Okay, well, thank you for the invitation. So what I'm gonna talk about is not just dynamics, but maybe try to bring a little ecological principle into the study of dynamics in the context of the human microbiome. And obviously most of my work has been centered on the human vagina. So I will bring examples that are derived from our study of the dynamics in the human vagina. But before I start, I just also wanna say that it's very important to understand that especially when it comes to those principle, and I'll reiterate this later, that not every body site is gonna be governed by the same principle. And I think we've seen this many times, comparing diversity, for example, the cross-different body site, and the vagina appears to be one of those sites that appears to behave differently, with low diversity being something that's good, when in a gut we just heard low diversity appears to be associated with something bad. So that said, before we go on and discussing dynamics and so on in the psychological framework, we might wanna start discussing a little definition. So in the context of ecology, dynamics is only one of the most important central theme to study microbial community ecology. So the dynamics of microbial community can be defined as a temporal and spatial changes in community structure as well as or function. So every time we talk about change, this idea of stability comes along. And I know some of it might be a little redundant with what David just talked about, but stability and instability has been defined extensively in ecology, but also was quite a diverse set of views to it. In 1997, those author catalogued over 167 definition of stability just in the field of ecology. But pretty much they could summarize this that stability encompasses three principle. One of them is this idea of resistance or what we call also constancy, where a community pretty much is staying essentially unchanged over time, as well as resilience, which David has talked about, where a community can be disturbed but returned to a reference state. And the last one is what we call persistence. And persistence, it's when the community pretty much persists in one ecological state throughout time. So one reason that there's so many definition of stability is certainly because they're not all asking, people using stability are not all asking the same question. But pretty much you can kind of summarize this by saying that stability, if you want quantifies the extent to which a community stay the same. And I think that just simplifies a lot for this work. So stay the same over a long period of time. And of course it depends on time scale. So if you're talking a lifespan, if you're talking a few years or decade, all this is gonna change. And it can stay the same over time or in the face of some disturbance. And I think David has touched on this quite extensively. So there are many, many ways by which you can measure different metrics that you have to measure stability. And I listed a lot of them. And again, might be redundant on what David just said, but depending on the metrics that you're gonna use to establish and define stability, you might get different answer. And you might have some community that appears to be stable given one metrics, but given another metrics are somewhat unstable. And this was just a paper by Jeff Gordon's lab recently that showed that by just introducing a probiotic, the community is not changing in composition, but its activity, its gene expression of the community is dramatically changing. So again, so it's very important in terms of the metrics that you can do. So either composition type metrics or maybe some more functional aspect of the community. And composition both include doing gene survey to get to relative abundance as well as some of the work, for example, by Dave Frederick in the vaginal microbiota that looks more at specific species, QPCR, where you really get to true abundance of some of the members of that community. So disturbance is another very important concept in ecology and it's linked to resilience. And David mentioned actually the second part of the definition of disturbance that last year where you can actually kill or displace one or more member or population of a community and that gives opportunity for other to take over the space. But there's other part of disturbance. You can disturb a community by, for example, removing a nutrients, changing a substrate of ability or even the physical environment of that community will have an impact on community structure. So there's many ways you can have disturbance. And resilience, of course, is the amount of disturbance that an ecosystem can actually withstand without changing itself, organizing processes and function. So ultimately people think that community that have a fundamental difference in species composition and structure and function certainly will differ in their level of resilience. So how can you kind of model this, all this together, this concept of disturbance and resilience? So if you think about disturbance, they can have certain level of intensity. They can have certain level of frequency and duration. And the combination of those two really define the disturbance. A community resilience can be, if you want, defined by this threshold line here. So a community can be disturbed, can be changing in structure or function and stay within this space that's defined by this arc here. On this side. But as soon as the intensity and the frequency, the combination of those two is high enough, the community can move into a disturbed state, kind of one of those other valley that David mentioned. So in the disturbance that we talked about, they can be actually imposed by human. And that would be, for example, our hygiene, diet, behavior, antibiotic use. And if you wanted to, it's our life history. And all those disturbance are gonna influence our community, microbial community. But they also include normal biological processes. For example, menstruation in women can have an effect. Hormonal variation over a woman's lifespan actually can have major effect on the vaginal microbiota composition and certainly function. As well as differences in changes in immunology, your immune status over time. So one thing we're trying to understand is what are the driver of change and resilience in a microbial community? So in order to understand dynamics, we have to study community over time. We have to be able to sample the community over time. There's been many studies that have done this and those studies have shown some very, very important results and finding. But they've all fell short pretty much, most of them have said, fell short because they either sampled very sparsely over a long period of time, or they sampled very few subjects very frequently. And the study that, for example, David mentioned earlier are some of those examples. While they're very important in driving hypotheses, it's very hard to generalize the finding to the larger population. And really, the reason those were done with those kind of study design is that they were really limited by cost and feasibility of sampling, for example. So here I just want also to say that some studies that studied, for example, the gut, the principle that are derived might not fit, again, what we might find and study, for example, in the human vagina. And the other thing is that it's very important, most of them actually looked at composition. And a lot of time the composition analysis is done at very low taxonomic resolution, often at the phylum, class, and order. And I think it's very important, and especially in the human vagina, to go down to even lower resolution species, and as you might see later in the talk, potentially even strain of certain species. So now let's move on and look at the dynamic of the human vagina in reproductive age woman. So we know that the vaginal microbiota is changing over time, through a woman's lifetime, quite dramatically, but for this particular talk, we're gonna be focused on just the reproductive age period. So recently, about two years ago, we published a paper that defined five different type of vaginal microbiota. And I represented them on this PCA plot. Five of those type, four of those type, are dominated by one species of lactobacillus. So we have lactobacillus chryspatus, lactobacillus sinners, lactobacillus gastri, lactobacillus gensenii. And the fifth one, which has now been divided into two group, actually define a community that does not have very large number of lactobacillus and has a lot of strict anaerobes. So this study kind of highlighted, first, the importance of lactobacillus as potentially a keystone species in the vaginal environment, but also that in asymptomatic women, we can also have community that don't contain lactobacillus. But this cross-sectional study did not give us any information on how a vaginal community can actually change over time, and even if it changed over time, or is it fixed in one time and it stay constant like we've seen, for example, in the gut studies that were presented earlier. So to address this question, we actually perform a study where we enrolled 160 women, and we did what we call a prospective longitudinal study where we collect sample every day, in this case, has women go through their 10-week period, and we collect everything, and hoping that suddenly some condition will happen and we'll be able to study whatever happened before, during, and after all those different events that might happen in the vaginal microbiota. So those samples were collected. We had a study that aimed at not only looking at DNA, but also RNA and also metabolomics and proteomics as well for future use. We had very extensive daily diary and a weekly visit at the clinic. We had clinical assessment at enrollment week five and week 10 of the study, and we did this study using power sequencing of the V1, V3 region. So we did the study for 50, we were able to generate data for the first 50 women. And when you start looking at this longitudinal profile, we can kind of cluster them if you want into three main categories. The first categories are women who appears to be stably colonized pretty much by one species of lactobacillus, and mencies, as indicated by those red little dot, they are the only event in those community that tend to induce a change in the composition of the community. So in this case, it's lactobacillus chryspatus is dominated at all, is dominant at all time. In this case, in orange is lactobacillus innus who's dominated at all time. Then we have a second group of women, which I don't know if you can call this stable, but somewhat over time are colonized by a wide array of strict anaerobes, but contain very, very little lactobacillus, and you can see a little lactobacillus innus here and none into this woman. But species that are actually been associated with, for example, bacterial vaginosis, this large green one here is garnalive vaginalis, this blue one is atopobium vaginine. So there is a measure that we call Nugent score, and I'll come back later to it, which is a research tool that's used for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, and in this woman, the Nugent score was pretty much very high, indicative of bacterial vaginosis the whole time this study was going on. However, those women did not report symptoms related to bacterial vaginosis and did not seek medical attention. The third group of women had microbiota that changed constantly over time, very rapid changes, and you can see again the same color red orange here is lactobacillus innus and chryspatus, lot of changes in and out of a little bit of lactobacillus, no lactobacillus, but very diverse type of microbiota. So we were trying to understand what drive those changes, and we were able to model the change that we see over time by modeling this, what we call the rate of change of this index, the Jensen-Chenin divergence, and if you want it's an estimate of stability, and what you can see here is that during men's C, stability of the community is very low, indicated by this high index, high rate of change, and as you go towards the middle of the cycle, community stability is very much lower and stabilized, and then it comes back up and go up to being a little more unstable. If you map on top of this estrogen level, what you can see is that stability of the community is associated with higher level of estrogen throughout the menstrual cycle as well as higher level of progesterone. The factor that changed dramatically the community stability were obviously men's Cs, so the time in a menstrual cycle was very important, but as well as sexual activity to some extent, but not in all community background, so certain type of community dominated by different type of