What makes for excellence in heart care? It starts with one of the most amazing teams of heart surgeons and cardiologists that I've seen assembled under one roof and the region's leading technology in a new $40 million facility. This is the nationally recognized Heart and Vascular Institute of Eastern Kentucky at Pikeville Medical Center. Recently, Pikeville Medical Center has been performing a new type of PET scan that is specifically designed to identify and help diagnose prostate cancer. The new scan is now 92% accurate as opposed to the previous 65% accuracy. Pikeville Medical Center is the only hospital in the east Kentucky region conducting these scans to provide a higher quality service to their patients. The new PSMA PET is a beautiful piece of technology and the reason we like it so much is that if you use traditional bone scans which were the standard of care for staging prostate, the accuracy for that test was only 65%. The new PET scan accuracy is 92% so it is a game changing. So the reason that's important is because it better stages, better prognosticates, better tells us what to expect with prostate cancer, how to treat it, and what to do with that information. So it helps us to decide about radiation, surgery, hormone blockade, even chemotherapy. It truly changes the way that we treat prostate cancer. The new technology allows for targeted scans in parts of the body. Once any cancer cells have been identified, oncologists can move towards the treatment phase. The traditional PET scans when we do that, they just look at uptake of sugar. So things that are uptaking sugar that are growing faster can live on PET scan. And a traditional PET scan lights up anything that's like, you know, infection can light up on a traditional PET scan, cancer that's fast growing can light up on PET scan. But with the new technology, we're starting to get targeted for a specific cancer type. So we always talk about, you know, targeted therapy for the treatment. This is targeted therapy for the diagnosis. And I think that we are the only facility in eastern Kentucky that has that technology. And so if you don't get it in Pikeville, you're going to be going to Lexington, Louisville, Cleveland Clinic, somewhere like that. Reporting for Mountain Top News, I'm Nick Colum.


Good afternoon, everybody. I'm Tommy O'Brien, coming to you live from TFNN headquarters in St. Petersburg, Florida, 1 p.m. Eastern Time on Thursday, three hours left to go on the trading day. We've got markets hanging around in negative territory right now. S&P, negative by one point, trading at 31-10. You get the Dow Jones, negative by 40 points, trading at 27,608. NASDAQ, negative by 10, trading at 85-55. Oil contract, backing off a bit off 19 pennies at 58-23. Quite a day in oil yesterday, almost $2 to the upside. Oil almost made it to $59 today before backing off a bit. Notes and bonds, we've got a little bit of lower price and higher yield. The 10-year off four ticks, 1.2909. The 30-year off 11 ticks at 1.5812. And the dollar index, continuing some weakness, the dollar index off 265 ticks at 97,383. We'll start things off. Let's jump over to a few of the charts. We'll start it off with the Dow 30. Coming into the opening bell this morning, I say the opening bell, 6.30 a.m. We were up there at 27,766. You can see the sell-off that begins right at 9.30. We go from 27,731. We make a low, as we did in all the indices, just after 10 a.m. of 27,559. So you're talking about almost 200 Dow points from high to low there, currently trading 27,603. S&P 500, we were up there early this morning at 3124. For context here, the high that we had early, early Monday, excuse me, was 3158. So we're still off of that high by about 48 S&P points right now. We dive lower to almost 3,000. We make, excuse me, almost 3,100. We make it to 3103, currently trading 3109. Jumping over to the crude oil chart, as I mentioned, above $59 briefly, just after the opening bell, currently trading at 5,835. For a little context, as I referenced, how about the run yesterday in crude? You back things up to early, early Tuesday morning, 55 handle even. That's Tuesday. Yesterday, we're down there at a 56.30. We run all the way up to $59, currently trading at $58.36. What else we have happening in the market? We got weekly jobless claims this morning. That number, a seven month low, initial jobless claims, 203,000. For the weekend in November 30th, it should be interesting to see how that plays into non-farm payrolls tomorrow morning, 830 AM. Basil Chapman, he will be live on the air for them folks tomorrow morning at 830 AM. We get that non-farm payroll jobs number. The market awaits that number for sure. Stay tuned, folks. We're going to man Steve Rhodes coming up live right now. Dave White live at 2 o'clock. Tom O'Brien live at three. We'll be right back.


This is JSA TV, the newsroom for tech and telecom professionals. I'm Dean Perine, and welcome to JSA TV. We're coming at you live from the show floor at Channel Partners Evolution in our nation's capital of Washington, D.C., and I have the privilege of sitting next to Mr. Aaron Withrup. Did I get it? It's Withrup. It's Withro. Withro. Aaron Withro. Aaron is the channel partner manager for Google Fiber. You may have heard of them. Aaron, welcome to JSA TV. Thanks, Dean. I appreciate you talking to me today. You got it. Well, you know, we met in a session that you were actually conducting earlier today. Why don't you tell our viewers a little bit about that session and what you had to say? Sure. So I came out here to talk to everybody at the Channel Partners conference about what Google Fiber is doing. Because what everybody has heard of Google Fiber, or most people have, however, most people only think that it's for residential. But we actually have a business program and a partner program. And so I'm out here to talk to everybody about what it is that we're doing, how we can help businesses, and how we can all work together. Very good. And some of the challenges that Google Fiber is experiencing, like any other Fiber provider, with the cloud. And there's problems there that you guys are solving. Why don't you tell our viewers a little bit about that? Sure. So we've got a product set that is focused on the small businesses. And these are the guys that typically have a hard time finding bandwidth and technology solutions, because they're on a limited budget. And one of the things that we've done is we've brought a couple of products to them that we think are fantastic for them, high bandwidth, affordable products, that will allow them to take advantage of technology. We know everybody wants to move to the cloud, but how do you do that, especially if you're a small business owner, a lot of other things to think about, right? That's where Channel Partners come in. So we want to bring affordable bandwidth, partner with the guys here to help bring a full solution to these businesses. Outstanding, Aaron. Thank you very much. So the question that everybody asks, and Aaron has reminded me that everybody asked this, is when is Google Fiber going to be in my backyard? That's exactly right. That's the question that I get the most of. In fact, everybody starts a conversation with. As soon as I know I'm with Google Fiber, OK, so I'm in Lister City. When are you coming? Well, unfortunately, my best answer is go to the website. We are in certain areas. That's where you can find out where we are. Aaron, thank you so much for joining us today. I appreciate it. Absolutely, Dean, no problem. All right, and thank you viewers for watching JSA TV. We'll see you soon.


