Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. In this course so far we have studied the process of speech production described in the Paninian Grammar and we saw that the speech thus produced as per the description in the Paninian Grammatical Tradition, notably in the source Paninian Shiksha such a speech which is produced is indivisible which is an expression of the indivisible meaning collection involving the Arthakasha and the Shabdakasha located in the intellect of the speaker which is also one indivisible. Then we also stated that the same speech as far as the grammarians are concerned becomes divisible by using the principle of contrast in Sanskrit Anvaya and Vethirika Avapa and Udvapa by contrasting the meaning similarities and dissimilarities and corresponding them with the similarities and dissimilarities in the sounds in the words. The grammarians figure out the components of this one undivided indivisible speech form notably the sentence and the sentence meaning. Sentence meaning and the sentence they are in fact part of the intellect under Shabdakasha and Arthakasha and this then gets reflected in the actual audible speech form and that actual audible speech form is part of the communication. Now compositionality as well as non-compositionality both we have seen are part of the speech thus produced as per the description provided in the Panamanian grammatical tradition. We studied the feature of indivisibility earlier on. Now we are studying the feature of compositionality and we noted that the compositionality as far as the speech is concerned as per the description available in the Panamanian grammatical tradition is at three levels. Artha meaning Shabdakasha word and Swara accent and we shall study them one by one. In this lecture we are focusing on the compositionality of the Artha. So basic principle of this compositionality of Artha is that sentence meaning which is referred to on the left hand side of this slide S as Sm is composed of word meanings. They are referred to in the same equation as Wm and you can have WmA, WmB and WmC when they are joined together that is if you have WmA plus WmB plus WmC you get an Sm sentence meaning. This seems to be the basic principle. This is the template of sentence meaning which is of generic nature very generic. This can be further explained in terms of some amount of specificity if not exactly specific is that sentence meaning 1 is composed of word meaning 1.1 plus word meaning 1.2 plus word meaning 1.3 and so on and so forth. Similarly, sentence meaning 2 is composed of word meaning 2.1 plus word meaning 2.2 plus word meaning 2.3 and so on as per the wish of the speaker. So if we go on doing this and we do not actually know how many sentences a speaker speaks throughout his life. So this could be a matter of observation and could be a topic for assignment. So if we say that a speaker utteres n number of sentences based on that we can say that the sentence meaning which was behind such n occurrences can be referred to as Smn. This Smn can be said to be composed of Wmn.1 plus Wmn.2 plus Wmn.3 and so on and so forth. All this still is a generic template of sentence meaning. This is how the sentence meaning is brought about and the specifics can be shown below. We continue with the examples we took last time in the earlier lecture namely Gramam Gatsati Ramaha. This was the sentence that we studied and we said that this one unit of sentence is the result of one unit of sentence meaning namely Ram goes to a village being there in the intellect of the speaker right in the cognitive process which is the initial process of speech production. Atma buddhya samet tyarthan mano yumte vivaksaya. We noted that these two are the internal cognitive stages of the process of speech production which also act as the cause of this entire process which is culminated in the audible speech. So the specific meaning template would be Ram goes to a village with square brackets indicating that it is one unit and we can also show that this one unit applying the same principles that we have seen so far of anvaya vetirika avapa udvapa. We get the following meanings Ram into square brackets plus goes plus to a village. So these are the three main units that can be carved out of one unit of sentence meaning. Let us study this basic principle in detail together with the source and some more examples in the coming part of this lecture. So what is the explanation of the sentence meaning discussion that we have had so far? The sentence meaning is nothing but a collection of word meanings. Where word meanings are put together in adjoinment of one another and such a collection then becomes a sentence meaning. If we want to pinpointedly say what is the sentence meaning, what is an exclusive part of the sentence meaning or what is exclusively a sentence meaning, we can point out to this plus sign which appears in between the word meanings as the sentence meaning. Here this plus sign is what is actually the meaning of the sentence and why we say so will be clear in a while. So this additional meaning, this meaning of the plus sign is something that is additional. What do we mean by additional? We mean that this sentence meaning is over and above the word meanings. So the meanings that are put into brackets here Ram goes and to a village these can be later on shown to correspond to the words therefore these are the word meanings.  Now what binds all these three meanings together is these plus signs and therefore these plus signs can be called the sentence meanings exclusively not even the word meanings. Word meanings are part of sentence meanings. So if you are asked what is the sentence meaning exclusively it is the plus sign in the meanings which is the exclusive sentence meaning which is over and above the word meanings which cannot be assigned to any particular word element or any word meaning element but which is assigned to the combination of words and word meanings. So this is a combination and that combination is indicated by the plus sign combination of the word meanings. So therefore we once again say that it is this plus sign between the word meanings which is the sentence meaning which is additional which is over and above the word meanings. Now what is the nature of this additional meaning which we indicated by the plus sign. The nature of this additional meaning is always relational it indicates some relation. What do we mean by relational? It links meanings of two or more words together. The linkage is what is the meaning of this plus sign. Two or more word meanings which are linked they show the plus signs show the relation between these two or more word meanings and that is what is meant as or referred to as relational meaning. It is something special in this and that is that in this linkage there is also a head modifier relationship which is implicit in this particular relational meaning combination. It is the relational meaning which is regarded as the head generally because this is what is sentence meaning after all and the respective word meanings are regarded as modifiers. The word meanings mentioned in this slide they are also structured in a particular manner shaped by certain rules. Now one of the meanings which are part of the sentence meaning has to be an action whose description involves other word meanings as parts. Then there could be some word meanings which can be linked to other word