oh yeah yes beautiful flawless amazing oh okay let's give myself 80 and time matter hello guys crypto grounds here welcome back to the unity anti matter dimensions video this is episode six and today we're gonna be doing the by max okay so if you enjoyed this video make sure you smash that like button subscribe my channel if you're new turn on those notifications got notified for future live streams and videos my god this is itchy me comment all your feedback questions compliments all that good stuff below and let's get into it all right so I also wanted I might want to do key binds so we'll see I could probably do that different video but I want to get the by max done and out of the way okay so we're gonna be doing this in our dimensions script right here and this should be pretty easy I guess so let's check out let's start with that tick speed okay um do I even have the by until 10 working I don't I don't know okay I don't know why this is great out so I'm just gonna ignore that so let's say I want to I want to skip that where's our tick speed is that in game controller by tick speed right here okay so we need to make this into a by max now I don't want to make this into a while loop and this is pretty easy to make since our cost equation is very simple so we will make public void by actually you know what let's let's do it in here so we're gonna do by tick speed and we're gonna call this we're gonna have a different mode we're just gonna do this in a switch case in here so for our first one is going to be one or yeah sorry it's case one yeah like that okay and basically when we're buying one it's just like that okay break it and we can honestly just return this okay and we also need a max okay I hope you like my wig by the ways so obviously we could just make it this into a while loop that's the big no no we want we want to do math math will save our lives okay so we need some variables in here so I'm gonna start with a big double we need the base costs okay we need a big double let's see we need a cost molt which is pretty easy to do cost molt we need our currency which we honestly don't need we can just make a variable for this and get rid of it we need a current level so our current level tick speed level and I think there's one more that we need I think that might be it honestly okay so if you haven't checked out this by max math explained video I'd highly recommend you to take a look because it pretty much explained how all the equations we use are created and what all the variables mean also here it shows all of our variables we have our base costs or which is a starting cost or growth rates our current levels and number to buy also we have our currency which is C or the current cost okay so we'll be using these these equations here to to make this formula here now I obviously I can't I still can't remember these top my head I did a little bit back in but we're we'll try my best okay so let's make a cost here okay because what we do is the maximum we can buy is based off of N okay so the thing is that we have to find out and for the cost as well that might be a little tricky that which that's why we replace cost with currency which C okay so in this case so we need to find what N is first so I think I got I think I said we need to start with the cost but we need actually need to start with N which is the to buy and we can shorten these variable names in the future okay and we can make this a var and do all that good stuff so you see here that our equation here is log base R and inside of it is C times r-1 over b times r to the power of L and all that plus one and that's our equation okay so we'll go off of this here I will put this aside and I will start writing things down okay so first we have to do our big double log also if you don't I know I haven't I think I've said this in the past but if you don't have the big double yet and if you're doing this with me you'll there's a I have a breakfinity video with the download link there so now we don't do log 10 we want to do log because we have a certain base which is going to be R now R is our growth rate so we'll just put our cost molt here okay so now we want to multiply that the numerator which is our currency currency times the R minus one and remember R is the growth rate which is cost molt so we do currency times cost molt minus one okay so let's see we're getting some errors here I think it's because yeah these are not initialized so our base cost here is one is it 23 it's 1000 okay and our cost molt is and we can shorten this okay trust me we will and our cost molt is 10 and this will change when it comes to challenges so again there's a lot of complexity to this game so don't expect some changes in the future we our currency is data anti-matter our level is data dot tick speed levels and yeah we have all of our variables initialized also we can get rid of this big double okay so we are error free here we're gonna divide all of this by B times that's the base cost times R to the power of L so it's base cost times big double dot POW where since I have the static break the need up big double here all I need to type is POW okay and what we do here is R to the power of L so that's cost molt to the power of our level all right that is simple enough so now we have our developed equation here okay so now we need cost so we're gonna set cost equal to this other equation here which is B times R to the power of L times R minus or R to the power of N minus 1 all that divided by R minus 1 okay so and again I'm not gonna explain how these equations work because I did in this video so if you're curious on that make sure you please check out my video okay so we need to do base costs times times all by R to the power of L so that's base costs yeah base cost to the power of level and we're gonna multiply this by base cost to the power of N and subtract it by one and we can get rid of some of these oh wait to buy sorry okay I think get nope we don't have to get rid of anything here and we want to buy all of this by R minus 1 so we'll probably get rid of some of these parentheses here oh nope looks like we're fine let me make sure we're multiplying the right things yep we can get rid of that perfect so we have both of our equations here and we can keep these here var var and honestly we can I want to keep these here even though we can just replace base cost with 1000 the reason why is because certain challenges like like the tixby challenge things are gonna look different right all these costs are gonna change so we want to keep the variable so we keep ourselves organized and we can just replace some of the things with the var because it knows it's a big double so if you do var here I don't think that will work it's because it double why is it a double okay I'm just not gonna worry about that okay so we're not doing anything double related here okay so now with our costs we need to see if it's if antimatter is greater than the cost the buy max cost and if it is then we will subtract it by the cost and yep it's pretty self-explanatory subtract it from the cost and add levels by the very the level variable or actually know the to buy variable here okay so hopefully that all makes sense I know I kind of went through it really quickly but again I have a separate video for the math related explanations for that I wanted to get that out of the way now we'll be using the