microbe tend to be more affected by sexual activity than others. So just to give you an idea of how dynamic those communities are, we just put this little movie together. So what you can see here is a heat map that shows time on the x-axis here and the different taxa and their abundance with red being the higher abundance here over time. And what you can see here is this ball here represent the state of the community where this black bar is, and the black bar is gonna move and the ball is gonna move into this vaginal space which I described earlier. And so remember, this is over 16 weeks in this particular woman and you can see how dynamic the community is. It's changing completely from being dominated by lactobacillus crispatus to not dominated by lactobacillus innards. It comes back here and it's moving a little bit away from even having lactobacillus and it's coming back and it's now gonna go all the way to this community that does not contain much lactobacillus. So what does this whole mean? So if you look carefully, if you map on top of this tetrahedron that I showed you, this PCOA plot, we can see that as I showed you earlier on this longitudinal pattern as well is that this community state type four here that we call is associated with high-nudgeon score. So potentially this tool that's used for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis as well as high pH. So what does it mean to have high pH and high-nudgeon score? So when we look at this, we see that in about 25% of those women in our studies are in those states that don't have lactobacillus, that are not dominated by lactobacillus. And those obviously have this high-nudgeon score and high pH, there's a strong association. So there's a pretty extensive literature that shows that when you have high-nudgeon score and to some extent pH, there's a strong association with an increased risk of sexually transmitted infection, acquisition and transmission, included HIV, as well risk and pregnancy from preterm birth. So we have women here in this particular study which are asymptomatic, apparently healthy, but potentially are at increased risk of sexually transmitted infection and other adverse outcome. So how can you summarize all this? I think we can summarize this by saying that throughout those period, throughout time, there are windows of higher risk to, for example, sexually transmitted infection that open and close on a temporal scale. And how can you model this and how can you represent it graphically? Think about this community state type four that's in the middle of this stitch right around that I showed you. Here what I did, I traced on this figure here the pattern of change of this particular community. Now think of every time the white line enter this sphere which represent that community state type four, this particular woman is at increased risk of, for example, acquiring sexually transmitted infection. Obviously it's only if she's exposed to it. And now we have this woman which I just showed you which conflictuate widely between different lactobacillus and enter this state only once compared to this one who was almost constantly into that state. And then we have that third woman which pretty much has not changed over time and stayed the white line just pretty much went over there. So what we have here is a state that gives higher risk to potential adverse outcome. And we wanted to know if this community stability and dynamics, so that's how we kind of like summarize it that the frequency and duration of this state actually might actually represent a better risk to disease. So the resilience of the community not just to lose, just to go into that state might actually represent the risk. So a low resilient community, a community that enter that state more often is at increased risk than others. So that's very interesting to know this but I think still this is a huge gap. While we know that we might be at high risk we still do not understand the underlying causes for this stability and this dynamic. And so we wanted to understand this at the molecular basis and look at a potential association between stability and this susceptibility. So we win this and we wanted to look at the correlation between the gene content of the community and that we have in different species as well as community stability. And to do this we perform a metagenomic analysis of a large number of, I think 50 different sample and we looked at comparing the genome of some of their member. We picked one of the member which we thought was very important and that member is lactobacillus innus. Lactobacillus innus is often associated with this state that we call bacterial vaginosis as well as often associated with frequent fluctuation. So by metagenomics we can actually very nicely generate compositional structure of the communities and you can see we have communities that have very low amount of lactobacillus innus, some that have high amount of lactobacillus innus and some that have lactobacillus innus with other type of lactobacillus. Some of those sample which are in black were sampled actually from community that already been characterized long internally and the sample in red were sample that were sampled cross-sectionally into certain patient. So the idea of sampling those one that come from community that already characterized long internally is that we might be able to associate a potential genotype of lactobacillus innus with community stability. So by comparing all the genome of all those lactobacillus innus which we were able to reconstruct from the metagenome we were able to construct this phylogenic trait and what this tree number one tells you is that lactobacillus innus is a very diverse species. It has a lot of different strain which genomically are somewhat different. Number two, we can now map onto all those different type of lactobacillus innus or strain of lactobacillus innus, those longitudinal profile. And when we do this, what we observe is that there are three branches on this tree that are associated with either instability. You can see the community going from innus dominated to lack of innus and so on over time. So those open and closed window of opportunity for infection or you have lactobacillus innus genome that are associated with communities that almost where lactobacillus innus cannot become the dominant member. And then we have branches on the tree that are associated with strain of lactobacillus innus that belong to community that are extremely stable over time. And this is even more important if you think and start adding on top of this a little more metadata that we collected at the same time and some of those sample which are lighted in color here and they shown here, those come from women who actually were diagnosed where came to the clinic because they have chlamydia. So now we have an association of certain type of lactobacillus innus associated with certain type of community that might provide a risk. And now we have those type of innus associated with the presence of chlamydia. So the drivers of community stability we see that there's different kind of lactobacillus innus genome that appears to be associated with community resilience to enter this community state type four. And we can ask the question is does this fragility, potential fragility of a single species in the community could drive the entire community to go into a despiotic state. And that state might carry risk to disease. So we now have this hypothesis that we are testing which we hypothesize that the vaginal microbiome its stability and its dynamic meaning the frequency of duration of this community state type four might be a better representation of the estimate of risk to infection and that this stability and instability can be driven by the lack of resilience or fragility if you want or increased fragility of certain keystone lactobacillus species into the community. So I just wanna finish quickly and I'm gonna highlight the different gap and challenges that I could come up with when it comes to studying dynamics and especially I guess issues related to women's health. I think that we haven't really solved this question of cause or effect of those changes that we see. So we really need to collect more sample prospectively into longitudinal study. I think that the time is really there. We have the technology, we have it's cheap enough that we can do it. We can do those large study where we have a lot of sample collected frequently and in a lot of subject. And so we need to better understand the driver of dynamic and stability or instability not just in disease but also in health because even in an healthy state we can be at risk and I think it's important to understand health a little better and do this not only in reproductive age woman for example in our case but also throughout a woman's lifespan. We need to understand what shifting microbiome means functionally. So looking at both the role of the microbiota but as well as the host. The host is still one in the vaginal microbiota is really largely unknown. So we need to evaluate this dynamic using different measure than just compositional measure. Metabolomics, transcriptomics both on the host and the microbe for transcriptomics as well as the immunological status of the host. We need to also expand our study to not just looking at the bacterial component of the vaginal microbiota but including phage and viruses as well as fungi. And all this needs to be used to develop predictive model of the stability and instability when a community is in what appears to be an healthy state. So and those model needs to account for our different health practices antibiotic use, hormonal replacement therapy as well as behavior. And all this needs to be used to translate this information in better diagnostic prognostic as well as treatment and moving the treatment of condition in women towards more of a personalized medicine. And I think that this association very strong association of certain strain of lactobacillus with women over time I think really calls for this more personalized medicine to the treatment. And with that I'd like to thank all my collaborators both at IGS here in Baltimore, Larry Fourney's group at the University of Valdeau and the clinical partners that are essential to do this kind of work. Was that the happy team? No, I want to answer a question. We have time for one question. Hopefully somebody will over here. Jacques, I think you covered it or I suspect that it's in there but I really appreciate your last slide except for the incredibly small font size but the question I have is how much of the gaps that you're talking about would also apply to other systems? Could you just sort of talk a little bit about I don't think they were just relevant to vaginal studies. Well I think that most of those gaps will deal with can be addressed in other and apply to other body site. I mean the lifespan, I mean Ruth I think made a good case for understanding this through the lifespan. Using different omics technology but not just looking at the microband or host, all this again applies to every body site, every disease that we can think of that's where the microbiota can have a role. And the translation, I mean this is all what we want. This is where we're going. This is why we're doing this kind of work. It's to take the finding that we do and transform them and to translate them into better diagnostic, better prognostic predictive tools as well as treatment. So I think they're all very translatable to any body site, any microbiota. I just have a quick question about other factors that you didn't mention like douching or a frequency of partners, the number of different partners or what, not just the number but what those partners are like, there must be all kinds of other factors that affect the vaginal flora. Absolutely and we have evidence now because we've been collecting sample prospectively that we have evidence that a single sexual act can actually introduce not overgrowth but introduce new microbes through semen and those microbes can actually take over the community temporarily and over a longer period of time. So no, you're entirely right. Douching is definitely an effect. I mean, we, Rebecca Brotman here published these interviews. Is it a good effect or a bad effect? Does it get rid of bacteria or does it introduce new bacteria, douching? I don't think douching introduced new bacteria. I guess it depends what product you use but it definitely has an effect on this dynamics and the amount of change that you'll see over time after douching. Thank you very much. Okay, thank you and let's thank Shaq one last time. This is okay. The last speaker for this morning's session is Rick Bushman, composition and dynamics of the human virum.


