to the course on chemical kinetics and transition state theory. This course ah essentially will be ah focusing on how to think of kinetics and estimating rate constants. So, ah in terms of course outcomes we have two important outcomes. In this course we will be looking at two specific theories. The first one is the collision theory and the second one is the transition state theory. Both these theories calculate rate constants of reactions. So, this course will cover ah how to calculate these rate constants under these two theories. So, the ah first point is knowing the derivation, knowing the conceptual framework under which these theories operate, ah knowing when they are applicable and when they are not applicable, ah and the second course outcome is actually applying these two theories and calculating rate constants out. So, essentially at the end of this half semester course if a new reaction that you have not seen before is given to you, you should be in a position to make educated guesses on how to go about calculating the rate constant. That is the main objective that is where ah you will be after doing this course. So, ah there are a few prerequisites that are ah you can cover rather quickly. Most of it assumes 12th class knowledge. ah The course assumes a very minimal amount of mathematics. ah So, you have to know basic algebra, variables, how to add variables, equations, inequalities like the most trivial of those things, nothing fancy there. ah You have to know basic operators like exponentials or logarithms or sine cosine things like that. Exponentials come very very frequently in rate theories. Minimal amount of calculus, if I give you a simple function to differentiate, if I give you e to the power of k x to differentiate, you should be able to differentiate that. And the same holds true for x integration, most trivial of integrations, integrating x into dx, integrating e to the power of x into dx. Ah complex integrations for example, integrating a Gaussian function e to the power of minus x square which is hard. Those things we will always provide that you do not have to know for this course. ah Simple ideas like chain rule. So, if you I ask you to differentiate x into e to the power of x, how do I do that? So, those basic things you should know for this course. Very fundamentals of thermodynamics, the second law and the first law of thermodynamics as applicable to chemistry, ah idea of Gibbs free energy, ah idea of equilibrium constant and the relation of equilibrium constant with Gibbs free energy. So, there are enough ah resources out there where you can access these. Here I am referring to one NPTEL module which you can look at which is sufficient, ah module 5 of chapter 21 of this course. So, one chapter is enough. And finally, we will also assume a little bit of basics of kinetics. At class 12th knowledge effectively, ah what is first order kinetics? What is a rate law itself? Those kind of thing. What is order of reaction? Ok elementary steps and mechanism. ah Again I have provided a couple of resources. You can actually look at the NCIT book of class 12th. ah One chapter of it is enough the chapter 4 of part 1 of class 12th. I have also provided you in NPTEL module. ah These two chapters suffice in understanding it. ah So, ah to give you a clear cut outline, we will start with a revision of the prerequisites particularly of chemical kinetics. We will start by defining rate formally, ah we will work out how to write rate equations and all. ah After that we will move on to understanding how to calculate rate constant, particularly we will start with Vanthos and Arrhenieses analysis. These are the two people who really started the field of chemical kinetics. It is late 1800s. Beautiful work and back then only they had written very fundamental equations on how rate constant changes with temperature. So, we will look at that analysis as part of this course. ah We will move on to build on ah how do we calculate these rate constants from an atomistic picture then ok. And to understand ah how atoms move the kinetics of atoms, we will need to know a little bit of a phase space. So, we will introduce this explicitly in this course and we will introduce whatever is necessary in calculating rate constants which will be Boltzmann distribution and partition functions. ah Then we will discuss the collision theory ah kinetic theory of collisions ok. So, that is the first theory that was given by Trott and Lewis to calculate rate constant from atomistic picture. And following that we will discuss the transition state theory which is one of the main focuses of this course. ah And this transition state theory was fully developed in 1935 the first equation was given and it is still used as was written in 1935 85 years ago. We still use the equations the same equations it is a very powerful theory ah that is used across fields. So, we will look at this very very carefully in great detail. ah We will end with a little bit of a flavor of molecular dynamics and how this molecular dynamics is used to calculate rate constants. So, the textbooks we will be following we will mostly be following the book by Ledler. This is a very standard textbook very famous textbook ah it is called chemical dynamic chemical kinetics by Ledler. I will be following third edition if you have access to any other edition please do not worry. All editions are more or less the same ah you can freely ah whatever I am teaching will also be present in a different edition. I will also be time and again refer to two other books one is by Steinfeld, Francisco and His Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics another very standard textbook on kinetics. ah But not very often only for a few things and also we will be referring a little bit to Atkins book on the Atkins physical chemistry very popular book and once more please do not worry about edition any other edition will do the job the chapter number changes not the content. ah Anytime by default we will be following Ledler anytime I am following any other resource I will always mention. So, today we will just cover very preliminaries we will define what is rate ah and before defining rate we will also cover ah how all this history of kinetics came about on whose shoulders we are standing on ah. So, you can actually look at a very very good reviews on this point on the history of chemical kinetics in these two papers very very readable papers one by Ledler whose book we are following and by another giant called the Pollock ok. So, these references are extra ah more interested students can go to this for extra knowledge. So, let us just look at a little bit of the history ok. So, the history is more than 100 years old we cannot cover every single point, but the salient points the biggest of the biggest giants in the field whose contributions are immense. So, the first two names are really Vanthoff and Arrhenius. Vanthoff essentially in 1884 did a very thorough analysis of how rate constants changes with temperature and he actually wrote what is called Arrhenius equation today in 1884 paper. So, that Arrhenius equation was written by Vanthoff interestingly 1889 Arrhenius wrote a seminal paper one and a half page paper that we I will show you in the second module powerful paper and that paper is the first paper that postulated the idea of a transition state pure hypothesis pure speculation but very powerful speculation and he gives reasons for it in a very beautiful fashion. So, that is the reason that Arrhenius equation is called Arrhenius equation because of that paper of 1889 of the idea of an activated complex ok. So, these people really started the field they said I want to I have done a reaction, but I am not happy enough with that I want to know more. So, how do I calculate this rate constants? 1918 saw the first paper on calculating these rate constants from an atomistic perspective actually getting a number out then by Trott and Lewis it is called kinetic theory of collisions that we are going to cover in some detail in this course. 1920s saw lot of discussion on some of the simplest reaction which is unimolecular ok. Bimolecular is somewhat more complex you have bonds making and forming so they said ok let us try simple we are beginning. So, a lot of focus was spent on unimolecular reactions which turned very insightful. So, that developed our intuition of chemical kinetics a lot. 1931 and 32 and 35 saw some very important works. 1931 the idea of doing dynamics occurred by Eyring and Poliani. Building on that idea in 1932 Wigner gave a theory which is the precursor to TST and in 35 two different papers one by Eyring and the second by Evans and Poliani came they both came simultaneously and so the credit is given to all three of them and that paper is the revolutionary paper that changed everything this year 1935 that laid the foundation of transition state theory. This we are going to cover in great detail in this course and the equations written in this paper are still used as there not only that almost all developments beyond 1935 take this work as the base and develop upon it make the equations better. But this is still the intuition that is still used today in even development of chemical kinetics ok. So, that is why I put this one in bold ok. 1940 saw beautiful work by Cramer on thinking of including solvent effects in transition state theory. I am moving a little bit fast now lot of work is done. 1952 Marcus did another beautiful work he essentially solved the unimolecular decay the people the work that was done in 1920s Marcus entered said I can now solve it completely and what he did is to use transition state theory that is the reason in 1920s they were not able to solve it because transition state theory did not existed back then. After that Marcus also solved another problem which is that of electron transfer how so a bond is not breaking and forming only an electron is transferring from one side to another. So, Marcus got a noble price for that in 1960s Keck has a very nice work on quantifying transition state. So, remember almost 100 years later I mean 80 years roughly in 1889 Arrhenius had postulated the existence of a transition state in 1960 basically Keck said I can mathematically tell you exactly what it is I can write a mathematical description of transition state. So, a lot of development ideas of introducing quantum mechanical effects in transition state theory were introduced in 70s and 80s and it is still happening till today. And essentially since then we have been developing over transition state theory introducing if it we cannot do full quantum mechanics can we do semi quantum mechanics or semi classical mechanics how do we apply it to a variety of problems I want to understand protein folding I want to understand kinetics of enzymes of catalysis of photosynthesis of energy transfer and the list can go on it is a very active field you can open any modern journal that was published let us say this year in physical chemistry and you will find a few papers at least in every public in any every journal every week that will be on this topic. So, what I will be covering today you can find in the chapter 1 of Laidler or you can also read the class 12 book of NCRT on top of that I have also given you an online resource from chem library test ok. So, let us start informally so that everybody is on the same page and we have the same notation. The first thing we will define is