Hi! If you're dealing with fungus gnats, this video is for you! In order to eradicate a fungus gnats infestation at its core, we need to understand their life cycle. And there are four stages. Fungus gnats start their life in the egg, become larvae, then poppa, and then adults. These adults prefer to deposit eggs in the soil and especially in moistened soil. A generation of fungus gnats can be created in two weeks, so this is really fast if you think about it, because then we're gonna have an infestation in a very short period of time. But not to worry, this is just information that I want to give to you, so you know exactly how to target the problem and get rid of them. So let's get to that! So let's think about it, from the time that they are in the egg to larvae, to poppa, fungus gnats live in the soil. And it is only when they become adults that they start flying around and become super annoying. So, having this information, we know that we want to target the soil and the adult flies in the air. In order to target the soil and the larva that is living there, I like to use a solution that is organic, very easy to make, and frankly, really effective. This solution includes one part of hydrogen peroxide, and this is a 3% hydrogen peroxide, and four parts of water. Then I will water my plants with this solution. You will see that the soil is gonna start bubbling, but this is normal with the hydrogen peroxide.  Now, I use this solution every time I water until I stop seeing fungus gnats in the air. This is because you may be killing the larva that is in the soil, but remember that you still have adults flying around, and they will still deposit more eggs in the soil. So you want to keep using this solution until you don't see any fungus gnats. As I said, there is another way to target the adults flying in the air. And these are sticky traps. These are very effective when targeting the adults in the air, because you will make sure that they stop flying, which is really great for us, because as you know, they're very annoying. And also, they won't be able to lay more eggs in the soil. Now, remember, plant care is a patient's exercise. So always observe your plants and continue using these methods until you don't see any fungus gnats flying around. Now, another thing that I always recommend is to observe your plants. So observe them and see how they react to these treatments. If you see that more fungus gnats are attacking a specific plant, also try to separate that plant from the others, so you prevent any other infestation in the other plants. But again, these two methods have proven to be very effective in my case, so I strongly recommend that you try them out. The first thing that I always recommend people to do to prevent fungus gnats is to let the soil dry out in between waterings. Of course, this depends on the plant because some plants like calatheas or alocasias actually prefer the soil to be moist at all times. But still, what I do is with my calathea, I always try to let it dry a little bit, not completely, but just a little before I water it again, so I can maintain the soil moist, but not too wet. In the case of cacti and succulents, you want to make sure that the soil dries out completely in between waterings. So let it do so, and it's going to be good for your plant and also great to prevent fungus gnats. Other than frequency of watering, another thing that you can do is the method that you use to water your plants. Remember, fungus gnats like to deposit their eggs at the top of the soil when it is moist. So one watering method that can help you prevent this from happening is the bottom watering method. The way that this method works is that you pour water in a container and then you submerge your plant there. The water will be absorbed from the bottom up by the soil and will get to the roots from the bottom. But this will make sure that the water stays at the bottom part of the pot and doesn't come to the top of the soil, where the fungus gnats would actually deposit their eggs. So this is another great way to prevent fungus gnats from depositing eggs in the top of the soil. Another great thing to do with your potting mix is to add an amendment that will help with drainage. For example, in my case, I love to add pumice, and if I don't have pumice, I also add perlite to my potting mix. These are great materials for drainage and will prevent the soil from being too saturated with water, so it's not going to be a great environment for the fungus gnats to deposit their eggs. And the last thing that I do that has proven to be really effective in preventing fungus gnats is to add a top layer to the potting mix. I usually add sand or rocks, and this is because these materials will dry out quicker than the soil. With a dry top layer, the fungus gnats will not want to deposit their eggs there, because again, they prefer moist conditions. So other than watering and potting mix, there is one more tip that I can give you, and this one actually relates to the pot. As you already know, the material of your pot will influence how long your potting mix stays moist. For example, plastic pots actually retain moisture for longer periods of time than terracotta pots. This is because terracotta is a very porous material, so when we water our plants over time, terracotta will absorb that water out of the soil. This means that we have to water our plants more frequently, but it's going to stay moist for shorter periods of time, which is great in preventing fungus gnats. If you would like to learn which type of pot is best for you and your plants, make sure to check out my video on plastic versus terracotta pots, because there are many other things to consider. But in terms of preventing fungus gnats, terracotta does a better job. If you're dealing with fungus gnats right now, I'm so sorry, I know they're very annoying, but you got this, and if you use any of the methods here, make sure to tell me how they go below. I would love to know your experience. Also, if you would like to support this channel and the work that I do here, we do have a Patreon page, and we actually meet every month live to talk about plant issues like this one, so we help each other out. And if you would like to join us there, you're always welcome to join. And as always, I will see you in the next one. Okay, adios!


While to the average person it might not look like much, the late music legend Patsy Klein bought this Tennessee property before her untimely passing and called it her dream home. Located in Goodlitzville, Patsy lived here for the last year of her life when her career was at its peak and the success of her tour in Las Vegas also afforded her this red brick home. The home Patsy lived in the longest though was actually located in a working class area of Winchester, Virginia, and she stayed here from the ages of 16 to 21, returning to the abode from time to time until her singing career really kicked off in 1957. These days her Winchester home is a historic property, which fans can get tickets to take a tour of should they find themselves in the neighborhood. Also, Michael and I have dropped our own house tour of our new home that we moved into this year, so go ahead and subscribe to our personal channel if you want to see where we're living and more of what we're up to. In these videos, we don't reveal any addresses and even though I've done a house tour of my own place, please do not show up at any private residences because it's not safe for anyone. Patsy Klein was born in Virginia, Patterson Hensley before she changed her name and was born in Winchester, Virginia. This was where she also grew up and began her early career as well as the surrounding areas. She first stayed in Lodon in 1941 when she was 9 years old, living at 18W Lodon Street in Round Hill, a house which apparently now looks like this. Patsy started singing at a very young age and at many local hotspots in the area. One of the first times was the 6 months she spent singing with a band at Roland Payne's old John Marshall nightclub on Route 55 and she was about 16 years old then. Patsy made $10 each Saturday night for singing 3 or 4 old songs like All of Me, Blues in the Night, Melancholy Baby and Stardust. A typical wage then was less than $10 a day and by then it was said that she had learned how to sell a song by singing it from the hearts and she realized that the popular tunes were the ones people wanted. While around this time Patsy had moved into a home in Winchester which would be the residence she lived at the longest but that's not saying much. By the time Patsy was 16 she had reportedly already moved 19 times. The tin roofed home which is now on the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register is where she lived from 1948 to 1953. And if you ever find yourself in the neighborhood you can pay the place of visits. Located in a working class neighborhood in Winchester, Virginia, this modest home is where Patsy lived from ages 16 to 21 when she married Gerald Klein. When she moved from it she would return to the family home intermittently afterwards. Patsy's mother Hilda Hensley moved into the small house with her three kids after separating from her husband and worked as a seamstress and at first she rented the house later purchasing it. It's a simple two-story three bay building with a front porch and about a thousand square feet of space inside built in a log cabin style with nearly all the logs being covered by walls. The main bedroom is located on the second level and all four members of Patsy's family slept here. The Patsy Klein Historic House is made up of a parlor, a dining room and a kitchen on the first floor and the one large L-shaped room on the second. A tiny toilet-only bathroom was added beneath the stairs off the parlor. It's definitely hard to imagine Patsy preparing for performances in this tiny space. The parlor is full of photos and memorabilia now as well as a white piano, record player and early TV set. While over in the dining room there's a salt and pepper shaker collection, Patsy's costumes, her mother's sewing machine and copies of her hand-drawn stage costume design. The outfits you'll see on display at the Patsy Klein House are Western-style get-ups which was what she liked at first. But after appearing on a big talent show a female producer suggested that she switch up her style a bit and then so she would come off as more sophisticated, Patsy shifted her style towards cocktail dresses and red lips. The room upstairs which acted as a bedroom for Patsy, her mother, sister and brother was divided by curtains hanging from a clothesline to provide privacy between the beds. Money was always an issue for the family so Patsy left school to work and had many jobs, her longest being at Gones Drugstore is a popular waitress. Patsy was busy and determined and even while working she made time to perform. One of her favorite venues in the site of her debut was WINC radio station. At age 14 she walked into the station and said that she wanted to sing on the station's 30 minute