Okay, welcome back Linux terminal commands. I am going to continue that. There is small break. I will give some simple examples how Linux is similar to Android and what a dissimilar it is. What is Kernel? Core of the operating system, it manages all the hardware, processes, memory, jobs etc etc. So the core kernel is same in both the cases that means Android also uses same Linux kernel and Linux of course uses the Linux kernel and any one of you know that recently only the Linux kernel and Android kernel, they got merged. What happened? Earlier Android people, they forked Linux kernel tree, you understand fokking? Yes, fokking means they got a branch from Linux kernel tree, tree means source code and they built their own drivers set of whatever optimization whatever they did and Linux people they did not accepted those changes immediately but very recently it got resolved. So when you download source from kernel.org you get source for both Android and Linux kernel. Of course Android kernel is also Linux kernel but as this is a fork and it was not officially the part of the Linux kernel but things got resolved and now you have a single source tar file download from kernel.org and you can optimize it for either for your mobile phone or for your desktop environment. Both are compatible with GNU applications. So what is GNU? See in 1983 I think Richard Stahlman he got source code from Unix source there was some license by which you can take source from Unix similar your Mac, Apple it also forked from basic Unix operating systems source code and it created as it was a BHD licensed source code. So you can easily fork your source code and he can create a independent distribution from that source code and he may close the source also means with BHD license how BHD license work you can have the open source components with you you can compile it and you may not release the source code again and what is GNU license? GNU license says that if you are downloading source and if you are compiling and if you are redistributing the binary you have to give a copy of that source to the user. This was GNU says and what does, what I was talking, BHD license, BHD license is completely more open and it is more industry supported license. What it says if you download source code ok no problem if you compile it and use the binary for your purpose ok with that if you do not want to release the modifications you did in the previous code source code which you have downloaded it is ok. So Apple did like that it use the BHD license it exploited it not exploited it sorry it is not exploited it use the open source thing it build its own components added some components if you ever visit open source dot apple dot com you can see the list of open source packages which Apple uses in its operating system just if we get time sometime just visit the site open source dot apple dot com you will find all the applications there. So in a way you can say Apple is also Unix based but though it saw big development chain it followed so now it become little bit different from basic Unix thing but if you run Mac book ever you will see you are all the commands bash etc. everything works there without any modification ok that was not the part of the discussion licensing so GPL force you to have open source license means if you are using you have to give the source code and if you are redistributing then also you have to redistribute the source. So Richard Stahlman he proposed the GNU license called GNU GPL license and GNU is the set of softwares applications so at 1989 I think not share over the date he started writing a kernel who started Richard Stahlman started writing a kernel but by the time he should he was able to deliver the kernel before that Linus Torvalds has already released his kernel as open source and he named his kernel as Linux. So applications were already built like Emacs or some core utilities like LS, CP they are known as core utilities they were already there in GNU licensing so what Richard Stahlman did he contacted with Linus Torvalds and they named the operating system as GNU Linux. So wherever you see official documentation people do not say Linux they say GNU Linux because GNU is the set of softwares and Linux is the core operating system. So both are compatible to GNU applications means I will show you the demo of Android Tablet just after 5-10 minutes you can see LS, CP those things they are also work though you have to install it but it supports GNU applications these are the similarities so users and permissions so there also you can have users groups and others same thing. File system of latest version of Android same as Linux excuse me if you are using Android 4.0 that is ICS Ice Cream Sandwich the file system recommended for Ice Cream Sandwich is EXT4 extension for file system which is very common and popular file system for Linux desktop environments. If you have ever come formatted your machine and installed Ubuntu or any operating system it will ask for by which file system you want to format the device if you can select from EXT2, EXT3, EXT4, FACE2 different file systems are there. So file system are also compatible with Android and Linux from present version rather dissimilarity this is important and this is why we are trying to port many applications to Android if it is completely compatible you could have port it immediately. Problem is the Android operating system uses a stripped down version of Lib C you all understand Lib C. Lib C is a library of Lib C is a C library so if you download bare minimal operating systems see Ubuntu desktop sorry Ubuntu distribution is available for 50 MB distro also if you any if sometime if you browse your Ubuntu site in CD images you find this is a minimal installation image that is 50 MB image is also there means download ubuntu.ios for 50 MB it is called net installed you should have your Ethernet cable plugged in and you can download the rest of operating system from internet but in that 50 MB also the main component is Lib C, G Lib C because whatever code operating system utilities are there they all compiled in C that C code basically most almost all of the Linux kernel is written in C. So to run any C program you need some library support there are two ways to compile a C program just we have seen I did C C space hello dot C it give me A dot out so let me it is there yeah so I want to know what kind of file this is A dot out so file space A dot out will tell me the details of that file. So it says ELF 64 LSB executable but it is dynamically linked uses shared lips what does it mean that means it uses G Lib C for information for libraries I can compile this hello dot C I think my hello dot C is in home directory yeah I can compile this hello dot C by giving a flag known as hyphen static by default it will create A dot out suppose I want to name my output file let me give it hello. Now if you see file hello it will say statically linked okay why I am showing this because if you build all your applications statically it will contain your library information whatever STDW dot H or printer function we used the information is kept inside my binary itself if you see the size of this LS hyphen L H hello for the same code it is 859 K LS hyphen L H today A dot out it is 8.2 K why this difference because this A dot out uses shared libraries and my hello binary uses statically linked libraries. So due to this size constraint what we do we ship the library files by default with any operating systems. So whatever source code you have suppose LS LS is not statically linked statically compiled it is dynamically compiled to use LS you need libc are you getting so for the 50 MB distro also or 25 MB distro also minimum requirement is G libc that should be present there but in android environment we do not have G libc why because probably in G libc we have lot of extra stuff which is not required for mobile phone tablet probably because that G libc which we are talking about means desktop G libc it contains many default libraries which are frequently used for desktop applications but for mobile phone which is a single user small scale device we do not need those libraries. So what did Google and android community did they created a stripped down version of same G libc and they name it as bionic libc. So what is the difference now G libc and bionic libc whatever suppose I compile this hello though this is compile for x64 base device isn't it for this laptop it is compiled I have a cross compiler installed in my machine you understand the concept of cross compiler no cross compiler is a compiler by which we can compile from this native machine host machine for any other architecture. So this is an 64 bit architecture machine we have 32 bit inter processors we have 64 bit AMD processors we have power PC processors we have AVR processors different processors we have similarly we have ARM processors. So in most of the mobile phone devices or small scale devices tablet devices ARM processors are very popular and ARM processors they have a family name like we have code to do core i3 core i5 core i7 similarly in the ARM scenario we say as ARM version 5 ARM version 6 ARM version 7 okay unlike your x86 system that is code to do core i3 core i7 where binary is compatible if I compile this binary means this I compile for 64 bit machine and this is core i3 machine if I run this same binary in my core code to do a machine which is also a dual core machine 64 bit machine it will work but in ARM based devices the development is not like that. So if you compile something in ARM version 7 it is not backward compatible so if you compile a.out for ARM version 7 that will work for ARM version 7 and above it would not work in ARM version 6 ARM version 5 ARM version 4 like that okay fine. So the major difference is the version of C library is different and this is only creating a big problem for us suppose I want to port Sylab on this tablet what I have to do I have to compile entire Sylab code for Bionic Lib C based ARM processor not G Lib C based if I compile it for G Lib C based that will work on any other ARM device which does not have Bionic Lib C which has G Lib C have you ever seen vehicle board no embedded knowledge okay. So vehicle board is a development board and it has similar processor ARM Quotex A8 so as you already know the present version of Aakash tablet will have ARM Quotex A8 processor which is ARM family 7 processors version 7 family processors. So the speed of the processor is 800 megahertz it can be increased software by software means also that is not important. So whatever you compile in ARM version 7 it will work in only ARM version 7 and I am talking about tablet this tablet has Android operating system that means Bionic Lib C which it uses is Bionic Lib C Android uses Bionic Lib C but I can run ARM Quotex A8 I can run full Ubuntu version on ARM Quotex A8 also are you getting what I am trying to make a point. See there are some development boards have you seen 8051 development board or 8085 development board in your lab no there are processor boards development boards on which there are some input output boards you can connect it to monitor you can connect it to keyboard there is an HD card similar to hard disk there are procedures given in internet you can download even in Ubuntu website you get an image for ARM Quotex A8 Beagle board just download that image copy to HD card follow the steps there are some steps to follow start the machine your Ubuntu will run from your ARM Quotex A8 development board okay but that Ubuntu has ARM version of G Lib C ARM version of G Lib C that is different form your tablets because your tablet is same processor but it has Bionic Lib C instead of G Lib C I hope I made my point in any Linux environment whatever I am running is an X server running in the back end I can install a bare minimal Linux distro with no X also that means it will have only consoles control alt F1 control alt F2 it will give you a console ports okay in older days we used to come nick means there are only consoles there were no X environment so in console you can type your commands Linux commands of course but there will be no graphical output and this terminal is an emulator you understand emulator so it emulates the console so whatever commands you can type in control alt F1 I cannot do control alt F1 I think monitor won't support sorry projector won't support but you can try that later so yeah what I am trying to say is X server is important in any Linux desktop distribution or development board ARM Quotex A8 distribution you can install an X server I think this user bin X so X is a program it's a server server means serves so whatever so I have different windows here like this is one terminal this is one browser this is a chromium browser