I welcome you all for the third lecture in the module 1. In the last class we started discussion on controllable errors and we completed environmental effects or environmental errors. Now today we will have discussion on remaining controllable errors. Now we will discuss what is elastic deformation. Now during measurement sometimes what happens the operator will operate more pressure on the moving element. So, that the stylus or the jaw moving jaw will compress the workpiece. So, due to this what happens the workpiece gets damaged and also the measuring instrument jaw or anvil gets damaged. So, we will get some errors in the measurement. So, how this can be eliminated? Now we should have some sensing device to sense the pressure applied pressure for example, ratchet mechanism provided in the micrometer or sometimes dial indicators are provided along with the instrument to sense the measuring pressure and the overhangs in the setups should be minimized if the part is overhanging. So, because of its own weight the measuring instrument may deflect or the setup may deflect leading to some elastic deformation errors. Now we should have some kind of adjustment for applying stylus pressure which I have discussed. Sometimes what happens the same measuring instrument may be used to measure different kinds of material like rubber, plastic and metallic parts. In that case single pressure setting will not be enough. So, depending upon the pressure the material that is to be measured we need to set different settings pressure settings. So, if you have such kind of adjustments in the measuring instrument it will be always better and then error due to deflection. Sometimes the workpieces will be very long and we need to support them using supports. Now in such cases we have to use area points. Now you can see this diagram wherein we have a very lengthy workpiece the length of the workpiece is L and it is supported at two places two supports are there the distance between the supports is D. Now when we support the long workpiece at a distance of D which is known as D where D is equal to 0.577 times L where L is the length of the workpiece then even though there is deflection of the workpiece the end faces will be parallel to each other. So, that we can take the measurements by using end faces of the workpiece. If we support at any other distance then ends will not be parallel and when we use the end faces for the measurement we will be getting some error. So, that we can show with the help of a simple diagram I am writing a sketch. So, we have a long workpiece like this and then it is supported using two supports like this, but the distance is not equal to 0.577 times L where L is the length of the workpiece. So, in this case we can see that end faces are not parallel. So, when we use the end faces for measurement in such a situation then there will be measurement errors due to the deflection of workpieces. And there is another kind of alignment error this happens when the measuring instrument and desired dimensions are not properly aligned. So, this we can understand by using this by studying this diagram we have the workpiece of some length which the length of this workpiece is to be measured. We have taken a scale for measuring the length. Now, scale is not properly aligned with the workpiece. Now, you can understand we can see in the picture that there is a inclination of theta between the measure dimension and the edge of the scale. So, because of this we get a length of L, but actual distance will be L cos theta. So, this is known as cosine error. So, this we can eliminate by proper alignment of the measuring tool with the physical dimension that is to be measured. Now, so under controllable errors we have another error called parallax error the definition of this we studied when we discussed about metrology terminologies. Now, this error occurs when the pointer on a scale is not observed along a line normal to the scale. Now, what is the remedy for this? So, we should always try to reduce the distance between the pointer and scale. So, that this parallax error is minimized. Now, we should always use a base principle of alignment that means the axis of measurement and the instrument measurement should be always collinear. So, that the error due to distortions are eliminated and then error due to improper instrument selection. So, we can take the example of measurement of a very thin wire of say half millimeter diameter. Now, in order to measure this diameter which is approximately 0.5 millimeter diameter we should not select a micrometer having a range of 0 to 25 millimeter. If you select instrument having 0 to 25 millimeter what happens is we are using the end portion of the range. So, wherein there will be error will be more. So, we should always when we select the instrument we should always use the middle portion of the range. Now, if you want to measure 0.5 millimeter diameter wire it is always better we select an instrument having a range of may be 0 to 3 millimeter or 0 to 5 millimeter if available. So, that the errors are less and then error may occur due to wear also. So, due to the continuous usage of measuring instruments the measuring surfaces of the instruments are subjected to wear. For example, if you take one year caliper the phases of measuring jaws are subjected to wear. Similarly, the anvil phase and spindle phase of the micrometer they are subjected to wear because of this we get some error. Now, wherever possible we should try to adjust the instruments. So, that the 0 so that the error is made 0 otherwise we have to calibrate the instruments and then we should note down what is the error and then when we present the measurement result we should account for this measurement error. And many times the measuring instruments come with the tungsten carbide coated surfaces for example, in the micrometer anvil surface and spindle surface they are tipped with carbide. So, that the wear is less and the life of the instrument is more. So, that we can observe in this picture this is the spindle. Now, I can see the tip of the spindle is the end of the spindle is tipped with a carbide tip. Now, let us discuss about non controllable errors. So, these are beyond the control of operator and what we need to do is we have to calibrate the instruments and we have to note down what is the error and when we present the measurement data we should account for the error. Otherwise we should have we should take a new measuring instrument wherein the non controllable errors are very less or another remedy is we should calibrate the instruments and then we should use such instruments. Now, first one is scale errors. Now, when we use some instrument if the scale preparation of the instrument itself is wrong then we always get the wrong reading is known as scale error this can be eliminated only by calibration of that particular instrument. Now, we have another kind of non controllable error which is known as reading error this happens because of thickness of the graduation and the line spacing between two divisions. Now, we can study this picture wherein we have a long component whose length is to be measured we are using a steel rule. Now, we can see the end of the workpiece is somewhere here. Now, if we read this scale the reading is 128.8 the reading is between 128.8 and 128.9, but it is very close to 128.9. So, now