meanings which are other than action. So action is one of the meanings and there are some other non-action meanings and there could be some word meanings which can be linked to other non-action word meanings and there will be a head modifier relationship between these non-action meanings as well but primarily one of the meanings has to be an action. Let us take the example. In the example that we took earlier Ram goes to a village, goes is one meaning which involves description of an action. Ram and to a village do not involve such a description but meaning goes is one which involves description of an action, action of going. Now this is the action of going which has the third person singular and agent. These are the meanings available to us. The meaning Ram participates in the action of going as the specific agent. It is this Ram who is performing this action of going. Similarly the meaning to a village participates in the action of going as an object and we shall see the definitions of karta agent and karma object. When we study the typical saudmyas, the technical terms used by Panini in his grammar in the ashtadhyayi there we shall study the definitions in detail. Right now suffice it to say that it is the doer of the action which is called an agent or karta and it is the object which is called karman in the Panini and grammatical tradition. So to a village participates in the action of going as an object. This is the relation of the meaning to a village with the action of going and this is what is the relation of Ram with the action of going. The action of going acts as the head. Of course with the help of some rules this is established and the remaining two meanings act as its modifiers. So it is this action of going which is mainly described in the sentence. This is what we mean by the statement made in the first bullet that action of going acts as the head. It is the main meaning that is described that is to be described. It is this meaning which is primarily collected in the intellect of the speaker when atma buddhya samet tyarthan stage happens and the remaining two meanings are collected as its modifiers. So this action of going which is modified by a particular specific karta called Rama and a particular specific karma called village. This is what is being stated by this speaker. The speaker wishes to talk about this particular action mainly. This is what is the initial cognitive stage as described in the panayana grammatical tradition which we have studied before. Now the meaning Ram is related to the meaning goes as non-different and the meaning to a village is related to the meaning goes as a modifier. This is how the relationship between the word meanings come to fore as far as the sentence meaning is concerned. So in a nutshell if non-different is the relational meaning between Ram and goes and head modifier is the relationship between to a village and goes then we can say that the sentence meaning exclusively in this case is the head modifier relation as well as the non-different relation exclusively. And we are highlighting this word exclusively because you cannot assign the meaning of non-difference to any verbal element. You cannot assign this meaning of head modifier relationship to any verbal element or any meaning element provided. This non-difference as well as head modifier relationship is brought to fore because of the combination of these meanings. It is this combination of these three meanings that brings to light these relations which is why they are called exclusive sentence meanings not to be pointed towards a particular meaning and say that well this is this meaning or this is brought out by this word this is not possible. So non-difference and the head modifier relationship is the meaning of the combination of the word meanings that is why this is exclusively the sentence meaning.  Let us study the source which shades more light on this particular facet. Once again our source is the Vyakarana Mahabhashya of Patanjali. Once again this is the same as before on the Ashtadhyayi 1.2.45 Arthavadadhatura Pratyap Pratipadikam. Now there are a number of sentences that we are citing to explain the points made earlier. They are in all 11 sentences. Let us read them one by one and try to understand what they mean. So the first sentence says Padarthabhi Sambandhasya Upalabdhir Bhavati Vakya. Here I have split the words for the benefit of the audience for the convenience. The second sentence is Isha Devadatta Ittyukte Kartanirdistaha Karma Kriyagunaucha Anirdistau. Sentence 3 says The fourth sentence is And the fifth sentence is We continue and the sixth sentence is Devadatta Gama Abhiyaja Shuklaam Ittyukte Sarvam Nirdistam Bhavati Eight sentences And finally the conclusion is that I repeat 11th and final sentence says Now let us try to understand all these 11 sentences and try to see what they mean and how they are important in understanding this crucial concept of sentence meaning and compositionality and its components in namely the word meanings plus the combinatorial meaning. So the first sentence says that in the sentence the interrelation between the word meanings is obtained So the interrelation between the word meanings is obtained in the sentence how that is explained here after namely when the word Devadatta is uttered the agent gets mentioned and the object action and the quality do not get mentioned that is the meaning of the second sentence. Now the third sentence means when the word Gama is uttered the object gets mentioned and the agent action and the quality they do not get mentioned the fourth sentence means when the word Abhiyaja is uttered the action gets mentioned and the agent object and the quality do not get mentioned when the word Shuklaam is uttered that is the meaning of the fifth sentence the quality gets mentioned and the agent object and the action do not get mentioned this is the meaning of the fifth sentence and I repeat when the word Shuklaam is uttered the quality gets mentioned and the agent object and the action do not get mentioned. We continue the sixth sentence summarizes and says that here now when the sentence entire sentence Devadatta Gama Abhiyaja Shuklaam is uttered and this sentence means oh Devadatta bring the white cow when this sentence is uttered all namely agent object action and quality all get mentioned and then the meaning is understood that the agent is only Devadatta and not anyone else Devadatta ever the object is only a cow and not anyone else the action is only bringing and nothing else the cow to be brought is only white and not black etc so in conclusion we can say that the resting of these words which denoted the generic Samanya in the specific meanings Visheshe Avasthanam is what is the sentence meaning this is extremely important I repeat the resting of these words which denoted the generic when used independently resting of these words in the specific meanings Visheshe is what is the sentence meaning so this is how the Vyakarnamahabhashya brings about the concept of sentence meaning this is how the compositionality of the sentence meaning is explained let us try to understand what the Vyakarnamahabhashya has said it says that when the word Devadatta is uttered it conveys the meaning Devadatta but not just independent only Devadatta it says Devadatta which is potentially linked to a generic action which has some generic object and which has a generic quality so