquid flows from P3 to P2, reverse of what I am saying which means the liquid is flowing from the flat region of the film towards the center of the plate of orders. All these sides are connected, all the plate of orders are connected, they form a network. So, everywhere the liquid is flowing from the center of the film towards the center of the plate of order and through the plate of order network the liquid is flowing downward alright which means this should be possible to visualize. If you were to take a height of film of some surfactant solution, aqueous solution and in the same solution it dissolves a dye for visualization like a red dye and you put the drop at the top what would you get to see. The color of this drop will let you visualize how that dye solution is trickling down. If this theory is correct it shows that the liquid film must thin and liquid should be dumped into the plate of order. If you add such a drop of liquid at the top even if it were to be placed at the center of the plate of order it would not be able to go into the flat region of the films. It will be drained off through the network of plate of orders. So, you will be able to see actually this red drop traveling down through the network of plate of orders. The films will remain colorless. You might object to this by saying that the films are very thin. So, even if they are colored you might not be able to see. But actually even if you make that observation carefully you would see that the flow is through the plate of orders whereas the center of the film which is at higher pressure compared to center of plate of order will not accept liquid. So, the drainage occurs through the network of plate of orders. But the film drainage does occur and these films thin down over period of time and they may become so thin that any extraneous vibration may be able to break this foam film. And you know in actual foam in practice we have all bubbles not of same size they are of different sizes. So, the smaller bubbles will have a higher pressure excess pressure. So, the gas will diffuse from smaller bubbles into larger bubbles. And there is another way in which the foam breakdown occurs without any rupture of films. So, these are the two mechanisms we will stop here for today.


First of all, a word of welcome to everyone. My name is Father Chris Rogers. I'm Chaplain here at Immaculata University. It's a great joy for me to be here today with Dr. and Deacon Tom O'Brien and Dr. Deacon, Don Nichols, who is a friend of one of our undergraduates today. And before we start the homely today, I just want to offer my heartfelt congratulations to all of our graduates. And if I could ask you all to please stand, it will give us a chance to congratulate you for the first time. I think that's the first of many congratulations you'll receive this weekend, but job well done, well done. Each year on the last exam day at St. Charles Borromeo Seminary, where I went to school, all of us seminarians would gather in the chapel for 5 PM evening prayer. And without fail, the opening hymn of that evening prayer was, hallelujah, the striphizard, the battle is won. It was the loudest sung hymn of the year. The pews used to shake, and all of our male voices were full, and the joy was really off the charts. Now, it helped that we were in the Easter season every time exams ended. But it helped even more that I was the music director, and I chose the hymns. And I used to play the organ, and I would make sure all the stops were out, much as Rudy did for that hallelujah here today. Today, as we gather in this chapel with family and friends, with the choir and the organ, with brass, there is certainly a strong parallel for all of you, our graduates. But unlike that evening prayer, we gather today a good two weeks after final exams and a good seven weeks into our Easter season. What's more, we gather not for evening prayer, but we gather today for the prayer of our Christian Catholic faith, the prayer of the Eucharist, which is the source and the summit of our Christian lives. As such, we gather not just to recognize that, yes, the striphizard and hallelujah to that, but we gather to recognize the even greater gift. We recognize all that has come about over these many years, these long semesters, all the fruitfulness and life, the development, competency, all the achievements and gifts that have been formed, which at this point, we can so clearly see. We name with joy, and we celebrate with such great thanksgiving how good and how important, how right and just for us to do that here today as we begin this commencement weekend with family and friends, with faculty, administration, with staff. And I suggest that this giving thanks is what the next 24 hours are all about. To help us recognize the importance of this task, allow me to share with you a story. It's the story of two children in their mother's womb and their discussion about their upcoming delivery. In a mother's womb were two babies, and one asked the other, do you believe in life after delivery? The other replied, why, of course, there has to be something after delivery. Maybe we are here to prepare ourselves for what will be later. Nonsense said the first. There is no life after delivery. What kind of life would that be? The second said, I don't know, but there will be more light than in here.  Maybe we will have our other senses that we cannot understand now. The first replied, that's absurd. Walking is impossible.  