what we can what operators will do he will take a dimension of 128.9 plus or minus 0.1 centimeter. So, in this case that 0.1 centimeter becomes the reading error. Now, remedy for this is we should use instruments with digital display or we should use magnifying lens. So, that we can approximate in a better way. So, that reading errors are minimized. Now, we have linearity error for a measuring system with linear output the maximum deviation of the output of the measuring instrument from a specified straight line is known as linear error. Now, if we observe this picture x axis is true value of the physical quantity and y axis we have measured value and we have a best fit straight line drawn using the end points. Now, other points are laying very close to that and now this gap is known as error caused by nonlinearity. So, this best fit line we can always draw by various methods by using end points of the range also by method of least squares to determine best fit line for all the values and other method is using a method of least square to determine best fit line which passes through the 0 point. Now, the instrument which is having linearity error we should know what is the amount of linearity error and we should consider this while presenting the measurement data. The other kind of non controllable error is hysteresis error. So, this is the difference in position between loading and unloading curves. Now, we can observe this picture where in we have a loading curve that means, the measurement is done in the increasing order and similarly in the descending order. Now, this difference is known as hysteresis. Now, how do we find whether there is hysteresis error? So, when the pointer does not return to 0 when the load has been removed then it indicates that there is some hysteresis error. Now, the causes for this hysteresis error are many this is may be due to drive friction in the mating parts moving parts because of the properties of elastic elements also hysteresis error may happen also because of presence of internal stresses in the various components of the instruments. This can be reduced by proper heat treatment of various elements of the instrument and also by proper stabilization of the various components of the measuring instrument. Then repeatability error so, this is present in almost all measuring systems. Now, the figure shows the distribution of repeated measurements made on one part by one person using one tester. Now, I can understand that the different measuring points will fall like this and we can always measure the mean of this and now the gap between the mean line and true value is known as inaccuracy and this gap will be known as repeatability error. So, this indicates there is certain inaccuracy in the measurement system and the spread of the curve illustrates the degree of error due to repeatability. So, this can be eliminated by proper calibration of the instrument. Now, let us start the discussion on international unit system. There are many unit systems like imperial system, metric system and this international unit system is an extension and refinement of the metric system which is more convenient to use when compared to other systems. This provides one basic unit for each physical quantity which are mentioned below. For length the unit is meter and the symbol used is m. Similarly, for mass the unit is kilogram and symbol is kg. So, similarly there are 7 basic units and all of them have units and symbols as shown here. Now, coming to the measurement standards, now international organization for standardization is responsible for establishing the standards and maintaining the standards and they will also responsible for calibrating the other secondary and tertiary standards by comparing those with the primary standards established by international organization for standardization with the help of its various technical committees. Now, there are different kinds of standards like material standard and wavelength standard. Now, under material standards we have line standard and end standard. Now, let us learn what is that line standard and end standard. Now, line is a fundamental physical quantity which plays a major role in our daily life as well as in trade and manufacturing system. The following types of line standards are established. The first one is imperial standard yard. So, this is a material having the 1 inch square cross section and it is made out of branch bar with composition of 82 percent copper, 13 percent tin and 5 percent zinc and the bar is having certain length. Now, 2 gold plugs are inserted into the bar branch bar as shown in this figure on the neutral axis. Now, on the gold plug there are 3 lines are engraved. Now, the distance between the center line of left gold plug to the center line of right gold plug is taken as 1 yard. So, this is known as imperial standard yard and this is kept at a temperature of 62 degree Fahrenheit. Now, there is another kind of line standard known as international standard prototype meter. Again this sketch shows a special cross section is used and the length of length and breadth are 16 millimeters bar 16 millimeters and this represents the neutral axis surface. The surface is at neutral axis and 2 lines are engraved on this surface and the distance between these 2 lines is taken as 1000 millimeter or 1 meter. Now, what is the material of this bar? It is made out of 90 percent platinum and 10 percent iridium and this is kept at 0 degree centigrade and normal atmospheric pressure. Now, this is taken as 1 meter and it is used for comparing other measurement standards. Now, the second type of material standard is end standard. That means, we have a metallic bar may be of round shape or square shape and the distance between ends, end surfaces of the bar is taken as the standard and these are more convenient to use when compared to line standard and these are used in workshop practical for practical measurements in workshop and in inspection laboratories. The examples are of the end standard or end bar and slip gauge. So, let us try to understand the end bar. These are used for measurement of large size of work. They consist of carbon steel round bars about 20 millimeter in diameter and length is varying from 10 millimeter to 1200 millimeter. They are very they are hardened at the ends up to 800 because hardness and whenever they are supported they are supported using airy points. So, that end surfaces will be always parallel. They are available in different accuracy grades like reference grade, calibration grade, inspection grade and workshop grade. Depending upon the usage appropriate grades are selected. For example, for measurement in the workshop level the workshop level grades are used for calibration purpose, calibration grades of end bars are used. These end bars they have threaded ends so that they two or more number of end bars can be assembled to have required length. Now, second type of end bar or end standard is slip gauge. They are nothing, but rectangular blocks of hardened and stabilized high grade steel or zirconium oxide. They have 9 millimeter wide and 30 to 35 millimeter long cross section. The length of the slip gauge is nothing, but the dimension which it measures. They are hardened to resist wear and they are stabilized to relieve internal stress stresses. They are made as per IS 2984 1981 and IS 2984 2003 