what is called stoichiometry to give you one example let me write a chemical reaction 2 H 2 plus O 2 makes 2 H 2 what I mean by this reaction I mean 2 moles of H 2 reacts with 1 mole of O 2 produce 2 moles of general let me write a reaction that will look like a a plus b b make it somewhat more general. So, the big letters in this course will refer to atoms or molecules and the small letters in this course will be numbers typically stoichiometry. So, I have this stoichiometry let us try to quantify what this means. So, let us just consider one thing let us say time t equal to 0 have moles NA naught, NB naught, NC naught and ND naught in general. So, these are the number of moles corresponding to A B C D at some initial time t. I measure the moles at some later time t and I get NA, NB, NC and ND. Can you tell me a relation between these NA and NA naught and NB and NB naught with the stoichiometry A and B's can you write an equation. So, what I want you to do is to pause the video think about this how do you calculate how do you construct a relation take your time solve this problem and then we will solve it together. So, please pause the video and solve this on your own hopefully you have equation with you you have solved the problem if not if you have not been able to solve no worries we will solve it together now. So, the first thing to note is how much moles changed. So, the delta N is NA minus NA naught equal to delta NA well I can write the same thing for others I wrote an M I will erase the M and convert it back to NB naught NB and so on and so forth. Now, we will do our analysis first what does this stoichiometry mean what do we understand from this if A moles of A consumed B moles of B are consumed that is the meaning of this reaction here by definition this is always true there is absolutely no exception this is the definition. So, I want to find out how many moles of B will be consumed if delta NA moles of A are consumed. So, we do it in a simple fashion if 1 mole of A is consumed then B over A it is all linear moles of B are consumed simple if delta NA mole of A is consumed then delta NA into B over A moles of B are, but delta NB is the actual moles of B that have been consumed from this. So, delta NB must equal delta NA into B over A. So, I simplify this as delta NA over A equals delta NB over B and as a convention we use a negative sign for consumption that is the convention. So, I will this equation is true. So, this equation is also true I can put a negative sign that is my choosing. So, for consumption I choose a negative sign and for production I will choose a positive sign. So, you can work the same thing out for C and D as well and by convention then what we write is delta NA over A equal to minus delta NB over B this is equal to delta NC over C equal to delta NB over B. So, I am not working of C and D part explicitly, but you can easily work it out following the same logic. So, we define this quantity as the extent of the reaction and this equality this is a definition, but the equality here will always hold if this reaction is true there is no exception to it this is by definition this is by mathematics. So, if this is true the whole thing we do not want to write again and again when we call it the extent of the reaction and the idea is if delta NA equal to 0 then the extent is 0 that means nothing has happened you are at T equal to 0 and if delta NA is 1 if delta NA is A then eta is 1. So, eta equal to 1 implies A moles of A are consumed B moles of B are consumed C moles of C are produced. So, it is an easy way to think about it. So, we quantify it in this number a dimensionless number ok. So, we have defined this extent of reaction how do we define rate of reaction. So, the rate is defined to be by definition 1 over volume. So, I use 3 equal to signs 3 these 3 arrow these 3 lines to define that is a definition that change of extent of reaction per unit volume that is defined to be the rate of the reaction ok. Some of you might be curious why we divide by volume little bit of extra information it is just so that rate becomes an intensive variable we do not want it to depend on the overall volume ok nonetheless. Let us just put it in this equation here let us substitute it. So, I will substitute it for A. So, rate is equal to 1 over volume d over dt of minus delta NA over A ok. So, I have used this here. So, I will take A outside and what is the definition of delta NA it is NA minus NA naught. So, this is equal to 1 over AV minus dNA over dt plus dNA naught over dt what you notice that this is 0 because NA naught is not a function of time it is simply the number of moles at initial time ok. So, that was just a number the actual change is NA. So, this is 0. So, at the end I get 1 over volume into 1 over A minus dNA by dt. So, this rate that I have got 1 over volume into A minus sign dNA over dt if volume is constant there is a big if and in chemistry we often deal with such reactions in solutions. So, when you mix two reagents typically the volume is not changing by a lot, but nonetheless if volume is constant I can write this as dNA over volume over dt and so, this becomes equal to minus 1 over A d concentration of A over dt where concentration is defined to be NA over volume ok. So, this formula of rate holds true only for constant volumes in this course at least we are going to stick to this definition we are going to assume volume is constant. So, in summary today we have looked at a brief history of chemical kinetics and we have looked at the very fundamental definition of rate as 1 over volume into d extent of reaction over dt and at constant volume we have proven that the rate of the reaction is given by this equation. We have explicitly showed it for one term rate equal to minus dNA over dt, but it is also easy to show it for these three other terms. In the next module we will look into what is rate constant and elementary reactions. Thank you very much.


Hello, everyone. My name is Anurag Saxena. I'm currently working as a principal engineer in core OS networking team at Microsoft. My co-presenter is Poonagade Hussur who is principal group engineering manager in core OS networking organization at Microsoft. This talk is to demonstrate how Linux-based EVPF programs can be run using EVPF of Windows. The agenda for this talk is we will go over what are the goals for this presentation. We will then look at an overview of Cilium L4LB on Linux. We will then have an overview of Cilium L4LB using EVPF of Windows. We will then go through the demo topologies and then see a live demo of Cilium load balancer running on Windows. As many of you may know, at Microsoft we are currently working on EVPF of Windows project which enables running EVPF programs on top of Windows. A fundamental goal of this effort is to meet the developers where they are and because of this it is important to ensure and demonstrate portability of EVPF-based solutions which are in production today from Linux to Windows and to be able to achieve this with minimum possible changes. Today to demonstrate this we are using standalone Cilium L4 load balancer solution. Cilium L4LB solution uses an XTP hook to implement load balancing and it supports both source NAT and DSR modes. To give a quick overview of Linux-based Cilium L4LB solution it uses an XTP hook with XTP-TX action to implement the LB functionality. XTP-TX is one of the actions supported by XTP hook which basically happens the packet out of the neck on which it arrived. The Cilium XTP program also uses some helper functions such as XTP adjust head, adjust tail. It also uses map lookup and update helper functions and it uses tail calls. Apart from the EVPF program which implements the core LB functionality, Cilium solution also consists of a user mode CLI and an agent which compiles loads and attaches the EVPF program in Linux. This agent and CLI is also responsible for taking service details as input and configuring the required front-end back-end details in the EVPF maps. For load balancing the traffic between back-end Cilium uses Maglev hashing algorithm. Maglev is a consistent hashing algorithm which ensures that if one of the LB nodes goes down the other LB nodes will also choose the same back-end for that five table traffic. For demonstrating Cilium L4LB on Windows, we have a Cilium agent and CLI inspired user mode demo agent written. This demo agent performs the same tasks of compiling and installing the Cilium XTP EVPF program taking an LB service instance as input and configuring the required EVPF maps for load balancing to work. The Cilium EVPF program used in Windows is almost identical to the program used on Linux. 95 to 96 percent of the code is common to both Linux and Windows with a few changes like changing map definitions to match the ones on Windows, removing call to fib lookup help function and commenting out some statistics and diagnostics functionality. Also, for the demo we have disabled some optional functionalities like source range check, ICMP errors. This slide shows the architecture for Cilium L4LB using EVPF for Windows to start with. We have the EVPF for Windows framework already installed on the LB node and EVPF service execution context and the net EVPF extension which implements the XTP hook are already running on the system. Now, when a Cilium agent is initialized, a mode is provided to it as input SNAT or DSR. This input is needed as the XTP program needs to be compiled for a specific mode. The agent also gets the interface name as an input. Once the agent gets these as input, it fetches the interface properties then compiles the EVPF program using the interface properties and the mode it was provided and then verifies, loads and attaches the program to the XTP hook. As part of loading the program, the required maps are also created in the kernel. Now that the XTP program is loaded and attached, the agent is now ready to take input for any LB service instance. Now, when a service is configured, the agent gets a frontend and backend configuration. Frontend configuration consists of the frontend IP and port and backend configuration consists of a list of backend IPs and ports. Once the agent gets this information, it computes a maglev hash for the backends in the service and updates it in the maglev map. It also updates the backend maps, service maps and the reverse NAT maps. Now the control path is set up for the load balancing to work for the configured service. Moving to the data path, so when an incoming packet arrives on the NIC, the XTP extension invokes the Cilium XTP program. The XTP program then inspects the incoming packet, consults the various maps which are programmed by the user mode agent to choose a backend node and then depending on whether SNAT or DSR is configured, either source gnats the packet or does an IP and IPN cap. The packet is then returned to the extension with XTP TX action, which means the packet is needed to be hipened on the arriving NIC. This slide shows the topology for the demo set up. For demo, we are using five VMs. One of the VMs is the load balancer VM. It is a Windows server and has Cilium XTP program running on it. The other four machines are backend nodes. Two of the backend nodes are Windows VMs and the other two are open to Linux VMs. All the five VMs are connected via an internal switch and are on the same network. The IPs that we are using here are 2111 for the LB node and 21110 to 21140 for the backend nodes. The