country music program and the producers decided to give the girl a chance. They were wowed and she was invited back. Charlie Dick, Patsy's second husband who had lived in Winchester claimed that in the early 2000s the house and the neighborhood hadn't changed much at all since Patsy lived there. The museum opened in 2011 and now it has reopened in the summer of 2022 after a two year closure. If you're interested in visiting hours are 10-4 daily except closed Tuesdays and open at 1pm on Sundays. Tours are given throughout the day and admission costs between $6-$8 for adult seniors youth and active military and children under 11 are free. After Patsy's 1957 breakthrough performance on the Arthur Godfrey's talent scouts show, she divorced her first husband Klein and later that same year she married Charles Dick in the Winchester House then relocating to Nashville, Tennessee where they started a family. Just last year in 2021 what was Patsy Kynes' dream home in Tennessee sold again for $540,000 and it even comes with a special historic sign in the yard stating this. Located on Nella Drive in Goodlitzville, Tennessee, Patsy lived here for the last year of her life while her career was at its peak. With the success of her touring in Las Vegas and her rise to fame with hit songs like Crazy, Walking After Midnight and more, she was able to buy this lavish Fort's timehouse for $30,000 in 1962. Patsy lived in this red brick house located just north of Nashville with her husband Charles Dick before she would pass away in a tragic plane crash in 1963. The original listing for the home showed it had been restored to its original condition from 1965 including a special bar counter embellished with Patsy and Charlie. Patsy's one-time house spans 2770 square feet of space with four bedrooms and three baths throughout as well as spaces like a combined living and dining room and a wood panel to eat in kitchen. Elsewhere in the home there's a cozy den with fireplace as well as a laundry room, two car garage and basement that's fit for entertaining. In fact, according to the most recent listing materials, the basement here was also used as an Airbnb for a short time so it boasts its own kitchen, bathroom, laundry room and living area with room for a bed as well as extra storage space. Looking at photos of the home, fans may recognize it from detailed reenactments in several movies about Patsy's life and career. The home was something that the singer considered a realization of one of her biggest lifetime goals and it often served as a gathering place for some of country's top stars including clients closest friend Loretta Lin who named one of her daughters Patsy in her honor. Dotty West and June Carter Cash were among the other country music royalty who were visitors to the home, which received a historical marker in January of 2019. While Klein only lived here for just under a year before her tragic death in 1963 as the result of a plane crash, her legacy lives on in the house as the listing details the quote-unquote historical integrity of the home has been kept intact. Following Klein's death, her husband sold the home to singer Wilma Burgess who firmly believed the historical house was haunted. She explained, you would be in an upstairs room and the toilet downstairs would flush by itself, doors would open and close by themselves. Burgess moved out of the home a few years later but I suppose we would have to ask the current owners about that instead. Another place where Patsy spent a lot of her time before her untimely death was in Las Vegas. The music legend performed at the Mint Las Vegas in downtown during November and December 1962 and she was the first major country singer to perform in Vegas receiving stellar reviews. She had a return trip to Vegas planned in 1963 but sadly that March was when Patsy was killed in a tragic plane crash. Today the Mint casino site is Binion's gambling hall and hotel. In the photos such as this one from Thanksgiving 1962 we can see Fremont Street in Vegas was decorated for Christmas season and Patsy Klein is there in the corner. That was when she began a month-long run performing at the Mint. While Patsy Klein was taken from the world far too early, her legacy and music most definitely lives on. In the 1960s Patsy became the first solo female singer to become a member of the Grand Ole Opry and she was the first woman to be inducted in the country music hall of fame in 1973. Klein's albums and CDs continue to sell platinum every year and she's been on Billboard magazine's top country album list for the last 10 years. Her song Crazy continues to be the number one jukebox hit of all time. Since we looked at some of Patsy's most memorable houses which are now considered historic places as well, that's going to conclude this house tour. But before we go answer me this, if you got the chance to live in your favorite late stars former home and came to find it was haunted, would you live there still or would you move out? Let me know your thoughts down in the comments as well as what you liked about Patsy's homes. Otherwise like, subscribe and turn on your notifications. My name is Cara the Vampire Slayer, follow me on Instagram to chat and I'll see you all in another house tour. Bye!


ple, Forgewood in Motherwell has completely different challenges—social and economic—to Gifnock, for example, in Eastwood. However, the SNP's obsession with centralisation has led to councils being stripped of their ability to make good local policies that will benefit the people who live in that local authority area. The Scottish Government should empower our councils to reduce the cost of the school day for low-income families, but by cutting budgets year on year, it has led to many services that assist with the cost of the school day being reduced or scrapped altogether. I am grateful to the member for taking the intervention. Does she recognise the impact on families in Scotland that a decade of damaging austerity cuts, Brexit price rises and economic mismanagement have caused to children and families right across this land? Will she join me in calling on the UK Government to scrap the national insurance tax hike, reverse their cuts to universal credit and raise pensions and benefits that are reserved instead of imposing real-term cuts? Do you know what I can damn? I can damn the Scottish Government lavishing millions of pounds of taxpayer's money to fund yet another referendum instead of using that money to invest in our schools and other council services—what we are debating in this chamber today. As I was saying, breakfast clubs are important for many young people and it is not just politicians in this chamber who share that view. A recent poll showed that almost all teachers surveyed believe that breakfast is important for pupils and research shows that having breakfast improves school performance. By not having the service for parents or by increasing the cost of school meals, that contributes to the financial pressures that many parents face. It is my view that the Scottish Government must fund councils properly so that it can provide not only breakfast clubs but other innovative ideas that help families to reduce the cost of the school day for low-income families. Before I conclude my remarks, I would like to raise one last concern that relates to the Scottish Government's consultation to remove school uniforms for secondary school pupils and the unintended consequences that that could have on families expenses. Uniforms are an integral and sensible part of school life, but they also give pupils a sense of dignity and foster discipline. Most importantly, they promote equality throughout the school setting. If we had to change or remove school uniforms from our schools, parents who are struggling financially may not be able to dress their children in expensive, fashionable or designer clothing. My concern is that that could lead to bullying or young people being made to feel inferior to their peers. That was a concern that was raised by SNP members, who said that dress down days can be difficult for families to afford. The comment that was raised by Ross Greer and others was right in relation to specific items for school uniforms, and that needs to be looked at. Although I understand that following the largest survey of school uniforms in the UK, the school wear association is found at the average cost of the compulsory uniform in sportswear items is roughly £101.19 per pupil. However, if we had to cost the average fashionable or designer outfit, it would be significantly more. That is why we have clothing grants available for families who need to—sorry, I am about to conclude—who need this additional support. It goes back to my earlier point. If councils were funded properly, they could make the choice to increase this grant to assist with the cost of the school day for low-income families. To conclude, Presiding Officer, it is disappointing that SNP has turned up to date to give themselves a pat in the back for some of the measures that they have introduced without taking any responsibility for the significant improvements that they still have to make in reducing costs of the school day for low-income families. Thank you very much, Presiding Officer. It is the Scottish Government's aim to build an education system that ensures equal access to that full package of education, breaking down financial barriers to make a real difference to the lives of children. I was particularly struck by those who have spoken from across the chamber about the children's own experiences of poverty while they are in school—the decisions that they take in an attempt to protect their family from some of the costs of the school day. We should all be cognisant of that. I am also particularly cognisant of the point that Martin Whitfield made about the importance of listening to child experiences and their voices through this, and I reassure him that that is very much the Government's attention on this and on all education policies. We have heard some discussion from across the chambers about the Scottish education system in general, and I think that we should highlight some key facts before I really move into my closing remarks. Before the pandemic, we did see a year-on-year trend in CFE levels that was positive. We were seeing progress. In 2021, we had the most passes at hire since the advent of devolution, and as I think as Bob Doris pointed out earlier, we have just recently recorded the record-high positive destinations for our young people. We have a lot to be proud of in our education system, but we know that there is much more to do. Within the context of poverty, it is very important that we recognise the impact of that. We have made developments and improvements through our first tackling child poverty delivery plan, but we know that there is more to do. The almost £2.8 billion that was estimated in the previous plan to have been directly benefiting children is a great investment by the Government, but we know that there is much more. That is why we have increased