same system here for our dimensions so let's find that and I yeah so this is a little weird because I don't I'm not sure how I think antimatter mentions by max is pretty much based on like what you can buy from like here than this one for this one this one this one so on so it's gonna be a little weird it's not by max based on until 10 I believe I'm not positive should we check that out yeah I think we should it's safe to say so we know what we need to do because I'd rather do less work than we are supposed to oh steam work support I don't like it when they email me okay so looks like that doesn't work so it looks like it's only by by maxing the until 10 perfect that's what I want also I think this by max all does everything so we'll have to include the the tix be to that see 100 yes it looks like it's only buying that okay that makes sense so that's less work for us to do okay so we need to start with this by until 10 here let's paste that in here okay okay so we'll be using this in here by max also what we can do here actually now we won't have the switch case system here we'll just get rid of all this this string mode here okay so we have variables where's our costs oh right here dimension cost so yeah we have variables like the base cost the cost molds and stuff like that okay so I'm gonna move this here we can just start shifting stuff around so our base cost is going to be our base cost dimension base cost at index okay so we have to do this in a for loop so we're gonna we're gonna loop it from seven index seven which is this one right here to zero so we're gonna start from down up okay so we'll just start with seven here we'll replace it with a for loop later on and our cost multiple equal to dimension cost malt at index seven and our currency is the same our level however is so this is the weird thing is that it's buying 10 instead so it's what ours is gonna be based off is how many dim boost we have I think is what yeah dimension boost yep okay cool so our level is dimension boost at index seven okay and our bimax equation is pretty much the same thing well actually so the cost is weird because it's not remember it's not just one E8 it decreases as we buy one of these so it's a little weird but the buy until 10 is that so I feel like our cost is this minus or minus how many levels times 10 or something like or this how many by how many levels times 10 minus yeah I don't know it's really weird so okay so our currency our to buy I think we should calculate based on what our current level is okay so what I'm doing here also what I did here is that I added this right here so basically we add our dimension boost to our to buy and our levels we set that zero so now what I'm gonna do here is exactly what we did for our until 10 cost and since this is equation here and that's what our bimax is right now but we need to include the in case we have extra levels here so we do that by multiple by using this formula here which is our dimension cost times 10 and that is our to until 10 and we subtract that by how many levels we've already bought in okay so we can go to this cost here and we need to multiply this by 10 anyways so we'll do that and we'll subtract it by dimension cost like that I think that's what we do I'm not completely positive this is like a big gamble right here so we'll see if this works at all I'm so bad at parentheses so bad okay um that should be fine it's just the to buy that I'm really concerned about because I feel like that it's I don't know I just feel like it's not the right numbers I guess like I feel like this currency should be divided by 10 or something like that so I maybe I can just like I don't know I let's just test to see how this runs so dimension count oh yeah we need to add dimension count really irrelevant at this at this point but okay so we're adding the 10 times to buy so basically we're adding 10 every shift because or every dimension boost because that's just it's not only a dimension boost actually but this unlock thing I guess we need to do so we'll just say okay so we need to we need to add this as a for loop like really fast so because this is getting kind of annoying to look at so we need to start at seven okay and we're we're gonna make sure this is never less than zero and we're just gonna subtract by one every time we iterate and we replace all these sevens and IDs with I okay so replace that with I where else do I right here I think if I oh yeah these three and replace I hear on I think that's how they do it I don't know let's see we need to check if these even are unlocked so before we do all this useless math we need to check to see if it's unlocked anyways so if dimensions on the current dimension if it's unlocked then we can do this okay and we can make these variables since our base costs are big doubles invert this I guess okay so now if it's false then we're just gonna continue on with the for loop we don't do this so that's what the continue does okay it basically just continues on with the for loop it ignores all of this right here so it's like a return but it doesn't actually return the method it just doesn't continue here but it continues the for loop if that makes sense okay let's save it and this is a huge gamble I don't think this is gonna work but we have any errors no okay so where's our by max okay so we have our by max tick speed here so we're gonna call this dimensions oh this is not dimensions this is our main script here our no oh yeah scripts right here is that it yep game controller okay so I dragged in the scripts right here with which has our game controller and we're gonna add by tick speed and set it the string to max and now we want to do that the same thing for our other by tick speed and we want to set the string this parameter to one okay and this by max I guess it's below I don't I don't even know where my dimensions dimsack here it is that's a no weird spot and we're gonna set this by max to the by max method okay I'm gonna save this here and let's give it a shot I don't expect this to work at all but the tick speech be flawless okay where's our script here okay I'm gonna give ourselves eight antimatter and it should buy oh great it doesn't okay well that's a good not okay so it looks like both of our by maxes aren't working so that's that's neat oh that was really that okay that was confusing but I don't know it's not even buying like all of them this doesn't even look right like this cost does not okay I'm look I'm scared to look at my dimension boost because I know it's not a constant number yeah look at that what the hell okay well that's not good okay so let's first start with tick speed also we need to add our by tick speed in this method too so we just do game dots by tick speed and we add the max string as a parameter or to our argument and so why is it not working I feel like I need to round these so what I'm gonna do here is I'm gonna print to buy and our cost oh yeah we might stop we need to see if this is iterating at all so okay so it's negative it's going more negative oh that was not good so first start with negative one and cost is greater than zero okay so if cost is greater than zero to okay just so that doesn't happen but why was it negative one I don't know okay I got to take up this I was driving me nuts now I got hair all over me like okay I was I was having me insane okay so oh okay so let's double check our