You know, so, so excited to be here in Indianapolis and humbled by the caliber of play that there's been in this organization. I'm also coming from a place that I was really, really fortunate to have been for 14 years. It's sad to see it end, but I am so excited to see what can happen here. Matt Ryan definitely showing some empathy and true professionalism as he is traded from the Atlanta Falcons to the Indianapolis Colts. The official compensation as you can see here, the Colts received Matt Ryan as the Falcons received the number 82 overall pick in a 2022 NFL Draft. Breaking that down for Matt Ryan and the Indianapolis Colts, we want to talk about the pros and cons for both teams. What does this mean for the Colts and what does this mean for the Falcons? Well, first, let's show you a graphic. Let's talk about the Colts. What are the pros of them acquiring Matt Ryan? Pros are they are playoff slash Super Bowl contenders. You could say they could make a Super Bowl run and I'm not doubting that. They obviously can, but they were a tiebreaker way for making the playoff. So you could say they were a playoff contender last year, but you want to make the playoffs first. Let's start with the first step and I do believe that this could increase their chances and really help them make that playoff push in 2022. And then the other pro that I want to talk about essentially lost no draft picks and let me explain that here in a little bit more in depth. So you traded away Carson Wentz for a second round pick and a third round pick and the third round pick was a number 73 overall pick. They traded away their original, the Indianapolis Colts pick that is granted to them every single year. They traded away their 82, their 82nd overall pick to the Atlanta Falcons. So what that tells me is, oh man, you didn't really lose anything in the process. As a matter of fact, it ended up being a great thing for you because you didn't trade away the 73rd pick that you acquired from the commanders from that Washington, Carson Wentz trade. Instead, you traded away a pick that was granted to you that's nine picks lower than that, the number 82 pick to the Falcons for a quarterback that many people label is an improvement from Carson Wentz. So if anything out of this whole entire trade, they got an additional, just looking at the broad perspective, the Carson Wentz trade and the Matt Ryan trade. In the end, they got a number, or a second round pick, a third round pick that is better than their original third round pick, moving up nine spots and a quarterback that is better than the quarterback that they had last season. This is a huge win for Indianapolis and this Matt Ryan trade. Now with the pros comes the cons and let's talk a little bit about those cons. You take on $54 million for the next two years. I mean, the Colts had a lot of cap space this season for the next couple of years. It looks like you're going to be dwindling down. I think right now they're at, I want to say $15 or $16 million in cap space after that Matt Ryan trade. So you're going to have to take on a lot of money for the next couple of years, but hopefully in that couple of years you have that window open to where you could make a Super Bowl appearance, or so they hope. Now let's talk about the perspective of the Atlanta Falcons trading away their franchise quarterback. It is tough. It really is. I'm going to say for the Atlanta Falcons and let's transition now into the pros and cons for both of them or for the Atlanta Falcons. For the pros, you get a third round pick. Okay, I mean that's, it could be helpful. It could be helpful. You never know what could happen from that. And you get an abundant cap space in 2023. So this year you're going to have to eat up a lot of Matt Ryan's contract next year as well, which we're going to be talking about in the cons. But they're set up. Like their big things holding them back for the last couple of seasons was Julio Jones and Matt Ryan, the big contracts. And you saw year after year after year, gosh, I would say for three or four straight off seasons, they signed almost no one, no one significant in the off season just because they didn't have any money. And now they got rid of Julio Jones and now they get rid of Matt Ryan.  But in 2023 and moving on, they're finally going to be in that spot where they can make a splash and free agency. Now let's talk a little bit about the cons for the Atlanta Falcons. You lose your franchise quarterback. They're filled there. I know that you got Marcus Mariota, but, you know, it's not comparable to Matt Ryan. You take on 40 million dollars in dead money. I know that's, you know, 54 million for the Colts is much worse, but the Colts are actually getting a quarterback out of it. And the Falcons are just getting nothing out of it. So they're taking they're taking on 40 million dollars over the next couple of seasons. And then the last con as well is you add a quarterback to the long list of positions to improve. I mean, this team needs improvement on the defensive line. They need improvement on the offensive line. They need improvement at wide receiver. There's so many things and holes that this team needs to fill and it's going to be tough. It's going to be tough for the Atlanta Falcons moving forward, especially in 2022. Leave your thoughts and your comments down below. Let me know what are the pros and cons and your opinions of the Colts and for the Falcons for this Matt Ryan trade? And who do you think won this trade? In my opinion, this is coming from a Falcons fan, the Colts by far. I feel like won that trade. But yeah, leave your comments down below and let me know your opinions and your thoughts.


What's up, good people, and welcome back to SPM Buzz. My name is Shiko Gita. We are right here at the Jumukiniata International Airport and we have the beautiful Harbida. How are you today? I'm good, tired, but I'm okay. Welcome back home. Thank you very much. Yeah, so I just got back from Dubai. I was there with my business partner working on a few business deals. I was there for three nights and I'm exhausted, but happy to be back home. And I think I read somewhere you're currently based in Dubai, you and your family? No, no, we're based here. I just, you know, now we are looking for dollars. The Kenyan currency is crippled at the moment. I don't know what's happening. So yeah, just doing... I'm a business woman as well. I've always said that. So this is the business side of me working in Dubai here. Looking beautiful and young. Turning 42 this year, right? In August. Turning 43 this year. Oh, sorry, 43. Yes. Serene gani Harbida, John. It's exercise, eating well, you know, and my mother's genes. What can I say? Someone mentioned that maybe probably supplement. Yeah, yeah, I mean, I... That's the Tuva interviews in there. You know, I tell Tuva all the truth. No, no, no, I just...  Lazima, you don't eat. Yeah, you don't eat. So he was asking me where you get your vitamins from. I said supplement. Wow, so it's something you would also advise willing out there? No, I wouldn't advise you to do it at all. It's just... It's just what works for my body. Why? Because I don't think it's very healthy. Okay, when I say I don't eat, you know, as we like Ugarli, Chapati. No, I don't have... I don't eat carbs. And usually, like for example, right now I'm on set. When I'm on set, I don't eat, you know? Because you're so busy working, you forget to eat. So when I say sereni, not eating, it's not that it's always by choice. You know, during the interview, you also mentioned something that has cost a whole debate online. Oh, really? Yeah, and Havida, you mentioned that... What is the debate? It's a little hard for you to work with Kenyan female artists. It's a little hard for me. It's hard for... Have you wear the female collabo? Why aren't we working together? Why don't we? Have you tried to approach any and it was hard for you? I think someone did it for me once and I guess they had some sort of inhibition about working with me, something apparently that happened ages ago, which I probably don't even remember, but she has a chip on her shoulder and you know, what do we do? I tried once, but it was...  You know, alafu kaisha trivo. So what advice will you have to Kenyan female artists? It's always better together. If you work together, you win. So this means you feel there's a lot of... Look at the industry with the men. Every collabo the man does, they share the limelight, which means you share fans, you share love, right?  