when you say Devadatta when you take the word Devadatta out of the sentence Devadatta Gama Bhayaja Shuklaam you find that this word Devadatta expresses what is known as the meaning Devadatta which is linked potentially to a generic action action in general and since this is an action it must be having some object which is of generic kind and this object can be having a quality which is of generic nature so the template that is conveyed by the word Devadatta as far as the meaning is concerned is something which is mentioned below so we have Devadatta as the meaning which is linked with an action of generic nature which is linked with an object having a quality both being generic in nature we yet don't know which specific action Devadatta is linked to which specific object is linked with this linked action and which specific quality is linked to this object which is linked to this action this we do not know but there is a potentiality which means and because of the generic nature of action object and quality we sense that there is a scope for any potentially congruent meaning to be linked with this specific one meaning available to us notably Devadatta from this word Devadatta similarly when the word Gaam is uttered it conveys the meaning to a cow which has a generic quality and which is potentially linked to a generic action which has a generic agent so when the word Gaam is uttered in the sentence Devadatta Gaam Abhyaaja Shuklam and now if we focus only on the word Gaam we can say that this word Gaam conveys potentially conveys an object which is linked potentially to any action in general which is congruent of course and that action which is generic in nature is linked to an agent it has to be linked to an agent which is also of generic nature and this cow must be possessing potentially a quality which is of generic nature which is not specified by the word Gaam itself so in the form of an equation we can say that a cow which possesses a quality which is of generic nature plus an action which is of generic nature plus an agent which is also of generic nature is what is conveyed by the word Gaam now when the word Abhyaaja is uttered it conveys the meaning of an action of bringing Abhyaaja means bring so this action of bringing is potentially linked to an agent which is generic in nature and also to an object which is also generic in nature which is in its turn linked to a quality which is also generic in nature we do not know the specific object and the quality and the agent of this action of bringing if we look at the word Abhyaaja independently in isolation which we hear in the sentence Devadatta Gaam Abhyaaja Shuklaam so this can be represented in the following manner namely bringing plus an agent of generic nature we do not know who is but potential agent plus an object which is again of generic nature possessing the quality which is again of generic nature similarly when the word Shuklaam is uttered it conveys the meaning of a quality which is potentially linked to an object which is linked to an action which is linked to an agent so this can be shown in the following manner white in the parenthesis indicating that it is a quality is linked to an object since Shuklaam is uttered in the sentence Devadatta Gaam Abhyaaja Shuklaam if we take the word Shuklaam and look at it independently we see that the word Shuklaam has capacity potentiality to convey the word meaning white linked to an object in this context it is to an object which is of generic nature we do not know which specific one it is when we hear the word Shuklaam we do not know which action it is linked to but some generic action it is linked to and also this action must be having some agent or karta which is of generic kind so now we have this meaning available to us by all four words looked at independently in isolation of course they are part of this sentence but if you will take them out of the sentence and look at their meanings this is the template we get out of those meanings now in each of these cases the generic meanings are potentially cognized and when a specific meaning is placed to substitute this generic meaning the relation between the specific meanings gets established and it is placing these specific meanings side by side to fulfill the generic slots which eliminate other options which can also fill in into that slot and then we have a specific meaning sentence meaning which is brought to four so when we say that the word devadatta and we go back in this slide so when we utter the word devadatta and we have action and object generically available to us now when we utter devadatta gam abhyaja shuklaam these generic slots of action and object and quality they get filled in now we see that this action is not any action it is only the action of bringing so this word abhyaja and its meaning eliminate every other meaning similarly object namely and now it is clear that this slot can be filled by any object any meaning but now in this case it is only the cow which is fulfilling this slot similarly the quality potentially any quality can come in and fill in this slot but now it is not any quality but only white as a quality that fills in this particular slot and this is how now eliminating the options becomes the process in which the sentence meaning shapes so this elimination is not conveyed by any of the verbal elements as we have seen any of the meanings conveyed by the verbal elements this is a result of the combination of word meanings that the elimination of everything else than what is currently available happens this elimination is over and above the word meanings therefore it is an additional meaning element and as we said earlier this is an exclusive sentence meaning this is how the compositionality in the sentence meaning is also explained by the Vyakarana Mahabhashya of Patanjali to summarize we have said that the vakyartha namely the sentence meaning which is indivisible from a certain point of view of communication can be shown to have composed of components these components are called padarthas the vakyartha or the sentence meaning is over and above the padarthas the meaning of the combination of the padarthas and an explanation of this is the elimination of certain meanings as proposed by the Vyakarana Mahabhashya of Patanjali such a process related to the vakyartha also corresponds to the process that is related to the vakyar as well as the vakkesvara so we shall study this so we shall study this process first of all we shall study the padartha in the coming lecture and then we shall study how this process carries forward into the vakyartha and vakkesvara in the subsequent lectures thank you so much for your attention