okay so my X manages all this but in android you don't have any X environment that's one of the difference android runs on Dalvik virtual machine you heard of Dalvik okay if you heard of android you probably heard of Dalvik Dalvik is a process virtual machine what it does it runs dot dex files which are executable and they are compiled from native Java files okay so what is there there is a Linux kernel there is an interaction flame buffer layer there is a Dalvik virtual machine running over the kernel and all your UI's are communicated through this Dalvik only we have touch screen of different layers are there of course I am not going in that detail so there are no there is no X server running in your tablet or mobile phone okay that's the difference native Linux UI apps user interface apps they won't work in tablet or your android phone why because there is no X server you can install an X server in probably no android but that's the other thing because X server consumes lot of memory and in tablet or phone based distros we don't have that much memory so native Linux UI apps can't be ported android directly and there are some other changes also now this is a tablet this is very similar to Akash tablet I have it actually I don't have with me so it has same processor ARM Cortex A8 which the proposed version of Akash has and it is installed it has ice cream sandwich running ice cream sandwich means android 4.0 it's the latest android operating system so I have connected this through and USB so what I can do is before that I want to show you some development if you go to the site developer.android.com actually I am running the site locally I don't have internet here so if you search for internet search in internet about android source code or android SDK you will get the first link the same site so SDK what is SDK software development kit and what it does it helps you to write code for android phone or tablet and it helps you to debug phone or tablet also debugging is important because you can write code in eclipse IDE how many of you used eclipse before good anyway I am not covering eclipse in this part so installing SDK is very simple all you have to do is you have to download source there will be a if you see you can download source from sorry you can download SDK from a link I have to locate that link I don't want to waste time with that I have already downloaded so I can show you how it looks so we can go through the file browser only so I will go to Srekan documents android SDK so I downloaded a tar file tar dot gz I untied it using command line or graphical and I got these many folders and different things so there is no eclipse folder here so by default when you download android SDK you don't get eclipse with it you have to download eclipse and send JDK separately and you have to put it in a path everything is well documented there are tens and thousands of tutorials on internet and YouTube you won't be alone for this purpose so there are some directories which have some significance that you can get it from here so basic environments are SDK tools SDK platform tools and SDK platform so they contains the platform information means what platform you are using and of course we will see these things later yeah so coming back to terminal let me go to document android SDK so I have these many folders let me see the size of this du-sh android SDK I think I downloaded a 100 MB tar file and after uncompressing it becomes around guess 400 MB the time it's taking and it's embarrassing it's 2.5 GB okay because I created many android virtual devices and probably I copied some image files inside this during development so size increased but it's not 2.5 GB when you untie it so first thing to start with is what is an SDK and why android is free yeah what does Google do actually how Google earned through advertisements so if it has an operating system it can easily control the advertisements on one's phone and based on your search terms in phone or in desktop by default you are logged in whenever you search so Google maintains a complete history of you complete profile of your search and it gives you a customized ads for them if you are searching for flights from Mumbai to Delhi for say last week for next one month probably you will get advertisements from different sites which provides ticketing for flights like that so phone is an integrated part of everyone's life now so people stick to phone more than the laptop or desktop so if you are using android you probably have seen ads in android if you are connected to internet so by default except core apps like Gmail or some yeah Gmail and Google talk in all other apps you get ads and you can't control them you can't make like in YouTube if you are getting ad you can close that ad now they have force enforce the ads also in YouTube that you have to wait 30 seconds or 4 seconds to skip the ad etc etc but during the video whatever pop up and you get you can close that isn't it but in phone you can't do that they enforce that completely and that's how they earn that's why they created android operating system and of course there is quite a bit of competition and Google or any other company it's a partnership actually Google, LG, China phone, Samsung many companies have came together to build android and it's very competitive well because Google is coming into TV industry also so you have Google TV similarly we have Apple TV Google and Apple they are always rival so whatever see Google can't had tens and millions tens and thousands of developers to write code so what it does it made it open source so people like you and me will code for Google and we will make apps and Google push ads in those apps and everyone is happy what I did I just connected this tablet to my laptop and I am going to access this phone from laptop this tablet from laptop for that HDK is enough so I downloaded HDK I am HDK I am in HDK directory actually if you have seen my bash rc file I have already set the path for android HDK somewhere see export path to dollar path homes recant document android HDK tools so in tools I have binaries for HDK and android HDK platform tools in these two locations I have my binaries okay you want to see you can just copy this and you can just cd to that so all whatever you see in green are binaries so there is a binary as adb android will see each one of them so let's start with android what is android as path is set phone is connected I want to disconnect phone for a while to just demo you something so when I hit enter it gives a graphical output finally and in this graphical output I have different options see it says extras are in for installed android 2.2 API is installed okay so Google releases APIs for each development release so if you remember from 1 to 1.5 Google android 1.6 then it came 2.1 eclair 2.2 Froyo 2.3 gingerbread 3.0 honeycomb ice cream sandwich and 5.0 is jelly beans so yeah jelly beans android so I have installed latest API for this HDK which is android 4.0.3 API 15 in tools I have AVD android virtual device manager so manage AVP is sorry yeah so android virtual device manager so these are my test emulators so I have written some code and I have to test it on phone or tablet and my tablet is not around I don't want to connect my tablet every time suppose I am in lab and I don't have tablet my tablet is in my hostel or home wherever how would I program for then program then I can use a emulator in that case of course it is recommended to use on emulator first then on tablet or your device so you can let me show you how to create a new AVD so let me delete one I don't have space in my home make it full screen so let me remove the stem so that I can make some space it's deleted now let me create a new one so what I am creating here is important this is emulator a virtual device I am creating why I need this virtual device to run my applications any android software comes with extension dot apk like in Windows we have dot exe in Ubuntu we have dot dev for android we have dot apk okay so give anything like now when I hit target I have these many options say I choose android 2.3 point or android 2.2 old one but no problem I can create a SD card also suppose let me create a 100 MB SD card snapshot will save your particular state of the virtual machine for further development suppose you are doing some development and you have to stop the development in between you can take the snapshot of that version of development and the next time you run it it will start from there okay is important when you are doing some important stuff so this is the resolution you can set qvga hvga these are the terms so qvga is 320 to 240 so this wvga is 800 into 480 resolution etc etc that's it create avd it says result of creating avd is successful with following hardware configurations this this this so I can see my Shrikant avd here what I can do is I can start it immediately so it pop up some launch options you want to scale the device no I don't want to scale it now launch so it will pop up a window which will emulate as a phone so I have not connected my device now I will show what is the difference between this and that we will just copy one apk to here and to virtual device also and you will see the difference it will take some time to boot meanwhile we will explore some other possible commands so we have seen android there is another command known as adb what is adb android debug bridge this command allows you to connect your device from your desktop why you need to connect maybe you want to change some system permissions in your phone maybe you want to execute some command inside your phone maybe you want to wipe up wipe out complete dalvik cache many things you you may because if you are a system designer for android you probably need many things to work around so adb will allow you to connect to device and adb will also help you to reinstall your phone software but that is not available for all the phones and devices because most of the devices comes with factory locked means vendor locked so suppose you are using Samsung or LG phone it comes by default the boot loader is by default locked by the vendor so you can unlock the boot loader and you can install custom ROMs probably this is going to much detail what do you mean by custom ROMs see android is an open source project so I can also download a source of course I have downloaded source I will show you the android source now so cd slash stuff home cd android so this is my android source this is my android directory inside that is a system directory u-sh dot means tell me the size of this directory this will around I do not want to guess it should be around 11 GB let us see okay so meanwhile let us see our AVD yeah it is booted so I have full functioning mobile phone on my system itself which is capable of running all the general functionality except of calls and SMS of course you are not connected to network so I can play around with it but this is not the purpose okay it is 11 GB this time I am right so you have to download yeah as I told you android is an open source project you can download this copy of android you can compile the android source and you can create your own operating system that is very easy it looks 11 GB of source oh my god it will take lot of time of course it will take lot of time it will have some dependency issues also but once it is resolved you can make frequent bills and you can test lot of customization you can do lot of customization on your android phone so there is a very famous customized version of android on a cyanogen mode okay cyanogen mode is also open source they have changed it from the original android source they added some extra features so original android phone as you can see does not have many options like you do not have a graphical equalizer you do not have an intergenome browser many features means you cannot install themes by default but the cyanogen mode provides you the extra functionality so from where we started yeah this is there this is the android source now I was telling you about the adb command now my phone is booted adb command is android debug bridge first we have seen android command what it does it allows you to download the latest api latest api and it allows you to create a emulator that part is done now I have a second and most important command there are many other commands but they are not relevant for us this is sufficient enough adb just type adb and hit enter it will list lot of options do not try all these options on your phone so most important options I will list out like adb devices or it will show it will show list of devices connected with this computer so it says there is an emulated device running on port 5554 is there now I can type adb shell what it will do it will give me access to