Yeah, we lack staying power because we stand alone, so... Do you feel there is hatred among Kenyan female artists? I don't know if it's hatred. I think it's just... Girl, I don't know. You know me, I don't have those issues. I believe that everyone's favor, everyone's luck, everyone's blessing is their own. Even if I work with you, you will never take what's for me. That's how I believe. So when they don't... I don't know, girl. I don't know. And of course, a lot of people got to know you from the sunshine sounds featuring Nameless. And rumors are already out there that you're working on a collabo with the one and only Kali Graf Jones. Is it true? Well, it's not a rumor, I said it with my own mouth. So, you know, let's see, we're getting in studio this month. Let's see what comes out. You guys have already talked about it? Yeah, yeah, we've talked about it, yeah. Why Kali Graf Jones specifically? I think he's amazing. I think he's absolutely amazing. I love his style. I love his business sense. He's humble, you know. He's someone who'll still answer the phone.  He knows his business. I love everything he is. And I love his music. Is he your favorite Kenyan musician? He's my favorite person. Wow, your favorite person. He's my favorite person to work with. If you ask me who you want to work with, I know if I work with Kali Graf, it's going to be crazy. What do you think? It's amazing. I also love him. Musically, that guy is good. And maybe you'll also want to know your best female Kenyan artist. I think I mentioned... I mean, we've been looking, the team and I, I think there's a whole bunch of great artists now. There's not just one. You know, we're doing well. The younger generation is doing their thing. So, I don't know. Let me answer that question. I think Jovi was very good. Yeah, she's very good. So, let's see. Okay, because of time, let me take you back a little to a year and some months ago. Okay.  Yeah, when I came back home, he was doing really well. And we also had a conversation. It didn't materialize. But again, if you look at his story, it's great. You know, sometimes it's more than just the music. It's the story.  All right. I want you to talk to ladies out there. Because you have been having stories of femicides. A lot of women are losing their lives. And also remembering that many, many years ago you were in a situation that wasn't so good for you, the quote-unquote, the rape story. What advice would you have to ladies out there? Obviously, my situation was different. I was amongst friends. So when you talk about there's different situations happening at the moment and women are being blamed for being in certain positions or putting themselves. I don't care what position you are put in. No one should take anyone's life. You cannot take it in your own hands.  He takes it back. It's not anybody's right to do that. So I condemn the fact that any human being, even men get raped. They just don't talk about it. But at the moment it's women and it's coming out. I just think it's ridiculous.  And then I think if you now see this is the situation women take better care of yourself. You just have to be extra careful. We've always had to be. This is not new. Now it's just the world of social media. I just think women just be careful and be careful who you put yourself with. Now more than ever. You mentioned that maybe your situation was quite different because you are in a group of friends. Maybe one thing you'll learn from that situation. I don't know how you can learn from that. Was it something that you... It was a violation on all I've taken from it. I'm stronger for it and I will always speak out about it. And it's actually the reason I have my NGO.  At times they say healing might take a long time. I hope you are doing well. Right now you forgive yourself and everything that happened. I came out with this years ago and the reason when I can talk about it and talking about it was part of my healing because they tell you don't say anything. So when you keep it inside it grows and manifests other things. But when you talk about it it becomes easier to deal with. Thank you so much Habida for your time and we are hoping to see you more often. No idea. I'm about to kill it. Thank you so much. Thank you.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com doing a quick hanger box break of 2018 Topps Update Baseball with a chance to win two transcendent Hall of Fame Baseball spots. You can still buy spots straight up there on jaspyscasebreaks.com and there'll be a number of other ways to get into these, we'll use these sort of mini breaks, these filler type breaks to get into transcendent if you can't afford a transcendent spot straight up. Alright, so what are we looking for, Acunia, Juan Soto, Glaber, Otani, so there you go. Well let's do the break first and at the end of the break we'll re-randomize the 30 names and the top two names, top two spots that is, we'll win spots in a transcendent baseball. Big thanks to these folks for break first. All 30 teams are in, let's roll it, let's randomize it, six and a three, nine times and ninth and final time, after nine we've got Gotti down to Rick, nine times for the teams and ninth and final time, after nine we've got the Rockies down to the Rangers. Alright, so here's the first half right here, I'm not going to read off all of these but there's the first half right there, ooh Tyler Brenner with the Angels and there's Joe P down to Rick. Now if you need to see your, if you need to see your teams again, or if you can't read that on your screen definitely let me know, it's alphabetized by a team right here. Here's the box right here, the hanger box, it's like two exclusive legends in the making cards inside, I guess there's possible, I think there are usually relics but autographs are a possibility, I'm assuming are we shipping it, we're probably shipping everything in this, oh I guess it says no vet base will ship but the important rookies will ship, so Randy what's going on, alright any trades or should we just go, let's just go, let's print, let's rip, nice Randy, yeah if you're local folks we do have a curbside available, so if you get hits out of our breaks or if you join Jason on Instagram at Jasper's Breaks for personal breaks and you want to get your stuff picked up or you can pick them up sealed too, you can buy on jaspys.com and then contact us jaspyscasebreaks at gmail.com you can kind of arrange a shipping time with us, oh wait this doesn't need a knife, doesn't need a knife, just so used everything being shrink wrapped, why are you down there, it wasn't a, that's the way to do it I guess, alright good luck everybody, good luck, so these all-star cards will ship because they're they're not commons, nice Aussie albies for the Braves, that'll be for Tony, there's the final printout right there, shoyotani, legend in the making insert for Tyler Brenner, angels, I have to randomize that, it's a pretty cool card right there, do I have to randomize that too, yeah, alright so no relic no autograph, I guess it's an on average type of situation but, alright oh no these guys are both Philly so I just need to randomize this, that's angels Otani and Mariners Ichiro, so in fact we're going to use the same dice roll for the Otani and Ichiro and the giveaway, the transcendent spot giveaways, let's grab everyone's names and pop them in here and two spots are gonna be given away, after eight, three and a five, eight times, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven and eighth and final time, team on top goes to Seattle, so Seattle you'll be getting this card right here that's Andrew Webb and the Mariners, you go and get Japan's finest and now the most important part of this break is after eight times top two spots you're gonna get spots in transcendent baseball hall of fame edition, three, four, five, six, seven and I said eight right, yep eight, eighth and final time, good luck everybody and congrats to the top two spots, it's gonna be Diane and it's gonna be Brandon, there you go, Diane Bailey and Brandon B, there you have it, thanks for watching, thanks for breaking with us, more opportunities to join these type of breaks to try to win spots in transcendent, so check that out on jasphyscasebreaks.com, I'm Joe and I'll break more with you next time, bye bye.


