belief that me so many as if that I am nobody. However, this is a create opportunity for me to talk directly to the month of sauce some of the that I met on some of the who was. What that fo me unercenti widow even meet me thank you ḏ ʻᵃ ʻ ᵇʰʰʰ ᵆᵇʰ ʜʰʰʰʰ ᵇʰʰʰʼ ᵐʰ shʰʰʰ ᵇʰʰʳᵒʰʰʸ ᵈʰʰʰʳʸ ʷʰʰʰʰʰʸ ʸʰʰʰʰʰʸ ʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʰʕʰʰʰʰʰʸ. And I am a Democrat who is also an immigrant American. I was born in Nigeria and I got the amnesty from the Congressional Democrat, the Immigration Act of 1986. I came to the United States right after high school. I came illegally but I overstayed. So when the Congressional Democrat signs the act of 1986, the Immigration Act, I am the dreamer whom today is a beneficiary. And I really would like the same opportunity to be extended to the Obama's dreamer. And President Reagan actually signs the Immigration Law of 1986. So I am indeed very grateful. And from talking to some of the Vermonters, they really do like me and I hope they will vote for me, which is why I am getting this opportunity to talk to you. Thank you and I hope you vote for me on August 14th in the Democratic primary. Senator Sanders, who doesn't show up for the meeting, just snubs me. And as a matter of fact, he is not a Democrat and I don't know why he is not here to defend his seats. I was ready to give him a debate over lifetime. However, since he did not show up, I am very still thankful again. And I believe in social security. I believe because I am also an accountant who is able to calculate social security. How much people will get paid when they retire? I know I look young, but I am also a senior citizen. I am 55 years old and I will be turning 56. Also, when I mention social security, I also want to let the Vermonters know that you can take every word that I say. I will not promise what I am unable to deliver. I will do what I promise. I will not tell the college students that we get free education because I also went to college and I am an accountant. I am a licensed insurance agent who also has a young daughter who is 21 years old with a serious heart problem. That brings me to the support of Obamacare why I work tirelessly for President Barack Obama. I didn't get paid, but I actually enjoyed servicing President Obama as an activist because I really do understand as an insurance agent when I am out in the Atlanta area as an agent, I wouldn't try to force insurance on anyone so that I can make commission and I really, really do care about people and also because I have a daughter who has Down syndrome and actually has artificial valve. I really do care about people and I would like to help using my experience as an accountant and also as an insurance agent to legislate for you. I am also a law abiding citizen. I have been in this country for as long as Senator Sanders has been a politician and he is not here to debate me. I was in fact talking to an elderly individual yesterday and he is Bernie's friend. He loves Bernie and I say oh I love him too but I do disagree with his politics. I say what has Bernie done for you? What do I need to do to make you change your mind and the first thing out of his mind is that well Bernie is helping me to get my social security. I am like no sir Bernie is not helping you to get your social security. You are paid and this gentleman that I was talking to is actually a retired attorney. Then I ask him sir you practice law.  He has also run for political office. He told me he runs wide. Then I say Senator Sanders is not giving you anything that I couldn't do for you. Well Folishade as we move along here we have a number of questions. So we kind of want to get your opinion and your position on a number of these important topics. So if we can move right along here I do want to ask if you are elected what is your first legislative priority that you would bring to the floor of the U.S. Congress? Well sir as I was talking to D.L. Daly that I was talking to yesterday social security I wouldn't say is probably number two but I did not finish the conversation with the man I would like to wrap it up in a minute. So then I asked him I told him that Ban you paid into your social security sir I am an accountant. Ban is not helping you to do anything. The only thing is if I am your senator I will make sure that the government or the system does not privatize your social security so that you don't end up losing your money in the stock market like you know I am also an accountant. Then I said then he also said that Ban takes brings our ambassadors here from Sweden. I am like what has that got to do with you? Then he said I am like the ambassadors that Ban is bringing then anyway I asked him how much have you donated to Ban so he talks about oh he was the one who mentioned that Ban buys him Christmas dinner at the Yilting so I am like how much are you paying?  