the value of eight Scottish social security benefits by 6 per cent. A great deal more than has happened with the Westminster of Reserves. Of course, we have doubled the game-changing Scottish child payment to £20, and we will increase it again to £25 and extend the payment to children under 16 by the end of the year. That is five times higher than the £5 payment that we were being asked to do less than five years ago. Again, as Bob Doris pointed out, that is a result of that increase that, by the end of 2022, our package of five family benefits for low-income families will be worth £10,000 by the time that a family's first child turns six. That is a difference of more than £8,200 for every eligible child born in Scotland compared to other places in the UK. I think that that highlights the unparalleled support by this Government. However, when Oliver Mundell said in his opening remarks that I am not denying that there are challenges there when challenged by my colleague on the impact of the UK Government, we cannot get away from the impact that the UK Government has on discussing poverty, and Evelyn Tweed's remarks today showed the impact that that is having on families right across Scotland. However, we are seeing developments in the Scottish attainment challenge funding to ensure that we are supporting our schools and particularly supporting our headteachers. In March, I launched a refresh Scottish attainment challenge programme with up to £200 million worth of funding for the year ahead, part of our increase of £1 billion investment over this Parliament. Recognising that poverty exists in every community, a portion of the £200 million funding will be extended to all local authorities within Scotland. That approach was developed and agreed by COSLA through that process, because it is very important that we recognise that poverty exists everywhere. Oliver Mundell is about to intervene, I hope, to tell me where we should cut the money from if he does not agree with the changes that COSLA and the Scottish Government made. We have already heard in this debate about the significant waste that we have seen from this Government and money spent on constitutional obsessions. However, how can the cabinet secretary sit there and say that cutting support to some of our poorest communities is the right thing to do? We heard from one of our back benchers that some of the Scottish Government's initiatives were a foretaste of what we get in an independent Scotland. Is that one of them? Once again, Oliver Mundell does not deal with the challenge that Governments have about ensuring that we are delivering a fair funding settlement to 32 local authorities. It is unfortunate that the Scottish Conservatives still feel that they wish to see that money being taken away from the other local authorities that we have just given money to. Oliver Mundell, again, with his open remarks, attacks curriculum for excellence and knowledge-based mindsets is apparently what we need. Perhaps Mr Mundell should expand his reading list. Look at what the OECD has said, that to shift away from the traditional knowledge versus skills focus by acknowledging the importance of both in learning. It is important that we acknowledge and acknowledge the importance of knowledge versus skills on that. I am afraid that, given the length of previous intervention, I will not. Michael Marra also asked about the financial sustainability of early learning and childcare, and we have produced figures for the financial sustainability health check. We are committed to publishing data on local authority and ELC funding rates annually. He also challenged the Government to act rather than just talk. I remind him what has already been delivered by this Government very recently. Core curriculum charges removed, an increase in universalism for free school meals to primaries 4 and 5, music tuition fees removed, school clothing grants increased, 2,000 more teachers than pre-pandemic, 1140 childcare hours delivered, support for free school meals in holiday, free bus travel for under-22s. I could go on, Presiding Officer. The cabinet secretary did not mention free devices, so let me ask her a question about free devices and free internet connections, because they go together. How many of the current secondary school population in Scotland will leave school without getting the advantage of a free device and a free internet connection? By her own words, many of the young people in Scotland schools will never see the delivery of the SNP's so-called election promise. Mr Kerr will, of course, be fully cognisant of the pledge that was in the manifesto for the delivery of the devices and the connectivity by the end of the parliamentary term. That is exactly what this Government is determined to do. Co-cab stewards also mentioned the important work done by CPag on the cost of the school day. Some of that work is funded by the Scottish Government but through the Scottish attainment challenge funding. It is important work that has been done by CPag, giving practical advice to schools right across the country. I commend them for it. Ross Greer and others talked about the importance of the school uniform guidance, which I will be very pleased to work with Mr Greer on during our time in our partnership together. I am not sure whether the Scottish Conservatives are getting this from whether we are not taking away school uniforms from any school. The decision on school uniforms is for an individual school. What is being provided is the guidance. I take on board the point that Martin Whitfield mentioned earlier about PE. I would also say that I was not one of those people who excelled in that area of expertise at school, but that does not mean that I will not support those who do at this time. Many people within the debate have spoken about the importance of free school meals and the importance of universalism. We have a policy at the moment of providing free school meals to primaries 1 to 5, who now benefit from balancing nutritious free school lunches during school term time, and we are committed to rolling out universal free school lunches to all children in primary and special schools during this parliamentary term. That aligns, of course, with our commitment on free school milk. Again, many members have spoken about the real impact that curriculum costs can make to individual families making decisions and, indeed, sometimes individual children making decisions about subject choices. That is exactly why the Scottish Government has moved on this particular issue to ensure that we are providing support to local government to ensure that there are no core curriculum costs for primary and secondary school pupils. We do not want to get into a position where families are being asked to meet the costs and resources for materials in practical lessons. I do believe that the removal of the charges on families will support participation in core curriculum activities, which ties in to the Government's action that has already been taken on music tuition. Of course, we are determined to do more with that, working with our colleagues in COSLA to make sure that there is a funding package in place that can support the development of music tuition and people's experiences of music at school. We have also heard once again the importance of the school clothing grant in the debate and, again, the important role that has already been played by the Scottish Government in taking action on that. Mr Kerr earlier on alluded in his remarks to digital devices. I would reiterate once again that our commitment is to ensure that every child has access to a device in connection by the end of this Parliament. We have already provided £25 million in 2020-21 as a response to the pandemic to deliver devices for more than 72,000 disadvantaged children, and we have provided 14,000 connectivity packages to help young people to get online. A further £45 million was made available early in 2021 to support remote learning, and that was flexibly used by councils to create extra staff or to deliver even more additional devices or connectivity if that was required. It is important to recognise the work that has been taken by many councils themselves on this area, and that is why we have seen in total almost 280,000 devices that have been ordered in the process of being distributed to learners, and that figure includes the devices provided by the Scottish Government. In conclusion, we have taken a great deal of action on the costs of the school day right across government. We know that there is more to do. That is exactly what this motion sets out. In partnership with our colleagues in the Scottish Green Party, we are determined to take that challenge head-on. While we look at the cost of the school day and the challenges that we have within that, we absolutely still have to recognise the context that we are within Scotland on the levels of poverty within Scotland and our determination across government to be able to tackle poverty as part of our challenge to improve the life chances of young people right across Scotland. We have seen progress in tackling the poverty-related attainment gap pre-pandemic. We know that we now need to pick up that pace, but that is exactly why we have seen £1 billion attainment funding committed by the Government and 3,500 additional teachers on top of those already recruited in the pandemic. That is exactly why we have taken the action that I detailed earlier on in my closing remarks to tackle the school day. It would be remiss of me, however, to close without wishing good luck to all the people right across Scotland who from today are starting their exams. I hope that on behalf of the chamber, I can wish everybody who has taken part in the exam diet this year the very best of success. To include the debate on reducing the cost of the school day for low-income families, it is now time to move on to the next item of business, which is consideration of motion 4115 on legislative consent motion British Sign Language Bill, UK legislation. I call on clear hohe to move the motion. The question on this motion will be put at decision time. The next item of business is consideration of business motion 4172 in the name of George Adam on behalf of the parliamentary bureau on setting out a change to this week's business. Any member who wishes to speak against the motion should press their request to speak button now, and I call on George Adam to move the motion. No member has asked to speak against the motion. Therefore, the question is that motion 4172 be agreed. Are we all agreed? The motion is therefore agreed, and there are four questions to be put as a result of today's business. The first is the amendment 4138.2 in the name of Oliver Mundell, which seeks to amend motion 4138 in the name of Shirley-Anne Somerville, on reducing the cost of the school day for low-income families be agreed. Are we all agreed? The Parliament is not agreed, therefore we will move to a vote and there will be a short suspension to allow members to access the digital voting system.