equations here oh I see we're missing a plus one okay so we're missing a plus one in our log here so we're gonna plus one right here because this should be zero and we also need to add a floor so we multiply all this yeah okay just add a plus one here and what we're gonna do is add a floor to this because we don't want to buy decimals or we're gonna do the same thing for above and this should reduce our this should get rid of our negative issue where is it yeah we're gonna set log to floor also we need to add that plus one to here too so I completely like forgot about that and we should be set I just realized I'm not using the latest version of unity so you click this is zero okay perfect if you say seven so the cost doesn't look quite right the buying is good though so that's nice but the cost is really weird actually no this is right yeah this is correct it just looks weird okay it's correct never mind obviously this could be shortened to just all zeros here and but I don't know cuz it's cuz these numbers like this thousand right here this upgrade right here that should be free it should be technically free because of how irrelevant it is but they don't need to do that so I think this is the right cost I'm yeah let's just say it is because we're buying four yeah that that's yeah so now it's not buying at all so is this okay I think the issue here is that this is still bigger than this right so if we make this two oh it's trying to round up to the next one so that's not good see we can afford it the four of them right now but now it's saying that we can afford five so I'm debating on if we should just subtract one I feel like that's bad practice but I don't know why this is incorrect I think we were forgetting a variable so let's see base cost the power LR to the power of N all that minus one and all this divided by that yep that's correct oh it's divided by base cost over one that's its growth rate okay so again if stuff doesn't work you always just got to check your work okay so that might be the issue why this is not working and it's I guess that made a pretty weird impact and not like a really oblivious one where we got a bunch of NaNs okay so now if we set this to four or four yeah it should okay so we can buy two this cost is very weird I don't know why it's like that because this is like two that's that's yeah this is not right either well if we put like 90 for example yeah that's not correct it should be 1A90 this N right here is correct it's our cost equation that's a little messed up here all right I'm gonna go take a look at this beer back okay so immediately I saw what was wrong so cost more right here I didn't even have to like cut this part because I immediately saw this the base cost is what I got mixed up okay so replace all the base cost with your cost malt sorry about that I got mixed up with my Rs and Bs okay now it should work just fine hopefully it's weird because like the other thing would have worked too but it it was kind of weird in a way so now if we put six cool so now it buys the right amount so if we put E99 it should buy oh that's not correct okay well okay what if we put something smaller like 50 so not saying we can buy 51 even though we can only buy like 44 yeah 44 yeah okay well that's not good we're forgetting some variables here take speed levels what is our tix be love yeah that's right never mind so if we keep buying these it keeps adding on to this that's weird you see that it's like adding on it's like okay so there's something wrong with our level here so our to buy is divided by base cost the power of our cost molds are is there any base costs in here yeah just that one and parentheses here parentheses here I feel like it's something to do with our oh I see here okay that little sneaky plus one here okay so I added parentheses around man I got confused my parentheses already one two one two okay so I added parentheses around this base cost times power right here so I guess that screwed things up so let's copy these two equations back into actually know just this one here back into our dimensions because that will mess things up to and replace all these base costs with our cost molds here okay so now let's save this and let's get another try here you know what give us another shot how about over like that yeah that's that's really cool okay let's give ourselves some anti-matter shall we yes okay so try a bigger number now awesome it works it buys the right amount so yeah it should look like 1.11 e66 yeah so if we do that yep perfect so now our by max is another concern so it looks like it's buying the rest but it's not it's I think it's this one right here so okay cool so it looks like our by max actually does pretty well first try I did not think it was gonna work but I guess we got lucky here so we need to iterate this to I is greater than or equal to zero okay we could set this to is greater than negative one but that just doesn't look right so I'm gonna do greater than or equal than zero okay let's give this another shot another go and this should be a lifesaver here and what's nice is that it only iterates to the one that's actually unlocked so if we do 77 it should but if we do by max here oh man that's not good it's still not okay so that's nice I guess but it's still yeah I think how does the by max even like does the by max like in lock that unlock to ah frick keep going to the wrong thing here okay so we'll still not iterating through this I don't know why cuz is on is this unlocked already zero yeah this should be true and it's ugly notation and it's in okay so does this unlock let's give us some antimatter I'm curious if it automatically buys all of them or if it like does what mine does right now so if we do this okay so it looks like it unlocks all of them too so you got to click it once okay well we need to do that too because yeah I don't think we're gonna want to click buy max a few times so in this case I guess what's best to do is to reverse this order we don't know I guess we can yeah because when we oh wait a minute yeah we forgot some other things too I think we forgot this unlock no we have it right here so let's start from zero and stop at eight so yeah let's do that instead and it should be able to buy the first one just fine hopefully if not then I'm gonna have to do some debugging okay I see your issue here so this it's a really dumb mistake but you see how it says I is greater than eight well we started zero so clearly I is never gonna be greater than eight so we need to make sure it's I is less than equal less than eight okay so that was a just the stupid mistake so I don't think we'll need to print any of that stuff and they should be the last of it we need to get some of that anti-matter nine oh yeah yes beautiful flawless amazing oh that's not good so it's so true zero break where does okay so I kind of thought of something so our cost molt never changes both the base costs can we adjust that I think we can now the reason why I'm saying this is because we subtracted the overall cost by how many are levels so it's kind of like subtracting the base cost from the cost molt right because we're not changing the cost molt it's still like if we buy a dimension boost and not change our levels the cost molt still gonna be the same right it's gonna be times 10 or whatever the cost molt is so what if we change the base costs based on what we have here so