Hi, how are you? I hope you're doing amazing. My name is Mdenea and welcome to the weekly recap. Mdenea mafalu kumenda dubayu nohanda shuilis mama, but we are back, big and better. Cheturem sianalitile tia nili kutukapale. Jatulag nani sumboa, arasi wawuni. Kutulibia. Sisi hatunangufu, sisi hatunangufu yeyote. Sisi hatunanguwezo, yeyote inayofa nika. Kurelaks. Chetulag bada nani sumboa. Private jetpale, tukaland. Mdenea rudiya softpastu onhadi yu softspoken.  Najiwa ni magahidi tana, pesa inawa sumboa. Magahidi tana mukohia lat 24-7. Wachini kwa magahidi bana? Uzi sabahi bina yu rubi bila ugahidi. Wana kupatias kumbili uteru defaktu resetting. Ani mekata wu maskini kansu. Ondawoge. Ugahidi na wu maskini, there are two different things. Ugahidi sayi wezi, sayi wezi. Uskia dei kasa utikangutaka. Anyways, how have you been? Nimi kwa po meko aji, I'm just in love and happy.  In love, in love with myself. Ya, ya. Chasa twanzi topics. A lot has been happening. Mambo tena yu mekua mingitawun watua wa lali. Ito nuna lala tena wu na pitu. Uki lala tena yu vi, wuna patua tu alia na binguni wu mewacho. Konu kuna yu wali yanda? Siyesu ali, ali resurrect last Sunday. Wekua ni wuna abari. Tena utenadambi wewe. Utenadambi tena. Utenadambi tena wu mewacho na jiza zali resurrect last weekend. Tena wu bili wesmota menda mingi wu na mifkiri tofa uti. Uteni yu kwe li watua li kwa rahafestis, wana resurrecta na dofta tuwa koni na binguni muna tuwa kukuka da video. Hey, muta what? Anyways, on to our first story. Hey, Wakamba guy. Wakamba, Wakamba. Hima benzida tumalizu. Ita wawa. But, miu yacha ni semeki tumoja. Ono yu mama li kwa na beba yu the husband. Mi neza fanyi wu kama ni doa na India. Nahi yu doa na tuwa kuni spoil. Acha kama, laki ni kuse muku li. Acha mi, kama ni isuna dou na lazima sutiki kwa powa. Sima hindi ni tumbeba. Uku tera. Uku. Nde li. Dunjo kuni dunjo kuni dunja. Nde dunjo kuni dunja kuni dunja. Rambo na ni yambo. Substance of a hype. Kupinis kumalo ni kudunja ni kudunda. Nde su mnejuwa. Bili ni angaleo video. Nuna jami ni meishu kambani fawel. Nde najuwa. Ntukuni ni mbe ni ni? Nde lea tu. Nde lea. Hai. Meni ita kia yu inadawadz, bati ni sawa. Bati mi ni me grow kambani. Iwa ndoma pasi wu kambani wana vangwa kiyanda. Kubiri. Meni li fkire ula bdo chali ni pasi. Uu, the guy ni pasta. Na? Bibi ana traitu kwa good wife pasta si chafuke. Dekini wewa, apart from money, nneza beba, nneza sacrifice wu kanyagema topi hem. You see that money you've put aside is the reason why I would carry him. So minus the money, mi si wezi. Wajia wajia kwa ni ni? He ni maha jab. Si wezi ba? Kwa mgunjo? Na kukubelabda tu ni kubebe ufala, mi si wezi kubebe evo. Hai, uni wunjem bavu. Di omanu kusingo. Di omana da dadiangu. Kusingo. Ontu other news, Thicky Sundral relocated to the UK agum, and she's celebrating her birthday. And her birthday is eh, ilu kwa poshime, jamotwana nga napohe hangali apu ni kama 1 million wali spent. Watu ni mili dotoa su hu. Uku invite iwa. Misa se 1 million ni nini kwa honga? Ayi.  Misa na kuhiwa inside out? Mindi ona kwa ambi Kwa achami ni na zandani zako? Invitewa yu a birthday Na ni? Na sdiki sandra Na ni? Luka de kamera Adi Mike Songko kwa kariambia Are you coming? Are you still coming? Ni kambia governor Your voice is not even shaking when you're lying Because I'm telling the truth I was invited Ni kambia governor Ni kambia manze governor next time Ni ko bisitana jetlag One to one to Kwa su glipale dubai Everyday Take ten minutes to fear women Eh iliweza happy birthday to high in abstention Takanim tumi e-mail dumambia sorry for not attending E-mail tena Kwa ni ambi juwan ni zandani? Tuna juwan ni viletu na uk Kwa ni kiawatu e-mail is so normal You know what my dog You don't know these things I'm teaching you this day What's up dog? Kwa ni guli zemo na nita umbo anyway On to the next story Davido Davido tena akenya karubu ampani leki tupale Media houses amnei shima But anyway we'll not talk about that I will talk about Davido But a brand new Private jets Ili ni ambia Mi-do Tena Mi-do li 1500 gaugcha угo kwa kanala Ni kala ga ni berze Nini ni nicychil bai Nikani ni Lektyokwi Raaaa kedo Nikedoantenkee kedom and I don't have another one Anyways, Davidoo ok you're making moves and you love to see it Mi mi kama fanoa ku And I'm so happy I'm happy for him and I know you love a short man by mistake But ritsu wa No wa nichwaya niyu Davidoo tuna kik tucku ogi muonga Return back to home as long as it improves Davidoo we are proud of you Go! Go, go! Hey, hey! Big girl patches! Ketak tresa mende nuna masidis, pale bongela masidis. Pale, you know, unaji zon goza kiya na vanga red carpet vileni kubokubo. So, she need a bigger card to accommodate herself. And I... Nya si, na me, na me sana. Me am proud of Ketak tresa. She's making moves. Yeni, anatwanya siya piya sisi. Sisi was chana wa pambanaji. We can do it. Ketak na make moves. Congratulations. And I feel like she's very happy. She's in a season in her life where she's very happy in her relationship, very happy with her job. She's just in love with her. She's flourishing. Happy to see it. Congratulations Ketak. I hope I only need India to pay a lift. Sindio, uta kili? No, no, naka dubai na kili na tia sekha dubai do. Una tia sekha. Amuka dubanya kazi. Fail ya. Fail! Inaituwa. Una joniki uko dubai kuna place tulienda where there are precious stones. When you touch those stones, onainua vibration. So kiana kukana Ketak tresa na amenunua yuma cities, you raise your vibration together. Wacha womba mungu waku bariki. Viliana bariki dada ya kukunji. Wacha vibrations na siyunini. Magaidi nini. Siyaka wukaroho. Atuji mambua vibrations tu na womba, tu na onkiana mungu direkni. Vibrations atunini. On to my last story. Esta masela. Uyuni mke wa guardian angel. She went ahead and told us, pa la social media, the way she did not enjoy her first marriage. Na mimi misiku fotili ya why she did not enjoy. I'm just happy that Goda mumpati another chance to enjoy a second marriage. That's nice. Mi am very happy for her. Like there is nothing refreshing, like being in a relationship that builds you. I know she is very happy. She is loved loudly. Like you can tell guardian adores that woman and it is something that pia mimi nesataka kufanyu. Na bupos. You want to be loved, loved, down loudly. Maka maneno ya nakatakutu wakam domoni. Manaki, wewa usha changanya wana umeka mawata tuku inje. Waku ku love loudly sasa. What will happen? Women.  Loudly I mean like he's proud. Misi lazimone bandike bandike ukusushu. Bandiku kwa ndoutak? Bandiku kwa panastak. Jutana na zata. Taku mak. Uduwa kote na. Uduwa kote na. Wacha ni kwa mbestuori mi nishenda malin kakutana mtuwangu na mtuwangu. Ehi, ehi. Ali kwa na mtuwangu. Ali kwa na mtuwangu na nimtuwangu. Uli chazaje sasa. Inche mke adu. Ali kwa mtuwangu. Ali kwa mtuwangu. Ali kwa mtuwangu. Miku baya itaon. Miku bani kwa bani kwa pana. Iotu kutritiwa as a wife. Nini. Just being a girl. Coz I'm just a girl. Like. Io niki tupuwa sana. I agree. Atami mitu kianda. All the time when you go to events and we see them together, we see the way they support each other. Ako na event mi nimenda ya guardian o if ya kia kua. Nami nimi take notes na nika jambia in my if God blesses me. Wewa inini watu na nika zia baraka zangso na ya ngeleba ni. Wewa gahidi wewa. Punguza wu gahidi. Be soft nde nya. Tutapenda na uku wu kuhu gahidi. Uu na kakwa mshabua. Uu na kuhunyo. Chaya maukunyo wewa wewa. Softitown. Uku kwa softitown. Isoft. Iso na kambia town isoft. Softitown. Wata kumaliza hero. Hero yungul kwa nga soft. Wakana fanyi leki. Hei wali rarua ni. Nini. Na terape taw hill. Terape sana kubilok. Terape sana ni bilok. Terape sana itaji terape. Terape sana itaji terape. Hacha tu finish tumalona hiya mwisha. Nili nili nili. Hacha tu donjo. So, Otile Brown. Hei, hei, hei, hei. Ia me kwa on the news this whole week. One, wat people were a bit disappointed with his performance at Raha Fest. And then him he came out saying that people were paid. Ubu. Natana kuna wali wali sema. Hawa kwa wanam bubu. Nivi liali kwa nyuma ya stage wala kwa nataka karibia. So, is of itu ziki, nili a kase ma na toa guma ya gospel na a kati zpale. And personally, Otile used to be my favorite Kenyan musician. Until kuna tima kutuwa ngoma for one or two years. Ni kanda kuskiza pozi. Pozi na aka ni takea ki muziki. So, sasa Otile Brown nili kwa kwa mazishi ya chira last week. Me he so dressed in peace. Otile wo so calm. He was so calm. And then he was attended by more than 3,000 people. So, Otile kwa na bubu ruta. Ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni. But sasa na aki addressed the media. I was like, naji wami mambe bubu siwezi. Ya, like he so soft. Ah, like Elini nice. I feel like he is such a calm person. She look up to him. Not so many people have interacted with him. So, you uneza mistake calmness ya kena kiburi. But I just feel like ni una role macho. Amul kuna nga leo ko. Ni bileni me shanga uneza mistake calmness ya kena kiburi aji.  So, aki nga kwa event ana kape ke ake. So, uneza kwa zileza, ei, mo na umsia taki kutungelesha. Bacha na kuanga evo. But he o kwa mazishi ya chira the way I interacted with him.  Apart from Saudi Soul, I think his songs in Kenya are the most streamed. Na jo, afterwards kuna willi kuna bahana kuna bien, sahi. But o tile brown like, ei, nga mazake 20 million, 30 million, 15 million. I think he is doing an incredible job. Na aki feel kama haku give their fans all his best kua like performance. Tena na enza enza ake tichini angalia aone viliana weza improve. But overall, I feel like tuwache kuatak wasa ni sana. You never know what people are going through. Okay. My true sense ni, I feel like o tile, o tile ni msa ni mkubu sana. O tile is, o tile ni sta. Na, me personally have never had complaints before the live performance ake ziki flop. So maybe it was just a bad day at work. Maybe it was iku alaini wasiku. It doesn't make him a bad artist. Ya, kuna watupia wali say, my Kenyan artists need to improve on live performance. Kuna mutwali say matimitidat na kwa gana performance. Ya 60 minutes na rombosewa 55 minutes na imba 5. Ya ni, ma fans. Say mi mi ni, ni fan. Ni fan. Natia yo koment na eza aone nisha mali. Eko. No ni kasa mawe. Anyway, wasa ni wuki enda stage please. Perform, give your fans all their best. Because those tickets were very expensive. 6000 kilamtu aneza takabali for the amani. So personally I also feel Kenyan artists need to improve on stage presence and stage performance. That's it from the rich girl. Na jatama ma sayangu tena nafa kwa shuguliwantuwantu. So atwezi shu tuwan naaba. Ile, you should learn from Otile to Bika. Mi kiburi. Una chungulia tu dubai ma shuguliwantuwantu. Sia kuja kiburi. Ni kuja pakuji ficha, ni kikula chips. Na oone nisha. Na oone nisha. Haiya guys, that's it. My name is Ndenya. Until next time. Bye.


We're going to be focusing on the U.S. Space Force, abolish the U.S. Space Force, and we have some terrific guests lined up, including Congresswoman Maxine Waters, who will be joining us when she can. She's on the floor of the house. They've got some big votes coming up tonight, including another vote in the House on the NDA, $778 billion for the military budget. This is the result of some sort of bipartisan compromise. We don't have all the details yet. Likely we'll have to go back to the Senate, but we'll ask Congresswoman Waters about that when she does join us. We'll be very flexible tonight. Another guest we're excited to have is Professor, author Carl Grossman, an expert on the militarization of space, and also Bruce Gagnon, long-time activist who launched or was a co-founder of the global network against nuclear weapons and nuclear power in space. So all of that coming up. We have a capital calling party after our question and answer period, and we'll be calling our Congress members, urging them to become co-sponsors of the No Militarization in Space Act, which was introduced not too long ago, and Congresswoman Waters is one of the co-sponsors. We will also be contacting writing the White House, specifically Vice President Kamala Harris. She's overseeing a very important space task force to urge her to maintain civilian control over the International Space Station, not to in any way blur the lines between peaceful space exploration and the militarization of space because there is an effort to do that. So first let's go to Medea for some updates. Oh, boy. Well, it's a busy time. In fact, just found out that the vote on the resolution in the Senate to block the $650 million sale of weapons to Saudi Arabia just happened. We got 30 senators on our side, 67 voted in favor of selling those weapons to Saudi Arabia. So we lost that vote, but it's pretty remarkable to get 30 senators to go against a weapons sale, especially when there is a Democratic president who wants those weapons sales to happen. And let's remember that that was, it was focused or sold to Congress as defensive weapons. So many of those senators voted saying that they would not vote for offensive weapons. Of course, there's a fine line between them and we don't want to sell any weapons to the Saudis, but that was their justification. So, and then in other news, we have a new letter on Afghanistan that was just released by Congresswoman Jaya Poll, Sarah Jacobs and Chewie Garcia, that calls for an unfreezing of the funds to avoid a collapse of the banking system and a total catastrophe saying that a humanitarian aid is good but not good enough. And that's good and we will be working on that trying to get as many of our representatives to sign up on that. And speaking of signing up on letters, we have been doing a very heroic job. Yeah, because Congresswoman Waters, I believe, is on the phone. Oh, great. Yeah. Are you there? Yeah, I'm not on the phone. I'm here. Oh, even better. And I'm trying to get my video on. Okay, while you're working on that, I want to do a proper introduction. If I have a minute to do that. So we are right here. Congresswoman Maxine Waters with us. She is the chairwoman of the House Financial Services Committee. Congresswoman Waters represents California's 43rd congressional district, which includes Los Angeles, Englewood, Gardena, parts of Torrance. And she was, has been in Congress, correct me from where I think since 1991, a long time before that she was in the California State Assembly, very outspoken, urging divestment from South Africa over South Africa as apartheid. And she has been recently out front, out in front, calling for more humane policy toward the Haitians who are being deported en masse from the United States. So welcome Congresswoman Waters. Perhaps you'd like to share with us a few of your thoughts about what's going on right now on the floor of the house and your priorities as chair of the chairwoman of the House Financial Services Committee. Thank you so very much for, you know, the kind introduction, and thank you so very much about the issues that you care so much about. So much about Pope Pink is special in that they have courage, the courage of their convictions, and they're willing to take a lot of abuse because of that courage, but they have persevered over a long period of time now, and they have experienced a lot. They have fought on some of the biggest issues, and I want you to know that despite the fact that it has sometimes been very difficult. I am a friend, and Pope Pink has many friends, and I want to thank Marcy Winograd for being a friend, and for being an advocate. And so I responded to the request to be with you this evening, because basically you're interested in HR 5335 the no authorization