Right. Good morning Paul, Divya. Good morning. Let's start our session this morning. Let's begin with the time of prayer. I'll just pray and then we'll begin with that class. Let's pray. Father, we thank you for this time. We thank you for giving us this opportunity to just come together and learn from your word and pray God that even as we learn together that Holy Spirit you will empower us Lord. We open our hearts to you God. In Jesus name we pray. All right. I'm not sure why the others haven't joined yet but we will start. So last week we've been talking about workplace relationships. Some of the points that we covered was maintaining love. Love is the basis of our work, our ministry. Remember that we need to love people. More than looking at them as mute. More than looking at them as just people who need to get tasks fulfilled. You need to love them. When we have the opportunity to bless somebody, bless them. Be sensitive to people's needs. Don't forget to say please your sorries, your thank yous, workplace etiquettes. Be an encourager and be careful who influences you. Especially in the workplace there are different kinds of people, different attitudes, different temperaments, different faiths. Be careful what influences you. Now that was a choice that is up to us. Know your boundaries in corporate socializing. There are boundaries. We spend about 40 hours in the workplace. 40 to 50 hours in the workplace. There are boundaries that we must set. Why? Because we know that we are in the workplace and families back at home are doing other things. Very important to know that God is watching us. Just to be aware of that. Even the bosses who are rude and harsh develop workplace etiquettes. There will be times when the heat is on. There are times when we have to there is a lot of work pressure. There is pressure on every side. Or there is arguments and strife happening in the team or within the organization behave wisely during that time. Stay away from these arguments. There will be times when there are arguments. I always say this. I always think about this. Choose the battles that you fight. You don't have to fight every battle. You choose the battle you have to fight. If you feel that this is only a waste of time you don't have to try to fight that battle. Not all battles are worth fighting. Always remember that. That's where we stop. We have a few more points in this chapter. Then we will get into the next chapter which is planning and execution. Let's look at these few more points that are left. When a co-worker underperforms or violates rules handle it cautiously. Proverbs 30 and verse 10.  They will accuse you of being underhanded. Then you will be the guilty one. There will be times, especially if you are leading a team or you are part of a team, you know that in the workplace there is an underperforming teammate or there are some others who violate company policies, company rules. Whenever possible first thing, address the matter personally directly with that person. Ask them, is this what is happening? Is this what it is? We found out that you are doing this wrong. This is something that is against the company rules, against the organization. Talk to the person one on one. Then if you see that there is no improvement or there is no change, you can take it up for the legal department. But this is a difficult thing to do in the organization. Of course we want to be gracious as leaders, especially when it comes to ministry. What if there are underperforming employees? How do we rate performance, especially in ministry? There are ways. We can't say it's God's grace, God will enable us. Yes that's true but we have to put our hand to the plow. We have to work hard. We have to, you know, whether it is ministering to people in the church, in the life group, in a small group setting, whatever it is, whatever ministry it may be, it is hard work. You have a team and if you feel that the other person is not putting in 100% effort then it's wise to just ask them to bring them up, talk to them in person, try to find out what's happening. Especially if it's ministry. We may have to handle it a little bit differently than how we handle it in the corporate sector. But if there is violation of rules, especially in terms of ministry, if you see there's money, there's a problem with handling money. If you see that people are engaging in things that are morally not good, not right in the eyes of God there and you see that there, it's open in the church immediately, immediately take action. Never look at this and especially when it comes to ministry, never look at it and say okay it will get solved on its own. No, we have to resolve those matters. We cannot take the dust and put it under the carpet. Even when we handle it, you handle it immediately, you handle it cautiously. Be wise, ask God for wisdom on how to handle that situation. Next one is feedback. Pay attention and pay close attention to it. Proverbs 27, 21. The refining pot is for silver and the furnace for gold and a man is valued by what others say of him. Let's read Proverbs 26, 16.  Now this is very important. I think this is something that all of us should be, no matter where we are in life, whether we are high up the ladder in the corporate sector, whether we are up the ladder in the ministry, feedback is very important. So pay attention to feedback and do not treat feedback lightly. Feedback and input that is coming from, especially people who are seasoned and people who are experienced in whatever they are doing, if they give you feedback, do not treat it with content. Be willing to listen, be willing to learn, be willing to make changes and very important, don't try to defend yourself. No, I did it because of this.  So what happens is the person who is giving you feedback will say, hey I gave the feedback but I see that he has always been, he or she is just ending whatever I am trying to say and what happens? We will not improve. There will be no growth, there will be no skill and we will remain stacked in the same position. Now this happens especially when people give feedback and you grown up the ladder and people give feedback. Sometimes we take it the wrong way. For example, somebody can come and say, you know what when you are preaching, you know, for example a person faster may be preaching for the last 10, 15 years but somebody from the church may come and say, hey, you know, when you are preaching this is something that I noticed. You know, an example, right? This is just an example. I feel that you are talking too fast. Or another feedback when you say, I feel that, you know, as you give these Bible verses you can give an illustration or an example so that we all can understand. Now that is good feedback. It is not feedback that is wrong. It is good feedback. It is constructive feedback. But the other person may not be a person who has gone preaching for many years or may not even have stood in front of people and spoken about anything. Now the wrong thing to do is to say, hey, I have been preaching for 10, 15 years. How can you tell me that this is what I must do? You yourself have not done it. Now that is the wrong way to look at things. Is it constructive feedback? Is it something that is going to help me? Yes, it is. If I had a few illustrations, if I talk a little slower, many more people can understand. You are talking fast in a sermon. Maybe people cannot grasp it. So take feedback. Pay attention to it. And as leaders even now we receive feedback. We are open to feedback from church, from our church folks, from our students. You are also free to give us feedback as teachers. Why? Because we want to love, we want to improve ourselves. It is not like you give us feedback and we just take it and put it away. We pay close attention to it. We try to work on it and improve ourselves. Next one. Always receive correction with a good attitude. Proverbs 12 and verse 1. Whoever loves instruction loves knowledge.  