VIP used in this demo is 4111, which is not in the same network as the other IPs. Since this is an internal switch, the host will also be connected to the same switch and will act as a client for sending requests to the LB node. All the backend servers, the four backend servers are running a web server listening on port 80. So for SNAT scenario, this is how the packet flow looks like. The browser sends a request using its source IP 21100, some source port X, and sends the request to 4111 source port, destination port 80. Once the LB node gets this packet, it chooses one of the backend to send the request to. And then in case of a SNAT scenario, it source SNATs the packet and forwards the request to the chosen backend. So the packet on the wire looks like with source IP 2111, which is the IP of the LB node. Once the backend has processed the packet, it sends the response back to the LB node. Once the LB node receives the packet, it does a reverse SNAT of the packet and sends the response back to the browser. This slide shows the topology for the DSR, which is almost similar to the one in SNAT, but with a few differences. Since in DSR, the packet is IP IP and capped on the LB node, the backend node will receive an IP and IP packet, and it will need to be decapped. So we need some EVPF program on backend to decap those packets. So for this demo, in Windows backend servers, we are using an XTP EVPF program, which will decap those IP and IP packets. In case of the Linux backend servers, we are using a TC-based EVPF program to decap those packets. This is how the packet flow looks in case of a DSR scenario. As earlier, the browser sends a request packet to the LB node using its source IP 21100 and some source port X destined to 4111 source destination port 80. Once the LB node receives the packet, it chooses one of the backend nodes and then does an IP and IP end cap and forwards the request to the chosen backend. So the packet on the wire looks like having an outer IP header with source IP 2111, which is the IP of the LB node and destination 21140, which is the chosen backend. The inner IP header is the original IP header, which was sent from the browser. Once the backend node receives this packet, it will do an IP and IP decap, then process the request. Once it has processed the request, it will directly send the response back to the browser without the packet going through the LB node. So this is how DSR works in action. Moving to the actual demo, what we see here on the right side is the LB node, where we will have the Cilium L4 load balancer solution running. Currently, it has the EVPF for Windows framework already installed and running. What we see on the left side is a web browser, which is running on the host, and this will act as a client for sending a request to the LB node. So as a first step, I'm going to run the Cilium-based agent. This Cilium-based agent is what I had mentioned earlier. This is inspired from the Cilium CLI and user mode demon. We provide a mode, which is SNAT right now and the name of the interface to it. Once this agent receives this information, it queries the interface properties, compiles the EVPF program, then runs the program through the verifier. Once the program has been verified, it will load and attach the program to the XTP hook. Once that is done, it presents us with a CLI, which we can now use to configure an LB service instance. So the next command that I'm going to run is this service update command. If you see the details here, I'm configuring the frontend information as 4111 and port 80. And in the backends, there's a list of four backend nodes, 4110, 2140. Once I run this command, the Cilium-based agent configures all the required maps, and now we can test the load balancing. So if we move to the browser on the left side and try to access this website, we can see if the load balancing is working or not. When I click this, what we see here is we are connected to one of the backend nodes with IP 21130, which is a Linux server one. Now if I run a command here, what we can see here is this is showing me what are the active connections right now. One thing to note about this website is that this is refreshing every three seconds. So it is displaying the date, time, the backend server, IP, the name, and it is refreshing every three seconds. So coming back to the dump state command, what we see here is the source IP is 21100. Our destination is 4111, which is the VIP. This is the source port being used by the browser right now, and the backend IP. So this shows what backend this connection is landing on, which matches with here. What we see here is TX and RX bytes. Since this web page is refreshing every three seconds, if I run this command again, what we can see that the TX and RX bytes are increasing compared to the previous one. Now if I try to do a force refresh of this web browser, it will force the browser to use a different source port, and possibly we will hit a different backend server. So I did a force refresh, and what we see here is now we are connected to Linux Server 2, which was back in IP 21140. So if I run the service dump state command again, what we can see here is now it is showing me two connections. One of them is closing, which is the previous one 21130, which was the previous active. Now it is in a closing state. And now the new active is 21140. If I run this command again, what we can see here is that the TX and RX bytes are also increasing since this page is refreshing every three seconds. Now if I force refresh this web page a couple of times to see if I am able to hit all the four backend nodes. So right now I am connected to Linux Server 2. Now I force refresh this is Linux Server 1. Now Windows Server 1 and Windows Server 2. So we have kind of hit all the four backends. If I show the dump state, we see five connections here. One of them is active, which is the latest one 21120. Rest all are being shown in the closing state. If we quickly move to Netmon and try to do a packet capture, it should be sufficient. So if you look at the first packet, it shows source IP is 21100 and destination is 4111. So this is the original request packet coming from the web browser to the LB node. If we look at the second packet, its source IP has now become 2111 and the destination is 21120. So this is the source-netted packet from LB node to the backend node with source IP 2111, which is the IP of the LB node and destination is 2120, which is the IP of the backend node. If we look at the third packet, this is the response packet coming back from the backend node to the LB node. And if we look at the fourth packet, this is a reverse-netted packet whose source IP has now become 4111, which is the VIP and the destination has become 21100, which is the IP of the client. So what we saw right now was the DSR mode. Now if we want, we can change the mode to DSR. So this command updates the mode to DSR. What this command does is it recompense the EBPF program for DSR mode, then it again runs the program through the verifier, reloads and reattaches the program to XTP hook, and then reconfigures the service that we had earlier configured. Now if we stop this and try to refresh this web page, what we see is that we have connected to Linux server 1. So for the duration when we were switching the mode from SNATO DSR, since this web page was refreshing, we are seeing two closing connections here, but they should go away in some time. But the latest active one is 21130, which is what is showing here. If I try to force refresh this web page one more time, now we are connected to Windows server 1. And if I try to dump state again, so now the previous active connection is now moved to closing state, and the new active is 21110, which we can see here. One thing to note here is that in case of DSR, the TX and RX bytes are shown as zero. This is because in case of DSR, the written packets are never seen on the LV node. So the Celium XTP solution never tracks the TX and RX bytes when it's running in a DSR mode. If we try to now refresh this web page a couple of times, force refresh it to see if we are able to hit all the four backends. So right now we are connected to Windows server 1. Now we Linux server 1, Windows server 2, and Linux server 2. So we hit all the four backends. If we see here, there would be many closing connections because I because I force refresh it multiple times, but there is only one active connection, which is the last one to 21140. If we quickly move to Netmone and try to do a packet capture one more time, and if you look at the first packet, so this is the packet coming from 21100 destined to 4111, which is the original request packet coming from the browser to the LV node. If we look at the second packet, it's actually an IP and IP packet going from LV node to the backend node. So the outer IP header has source IP 2111, which is the IP of the LV node, and the destination is 21140, which is the IP of the backend node. If the inner IP header has the original source and destination, if we look at the third packet, it's actually after three seconds, and it again contains the source IPS 21100. So this is actually the second request packet coming after three seconds. So we do not see any response packet coming back to the LV node. So this is DSR working in action here. So this is the end of the demo and the presentation. If you have any questions, please let us know. And as we are working on the EPP of a Windows project, we are also currently hiring. So if anyone is interested, please feel free to reach out to us. Thank you.


I don't believe that the large social media companies are neutral. I just don't believe that. I can give you examples. I'll give you one personal example where on my Twitter account, I was getting 40,000 new users a day.  And magically, my Twitter users went to zero. They went from 40,000 a day to zero. We wrote to Twitter and said, what's going on? Please explain this to us. No answer. They said, we don't have the data. We don't understand this. We are checking. Three months later, we decided to get in touch with the Wall Street Journal. And we told the Wall Street Journal this. And a day before the Wall Street Journal article was coming out, they went back to 40,000. Yeah, that's interesting. That's my experience. Now, it's the same with WhatsApp. I don't believe that these are neutral platforms. Yeah. So what is to be done about them? For example, the head of Facebook has never met an Indian opposition leader. Yes. He comes. He meets the prime minister, goes home. I think the CEO of Facebook was a BJP person. In Delhi, yes. So why are we imagining that this thing is a neutral entity? It's not. No, I'm not saying that to you. But so the tech monopoly, if you look at the way Indian elections are being fought, they're essentially being fought on these platforms. Yeah, that's right. They've been fought on WhatsApp, they've been fought not so much on Twitter, but on WhatsApp and Facebook. Yeah. TikTok. TikTok's gone. Gone. Yes, I know. They were very important the last time. No, but this is very important. Yeah. TikTok's gone. Yes, exactly. Why is TikTok gone? Right? So the first level of monopoly is the media monopoly. I think what someone said, 140, 160 media entities are owned by one person. Yes. Right? So you have a media monopoly. And then you have multiple monopolies, business monopolies that provide finance to the DJP. Right? So that's what we're facing.