of Space Act. Now, before I get into that, we're working late this evening, because we have some very important legislation to try and deal with. You know, we have the question of the debt limit. And I think we're going to have a vote in about an hour or so on debt limit to see if we can, you know, solve that issue and do what we have to do to increase the debt limit in order to pay our bills. And so that's very important, you know, we're all on pins and needles about what's happening with build back better over on the Senate side. We have done our work here in the house, and we put together a very, very good bill. And so this was actually Biden's vision about what was possible to give support to our families and to our children. And so it's a great piece of legislation. We don't have full support for it. As a matter of fact, when we first envision this bill, it was a $6 trillion bill. So as you know, there was a lot of wrestling and wrangling and discussion and negotiations, what have you, we could not get the support of two individuals, Democrats on the Senate side mansion. And of course, you know, what was happening with that. We were able to continue to move legislation, but it was reduced tremendously cinema and mansion have not let up basically. And so the bill has been whittled down. And I don't even know if we're at 2 trillion or 2 trillion plus now in the bill, but I focused on housing, because you know that's in my committee as chair of the financial services committee I have HUD, and I started out with $327 billion to attend to the needs of our communities relative to housing. We have homelessness. We have people who work every day and cannot afford the increasing rent. We have people who are paying over 50% of their income for rent, and we have those who are being evicted and on the streets and the problem is off the scale. And so we worked very hard. Our bill got cut back in the negotiations, but we were able to come out of it with $170 billion. And that's in the bill that we sent over to the Senate. And that bill basically covers a number of things. It covers the National Housing Trust Fund that was created when Bonnie Frank was here as chair and I worked with him, and that's to build affordable housing and to support subsidies for those who can build affordable housing and want to do it. In addition to that, we had about $25 billion in there for a combination of the home program and the CDBG program. This is monies that we send to the cities, and they have the flexibility to use that for housing. They can subsidize housing in many different ways. We had a tremendous amount of money in there for public housing. As a matter of fact, I think the biggest amount was in there. Public housing has deteriorated in this country, and people are living in unsafe conditions. And so we have elevators that don't work, trash systems that have been broken for a long time. And of course, many of the buildings in New York in particular last winter didn't have any heat. And so I think we ended up with about $60 billion in order to deal with the thousands upon thousands of public housing units in this country. And in addition to that, you know, we have about $10 billion in the bill for this new generation, first generation would be homeowners that cannot save up enough money for a down payment. But they're working every day, some of them in the gig economy with two and three jobs, they can afford to pay a mortgage, but saving the money for down payment has been very hard. And so we have some money that $10 billion in the bill to assist the first generation home buyers and on and on and on, but that's the essence of what I was able to do in working with bill back better. And so we're on pins and needles, and we're working every day to try and make sure that we can retain at least that which we have gotten, you know, in the bill and sent over, you know, to the Senate. So we have a lot that's going on here we have the National Defense Bill that's up. We're working late. We're dealing with, you know, many of the activities that have been created to try and deal with voter suppression to try and deal with the fact that our democracy is at stake. And as you listen to the commission that has been appointed by Nancy Pelosi to investigate what took place when our capital was invaded and insurrection took place in this country.  And we have members on the opposite side of the aisle, many who are lying with of along to the proud boys, the old keepers, the KKK, QAnon, all of these domestic terrorist groups, and many representatives on the opposite side of the aisle, who are defending and who supposed to be patriots, but they are part of this conspiracy that's undermining our democracy. So this is an important time in this country, and we're working hard to try and at least maintain the leadership in the house. And even if there's a tie vote in the Senate that Kamala Harris is there to always break that vote, but with two members of the Democratic Party, Manchin and Sinema, who are not working with us, it is painful. It is very difficult. And we, we're just stunned by that lack of cooperation in the ways that we're trying to make sure that we have a government that's attending to the real needs of the people. So, having said that, but we wake up every day, and we're not going to give up. We are going to continue fighting, and it's in the same spirit in my estimation as, you know, co pink. And so here we are. Thank you so much for being an advocate for the homeless for those who need housing which is as you said it's that we're in a crisis here in this country with so many people, either homeless or on the verge you know, so thank you for fighting for that money in the bill back better bill, you know, it code pink we try to make the connection between the money that is spent now $778 billion in this National Defense Authorization Act for the military, and the money that is not spent here at home to invest in human So, the more you can fight for that and a challenge this never ending military budget, we certainly would appreciate it. I wanted to ask you to, if you could share with us Congresswoman waters why you chose to co sponsor the no militarization of space act. Thank you very much and I think this is important to focus on because as you talk about the military budget. There are those who will find ways to enhance that budget. However, they possibly can. And this no militarization of space act would eliminate the space force within one year of ratification transfer all authorities duties functions missions personnel units facilities and assets to the appropriate armed forces, the problem with the space force. This space force constitute a flagrantly wasteful use of taxpayer dollars US military spending toppled as you said 704 billion dollars in fiscal year 2021, including a staggering 15.5 of this so called space force, the space force also unnecessarily duplicated much of the existing work within the Air Force, including that of space command, thereby creating bureaucratic confusion and further waste and risking the American and allied national security. It was largely perceived as a vanity project from the former president of the United States Donald Trump, and this legislation is necessary. It's necessary because the long standing neutrality of space has fostered a competitive non militarized multinational age of exploration. And by the outer space