Thanks for checking out this unboxing video. This is the March Snaku Which by the way, I have to apologize to the snack who folks especially shigeki who runs this thing I've had this for about a week now. Actually, I think it's a week in a few days. I just haven't gotten to it I've just been legitimately busy. The other thing is with these videos I need to actually be hungry at least a little bit hungry when I do them So that's another factor, but right now as you can tell like sorry, I'm a little bit sweaty I may be glowing more because I was sweating. I work out clothes on I just got done at the gym my wife and I did so I Figure I'm hungry right now. I'm legitimately hungry. So this is a perfect time to do this I have the time so I'm gonna do this and throw this up not same day. I do up at the next day Just a note if you end up hearing noises Coming from above it's because my wife's probably walking around like getting things done around the house So I apologize for that if it comes through on the microphone. Hopefully it doesn't though. We'll find out Yeah, so this is the March one. I like to look ahead just to kind of know what I'm getting into but Not like any of the flavor text on it so I don't know what it's supposed to taste like I just know like what the items are and This one seems pretty interesting There's one item in particular in here that I'm very interested to get into because it sounds like it could go great or terrible pretty much so We'll see but Yeah, real quick, please subscribe if you like these videos I also do I know this is kind of like out of character for the other stuff. I put on my on this channel I'm mainly doing like horror related stuff But I'm really big into like Japanese culture and and just like trying different foods in general So, you know, this is my thing I'll keep doing these and then I have horror videos So if you're into that stuff hit the subscribe Please literally takes you like a second even if you're not into it if you just help me out hit the subscribe Also thumbs up or cool and comments always welcome. All right, so I'm gonna pull it out in this one is What is the theme of this one? Tutori, okay the the region of to Tori so Sorry, my essential tremors are a little bad right now because I am hungry Let me read this to Tori is located along the coast in central Japan and is the country's least populated prefecture However, it has a lot of history and is considered to be where the earliest settlers and the Shinto religion originated interesting as Evidence by remains from as far back as 14,000 BC the word to Tori in Japanese is formed from two kanji characters the first It's a picture means bird and the second means to get early inhabitants in the area make their living catching the region's plentiful waterfowl Okay, that's interesting. So I will Move the top tissue paper. Give you just a little peek into what we're getting into Hopefully you see some interesting stuff There aren't any like super large packages this time like usually there's like one item. That's relatively big So I'm just gonna kind of go at this however Okay so this I'm gonna Assume I got two of these so okay. Here we go I found because the one I first one I grabbed of these is like all broken. I don't want to do that I want to do the one this whole so I can show it to you So this is actually the one that I was saying could be really good or could be really bad or actually somewhere in between So this one is baked crab senpai Baked crab senpai So to me that sounds like I'm probably gonna like it. I'm from Maryland Well, I mean I'm not originally but I've lived most my life in Maryland And that's where I live right now and we're all about crab, you know people love crab. We have the best crab cakes That's legit So oh and by the way if people out there listening do really like crab cakes there's a Crab cake place that I really really like in Maryland called Boxhill Pizzeria It doesn't sound like a really good crab place, but they make very amazing crab cakes and you can order online A little bit pricey, but it's really good to just do that here and there So you you can check them out online Boxhill Pizzeria get a ship to your house. They're amazing How on you? Okay, so let's get into this baked crab senpai People have been watching me do enough of these. No, I'm all about the senpai. So Look at that. That's interesting. Oh, it's kind of sticky Yeah, it's got like this kind of I don't know if you can see it as there's like a bit of a sheen It's like a look. I can't see it that well on there.  I don't smell any sort of fishiness It smells actually more look kind of like a cookie in my opinion Oh, what does it say about it a popular cracker and tutorial made by baking puffed rice with crushed dried crab and shrimp Okay, so shrimp as well Okay, there's a little bit of a fishiness that comes in Yeah, I can actually I can identify that as crab I get a little bit of the shrimp flavor first and then I get the crab flavor on the end but up front It's like this kind of sweet buttery cracker It's and it's like pretty as you can tell from the color like it's pretty well baked So it's nicely crunchy, but it's also got a little bit of like a almost burnt note to it Like not quite burnt, but pretty well Toasted and I really like that flavor on it. There's a little bit of a heat at the end coming in, too Hmm It's very interesting. I mean the fact that that sweetness is in there It's just kind of confusing with the crab and the shrimp, but I like how it goes. It's um It's good. I haven't feel my wife's not gonna like that. She's not big on the um on this seafood-y stuff So I'll probably end up being able to eat all of that. That's good. I like that. We got Cleans that palette. All right. Oh, man, they gave me three of them. Nice excited about that. Okay next thing What is this one? I think I'm gonna have to open it to find out Is this one of the okay, this might be kaikei onsen senpai This says senpai on it there. There's nothing on the back But I'm gonna have to open it up first and then I'll let you know if that's what it is I think that's what it is. It's a little bit soft to touch. Yes That is exactly what it is Okay, so it's kind of like it looks kind of like two little pancakes put together See, what is that on there? Looks like like sesame pieces. Yeah, little sesame seeds Yeah, and that's All right, let's read about this Kaikei onsen senpai a regionally exclusive snack made with local seaweed salt infused red bean paste Interesting sandwiched by two crispy rice wafer crackers The snack is made by a small shop in the kaikei onsen hot spring in North Tatori Yeah, so I watch videos on YouTube of people who like live in Japan who are English speaking and a lot of them from like Canada in the US and One of the things they've covered is onsen, which is like natural Spring water baths and there are like places you can go for it. So that's really interesting So just letting you know something I actually recognize so smells Sweet I can smell the red bean paste I never had red bean paste until I started doing this box and now I legitimately can Tell you like when I do taste and when I do smell red bean paste. So thank you snaku Yeah, it smells like red bean paste and sweet there's that Specific red bean paste flavor the specific red bean paste texture Which is a little Kind of potato-y, you know, like grainy potato-y Or, you know, if you've ever had like kidney beans Black beans stuff like that Yeah, I mean honestly, it tastes very much like A lot of the other stuff we've gotten in snaku that is um That has red bean paste and is like has like a cake on on the outside of it It tastes very similar to that I feel like this is maybe a little bit sweeter than those and I kind of like that about it It almost comes off as having like a little bit of a maple touch to it you know It's good the outside pieces um, they're sandwiching the red bean paste are kind of like A little bit chewy, but mainly soft I did get my wife's not gonna like that either. She doesn't like red bean paste I'm the I'm the main snaku guy in this household Although every now and then there are certain items where she's like, oh, that's awesome. That's really good. So Do you do a good job? Okay, so let's go with to tori sound Um, so this is to tori sandwich. That's how it's said apparently sandwich But From one of my youtube videos that I've watched that's how I know nothing on there. Okay, so this is Tutorials home to the largest seaside desert in japan The desert runs for 16 kilometers along the coast to the sea of japan You can take a camel ride along the sand dunes Interesting which can reach over 50 meters tall. These crispy regional snacks are made with salted caramel whipped cinnamon chocolate Okay, that is a String of words that sounds amazing together and if I would read that to my wife, she would be like Yeah, let me try that.  Oh my gosh So I love like salted caramel ice cream and stuff like that Sorry cats yelling in the background You're gonna hear my cat getting loud Because she's just eating and now she wants attention and she's not getting it But oh my god, it smells so strongly of salted caramel and it's like it smells buttery It looks like it's buttery like look at that. Look at those. Um, cookies on the outside, man Hmm It's that oh man, it was like There's like what is in on the inside? There's something that's a little bit crunchy in the cream filling What is that? I don't know. So the cinnamon's in there, but the cinnamon's very light It's mainly like caramel with a little bit of salt to it And it's got like a really nice sweetness from the cookie on the outside. It's like kind of buttery Um, that cream is really decadent The flavor on this is really good This Hmm If you like salted caramel things This is a home run home run Now like whatever it is It's almost like like little I don't even know if you'd be able to see it like little um rice Like puffed rice pieces in there for texture to make it like a slight bit crunchy I'm always gonna love it. That is And that little touch of cinnamon does so much in that When I was first reading I was just like, I don't really know what the cinnamon's gonna add to the party If it'll be all that complimentary because cinnamon sometimes like really competes with the flavors that it's in something with But that it's the right amount that it's just like this nice little accent in there That is killer that me I'm gonna be honest that may be like the tastiest thing I've ever gotten from a snacku That thing is so awesome I want desserts like that like All the time that'd be great Okay, so next something that kind of looks like a like raisinettes or goobers And this is Mugiko sweet organic milk glazed brown sugar crackers from Hokkaido So this is one of the you know side items A little bear face. Sorry Sorry about the glare. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. It's just the way it is So if you want to get a look real quick actually these items right here as I scroll up you can you know stop on them Those are the like additional items and the items that were here Are the themed items Okay, so let's get into this Mugiko. I'll show you they look like raisinettes or goobers Say Yeah Smells like milk chocolate. Basically. Oh my cat's coming. Oh, no that water's not for you, buddy Excuse me Thank you Okay, so it kind of tastes like the inside is like a Rice crispy like a few rice crispies put together, but they're kind of soggy Because there's not much of like getting crunch to them With milk chocolate I mean they almost have a little bit of a of a corn note to them as well You know, they're good, but I just Because I like to chocolate. I like the flavor of those little like rice crispy things It's just that No, it tastes more like pops. Is it if anyone's eaten that cereal pops It's got that kind of flavor to it I did the only thing I don't really like about this is the texture I like I wish that it was kind of like crunchy on the inside But other than that, I mean it tastes good. So Yeah, that's decent. I mean I'll eat it for sure. I think I only got one of those so Okay, and I think I have two of these I gotta figure out which one's not totally screwed up If any that one They both sound screwed up. Maybe this one less than the other one. Okay, so here we go pear Gafret, I guess Satori is famous for producing some of the best pears in japan Interesting these snacks are made by sandwiching thin wafer cookies with locally made pear cream Can't say I've ever had pear cream Very interesting. Okay, so this is what it looks like. I mean, obviously look it's pears Although that actually looks like it. There's nothing in here. Looks like it could be like red delicious apples in the united states All right, let's get this sucker open. So we've had We I have had snacks like this out of out of snaku on here before like kind of shaped like this But sorry, it's like broken So I'm just gonna have to show you the largest portion of it But I will tell you this as soon as I opened the package Like it wafts of of pear hit my nose Say and that's like Kind of a little bit green It's a little green there. I'll get It just smells strongly of pear. So the pear flavor is actually pretty light It's got great texture Crunchy but light at the same time It's like a really nice wafer if you've ever had like just a really nice light wafer And That cream is really like soft and silky that cream is really good And it's got the pear but it's not like super strong So like honestly If someone was if you gave it to someone and didn't tell them what it was and they were trying it They'd probably be like I get a fruit But I don't particularly know what it is. So but that's good. I like that.  It's very light. That's like a nice Kind of like something that people would have with like tea I like that that one's really good Happy to have it. Okay next Okay, I'm I'm gonna leave this one for last I think because that could go That's strong or maybe not last but like close to last Because there's a particular type of thing I like to make go last Okay, so this next thing is Dyson milk mandu All right, I've still got pieces up This is a cute little package Back doesn't have anything So Dyson milk mandu a snack made at the base of mount dyson One of japan's ancient dormant volcanoes and the birthplace of japan's ancient shinto religion The fluffy crust is filled with milk custard and cream infused bean paste Interesting. I don't think we've had anything with a custard out of this box yet. So this is a first Yeah, it's just kind of looks, you know Like a little pastry And it just smells sweet and a little biscuity We'll definitely get the bean paste texture It's got sweetness to it, but it's not a lot of sweetness It almost comes off a little bit potato-y in flavor too. I mean There's like a slight vanilla flavor in there But it mainly just tastes like red bean paste in my opinion with like that slight bit of vanilla to it I don't really understand what the custard's doing Well, I mean, I guess the custard's giving it that bit of vanilla, but that also could be coming from like the actual You know pastry on the outside. So I don't know but It's not bad Once again, I think that's one of my wife's gonna pass on because she's just like me Oh, it's all right. All right next We're going for okay. Let's do this one Which one is in better shape? Oh that one second one's in better shape So this one. Oh, this this should be interesting. I when I saw this on the list. I was like that could be real interesting So this is coffee sable butter cookies topped with crushed coffee beans Which have been roasted in the tutorial sand dunes Sand dunes, okay There is a back to this one. There you go And let's get in there and see what a coffee sable is all about So I believe sable is just kind of like kind of like tea cookies in a sense like buttery tea cookies Yeah, man, there's coffee on there. Look at those beans It just smells like coffee My gosh, and I love coffee.   And then there's just a nice like buttery sweetness that comes in And um, it's pretty good I dig it. You have to be good with like legitimately eating coffee beans So just a warning on that one For people who may not have interest in just like eating coffee bean. Okay. So what do we got? Okay All right next This must be the enabba white rabbit Let me show you that first. I guess right here There is a back. Sorry like that I don't know. It may have been upside down. Sorry Enabba white rabbit a favorite snack of to Tori prefecture mildly sweet white bean paste is enveloped in a delicate butter glazed manju crust Shaped in the form of snow rabbits, which roam the region the snack has been a staple of the region for 50 years That's a lot of time Although we've had snacks that have been around like over a hundred years So I guess it's not that much in comparison.  There you go. It smells sweet Smells biscuity so Basically it tastes the Dyson milk manju that we did this tastes like that minus that vanilla and even more Bean paste texture than the other one because the other one had the custard kind of like mellowing it out just a little bit So it's basically like sweet red bean paste You know It's decent Not a favorite, but it's decent It's for when you don't want like crazy flavors or anything Okay, so I'm gonna go ahead and do this one. This is the one I kind of set aside at first So this this is gonna be interesting This is chili katsu I'm sorry chili katsu Lightly fried snacks topped with crispy seasoned breadcrumbs So, um, I'm not great with heat. So I'm hoping that it's not like crazy hot or anything So but we'll find out That's kind of why I left it toward the end Oh Oh, it smells fried as soon as I open that up. I'm like That's been fried Oh, it just There's a sweetness though. There's like a sugary-ness. It smells like sugar and salt fried sugar salt Cracker is what it smells like There is something else on there Which I assume is that chili that actually smells a little bit barbecue So check that out. These are really tiny. I'm interested to see what this is like. It's really good um Like you can definitely taste that it's fried and it's got like that that fried portion on the outside that's You know, it's not like crispy like freshly fried. It's been, you know in the package for a little bit So it's kind of soft It was a really nice sweetness that comes in immediately like I was saying I was smelling And then a really nice saltiness and then that kind of like barbecue flavor. I was talking about and then It gets it gives you a little bit of a chili kick at the end But it's not too much.  This is a surprise. It kind of tastes like a fried barbecue something With a little bit of heat to it. That's tasty. I like that a lot I'm interested for my wife to try that. She might like it. So when I got two of those, unfortunately, I'd like more As you saw those things are small. That's really small. That's I mean The way I'm doing it. It's like two bites, but honestly that to most people that's one bite basically So no biggie though. Okay.  I don't know if they're different One. Yeah, they're different flowers. I guess And I don't like I can't I can't tell what flowers what unfortunately. So there's that flower And there's that flower I don't know. Sorry my stomach was rumbling. I am hungry Um, I'm gonna do this flower No, actually I have I have more of these so I'm gonna do this flower and then I'll figure out the other one later Okay, hard candy like I I feel like they always put a hard candy item in these boxes Which is fine every now and then I like to have a hard candy It smells fruity. It's that apricot plum. It has a specific It kind of smells like those those gummy peach rings, honestly Not apricot plum or taste It tastes good So I wouldn't say that it tastes like flower in any respect. It's just fruity Okay, I see where I see the apricot and plum in this but you could also Argue that it smells and tastes like those gummy peach rings kind of But yeah Yeah, that tastes good I'll finish that later because I don't want to keep having it in my mouth when I'm doing this but Um, that was actually the end So just kind of a recap. What was I really into?  That's tori sandwich This thing Oh my this the salted caramel one with the cinnamon That is amazing. Like I said, it's potentially the best thing that's ever been in these snack boxes. That was crazy good Other than that that chili katsu, man I mean, I don't need to show you but we just because we just did it but the chili katsu So those are my two favorite things the tori sandwich and the chili katsu awesome, um the other uh other runners up I'd say Uh, the baked crab senpai was quite good very surprising very interesting and the pear gafret Which you know the pear gafret and the baked crab senpai anyway, okay this This video has gone for a while and um, yeah, I'm gonna shut it down But it'll be interesting to see what we get for next month for April and time warp. Sorry took me a little bit But uh, thank you everyone for checking this out once again, please hit the subscribe You can also hit that notification bell if you want to know every time I put up a video Um, like I said, it takes you like a second can mean a lot for the channel So I would really appreciate that thumbs up if you like Comments down below and we will get nerdy. We'll talk about whatever you want pretty much But thank you and until next time keep it brutal


Would you like to meet my great constituent here? I'm Jack Jackson, Mr. Fresno. I'm the writer, publisher, editor. My daughter sent you a little note of you at some place. She'd read it sometime. She'd appreciate it. She's one of your greatest of all. Well, I appreciate it. Sudden Moon Star is such a view of your development. And I know this is my new experience for you. Well, I've heard a few times. We gather here for a family picture. Why don't you ladies get in the middle of it, and it's pretty good picture. It's something set. They would be shaking hands for the magazine. Let us get out of it. Now let's do it. Congratulations, Julie. I just say one thing that people like to do. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. We really do appreciate it. President, I hope to see you soon. Thank you very much. You see you. We are too. We are going to miss her. Malorie Lawrence. This President needs an honor. Please, can we choose? Congratulations. Like me, you're going to be under your term. That's right. Mr. Lawrence, Fonsi, Alameda, Roy. Mr. Eggman. Mr. Sister, Francis Lawton. She's the Vice President's wife. I know. I know. You must be very proud of your parents. Oh, we are. The office has asked me to bring you a little lament. We have Americans doing this cap that we'd like for you to have. We understand that your wife is the honorary chairperson of the Partnership for Youth Program and Tide Drive Program. And the Union Miss Program has just become And the Junior Miss program has just become a sponsor and supporter of this and the American Service. We'll now be an Ambassador and Spokesperson for her program, and we thank her for everything she does for the teenagers of America, and we wanted to thank her and give this to you in return. Well, I would be very pleased to take that to her, and I thank you for this. Now, no one will think that I am the Junior Miss. Oh, no. I don't think so. Another chance for that. Can I get a picture? Then why don't we get a little picture? Okay. Okay. That would be an honor. Okay. Yes. There we go. That'll make a nice picture. Well, thank you so much, sir. Well, listen, thank you for all of this and the message to the Nancy. Well, we appreciate both of you tremendously. Thank you. We really do. This is so nice. Thank you so much. We really appreciate it. You have a lot of support from the people in our part of the country down in Central Texas. Well, thank you. Glad to hear that. Glad to see you. Thank you. Have a nice day. Thank you. Thank you. Have a nice day. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Have a nice day. Thank you. Hi. Hi. Mr. President, Mr. Chairman, Mr. Chair, how are you? I'm good. Good to see you. Fine. Keep up that salt. I agree with you 100%. Hi. Mr. Harvey Frieden? Yes. President Harvey Frieden, how are you? I'm good. I'm good. I'm a Jewish woman. And I've been doing a great job of traveling all over the country. Getting our picture taken here. Yeah, I know we are. I see it. Yes. Thank you very much. Well, you might say that again it's a pleasure to meet you and you're doing a great job. You know, something that this country is very, very proud of you. But you understand that. Well, Mr. President, I thank you very much. I hope I can deserve it. And I want to thank both of you for the support that you've been particularly on our SDI. Oh, yeah. Thank you. President, I wonder if I can add to that. I appreciate it. Ten cents for my son. His name is Brian. There's not too much trouble. Not too much. Brian. B-R-I-N. B-R-I-N. B-R-I-N. A-R-I-N. Thank you. Oh, that's wonderful. Thank you, Mr. President. Take care. Have a good day. Thank you. inaugural committee, one of the official hour of your nation. It includes some of these things as well. There are pictures you've got plenty of. Well, thank you very much. This is an assignment. We can do that. Nobody told me about it. At least you know it's not a word about signature. OK. Well, listen, thank you very much. And incidentally, thank you very much for the vote on the side of your hand. Oh, I felt very strong. I don't know if that's any good, but I appreciate it. Thanks for taking care of our French friends this afternoon. I was supposed to be with them. Oh. I had to rush back to do a vote. Oh. I don't know actually how you voted. Or what? Or what? No, but that's a great museum project. But what do you normally use them for? Did they tell you they're going to put it in a bunker? No. They're going to utilize the German headquarters bunker right outside of Kahn. Very heavy. And they're going to use this underground bunker as the museum. It's a huge thing. And they're going to use that. And so you'll get not only have the museum exhibits, but you'll actually be in the bunker area. That's great. Well, great to see you. Good to see you.  All right. These fellas behave pretty good. Not all the time. It's so fun when you behave all the time.  My wife keeps after me. She doesn't like me to get overweight. I'm not going to disagree with your wife. There you go. This on there, good to see you. How you doing? All right. President, how are you? How are you? This is Matthew, how much slow? Matthew, hello there, Bob, and Mother Elizabeth. Hello. Nice to meet you. Hello there. Nice to meet you. There's an amazing young man. I met him up in Michigan as his great-grandparents come from my state. He would like to recite for you all the present, starting with George Washington. I'm glad to hear it, because I can do that. You ready? George Washington, John Adams, South Jefferson, James Manson, James Monroe, Dr. Jams, Andrew Jay, and Andrew Jackson, and William Harrison, John Tyler, James Cakill, and the other two more Franklin Bears. Take your hand, neighbor, Lincoln, Andrew, John, and Andrew, start with your beard. James, Godfield, touch the earth, and Robert Clinton, Bender, the mayor, Jackson, Harrison, William Taylor, Roosevelt, William Tamford, Robertson, Warren, Heide, and Calvin Cooley, Chair of the Franklin, Roosevelt, Pirate, Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Joe Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan. You can also do that with the vice president, telling each term of the president and their wives. Who's your favorite president? Ronald Reagan. Thank you very much. I have two old square around here. Let's get a fan.  Thank you. Very much. And you seem better compared to someone who's so wide-wasted, 90. Mark, you ain't only messing with the side, I'm still reset the shooting of Dan and Drew and the formation of Sam McGee. You might take in the next press conference. You get in the bathroom. Seven years old, and you started this all by yourself in 1985 itself. It's just crazy. The speaker was talking about the president's wash, and then Lincoln came home and began his studies in 1970. Just a trail. He gave me my date, Mr. President. He'll tell you who was president that time. He went to terms with it. Any date? Any date? Yeah. 1878. 1878? That was with third Haynes. And what's the date? 1877, 1881. When he finds the president? Well, his last name was Wheeler. Kevin Saves. I just happened to hit that date, and I didn't even thought of myself. That was the president who was sitting in, right, well, not in this office, but here earlier, when, from Queen Victoria in England, that desk arrived. We had, it's made out of the planks of a British ship called the Resolute. It was called the Ice on Arctic Exploration. And one of our whaling vessels found it and brought it out. We referred it to the ship that was in England as a president. And when they decommissioned the ship under Queen Victoria and put it out of action, yes, or no. Now, thank you. She had them carve the planks into that desk and sent it here. Brother, the age was here. That's good. When it came. That's the right answer. Matthew would like to present those gifts to you. And that's a book that was recently written by a local lady having to do with the history of our community. And Matthew brought it out today. And the author brought it out just Saturday. And so I'd like you to have that. Thank you very much. And that's a paper weight that has a kind engraved just for the city of Brown City in the 1976 Centennial. We had a Centennial year during the Bicentennial.  Thank you very much. The people from Brown City send a great. And thank you. Be very proud of them who you are. And we're pleased to have you. Thank you, Mr. President. I appreciate it. Thank you very much. I appreciate it. And the parents. This is Mike. Or Scott. Mike. Mike Perry and Paula Downey. Not Mr. President. They finished third in the international competition in England for China. There's a lot of just bait and soccer in China. I know that you were there only three years ago. And you're the youngest. That's right. Having been there to trip ourselves, I hope you'll have time to get around this. It's quite an experience. Well, this is quite an experience for them. Are you nervous about it? Yeah. Scott's a striker. He scores our goals for us. And Michael is one of our best defenders. He plays the defense on the team. Well, Fred, we appreciate it very much. How many did they say? Soccer? A bigger tournament? Yeah. It's friendly games. We'll play against different teams. We need city and China when we stop. Oh. How long are you going to be gone? About two weeks. They get you here in a place called China. That's right. Uncovered. There was 800 or more life-size figures of soldiers. And in there, under a hill, is the tomb of this former warlord. And these, what he did to protect himself, was have this stone army made. And they were each one of these figures on the stone. And they estimate that if they continue their excavating, there are probably 8,000. And they're all standing there in formation. And they've covered them with a big building, now they're winning a balcony. And look in there, they are three more citizen chariots than individually carved. Makes you wonder if it worked or not. We got to go down among them and stand there, among them are all life-size. And looking at them, you almost got a feeling maybe they could come and win. Well, thank you, Mr. President. I know this is a great honor. Have a good time. Success to you. Just don't think that your big bad guess could decide to beat them. They'll do their best, I'm sure. Thanks for taking the time. It's a great pleasure. Thank you. I don't know whether they'll feed you too many Chinese meals, but a veteran of China Trips gave me one thing. He said just don't ask what it is if you eat it smartly. Thank you.


Welcome to changing gears and setting the backlash. In this video, you'll learn how to make changes to an engine lathe. Drive from the headstock to the gearbox is transmitted through the change or end gear train. Machinists often need to change gears to achieve the desired feed rate or thread pitch. They do this by changing the gear configuration. The number of gear teeth, which is stamped on the gear, determines change gears. Change gear configurations and the corresponding feed and thread pitches are found in the data plates at the front of the headstock. To change gears, begin by properly locking out the electricity to the machine. Open the end guard door. Determine the proper wrench assortment. This is a metric machine, so only use metric wrenches. Adjustable wrenches should never be used. Look at the data plate and establish which gear combination is needed. Collect the needed gears. Some may remain on the machine. Thoroughly inspect and clean each one. Loosen the stud gear hex head screw. Loosen the idle train T-nut. Don't loosen the idler train T-bolt at this time because you want the gears to stay engaged. Loosen the output shaft gear nut. The output provides power to the change gearbox. It's the bottom gear in the train. Remove the two nuts and bolts once they're loose. Remove the stud gear. It's at the head of the gear train and is driven by the spindle gears. Remove the drive gear on the idler shaft. The drive gear is in mesh with the output gear. Remove the spacer that's between the drive gear and the driven gear on the idler shaft. Remove the output gear. And finally, remove the driven gear. It's meshed with the stud gear or the top gear. Now let's look at the other parts that make up the change gear configuration. This is the swing frame, swing frame bolt, T-slide, gear spacer, and the shaft sleeve. To reassemble the gear train, begin by sliding the stud gear in place. Make sure you have the stamped gear tooth numbers showing. Next, hand tighten the stud gear bolt. When reassembling the gear train, make sure to keep your fingers clear of any pinch points between the gears. Rotate the swing frame up before lightly tightening its bolt. Loosen the T-slide bolt. Slide the driven gear into place. Replace the spacer that's between the drive gear and the driven gear on the idler shaft. When you've completed reassembling, all of the gears should be flush with one another. Next, slide the drive gear into place. Replace the T-slide nut and lightly tighten it. Take a double-up piece of paper and place it between the driven gear and the stud gear. Mesh the driven gear with the stud gear by sliding it into place. The backlash between the end gears should be 5 1,000s to 10 1,000s of an inch. A single sheet of paper is approximately 4 1,000s of an inch. So, a double-up piece is around 8 1,000s of an inch, which makes it a great tool for checking the spacing. It's important to maintain the proper amount of backlash between gears. Tighten the T-slide bolt and slide the paper out. Check for any movement between the gears. This movement is called backlash. Place the output gear on the output shaft. Place a new double-up sheet of paper between the driven gear and the stud gear. Hold the driven gear in one hand while loosening the swing frame bolt. Let the driven gear down and gently mesh it with the output gear. Tighten the swing frame bolt and slide the paper out. Check for any movement between the gears. Finish tightening the output shaft gear nut. Tighten the idle-train T-nut and recheck the tightness of the idler-train T-bolt. Tighten the stud gear hex head screw. Check the entire backlash between the gears and make sure all meshed gears are flush to one another. Close the end guard door. Finally, remove the electrical lockout. To check your work, start the machine and turn the spindle on. The gear-train should run smooth. If it's noisy, you may need to adjust the gear-train to avoid damaging the end gears. If the machine is running smoothly, you've correctly changed gears and set the backlash. You can now begin working. You've completed changing gears and setting the backlash.