The umbilical cord supplies nutrition in everything we need. But the umbilical cord is so short. Life after delivery is to be logically excluded. The second insisted, well, I think there is something. And maybe it's different than it is here. Maybe we won't need this physical cord anymore. The first replied, nonsense. And moreover, if there is life, then why has no one ever come back from there? Delivery is the end of life. And in the after delivery, there is nothing but darkness and silence and oblivion. It takes us nowhere. Well, I don't know, said the second. But certainly, we will meet mother. And she will take care of us. The first replied, mother? You actually believe in mother? That's laughable. If mother exists, then where is she now? The second said, she's all around us. We are surrounded by her. We are of her. It is in her that we live. Without her, this world would not and could not exist. Said the first, well, I do not see her. So it is only logical that she does not exist. To which the second replied, sometimes when you're in silence and you focus and you really listen, you can perceive her presence. And you can hear her loving voice calling down from above. Dear graduates, I suggest that this is your story today. Because after months of formation and years of learning and developing, so much work and noise and anxiety and stress, the time has come. The time has come to perceive and to hear your loving mother, to recognize her.  You will be invited to see beyond that degree, beyond what you now know, beyond what you now perceive, and beyond the womb, whatever that is for you, to see the one who holds you, who forms you in his head. And this, my friends, is good news. There's life after school. There is. And to see that life, to be on the lookout for that, to be able to know and experience in a new way that gift of life and your life for it is a tremendous gift. It's precisely what is happening at this time in our church. It's what's supposed to happen for graduates. It's what's supposed to be happening for Christians at this time of year. You see, we're reaching the seventh Sunday of Easter, the last Sunday. And we are readying now more than ever for the birthday of the church, for the Feast of Pentecost, when God, who has delivered us, wants us now to see him, wants to be seen, to be loved by us. And we can hear it in the voice of Peter as he invites the Jewish people in the early church to see, that it is Jesus Christ who is the fulfillment of all of the scriptures, the old and the new. We hear it in the voice of John, who invites his people to proclaim and to name Jesus Christ so as to love him and to be loved by him. And we hear it in the voice of Jesus himself, who prays today that these apostles, that all who will come after them, may be one with him in a new and powerful way so that they may be witnesses of who he is and who he enables each and every human being to be. Jesus invites us to go forth and to remain in him and to recognize as that second child did in the womb and as we do today to recognize all the gifts that none of us earn or bears them alone. It's the greatest gift that we could receive. For myself, I'm particularly aware of how true this is for me. For while not a graduate, I am a recipient of so many of these gifts as all of us here, whether graduating or not, are. It was 42 years ago today that I made that journey out of my mother's womb. And while I did not have a brother or sister to talk to in that space, I had a loving mom and dad, a doctor, and a priest who would see me through. You see, I almost did not survive it. 15 minutes after my birth, my APGAR score was well below expected survival rate. A doctor kept me alive. And on that day when the cord was cut and my birth certificate was received, I received something in addition. I received a baptismal certificate. And the priest came. And in that sacrament and in that birth, I was introduced to something I did not know minutes before. My family, my mom and dad, other people, and a God who has seen me through. Those relationships have led me throughout my life and to the priesthood and to my being here with you today. And like our graduates today, those same relationships are moving me from here. As just yesterday, I received another piece of paper giving me a new assignment to be a pastor of a new people. The point, my friends, is this, that on this graduation day, just as on every day of our life and every day to come, the greatest act that you and I can possibly make is the act of giving thanks. The act of recognizing the giftedness, the connectedness of all things, and return a thanks to God, to self, and to others, to return to him the praise and glory that is there to. As we begin this celebratory weekend for our graduates and begin our commencement 2015, and as you get ready to leave this womb of Immaculata, do so with such great joy but recognize your alma mater and all of the people who have made her possible. Do so and be sure to do so with thanksgiving and let that thanksgiving continue. For God lives in a grateful heart. And to have God in your life to give thanks to him is the call of each and every one of us. And it's what makes life so beautiful. And there's nothing better than that. Lord Jesus Christ, we thank you for the gifts that you have given to us and to our community here. And we ask you that through the Immaculata, our loving mother, that you would continue to give us grateful and joyful hearts. Amen.