the device it will just send me inside the device adb shell so it will give me a hash prompt why hash prompt because I am not in bash environment anymore so this was a bash environment which was giving me the proper complete home path user name at the rate host name etc. etc. but now I am in this phone I am inside this phone my prompt signifies that hash prompt signifies that I am inside this phone and this hash signifies something else also what else by default you probably have seen the prompt is dollar means it is a user prompt if I do I get a hash prompt so means super user so I am root now so when I did adb shell I got a hash prompt that means I am a root user for this phone that means this phone is already rooted in general android term the spell it as rooted phone rooted device if surgeon internet just I rooted there are lot of suggestions rooted android rooted nuke phone this this this etc. but this is not the general case as this is an emulator so Google allows you to play around with this emulator so it gave you hash prompt but with default phones whatever you buy from market if you connect it and do adb shell you will get a dollar prompt that means you are not super user you are a user some user are you getting even with the tablet if I connect the tablet this tablet is rooted tablet so when I connect it it will show the hash prompt as it is a rooted tablet otherwise it will show a dollar prompt that means you are a user if you get a dollar prompt in adb shell you cannot do anything means you can do things but you cannot change system properties you cannot set the path variables you cannot mount many things many restrictions you have enough talking ls ls works so out of the box lx works ls works that means my bionic libc has ls means sorry my ls command is compiled for bionic libc okay ls is a core utility GNU program okay so is there is which which sh which is not there so many commands won't be there like touch this touch is there tab completion also doesn't work because this is a shell prompt it's not bash bash is born again shell which is an advanced shell environment and this is a sh so if touch is there touch is not there sorry clear also not works what can I do I can okay so I have restrictions I don't have complete command set to work around with this what I want to show is this similarly let me show you another terminal ls sorry so this is the file hierarchy of my android phone emulator which I have run through android command and this is the file hierarchy of my desktop machine linux machine just ignore these files these are created by myself but by default bin boot ch ch root is also created by myself dev etc home these are the default files available in file system if you compare do you see the same file hierarchy here you have config cache account only mnt is there mnt is also in linux environment if you see you have mnt what else you find do we have system here no no system sys bin has been these much linux machine means desktop this is my phone I am just switching the windows very fast don't confuse so this is my phone and it doesn't have similar file structure as that of my desktop machine so by this you can see the level of optimization or customization android people have done they removed many unnecessary stuff which is not required for mobile phone and they made it everything compatible to phone for single user machine now the important thing is system and data at least for now we will concentrate on these two things what is system and what is data unlike linux desktop which has all the files under slash partitions important files system bin files we have in the android all the important system files and folders they are inside slash system so if I go cd system and ls-l let me clear it ls slash system so my system has user app lib etc xbin bin media fonts and this is very similar to this can you see the similarity I have been I have etc I have lib I have user isn't it in slash system so android stores every system information system based files inside the slash system partition so inside a user you will have some binaries user binaries so you want to see ls slash system slash bin so these are the binaries like rm you recognize mount we have seen mount and some other binaries so slash system partition normally no user has permission to read write inside that unless it is rooted form rooted device rooted means you have root permissions you can do anything what you want but slash data is system partition so ls slash data if you do it has user level permissions similar to you can say similar to your home partition whatever you saw in my laptop slash home slash we can this is similar to that but you do not have those directories here but the permissions are similar even if the vendor want he can lock this device also means this directory also means you can create directory here you can copy files here he can do anything but by default you have permissions here okay so here also you can see there are some there is an folder app so ls slash data slash app will list all the apk's what are apk's apk's are executables means these are the packages which android recognizes and it installs packages unlike other packages like in windows or ubuntu desktop we have dot exe and dot dev when you install it after installation you do not need the packages isn't it suppose you have installed a dot dev file or dot exe file after installation you can remove the dot exe file but android is different for android if you install dot apk it will read from apk itself of course it will create some temporary files and other files and folders but it needs dot apk also to run if I remove all the apk's here my phone will not my all the apps in my phone will want are you getting so why I want to show all this because sometime later if you want to program or if you want to do system level changes in android you can come to this folder you can release your app you can remove your app you can add something you can create a directory you can write a shell script which will automatically detect that okay if your data folder is actually you have similar apps in android market which will copy all your apk's to sd card or some external media but you can write your custom programs here fine so this is about android adb shell so adb has some other options also like you can directly install from your device suppose I have an apk here I can directly install from this adb command to my phone let me show you how so let me go to the directory where I have the apk so I have apk in so you can see there is an apk known as android vnc dot something something apk okay I can directly install that apk in my phone also I can just have to download and I have to click on that apk it will install automatically just because I have created this apk using my some third party software and I want to test this apk right away in the android virtual device what I will do I will just adb install android this and this will install this apk to the default avd connected so default avd is connected what this one so when I hit enter so it says package goes to data local temp and success so it installed so I didn't go inside the phone and inside the hd card or android market to install the apk I installed from here now I will I want to see whether this apk is actually installed or not so that apk name was android vnc so you can see android vnc is here okay similarly you can uninstall also and you can copy files to your avd means this android device you haven't we have created 100 mb hd card if you remember so what I can do is I can go to adb shell and I want to verify whether hd card is there or not it's there so ls let me go inside hd cards what is there only one directory that is loss dot it is created default by android so only one directory I can copy files to my hd card directly from my host machine how adb push this will push my file to my phone hd card or phone data folder wherever I want depending upon permission by default any user will have at least permission to copy into hd card so adb push what file I have say same apk file I am pushing there to where slash hd card so I have to give the absolute path slash mount slash hd card actually the problem is not that problem was yeah I have to give a trailing slash also so it says that copy inside the hd card directory otherwise it will replace the hd card and hd card is directly so it copied the file you want to verify it yes what you have to do you have to go actually I I don't have any file browser here otherwise I could have shown you api demos you can see no I don't have a file browser I can show you that adb shell I can go inside my phone cd hd card so my file is here suppose during development you probably need many files to copy paste or you want to get some files from android phone so as to analyze better suppose I want to copy entire slash data folder to my local machine so that I want to check where I can click the changes so that I will get a result what I will do adb pull from where slash data say I have an app folder there if you remember to present working directory so it's probably pulling all the apps so probably that apk directory doesn't has apps apk so it pulled some files probably I have given the wrong path to give the correct part if we put all the files in that directory okay oh so it copied see this apk also cube live wall papers copy this apk api demos apk copied other than these apk's we have some files that also it copied from same location so what I mean to say is you can copy files from your machine to your device reverse is also possible you can install packages apk files you can uninstall packages you can restart the phone from adb itself adb reboot will reboot the phone probably this is an emulator I don't think it will work so you have lot more options with adb suppose you want to install a new version of operating system you are a developer you are not an end user you are a developer and you want to create a you want to give an update for your operating system suppose you are given a phone with 2.3 android and there is an update of android 3.0 so first you will test it on emulator then on real device then you will release it in the market and ask people to download the latest operating system so that they can update so what you can do is you can there are options like yeah adb reboot bootloader so this will reboot the device into a bootloader mode where you can put something in your sd card some image file in sd card it will detect the default is sd card only it will detect the sd card and it will install from the sd card so it's like os update are you getting suppose you have an ubuntu distribution you want to update to some other version of ubuntu what you do you mainly either you do an update or you uninstall the operating system and install a fresh copy of operating system in phones case in tablets case what we do exactly is the data portion is the user portion slash data as I told you slash data is a user portion so user data you don't have to touch what you have to change is slash system only are you getting so if you download an image of slash system and you reboot your phone and instead of slash system image you replace with the new slash system image that will serve your purpose are you getting so by that you can update your operating system also you can change your operating system version also these are probably you won't be using now these things but just they are available I am telling you let me connect the real device so let me kill the adb okay now if I do adb shell directly send put me into shell environment of this phone this phone okay so root at that android is the environment set by this phone so I am inside this phone adb shell let me get out of this let me do adb devices so it shows it doesn't shows emulator 5541 now it shows 2008 04 11 so the manufacturer has set the name like this so this device is connected no AVD nothing you can see I am not running any AVD so immediately if I do adb shell instead of hash prompt I get a path username at the rate local host android so I can do lot of tweaking from here itself what I want to show is I can kill some running apps suppose I think top is there what does top do top will list the running processes and memory uses so what I can see is so it gives me the system properties so CPU 1% used by case this top top top so if you are a system designer or system engineer what you will see suppose your phone is getting hang after 10 minutes you don't know what is happening you will just go into the adb shell you will run top command and you will see which process is using CPU probably some process got zombie and it is in some deadlock and it is using using all of your CPU time you can just kill that process from here and later of course you can change your program