treaty of 1967, which restricts the placement of weapons of mass destruction in space and banned military maneuvers on celestial bodies. As we continue to address urgent domestic and international priorities, such as battling cove it climate change and growing economic inequality. Our mission must be to support the American people, not spend billions on the militarization of space. Donald Trump, you know, is an ego testicle maniac. And this idea of creating his own space program is something no one in their right mind should be supporting. And the brazenness of his daring to use the power of the presidency to spend this money on something he thinks will make him a stronger or more liked, I don't know what, but his ego is beyond description. And so we must oppose it. And I joined when I was asked to join as a co author, even though you know I'm way over here. In, you know, housing dealing with these domestic issues, etc. But I thought it was important to sign on because I share the philosophy of those who understand that we do not need to continue to use exorbitant amounts of money. Unnecessarily in something that's thought of and dreamed of by, you know, a man that literally is out of his mind. I don't know what else I can say, except to say thank you for giving attention to this. Thank you for talking about peace versus war. Thank you for talking about the unnecessary expenditure on wars that that is not needed or desired. I appreciate you for it. And I stand with you always on these important issues that you work so hard for. Thank you for having me with you this evening. Thank you Congresswoman waters we know that you have to get back out there boats on the floor. And on behalf of code pink and code pink Congress we just want to thank you so much for your leadership on housing for addressing the urgent needs at home and urge you to vote no on the National Rights Authorization Act to join the chorus of those opposing these arms sales like $650 million arms sale to Saudi Arabia and and to unfreeze these assets in Afghanistan so these people don't face starvation whatever. I just want to share a woman waters we will be so appreciative. Well thank you so very much I appreciate you and the work that you do, and the fact that you care so much about the people, and you're willing to stand up and fight for thank you. Thank you. Hey, hey. We are now going to move on to our other guests, Congresswoman waters has votes to cast on the floor of the house. Tonight, it's abolished the space force but before that media was there, an update you wanted to share with us. Let's be very quick on this last one, which is that we have a chance now to get this letter on Cuba to call for normalization of relations. We actually got 93 members of Congress so far to sign and we have until Friday, we want to hit the 100 mark and we'd really love to hit the 111 mark because then we'd have the majority of the Democratic members of Congress. So, we have a call in party for that tomorrow. This will be at one o'clock Eastern time. I'm going to put a another link right in the chat right there. If you could spend an hour with us tomorrow, we'll give you for different members of Congress to contact, and you can help us reach the 100 mark. So thank you very much on that, and I think I'll save the rest of the updates because we better get into our program. Right. It's great to hear about that call in party and if you can't make it, hopefully you can, but if you can't make it please do ask your member of Congress to sign on to that letter that media just mentioned. Okay, next, I want to introduce a very special guest Carl Grossman. He is the author and a professor of journalism at the State University of New York's College of Old Westbury. Carl Grossman received a master's degree in media studies from the new school for social research and wrote the book weapons in space, which outlines the US military space doctrine and its similarity with Ronald Reagan Star Wars game to dominate the earth from space. Welcome Carl Grossman. A pleasure to be with you. Congresswoman waters talked about the outer space treaty and, and that's key the outer space treaty of 1967 sets space aside for peaceful purposes and bans weapons of mass destruction. I believe China and Russia have for decades, they're our neighbor Canada, sort to expand the outer space treaty to outlaw to ban all weapons, not just weapons of mass destruction, all weapons in space. The United States has for decades blocked passage at the United Nations of the tariffs treaty the prevention of an arms race in outer space treaty. I think Iceland Roth, who actually died earlier this year he's in Philadelphia. He is a young State Department officer worked with his counterparts from the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom, and drafting and putting together the outer space treaty. He told me numerous times is quote we sought to de weaponize space before it got weaponized now with this with this space force. We're heading towards. Well, trashing the outer space treaty indeed I mean sadly enough. President throughout died this year at 85, but we, we must not have the outer space treaty die to when Trump started pushing for this space force. He said it's not enough to merely have an American presence in space we must have American dominance dominance this one country is going to dominate a space. And finally, the current President Biden, I'm just reading a headline here defense news from this year with Biden's full support. The Space Force is officially here to stay. The article went on US President Biden will not seek to eliminate the space force White House spokeswoman Jen Psaki told reporters during a February briefing that the new service has the full support of the Biden administration. And she went on we're not revisiting the decision. So it's very important that from the grassroots, we move to get rid of to push to stop this this space force which already has a budget of near $20 billion. It's launched its first offensive weapon. It's just, it's just asking for the United States is just asking for with this space force to turn the heavens into a war zone. Very disturbing and tonight I urge everybody to stay on we're going to be calling our reps in the house to ask them to sign on and become co sponsors of a bill to abolish the space forces Congresswoman waters mentioned, and we'll also be contacting the White House we can tell the White House to to discontinue this US Space Force though I'm not sure at this point that the White House could do that it seems like it's mandated in the National Defense Authorization Act that passes the 15 billion for the US Space Force. But in any event, we also want to make sure that we don't see further militarization of NASA and the International Space Station which is under threat as well. So we're going to come back to you Professor Grossman in a minute after we hear from Bruce Gagman, longtime activist and he is going to introduce him and then we'll have a Q&A period for both of you. Wonderful and remember you can put your questions in the chat it's my pleasure to introduce Bruce Gagman because I'm such a fan of yours Bruce. Bruce is a coordinator of the global network against weapons and nuclear power in space. He's a Vietnam era veteran and was trained as an organizer by the United Farm Workers Union, which you can really tell because he's a stellar organizer. He has been on both