I think he mentioned like he gives Ban a hundred then I am like at twenty five dollars a plate to thirty dollars a plate you are actually paying for your own dinner then he said well so if you give Ban a hundred you can buy for dinner Christmas dinner he said he gives more than that that is actually the money that he gives Ban every year he can actually buy he can buy ten dinars I am like so you see and I can honestly look at Vamantha's faces no one from Vamantha from this state has donated a dime into my campaign and I am Shade Adeluala I would tirelessly work for you if I should become your U.S. senator and I hope you just give me a chance in the primary so that I can have a chance to in the general election to win the general election also I would like to say my number one thing is immigration reform I, towards the end I wasn't happy with the Democrats and I wasn't happy with President Obama as well my number one thing while I supported President Obama since 2008 was the immigration reform and we didn't get that and we didn't get that so I was angry when the dreamers were laid down so my one thing would be immigration because also I do not like the fact that children infants were separated from their mothers family people that's really really very sad you in fact I mean have benefited from the U.S. immigration policy yes sir can you speak then a little bit more about how you feel that benefit that you've received should be open to to more people in the world see unlike Senator Bernie Sanders who is not here to debate me I heard him saying or closed the eyes or what was the exact term closed out the eyes I will never say that because eyes unless you really go through our system and the immigration system for a path to citizenship you will never understand the system it's easier for people to judge George and say get them out they don't belong here they are thieves they are thieves they are that what I really would like to do is I would like to I will never say closed out the eyes eradicate eyes I will never say that because I know highs is path of the system for so many years and the situation now because congress hasn't done anything they refuse to do their jobs I was one of the activists who we yell at congress people and say do your job do your job and also send out the email they didn't do anything so the already bad situation has been worsened as of today so eradicating eyes is not the solution so I totally disagree with senator bernie sanders and some other democrats who are saying close out the eyes that is not the solution because eyes does so many other things other than they are the judicial system the immigration system the legal system so there are so many path within the eyes if somebody wants to become US citizen they have to go to immigration and custom enforcement as you are looking at me I was also an importer I was importing goods from Italy Austria Switzerland and Paris so I go through the immigration system and I truly also too I go through the custom the US custom so I really do understand our system the same way I am also tax preparer so I will never tell you close out the eyes I will never say that you had mentioned earlier in your opening comments your concerns about healthcare you have a daughter who is using the healthcare system seriously let's say do you think healthcare is a right of every US citizen? yes sir I believe healthcare it's not just a right it has to do with kindness and humanity which is the way that my mother died in Nigeria or she died because she didn't have anyone to sign for her to have a C-section during a preset induction labor induction so healthcare is not just a right it has to do with humanity I know if you are a doctor and you see my daughter having a heart attack you will stop an helper you will not even care whether she has insurance you will not care whether she is a republican or democrat you will not care whether she is black or white you will care less whether she even has a supporting family like me you will do the right thing it is the right thing to do and we must help people in need healthcare is the most I really do support Medicaid for the poor and Medicare for the elders I do not believe we need to cut taxes for the upper 1% so that they will not pay their fair share I disagree with a lot of things that is going on and as an accountant and a licensed insurance agent and a mother to a very very fortunate angel who is lucky to be alive I am truly very thankful from my heart very good Fozadeh we have come to almost the end of our show it goes so fast unfortunately so many areas that we have yet to cover so give us your closing statement here about your candidacy if there is any area of concern that we have yet to cover now would be the opportunity to well like I said I am truly so very very thankful for the wonderful opportunity that I have as an American I am very truly blessed I am your dreamer I am the child who was hopeless I am the person who is here deliberately to help the Vermonters I have never been a politician I have never worked for the government I am a genuine democratic activist and I will want to ask every Vermonters to give me a chance I promise never to serve more than two times like I said if I am your U.S. senator I will work for you tirelessly I will fight for you endlessly and I