and you can modify the bug remove the bug so this how it works so I can even after my processes I can just control l works here clear works no so again I have to adb shell there is another tool known as android ndk I will stop here with android ndk there are lot of things to discuss what is android ndk ndk is native development kit suppose I have ls command I have cp command already in my android adb shell what if I want my custom command suppose a dot out I created a dot out with hello world program suppose I want to run similar program in my android phone so can I compile it my cross compiler and directly put it on android with arm cross compiler if time permits I can show you that so I have a cross compiler installed for arm versions so that is gcc yeah so I can run this command this is a cross compiler program this is not the cc command cc is my default x86 compiler and this is my arm Linux android ea by gcc okay if I compile hello dot c using this cross compiler and if I execute that hello dot c here critically it should work and if I compile it statically that means it will not take the files from bionic libc it will directly execute within itself because it has all the files so where is my hello dot c I think it is probably here only yeah so just give a static flag it is created what I want to do is file a dot out default I have I haven't provided hyphen o and output file name so it says elf 32 bit executable for arm and it's a statically linked it's not dynamically linked so it doesn't depends on bionic libc because whatever components required it's already there what I will do is adb push a dot out to my slash data slash data so what I did I just compiled one source code using cross compiler and I put my binary inside some slash data folder slash data is user folder now I will go inside my phone and I will execute that a dot out and it should print hello or whatever you can adb shell I am inside the phone cd slash data ls hyphen l a dot out so its h is there hyphen h is not implemented in this version of ls so the relevant information for us is this so our file is there in slash data I want to execute how to execute dot slash it works why because I created a statically image statically linked binary file it uses how much memory it uses around 33 kb let me try it here what is a file size ls hyphen lh of a dot out it's around 332 kb so just to print srikan I spent 332 kb of precious embedded memory and in embedded world memory is very important so is it recommended to do like this of course not so what I have to do I have to use the system libc that is bionic libc instead of my statically compiled program so for that I need a special kit that is known as ndk native development kit I also downloaded that and it's in document android ndk and it is not that easy that I will copy my hello dot c here and I will just run some command it will create a binary and it will dynamically in android you have to do some changes you have to write one make file there are steps there are steps available in the default site so if you see android ndk is it visible if you see android ndk you can download the ndk you have the steps to follow and there are examples also how to compile the hello dot program hello dot c and etc etc is this clear so after this you have to download eclipse ide you have to install adt plugin adt plugin is a special plugin which will enable eclipse to debug android programs it will have an inbuilt icon by which if you click you can create an avd you understand avd the same avd which we have created using android command virtual device remember so in eclipse what we will have you can write your java code you can click a button it will build it it will create an apk it will automatically send that apk to your avd and you can easily see your output of your program on the virtual device if you have connected your real device and also it will show on real device also so try on eclipse if you are using anything on android possibly and it is very easy of course means it is not that difficult but you must know the system level things also that is why I introduced adb shell and android binary before you do something on real device it is recommended to try it on emulator though the final end product you should test it on real device 100 times and never use rm-rf to just check whether permissions are there or not okay don't try to remove any directory if you are not sure inside your phone suppose I am here I am in root at the rate android clear doesn't work okay clear the screen adb shell so I have files I have root permission what I can do I can do rm-rf sorry adb shell rm-rf slash data what it will do if I have permissions properly it will remove all my content of data folder so don't leave your system unattended if you are sitting somewhere in public place or in lab somewhere with android device connected in real mode so let me try what it happens exactly oh f is not implemented so what I can do is I will try with hyphen r f means force it won't ask me fail for slash data device or resource busy unfortunately it didn't remove I forgot that I am running on real device actually I was thinking that I was running on emulator so I tried this command if I remember this I was actually running from tablet I never have been tested on this device anyway I have backup rm for this I can reinstall later see the point so not at all recommended so what I can do is I can type you can see a display I can just type reboot so my phone will be restart so let's see actually removed something or not anyway that's all about today's presentation thanks for attending thank you everyone


Hi there. Tim O'Reilly, I'm the founder and CEO of O'Reilly Media, a computer book publisher, conference producer, and venture capitalist. I wanted to talk a little bit about my history with digital books. I, too, was moved by Hypercard. My company's first online book was actually a version of a technical book for Hypercard. We didn't look back. We started working pretty actively, trying to figure out how to get our books online from 1987 on. And interestingly, our quest to build a platform for digital book publishing led us very early to the World Wide Web. We were built, actually, one of the first graphical web browsers. Viola was out of UC Berkeley. We adopted it and hired the creator and worked to build a platform which we called GNN, the Global Network Navigator, because we realized that there was all this new content being created that was not in books. So we also were the first site on the web to discover the advertising business model. And that was sort of something I inflicted on the world. And although my notion of what the advertising was was the site itself, you know, so you think now if you go to O'Reilly.com, it's the kind of thing that you used to get in the mail. It's a catalog, you know, and with lots of content in support of commerce. But the, you know, we went on to continue to work with eBooks in 2000. I launched a technical book subscription service called Safari Books Online, which now has hundreds of thousands of subscribers. Started publishing eBooks standalone around the same time. eBooks are now a pretty major part of our business. And one of the things that probably has distinguished us from most other publishers in that regard is we've insisted from the beginning that our books be DRM free. You know, we wouldn't even sell them to Amazon unless they agreed for them to be DRM. And at this point we sell our, what we sell isn't sort of an eBook bundle. You can get your books. Once you buy a book from us, you can buy it in ePub, in Moby, in, you know, any other format, including Daisy. You can get any or all. And one of the things that we found from that is that it's really increased our market. It's amazing. We're now selling books in countries around the world where we were never able to reach with physical books. You know, so we maxed out about 30% of our book sales internationally with print. We're at about 60% international with eBooks. So it's actually, and we continue to hear that DRM free is incredibly valuable to our customers. But that kind of leads me to a couple of big issues that I think we all need to think about when we think about the future of books and the future of the library. First off, the term book itself is under tremendous transformation. There are entire classes of books that will never be produced again as books. And we don't know how far that's going to go. I mean, what's the need for an atlas or a dictionary as a printed book when you can deliver the same service, the same job for the user so much more effectively with an application? Even fiction, you might think, well, gosh, how can you do that, you know, without that wonderful magic of, you know, immersive reading? But of course, if you think about the job that it does for a reader, it's probably more in common between World of Warcraft and Harry Potter than between Harry Potter and the Encyclopedia Britannica. So we have to free ourselves from the notion that this body of jobs that we do for readers that was for so many centuries bound together by the form of the printed book will continue to hold. And we have to realize that there are going to be divergent paths for many of the jobs that authors and publishers do for readers. And then we're going to need different strategies for solving all of those things. Another lesson that I want to, and actually I should go back to my own business, you know, we publish technical manuals, technical books of various kinds, and we've seen a huge shift. We don't publish anything in print that's reference oriented at all anymore. You know, we used to sell tens of thousands of copies a month of certain kinds of reference books, and we just don't even publish them because the web is just better at reference. I want to mention another point. Going back to GNN, that first commercial website from early 1993, there are no copies of it online. We were there before Brewster had his brilliant idea of the Internet Archive. So I look back at that early history and somebody was asking me, well, what were those first web ads, what did they look like? And frankly, it was amazing. None of us could remember. We eventually found somewhere in our ephemera a copy of a brochure that had a picture. And you know, I just want to emphasize just how important it is for us to think about digital preservation in the context of the library. And so much of the creative output of our society is now digital. It's not in the form that we have expected it so long, the sort of the book as the document of record. And unless we get on with the job of preservation, and that also means incredibly, you know, curation at much earlier in the process because there's so much information, we're probably not going to keep it all. You know, I have my own personal archive and I used to just point links to things and now I find how many of my old links are dead.  If I want to even keep a record of my own intellectual output, let alone that of others. So I think there's a real job for DPLA to emphasize what are the best practices of digital preservation. But then you have to think about how do you do that in a distributed way because I don't think it's possible for one organization to archive everything, even though Bruce has done a pretty damn good job. You know, it's a scale problem. So we actually have to think about what does distributed preservation look like, what are the obligations of people to keep copies. And there's some real lessons in software because software is one of the great intellectual outputs of our age and we see an amazing set of tools for not only allowing collaborative development, collaborative consumption, but also archiving. Archiving is built right into most modern software. You use a platform like GitHub. You're actually keeping copies of every version at the same time as you're making it accessible. And I think it's really worth having the DPLA study, you know, how software is distributed, created, and shared today. I also think that it's really critical to think through search. Back when at the height of the Google Books controversy, I wrote an op-ed called Book Search Should Work Like Web Search. You know, we have this notion that somehow it's all going to be in one place. I think what we really have to start thinking about is, you know, how we can leverage the distributed nature of the Internet, find what's out there, establish standards for how people advertise what they've got, and above all, keep it in open formats that are actually linkable to. The big challenge of eBooks today is that they're increasingly being produced in proprietary formats under the control of a single company, and that is going to be a real challenge for the future of open access. Thank you.