There are a couple of verses there. Proverbs 13 and 18. Poverty and shame will come to him who disdains correction. But he who regards the rebuke will be honored. You see the importance of receiving correction with a good attitude. In a day and age that we are living in now correction is something that we feel offended. People get offended. If we tell them this is how we can do it, people get offended. How can he say this? Not everyone. Because the attitude of working, either ministry or working professionals have changed. Now I will do it this way. But they are so used to doing it in a certain way. But if there is correction given, they may not receive it in the right attitude. Receiving correction is the right attitude and willing to change and making improvements is the best attitude that you can have. Don't shy away from those who administer correction in your life. Which means if you know that a person always is always trying to tell you what to do or bring you know give you inputs and ideas or bring corrections don't run away from them. The people who correct you are the ones who care enough and they want to see you grow, they want to develop, they want to see you become a better person. Build a rapport with them, be with them, build a relationship with them, continue to receive input and apply it in your life. I remember this. There was this elderly couple in church. This is ABC in Mangalore. This elderly couple in church. And you know every Sunday we were preaching on Sundays. Initially they never came up with me because we were new to Mangalore and they didn't want to offend me. But they came up to me one Sunday and they said you know pastor I want to share this with you but please don't take it in the wrong way. I said yeah sure please feel free to share. And then they said one of the things we noticed is the message is very good. Your examples are also good. But sometimes you talk so fast we can't understand. You're so fast sometimes you just tell the verse and you read the verse. So by the time we open to that portion of the Bible, the verse is already over. Of course we have a presentation but there are some of them. So in my mind the presentation is there, the Bible verses there, they can see it there. But in my mind it's there, the verses there, they can see it. But there are I didn't realize that there are others who would like to mark it on their Bibles or like to make notes while the sermon is going on. And they said to me can you be a little slow please. But after that they were feeling so bad. I hope you're not, I said not at all. I remember taking that feedback because it's important. I'm not preaching to impress everyone. The preaching is to build the church. It is for the church it's not to fill up time on Sunday morning. So I realized hey I cannot do this. I need to make sure that my preaching is moderate. I should not be too fast. So it was a decision or it was an act that I intentionally had to work on the feedback. Because by nature I may be a fast talker but I had to work on it. And over time it's become a habit. Every time I preach I try to slow down. Now was it good feedback? Very good feedback. If what if he had not told me I would have continued on and on just talking fast. So all these feedbacks and it could be simple feedbacks. It need not be something very spiritual. Sometimes it's just the way you talk to people. All these things matter. So as students of the world always be open to correction in a good attitude just so that we improve and better ourselves. Initially, I wanted to add this initially, for example, we start off in the workplace. We are a new joining or maybe we are new in the ministry. We just started ministry. Receiving correction will be very open. Thank you so much. Thank you for giving me the feedback. I'll apply it. But what happens when you're tenured in the ministry? What happens when you're 15 years in the ministry or 15 years in the workplace? Things change. How can you tell me in 15 years I'm doing this? That is wrong. If you are 15 years or 30 years or 30 days, be willing to receive feedback. Be careful before you stand as a guarantor. Problems, Chapter 6 verse 1 to 4. Myself, if you become surety for your friend, if you have shaken hands and pledged for a stranger, you are snared by the words of your mouth.  So do this, my son, and deliver yourself. You have come into the hand of your friend.  Plead with your friend. Give no sleep to your eyes. No slumber to your eyelids. Let's look at the other one. Proverbs 11, 15. Who is a surety for a stranger will suffer, but one who hates being surety is secure. As we develop workplace relationships, there will be times when colleagues may ask you to stand as a guarantor. For example, for a purchase, for a loan, or for a business venture. Now, probably you're working with this man or woman for 10 years. So hey, we've built a good relationship. But I would always say, be careful before you stand as a guarantor. Be careful before you put your name anywhere. Remember that people can change. Things can change. Situations can change. People change according to situations. The best example is look at Julius. He was with Jesus. He was with the Son of God. Walking with Jesus, three and a half years. The situation came, he betrayed him. So you can never say that, hey, this person is my brother and he will never I'm not saying that don't trust anybody. That's not what the attitude is. But think about it. Pray about it. Be wise. Especially when it comes to money or when it comes to things like starting new businesses, new ventures, third parties, you want to stop something. Think about who you stand as a guarantor. Now that is a personal choice. I cannot say don't stand. There will be times if you have to stand.  But just think and be wise about it. Because it should not affect your life later on. Last point. Avoid astrologers, horoscopes, fortune tellers and palm readers. Jeremiah 10 and verse 2. That says the Lord, do not learn the ways of the Gentiles, do not be dismayed at the signs of the heaven. For the Gentiles are dismayed at them. There are times that we are now astrology, horoscopes, palm reading. All these practices have been prevailing for many years. But now astrologers have some new tools and I don't know what they are but they have some new ideologies and fortune telling. There are some where they have these exotic birds that haven't really gone deep into learning that. But there are some exotic birds. These exotic birds will put those carbs down. Depending on the value of the bird and what they pick up is what the card will show and these cards have different pictures. Each picture means something. So all kinds of new things. Avoid all of that. Whether it is business, ministry or ministry, we wouldn't do that. But there will be times when your colleagues may say, hey why don't we just check. It's okay go to a palm reader, let him read your palm. Let him say something. Maybe he may talk about what your next business ventures or what you're going to do or how your family is going to be blessed and all those things. Excuse yourself out of that. Let's say, hey I'm sorry I'm a Christian and these are things that I don't believe and I don't want to engage in this. You are my friend. I respect you as a person but I don't respect or I don't want to involve myself in this. We still be friends. Now sometimes people may avoid wanting to be with you after this encounter. That's okay. Know that you've done right in the eyes of God. Do it. There's nothing wrong in making your stand clear. Do it lovingly. Do it humbly and not adequately. Do not do it in a self-righteous manner. Example your friends say, hey you know what? Everything's going wrong in my life. I'm just going to go to this astrologer or this fortune teller, palm reader and see what they have to say. Why am I going through all of this? The wrong way to deal with that is to say hey, God knows everything. I'm the one. I can pray. God will tell me everything. Those people, what do they do? They don't know anything. How can they read your palm? There are lines in your palm. What can they say from the lines? There are all the wrong ways to deal with them. One is you can humbly say hey, this is something that I don't believe in and secondly I believe in God. I believe in Jesus. I normally do when I go through situations. It also gives you an opportunity to share the gospel. When I go through challenges, some of the things that I do is I just pray to the Lord. I pray to God and ask Him to give me guidance because this is what the Bible says and it gives you an opportunity to minister. The moment we are rude and arrogant, we cannot speak into their lives. We cannot expect them to sit and listen to us and listen to the gospel with them. In fact, it gives us a wonderful opportunity to minister the gospel. Never say don't go. They are all wrong. Whatever they say, let them go but do a follow-up and you can always say hey, you went. Was there any response from that? I was thinking about what you were saying that you are going through these problems. I just wanted to share this word Bible verse. This is what it says. Maybe you can think about it. It gives us a wonderful opportunity. We end with this chapter 9 Workplace Relationships. Each one of us whether in ministry, whether in the workplace, let us learn to build healthy relationships and let us learn to truly be salt in life wherever we are with our relationships. They shall know you by your fruit and by this they will know what is talking about the love of God. By this love they will know that you are my children. Such an amazing opportunity for each one of us to really be a blessing to people. Let's go into the next chapter. It's a very small chapter. We will try and finish it. Planning and Execution. Any questions before we go ahead? Shall we go ahead? Chapter 10 Planning and Execution. Planning is always there.  