وَأَقُولُ فِي القُرْآنِ مَا جَاءَتْ بِهِ آيَاتُوهُ فَهُوَ الْكَارِيمُ الْمُنْزَالُوَ وَأَقُولُ قَالَ اللَّهُ جَلَّ جَلَالُهُ وَالْمُصْطَافَ الْهَاديِ وَلَا أَتْ أَوَّالُوَ الحمد لله رب العالمين له الحمد الحسن والثناء الجميل واشدوى الله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له واشدوى نسيدنا ونبينا محمد صلى الله عليه وعليه وعلى آله وأصحابه والتابعين لهم بحسان إلى يوم الدين أما بعد إن شاء الله وطعاله في هذا الفيديو أريد أن أتحدث عن الثلاثة ان شاء الله وطعاله العلم و العدل و العنصاف أي أحد who wants to solve any Muslim problem there are three qualities that he must adorn himself if you want to take the ummah out of their struggles and their pain if you want to be a beacon of hope for the ummah you must adorn yourself with three qualities العلم والعدل والعنصاف you have to be a person of knowledge an understanding of the religion والعدل you must be a just person and the third one is الله وعز وجله created us with two qualities that are present in us as humans الله says in the ayah the ayah mentioned that the children of Adam they are created with two qualities the default position every day in our life we are working towards removing that ignorance and that oppression from ourselves every day we are trying to get rid of that oppression in us that oppressive manner that we have and that ignorance every day we are trying to get rid of that in no kind of a lumen جهولا ولذلك الله سبحانه وتعالى told us in the Quran that if a people remove those two qualities from themselves they will reach the level of the level of what the level of Imamah you will be an Imam in the religion that's what Allah said in the ayah وجعلنا منهم أئمة يهدون بأمرنا لما صبروا وكانوا بآياتنا يوقنون الله عز وجله وجعلنا منهم أئمة we made them imams when did we make them imams when they adorn themselves with two qualities that oppose the two qualities that are present in the human there are two qualities that are in us which is what الظلم والجهل these people they became imams because they removed those two from each other or they removed those two evil traits وجعلنا منهم أئمة يهدون بأمرنا لما صبروا وكانوا بآياتنا يوقنون they removed ignorance from themselves until they reached يقين certainty their knowledge the bare minimum of knowledge is certainty and they removed from themselves oppression they adorn themselves with patience and الله سبحانه وتعالى made them imams شاقو الإسلام تايمي has a very powerful statement he says وَالإنسان وخولقا ظلوما جهولا the humans are created they are made oppressive and ignorant فالأصل فيه the default is what عدم العلم no knowledge وميله إلى ما يهوا an inclination to the evil فيحتاج دائما the person always requires always needs إلى علم مفصل detailed knowledge يزول به جهله وعدل detailed deep knowledge that removes from him ignorance وعدل and justice في محبته وبوضه وريضاه وغضبي justice when is he going to use when is he going to use the عدل he is going to use it at times of happiness so he doesn't become excessively happy he balances his happiness وبوضه his anger when he is angry he needs عدل justice so he doesn't go overboard in his anger وريضاه when he is pleased وغضبي when he is angry when he has enmity to someone وفعليه وتركي when he does something, when he leaves something وعطائي when he gives ومنعي when he prevents واكليه when he eats وشربه when he drinks ونومه when he sleeps ويقضتي when he wakes or when he is awake فكل ما يقول هو يعمله يحتاج في إلى علم ينافي جهله وعدل وعدل ينافي ظلمه all of that your love your enmity you being pleased you being angry you giving you taking you leaving off you preventing you eating you drinking you sleeping you waking up all of that requires knowledge that negates ignorance and you require justice عدل that negates oppression فإل لم يمونا الله عليه بالعلم if Allah doesn't give you knowledge in all of that which we mentioned المفصلي ولا عدلي المفصلي if Allah doesn't give you in detailed knowledge and detailed justice if Allah doesn't give that to you كان فيه من الجهلي وظلمي you're going to have in you ignorance oppression عدل that which will take you out of the straight path brothers and sisters we need in everything in our life whether we wake up sleep we talk to someone every day we need knowledge and we require justice عدل if those two are missing what replaces ignorance and oppression when you're happy you oppress others you act in an ignorant way because you lack the two main qualities that you should have had so every day we need to remove that from ourselves سلفية أهل السنة والجماعة this is one of the