God's beauty is all around us and my goal as an artist is to capture and interpret that beauty on canvas and to take you the viewer along with me on this painting journey. Welcome to my show. My name is Kitty Lynn Klisch and this is Painting Journeys. We are going to take a journey on canvas. Our last show we were in Skagway, Alaska and the photograph that I worked from looked like this. It's a beautiful, beautiful falls called Little Step Falls in Skagway, Alaska. And so then when the show was completed, our last taping, I had gotten this far on the painting. And so this is what it looked like when we last left you. You see, it's not quite finished. It's looking a little rough yet. We get the general idea, but it's not finished. And so then I took it back, the painting back to my studio, and I completed it. And so I'm going to show you how it turned out. And here it is. Little Step Falls in Skagway, Alaska. As you can see, I've added some nice greens in here. And I've kind of lightened the log and I've darkened some of the darks. The water, I have grayed in some places. And there's more water because as those rocks were coming down, the water was running everywhere on them. And it was just bubbling and coming down off the side of this mountain. And it would hit these flat spots and then it would burst over the rock and then hit in the water below. And so I darkened some areas and lightened some and added a little more water, a little more greenage.  And if you remember, I told you in Alaska, because it's all rock, there's very little soil on top of the rock. So the trees have very shallow roots. So I don't know how this little guy can be here because he doesn't have much to hang on to his root base, doesn't. But anyway, so then down here I lightened this up and to show that the water is actually so clean and so clear that we can see the rocks underneath the water. So this is Little Step Falls in Skagway, Alaska. Now we're going to take quite a journey. We're going to go to Italy, as I promised you last time. And so my first stop was New York, boarded the plane in New York and flew to Italy. It was an overnight flight.  I had been up all night on the plane. We saw a lot of different sites, but not too much. But they didn't take us to any of the really important places. They just drove us around the city. And we were looking at different sites before they took us to our hotel for us to register. So this was a monastery. And as we pulled around in the front of the monastery, it was very, very busy. But as we came, as the bus came around, I caught this picture from the back. I thought it was just beautiful. The composition, it was getting later in the day and the sun was starting to set. And it was just, I just thought that that was so beautiful. The name of the monastery, I don't know, but it was on a hill. Rome was built on seven hills. And it was on one of those seven hills. So now I have done a very quick preliminary sketch on my canvas. And I want to take you on this journey with me to see if we can recapture on this canvas, this painting or this photograph here of the monastery on a hill in Rome. Okay, I'll take get my palette. And I'm just using the regular colors that I always use. I have a standard stock palette that I use for my paintings. And I think that I would like to start with the sky. And I'm going to take a little bit of a liberty here and make that sky just a little bit more, show a little more of the red in the sky. As you can see, we have a little reddish gold in here. And I want that sky to have a little bit more of that. So, whoops, I see something I forgot. I forgot to get my terpenoid out. Here we go. Without that, I can't thin the paint. All right. That's what I used to just thin it just a dab to make sure that it's the right consistency because I'm probably going to lay this in pretty thin. I think I have that little bit of red. I love red is my favorite color. I love red. I take the larger brush and wet it just a little bit and come in here. All right, now we're going to come down in here and behind around the building a little bit and a little bit on this side. Okay, now we're going to go a little more into the gold. And so I'm putting kind of a grade yellow in this. I don't want this to be real bright. I want it to stay kind of soft. I'll add the brightness later. Right now I'm working in a softer hue. I don't want to overdo. I can always go for more. It's always easier to enhance than it is to take away when you're painting. Now I don't want this to get too red on me here. As you can see, I'm just painting over my initial sketch. And that's perfectly okay because the paint is thin enough that I can see. And these trees, they might peek through and a little bit of light, sunlight might be behind there. So it's okay. You don't want to just leave them so hard. Okay, now I like that. I think that looks really pretty. Anyway, back to my trip. This was for me my dream trip. I had always wanted my whole life. I'm half Italian and many years ago when I was 14, I met my paternal grandparents. They lived in Northern California and they grew grapes and they had come over from Italy. And I remembered that I had asked my grandmother where in Italy had they lived. And she told me that they lived near the foot of the Alps and that they had a vineyard in Italy, Northern Italy. And my father was quite, quite tall and fair. And I myself, you know, I say tell people that I'm half Italian and they kind of look at me because you think of Italian as smaller, darker people. But we're up there closer to, you know, Switzerland. And so I guess that's why look like we do with the blue eyes and everything. My father looked like I do. Anyway, my whole life I wanted to go to Italy. It was my dream and I finally made it. And my, the reason that I took this particular tour was because we were going to travel all over Italy from Rome North. We saw everything. We spent a few days in each place and it was absolutely marvelous. Just marvelous. I, I, Rome was a shock that because people had already told me, Oh, don't even think about driving over there kitty. It's so crowded and everything. You'll, you'll just, you can't, you can't drive.  And I didn't. I was really pleased and glad that I was on the bus. So when we landed in Rome, as I said, we drove around in the bus and they showed us some sites. They drove us past the Colosseum of which was, you know, breathtaking. I mean, it just, what can you say? What can you say? We got to go back there a few days later or two days later and, and, and see it. But it was just, oh, it was such a place. So awesome. But everywhere we went, we were in this big bus and managing through all this traffic and horns honking and the bus would back up and these little teeny tiny cars would be behind us. And there was one lady in the back of the bus that was always screaming at the driver, there's somebody behind us. There's somebody behind us. And he would, and he couldn't speak English. He only spoke Italian. And so he would try to tell her in Italian that he knew that and that the bus was equipped with mirrors. But anyway, so there was a lot of excitement, a lot of dense moments. And I remember one of the first places that we that we went to was the Cathedral or the Basilica for St. Paul. And I believe that is where I saw the eternal flame. And we stopped and we went inside there. That was really, really beautiful. The thing that got me the most, I think, were all of the statues and the architecture. Everywhere you looked, the architecture was just unbelievable. I mean, it was just so ornate statues and and carvings. And I mean, just nothing like I had ever seen before. It was just amazing to me. And it was a little, little smoggy there too. Anyway, the food, food was just marvelous. Really scrumptious, light, light. You know, you think of pastas being very heavy and and was they mean pasta that was so light and taramasu. I think I had taramasu for dessert every single day. I was in Italy. It was marvelous. Of course, I haven't had it since. Probably won't again because that's part of the special memory. Right now, here we go. We're getting this sky laid in. We have some of the gold going up into the sky, as you can see, so that it looks like the sky is the sunset is happening here. Okay, and I think now need just a little bit of a brighter yellow. Now this trick will be, as you all know, yellow and blue make green. So the trick is going to be to get this yellow, this little bit of yellow up there without, without it turning green. We don't want a green sky. No green sky, please, Kitty. So let's see here if we can just put just a little bit of the yellow in there. And there, there. It always pleases me when it works. Just a little bit, maybe a little over here. I have found when I'm painting that if I put the blue in first and then lay the yellow over the blue very softly, that always works a little bit better. Okay, now I think we might take a little bit of this and put some little bit of this in the sky back here, maybe a little red in there. There we go. It was really something when we got to our hotel and you, we were overlooking this river and the bridges had apartments on them and people had decks that were built up and they had like flower gardens and things on these decks and it was just, it was just amazing how what little bit, what they could do with such a little bit of space. It was, it was, it was enchanting really. And the sun setting over these big beautiful statues. You know, we're so limited here on the, on the show because I can't, I can't do the really big beautiful paintings that I would like to for you to, I'd like to do for you to show you the statues and, and, and everything. I'm going to do a little wipe out here and here. Okay, try to get back my regular, my first drawing here. This is a little tree in here that I believe if I'm not mistaken that that was called an Italian Cyprus. They were everywhere, absolutely everywhere. These very unusual trees that looked like they'd all had flat top haircuts. So the traffic, the traffic was amazing across the street and down about a half a block from our hotel was this little fruit stand and I was just dying for some, for some fresh fruit. I think that's the way they do their shopping over there. They don't go to the big supermarket and buy all their food for the week or two weeks or a month like we do here. They go shopping every day and they buy fresh produce and that's what they base their diet on. They don't eat a lot of, of things that have preservatives in them and, and like even the wine, but even the wine tasted different. It didn't have all the preservatives in it that we have in our wine. So consequently, you don't get headaches when you drink, which is a plus. Anyway, so I was trying to cross this very, very busy street and I had another lady with me and she was really quite alarmed about crossing. I mean she was, she was really frightened, you know, but our guide had told us when you want to cross the street, you just have to do it. You just step on out there and that's the only way that they will stop as long as you hesitate.  