Planning is involved in everything. Not even a day if you are having a three hour meeting there needs to be planning. Planning is very important but you must remember that execution also is the key. A great strategy, brilliant idea, technology and innovation and all these things are wonderful. But if there is no execution all these ideas, strategies, innovations will be of no use. Now it's important to plan. It's important to execute those plans. Let's look at a few scriptural insights on what is required of us when we talk about planning and execution. First one, determine the council of the law. Problems 1921. We humans keep great storming options and plans but God's purpose prevails. That's the message translation. They always have these wonderful words. Other versions say many other plans in a man's heart but it's the laws prevails. But I like the message translation. The humans keep brainstorming options and plans but God's purpose prevails. So as we plan, get God involved in our planning. Invite him to direct our thoughts and discussions to what he wants us to do. For example, you want to start your own business, a small business. So you sit down and you pray and you say, God, this has been in my heart for two years and I believe now is the time that you want me to step out. So here are the things I've done. I've started my, I've registered the trust I've done what I need to do. Now Lord, tell me how should I begin? Should I do online promotions for my business? Should I get a team involved and teach them first? Or should I start off small with what I have? What should I do? Determine the counsel of the Lord. Because we can plan, plan, plan. Finally, it's the laws will that prevails. Now we must not use it the other way by saying, hey, laws will prevail so I don't want to plan. That's wrong. And that's very wrong. Let me know that. Look at the Bible. We've seen that God is a God of plan when he came out, brought the people out of Egypt. Being God, he's still planned. He knew what he's going to do, but he planned it out for them. He told Moses, Moses, here's what you do. You take your people, take the people of Israel you'll go through this way. You stop in this place when you put your tents, you make it this way. Order, structure, planning everything involved. And he told Joshua, Joshua and you're going to break down the walls of Jericho. Don't do anything. Just walk around, use this strategy. Walk around that wall on the seventh day on the seventh time you blow your trumpets and horns and you praise God, the walls will come down. Determine the counsel of the Lord. God, is it the right time? Is it the right place? Now I'm not saying that the heavens are going to open and God will speak out and say, yes, this is the right time. Please start now. No, that's not going to happen. But we've got his word. Three ways God speak to us. Three primary ways. One is our conscience. Two is in our spirit. Three is the word of God. Three primary ways. Of course, there are many other ways. He can speak through a prophetic word, through somebody else's vision, through a dream. But three of the most important primary ways. If you're in a place where you have to make important decisions, determine the counsel of the Lord. And I've used this example before. When we got the opportunity to, Pastor asked us, do you want to go to Mangalore? Mangalore is about 400 kilometers away from Mangalore. But it's a whole new city with different people, different languages. Everything is different. All my life I've been in Bangalore. I've got my families here. All my extended family. I thought to myself, God, this is the right choice. This is something that I must do. So what do we do? We determine the counsel of the Lord. God, this is something that I must do. So it could be even the small decisions. Determine the counsel of the Lord. Plan and execute after that. Get the right people involved. Very important. Form your purpose by asking for counsel. Then carry it out using all the help you can get. Get the key people to be involved in the planning process. Now, remember that now, if you have a cold tea, people who can contribute with their discussions, with their ideas, with their plannings are very important. Share the plan with them. If you have team members and you feel that out of 20 of them, there are two, three of them who are can really give good input. Bring them as a team leader. Bring them forward. This is what I thought of. What do you think? Should we plan this? Should we go ahead with this? Nothing wrong in doing that. It's not like you're showing favoritism. It's just that they are skilled in it. They have better experience. They have better ideas, strategies. Use and get the right people involved in planning. People at all levels will eventually get to know. So you have a core team and then when a decision is made, everyone, you can share it with everyone. Get the right people involved in planning. When it comes to ministry, for example, you want to do a missions trip to a certain place. You need to get the right people involved in planning. Just say, okay, mission strip, we're going. No, there needs to be ticket bookings, venue booking, coordinating with the people who are involved in terms of the conference for travel and stay. So much is involved, but you need the right people. You can't have somebody in the team saying, I thought you were booking the tickets. But you didn't mention that in the email. All these things. You need to have the right people. It just avoids confusion. It avoids delaying of execution of what it was planned. Next one, look ahead, preempt the unexpected. That's where there's problems, 22, 3. And see the heights will pass on an hour. So there will be times when you may have to plan and decide things ahead of time. In the corporate sector, they normally say, trial and error. If there's something, it works. Wonderful. Go ahead. If it doesn't work, trial and error, try something else. So one of the important part of planning is be preemptive. Anticipate things. Being prepared with the course of action or in the event of certain challenges that may come up. Now, for example, there are some things we can't preempt or we can't expect. Nobody expected a COVID pandemic to hit globally. Nobody expected it. Almost two years, they were out. We were on and off. Almost two years. So there are some things that can be expected, but one good thing that happened was the moment the pandemic hit, we realized that a lot of these corporate sectors, they started thinking ahead. So what must we do? Let's begin to look at this whole thing of work from home. Let's move things from home. Everyone stays at home, work, give more efficiency, give more productivity. These are some things that can be done. So look ahead. People in the corporate sector are saying, what are they doing now? They're giving away all the rental spaces. We don't want to pay these high amounts of rent or lease that they're paying. What's the use? Because nobody's coming to this. Everyone are working. Nobody is better. So they're giving it away. So they're being preempted. They're thinking ahead. We need these big offices because everyone is being more effective and productive working from home. So there will be times. Look at this whole thing of the pandemic brought this online thing, the ministries went online, Bible colleges all kinds of ministries, cell groups are meeting online. It may not be always something that we'd like but at least there's an opportunity to get together. Now if we look ahead, sometimes now we realize that people don't want to travel. It could be just a small one hour prayer meeting. They're willing to attend online. Why should I travel one hour to get to the place for a one hour prayer? You have it online? We will be there. We will partake. We will join together. We will pray together. So things are changing and as leaders we need to be productive. Next one. Some seasons are more against others. He who gathers in summer is a wise son. He who sleeps in harvest is a son who causes shame. This usually happens both in business and in ministry. There will be seasons when they're going fine. But then there will also be seasons when you need to really step up. In the corporate sector it's usually from Fed to April when it was intense, your endings they need to show their targets meet their targets. Those are intense times. You can't expect employees saying hey I'm traveling to another country so I need two months break. They can do it but then the team will be like hey what is this? You know that this time is the most important time and it's a season of intense work. How can you take leave? They