hope you vote for me on August the 14th thank you so very much and thanks to CCTV for this great opportunity to be had thank you very much I wish I can talk on things full of shade ade luola a pleasure having you on the show this evening thank you for your candidacy it takes great courage to put your name on a ballot I am Matt Kelly a reminder that here in the state of Vermont we do have early voting you can go and cast your vote today if you like at your local town office and in the state of Vermont if you aren't registered you can register up to and including election day for a complete list of upcoming candidate forums visit our website ch17.tv and for all of us here at town meeting television I'm Matt Kelly thank you for watching good night thank you so much Mr. Kelly


Wonderful. Welcome everybody to the Amherst Design Review Board meeting of March 27, 2023. My name is Erica Zegas and I'm the chair of the Design Review Board and I'm calling this meeting to order at 502pm. The meeting is being recorded and will be made available via the town of Amherst YouTube channel minutes are being taken. Pursuant to chapter 20 of the acts of 2021 and extended by chapter 22 of the acts of 2022 and extended again by the legislature on July 16, 2022. This design review board meeting will be conducted via remote means using the zoom platform. The zoom meeting link is available on the meeting agenda posted on the town's website calendar. The calendar listing for this meeting or go to the design review board webpage and click on the most recent agenda, which lists the zoom link at the top of the page. No in-person attendance of the public is permitted. However, every effort will be made to ensure that the public can adequately access the meeting in real time via technological means. In the event that we are unable to do so for reasons of economic hardship or despite best efforts we will post an audio or video recording transcript or other comprehensive record of the proceedings as soon as possible. After the meeting on the town of Amherst website. Board members, I will take a roll call and when I call your name please unmute yourself, answer affirmatively and return to mute. Tom Long. President. Rebecca Lockwood. President. Catherine Porter. Yes, president. Lindsay Schnarr is not present tonight. Erica Zika's present. And we also have Chris Brestrup and Jennifer Mullins from the town. Board members of technical issues arise. We may need to pause temporarily to fix the problem and then continue the meeting. If the discussion needs to pause it will be noted in the minutes. Please use the raise hand function to ask a question or make a comment. I will see your request and call on you to speak after speaking remember to remove yourself. The general public comment item is reserved for public comment regarding items that are not on tonight's agenda. Please be aware the board will not respond to comments during general public comment period. Public comment could also be heard at other times during the meeting when determined appropriate. Please indicate that you wish to make a comment by clicking on the raise hand button when public comment is solicited. If you've joined the meeting using a telephone, please indicate that you wish to make comment by pressing star nine on your phone. If you've called on please identify yourself by stating your full name and address and put yourself back into mute when finished speaking. Residents can express their views for up to three minutes at the discretion of the planning board chair and design review board chair. If the speaker does not comply with these guidelines or exceeds their a lot of time their participation will be disconnected from the meeting. Tonight's agenda includes one. DRB FY 2023 number 18, the Amherst bid business improvement district to review the proposed changes to the bolt would walk directory sign. Item two is approval of meeting minutes from February 27 and March 6 2023 general general public comment period and other business, which I propose to be a discussion of renewing terms and term limits. Anybody else has anything to add. All right. Well, let's get started then with number 18. Do we have a representative from the bid in attendance tonight. Here's that we don't I'm just texting Gabrielle. I don't. Gabrielle is in the audience, Jennifer. Oh, she is. Yeah. Oh, I don't she's not coming up for me as an attendee. Oh, there you are. Sorry, Gabrielle. Ignore me. Okay. Good. She's here. Hey. Can you bring her over to be one of us? Oh, okay. One. She is. Hi, how was everybody. Hi. Welcome. Thank you. I had to bring you over to the other side. I'm sorry. It's okay. I like my side. I'm going to stay in the shadows here. So thank you for, for seeing us. And I believe on shirt notice as well. As everybody knows, there's the bolt would walk sign that is sort of strategically placed between the university, the UU church, and the Roberts building that hosts that holds coronation cafe and several other businesses. I'm not sure if I can share my screen. If I can find the image, Gabrielle, I'm happy to. Yeah, that