So I had already made it across the street, bought my fruit, gone back to the hotel room and so at dinner this lady was saying, oh, I want some fresh fruit. I see this stand across the street and I said, well, I'll take you over there if you want, you know. So here we are, there, I like that, yeah. Anyway, here we are on the street and I start out and she won't, she won't move, she won't budge, she's afraid and so I walked out, I marched out into the middle of the street and I put both my hands up like this and to show stop and it was like, it was like magic. Everybody stopped. I mean all these lanes of traffic, all these little cars, they stopped and then she came across the street. I think she must have felt like a princess or something that every, I had stopped traffic for her. So that was kind of an exciting thing and we giggled as we went and bought our fruit and went back to the hotel room. It was a lot of fun. I think I'll just lay that building in and the building is quite lovely. I like it. Everything in Italy is so colorful. The greens, I found all the greens to be rather gray and dull, kind of olive drab, but the colors of the building, they make up for it with the colors of the buildings and the, all of the statues and the architecture and everything. So I'm just going to lay this in. I'm just laying it in. It's probably not going to look like this in finish, but I just want to get something down there so that I can have something to go by. So this is what is known as blocking it in. This will have many more colors on it. There's a little building right in here. I think the fun of this program is seeing how these paintings are when we end the show and then when you tune in for the next show to see the changes in the painting, when it's been finished and fine tuned. That's always an important part of the painting process and when I'm alone in my studio and I remember and think about my trip and how I felt, all of those things. It's really a nice way to reminisce, take the trip back again, this up here. Now you notice I do a lot of scrubbing when I paint. I kind of save the brush strokes for more of a final finish. I just kind of scrub it in so that I have an idea of where I want things and how I want it to look. Let's see here. This is coming over here. Now we do have a dark line that's going across here. There. I'll just scrub that down, bring it down a little bit. That's okay. We'll come over here. There we go. That little roof seems to be quite bright. A little bit of light on it. Let's see here. We have this. It's kind of tricky to get the perspective of the building. That was a building in the back there. Let's even this up a little bit here. You're probably thinking, oh my goodness, that's the crookedest door I ever saw. Now we have that on there. That's looking pretty good. We'll put a little bit of dark in the, we'll get a little window over here. We'll just put a little dark there. We'll put a little dark right in here with this. Now this is actually a balcony and the door is open.  We have these little windows up here and I'm just going to, I'm just suggesting them. Let's see how many of them are there. There's four of them. All right. We'll have to go in. We'll clean that up later. I don't want to waste any time and we've got some little windows over here too. There's a couple little windows in here, right in here and then there's a couple of little, they look like little skylight things that are coming here on the roof of this smaller building in the foreground. Let's see here and there's, the light from the sky is kind of showing in the front of them there and they're kind of tiny but they're there so we want to show them. Okay, let me see here. Now I think we'll mix up some greens and start blocking in. In fact, I think what I'm going to do here, there's a tree behind and I'm going to mix up some green and alizarin crimson and a little bit of ultramarine blue and I'm going to come right back here on this tree in the background, right about there. Okay. Now he's behind the tree that's in the front and he's coming up. He's really quite dark. He's coming up here. He's coming. He's got a thin branch that's going here and here coming out there and that's going up like that. Tell me when to go. I want that to be a little darker right there and this is coming up here. Then we have another one that's coming up here and they're, they're sort of tree branches are sort of like pipes. They're joined and at joints they don't, you know, they don't usually, they're not usually straight. They're just kind of like elbows on a pipe. So you have to paint them that way. Otherwise, you just paint them in like swooping arcs. They look weak. They don't look strong. So you have to like lay them in so that they, they bend and okay now that's all coming from that tree right there and it's going to be covered with the, the green on the top. That's one of those unusual looking trees that looks like it has a flat top. Now the one that's in the foreground is lighter colored because it is in the foreground and I see a little dark on the side. So I'm going to come up with some dark on the side and right on up and then it sort of takes a little bit of a turn at the top. He's got a little bend in him. Needs to be darker. There we go. And then he has a beautiful big long branch that is coming out right here. There again, as I was saying, a lot of this I'll have to go back to my studio to refine. Right now, my goal is to give you the, the essence of it. You know, I always tell my students you have to bake the cake before you frost it. And it's just, this is what I'm talking about. I have to put this on here before I can go into the details or I, it won't look right. You know, a lot of that is covered with the, the green from up above. Okay. All right now. So we have, I have to take a smaller brush because we have a small skinny looking kind of a fir tree right about, right about in here, I think it is, it's coming up. And it, and you notice how it's bent? I think these trees endure a lot of wind, a lot of wind. And there again, I don't want to do too much on it because it's going to have to be refined. I just want to sort of block it in and so that I know where it's at. I mean, I do know it does have this one great big branch that's coming over here and thinking as I'm painting. And so I'm sharing with you this process, this journey of, of putting what I see in the photograph onto the canvas. And it is a journey. The painting, the journey in painting is learning how, first of all, is learning how to see and, and how to make a good composition. So that's where you start. And then after that, we have a little tree back here, after that, you have to capture what you see on the canvas. Then you have to block it in with lights and darks as you see them. So it is a journey. Each step leads to the next one. And it's, no one ever knows it all. And that's why painters have such a love affair with painting. Now this is that funny little tree that is kind of, looks like he's had a flat top, comes in there. And then there's another one that these branches are going to, just right above it. I went to see the Sistine Chapel. They only allow so many people in at a time. I've never felt so overwhelmed to think that someone could paint something like the Sistine, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. All those years ago, when they had, they didn't even have paint in tubes like we have now. All they had were the minerals and rocks and things like that, that they ground up to make their own colors. They were actually businesses that they would go to that would, that would make the different colors for them. And to think the color and the, the imagery that was there, it was breathtaking. It was like time stopped. It actually stopped for me. It was the most beautiful thing. That's another thing that I'll never forget about my trip. I haven't, we're going to be painting scenes from Italy now for the next few shows. And I'm going to be telling you about the different, the different places and we'll be painting from those places. And I want to share, I want to save some of those stories and tell you them as I'm painting in that particular area. But we did, we did travel. We traveled all of Northern Italy. We saw Venice and Sienna and Pisa, Tarbolli, and all the way up to the Northern Alps and even went into Switzerland. It was just really, really something. It was the trip of a lifetime. I don't know that I don't ever get back. It was very, it was the type of trip that is for the more, a younger, more hearty person. It was very vigorous or rigorous, I guess is the, is a better word. But I hung in there because I had finally made it there. All right. Now we've got some color on there. Let's put a little bit of blue in these guys here. There we go. That looks a little better, a little bit of blue in this one too. Now, when I get this back to the studio, I'll probably put some, some sunlight around the plants. I don't want to get into, or the trees. I don't want to get into that right now. We do have a brighter yellow-green on bush that is our tree that seems to be coming up in front of this one. So we'll just kind of like make that there. We can come up into that. Okay, so he's kind of like in front and that helps to set that back. There we go. And then he's coming down. And when he cut, where he comes down to the bottom of him, I see that he's getting darker. Do you see that? Yeah. Yeah, there it is. Okay, a little darker yet. We have all these strange, and I have no idea what these were, these strange bushes that are in front here.  They were quite interesting. So I think what I'll do is I'll just mask them in in dark. We've got them back in here, and they're real light at the tops. And then after we mask them in, I see we need to fill that in there we go. And then we have to remember that we need the light against the dark. So we'll just come down the side of this tree with a little bit of light there, and that'll kind of show that that tree is in front of the other one that is behind it. Perhaps we'll go back there with a even darker dark and make that, we need that to show up a little better. So now we have a tree in front of a tree. There we go. It's just all a matter of light and dark. That's, that's what's important.  