may pin it back at you. During this time execution is important. Just remember that it's a season. What about us in ministry? Of course throughout the year we have things that we do. But if you look at Christmas time or Easter time, these are times when we have additional things. Many more services, things to do, good Friday, Easter and then you have these Easter programs you have children's shifts trying to do some programs and a lot of events related things. More work more tasks to get done, more planning, more execution with Christmas or you have a Christmas outreach, you have your programs and college campuses, you have programs at apartment complexes, residential areas, you have programs in the malls or you have carols on the street, street carols and then you have live groups and cell groups going to marriages, children's homes, being a blessing to them. So intense times. After Christmas things go back to normal or the beginning of the year. So remember those seasons are good. Get them to work hard in that season and to get things done. Execution can be messy and destructive so make sure that it's done the right way. Pursue your goals without making a mess of it plan it out, stay focused and avoid distractions right? The one who stays on the job has food on the table, a witless, chase, grims and fancies right now in the middle of an execution sometimes we may avoid those distractions of chasing other things when you know that there's a certain thing that I have to get done there's a certain task all of a sudden these other whims and fancies may come into our mind. Avoid those distractions avoid those ideas or those thoughts that may come those ideas may be good but it's just not necessarily needed to be there at that time. But if you feel that the idea is a good one which can be implemented for the task that you are working on then do it. But if it's a just a general generic idea talking about thinking about something else and not for the task that is at hand at that time avoid those distractions probably you can make the note of it and forget it fulfill the task that is ahead of you right? So for example why we call it students okay it's the semester's ending I need to just prepare myself for the semester now this suddenly we may get other ideas get other thoughts it's good but we try to keep it aside and say hey this is I just want to focus on this it's just a season right now the season will pass we will go into the next season so avoid distractions don't just talk act but act on what is really important. Proverbs 14-23 in all labour there is profit but idle chatter leads only to poverty now execution is action but action must be prioritized right? What is the most important task? There are five tasks that need to be get to get done in this three months five tasks are assigned to me or you know that you have to do these five tasks prioritize act on what is most important first right? So one is for example I need to you know have a team bordering session two I need to first build a stronger team or three I need to increase my team so you know okay first thing is let me increase the team build stronger team then we can have a team bordering session and then we can have a team building session or team outing and all of those things so you see there are five things or three things what is most important act on that first choose the right one first engage your team together everyone achieves more right? Two are better than one of course you have your core team making the plan but engage your team in the planning engage your team to pursue innovation right? and progress can be monitored and shared with everyone right? So example pending tasks challenges delays connections everything can be shared together and then you'll see that the organization is getting stronger and team power teamwork we talk about the ants right? How teamwork is important because together everyone achieve more whether business whether ministry we achieve more right? Accountability stay the course when the going gets tough problems 24 and worst 10 if you are weak in a crisis you are weak indeed right?  Stay motivated stay encouraged some lessons learned are more valuable than the profits gained right? the process of execution is a great teacher when we are learning something we make mistakes you know all of us know that failure is the stepping stone to success we fail or we fall the valuable lesson that we learn from that is going to be with us almost for the rest of our lives and I can share many many lessons that I learned during the time of execution of tasks and I learned those lessons and I was like oh I shouldn't have done it this way but in one way I did it that way it was wrong but I learned it the hard way and I'm glad that it's a valuable lesson it's more than you know the money or it's more than you know just profit in business but it's a valuable lesson learned that stays with us right? so some lessons learned are very very important it just stays with us and finally above all else let God be in charge Proverbs 16 3 but God in charge of your work what you've planned will take place stay calm through the ups and downs right and let God be in charge God be in charge doesn't mean we don't do anything you are in control over everything commit your ways to the Lord and he will direct our paths right? so we were able to complete this chapter we will stop and we will meet next week and we will pick up from the next chapter you know even as we're going through the entirety of this course feel free to you know you can even ask questions in between feel free to share your thoughts and I'm sure we can learn more together right? thank you so much let's just quickly close with the word of prayer right let's pray Father we want to thank you thank you for what we have learned today God and we pray Lord that you will enable us to plan to execute and be effective in everything that has been assigned to us and Lord we pray that we'll commit everything into your hands Lord you are the author the completer of our faith we thank you for this wonderful opportunity and I pray for each and every student that you will minister to them and bless their Lord give you all the praise and glory in Jesus' name we pray amen amen God bless you all have a wonderful week ahead I'll see you next week God bless


What's up y'all, it's W and I'm back with a tip that'll help you Grand Maiden whether it's DC, Sally Cap or Rags. Lately all they've been saying is dollars back because DB Fire is great. It's hard to block these two DBs. It's impossible to get some time in the pocket and I'll show you how to go ahead and block this five-man rush. It's really effective and really tough to pass against. Now what I normally like to do is you can do it out of any single play. Doesn't matter what play you like to take cover to I'll show you how to block this five-man rush. What I normally like to do is go ahead and I block my running back that way and then I slide towards the running back. The running back's on the right I'll slide to the right that'll pick up my DB on the right and what I'll do is I use the ID to mic feature which is LB and then hold A and I can scroll through all these players but I want to make sure my ID to mic is on the DB that's on the opposite side of the running back. So I'll slide my line to the right that will take care of the DB on the right and me IDing the mic on the left side DB will allow my running back to go over and pick them up as you see cut block them give me all types of time in the pocket to hit the pulse for a touchdown on cover two. Now normally what you'll see is these people will go ahead and put the deep blue in the linebacker and rush these two outside guys but like I said what I like to do block the running back and just always slide towards the running back side. What this does is it makes the running back kind of ignore that side and kind of look for the other side to block somebody. Now if you don't ID the mic on this guy to running back will kind of float to the middle but I make sure I ID him so I can so he goes ahead and shoots out and gets that left DB that way both these DBs are accounted for my right tackle takes the DB on the right and because I ID my running back shoots out to the left and stone walls that DB on the left so that's mainly what I like to do and it give me plenty time in the pocket.  Now if this tip helped you and your man and your offensive schemes please hit the like button please comment and of course hit the subscribe anything else you need help with what gives you trouble what you need to improve your man game please comment on the section below I'll try to get to it I'm doing my best to put these YouTubes out and also competing at a high level so make sure you hit that like button and sub and I'll be back later with some more. Neat!