would be great. That would be great. Um, it's been, it's been blank for a very long time. And I have permission from Barry Robert to own the sign to bring the logos and names of the businesses that are sort of right around that. Um, and it would be at the big expense. We're not asking the business to do this, but especially next to Lido who was down that, that walkway. Last, this past summer, I was able to put cafe lights back and forth between the buildings to sort of brighten it and make it a little bit of a safer walkway. And we just, we'd love to see these businesses get a little bit more representation on the street front. There you go. I'm not a graphic designer. But I also, before I pay at Amherst copy to do this for us for real. This is basically the general gist of it. And if the businesses have a proper logo light coordination cafe and Mexico Lido and Tita pocket, we will, we would like to use their logos as you know, that's their branding. Panda East and Paul shoe repair at the moment does not have so we would like to go with a very simple clean and easy to read font for them, but this is basically the general gist of what we'd like to do. We would like to, you know, as we gain businesses, I know that there's a leaf on what was here each also add businesses and you know, let's face it, we do lose businesses over time. If we were to lose a business, we'd like to be able to replace it with the current business that is in that location. Great. And is this, this is a two sided sign. It is would be on both sides. The same exact layout. All right, well I'd love to open it up to DRB members for comment and some guidance in the bid for this effort. Anybody have thought to share. I want to jump in. I see Tom and then Becky will go to Becky. Yeah, I'll go first but I just want to say I mean I support this totally as an idea and getting exposure down that way is super helpful. So I don't really, I mean, obviously this is just mock ups of the logos on there so I don't really have any concerns with it based on the fact that those are the actual logos. I really have no comment in particular on it as it is and then I think it's a great idea to get some representation there. Thanks and Becky. Definitely agree with Tom. It's a really good idea. I guess my question is, is, is this the way it's going to look are you going to do some more design work because I like it. I just suggest on the Mexican leader of sign. If you could just do the logo like coordination. Absolutely will be. I just have a transparent logo for them. Okay, so when we'll be having Amherst copy do the proper design and the proper work and they will all do the same. So that's great. Oh, I see Catherine you have a comment. Yeah. I had to rack my brain I probably walked by this sign as million times and never pay the intention to it now I'm looking at it. And so I had two questions. How many me right now you have a limited number of shops that are in that block so I'm assuming you don't anticipate that there would be so many more that that there wouldn't be room on the sign for another to add another shop or two. I'm not right that this is probably the max maybe room for one more store on this sign, given the way I see the placement of the signs now. And we're building that space for the location that would be going into hair ease. I don't have their logo yet. Yeah, this is, I believe, unless things got chopped up and made smaller and this is what this both would walk fine would be for the The only thing that I would like to see is and again maybe this is in your, your mind is some color in that sign. Given that it's a Mexican restaurant. Is there any possibility. I can't. I can't. Oh, that's what they want. That's what they, they don't want any color in it then is that what you're saying. No, the cornice and cafe and the Mexico Lito logos are both black and white. This is, is that vibrant blue. We could put some. Yeah, we could do some color with Tandy East and Paul shoe repair because at the moment they don't have logos and I don't really think that the shoe repair is about to go get a logo. No. Okay. I had a comment as well about the color I think that Peter pockets pops for a number of reasons one is that it's on the diagonal and that's their logo and that's great. And then the other is that it's the only one in color right now and so I would encourage like all of them to. And sorry, we're delivery is happening and so of course my dog is working. And then just wondering if and I wonder what the other members of the board think about this but thinking about whether there is a hierarchy here or not. I know that the ones that are kind of spanning across without logo but they're just a text kind of pop and I might either. I might think about a six square grid, like a two by three pop everybody in. So we could easily do like panda ease, like, oh, like above each other and Paul should repair above so it's it's square so it's six squares instead of across that that actually would look really good. Yeah, and make that very clean. So that's those are those are my comments is to just