distinct qualities they have they have knowledge of matters and they are just they are just they place everything in its right place the fourth introduction that I want to speak about today إن شاء الله و تعالى it's the final introduction before we go to الموضوع before we go to the topic itself is التحديل من الغلو في الدين to stay away from extremism in the religion extremism that I'm referring to here is not what you normally refer it to us many people will think extremism only means when you overdo something no in Islam extremism is too extreme in exaggeration and extreme in negligence we stay away from both they are both غلوب they are both extremism that's when we recite صورة الفاتحة we say إياك نعبدو و إياك رستعين we say أو الله you alone we worship and أو الله you alone we seek help from then we say to Allah guide us to the straight path we say إهدين السراط المستقين أو الله guide us to the straight path which path are we asking Allah not to put us on we are asking Allah to put us on the path of the the يهود and the نصارة غير المغضوب عليهم ولا الضالين مغضوب عليهم are the Jews ولا الضالين are the نصارة the messenger explained that the تفسير we're not going to ask anyone for it the prophet did the تفسير of this ayah he said غير المغضوب عليهم مغضوب عليهم is the يهود الضالين is the نصارة the messenger said this sheikh al-samin says سراط المستقين we ask Allah to guide us on the straight path whose path do we ask Allah not to guide us on not to put us on their path is the christian and the jews what is the problem with the christians and the jews the christians and the jews the problem that they have is they did not combine between beneficial knowledge and righteous action so they fell into extreme exaggeration أو إكسرينة إكسرينة. كيف هو ذلك؟ المدينة كانت لديهم المعرفة ولكنهم لم تكن لديهم إكسرينة منها. لم تكن لديهم إكسرينة ما they knew. لذلك لديهم إكسرينة إكسرينة. ماذا يفعلون نصارة؟ They acted without any knowledge. They were extreme in exaggeration. They acted with no knowledge. لذلك نسأل الله سبحانه وتعالى لتصدرنا في هذا المدينة. لذلك لديهم إكسرينة إكسرينة أو إكسرينة إكسرينة. ماذا يفعلون؟ نحن مجدداً بين مدينة إكسرينة ومعرفة. أهل السنة والجماعة يتبعون من إكسرينة إكسرينة وإكسرينة إكسرينة في أي حالة من المدينة. هذا هو الله سبحانه وتعالى يسألني آية يا أهل الكتابا لا تغلوا في دينكه ولا تقولوا على الله إلا الحقّ أهل الكتابا، لا تغلوا في دينكه لا تتعفوا في رحل حزولكacha هذا لا تغلوا هي what does it mean؟ it means الإفراط والتفريط it means don't go extreme in exaggeration لا تغلو في دينكم ولا تقولوا على الله إلا الحق كيف نعرف أن هذا what it means look at the siak of the ayah look at the context of the ayah الله سبحانه وتعالى He says لا تغلو في دينكم don't go overboard in your religion and don't go negligent in your religion ولا تقولوا على الله إلا الحق don't say about Allah except the truth the truth is in between those two extreme exaggeration extreme negligence look what Allah said إنما المسيح عيس ابن مريم رسول الله وكلمة ألقاها إلى مريم روح منه فأمنوا بالله ورسوله ولا تقولوا على الله ولا تقولوا ثلاثة الله سبحانه وتعالى He what does He say He says do not say about عيس ابن مريم now let's ponder here عيس ابن مريم what did the Christians say about عيس ابن مريم they went overboard in exaggeration they went extreme exaggeration they said he is the son of God وربعضي the Jews the Jews went extreme negligence the Jews the Jews went extreme negligence in عيس ابن مريم الإمام القرطبي and also الإمام محمد الإمين الشانقيطيو both of them chose يا أهل الكتابي لا تغلو في دينكم إمين إفراط أن تفرد لذلك قرطبي ولذلك الشانقيطيو الأضواء والبيان فهي يقوم الغلو والمنهي عنه شاملًا للتفريط والإفراط أن الغلو that has been prevented I'm a prohibit in this ayah it means extreme exaggeration and extreme negligence also the message of the Prophet ﷺ in حديث ابن ماجه ريتت إياكم والغلوة في الديني فإنما أهلك من كان قبلكم الغلو في الديني stay away from extremism in your religion the nations that came before you were destroyed because of extremism in their religion the nations that came before us they either fell into extreme exaggeration or extreme negligence الله سبحانه وتعالى combined between those two extreme in one ayah فاستقم كما أمرت ومن تاب معك ولا تضغو إنه بما تعملون بصير الله says فاستقم be steadfast be in the middle path كما أمرت as you were commanded ومن تاب معك and the one who repents from what extreme negligence he repents from his negligence ولا تضغو extreme exaggeration إنه بما تعملون بصير the two people with the ayah's prohibiting is what a person who fell into extreme negligence