Statistics and Excel. Bell curve. People's weight data example. Got data? Let's get stuck into it with statistics and Excel. First a word from our sponsor.  A must-have product because the fact as everyone knows of accounting being one of the highest forms of artistic expression means accountants have a requirement the obligation a duty to share the tools necessary to properly channel the creative muse and the muse she rarely speaks more clearly than through the beautiful symmetry of spreadsheets so get the shirt because the creative muse she could use a new pair of shoes. If you would like a commercial free experience consider subscribing to our website at accountinginstruction.com or accountinginstruction.thinkific.com you're not required to but if you have access to one note we're in the icon left hand side one note presentation 1626 bell curve people weight example tab we're also uploading transcripts to one note so you can go to the view tab immersive reader tool change the language if you so choose so that you can either read or listen to the transcripts in multiple different languages tying in the time stamps to the actual video presentations. One note desktop version here in prior presentations we've been thinking about how we can represent different data sets both with mathematical representations such as the average or mean the median the mode quartiles and pictorial representations like the box and whiskers the histogram the histogram being the primary tool we visualize when thinking about the spread of the data being able to use descriptive terms to describe the spread of the data on a histogram such as the data is skewed to the left the data is skewed to the right we then wanted to think of formulas to graph lines or curves that may in certain cases approximate the actual data sets whenever we can do that it would be great to do that because the formulas allow us to have more predictive power over whatever the data set is representing we've talked about different kinds of data that might conform to different curves in the past such as a uniform distribution binomial distribution poisson distribution exponential distribution for example we're continuing on with the most famous of them the normal or bell curve type of distribution remembering that not all data is going to conform to any of these types of distributions we could have a completely I data that just has no pattern that could be represented by a simple curve but many things could be represented in nature and when we're thinking about bell curves a lot of things in nature like heights like weights like if we're thinking about how close estimates are to a particular thing these are often things that might be represented by a bell curve now if you don't have any actual data to practice with you might want to check out Kaggle.com to practice to get some data sets to practice with in Excel or you can actually create your own data sets using a tool in Excel that we have talked about in prior presentations so this time here's going to be our data on the left where we have height data and weight data one of the primary differences with this data set then in prior data sets that we have looked at is that we have a whole lot more data this time which means that if we're talking about something that will conform to a bell curve it's more likely that if I create a histogram the pictorial representation of the data then it's going to look more bell shaped because we have a whole lot more data if we have less data it still might be something that should conform to basically a bell shaped distribution but we don't have as much data to kind of represent it's not going to look like as much of a bell shape even though it might be clustered more jaggedly in a bell shape type of position also we're going to do a little bit different graphs in terms of graphing our bell curve to ask questions such as what if we're talking about the area under the curve at the top of the curve or at the bottom of the curve or in the middle all right so this is our data same kind of thing that we've done in the past we want to then look at the data and say does this data conform to a bell curve type of distribution and if it does then we can plot the actual bell shape distribution and ask questions about it from there so we're going to take the mean of the data which is simply the average of the data this would be the formula in Excel taking the weights we're looking at the weights here all of the numbers divided by the count of the number and the average in pounds is 127 pounds on the average the standard deviation then is calculated this way standard deviation for the population in this case is just going to be all of the weights and that gives us 11.66 a measure of the spread of the data the median which is the one in the middle calculated thusly with this formula equals the median of this data if we were to sort the data from bottom to top then it would be the one in the middle picking the one in the middle which is 127 pounds about that's quite close to the mean which is an indication that this data might conform to a bell curve so at this time we're saying hey look it's weights so that's something in nature I'm already thinking this might conform to a bell curve based on my intuition there then the mean is the same as the median that's another indication if I take the mode which is the one that's going to be the number represents or comes up multiple times I'm looking at this formula just the single mode note that it's a little less likely if we didn't have so much data that the mode would be useful because we have decimal points so so so that means that if we didn't have a whole lot of data it would be less likely that we got we got a whole lot of multiple occurrences of the same exact measurement because we're pretty detailed on the measurements whereas if we didn't have the decimal points then then it would be quite likely that the mode would be very useful because we would have multiple of the same number more likely even with a smaller data set but because we have such a large data set in this case then we even the mode is still relevant and it's pretty close to the mean which is another indication that this might conform to a bell shaped curve so if we were to plot this I think I plotted this down here it looks like this so this is a histogram so we have that middle point over here and you can see that it doesn't look like a smooth curve because it's still a histogram but because we have a lot more data then it's looking a lot more bell shaped than some of our other curves remember that even if we were looking at weights and we had a lot less data then then it still would conform to like packed up in the middle but it would look a lot more jagged due to the fact that we don't have as much data to be representative so so we're saying okay it looks a lot like it's going to conform to a bell curve now so now we're going to say all right well then let's plot this thing out and look at the smooth curve or or the graph that we can make based on our formula or plotting of the x so I'm going to say let's let's plot this out using our norm dot dist we want to take the x's now where am I going to start the x's this is our common questions we've run into in prior presentations we're looking at pounds so I might say well why don't I start at zero pounds and go up to a number of pounds like 500 or something and so the unlikely they're going to hit 500 pounds that would be quite heavy of an individual but it's also unlikely it's going to go down to zero so we probably don't want to start at zero so where do we want to start well we know that if we go for standard deviations that's going to take the vast vast majority almost a hundred percent of the data for or even though it goes on forever the bell curve in theory on the tails but the vast majority of the data will be in there so we're gonna so let's do the four standard deviations which is what we've done in the past so the lower bit then is going to be the standard deviation of 11.66 times four for standard deviations 46 64 minus the mean will take me to the lower end so I'm going to say minus 127.08 and that gives us our 80.44 so I don't need to go down to zero pounds I can go down to 80 there are not many people that are 80 pounds that are not in trouble or a full adult at the 80 pounds is not general so then if I go the other way 11.66 times four is 46 64 plus the middle point of 127.08 we get 173.72 now there are you would think you know there might so our data set is going up to 173 on the high end so we're gonna say okay that'll be the high point of the data that we're using so I'm gonna say all right then if I go over here we can say the X's are just gonna go from 80 on up to that to that to that high point of 174 and that should capture the data that we need to be plotting in the graph then we can do our P of X's which is our norm.dist formula norm.dist the X in this case 80 the mean standard deviation are gonna be these two numbers the 127.08 the mean standard deviation 11.66 in our formula and we do not want it to be cumulative that's what's being represented by the zero so if I do this all the way down you could say for example this one what's the likelihood that we have someone at 93 pounds given our normal distribution point oh five percent what's the likelihood that we have someone at 96 pounds given this point one percent so notice that the questions that were likely to ask are what's the likelihood that we have someone on the high end maybe that's like 148 pounds or above or what's the likelihood that we have someone at 110 pounds and below for example those so those so you might think that we could sum these up but you can't do that exactly typically because we're talking about the area under the curve although that will give you an approximation now we could compare this to our actual data set so our actual data set over here is counting we're imagining that this is counting an actual distribution right so we're gonna say that these are actual numbers in pounds but this is in percents so what I'd like to do is count my my data over here and then convert it into percents so I'm gonna do my frequency distribution so for example this frequency distribution I want to say what's how many people in our sample or in our population have greater than 84 pounds up to and including 85 pounds three of them how many people are over 85 pounds up to and including 86 pounds two people the frequency formula is up top which is taking the frequency of the data array it's a fancy array formula and that's gonna be this all of this data and then it's taking the the other side is the the bends which are the X and then it spills out it's a spill formula these this data the total of all of this data if I add it all up notice that 146 we had 239 in our data set for it if I add it up we come up to 25,000 data points so I didn't put all those data points in here because I only went down to here but in Excel it went on to 25,000 so in other words if I was to count this data with a formula of count this Excel count every line just count them 25,000 that's why we have a lot of data that's why when we grafted we have a pretty smooth graph and we can verify that those data have been properly put into bends at least to some degree by the fact that the total down here should tie out to the number of data points at 25,000 which are now being allocated to the bends then we can say okay I could take my data for example here and say what's the likelihood of someone being 90% based on the bell curve versus my actual data well I could convert the bell curve times the 25,000 25,000 times 0.9 0.009 because it's 0.9% and I get the 225 which is pretty close what's the likelihood I could take my 25,000 times the 0.0235 and I get pretty close to that 558 or I can take my actual data and convert it into a percent by taking each of these divided by the total so I can take for example let's go down here where we have some larger numbers let's take this one and say I'm going to take my count the actual count 220 divided by the total 25,000 and that gives us if we move the decimal two places over the point 888 this one is 207 divided by 25,000 gives us the if I move the decimal two places over 0.83% about and if I add up all the percentages they should add up to a hundred percent I didn't do the total down here but they should add up so then I can look at the differences between the the likelihood based on our norm.dist versus our actual data and that could further confirm whether or not we are tied into a bell curve type of situation then we have the z score now the z score is kind of like another representation or different representation other than the x meaning the amount around the mean so remember we're talking about if I look at a bell curve we're talking about the middle point would be in here and the z score would be zero if we're in the middle negative numbers down below positive numbers above numbers greater than or less than zero are going to be less normal normal would be in the middle so we're going to say alright how do I calculate the z score that's going to be each x in this case 80 minus the middle point hold on a sec 80 minus the middle point which is the mean so minus the 127.08 and then divide by the spread number the standard deviation 11.66 right there that gives us our negative 4.04 now notice that's that's unusual because it's this it's quite it's way far lower than the middle point and you can see now it's getting closer to normal because it's going towards zero it gets to zero around where our mean is one 127 to 128 and then it goes above so now we're getting less and less normal on the high end so in this case the high end representing more weight higher weight the low end is less weight so so usually with these normal distributions we want to be the normal is usually