kind of even everybody out and not have like one in color and that is my I think having everything in everything in color, or none of them in color is my private comment. And then kind of eliminating hierarchy by going with a grid. So probably put Peter pockets in a, like a bold black with the line that they have the in the center of each letter, we could do that white. I just I need to ask baby and use that that's okay. I don't have that suggestion but I don't speak for the board does anybody else have thoughts on those comments. I think it would look a bit better balanced if there was some cemetery to it. And now that we have new businesses with a little bit looking a little more personality. I sort of, I agree. I think it might be good to reconfigure the with panda and Paul, you know, in their own little box, so the square or whatever. All right. Well then. General appreciation for this. My advice to the bid is to make everything black and white, or find a way to introduce color to each of them and consider a layout with a six square grid. It doesn't work. Sorry if we were able to do that. I want to get this. If you don't know, Amherst copy goes into graduation and we lose like all capacity to get them free for a moment. I'm working on this immediately so if we could redesign this and then maybe email it to the group that it meets the request that you're having today. And not wait a month. My sense is that we're, we're close enough here with these comments. We need to review it again. And timing, sorry. Can I ask for a motion in a second. I move that we. I'm not quite sure that what I mean. Yeah, I'm not sure I can move until. Move the approval of the sign with the recommendations of. Okay, I can move that but then we had all this discussion about the grid and color. Is that part of the motion or is that going to be sort of suggestion outside of the motion. I move that we accept this logo for the Mexican restaurant and that consideration be given to reconfiguration of the. Sign so that every owner has part of a grid and that there should be consideration of color. Tom. Oh, second. All those in favor. Hi. Can I, can I ask one thing, Gabrielle, who does the landscaping under that. Um, Chris Hall. It's in its spring. We have yet to get out with mulch, but it's starting to bloom. And then we usually put two large pots there as well. Okay. Yeah, it's the bid then it or the town takes care of the bid takes care of that. Okay. If you see a flower downtown, it's, it's us. All right. Okay. Sort of bleak right there. I don't know. I think everything looks bleak right now. Maybe I mean, I'm seeing a little sprout. I actually am seeing a little shoots right there. Actually, I have to say this. I think this was two weeks ago. I think it's even gotten a little bit better. All right. Thanks, Gabrielle. Thank you, everybody have a wonderful evening. Thank you. All right. Thank you. That was great. My dogs barked the entire time that was soft. Okay. Moving on to approval of. Meeting minutes. We have March 27 and. February 27 to review. Anybody is everybody had a chance to see them or should I screen share and scroll through. Kevin. You're good. I'm okay. Okay. Great. Well, then we just need a conversation. About. Any changes to the minutes. Or if that's not an issue, then we could have a motion to approve. I move we approve the minutes of news. Of the two minutes. Two dates. Okay. Yes. Yes. Yes. On second. And thank you. Seconding. All those. And up down. Okay. Any discussion on that? No. Okay. All those in favor of approving those two minutes. Meeting minutes, please raise your hands. We've got unanimous approval. Thank you for writing those up. Chris. Thank you. Thank you. Public comment period. Is there anybody from the general public in attendance this evening? All right. Well, then. Is other business not anticipated. And I thought. Given Chris's. Email. Earlier today that we could have a quick chat about. How long we've all been on the board. You know, I think we just had a couple of questions. And I think we just had. All right. And. Eligibility to renew. Like what do we need to know? I've served. Two terms and I'm willing to. Go for a third. I don't know if we have term limits. Seems like we use. May I speak. Please. So I did consult Angela. Mills upstairs in the town manager's office today about. Restrictions on term limits. Or just term limits. It used to be that you couldn't serve more than two terms, two, three year terms. Because they wanted to give people, you know, time to new people, time to serve. It's not absolutely clear that that's still a policy, although Angela is checking. So. Some of you have served. A long time. Catherine has been on the board since. I think it's been serving all this time. So, you know, Catherine. We would want to know if you. Want to continue to serve and then Lindsay has also been on the board a long time since. Yeah. And the others have been on the board for a shorter time. But their terms are expiring. In 2023. So that's kind of what I know. And people have been asking me, well. I think some, I think Angela