So I'm just going to get this all kind of blocked in here real quick. And you notice how I'm painting? It's, it's like I'm feeling what I'm seeing. I feel this, this, this growth, this energy. And having seen it, having actually seen it, you know, I can still, I have it internalized. And I can still feel what that looked like.  And it was awesome to look at. Over here, we've got a big tree that was in front of, and coming up here, you know, where the little monk would come out and sit, perhaps have a cup of cappuccino. I tried cappuccino while I was there. Oh my goodness, was that strong? Wow, that was really strong. Strong stuff. Okay, now you see we're, we're starting to get this, this feeling of these little, of these little guys in here. And I'm adding a little bit of darker and some, a little bit of red to it, you know. And because I see that in there, this is, this is what I'm seeing in here. Come down here, and over here, now then. Now right about in here, you have to get a different brush, right about in here, we have some of this beautiful, orangey red that we have in the sky. And so we're going to take a little bit of that, and we're going to put underneath these guys. Now that's too bright. That's too bright. We have to tone that down. Lighten it up and tone it down. Always looking for that. Okay, there we go. That's what it looks like. And we'll just put it right back up in there, and like so. And then it's coming like this right in here, and down this little hill here. Okay, now then over here it's darker. So we'll just, we'll just put this right in here. I have to share with you a secret. And the secret is that when I'm on camera, I have this sweetest little fellow that comes and lets me know what time it is, because when I'm painting, I'm clueless. I just lose all track of time. So he has to come and put a little sign up to let me know how much time I have left. So when you see me looking away from what I'm doing, and I'm looking for him, that's what I'm doing. I'm looking for how much time do I have left to play, because I'm having so much fun. So now you know the secret of why I have that strange look on my face sometimes. Maybe it's disappointing because I'm being told that the show should be over. Oh ho ho, I'm liking this. Alrighty. And when I say that, that ho ho ho, I'm liking this. I'm not, I do not mean that in a way that is braggartish, oh so, or however you want to say it. I mean, I don't mean it that way. I mean that it pleases my soul. It's, it's what I saw, what I feel, and I'm getting it out there. And I'm sharing it with you. That's what I mean when I say ho ho ho, I like that. It's, it's, it's being able to, to share these inner thoughts with you and be with you on this painting journey and, and to share the things that, that I did and the places that I went and this is, this is marvelous. It's, it's, I'm blessed. I am so, so truly blessed to have this time with you. I really am and I hope, I hope that you are feeling blessed in some way that you can take this journey with me as I travel to my different destinations. Alright, now there we go. So what do you say we put, we'll just take a minute because my, my time, my little nice time technician is looking at me. So I think any minute he's going to come and say, okay, I just want to take and make a few of these little, little tree-like things for you so that you can kind of get an idea of what that's going to look like there. There we go. And there, okay, over there and some over here. And they had kind of a blue look to them, maybe, maybe a little bit of the sky. There, that's better. Okay, now then here in the front, we actually, there was actually another building here built into the side of the, of the hillside. And you know, I mean, one's imagination, I don't know what it was for, but one's imagination could tell you that, well, maybe during World War II, maybe they came down. Maybe this was kind of like a cave-like place. And maybe they came down and they hid in here, you know, away from to like a bomb shelter or something. You can think of all kinds of things that this could be. You never know. But it was there and it was some sort of a structure. Right now I'm just trying to get the canvas covered. But it was some, some sort of a strange structure and there, okay. Now, now we'll try to put some detail into that. There were some rocks and they were coming over here like so. And there was a, like a little roof-like thing on it. It was kind of odd-looking. It looked to me like it had probably fallen into ruins because there were places that looked all broken down. And so that was kind of like the roof of it. And then in the center, it seemed like it was really very, very dark and kind of, let me see, a little bit bluer, maybe, maybe a little bit like this. And it just was kind of strange. And then now when I take this back to my studio, I'll refine the building. Now perhaps we need just a little bit of light in there to kind of show a little, oops, that's too much, down just a little bit there. There we go. It looks just like rocks in here. It was just, it was just strange looking. I don't know how to explain it. It was just, just strange. It just looked like a place that people would go to hide down in the side of the building there, on the side of the hillside, rather. All right, now let's see here. We'll take our green, our lighter green. So I'm using a cool green because I want, I want this to be a cooler. You know, we have a cool yellow and a cool green. And when you mix the two together, you have a little bit of a cooler. I do hope that you will join us, our next show, where I, so that I can show you what this turned out, how this turned out once it was completed and the fine points put on it. There we go. Maybe that means just a little more light, just a little more light right in here. We want that to, there, there, there. We want that to really glow there. That's it. All right, and then there was probably a little bit of light on top of these guys. I'll just show you just a few here so that you can kind of get the idea. And maybe there was a little light on this tree, yeah, there was. There we go. Have a minute here. I think I'll take, and I think I'll just kind of accentuate a little bit of these guys here. This poor, scraggly-looking tree. He certainly didn't look like anything I saw in Alaska. Just a little bit over here. Okay, we've got a pretty good lay in. So I guess we have a few minutes left. Let's try to put a little detail on the building here and give you a little better idea of what that looked like. I do, I know there is one thing that I must put on. Let me see here. There's my little tiny brush. Oh shoot. I must have left it in my paint box. Well, I'll try to do it with this one. This is most important though. This was right on the top. And then I'll probably come in with a little bit of blue and try to clean that up a little bit.  There's nothing to be afraid of. You can do anything you want if you want to that enough. All right, let's try this again. There we go. Good enough. So now I think we'll put just a little more dark, just a little more dark in the base of these. Some nice darks in here to kind of pop those a little bit. And we have a little bit of a cast shadow coming over here. This is over here. Looks to me like one of those needs to come down a little bit. I have it up too high. So we'll put one right in here. You have to be sure and tune in next, the next show to see this completed. I think you'll be really happy that you did. And I'll be really happy that you did too. And so here we are in Rome behind a monastery on a hillside, one of the seven hills of Rome. And we've captured their back garden on canvas. And thank you for journeying with me today. It's been a very special treat to share this with you. Be sure and catch our next show where I will be showing you the completed painting. And then we'll go on to another destination in Italy. We will be in Italy for a few weeks. Thank you so much for joining me. Once again, my name is Kitty Lynn Klisch. And you've been watching Painting Journeys. Thank you. Bye-bye for now.


We developed an alternative flower based on fruit byproducts. Many apples are crushed into juice, and the byproduct of these juice is the pomas, that is the peels, the pulp, and these are usually end up landfill. So we develop a technology to take this material and convert it into an alternative flower. This flower is high in protein, high in fiber, low in calories, but still maintains all the vitamins and minerals, properties of the fruit, and can be used for baking, for adding to snacks bars, to smoothies, and things like that. Fermentation for me is kind of magic, because you take something and then you ferment and then it's a completely different thing. Using this to help in the environment, taking something that's now wasted and just transforming the food thing that you can eat, for me it was pretty amazing. We founded a startup company called GreenSpot Technology. We got a lot of attention from potential end users, interesting to try the flower. Many people contact us wanting to buy the flower to know when it's going to be launched. So our plan now is to build this demonstration plant, this pilot plant, where we scale the production to some consumer feedback in the product. As far as we know nothing like this has been done before, what's really exciting is it taps into a whole bunch of problems that are facing the industry at the moment. This technology really taps into that opportunity to take that byproduct, the pulp of the fruit, and turn it into something that's really high value, with a lot of nutritional value as well. An alternative flower essentially, that is cost competitive to other flowers, but also has a higher nutritional value than a lot of them as well. It was very nice to have the support of the Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship. They put us in contact with investors and advisors that made a big difference for GreenSpot Technologies. We had no real experience in business at that point, but the Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship gave us all the support we needed. The help we received from the Center was crucial to show us the way to the business world. We wouldn't have gone this far and this fast without their support.