standards. Different grades of slip gauges are available like triple A grade, wherein the very close tolerances are maintained like plus or minus 0.05 micrometer. They are used to establish standards and they are used for reference purpose. The second category is double A category or calibration grade which uses medium tolerance on its length that is plus 0.1 micrometer to minus 0.05 micrometer. They are used for calibrating the lower grade instruments measuring instruments and they can also be used for high precision gauging work. And then third grade is A grade or inspection grade, wherein wider tolerance is provided on the length of the slip gauge like from 0.15 micrometer to minus 0.05 micrometer. They are used as tool room standards for setting other gauging tools. The fourth grade is workshop grade or we say B grade, wherein the tolerance is wider that is plus 0.25 microns to minus 0.15 microns. They are used as shop standards for precision measurement. Now, we have some photographs here. This shows the slip gauge set, wherein we have various slip gauges of different lengths. And then you can see the finish of the slip gauge. It is almost mirror finish. Lapping work will be carried out on the measuring surface so that it will have very fine finish and very close tolerances can be attained. So, this shows the slip gauge accessories, wherein we can have slip gauge holder. We can see the slip gauge holder here and we can assemble the different slip gauges by ringing process. We can build the required length of the slip gauge and we can put them in the slip gauge holder and this distance can be used as the standard for the measurement purpose. Now, I am showing a slip gauge set. There are different grades of slip gauges are available, which we have already discussed. And normally, we have two types of sets. One is a normal set and another one is a special set. In the normal set, starting from 1.001 to 100 millimeter, there will be totally 45 pieces. In the special set, starting from 1.001 to 100 millimeter, there will be totally 87 pieces. Now, I am showing a special type of slip gauge box. So, wherein we can see the slip gauges length, they are starting from 1.001 and they go up to 1.009 in steps of 0.001 and then starting from 1.01 to 1.49 up to 1.49 in steps of 0.01, we have 49 pieces and then starting from 0.5 and up to 9.5, we have totally 19 pieces in steps of 0.5 and then starting from 10 and up to 100 millimeter in steps of 10, we have 10 pieces and then we will be having two slip gauges. They are known as wear blocks. In this set, they are missing. Now, I am showing one slip gauge of 80 millimeter length. This is the distance between two measuring surfaces. That means, this surface and this distance between these two surfaces is 80 millimeter. You can have a look at the measuring surface. So, this is the measuring surface. So, this surface is finished ground hardened, stabilized and then lapped. We will have almost a mirror like finish. The flatness of the measuring surfaces will be fraction of a micrometer. Parallelism between these two measuring surfaces is also very very important and it is maintained within a fraction of a micrometer. I showed a special type of slip gauge wherein 14 millimeter slip gauge is not available. So, when we want 14 millimeter length slip gauge, we have to take two slip gauges and we have to build them. So, I have taken 9.5 millimeter slip gauge and 4.5 millimeter. When we combine them, we get 14 millimeter slip gauge. So, we have to combine the two slip gauges by a process called ringing process. I will just demonstrate the process. The two measuring surfaces should be cleaned properly to remove any dust and oily layer and then we have to keep these two slip gauges like this perpendicular to each other and we have to slowly move one slip gauge over other and then we have to rotate like this. Now, you can see because of the molecular attraction between the two surfaces, there will be adhesion of the slip gauges. Now, the distance between this surface and this surface is 14 millimeter. While dismantling the slip gauges, we have to repeat the same procedure. We have to rotate the slip gauges like this and then we have to slowly move and then we have to remove it. So, this is the ringing process. So, like this, up to third decimal place, we can build the slip gauges. Now, I am explaining the slip gauge accessories which are used along with the slip gauge set. Now, this is the slip gauge holder. We will be having the slip gauge holders in different ranges. For example, the first one is having a range of 0 to 50 millimeter. Second one is having a range of 0 to 100 millimeter and the third holder is having a range of 100 to 200 millimeter. Now, this is the base. You can see the bottom surface of the base. So, at the center it is relieved and only here there will be contact with the surface plate and we can observe that there is a screw here. So, now, these two can be assembled using this screw and threaded portion like this so that this assembly can be used as height master. Now, how to build the required height? Now, I have taken a 40 millimeter length slip gauge and these are the measuring jaws. We can observe the measuring jaw surfaces. This is very finely finished lapped surface and on the other side we have a curved surface. Again, this is lapped so that both inner surface as well as outer surface can be used for measurement purpose. Now, I will just show the assembly. So, we have to assemble. Again, we have to ring the slip gauge with the measuring jaw. I showed the process of ringing. So, similarly this should be ringed and then assembly should be put into the holder. The assembly should be put into the holder like this and then we have to tighten. Now, the distance between this surface and this surface is 40 millimeter. Now, this can be used as standard for measurement process. So, if required we can fix this to the base. So, now this assembly can be used for both external measurement that means we can measure external dimensions as well as if we have a component with a bore. So, for this can be used for internal measurement also. So, from here to here it can be used for internal measurement. Now, this is a pair of measuring jaw with the dimension 2 millimeter. This is the inner surface and this is the outer surface. The distance between the inner surface and the extreme point on the curved surface is 2 millimeter. So, this can be used for both internal measurement as well as external measurement. And then we have a scriber also. So, we can use this along with the slip gauge for scribing purpose. So, we have another kind of jaw which is having a center point here. This also can be used for scribing purpose. Now, what are the disadvantages of material standards? Sometimes accidentally if these standards are damaged then it becomes difficult to remake them particularly the imperial standard and international prototype meter if they are damaged it will be very difficult to reestablish them. And then very accurate lap conditions are to be maintained so that there will not be any dimensional changes. In order to overcome these difficulties wavelength standards are established. So, now meter is defined as the length of path traveled by light in vacuum in 1 upon 299792458 second. So, the light used to establish this wavelength standard is iodine helium neon laser at wavelength