good right because you want to be kind of normal norm usually not but obviously when you're looking at weight then if you're going to be abnormal in terms of more healthy by more muscular or something like that then of course you might have be away from the the norm based on that and again you might look at different distributions of people who have different you know body mass more more muscle versus fat or whatever that could could take say what's on average for a particular type of athlete and so on but normal is usually kind of you know the baseline of course which is kind of good normally all right so then we could then ask of these kind of questions such as let's see this one p of x is greater than or equal to 133 so if we're looking at our our graph over here we're saying if I look at this graph this by the way is graphing is graphing this p of x and the actual data as a percent so that we can put them kind of on top of each other and we can see that the actual data lines up pretty closely to the curve in this case which is an indication that the curve would be have good predictive power so now we're looking we're trying to find another way to graph our our our curve and an area graph this time which might help us to use one graph to that could vary possibly between different scenarios so we have a question of something being above would be the blue part so I can kind of look at this line and if it was below I can look at this line and below and if it was between I can look at basically the between area so so here's our questions here this one this question is a question for us to have it greater than or equal to 133 so if 133 is here we're looking at the blue kind of above that point okay so if we visualize that we're going to say well then it's going to be above so I have to use one minus why because remember that I can only go from left to right and use the cumulative so I can't go from right to left so if I'm going if I'm looking at this blue area on this side I have to say I'm going to take the whole thing minus everything up to this point which will leave me this bit the whole thing being a hundred percent a hundred percent is what the area is under the curve 100 represented by one minus the norm dot dist of the x which is the 133 comma the mean and the standard deviation 127 11.66 comma cumulative yes it needs to be cumulative okay and then I could say well what if I do this in terms of z scores instead of x so let's convert that x to a z score that would be 133 minus the middle point which is the mean of 127.08 divided by 11.66 so the z score then is about 0.51 so if I knew the z score which is a little bit over you know it's over the middle point which would be zero higher than the middle point of that then I can use a similar formula which would be one minus norm dot s dot dis all I need is the z because the x mean and standard deviation have been kind of combined together when we calculated the z and it once again is cumulative we get to the same result of the 30.58 okay so then I can do this kind of question x is less than 109 so if I go over here and say okay well if x is less than I can look at these so notice if well let me graph this first let's graph this other one x is greater than 133 or p of z is greater than 0.51 then this is going to be if logic test and we're picking up this x and saying if it's greater than or equal to and we're picking up the 133 then comma what do we want you to do we want you to give us the p of x but if it's not then we want you to just put blank there which is double quotes text field with nothing in the middle we could have done the same thing with the z score of of point five one five right the z score or the x and then there's nothing in it until we get down to way down to here which is the 133 and if I graph this on top of what I had on this side then it's going to give me it's going to give me that that separation so now let's but let's go to this one we want x to be less than or equal to the one oh not oh nine so less than so if if we had 109 right here we're looking at the blue side in this case we want it to be less than now because the cumulative is up to and including that point we could just say up to and including that point remember that you might also say if it's 109 you might say well look 109 is right here why don't I just sum up from 109 down to here because I can do that easily in Excel but that'll be an approximation not exact because we're looking at the area under the curve you know so you to be exact you'd want the formula so we could do the formula over here and it'd be be looking like this it would be equal to the norm dot dist the x is the 109 the mean standard deviation 120 708 and 11.66 do we want it cumulative we do therefore a 1 and we get that 6.05 we can also take the z score so if we represent x as a z now the 109 I'm going to convert to a z by subtracting it minus the middle point of 12708 pounds divided by the standard D 11.66 and we get to that negative 1.55 then I can use my norm dot s dot dis to get to the same 6.05 using just the z and it being cumulative the z now taking into account has combined together in x essence the x that mean and the standard D all right so now let's take the middle question so now we're going to say well what if p of x x is less than the 133 and it's greater than the 109 so if I was to if I was to look at that over here and say okay well now now we have it less than less than I think if it was less than here and greater than here 109 133 it's the orange area so so that's no so how would we how would we do that well I can only I can only add it up up to a certain point with the cumulative so I would have to add the higher end up to here and then subtract out the cumulative of the blue area in order to back into the orange area so I'd have the whole thing up to here all of the orange and then minus this blue bit so notice that if I let's first think about how I graph this one this is x is less than or equal to 109 so that's going to be our if calculation up top so if we're going to say logic test this 80 is greater than or equal to the 109 then what do you want to do pick up the p of x if it's not comma what do you do put a blank thing so now you've got data from here down to here and then it's all blank so if I graph this so I can you can imagine I graph this on top so I have another another layer on top of my graph here and then this last one over here we're going to say that and also I have I have a dynamic headers that we talked about last time I won't go into that in detail here but this last one the middle bit is going to be the norm dot dist of the top part which is the which is going to be the higher x the 133 and then the mean standard deviation it needs to be cumulative minus the norm dot dist of the lower x the 109 the same mean standard deviation it also needs to be cumulative and then if we converted that to or this I can also think about it this way one minus the two the two results that we got up top in other words if I look at my data up top we did p of x is greater than 133 p of x is greater is less than or equal to 109 so if I look at those two and I think about this I guess I'm gonna say okay p of x was greater than the 109 and less or I'm sorry let me do that again what or my two p p of x is greater than equal to 133 and less than or equal to 109 so those are the two tails right those are the two ends greater than the 133 less than the 109 those are the two blue sides so if this whole thing adds up to 100 percent and then I have these two blue sides so I can subtract that out I can say a hundred percent minus those two in other words I'm gonna say this is gonna be the three oh point five eight plus the six point oh five minus 100 percent and I should get that middle part of the sixty three point three seven so that's another way to kind of envision that and then I could say okay the z scores so what if I had the z scores I can do this with the z calculations getting to the z's in the same way I won't you know it's gonna be the 133 minus the mean divided by the standard deviation will give us the z's and then you can do the z in the same way norm dot s dot dist with the z scores cumulative minus norm dot s dot dist with the z scores of the lower z score and you'll get to the same thing you can also do the same thing with the z scores that we got to to get to that same 63 37 so this is the probability of the lower and so before I before I do that just note that when I look at this graph then this last bit then is p of x is less than or equal to 133 and over the 109 we have our dynamic header that will show how to do an excel and one way I can do this now is instead of me redoing this whole graph based on the the information to the left I can say well look I'm gonna I'm gonna sum these two up because this is the upper and lower ends and I'm gonna say if so I want you to do an if and then I'm going to sum up these two if the sum of that is greater than zero then what do we want you to do we want you to put we want you to put nothing over here double quotes if not then we want you to put the the the number or then we want you to put the p of x so by doing that I can then get this middle part that's being graphed so now we're graphing that middle part so the point of this is that now we have this kind of one graph that might be able to help us and be dynamic to answer any of these questions we can kind of say okay the high end is over here and I can kind of use this graph to envision if I want to look at the tail on the high end I can use the same graph if I wanted to ask a question on the low end and then if I want to ask a question about the middle I can use the same graph to basically plot the middle point because by the way I'm entering it into the system here I can I can enter either I'm gonna I'm gonna say that this is always the you know the top and the low point and this is going to be the middle so we'll do that in excel if that's something of interest so to try to to try to get kind of one graph that'll be a little bit dynamic once you put it together so that you can visualize multiple of these kind of questions now another question that you that we haven't really looked at as much is like the probability of the lower end what if we know the probability of the lower end is 45% and I'm trying to then find the x value or the z value so in other words I know that this this probability of this end is I know that that area under the curve and I'm trying to find the point then of the x value or the z value this value on the x so if we ask a question like that then we can use a formula which would be norm dot inverse i and v and then the data input will be picking up the probability instead of the x value and then the same mean and standard deviation and that will give us then the x value same with the z the z value so if I know the 45 percent I'm now backing into the z value right so I kind of reversing the algebra but doing it with a formula so now we're going to solve for the inverse norm dot s dot inverse and now all I need is the probability which is the 45 percent because the mean and the standard deviation are kind of included in that z value calculation and that gives us our our z value of the point one three the point one three and one twenty five you'll note if I look at the graph so the point one three and the one 25 would be somewhere around here right they're like they're kind of the same they're at the same point or if I look at 125 over here and I look at the z value 125 and point uh one eight about right it's between because there's rounding involved so so there is that and then we're going to say okay what's the probability of the upper end so notice that these two are kind of the inverse so 45 and 55 add up to 100 what if we're looking what if I know then like the upper end like this blue area this isn't the exact number but you know the upper end then then how do I back into like the related the related x or z so we can say okay that's going to be another inverse but now you'd have to take the norm dot in verse same thing but the probability now is going to be 100 percent or one minus the probability here so one minus the 55 and then comma the mean and standard deviation and that will give you that'll give you the the uh x and then if you want to the z value same concept we would take the norm dot s dot inverse one minus the the 55 and then you get to to this value and they're the same numbers because of we chose the 45 percent and uh and the uh 55 percent so so obviously if you're saying the the probability of something that is the lower end 45 percent means that the upper end is the 55 percent which means you end up on the same x value uh which is going to be the 125 and uh the 61


Happy National Preparedness Month. Our goal in our message in September is the same as every year. To raise awareness and to educate California residents about the importance of being prepared. If you're new to the OAS family, welcome. In prior years, we held family-friendly events for the public. Including amazing demonstrations from some of our partner agencies. Using these efforts to encourage everyone to start the conversation with their families and friends. What is your plan if an earthquake hits? Do you have a go guard?  This year, our message stays the same. But this year, more than ever, we need your help to spread it. We are adapting Preparedness Month to the changing COVID-19 environment. Which means Preparedness Month is going virtual. We are doing series of videos on our Preparedness website. Providing numerous tools and resources online. And we'll have educational materials and interactive experiences for the kiddos. We also have some surprises for you to look out for during the month of September. So don't forget to follow along. And thank you for all you do to keep California safe. One team, one fight.