Ukrainian partisans get into major enterprise near Moscow, producing X-31, X-35 missiles. Agents of the Atezh military guerrilla movement conducted external reconnaissance of the Tactical Missile Arms Corporation in the Moscow region of the Russian Federation. This plant is where Russians manufacture missiles and other weapons. The Atezh movement said that its agents had conducted an external reconnaissance of the central office of Russia's largest defence enterprise, the Tactical Missile Arms Corporation. It is located in Korolev, Moscow region. The movement's message on Telegram says that this corporation designs and manufactures missile weapons of various classes. Their products include X-31, X-35, X-38, X-29 missiles and missile systems such as Bastian, Yakut, Rubes and others. Atezh said they have figured out production workshops, barns with reagents and equipment. They also surely know the location of the administrative building with all the documentation. The movement emphasised that this military facility must be destroyed and they will work on it. Recall Atezh guerrillas infiltrated a key Russian missile warning centre, obtained classified information and passed it on to Ukrainian troops.


Thank you and thanks for the opportunity to be here today to speak a little bit about what the President's agenda. Obviously, as Scott mentioned, back in my House of Senate days, I had the great opportunity to attend this event. And I feel like every year it goes larger and larger and it's great to be here and be part of it. In some ways, I think it's fair to say that this event is timelier than ever. I say that because at this moment in time, Americans are acutely aware of our country's energy challenges and they're seeing how those challenges impact them and their pocketbooks. So they're paying close attention to these issues. And one issue that's raised heavily in the minds of many American families and business owners over the past few months is the rising cost of gasoline. Even as the average price of gasoline is falling over the past few weeks, consumers are still feeling the same as the cost. For Americans already struggling to make ends meet, high gas prices can lead to a straight-up 10,000-dollar crisis. Especially when you consider that transportation is already one of the largest expenses for many American families. Typically, it's technically a hazard. And every time the price of the barrel of oil rises by $10, a gallon of gas is $0.25. So the President certainly understands the impact of high gas prices both in terms of important needs for individual families and for our economy as a whole. But the hardest truth is that there are no fixed-risk rising gas prices. The recent events we've seen are driven by a massive growth effort at the Middle East, as well as growing global demand, namely from emerging economies around the world. New back countries like India and China that are growing at rapid pace and as two billion more people start consuming more goods, driving more cars and using more oil, to be able to start an outpace upon the future. That much is certain. Recently, news was made when we learned that China has overtaken the United States as the world's largest consumer of energy. That line has even more impressive when you consider that only about a decade ago China's energy consumption was half that of the United States. Half. So they were experiencing an explosive growth. In 2010, a lot of China's energy consumption rose by an impressive 11.2%, compared with 3.7% in the United States. In fact, China's growth resulted in a 5.6% increase in global energy demand. It is one-year drop since 1970's rainfall. I want to reiterate that there are no organized solutions. But that's why from the very beginning the administration has been focused on trading a new force by energy and personally affirming the strategy that will trade more secure energy due to the United States. When the president was elected in office, he employed 11 million barrels for more than a day. The president instead of fold and cheaply unfolded reduced public force by a third in 2025. To achieve that goal, we focused on the following three areas. One, expanding the domestic oil gas production. Two, promoting energy efficiency. And three, developing and employing the next generation of an alternative schools. Even as we develop next generation energy technology, we'll continue to rely on oil gas in the years ahead. And despite all the wrap-up, the government is expanding the domestic production of increased force with the administration's basic hedging process. Last year, the U.S. crude production reached its highest levels since 2003. And the president recently announced additional steps that will improve onshore and onshore by the gas development as long as the sun's taking its course away. Now, you've heard the president say that even if we increase domestic oil production, that's not going to be the long-term solution for our interest challenges. We consume about 25% of the world's oil. We only have 2% of the reserves. Maths of matter. That's why we're focused on energy efficiency, which we know is one of the fastest, easiest and cheapest ways when the United States produces dependence on oil. It's taking consumers' money and their pollution. When it comes to the transportation sector, increasing the fuel efficiency of our cars will cost no longer than 50% of its own oil. And that's because the oil used for transportation accounts for over 70% of total oil consumption in the United States today. One of the first actions taken by President Obama was to drive the EPA in the Department of Transportation to work together on a protocol. By partnering with our motor industry in key states, we're using historic agreements that's not just fuel efficiency standards ever, for long-year 2012-2016 cars and my duty trust. This program is taking over 1.8 billion barrels of oil over the life of me. Proven an average consumer of $3,000. By the way, these new fuel efficiency standards are also pretty valuable to the auto industry. After three decades of inaction and resistance to higher standards, many companies have now seen the benefits. Case in point, this past April, Ford afforded its largest first quarter profit since 1998, but sales shifted to smaller and more artificial vehicles. To build on this product, the car price, next month, the administration plans to finalize the first ever national fuel economy standards for heavy-duty trucks. We're also developing an agile fuel efficiency standards for long-year 2017-2025 cars, which results in significant oil savings for the nation and fuel savings for the American consumer. As a sign to tackling irrigation to oils, and we're talking about efficiency, I wanted to talk a little bit about increasing the energy efficiency of our home and businesses, which can reduce pollution to three jobs and lower the risk of fuel for American families. It's a win-win proposition. What's great about efficiency for the built environment is that we already have the technology. For the most part, we don't necessarily need to create something new. The biggest challenge is that in order to install the insulation, the energy efficient windows, the energy efficient lighting, you need to make your best use of it. For a lot of tenants, we've been concerned about all the options. So the administration has been focused on putting the right incentives in place, making these types of efficiency upgrades look and reach, and we're making progress. I'm looking forward to answering critical assessments that already led to the realization of over 350,000 homes across the country. And through the presence of our building initiative, we're taking steps to leverage the right extractor investment to make commercial buildings 20% more efficient by 24 hours. This program has the potential to create a tremendous impact in the years ahead. After getting the efficiency of our buildings to the state of America, we've invested about $40 million a year on the utility bill. So, getting back to our oil savings agenda and that third point there, which is investing in alternatives to oil, the administration has done a lot to pursue advanced biofuels. To date, our administration has provided over $800 million to support biofuels research and development and accelerated commercialization of these technologies. We also provided $400 million on DOE's advanced research project energy agency, ARPA-E. ARPA-E focuses on the creative, out-of-the-box transformation energy research for the success of the magnetic evidence for the nation. They are working on a number of cutting-edge technologies and projects that involve creating the fuel that's directed from the sunlight and finding more of an official place to produce energy from biomass. In addition to the cutting-edge R&D that's taking place at the International House, we're seeing more and more deciding progress through the private sector as well. In the United Arab Emirates, there are pioneering, innovative new ways of commercializing DOE's biofuels. There's another company in Montana recently met with that great advanced Kimelina-based biofuels, our military jet, literally fly faster than the speed of sound. These success stories are made possible in part because they invested in this administration at eight over the last two years. Now, as we develop cleaner sources of fuel, we will also need cleaner sources of electricity. That's the other half of the energy equation. To accomplish that goal, the president has proposed a clean energy standard. Under the president's plan, we would double the percentage of electricity that comes from clean energy sources by 2035. Part of what makes a clean energy standard attractive is that it doesn't take 100 liters instead to provide flexibility and need in the ultimate target with all sorts of clean energy from renewable, carbon and solar to efficient gas and coal and architecture as a restoration would all count towards the goal. A clean energy standard would also expand the scope of the clean energy investment and would provide companies with the certainty they need to move capital off the sidelines and in the clean energy economy. By setting very clear long-term goals or requiring facilities to increase the share of clean energy sources in their portfolio of their funds, we'll see more and more investors in the clean energy technology including many of the technologies on display in this room today. I want to stress that all of the administration's efforts to create a 21st century clean energy economy are directly connected to our economic competitiveness in the long haul. History shows us that we have to get serious about those efforts now. Think about this. In the 1980s, America was known to more than 80% of the world's clean energy capacity. 90% of the world's solar capacity We were the leaders in wind, we were the leaders in solar. Today, we'll try to have the most clean capacity. Germany has the most solar capacity. Both domestic and poor and clean energy can be used when we are a larger economy. We promised that mine was going to be one of the keys for a long-term competitiveness and the longer we wait, the higher the price for the next generation. We all understand that we've got a tight fiscal situation right now, so spare the ask our case for government investment in energy. And as we date our national priorities in the legislation and progress, we're going to have to make some stop choices. But as the President has said, it doesn't make sense to go out and invest in clean energy. After all, these investments can lead to the age-changing breakthroughs. Overt to the Department of Energy, there's a great program called the SunShop Initiative. The old program is reducing costs over energy by 75% for 40 years in 2021. It would not accelerate the point of total energy across the country. It would create jobs. It would stay in consumers' minds. And it would reduce pollution. It's a perfect example of why the President believes that he has to impact our wealth in some areas, invest in clean energy resources without having to be critical in our energy challenges and stay economically competitive in the future. I'm moving forward with this program. Thank you.