of 633 nanometer. Now, this is not affected by the environmental conditions. So, this is more convenient to use and it can be established easily. Now, there are some subdivision of standards material standards are classified into four basic types. The first one is primary standard. This is a material standard which is preserved under very specifically created conditions like 20 degree Celsius. So, one example for this primary standard is international prototype meter. So, this cannot be used for direct application it will be always used only for comparison with secondary measurement standards. Now, there are secondary standards they are much like the primary standards with respect to design aspect material aspect and length aspect. These are compared with primary standards at regular intervals and if there is any deviation it is recorded. These standards are kept at various places and various countries for occasional comparison with tertiary standards. Now, what are tertiary standards? So, these are used for reference purposes in various laboratories and workshops. They are used for comparison at regular intervals with working standards. And now, working standards these are physical standards for example, gauge blocks they are used for checking measuring instruments in the workshop. That means, workshop instruments are calibrated by using these working standards. These are these have traceable relationship to the secondary and primary standards by step by step comparison with higher level standards. Now, let us try to understand the meaning of calibration. Any manufacturing industry will have a goal of producing very good quality products they want to supply a zero defect products to the customers. So, the quality product should fulfill all the requirements of the customer with respect to functions, with respect to size, with respect to looks, ergonomic aspect etcetera and they should have specified dimensions as given by the customer. So, in order to establish or have the specified dimensions it is very necessary that measurement is to be carried out and one should have good and accurate measuring instruments. Now, we discussed in the previous classes that due to continuous use all the instruments are subjected to wear and there will be certain amount of error due to wear. So, at regular intervals the workshop instruments should be compared with the equipment placed in the standards room of the plant and then the amount of error should be noted down and if possible once you try to eliminate or minimize the error due to wear by making some adjustment. This process is known as calibration. In order to carry out calibration as per set standards a number of calibration laboratories are established at different levels like the in house calibration lab which is also known as standards room in a manufacturing plant and then we have professional calibration labs established by measurement experts and then the at the higher level. At the national level we have national physical laboratories. Now, in house calibration lab this is set up within a company for calibrating its own workshop measuring instruments very specialized and sophisticated equipments are placed in the calibration lab and the workshop instruments are occasionally calibrated using these sophisticated instruments. Now, what are the functions of calibration or standards room? It should have a temperature of 20 degree Celsius which is as per international standard and they should calibrate the various workshop level instruments at regular intervals or as and when needed and it should check the various inspection gauges, plug gauges etcetera and should also maintain the very delicate equipment available in the plant in good condition. Now, the calibration intervals for different instruments are shown here the one year calipers, height gauges, micrometers, dial gauges they are normally calibrated every 12 months once in 12 months they are calibrated and similarly slip gauges and dial distal dial gauges they are calibrated once in 3 years and radius masters are calibrated once in 24 months this is only an example. So, like this each instrument will have its own calibration interval. Now, higher level compared to standards room is professional calibration labs the very experienced people and measurement experts they establish these calibration labs and they run the calibration labs they maintain very good quality accurate and precise measuring instruments sophisticated instruments in the professional calibration labs and these are used to calibrate the equipment of the manufacturing plants and these professional labs should get accredited by national accreditation board for testing and calibration lab as per NABL norms. In house calibration lab need not have this accreditation examples of NABL accredited labs in India the central manufacturing technology institute situated at Bengaluru fluid control research institute established at Palakkad and then central mechanical engineering research institute at Durgapur. So, these are some of the NABL accredited labs in India. Now, let us see what are the calibration facilities available at mechanical engineering research institute they have calibration facility like coordinate measuring machine CNC coordinate measuring machine ML 10 gold standard laser and then laser aligned meter internal diameter measuring machines perthometers universal profile projectors like this they have different kinds of facilities for calibration purpose and following types of instruments and gauges can be calibrated at mechanical engineering research institute instruments like micrometers with setting pieces, varnier calipers, height gauges, depth gauges and height masters, dial gauges of different kind, straight edges, slip gauges all these types of instruments can be calibrated by using the facility available at mechanical engineering research institute now at the highest level in India we have a national physical laboratory which is situated in New Delhi. So, this is the measurement standards laboratory of India all the professional calibration labs instruments are calibrated at NPL at regular intervals and they get NABL certification now some of the facilities available at NPL are shown here. They have length measuring machine with laser interferometer they have flick standard calibration with 16 nanometer measurement uncertainty for in house traceability of roundness through laser interferometer and they have 1000 millimeter length measuring machine with gygo interferometer for flatness measurement and then 3D coordinate measuring machine and then they also have gauge block interferometer apart from this they have other sophisticated instruments for the purpose of calibration. Now, in this session we discussed about the various kinds of errors measurement errors and then we also studied about international unit system and various measurement standards like line standard, end standard and wavelength standard and what are the levels of standards like primary standard, secondary standard, tertiary standard and workshop level standards and then we tried to understand what is the meaning of calibration and how it is carried out and what are the various NABL accredited labs in available in India and what facilities they have for calibration purpose. So, these things we understood in this lecture now we will stop the lecture. Thank you.