Jim. Hello. Some months back, maybe half a year back or so, I found myself studying gold as a currency and ways in which one can hold gold. And I found that there are banks which specialize in allowing people to have gold reserves, essentially private gold reserves. You simply, you fund, they set aside however much gold at current market prices and so on and so forth, you're familiar with this. And I was intrigued by the idea, they were proposing the idea that over time, one might be able to start paying debts to various institutions, denominated directly in gold in the future that they had some regulatory hoops to get through.  Well, I think it's a great idea. I don't see why, and I know people who I know companies already do it. I think there's a payment system and I forget its name right now that basically everything's denominated in gold. I actually think there's a cryptocurrency out there where there actually every piece of currency is backed by some gold some way in a vault in Switzerland or in London or in Singapore wherever they happen to have it. And you can trade those. I mean, I don't see what the great advantage is, right? I don't see in the world as it exists right now, why? Because it's so small and it's dominated by, now, if Facebook, for example, and I talked about this when I did the show on Libra, if it launched Libra, if it launched a cryptocurrency with Facebook and if it could get Amazon behind it, if it could get somebody like that, and then, and it was gold-backed, let's say, then that could really have an impact because then you're talking about massive volumes, you would store the gold somewhere, you'd have a gold reserve somewhere. So people would, I guess, people would buy the cryptocurrency with dollars, but then the cryptocurrency would be denominated in grams of gold. And then people could exchange that and would have a relatively stable value, although the value of gold vis-a-vis the dollar fluctuates as well. And that could change people's attitudes towards gold. It still won't change the fact that the monetary system is dictated by the Federal Reserve and dictated by central banks. That you can't run an end around, but it could theoretically, long-term, become kind of a default currency for a lot of trading and a lot of stuff like that. And maybe then, by example, it would suggest that you don't need a Federal Reserve, you don't need a central bank, hey, there's a bunch of these private currencies that are working, that are backed by something real and that people are comfortable with trading with and we don't need dollars and yen and pound sterling and so on. But I don't see any private company doing that. The alternative also is for a country like China to go on a gold standard or a significant large economy to go on a gold standard. And again, model by example, what could be. And in a sense, that would be the way to replace the dollar as the global currency. If you could in a way that people believed, convert your currency into gold back currency, let's say if China did it and people believed that they wouldn't cheat, then you could replace the dollar as the world reserve currency. And that could be significant. But I don't see anybody doing it. I don't see China doing it, I don't see the US doing it. I don't see the euro going there. Those are the three currencies that could do it. And then I don't see Facebook or Amazon of these guys taking seriously kind of a gold back currency. I don't either. And my sense was what was most intriguing was the idea that somebody had practically solved the problem of how to use gold without carrying gold or having a small vault in your own house or such. I think that solution is out there. I think if you Google cryptocurrency, gold back cryptocurrency, you'll find it. So I think they're out there. I think over time crypto to the extent that it wants to be a currency will have to find things to back it, right? Rather than... Yeah, definitely. And therefore I think gold is one, Libra is offering to back the cryptocurrency with a basket of currencies of central bank currencies plus bonds, show-term treasuries. So that's another way to back it. You could back it in a number of different ways and you could have competition between cryptos to do it. The cryptos I don't like, don't back, don't believe they need to be backed by anything. Like Bitcoin's not backed by anything. Yeah, not stable. If it's backed by something, then I think it could be a real value add to the monetary system and to the reducing transaction costs. All right, good. Using the super chat and I noticed yesterday when I appealed for support for the show, many of you stepped forward and actually supported the show for the first time. So I'll do it again. Maybe we'll get some more today. If you like what you're hearing, if you appreciate what I'm doing, then I appreciate your support. Those of you who don't yet support the show, please take this opportunity, go to Iranbrookshow.com slash support or go to subscribestar.com, Iranbrookshow and make a kind of a monthly contribution to keep this going. I'm not showing the next.


You know, the Lord does not ask our ironic priesthood youth to do everything, but what he does ask is awe-inspiring. A few years ago, our little family went through what many families face in this fallen world. Our youngest son, Tanner Christian Lund, contracted cancer. He was an incredible soul, as nine-year-olds tend to be. He was hilariously mischievous, and at the same time, stunningly spiritually aware. Imp and angel, naughty and nice. When he was little and was every day bewildering us with his shenanigans, we wondered if he was going to grow up to be the prophet or a bank robber. Either way, it seemed that he was gonna leave a mark on the world, and then he became desperately ill. Over the next three years, modern medicine employed heroic measures, including two bone marrow transplants where he contracted pneumonia, requiring him to spend 10 weeks unconscious on a ventilator. Miraculously, he recovered for a short time, but then his cancer returned. Shortly before he passed away, Tanner's disease had invaded his bones, and even with strong pain medications, still he hurt. He could barely get out of bed. One Sunday morning, his mom, Colleen, came into his room to check on him before the family left for church. She was surprised to see that he had somehow gotten himself dressed and was sitting on the edge of his bed, painfully struggling with a button to button his shirt. Colleen sat down by him to Tanner. She said, are you sure you're strong enough to go to church? Maybe you should stay home and rest today. He stared at the floor. He was a deacon. He had a quorum, and he had an assignment. I'm supposed to pass the sacrament today. Well, I'm sure somebody could do that for you. Yes, he said, but I see how people look at me when I pass the sacrament. I think it helps them. So Colleen helped him button his shirt and tie his tie, and they drove to church. Clearly something important was happening. I came to church from an earlier meeting, and so was surprised to see Tanner sitting on the deacons row. Colleen quietly told me why he was there and what he had said. It helps people. And so I watched as the deacons stepped to the sacrament table. Healing gently against another deacon as the priest passed them the bread trays, and then Tanner shuffled to his appointed place and took hold at the end of the pew to steady himself as he presented the sacrament. It seemed that every eye in the chapel was on him, moved by his struggle as he did his simple part. Somehow Tanner expressed a silent sermon as he solemnly haltingly moved from row to row, his bald head moist with perspiration, representing the savior in the way that deacons do. His once indomitable deacons body was itself a little bruised and broken and torn, willingly suffering to serve by bearing the emblems of the savior's atonement into our lives. Seeing how he had come to think about being a deacon made us think differently too, about the sacrament, about the savior, and about deacons and teachers and priests. I wonder at the unspoken miracle that it impelled him that morning to respond so bravely to that still small call to serve and about the strength and capacities of all of our emergent youth as they pushed themselves to respond to a prophet's call to enlist in God's battalions and join in the work of salvation and exaltation. Every time a deacon holds a sacrament tray, we are reminded of the sacred story of the Last Supper, of Gethsemane, of Calvary, and of the Garden Tomb. When the savior said to his apostles, this, do in remembrance of me, he was also speaking through the ages to each of us. He was speaking of the unending miracle that he would provide as future deacons, teachers and priests would present his emblems and invite his children to accept his atoning gift. All of the sacramental symbols point us to that gift. We contemplate the bread that he once broke and the bread the priests before us in turn are now breaking. We think of the meaning of the liquid, consecrated then and now as the sacrament prayers solemnly passed from the mouths of young priests into our hearts and into the heavens, renewing covenants that connected us to the very powers of Christ's salvation. We may think about what it means when a deacon carries the sacred emblems to us, standing as he does, where Jesus would stand if he were there, offering to lift our burdens and our pain. Fortunately, young men and women do not have to get sick to discover joy and purpose in serving the Savior. Elder David A. Bednar has taught that to grow and become as missionaries are, we should do what missionaries do and then line upon line and precept upon precept, we can gradually become the missionary the Savior expects. Likewise, if we desire to be like Jesus, we should do what Jesus does. And in one astonishing sentence, the Lord explains what it is that he does. He said, for behold, this is my work and my glory to bring to pass the immortality and eternal life of man. The Savior's mission has always and forever been to serve his father by saving his children. And the surest way to find joy in this life is to join Christ in helping others. This is a simple truth that inspired the Children and Youth program. All children and youth activities and all children and youth teachings are about helping young people become more like Jesus by joining with him in his work of salvation and exaltation. Children and youth is a tool to help every primary child and youth to grow in discipleship and gain a faith-filled vision of what the way of happiness looks like. They can come to anticipate and yearn for the way stations and signposts along the covenant path where they will be baptized and confirmed with the gift of the Holy Ghost and soon belong to quorums and young women classes where they will feel the joy of helping others through a succession of Christ-like acts of service. They'll set goals, large and small, that will bring balance to their lives as they become more like the Savior. For the strength of youth conferences and magazines, the Friend and the Gospel Living App will help center them in finding joy in Christ. They will anticipate the blessings of holding limited-use temple recommends and feel the spirit of Elijah through the influence of the Holy Ghost as they pursue the blessings of the temple and family history. They will be guided by patriarchal blessings. In time, they will see themselves going into temples to be endowed with power and find joy there as they are eternally connected, come what may, with their families. Against the headwinds of pandemic and calamity, bringing about the full promise of the new children and youth program is still a work in progress, but there is urgency. Our youth cannot wait for the world to write itself before they come to know the Savior. Some are making decisions, even now, that they would not make if they understood their true identities and his. And so the urgent call from God's battalions in fateful training is for all hands on deck. Moms and dads, your sons need you to support them now as passionately as ever you have in the past when they have been about lesser things, like badges and pins. Mothers and fathers, priesthood and young women leaders, if your youth are struggling, children and youth will help to bring them to the Savior and the Savior will bring them peace. Quorum and class presidencies, step up and take your rightful place in the Lord's work. Bishops, link your keys with those of quorum presidents and your quorums and your wards will forever change. And to you of the rising generation, I testify as one who knows that you are beloved sons and daughters of God and he has a work for you to do. As you rise to the majesty of your stations, with all of your hearts, might, mind and strength, you will come to love God and keep your covenants and trust in his priesthood as you work to bless others beginning in your own homes. I pray that you will strive with redoubled energy worthy of this time to serve, exercise faith, repent and improve each day, to qualify to receive temple blessings and the enduring joy that comes only through the gospel of Jesus Christ. I pray that you will prepare to become that diligent missionary, loyal husband or wife, loving father or mother that you have been promised you may ultimately become by being a true disciple of Jesus Christ. May you help prepare the world for the Savior's return by inviting all to come unto Christ and receive the blessings of his atonement in the name of Jesus Christ, amen.