and a person who fell into extreme exaggeration what is it that we're commanded فاستقم كما أمرت be steadfast as you were commanded being in the middle path brothers and sisters is not determined on people's logic and their عقل I think you know the middle path is this so anyone who's got a long beard is extreme to them the woman who's wearing a niqab extreme no the concept of what's the middle path is taken from the Qur'an and the sunnah فاستقم كما أمرت be steadfast the way we commanded you the way you were commanded you don't choose ولي ذلك the Arab poetry said ولا تغلو في شيء من الأمر وقتصد كلا طارفة قثت الأمور ذميمو don't go overboard in matters and be middle وقتصد be in the middle كلا طارفة قثت الأمور ذميمو both extremism are blame worthy do not go extremism in your speech whether it be extreme exaggeration or extreme negligence brothers and sisters don't go extreme in your actions whether it be extreme exaggeration or extreme negligence in your actions in the religion do not go extreme exaggeration or negligence in your belief those three شايقو الإسلامي ابنو تايمية he said he said أهل السنة are in the middle between all of the groups like the Muslims are in the middle with all of the religions the middle you know it's extreme exaggeration or extreme negligence أهل السنة are in the middle when you look at all of the groups like the Muslims are in the middle of all of the other religions مرسولة إنه مرور أبو بكر من أبي شيبة he narrated from عريبنا بيطارب سنده عن عريبنا بيطارب with his chain to عريبنا بيطارب that I said خير الناس the best of people are هذا النمط الأوسط يلحقوا بهم التالي ويرجعوا إليهم الغالي عريبنا بيطارب and he said the best of people are those who are in the middle the middle group are the best people how are they good and why are they good يلحقوا بهم التالي ويرجعوا إليهم الغالي the one who's falling short can come back to them and the one that's going overboard can come back to them the one who's falling short can go forward to them and the one who is falling going overboard can return back to them they're in the middle so both parties can come to them هل السنة أئن مرور the person who's falling extreme in exaggeration can come back to them and the one who is falling extreme in negligence he can catch up with them عريبنا بيطارب that's what he means خير الناس he has a number the best of people is he has a number الأوسط the ones that are in the middle يلحقوا بهم التالي ويرجعوا إليهم الغالي they are in that middle path the extreme negligent one and the one that's falling extreme in exaggeration can both come to the person in the middle ألمام الداريم رحمه الله narrated from حسن البصري رحمه الله تعالى that he said سنةكم والله الذي لا إله إلا هو بين الغالي والجافي حسن البصري he said your سنة والله is in the middle of extreme exaggeration and extreme negligence it's in the middle the سنة is in the middle of extreme exaggeration and extreme negligence ألمام الأوزاعي who said ما أمر الله تعالى بأمرين الله never command in a matter in the religion كون دهيان because the whole entire reason why I'm putting this series together is because of what I have seen I have seen a people who have fallen into extreme negligence and another group of people who have fallen into extreme exaggeration and that middle part is always the one that's hardest I'm going to conclude with this final point but I want you to think over it think over it إن شاء الله و تعالى ألمام الأوزاعي ألمام أهري شر he said ما أمر الله تعالى بأمرين الله never commanded a matter إلا والشيطان فيه نزغطان except Shaytan he set two parts from it there is not a commandment in the religion the Qur'an or the sunnah there is nothing Allah commands except that Shaytan set two parts from it إما إلى تفريط و تخسير و إما إلى مجاوزة و غلوين و لا يُبالي بأيه مع بفر شيطان will set two parts from the commandment of Allah extreme exaggeration or extreme negligence and he doesn't care which ever of those you fall into شمس الدين السخاوي mentions it in his Kitab المقاصب الحسنة and الخطابيو mentions it in his Kitab العزلة پندهي أبراهي صديق this is what we're suffering from today we're suffering from extreme exaggeration or extreme negligence أشخاص who believe there's no bid'ah every innovator is my brother and his sister I love him and he loves me let's all work together and let's hold hands there's another extreme on the other side which is what everybody's a Muqtadiah every single person is a Muqtadiah unless he plays in our Meshjid unless we know him unless we've given him the pass these are both extreme