Good morning, and welcome to Getting Clean on the Prairies.  I used to have a garden space out back that was a, you know, the traditional garden where we rode a tilled every spring and fought with the weeds, dealt with drought, dealt with bad soil, had trees kind of contending for moisture all the time. So it kind of soured me on gardening for a few years and I gave it up. But a couple years later than in this area out here, I started a potato patch and I started my first potato patch where I grew potatoes under straw using that roost out method and it went really good. It just worked a good for me here because I didn't have to fight with weeds, didn't have to deal with bad soil. So there's a lot of things to contend with here on the prairies, but I'm hopeful that there's gonna be some rain coming soon and I'm gonna show you how I collect rain for my garden. So I wanted my shed to have a vintage kind of old weathered look eventually, so what we did was we sided this with some one-inch fence board that's untreated lumber and did a boredom batten type finish on it. So over the next couple years this woodshed kind of weather and get that gray vintage look that I was kind of hoping to achieve on my shed. I used some galvanized steel to finish off the eaves and the drive-in door here, hoping that it will kind of rust over time. I've beaten it up with some hammers and chains and kind of give it like a hail damage look, but it's holding out so far. It's not rusting like it would because it's galvanized, so I may look at trying a few different methods on it to see if I can get it to get that rusted old look to it. So I had my carbon tear take some of the leftover fence boards and create a planter's box here in my window, so I will be putting some flowers in there soon. I managed the salvage. I used door and old picture window from a house that makes this a great window for putting my plants in in the spring. And also with the wood that was left over from the siding we put together a nice potting table here that I'll be using a lot. For potting up my plants. And I just wanted to show you the cute little decorations my sister-in-law Noreen made for me. This is called the Tea Party with the bees. She hand-painted onto these pieces of wood. So as you can see here, we got the eaves troughs put in and got it all set up so that runs into this water tank. So these tanks, I don't know if anybody's seen these, but they are everywhere. You can see them pretty much in anybody's farm yard or at the lake or in the back of people's trucks. These are food grade safe containers that you can buy used usually on Kijiji or in the States. I guess they call it Craig's List. These usually sell for about a hundred bucks. That's what we paid for this one. And it makes a great way to store water. I have it on the north side of the shed hoping that I don't have an LJ issue, but I may have to look at either painting it black or finding a tarp or something to cover it just to keep the LJ from growing inside. So as you can see, we got the the two sides all running into this tank here. So any rain that comes off this roof all gets collected. We just cut the hole into the top of this tank so that the eaves troughs run straight into the tank. Well, there are two ways you can get water from these tanks here. So the main one would be of course this tap that they have on them. I bought this attachment here. I'll try to find where I got this from or put a link below as to where you can find these, but it's a two-inch coupling adjustment. And then this adapter here makes it so you can hook up a garden hose. And then you can use it just to fill up your watering cans. If you want to just do a little bit of watering by hand, this is a great little thing to have. The second thing that I have set up here on my tank is a pump system that I have come up with. And this is a jet pump here. I'll have to look up the specs on that to give those to you. But it is a I guess a sump pump, jet pump that you would use to pump out septic tanks. Or if you have a bunch of water that you need to move, people use them like I say in their sump pumps in their basements. So what I can do here is I just hook up my hose to this. These tanks have a large hole on the top here. So I just put this inside my water tank, just fits. Submersit into the water. When I'm ready to water my garden, I can just plug this in, which will start the pump going. Then I can just turn on my little hand wand here and water my plants, water my containers, water my flower beds. So it doesn't produce a lot of pressure like you couldn't run a sprinkler or anything like that. You still have to water by hand, but it's something that I enjoy doing every day or every evening. And works pretty good for me.  So it could take a lot of time to actually fill up this tank using this system that I have here on my garden shed. So in order to get more rain water collected and stored into my tank, we also use the rain barrels that we have set up on our house. Those of course can collect a lot more water in a nice downpour with this larger roof system. So I'll just show you what I do with those rain barrels and how I get those, that water pumped into my tank. So whenever I can, after we have a good rainfall and the rain barrels are full, I use this method to collect the water from the rain barrels at the house and get my tank filled up as much as I can. So I hope you enjoyed watching my video on how I collect rain water for my garden. Please remember to like, comment, and hit the subscribe button so that you don't miss out on the next video. Thank you for watching.