The derivative is the slope of the tangent line, and one of the things that that means is if you actually have the graph of a function, you can actually get a pretty good idea of what the derivative is going to look like. So if I have a graph of y equals f of x, I can actually try and sketch the derivative graph without having to do the differentiation. And this is particularly good, because certainly as we start, we're not going to know a lot of derivatives off hat. And part of the reason is that a little bit later on, we want to be able to go forward from the graph of y equals f of x to the graph of the derivative y equals f prime of x, and that's mainly because a little bit later on, we're going to want to go from the graph of the derivative back to the graph of the original function. So of course we want to start with a perfect graph, but most of us aren't that good, so we'll start with a stick figure, you know, call that a rough sketch of the graph of y equals f prime of x. And a little bit later on, we'll refine that to try and get a better sketch of y equals f prime of x. Now what do we need? Well, there's three important components that we want. We want to identify where the graph of y equals f prime of x does not exist, where there are gaps in the graph. Those are places where the derivative fails to exist. Where the graph of y equals f prime of x is above the x-axis, that is to say our y values are positive, so f prime is positive, and then where the graph of y equals f prime of x is on the axis, which is to say if you're on the axis, your y value is zero, where is the derivative zero, and lastly, we want to find where the graph of y equals f prime of x is below the x-axis. The y values below the x-axis, y is negative, derivative is negative. And once we can identify these points, we can connect the dots, and then later on we'll refine our sketch of the graph. How does that work? Well, let's consider a graph. So here's a graph, y equals f of x, and we want to sketch on the same set of axes a graph of y equals the derivative of x. Now the derivative corresponds to the slope of the line tangent to the graph, so let's pick a couple of random points on the graph. So I've selected a bunch of points here. I've drawn these vertical lines to indicate where we are located, because what I would like to do is I'd like my derivatives to correspond to the same locations. So at this x-value, my derivative is whatever it is. At this x-value, my derivative is slope of line tangent to graph. At this x-value, slope of line tangent to graph, and so on. So I'll sketch the tangent lines to the graphs at the points that I've chosen. And then after I've sketched the tangent lines, the thing that I want to do, the derivative is the slope of the line tangent to the graph. So I want to record the sign of the slope of the tangent line. So let's go ahead and take a look at them. At this point here, the tangent line slopes downward, derivative is negative. Tangent line slopes downward, derivative is negative. Tangent line slopes upward, derivative is positive. Tangent line slopes upward, derivative is positive. line slopes downward, derivative is negative. Now because I'm just making a rough sketch, because I'm just making a rough sketch, the first thing I would like to get is to make sure that I'm actually in the right part of the graph, the right part of the plane. So here I want to just plot points whose y-coordinates have the right sign. So I'll plot a few points. So here I want y-coordinate negative, that's below the axis some place, and I want to line it up on this vertical line. Here, again, y-coordinate is negative, so that's going to be some place below the axis, some place on this line, how about right there. There's a reason in our more refined sketch, we'll see why we place this one a little bit higher up, but for right now it doesn't really matter too much. So here we want y-coordinate positive, that's above the axis some place on this line, y-coordinate positive, above the axis some place on this line, y-coordinate negative, below the axis some place on this line, and there's a bunch of points that at least have the right sign, and I'll connect the dots to form our stick figure, again our sketch of the graph of y equals f prime of x. Now later on we'll actually refine this graph, but for now this is actually not a bad starting point. Let's take a look at another one. Here's y equals f of x, a much more complex graph, and something we might do to make our lives easier. Rather than just picking random points, we could start by picking significant points. So the important points are the places where the derivative does not exist, and the derivative is zero. And part of the reason is that the other points that matter, where the derivative is positive, where the derivative is negative, the only way we can go from negative to positive, or vice versa, is we either pass through a place where the derivative is zero, or the derivative fails to exist. So let's identify where those points are. So here we have a corner, and we know that at corner points, derivatives does not exist, so that's an important point. And then imagine what those tangent lines look like, so along here derivative is positive, along here derivative is negative, derivative positive right here. If I draw the tangent line through this point, the slope of that line, it's horizontal, the slope of the line is going to be zero. So here I have a place where the derivative does not exist, here I have a place where the derivative is zero, and in between them, I have places where the derivative doesn't change signs. And again, just to get some idea of what those are, we might pick a couple of intermediate points and draw the tangent lines through those points. And again, since I want the graph of y equals f prime of x, I want to record the sine of f prime of x, and so I'm looking at the slope of the tangent line. Here the slope is positive, here the tangent line doesn't exist, here tangent line slope is negative, tangent line slope is zero, tangent line slope is positive. Next, I want to plot a couple of points whose y-coordinates have the correct sine. So again, I want my y-coordinate to be positive, some place above the axis doesn't exist, I want my y-coordinate to be negative, some place below the axis, y-coordinate zero right on the axis, y-coordinate positive, some place above the axis, and now I can connect the dots. With one important reminder along this line, the derivative doesn't exist. So I need to make sure that my graph has a hole where it doesn't exist. And so here's my sketch of the graph of y equals f prime of x. Now, from time to time, we'll run into a graph that makes this a little bit more complicated, and more generally, if we want to get more than just a stick figure sketch, we're going to have to think a little bit more about what the derivative graph looks like. So for example, here's another function, and here's the graph of that function. And I might select some random points and draw the tangent lines to those points, and then record the signs of the derivatives. And here's the thing I notice here. Slow positive, slow positive, tangent line slope positive, tangent line slope positive. And the problem here is if I try and graph y equals f prime of x, every point that I plot is some place above the x-axis. And I don't have a really good sense of what that looks like. So here's a couple of points above the x-axis. So maybe my derivative looks like that. Here's a bunch of points along the x-axis. Maybe my graph looks like that. And then maybe I can do other things that all have points above the x-axis. So it's a little difficult to get a good sense of what the derivative graph looks like. And the way we can do that is by considering the relative magnitude of the derivatives. And the key question here is the slope greater, a larger positive number, or less a smaller number. And for that, we can look at the steepness of those tangent lines. So let's start. Our first point is going to be y-coordinate positive. So we're someplace above the x-axis. So we'll go ahead and plot our point there. First point is free. And the thing that we have to ask is not only the second point is above the x-axis, but how does the slope of the second point compare to the slope of the first point? And if we look at it, the slope is deeper, the second line is steeper, and the slope is positive. So whatever the slope is for this, the slope of this line is going to be greater, more positive, so that next point is going to be higher up. Well, let's continue that analysis. If I go to this next point, here's the tangent line. Here's the tangent line of the point I'm at. And this line is deeper than this line. So the slope of this line is greater than the slope of that line. So the derivative will also be greater. And so that means the next point should actually be a little bit lower down to reflect the fact that the slope is not as great as it had been. And then if I go to that last point, I again have a positive slope, but this is even smaller than this positive slope. So my corresponding point should be even lower down. And now I play connect the dots. And there's my sketch of y equals f prime of x.