This is a Christian response to Noah Cyrus' song, The End of Everything. What's up guys, my name is Isaac David and this is The Daily Disciple where I help you follow this videos like this one as well, so I'm excited to get into it. But before we do, I just want to give a huge shout out to my patrons on Patreon. The people on Patreon keep this channel and my ministry going and growing and it is a tremendous blessing to me. It's my goal to be able to do this full time and by partnering with me on Patreon, you allow me to get closer to that goal so thank you. Link in description to the Patreon. So it was just yesterday, I was looking through my YouTube trending feed as I do just to see for video ideas and just for my own curiosity and this video, music video by Noah Cyrus popped up and I probably wouldn't have thought anything of it except for the fact that I really enjoyed her song July and I know it's kind of like cliche it's like oh it's just like one of those popular songs that seem most people seem to like and I enjoy that song so I was like oh this is something else she's got out I wonder if it's good and I tuned in and what I saw it blew my mind it stirred my heart to the point where I was like I gotta respond to this for you guys because her worldview so evidently um go like seeps through her art here and I think it's a really great example and just something for us to break down as Christians and if you're a non-Christian watching this to see the Christian perspective and how we approach life in general and it's really asking some really huge existential questions that I think the bible has better answers for but let's get into the song lyrics everyone you love is gonna die but darling so is everything don't cry the stars will blink out one last time and everyone you love is gonna die everything you fear is gonna end and all your hate and hurt lost in the wind it's hard I know the universe can be a jealous friend everything you fear is gonna end it's amazing to me the worldview that's just like pouring through this and it's a common one it's this idea that hey look don't sweat the small stuff on earth because in the end we're just gonna be dust we're just gonna be skeletons everything's gonna end really at the end of the life is what you make it and to quote her to quote her older sister animal that's hilarious life is what you make it so let's make it rock um some of you will get that reference but it's like it's this existential like hey there really is no ultimate meaning or purpose um you know the universe was created randomly and it is ultimately gonna you know just gonna extinguish right the stars are gonna go out and there's other lines in here that are just so the video itself I encourage you to watch the music video and just really for yourself dissect what she's saying in the worldview and the message that she's putting forward but to me it was an emotionally stirring thing because what they were showing there was was the universe everything we know on earth and in the universe just extinguishing and coming to an end and and it and it brings forward some really real emotions in our heart and I was just reading some of those comments down below and I encourage you to do the same see how people are responding to this video about look does the world does life have meaning or is it just kind of this melancholy you kind of just figure it out and maybe there's some nice stuff but ultimately we're here randomly so enjoy the time you have this hedonistic like live it up you know eat drink um and be merry for tomorrow we die some more lyrics here everyone you love is gonna die so is everything so wipe away your tears you know nothing lasts forever but lord we try everything you love is gonna die I think this is a very like we can see this contrast very distinctly with the christian worldview in john 11 we are presented with a very different worldview Jesus is this Jesus said to her I am the resurrection and the life whoever believes in me though he died yet he shall live and everyone who lives and believes in me shall never die do you believe this life does not end after we die on earth the bible says that we are we either live with god in eternal life or live in death in eternal damn nation uh for our sins against god like right like this is not the end and this is why my heart is broken for people that watch this video and for noa too if this truly is her worldview that they think look this world is just passing away and there's nothing after that um because we we we learned in the bible we've created for a purpose god knows us and he desires a relationship with us and and this is an amazing amazing truth that I want people to know about and that's why I'm making this video to say to you look this everything won't end right god is eternal he he has no beginning and no end you will either be with him or you will be without him and he calls you today to himself he is a good father is the the story of the prodigal son the prodigal son goes away spends all his earnings and he kind of rebels against the father but he comes back with nothing he's blown it all and he comes back he says father you know I'm just going to be a servant of you I don't deserve your love or to be your son but the father welcomes him back and it celebrates and it's an amazing it's amazing amazing moment and picture of the gospel god is waiting for you to come back to himself he's waiting for you to come home to accept you and say well done my good and faithful servant well done my child I love you I accept you by my grace and and this is the truth of the gospel folks and share this with other people everything will not end this is not the end it is only the beginning in the span of eternity well guys I hope you got something out of this video I hope you enjoyed it if you want me to do more um reactions to certain songs send them to me and I'd love to take a look um thank you so much again to my patrons on patreon for your support once again and I'll see you next time bye


Hey guys, thank you so much for joining me. I'm going to share with you a couple of products really quick that I received via the Octolie Skiper's I always say that wrong Skiper's because Octolie was Maybe bought out or whatever by Skiper's or Skiper's or whatever, but anyways, I The way that works is that you select a product you might be interested in and I did select a couple of products that I was really Interested in and I got them so I'm going to talk a little bit about that I might share some empties and I don't know if I'm going to do a tag video at the end of this I think I'll make I'll make that a separate video, but yeah, thank you so much for joining me I'm not sure if you're going to see this before the holidays or right after the holidays I think it might be afterwards, but anyways, thank you so much so the first thing I'm going to talk about that I received from Octolie is A wafer that you it's a chewable wafer and this is sort of like a Honey lemon type of a flavor. It's really a nice flavor and this is from very snug so let me just tell you a little bit about this one because I I Don't know about you guys, but I am always on a quest to sleep the older I get the harder it is to me to sleep and The worst I look when I don't sleep. So I think it's it's probably wicked normal Anyways, I've tried some CBD gummies and other CBD products that I really really like and I've talked about the gummies That I've been using but then I saw this and it was a chewable supplement And I thought this sounded really good and I wanted to try it So they actually have to they have a boost for the daytime, which I don't have But I did get these snug, which is the bedtime supplement so my normal routine goes my heat my normal routine is I will go to bed I drink some water Go to bed and I lie in bed and I'm on my iPad and I'm reading You know reading articles or I have my Arab pod my earbuds So whatever you want to call them. I have the earbuds in and I'm listening to a podcast or Something of that nature because I really like podcasts and then at one point when I've been in there for like maybe half hour I take one of my CBD's and I chew that up and then the next thing you know I wake up and it might be four o'clock in the morning and and sometimes my podcast whatever I'm listening to has gone on to many others So I'm giving a bunch of other Podcasters the credit for listening to them when I really hadn't but anyways So I've really been pleased with that, but I wanted to try this wafer Especially if this works as good as I think it might it'll be really come in handy when you're traveling So I received this product complimentary from a very supplements And this is via the Octolies keepers and network. So what this is this is actually a newer company I think that kind of intrigued me because it's not a well-known brand or anything of that nature But a newer company and what they said on their website kind of resonated with me They said that while they're newer they're scientists the people that they have helping develop their product and their formulas they've actually been in the business over 20 years and They're basically famous For designing for real people as they like to say it they believe in helping consumers Feel their very best and that's a that's sort of like a takeoff on their name and And I thought I thought it was I thought it was interesting So they their products line is basically designed for real people as they say and that if You you know if you're not feeling your best it's going to reflect on everything you do So they target the areas especially the bedtime support that I think can really help people But what I also liked about this is that they really really believe or at least they seem to believe what they're touting And they are giving three percent back of their sales to mental health charities To charities that support awareness and and help give access to people You know with issues and also resources and maybe even also developing more research research So I really kind of like that message a lot So I ordered this they approved me. This is the bedtime one and It tastes really good if you did a couple of nights and it works in my opinion for me just as well as my CBD does I'll take I'll chew two of them and the next thing and I do two two of them But I think you need to really kind of like maybe decide how much you might want to take But it's a honey lemon. It's kind of a lemony flavor So it tastes really good to me and then the next thing you know I might be listening to something and the next thing you know It's like three four o'clock in the morning and I wake up only because I have to go to the bathroom So I'm really liking these again sent to me complimentary. I will link the information below You guys can check it out decide what you want to do If you want to try it order it whatever I just wanted to share it because because I like it the other thing I want to share and pardon me for reaching over is This particular product and this is this also intrigued me because this is actually a toning pad That is sort of double-sided