I'm actually gonna try this now I don't think we need a times 10 anything maybe I can get rid of this and see if this solves the issue if not I'm just gonna put a comment of bring back divided by 10 also that means we need to bring back or we need to get rid of that okay so that's just a note for me to take now we want to set this this base cost to whatever the cost is now I don't want to subtract this cost obviously so I think what I'm just gonna do is is multiply it by 10 subtract it by the its base cost again by the levels okay so I think that might actually work if this does finally and honestly I thought this was gonna be a really short video I really did I thought it was gonna be much easier than I thought okay let's give myself 80 and time matter yes we got to work by max hell yeah even more by max more by max I demand more by max 15 by max give me more by max well that doesn't number to grow rise and tomato rise get me some more give me some more and time matter look at that number rise beautiful absolutely beautiful magnificent okay so good thing that worked so this is our final changes here now we can honestly just get rid of some of these variables since we do use them actually no we use them in numerous times so it is to shorten them but stuff like currency that can go so we'll shorten this up while my thing is catching up and it looks like we use level 1 so we'll just trim that cool so in conclusion of this equation basically what it does is that it start it goes in a for loop obviously it checks if it's even unlocked starting from the first to the eighth obviously the first one is always unlocked so that doesn't matter for that it checks if we can even afford an until 10 okay and there in the by max goes off of until 10 because really these are the most pointless things after at this point it's useful for like six dimension obviously but it's useless pretty much after that so it checks for that it calculates the base cost which we do base cost times 10 minus dimension base cost times game.data dimension level so now we which is this right here so if you buy one right here you can see that this cost reduces right so we're basically just shifting the base cost essentially not the actual cost molt so which is why we do this and we create a variable with cost molt which is this right here and we create a variable just because we use it more than we use it three times three times or more is the kind of a rule of thumb if you want to you know reduce some things and it's a mouthful calculate amount of upgrades we can buy using this massive equation here works perfectly so now we check if it's less now if we can buy less than one then we're just going to skip it all together we subtract the intimator by the actual cost rather than gathering all the total cost because that's kind of redundant really doesn't matter because these numbers are so big after all dimension counts we which is dimension counts dimension counts what's that I tell you I just brain fart what's this dimension count I just had a massive brain fart I don't I forgot what dimension count was dimension levels I know what that is dimension levels is this and dimension count that's this I'm stupid okay and then dimension boost is that okay so we add our count to how many we actually buy so we multiply 10 by 2 by and we subtracted by how many levels we have so if we have five right now and we buy it until 10 it buys five okay so we add five to the count so that's what that is and we multiply or we add our dimension boost by how many like how many dimension boost we have or that we can buy which is this right here and we set levels to zero okay which is why we want to check to see if we can afford this so we don't just set our levels back to zero for no reason and we make sure to check if we can unlock it like usual and after that we buy it takes me okay looks like it's not going to catch up anytime soon so I'm just gonna end this video off with a thank you guys very much for tuning in I'm sorry this was a really long and kind of maybe boring video I guess because I was working on a simple by max equation that I shouldn't know how to do so if you did if you stayed if you if you stuck around to the end and if you enjoyed this video make sure you smash that like button subscribe to my channel if you're new and turn on those notifications if you want to get notified for future live streams and videos share this video with your community your friends anyone you would like I would really appreciate it and if you want to ask any questions if you have any feedback suggestions all that good stuff make sure to comment below I'll be sure to check them out anyways thank you guys for watching the video and have a good dad have a good dad have a good day peace


with again. Good afternoon everyone. I am Dr. Ryan Lozano from the Department of Language, Philosophy and Culture here at San Antonio College and this is the fourth annual special edition Halloween lecture.   Other lectures have included lectures on the European witch trials. Let us burn the witches to save them. Also we've looked at trickster mythology, or trickster gods in world mythology, which I entitled Loki's Siblings. But this year we're going to take a look at a philosophical history of the devil. Can anyone tell me what that image is from? Legend. Yes. Who has seen the abysmal 1980s Tom Cruise film Legend? Outstanding. The rest of you are remiss. Add it to your Netflix cube post taste. You will be better for having done so. I would like you to take just a minute, close your eyes, trust me, I'm a doctor, and picture the devil. See what you come up with. What do you got? What are some features? What can we expect? Right. Anything like us? Exactly like the top right. Especially like that middle one. I don't know. It's very little. Where do these ideas come from? So we've got the red. We've got the horns. We've got the tail. Usually a pitchfork. Maybe even the addition of wings. Oh, look at him. That's cute, isn't it? How did these ideas get into our heads? When we think of the devil, what exactly is it that we pick up on? What is it that we key into? And where do those ideas come from? We are all predominantly in a Western understanding of Satan. And so when we think about this, regardless of our religious tradition or lack thereof, we are kind of the imperators of this tradition of making it this, we're going through about two millennia of Western theology, literature, both big and little T tradition within the churches. And it's really kind of hard to avoid. The devil is always going to have certain characteristics when he's depicted. They're more or less the same. Let's take a look here. We've got Elizabeth Hurley and B. Dazzled. We've got Alan Cumming and Bob the Devil and God, Dan Castellaneda and Futureama, Trey Parker, one of the most familiar ones to us in South Park, Vigo Mortensen, free Lord of the Rings in the prophecy. If you haven't seen the prophecy, you'd pick that one up too. Tim Curry as the Lord of Darkness in Legend. We've got Al Pacino in the Devil's Advocate, Harvey Stevens in Omen and the rest of the Davian movies. And we have Rosa Linda Salatano in the Passion of the Christ as kind of that most recent sort of androgynous and doubly evil version of the devil. When we talk about the devil, we tend to refer to he or him. Why do we use these particular personal pronouns? Well, we