This is episode 207 of the anxious truth and today we are talking about how you cannot Forcibly stop control or change your thoughts. This is important. So let's go Hey, what's up everybody? Welcome back to the anxious truth. This is podcast episode number two zero seven today We're gonna talk about the fact that you cannot Forcibly control stop or change your thoughts no matter how hard you try So if you are new to this podcast, I am Drulence a lot of creator and host of the anxious truth We've been at this since 2014. This is the podcast. That's all about anxiety and anxiety recovery So if you're dealing with things like panic disorder or agoraphobia or social anxiety or health anxiety or OCD This is the podcast for you.  Thank you very much. So today we're gonna talk about a really important topic It's a thing we do talk about a lot But I feel like it's come up a little bit more in the community lately And I wanted to dedicate a full podcast episode on this Which is the idea that you cannot no matter how much you want to decide to simply stop thoughts Control them or change them into positive thoughts. It just doesn't work that way So we're gonna talk about that today before we do I just want to remind you that the anxious truth is way more than just this podcast episode There's 206 other podcast episodes. There's three really good books and anxiety and anxiety recovery And there's even a bunch of social media stuff That's all free and there is my morning email newsletter and mini podcast called the anxious morning Which is also free. There's a ton of stuff on my website at the anxious truth comm So go avail yourself of all of those resources, please And if you are enjoying this work this podcast and I'm helping you in some way And you would like to find a way to support it and help keep it ad and sponsorship free as it always has been You can find ways to do that at the anxious truth comm slash support Of course, that's never required but always appreciated and I appreciate all of you guys no matter how you participate in the community Thank you very much. So let's get to this episode. This is another one that I recorded on the beach So it's the middle of March today as I record and it was just a great day So I took the camera and went up to the beach this morning to hang out for a while And I recorded two podcast episodes You saw one a couple of weeks ago and then I did this one also you'll see I was wearing the same gray Switcher what are you gonna do? So let's get to that Hopefully you enjoy my little second episode from the beach and then I'll come back at the end and wrap it up as I always do So let's get rolling All right, welcome back to Cedar Beach on the north shore of Long Island I recorded here a few episodes back But really that was only about 12 minutes ago as you could tell because I'm wearing the same thing Taking off the blue hoodie doesn't fool anybody. I'm aware. So today I wanted to take a few minutes from this kind of beautiful place and talk about Why you cannot control or change your thoughts This is something that we talk about all the time But it's been more a little more prevalent in the discussion in the community, especially my Facebook group So I just wanted to take a few minutes and dedicate a podcast episode to this because it's it's really important Most people don't seem to understand this premise especially in the beginning of the recovery process if you're plagued particularly by thoughts Especially if you're dealing with OCD and thought-based OCD puro But really anybody with an anxiety disorder really gets plagued by these thoughts and we ruminate and get stuck on them And they become intrusive and they replay That's a matter of degree, of course So but in the beginning everybody seems to want to come into the community at which everybody's welcome to of course at all Times and it's really natural for sort of a beginner or somebody that's new in this on the recovery journey to ask Any tips for how I can stop them? How can I make those thoughts stop or how can I control them? You know any tips and tricks for controlling my thoughts And that's a really common question to ask because clearly when the thoughts are disturbing to us We don't want to have them. We don't like them. They scare us They they threaten us in some way because many times those thoughts indicate Activities that we don't want to do and we would never do but they suggest them to us anyway and we see them then as possible threats or dangers or or They they describe us as evil people or bad people or whatever it happens to be. They're scary. They're disturbing. They're unwanted It's why we call them intrusive. They were wanted thoughts I wouldn't be talking about them and we wouldn't call them intrusive But they're just thoughts nonetheless, but the important thing about this is to understand that Trying to control those thoughts and stop them from happening is super frustrating and in the end It's a dead end. So we never approach these things by trying to stop the thoughts So there's two things here number one is trying to stop the thoughts Which you can't do and number two which I'll get to in a minute is the idea that you can change the thoughts And I'll get to that in a second. So let's start with the idea that you want to be able to stop the thoughts I'm gonna control the scary and disturbing and anxious thoughts That I have and I want to try to find the way to stop them from happening I don't want them to happen. So any tips for stopping? Well, let's talk for a second about what that would mean So let's take a ridiculous example and say in my head is a thought about a green umbrella because there's a green umbrella over there So Let's assume that I'm I keep thinking of this green umbrella and I decide I don't want to think of that green umbrella And you can apply this to any thought no matter how out there or disturbing or uncomfortable It may be it is exactly the same as my green umbrella that's over there So if I want to not think about that green umbrella What I have to do is try to think of other things But then that process of metacognition is gonna kick in right and we've got that thing that says well Now I have to check to see if I did it because that green umbrella thought is scary and disturbing I don't want it. I want it gone. So if I want it gone, I have to check to make sure that it's gone So if I'm gonna force myself to think of squirrels and an ice cream and Sunsets and happy things. I don't want to talk.  Are you thinking about it? And the minute my brain circles back to check to see if I am in fact Thinking of a green umbrella. I'm thinking of a green umbrella. So that experiment has happened a zillion times I've heard it with the pink elephants flamingos like purple dinosaurs like it's again and again and again and again I dare you for the next 10 seconds to not think of a purple dinosaur and and you will think of a purple dinosaur I'm thinking of it now We can't help it because we will monitor that. So, you know, we don't even control that like okay I need to make sure I don't think of that green umbrella So I have to check to see if I'm successfully stopping the thought and as soon as I check to see if I'm stopping the thought I have the thought and there it is. So I see people try to do this all the time like and believe me I've seen all kinds of crazy techniques thrown at people by You know people that really have no business giving this kind of advice I've heard people think of a stop sign, you know, imagine there's a stop sign in your head Tell the thoughts to stop. I've heard advice like count to ten and tell it to go away Count backwards from ten to make it go away I've had somebody who was literally told by a therapist believe it or not that they were disperse person was was kind of crippled with OCD Puro thought-based OCD and this therapist literally told that person to picture a stop sign and to yell out loud stop stop stop Like I can't even believe that that was actual advice Which clearly didn't work for that person and put them into even a little bit more of a torture chamber because I see no matter What I do this thought is so powerful and special and scary that it's overriding my special stop techniques But but there is no special stop techniques. We cannot decide what we think Thoughts pop on our heads all day long randomly in some cases depending on the state that we are in in an anxious state a frightened state Clearly in the case of the OCD community those thoughts become louder and stickier and more persistent But there's still just thoughts and they're going