has asked some of you already, whether you want to. Re up. So I guess that's the conversation that. It would be great if you could have that conversation. Yeah, we don't need to make everybody commit tonight, but if you do have a strong feeling about it, it'd be nice to hear so that. We can. Start recruiting for here. Yeah. We're. We're knowing that you're going to stay with us. Well, I'm happy to remain, but I did have a question. Maybe Chris, you know, are there. Is there any interest from the general public on joining this board? I don't know what enthusiasm. People are showing for town committees these days. Do we know? I do not know. The town manager's office receives a citizen. Activity forms, I think. And, and I don't know what the status of those is. I do know on the historical commission that we've experienced difficulty in getting members. But that doesn't, that's just that commission. But. Yeah, I mean, my position is tied. Not tied to, but. Is an appointment via. Planning board appointment. So there's that linkage to that. I'm. Still on this fence about whether or not that happens. I have some other obligations and trying to sort out. But I, but you know, I think that decision would probably carry over to this. So I'm, I just need a little time to sort that out. But. But they are connected. So. For me. So it seems that. From everybody on the panel tonight. Sorry. My dogs are still going. That there's either interest or. To stick around. So if. Have confirmation that there aren't term limits. Where we'll all be interested in continuing on. Enough to work with for an office. Yep. I was going to say too, if. It appears that there are people who would like to serve on this board, then probably. I should be the person who. Leaves because I have the longest tenure. So. How many can we have on the board? What's max. Five. Okay. So it sounds like Tom might be a little bit on the fence. And his decision relates to being on the. Planning board. And I hope somebody else from the planning board would come to join us. So good luck with that. Convincing. Yeah. He lives down the street from me.  Walk by knock on my door every day. I could bring him food cupcakes or something. All right. Well, thank you everybody for. Sharing your time for the last. Term. And hopefully we'll all be here at the next meeting. Catherine, thank you for offering to continue or to step back. If somebody else. Was waiting in the wing. Yeah, we'll, we'll. I guess hear from. Chris. About that. In the interim. And we'll start all of that out. For now. We have a great group. Okay. Thank you all. Motion to adjourn. I moved up. We adjourned the meeting. Oh, I assume it's unanimous. Okay. Bye everybody. Bye. Thank you. I guess here from Chris. About that. In the interim. And we'll start all of that out. For now. We have. Okay. Thank you all. Thank you. Take care.


The photoelectric effect is where you shine light on a metal and it emits electrons. That's how we understand it today. When it was first discovered, we didn't even know what an electron was. So in early experimental exploration of the photoelectric effect, it was just noticed that light, in particular ultraviolet light, seemed to have some strong effect on whether metals would emit electrical charge or not. In 1887, Heineck Hertz noticed that a spark was more likely to jump the gap between two electrodes if it was illuminated by ultraviolet light. A flow of investigations followed and it was found that the amount of current depended on a lot of things. It depended on the metal type, it depended on the charge on the metal, it depended on the atmosphere, it depended on the oxidation level, how well polished the surface was, and all sorts of things like that. Alexander Stolatov did a very detailed quantitative analysis of the photoelectric effect and he discovered the direct proportionality between how much light, the intensity of light that was incident on the metal, and the amount of current. In 1900 to 1902, Philip Leonard was investigating the same kind of process in the ionization of gases by ultraviolet light and he noticed that the energy of the individual charges that were being emitted by the gas increased with the frequency of the light. It turns out that these two experimental facts are a bit surprising to people who are modelling light using Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism. The power in a light beam is proportional to the intensity of that light beam and the frequency of that light beam. And so you'd expect that the power delivered by the light would go up with both of those quantities. So why is the current going up as you imply more intensity? Well, you'd expect more energy to be delivered so you might expect that over time more charged particles, let's just call them electrons now, might be emitted. But why would the energy of those emitted charges only depend on the frequency? So the energy of the emitted charges we might expect to also depend on the intensity, but it does not. And if very weak light is incident on the metal, then you'd expect that eventually enough energy