have a tendency to anthropomorphize both the devil and God. So if we think of God, now we probably think of Morgan Freeman or we think of something along these type lines. But why do we do this? Well, there is Peter Stormar and Constantine. These reflect kind of the roles that we've imposed upon the devil. The devil for the most part is a cultural creation of ours coming out of this tradition. The Old Testament Satan is just an opponent or an obstacle and very often appears actually as an angel of God. In this case Satan is depicted doing God's bidding as he very often shows up in the Old Testament. In Greek that becomes the adversary or the slanderer as it sometimes interpreted which was Latinized as Diabolos which has entered into Diablo and finally into the devil. That's where we get our modern word. And I'm going to use these kind of interchangeably. Satan, the devil and so on and so forth. Now it is pretty safe to say that as much has been written about the devil as has been written about God possibly even more so. As a literary antagonist alone he's probably surpassed God long since as kind of the ultimate foil to the godly protagonist or just the hero figure in literature. The largest body of work is coming from about 500 years ago and that period of time up until the 19th century. Over there we have William Blake's illustration of a scene from Paradise Lost in which the devil is descending upon the heavenly angel. This is an illustration this one's somewhat more recent of Gerta's Faust where Mephistopheles the particular iteration of the devil is tempting Faust to find that truly unique experience for which he would sell his soul.  Judas the betrayer of Price in the middle, Brutus over here the betrayer of Ed Tuobrutte and Cassius one of Brutus' collaborators in Killing Caesar. Interestingly enough if we fast forward to Soren Kierkegaard we find Brutus cast now as a tragic hero and not as the ultimate betrayer but the character of Lucifer more or less remains unchanged throughout all of these. In the largest medieval manuscript ever written both literally and figuratively a book we call the Codex Gigas. It's a Latin term that implies just a great big book is basically what it is and it is indeed that. The book is about three and a half feet from top to bottom. The book weighs 165 pounds and has several hundred vellum pages comprising it. This is a nearly perfect flawless copy of the Old and New Testament but interestingly interspersed with that is a collection of metaphysical knowledge folklore folk remedies and so on and it's thought that this was either inspired by devoted to or perhaps even penned by Satan himself. Interestingly enough paleographical research into this text has revealed that a single scribe did this. Now writing in that medieval unsealed hand it takes about 20 seconds per line. This book has over 500,000 lines. Now realizing that the medieval monasteries day to day would give you only about an hour or two to write it's suspected that it took the author of this book between 20 and 25 years to write this and the stories that grew up around it were that he was a monk in trouble and he had sold his soul to Satan in order to get just a few more years of life and so he told the advent superior of his Benedictine monastery sometime around 1265 or so so roughly contemporaneous with Dante that he would write this Bible and all of human knowledge in a single night finding that he was unable to do so he called upon Satan himself and we have an illustration here of him opposite an illustration of the city of heaven building off St. Augustine's the city taught today that kind of counter places this. This is what we're avoiding this is what we're seeking but it's been kind of a controversial book because it does have those diabolical influences here. Let's take a look at that image that shows up in the Codex Gigas. So here we have kind of a proto version of what we've come to associate with the devil. We've got our two horns we've got our scary-looking face kind of a staley thing here. The feet aren't quite close yet at this point but the claws are certainly there a bifurcated tongue like a serpent might be for instance and very interestingly the loincloth that he's wearing here is ermine. Whenever we see those pictures of the old kings and queens and they've got the white cloak on with the little black dots those are all ermine skins which in medieval heraldry was reserved come on in was reserved only for kings and queens of and royalty in general and so this is kind of been looked at as is Satan wearing this as what essentially is a diaper out of disparaging those kings and queens or is this to show that they're lower on his respective totem pole and so on but this image 13th century image is nothing new to the world. The Christians that for our purposes more or less invented the devil at this time are taking something ready at hand the god Pan very familiar theme in Greco-Roman mythology we have the horns we have the hooves and so on and these have transitioned nicely into what we now think of as the devil specifically they transitioned into the form of Baphomet one of the many iterations of Satan himself whether it's Beelzebub the lord of the plies, Mephistopheles as we saw in Faust, Baphomet and so on and so forth where we've got those elements plus the wings of the fallen angel the breasts of the nurturer there are the hooves down there this is the statue that's being proposed I think it's Tulsa Tulsa Oklahoma to go alongside the Ten Commandments as the the Satanist monument so we got the cute little kids looking up to old Baphomet there this is an ancient ancient image that has come full circle into modern times we've taken mythology and we've co-opted it more for our own use now in 1942 the poet W. H. Auden right over there is supposed to have asked a group of Sunday school children do you know what the devil looks like and he said the devil looks like me and he might have been right in this sense this is perhaps the best understanding of what we now have when we think of the devil or diabolical type influences the devil has a metaphor is kind of our modern understanding of this it's the confluence of social and political biological psychological and philosophical notions all brought together in something that just to us represents a sort of evil idea but it has a surprisingly ancient pedigree to it this is back to that adversary of the pre-christian Jews all the way up through Pope Gregory great's ancient enemy as he refers to him in the western world Satan almost exclusively is described as what he's not and rather than what he is almost always in negative terms and we owe that particular legacy to Saint Augustine who's depicted here conversing with one of the devils Saint Augustine described evil very much like physics describes cold in physics the further away you move from the source of heat the colder something is going to become in this case the further we move away from the source of good that is God the more evil that we're liable to become and so we have this almost negative understanding of what the devil is if we update and there's our physics reference if we update this to the rather controversial journalism professor at UT Robert Jensen he describes the devil as the incarnation of vacuity that is to say the earthly presence of an infinite absence and so kind of carrying