you take the pad out I'm going to close a photo here of when I opened it so you can see How you have a little cover you put in with little tongs and then you can pull out a pad Well, the pad has two sides to it, which I thought was really cool So I really like this a lot. This I actually also received from from Medeca Derma M-A-D-E-C-A Derma and this is actually what they call their squeeze toning pad. I Like this so it's made from fruits and plants that contain natural say AHA and BHA So gently will exfoliate any of your dead skin and the reason why I really wanted to try This is because I some of you know I had my most surgery I am back on the bandwagon with my retin-A full force and my skin even right now is peeling and dry So I needed to really think about toning. I use the peaches toner a lot the exfoliator I should say and I really like that. I'm almost out of that. That'll probably be in my empties Actually, it isn't my empties. I have another one that I had replaced it with And and I really like it but this I thought was really convenient because of the packaging You can you can do one side to really exfoliate and the other side to just kind of tone And it's like 100 caught and it feels really good on your skin. So I'm liking this a lot. I like the smell It's a very it's a very fresh citrously smell and I really like citrus a lot So I like the fact that this is not made of anything that is harmful Let me see what it says here And so it's got a cross-hole God side and then it has a smoother side And it's not made of anything that is going to be harmful to your skin or anything of that nature Just really really nice. And I think this is going to go in my suitcase Yeah, because I think I'm thinking you know traveling and stuff like that. So really really like that So anyways, this was sent to me complimentary Via the Skiper's network from the company and so far this I really like they also have a cream And the cream I think Sounds intriguing. So I requested that. I don't know if they'll approve me. They have not as yet But I requested that as well because I wanted to see how that would work with using this as a toner And then the cream so anyways really good stuff really liked it a lot one And I also got this one from octaly and this is the clean xero when I first talked about this because The rules are for octaly when you get a product you have to review it in a short period of time And sometimes you really don't have the time to really use it for long So when I got this I'd only used it a couple of times, but this is the clean at zero This is sort of like a gommage And um, I really like it. It's got C in it.  I just like The way that feels whatever it is that's coming off of my skin. I really like the way it feels So this has been awesome. I love clean at zero products. I have purchased clean at zero products This one was sent to me complimentary reviewed it already I'll you know, obviously submit this again, but I highly recommend this. I just think it's really really awesome So that's the three things that were sent to me complimentary So I bought this foot exhalation peeling mask I've used this before in the past and I really liked it So what I'm going to do is I'm going to start treating my feet tonight So that by the time we go on vacation My toesies will look really good and get rid of all the dry dead skin the heels and stuff like that I have not been to A nail salon and I cannot tell you I think the last time I went and had my nails and my feet done was my stepson's wedding and that's that has been over Oh, almost a year and a half ago now and we went to savannah and then we went to hildon head And that was our last time we were down south So I did I went to um, you know, obviously I went and had my nails done. I went and had pedicure and all that So I haven't had any of that done and I'm going into what I hope is flip flop territory I hope I get to wear them. But so anyways, I'm going to do this and Try really to you know Not go to a nail salon. I I'm just like not into wanting to spend 50 bucks a month to have nails put on or anything of that nature So I bought this off of I think amazon And I know it used it before and I know it liked it before so I'll I'll let you guys know how I do with it But I'm really excited about it a couple of things that I'm just going to share with you because I really don't have a whole lot of empties But I talked about my air um my air caps Because I had the inner air surgery This past this year has been like a year, you know health issues for me I had my inner air surgery prior to that. I could always I always had to have something I had a plug in there. I had a mask on Um, I had cap on so I have to be even still with my surgery still. I have to keep my air dry So I bought these off of amazon and I just thought I'd show you because I they come in in a huge pack, right? so if you if you have um These would be perfect if you were into playing with your Barbie dolls You could just be a perfect shower gap for Barbie doll, right? But anyways, I use these on my ears and I've reused them and reuse them and then at one point they just get too stretched out like this one is pretty stretched out So I trash it this one I trash it so Even though I had my inner air surgery. This is something I'm going to continue To to use my surgeon says make sure that I keep my ears as dry as possible Although the healing on my repaired eardrum has been phenomenal. I am still a little nervous nervous about flying So I'm taking like an allergy pill and I'm also doing nasal spray consistently just to Keep everything in check But it is um, it is It's been a year of health issues. So I'm really looking forward to 2023. Hopefully having more of a A year without health issues anyways So that's that I've been using this So this always happens to me. I Lose my battery and that's why I'm probably in a different position Because my battery died. I had to go into the kitchen. I went into the kitchen and walked by Jay And he took one look at me. He started laughing.   Yeah, I think this kind of looks kind of different. But anyways so this is If you know anyone that's going through Moh's surgery and I've talked about this For a long time because this has been my number one skincare stuff I have been using this biocorium And this was recommended by my good friend Shaila. This has an spf in it So it is like a a scar away It does have that gel the silicone that you put on your scars that help it dissipate But it has the spf in it. I'm still using this I do I have to I don't know But I put it on and especially right here where my scar is still pretty bad right around my My nose here because of the natural contour of my face It's just not healing as well there as it is going up So I use this all the time. We just bought another one I wouldn't be without this for a while and since my healing process for my Moh's surgery is going to be a good year I figure I'm going to need it. I also have opened up my second scar away I use this one usually at night where I use the biocorium during the day if I'm going to be going out and all that I use this at night and the scar away It can be for any kind of a scar and if you treat it it really does Help facilitate the healing process of your scar so it doesn't look as bad. So I think this is really awesome The other thing I finally My toothpaste I I cut it off and I you know to dig in Because there's always product. So when you get close to the end of something Then I just cut off an edge of it and I put it in a baggie to keep it sealed And then I go in with you know, uh, I have a little like a Actually a small little thing dig it out put on my toothpaste Toothbrush and brush my teeth with it. This is ap 24 fluoride whitening toothpaste by new skin I don't sell new skin. I'm not I don't necessarily buy it off any one person Um, I think I bought this off of aba a six pack or whatever I know a couple of people that do sell this it is a marketing Company, I just really like the product. Yes, it's expensive, but I really like the product So I use this j uses this and this one is ready to be trashed The other thing that's I'm not even going to go into a whole bunch of details because I use also some different face masks And if I saved all my face masks You've got to be bored silly because I'd be talking about one face mask after another so I don't But I also emptied this peaches. I have another one. This is the full one I haven't started this one yet. This one interesting enough I dated when I started it and I started this on January 20th now Do I use this every day? No. Do I use other products with it? Yes, I do Do I love this? Yes, I do. I love this and I love their cleanser. The these are those are my two favorite However, I try Me saw me talk about clean and zero you you know or the toning pad I use other products because I like to review them. I like to try them out or like to see what works good This really is awesome. I really really like this a lot I would highly recommend peaches their products as far as the ones I use anyways And I know other people like natalie the beauty diva. I think uses her entire line So if you know natalie check out natalie, she swears by their entire line It loves the product. So yeah, peaches skincare. I love it too. This one's gone This is empty and that's going in my trash. So that's really it short and sweet Well, probably not short and sweet, but I think I'll do a separate video on a tag because I was tagged And I'm going to do that one next. So hopefully You all had I don't know if this is coming before afterwards But if it's before hope you have a wonderful christmas holiday season if it's afterwards. I hope you had a wonderful one Thanks a lot. Bye. Bye


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Recent advancements in multi-material 3D and 4D printing have opened up a world of possibilities for creating complex objects with multiple functions. These technologies allow for the simultaneous production of multiple components from different materials, allowing for greater flexibility and cost savings. Additionally, the ability to print in three dimensions and time provides a wide range of applications, such as medical implants, automotive parts, and even clothing. This paper reviews the various features and applications of 3D and 4D printing technologies, and proposes new avenues for the development of multi-material 3D and 4D printed objects. This article was authored by Muhammad Rafi, Rahala de Farani and Daniel Tiroit.


Jonas, high school student, now resides on a North Sea island with his grandfather following the terrible deaths of his parents. It's the season of fresh starts and first loves. Jonas' world is dramatically turned upside down by Helena, a new German language instructor. She appreciates and supports his writing abilities, and she makes use of their mutual trust to develop a close bond with him. Jonas, meanwhile, is unaware that Helena is working on a terrible scheme. Before we begin, we kindly ask that you like and comment on the video since this will allow us to expand our niche. Thank you!