would be put into that metal to emit one of these electrons. Even if there was some kind of binding energy you had to break, you'd expect eventually you'd have enough energy from the light building up to break it free. And what that would lead to, it would mean that if you had a very weak dim light, then there'd be some kind of time delay from when you turned the light and when the charge came off. But it turns out that's not how it works. There seems to be no measurable time delay between when the light is incident and when the charges come off. And yet there's this very strange frequency dependence on the energy and lack of intensity dependence on the energy. So in 1905, Einstein published a model of the photoelectric effect. He said, let's assume that in each atom, whether it be in a metal or a gas, these electrons are stuck down the bottom of a potential well. And so they have to get a certain amount of energy just to get out. And we'll call that energy the work function. Now since this object is an atom, that work function is probably a very small amount of energy. And indeed it's probably something like 10 to the minus 19 joules or something around an electron volt, which is the charge of one electron times one volt. And it turns out that that energy is somewhat comparable to just one of these quanta of Planck's imaginary quanta, where he said that let's imagine that the energy for light of a particular frequency comes in units of this h times the frequency. Now Planck didn't take that hypothesis seriously. He used it in order to get the answer that he wanted, but he thought that was just a fiction. But what Einstein did was he said, perhaps that's real and perhaps the energy in light is actually coming in these quantized packets, these definite blocks of energy. We now call these blocks of energy photons. And the key point is if you have a photon, you have to absorb a whole photon at once. You either absorb a photon or you don't. Then an electron trapped in a material has to get enough energy from that photon to get it out of the work function. So it doesn't get enough energy from that photon, then it just stays trapped. And that starts to explain why the frequency of the light is so important. Because of that frequency of the light, remember, is how much energy we have. And so this energy here is hf. And if we don't have enough, we're not going to get any emission at all. And then the extra energy from the photon, whatever that's going to be, is going to be the kinetic energy electron once it's kicked out. So if we make a plot of the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons versus the frequency of the incident light, what we'd expect to see for low frequencies, where we didn't have enough energy to overcome the work function, is that there would be no electrons coming out. So they'd have no kinetic energy, no electrons. And then as we just had enough energy to get over the work function, we'd have electrons coming out, but they'd have almost no kinetic energy at all. And then as we gave the photons more and more energy, we'd expect a linear relationship. We'd expect more and more energy coming from the photons going straight into electrons. We'd expect a plot something like that. Another way of saying it is that we'd expect energy to be conserved. So the total energy of the photon is going to be split up into the kinetic energy of the electron afterwards and the energy we had to give it to get out of the material in the first place. So Leonard's initial exploration that showed that the energy of the emitted charges proportional to the frequency of the light isn't quite what Einstein's theory predicts. Einstein's theory predicts this extra kink in the graph, whereas just a linear relationship would look like that. But perhaps the experiments hadn't been done sensitively enough in those earlier tests by Leonard. Einstein's theory, however, does explain why the intensity of the light gives us a current because the intensity of the light just tells us how many photons we have. It doesn't tell us how much energy each of those photons have. And therefore, as we increase the intensity of the light, we're just getting more of these photons hitting our surface and so we're going to get more electrons coming off. And so the intensity affects the current, how many electrons per second are coming off, and it's the frequency that affects the energy. And in 1914, Robert Millican did a series of very careful experiments where he showed that Einstein's prediction was exactly correct and he could calculate the work function of various metals. And that was basically the birth of quantum theory. Previously, Planck had discovered that if he assumed that energy came in packets that he could explain radiation, but it was the point where Einstein made a very serious attempt to describe the photoelectric effect saying that that was exactly how the radiation works, that these waves, electromagnetic waves, were genuinely coming in these packets that seemed a lot like particles called photons. That's when quantum mechanics really started.