forward Augustine the poet Auden himself had said that the devil has no positive existence but is just a recurrent state of fear faithlessness and hate so again we have the absence of things like confidence faith and love all those things that we typically associate in the western world with that ethical monotheistic God be it of the Jews of the Christians of the Muslims or what have you what about the problem of evil how do we explain that one that's a big that's our recurrent problem in the philosophy of religion why does this good God allow bad things to happen for instance why do we have hurricanes that destroy villages why do we have childhood leukemia why did jersey shore get six seasons and firefly only had one problems of evil this isn't a problem though until ethical monotheism enters the picture evil is not problematic until you try and say that there's only one God and that that God's essentially good up until that point you can blame it on well the bad gods did that that was Hades or maybe that was Loki or Anansi being tricky on something as soon as we positive a good God now we've got to say that that God has either created the evil himself allows it to exist or otherwise has just not gotten around to it quite yet all of which are really problematical and so we've taken what is a remarkably zoroastrian or by theistic or dualistic approach we've given God a counterpart we've given God a devil on which to blame some of the bad things if we look back at the Old Testament specifically the prophetic books some of the earlier books that we find Joe which we know was an oral tradition long before it was written down here we have another William Blake illustration of Satan pouring the plagues onto Joe the story if you're not familiar with it was Joe was a very godly man a very righteous and faithful man and God and Satan are observing his behavior and they're having a discussion between the two of them and Satan says let me test his faith let me see how much he really believes and if he's really faithful to you and God essentially says go for it do your worst test it come on in guys test him however you like there's particularly telling version in Isaiah chapter 45 7 God says I form the light and create darkness uh-oh is God now taking credit for the bad stuff too I make peace and create evil I the Lord do all of these things Satan in the Old Testament is very often cast as an observant obedient servant of God rather than an adversary in fact there's our Greek word Diabolos that adversary or opponent in the Hebrew and I've added here the the diacritical marks to show us that there's a long a sound this is Satan those three letters as they're put together just means adversary and that's not the enemy of God in Joe that's the obedient angel that sent to test the righteous Joe he's working for God in numbers Satan is the angel who blocks the path of Balaam a non-Israeli prophet whose journey God is forbidden and so again we have this as the agent working for rather than the adversary of in chronicles Satan here actually named and personified is the one who inspires King David to evilly enact a census and count the Israelites the book of Enoch which is not part of the accepted canon but it's had a great deal of influence in our culture has anyone seen that movie Noah from last year the giant rock monsters that helped Noah build the ark and that fight off the evil two-ball came okay that that is a scriptural but a non canonical scriptural reference in the book of Enoch the big inspiration for that movie we have this notion of watcher angels and the the term for watcher in Hebrew is really really close just a couple of those little accent marks away from being fallen okay those watcher angels that have been bound hand and foot cast into the darkness ostensibly here to earth their leader a Zazel that shows up in the movie the name of Zazel is one of those along with Biel's above mythosopheles and so on that we ascribe to the devil we see that most currently in Islamic mythology as they shows up as one of the characters of Satan a similar story this one a little more familiar to us was recorded of st. John of Patmos in about 90 AD or thereabouts and we have a war in heaven in which st. Michael overcomes Lucifer the lightbringer and cast him down that didn't go as he hoped where does he cast him down to it's not to hell he gets sent here if you remember the Kevin Smith movie from several years ago dogma remember the ultimate punishment isn't hell it's where do they get sad yeah specifically wasn't like Detroit or something that would be a punishment oh yeah they're sent to Wisconsin that would be just about as bad now this book comes down to us now as part of the accepted canon in fact the very last canonical book revelation Satan is on earth according to this now when the creator gets cast as benevolent and we've all of a sudden got a very good god now evil is a problem as i mentioned earlier this is closer to the end of the old testament as we're entering that kind of a scene or prophetic apocalyptic age right before the new testament takes over and they tend to emphasize that it reaches its high point in christ confrontations with satan that appears in the gospels where he's tempted at various times either to give up the mission to more or less sell out god and his apostles and so on and so forth in luke specifically in the 10th chapter jesus relates having seen satan as lightning fall from heaven where does lightning strike again on the earth and thought of as a murderer from the beginning in john chapter eight paul calls the devil the god of this world earth in second Corinthians and urges his raiders to put on the whole armor of god against him in Ephesians in first john specifically in the third chapter we're told that the whole purpose of jesus coming is to destroy the works of the devil by the time we get to the earliest gospel of mark the first thing jesus does following his baptism by john is resist the temptations of satan in the wilderness and i just love that so now we have satan recast from the adversary to the servant to the tempter and this is a theme that carries forward throughout the new testament and it carries in more or less to our own age we find moral evils mass murders and so on and natural evils hurricanes eventually satan comes to be found in both we sometimes think of the tempting of eve as a satanic influence but if you read the text in genesis carefully satan doesn't get mentioned at all we find there that cunning serpent in that case with the human head down here the serpent is kind of coiled around the back and around the feet but it never says say over here we've got a really weird idea of a serpent kind of the helo monster komodo dragon sort of serpent i suppose but it's not until very much later until the 14th century when john wycliffe sometimes called the morning star the very first guy to try and translate the bible from the vulgates into english refers to the snake now as this satanic personification in the form of the serpent if we move forward in the west we find martin luther thinking in a very augustinian way in his commentary on galatians he tells us satan reigns over the whole world as his domain fills the air with ignorance contempt hatred and disobedience to god in this devil's kingdom we live being a creation of god though on an augustinian account satan's actions too