to have it So if you think that you are have to try to stop your thoughts And I sure hope that this windsock is working because the wind has kicked up a little bit If you think you're going to try to stop your thoughts think again because we cannot successfully Stop a thought from happening and that's just been proven again and again and again The second thing that we cannot do is to change that thought now This is advice that you hear often in the personal development self-help space, especially online Where it's the toxic positivity the choose happiness choose positivity So when I am having these scary thoughts Oh, what if I have a heart attack on this beach where there's nobody here to help me? Then I should immediately try to replace that thought with a positive thought Oh, let me think about my daughter's sixth birthday party and what a great day that was But that doesn't really work either. That's that's just a variant on thought stopping and we know that thought stopping doesn't work So you're not going to have a lot of success with that and a lot of people hear that sort of advice just change your Negative thought or your scary thought into a positive thought and then it'll go away and that's not true And it leads you down Especially if your thoughts are maybe more of a moral and ethical like I'm an evil person because I'm thinking of hurting people Or maybe I believe I don't really love my family or my partner if you're stuck on those kind of thoughts and you cannot choose positivity by replacing them with positive happy thoughts Then it makes things almost even worse It's almost more proof that the thought is true. I'm a bad person But you're not your brains just don't work that way if you're going to try to replace a thought With another thought that's just another form of thought stopping and thought control and that process that Metacognitive process going to kick in to check on what you're thinking about to see if you have successfully replaced the five So that is an almost impossible ask to just instantly decide well instead of having this thought I will choose to have this thought because and that plays into the whole tremendously misleading thing and sort of popular self-help culture change your thoughts change your life which is not true in our case in this Community where we're talking about anxiety disorders and recovery. It's not change your thought change your life You can't stop the thoughts and you can't you can't change them and wrestle into something different because you don't like them So we can't just decide to change our thoughts what we do change is our behavior now That's a whole other episode and I talked about this all the time. So we lead with different behavior And I'm not gonna get into it now because otherwise this will become a 45 minute episode But in the end you can't change them and you can't stop them. So what do we do? We just kind of go with them We have to learn to allow those thoughts to be there without Engaging in that frantic response that tries to squash them or sweep them out of the way with a positive thought Or perform some sort of safety ritual that that proves that the thought is not gonna come true It's a hard ask don't get me wrong to allow thoughts like that to just come And part of what we do when we lead with different behavior is we do engage with the outside world So I can walk down this beach while my brain says well, what if you have a heart attack on the beach? I can do both of those things at the same time and over time you just learned a new relationship with that thought that says Oh, yeah, I'm thinking that again. It's never true. It's not gonna be true now and whatever happens. I'm gonna handle it So that's in the it's gross oversimplification just to keep this from becoming too long an episode But it was really important for me to throw that out there because I think a lot of people are under the misconception that when you're Stucked on thoughts That you can just decide to stop having them through some mental trick Or that you can decide to replace a negative thought with a positive thought and you can't that's just not terribly effective It might work for a minute or two at a time But then it comes back and you wonder why it doesn't work like well How come this is how come I can't just choose to think positive things doesn't work that way Unfortunately, we're just not designed that way. Maybe it's bad design. I'm not saying it's good design But that is the way we are designed and becomes really really difficult if you're gonna try and go down that road So that the crappy conclusion to this is that we have to learn not to live with the thoughts like okay Let's I'll just be tortured forever, but we can learn to coexist with those thoughts so that they no longer become torturous Maybe from time to time they will still be scary and disturbing. That's possible You can't say that it isn't but they don't have to torture you forever for the rest of your life So just know that when we say you can't control or change your thoughts We're also not saying that you are resigned to a lifetime in the barrel just being beaten with a bat by these thoughts That's also not true. There's other outcomes here. Alright, so The only other thing that I kind of wanted to add before I wrap this up and I'll do to wrap up at the end back at my desk I usually do is What did I? Well, it's out of my it's out of my head now it had to do with that whole toxic positivity Mindset this is not also a mindset thing So while we're talking about changing thoughts and controlling thoughts and stopping thoughts We're talking about mindset for just a second also because so many people will think oh well And a lot of people self-development personal development self-help gurus will somehow bring mindset into the anxiety recovery process You don't get to just decide to change your mindset. This isn't a mindset problem like oh I think negatively so if I could just get into a positive mindset then somehow or other I will solve this problem It's not a mindset problem either. I mean, I'm not saying that mindset is completely irrelevant How you approach this and sort of your framework and and whether or not you believe you can make a difference or not does matter There's true, but you can't just fix this problem or address this problem by somehow magically changing your mindset That's not a thing either right so the bottom line in this episode and I'll wrap it up now Is if you have been kind of tortured and you're feeling like nothing is working I can't get this to work. Why can't I control my thoughts? Why can't I change my thoughts? Why can't I choose positive thoughts and why can't I change my mindset? There's a reason for that and that doesn't mean that you're failing or broken It was never gonna work because that's not how we are wired. All right, so Bring it back to the desk to wrap it up in this episode. Thanks for hanging out at the beach with me for episode number two in this Little Beach series and I'll see you in the next one Alrighty then we are back for the wrap-up. That is it for episode 207 a little discussion about the impossibility on an unrealism of trying to forcibly control your thoughts we just can't do it So I hope that you have found it helpful. I hope you enjoyed my little second podcast episode from the beach I intend to do more of those over the spring and summer coming up I got my fancy new camera here So I could just kind of throw it on a tripod and go somewhere into the beach or the wood somewhere and just kind of Off the cuff them because that's sort of my favorite way to do these anyway. Hopefully you are finding them helpful That is it for 207. You know it's over because music This is Afterglow by Ben Drake It's the song you hear every week on this podcast You can find Ben and his music at ben drake music comm go check him out and tell him I said hello If you are watching on YouTube feel free to leave a comment like or subscribe to the channel for sure Digging interacting with you guys on YouTube after neglecting you for way too long. I'm sorry about that And if you are listening on Apple or Spotify or any platform that lets you rate and review the podcast Leave a five-star rating if you dig in it and maybe write a little review to help other people find the podcast I really appreciate that we get to help more people that way. That's it I will be back next week with another episode again I don't know what I'm gonna talk about but I will be here talking about something and remember this is the way Yeah, you're doing fine. It's all around you can breathe it