So, now I will be talking about the state of stress in soils. At this point what is happening, oh, the end effect of all these forces at this point is there is going to be a normal stress, I write normal stress as sigma and there is going to be a shear stress, I write it as tau. So, the question number one is when we say state of stress in soils, can we find out sigma and tau or as a function of external forces, is this okay? And this sigma and tau is always on a plane, why? Because I am interested in understanding the detachment of a block from the parent body and this plane gets created because of the criticality which we are talking about in the soil mass and the condition is each and every point within the soil mass is going to be critical simultaneously, so sigma tau acting at alpha, so plane indicates alpha value and then there has to be a point, so point O external forces and alpha, is the statement of the problem clear? I can modify this as sigma x, sigma z, now you might say why not 3 dimensional, again my answer would be let us do first 2 dimensional cases which are more prevalent in engineering because most of your structures are 2 dimensional in nature, though they appear to be 3 dimensional, why it is so, embankments, soil mass, they are all extending up to infinity in the third direction, is that correct? So we are taking a slice of this and hence a 3 dimensional problem is being converted into a 2 dimensional problem and once you become an expert in solving 2 dimensional problems you can extend them to 3 dimensional problems easily, that is not a very difficult thing. So sigma x, sigma z what else is going to come, tau xz, very nice, what else alpha, so what I have done all these forces, external forces I have converted them into stresses, in geomechanics, engineering sciences and engineering technology we do not talk about the force ever, we always talk about the stresses, though the forces are acting on a system we convert them into stresses, alright and then we put them over here like this. So what I am interested in is, I am interested in finding out sigma and tau as a function of sigma x, sigma z, tau zx alpha, this is the state of stress which is existing at a given point and this point lies on the plane at which the failure is going to take place, okay, let us start this process, I will isolate this whole system now and go for the free body diagram of this, it is a point and point is lying on a plane, correct. So suppose if I say that this is the point O and this is the plane 1, 1 and on this plane the normal stress and shear stress are acting, clear and then we have combination of sigma x and sigma v, so what I have done, all f1, f2, fn I have combined in sigma x and sigma v, so truly speaking sigma x is your horizontal stresses divided by area of cross section and this is also equal to vertical stress divided by area of cross section. So henceforth we will not talk about this v and h, as I said we normally do not talk about the forces, we talk about the stresses. Now if I take the projection of this plane and if I assume that this plane extends up to unity in the third direction, clear and this is of unit length and this is also unity, so area of cross section is 1, so area of cross section of this is 1 square 1, if this has the angle of alpha this is going to be, the horizontal force is going to be now sigma x multiplied by sin alpha and this is sigma v multiplied by cos alpha. Can you do simple equilibrium and try to prove that tau will be equal to sigma x-sigma z by 2 into sin 2 alpha and sigma will be equal to sigma x plus sigma z by 2 plus sigma x-sigma z by 2 into cos of 2 alpha. This is what is known as the equilibrium equations and these are known as 2 alpha equations. I hope you can realize that if tau is this and sigma is this truly speaking this is the form and if equation tau square plus sigma square equal to a square and this is nothing but a circle that means these equations are the generalized form of the circle which is known as the Mohr's circle, okay. What we have done in the last 3 minutes and Mohr's circle onwards you are aware of everything in the mechanics you have done, so now soil does not appear to be a foreign material, now we can handle it easily because strength of material is already done and you start with Mohr's circles. So I have brought down everything to the Mohr's circles and I will be using this as a tool to define the state of stress which is getting induced in the material causing failure because of the external forces, distresses and what is the assumption? It is a rigid body. So we are not talking about any type of deformation, settlements, compression now, it is the 100% shear failure. This is a simplified solution which we have obtained for this type of everybody diagram here. I have taken this as the radius so you can interpret it the way you want and then this is tau and sigma, so what he is suggesting is I have not taken into account this thing, I am just coming to that, good that you have hinted on this. So this equation is valid provided your sigma x is sigma 1, you know what is sigma x equal to sigma 1 and sigma z equal to sigma 3. So if this is the condition which I am assuming over here where this happens to be the major principal plane, principal stress and this happens to be the minor principal stress, now I think your question is answered and by virtue of being this sigma 1, sigma 3, sigma x, sigma z tau z x tends to 0. So what I have done, a complicated problem I have further resolved into a situation where sigma x, sigma z happens to be the minor and major principal stresses that means there is no shear stress which is going to act over here. So your point is correct, if I want to generalize this thing I will have to show a shear stress component here and I have to show a shear stress component over here and this is what is going to be tau xz, we need not to enter into these complications at all, I will tell you why because what I have done is I have created a subset out of this and if I can define this circle where sigma 1, sigma 3 correspond to tau and sigma, this is going to be a solution to a problem which I can generalize further on. So this is the situation where you have this is as sigma 1 and this is as sigma 3, so what we do is we plot it as a function of tau and sigma on the tau sigma axis, this is a center O, so by virtue of this it becomes sigma 1 plus sigma 3 by 2 the coordinate of the center and the radius is sigma 1 minus sigma 3 by 2, so this is the coordinate of the center and this is the radius.


There are several important mechanisms for, actually, that we need to consider when looking at nephron function. First of all, we need to make sure that we're really clear about what compartments we're talking about when. We've drawn a nephron. So you have an idea that a nephron is just a tube. So let's go ahead and draw what that tube actually looks like. You agree that the tube is going to be lined with cells. And in fact, the type of cells is going to vary depending on what part of the tubule we're in, because the structure of those cells is going to enable the function of those cells. Sometimes, no, all of the time, the cells lining the nephron tubule are epithelial cells, because they're lining spaces. Do you agree that I could draw in like a little opening of my tube, and then this could be any part of the nephron at all? Do you agree with that? And here's my lumen of my tube. And this is where my pre-P is. And you agree that the tubule is associated with a blood vessel. But let's draw a blood vessel, doggies, because we know that blood vessels are lined with simple squamous epithelium. And that was the whole endothelial layer of my blood vessels. And these are all capillaries that we're talking about. So they're really, really thin. And you're cool with this. This is a little bit of a wonkier wonkiness. Wonkiness happens every now and then. But just a different structure. We're cool with this though, right? Inside my blood vessel, we can just visualize that, yeah, this is what's going to be in here, in the lumen of the blood vessel. I know it might seem obvious to you, but dogs, there's blood in here. Inside the nephron tubule, it is not urine. And it is not blood.  It's called filtrate, and you can call it filtrate, because that's what it's called. You can think of it as pre-P. It's not urine yet. It's filtrate. It's different. We're going to do some stuff to it. And then, of course, if we're going to move stuff between the blood and the filtrate and back again, we're going to have to cross an interstitial space, and there's fluid out here as well. These are the three compartments that become significant when we look at how this whole process is going to work. Now, if we take stuff from the blood and we move it into the nephron tubule, we take blood stuff and make it into filtrate. That is called filtration. You're cool?  But how many layers of cells do we actually have to cross? We have this entire layer of endothelium for the blood vessel that we had to cross. We have to cross all this interstitial space, and then we have to cross another layer of epithelial cells to get into the lumen. Sometimes, filtration gets stuff out that we want back. So sometimes, we can reabsorb stuff into the blood. Apparently, that was a more difficult direction to draw my arrow. If we move something from the filtrate into the blood, this is called reabsorption. Reabsorption. So we're in the same essential process in opposite. Filtration is very general. Filtration is like, dude, let's just take anything that's in the blood and we'll throw it into the filtrate. There's another process that is extremely specific. That's an arrow right there, and it makes me think that, okay, look. If I have a very specific thing, it's just mass movement of stuff via filtration, but if I have something really specific that I want to take and dump into the filtrate, do you see how I made my line really straight to show you that I'm being very specific and deliberate about taking this thing and putting it into the tubule? If it's specific and deliberate, it is called secretion. Secretion happens from blood to tubule. Secretion does not happen in the opposite direction. If it happens in the opposite direction, it's reabsorption. The last process that takes place in the last major function is this one. Anything that is left in the collecting duct does not get reabsorbed into the back into the blood that is going to be excreted. So this process is excretion. Okay, don't ever forget about this. Like keep this picture with you at all times. We could go back. I think back is up. We could, yeah, it is. We could go back to our, no. It's not the one that has the blood vessel on it. We could go over here and I could say to you, okay doggies, I want to know, I've got something here and I make it go there. It started in the descending loop of Henle and now it is in the vasorecta. What did I just do? That's reabsorption. Do you agree? We just reabsorbed it into the blood. If I have something here in the glomerulus, oh, and now it moves into the nephron, that is filtration. If I have something very specific, I'm going to throw my color in there. Here's my very specific thing and I am very specifically dumping, secreting into the nephron, that's secretion. Look at this. What if I take something from here and take it this way? Look, my arrow is in the opposite direction but I'm going from filtrate to blood. That's reabsorption. The reason why I'm showing you that is because I don't want you to forget that the direction matters. Look at this. What if I go from here out? That ultimately, hopefully, will be reabsorption or else if you left all your fluid and stuff out here in the interstitial space, what would happen to your kidney? It explode. That would be terrible. Please don't have exploding kidneys on my watch. This might be the best diagram that I've ever made ever for kidney function. Remember that for forever. Now, let's talk about what happens in the renal corpuscle, which of these functions is going on there?