ultimately must always lead to good outcomes either in this world or in the next it's unsatisfyingly left there because we don't really get any finality on this in milton the illustration on the right comes from william blake's watercolor of milton we find satan's evil as ultimately bringing this world into infinite goodness and so he's pictured there with the orb of the kingdom and the scepter over which to rule rule where rule this earth the devil was clearly a source of heresies inherent in the protestant sex as far as the roman catholics were concerned right after the protestant reformations and in league with the pope as the head of the church and so here's some modern uh protestant propaganda tying the romans to uh to ignoring the bible working in league with satan fulfilling revelation and apocalyptic prophecies and so on and so forth and the romans were just as quick to accuse protestants of having diabolical purposes or motives in this as we enter the puritan area era appropriate since we're coming up on thanksgiving those wonderful ancient american traditions of eating turkey and killing natives we find the puritans uh thinking of the devil as kind of god's hangman now historically the hangman was the guy doing the job that nobody else wanted to do but nonetheless needed to be done we've got to execute these people and so we find that guy that really kind of enjoys his work and we allow him to do that taking delight in the suffering that he causes but ultimately still serving god's beneficence taking out the trash as it were statements satan stays the enemy of god's purpose but is still this many thousands years later acting as their agent what about images of hell this is the one that culturally at least is probably most familiar to us as inheritors of the western western literary tradition this is daunte's depiction of hell and when we talk about the uh the several rings of hell i think meetings are somewhere in here okay traffic falls down here a little ways why isn't the devil ever shown suffering the devil actually seems to be kind of enjoying himself in all the depictions that we see of hell he's still the greatest sinner still eternally damned but this again gives us that idea that hangman phenomena we have someone that enjoys their work that's being placed in that we explain that by saying the damned continue to suffer even in the afterlife and who better to administer that suffering than satan and company uh the idea of contra posso enters daunte and this is the punishment aspect of hell and in daunte's where we see it best or at least better than anywhere else very similar to the idea of karma what goes around comes around life's not a bitch till you're a bitch first daunte we have the fortune tellers who claim to be able to see the future and their heads have been turned backwards so they have to rock they have to walk backwards everywhere they go because they can no longer see the future we have the characters of ugolino and rugieri forever gnawing on one another struggling in death as they did in life if we update this theme to uh modern literature and cinema we have the character of viscerus targaryen in georgia martin's game of throne series given the golden crown that he's so badly wanted from calderoto as he gets the molten gold poured over his head sorry spoiler alert but we find a bit of comfort in this idea of sinners getting what they hubristically think they've got coming to them especially if we look around and we see bad people seeming to enjoy living rather good lives uh bunion the guy who had written the pilgrims uh progress relates the story of the life and death of mr bad man i know not a terribly original name for the guy where the eponymous anti-hero closes his eyes one moment and opens them in hell not unlike the rich man in luke uh 1622 where you live the good life and the idea of punishment is eventual but not necessarily temporal another tradition has satan being the embodiment of hell in and of himself when mephestopheles appears to dr faustus and christopher marlowe's play the first question faustus has formed isn't one of shock or surprise but how did you escape from hell and satan very casually replies to his inquiry this is hell nor am i out of it a chilling if plausible thought given this old problem of evil why is evil allowed to exist in the world because this is an inherently evil world we are in hell even as we speak if marlowe is to be believed and there's some compelling evidence to believe that that might be the case uh by the time we update this to the 1940s in sarah's quick flow that is to say no exit now it goes from being hell on earth to us who inhabit it hell is other people something we can understand easily in the midst of rush hour traffic or while we're watching the evening news hell can even be a state of mind or the mind itself uh the best literary depiction of this i think is in melville's depiction of the cursed captain a have bent on his revenge uh here let me read you this phrase from moby dick a have carried hell in himself from which forked flames and lightning shot up and a cursed fiends beckoned him to lead down among them what better depiction of the hell that we're used to in the western tradition than the one that a have brings to the readers of melville ambrose beers would later in his devil's dictionary which is a delightful read if you can get a copy of it says each of us have our own secret and personal hell we take our hell with us now we kind of look back at these past here is the classical and the medieval and we view those beliefs as just being ignorant there she weighs the same as a duck she's must be a witch great reference to money python and we're inclined to dismiss it out of hand but it's important to realize that like a great many of our own cultural assumptions including the ones that we make today he was simply another part of a perceived reality of their worldview any understanding of the pre-modern world is almost always going to be a religious one just because of the way things were in those times we simply view it as superstition but they were viewed then and accepted as matters of fact not as a superstitious league as early as the writings of gutta and shelly shelly actually writes a fairly lengthy and very good essay on the devil we start to see a bit of amusement creeping into the writings we start to see them viewed not necessarily as matters of fact but we start to see little tinges of could this possibly be relegated to a superstition and should it rather be entered into the dustbins of failed theory than accepted as scientifically verifiable things today we're most likely to take the position of thomas tannery huxley his day's wolverine when he describes our biology rather than our sins as the rude explanation of our wickedness when we find evil in the world we not look to religious reasons but how are we made if we go back as far as Hobbes we're inherently selfish creatures we are self-interested all day long and we look out for number one how we fulfill those desires is a biological question not necessarily a theological one and the antidote prescribed by huxley is moral education an approach that further pushes the devil from matter of fact inclusion in our daily lives as a religious reality with the early 20th century producing a level of violence and genocide that had been previously unheard of there was