بوثهم are evil traits بليمودي بوثهم شيطان doesn't care which ever of those two he throws you into وَلَا يُبَالِي بِأَيِّهِ مَا بَفِرْ شيطان doesn't care which of those two he throws you into as long as you're not upon what فَاستَقِمْ كَمَا أُمِرْتَ as long as you are not in that middle part he doesn't care he'll sniff you if he feels that you're a very enthusiastic person he'll throw you into extreme exaggeration if he senses from you you are very laxie day so cool you love to relax and take things easy he'll throw you into extreme negligence وَلَا يُبَالِي بِأَيِّهِ مَا بَفِرْ and شيطان does not care which of those two he throws you into as long as you're not in that middle part and that's why my series or the series I'm going to be doing إن شاء الله تعالى is to inshallah تعالى prove that Salafi is that middle part in these three issues that I will be speaking about that it's not إفراد أو تفريض and both parties inshallah تعالى I'm going to condemn them and I'm going to prove بدليل من الكتاب والسنة from the Quran and the sunnah that we do not support neither of the two and that the middle part is what we want to meet Allah on the day of judgment anything I might have said that was wrong or incorrect is from me الشيطان and Allah his messenger are both free from it سبحانك الله وبرحمدك أشهد والله إله إلا الله ستعفيروك وانتوبني السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته كيف يمكنك أن تفعل اشهد اشهد اشهد right now that will give you a share of the reward of everything we're doing on this YouTube channel سبب like this video and click subscribe why it will allow YouTube to recommend our videos to other users and imagine the huge amount of reward that could be waiting for you on the day of judgment if you did that with a sincere intention of spreading the Dean of Allah you'll be rewarded for every single person who benefits from one of our videos as a result of your like or subscribe that's 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From as early as August 1st, 1944 at Pearl Harbor, 2nd Marine Logistics Group has provided combat service support throughout the years. Every year, our Marines and Sailors go above and beyond in order to support the mission. Every year, we tell a new story. This year, 2021, was historic. This is our story. We traveled across the country to become cold weather leaders at the Mountain Warfare Training Center in Bridgeport, California. And when we returned, we shared our knowledge with our fellow Marines so they would know how to survive the cold. From February to April, we deployed to the Pennsylvania Convention Center in Philadelphia to support FEMA and provide the COVID-19 vaccine. We saved lives by providing over 200,000 vaccinations to the people of Philadelphia. And then, the Long Range Convoy. 18 vehicles, 5,500 miles, 34 days. We traveled across the United States and back in one of the longest convoys in history. And then, we traveled the world. We went to Morocco for humanitarian mine action, where our explosive ordnance disposal technicians trained beside the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces. Ukraine to strengthen our relations and train with our allies during exercise sea breeze. Peru for the world's biggest multinational maritime exercise. We took part in TUMF's Dynamic Cape, where we had Marines working at Matsu, one of the largest military terminals in the world for the first time in history. And naval large-scale exercise, where we trained alongside our Navy counterparts while empowering the Joint Force. And also made history by performing the first ever at sea live fuel transfer. But then, the unexpected. Kabul, Afghanistan. We lost 13 American service members during a major non-combatant evacuation operation. We lost one of our own. Sergeant Nicole G. Combat Logistics Battalion 24. The MLG will never forget her heroic sacrifice. Through all the chaos, restored a new sense of hope by taking on a new mission at home. Operation Allies Welcome at Quantico, Virginia is proof that here at Second MLG, you will never fight alone. Units working day and night to support the mission, to provide homes for over thousands of Afghan guests, so they will never be alone. We did a lot this year. To the Marines and sailors of Second MLG, I hope this video shows that your hard work and determination does not go unnoticed. And in the words of our fallen Marine Sergeant Nicole G., I love my job. In her memory, let's continue the legacy of Second MLG in 2022 and beyond. Semper Fidelis Marines