a momentary but not lasting resurgence of belief in the devil as the cause for all of this evil in the world for the most part our advances in psychology as well as an increased separation and secularized world have banished these notions as out of date or as ill-equipped to explain easily evil as easily as we did in the past today we find ideas of the devil based in religion to have largely become optional a great many religious believers even those that are very devoted in their faith will look at the devil as well that's a cute mythology it's handy to counter impose against good and makes the good look even better but that's about as far as it takes it movements like the church of satan in the 1960s there's maryland manson's membership card he's number 100261 in case you were curious this surprisingly doesn't worship satan at all the church of satan worships the self something we also find in itia in iron rand in el ron hubbard as well as several others this shows us that secularism at this point has kind of attained the ultimate irony in our culture satan has given his own church but even there is not considered indispensable in western belief we've moved away from our creations and we're back to where we started the devil today is not something that haunts us in the middle of the night drags us down to hell and makes us perform evil deeds the devil is cute and there i leave you to ponder this history of the devil in our society answer any questions that you may have about this there is just a fascinating body of literature that that attends all of this like i said just as a as a key theme the devil has enticed our imagination since the beginning of writing and seeing that evolution through the literature is really one of the best ways to look at this christian do you have a question i was going to say i think it's really nice that you have uh textual evidence when you're talking about the bible most people don't they just kind of reference wissy and you know luke and that's all they said they don't say you know the chapter or sure whatever yeah specifically and a lot of this falls into the category of i didn't know that was in the bible yeah you know when we look at numbers and we look at joe when we look at isiah and we don't see the devil as we're used to him culturally being depicted we see him as one of the boys helping out god how are we to reconcile ourselves with that given the cultural picture that we're given and that puts us in kind of an awkward position sometimes religiously other questions yes sir um is it your sense that belief in a literal devil is uh waning among christians or is that not something that you i think so um given the resurgence of some of the the evangelical movements and the pentecostal movements it's it sort of makes it difficult to gauge i think in some of those and granted i'm generalizing here but in some of those i think you're much more likely to see a very literal understanding of an actual devil at work but i think generally within mainstream christianity your average church going christian i don't think is really going to take the idea of the devil particularly seriously today unless your supreme court judgment yes unless you're supreme court justice yes sir uh i wonder if you could say something about um the phenomenon we sometimes uh encounter where we try to insert something in this case maybe the devil to explain something else so for example in the bible the number 666 for example refers to i seemingly kzarni run rather than the devil it gets interpreted as the number of beasts so yeah well we we have a natural i i think on a species level need to know otherwise we wouldn't be philosophers but we need that account for why these things are done and so in the older religions specifically in those that are uh mythological or polytheistic or especially pantheistic animistic and so on we've got that very ready and very easy scapegoat to say it's a good god or a bad god even as we update that like i said the zoroastrianism we've got a real monster and we've got meter over here causing trouble now it's difficult for us to do that though and in an increasingly secularized culture we don't really look for a supernatural explanation we look for that scientific explanation if we've got a monstrous birth or something odd happening we're not going to go to church we're going to go to the scientists we're going to go to the doctors and look for explanations there but i think there's always going to be that inclination to try and explain things on that supernatural level just because we're kind of hardwired that way uh if we look at atheism that's sort of a next step level of thinking because basically we're sort of naturally inclined to look for a higher being or a supreme being does that kind of help at all is that in terms of the the numerology i mean we can do a whole lecture just on the the numbers and significance in the bible there because clearly caesar nero nero caesar nero the the greek translates into six six six so it's a reference to an actual person yeah we interpret that as well and that that has overlaps with the identifying with the caesars kind of like we identify the the horror babelana she appears she you know again that anthropomorphism uh in revelation and so on is we like to attach it to things that are familiar to us and i think having that that set reference point he's almost uh it's a security blanket for us more than anything else i think rather than something to be taken literally other questions well yes i'm just curious about the role of uh satan or the devil in islam because i don't know a lot about it you know when when mohammed first does he mention them very little specifically are yet very little and it shows up not so much in chronic belief but as as sort of um particularly within sufism within the mysticism that sort of uh risen out of that and again that focuses there is some mention of of satan and of satan that's the uh the arabic that we saw this is an adaptation of the hebra terms so they're they're both somitic terms that mean essentially the same thing they've got that idea of the adversary or the opponent um but it's not quite the same sense as as say your modern christian perspective of this ultimate evil it's it's more of a an antagonistic presence and it gets personified in the character of that as zazel uh which is one of the names that is given to the fallen watcher angels one of the names that's ascribed to satan now and that's sort of that confluence of all the western mythologies pushed together and is also a place there's actually a mount a zazel that you can go to that's associated kind of like cyan eyes associated with holiness this is associated with a place of evil uh sort of a a connection of maybe a gulgoth a type idea that there's this mount that has all of the focus well thank you so much for coming uh please eat copious amounts of chocolate so i don't have to take it back to my office and uh i've been delighted having you all here


The proposed model suggests that mechanical tension generated by active intercalation of cells can be used to control convergent extension during gastrulation. This tension is thought to be responsible for the activation of T1 transition events in neighboring cells, leading to tissue reorganization. This article was authored by Rasko Snepnick, Elias Jafer-Cheriff, Manly Chwai, and others.