the Pacific and the Maine and regularly protests at the Navy shipyard there where just destroyers outfitted with so called missile defense systems are built. He also coordinates a whole just people all over the world on these issues and does remarkable work both writing and being an activist you're really a model for us. Thank you, Medea and Marcy. Thank you very much. I'd like to share screen if I could. I have just a couple of slides to help illustrate this. I can't get to the top part to get rid of this, so I'm gonna have to. Anyway, the US space command that the Congresswoman mentioned published this document vision for 2020 in 1997 that says US will control space, dominate space to deny other countries access to space. And on the right from the space command headquarters at Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado Springs, you see their slogan, master of space. With the creation of the space force, I must in all fairness say that we must remember that the Democrats controlled the house at the time the space force was approved in the House of Representatives. In fact, the only thing the Democrats asked for was to call it the space core rather than the space force. But in the picture on the left, you see a woman officer recently sworn in at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California is gonna be one of the new space force officers. And what's really striking to me about that photo is how they trotted out the Star Wars movie characters as if somehow this was gonna build popular support for the agency.  Under the creation of the new space force, they have a new procurement arm and their job is to make sure the space force gets all the new technologies that they need. This slide to me is extremely interesting. You might have heard that Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos and others are launching tens of thousands of satellites into space, ostensibly for 5G. As it turns out, 5G has serious military applications for surveillance, intelligence and targeting, but they want a layered system in space, one layer after the other after the other so they can control and dominate space and the earth below. I won't get into what Karl talked about, the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, signed between the US and Russia and the Peros Treaty, the prevention of an arms race in outer space. I like to say that Peros means close the barn door before the horse gets out, but the US since NYTRA mining colonies to the Mars for mining colonies, to the asteroids for mining colonies. And so again, this is a terribly dangerous thing. We have to remember that these nuclear devices are fabricated at the department of energy laboratories around the country and they have a long tragic record of contamination of workers, of community water supplies and community air. In the end, let me finish with this. Back about 15, 20 years ago, the industry publication Space News ran an editorial where they say, we have to be good corporate citizens and come up with a dedicated funding source to pay for all of this stuff we wanna do in space. And they say, we have. It's the entitlement programs that officially are social security, Medicare and Medicaid and what's left of the social safety net that is in tatters today. So these are the programs that the military industrial complex has targeted for defunding in order to pay for the space force, the nuclear rockets to Mars and nuclear colonies to Mars and everything else. Thank you very much for listening. So and then also get Bruce's response. You can see what happened with the Paros Treaty. There was Russia and China and Canada trying to indeed expand the outer space treaty and keep space for peace. And the US just blocked, I was at the UN and I've seen this occur, blocking the passage of the Paros Treaty. These days, the United States now under Biden trying to get kind of an astro boogeyman out of China and Russia. And we have to go up there. We have to have the space force because of Russia and China. What we have to do before space becomes and it will, we're at a turning point before space becomes a war zone is negotiate diplomacy, work to, again, it was done in 1967. Most nations on the planet have ratified, have signed on to the outer space treaty. We have to get back to the vision of the outer space treaty and truly keep space for peace. And Bruce, did you wanna respond to that? Yeah, I think that we should remember that for the last 20 years, after the US pulled out of the ABM Treaty, the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty that was under George W. Bush's time in office. Russia and China have been saying you're now encircling us with these so-called missile defense systems that are the shield to be used after a US first strike attack. We'd like to get rid of our nuclear weapons, but we can't because now our retaliatory force would be in jeopardy after you hit us in a first strike and then we try to retaliate. You have this missile defense shield that would ostensibly pick off Russian and Chinese nuclear missiles. So it's my perception, having worked on this issue for many years that Russia and China have been really trying to negotiate honestly and fairly. I saw a question just a minute ago asking about the recent Russian tests where they knocked out one of their own old military satellites in space. I was asked to comment on that. Russia has done that, China has done that, India has done that and the United States did it. In 2008, an operation they called Burnt Frost that fired from an Aegis destroyer that they were made here in Bath, Maine, where I live. It fired a missile defense interceptor into space and knocked out a satellite. And so my perception of what Russia was saying was, you're increasingly being aggressive towards us. NATO is surrounding both encircling Russia and China today. NATO is actually moving into the Asia Pacific and we're not gonna let you be the master of space. We've tried to negotiate, but if it comes down to it, we will deal with you. That's not the best situation that we're looking for, obviously. But I think we've got to really pressure our own government here. Yes, Bruce, I noticed recently that there's a lot in the news about the US military saying, we've got to even be more aggressive in space because China is launching these new weapons in space. Any thoughts on that, you or Karl? Ken, in my view, pushed China and Russia after these decades of refusing to expand the outer space treaty and now creating a space force, we've really pushed Russia and China and I'm not trying to make any excuses. It's been decades. We've pushed them to the wall to a situation where they're really getting ready to respond in kind. And when we weaponize space as we're moving towards with this space force, even though, and I've spoken to the Chinese diplomats, I've spoken to Russian diplomats and take it for what it's worth. And they've said to me, and I've written this in articles and reported it on TV programs, they say we don't wanna blow out national treasuries on weapons in space. I mean, this isn't like purchasing a Bradley fighting vehicle. We're talking about billions upon billions of dollars, but they've told me too, if the US persists and does this, we're gonna respond in kind and I'm afraid now we're seeing that response. I think it's important to remember that during World War II when Hitler invaded the form of Soviet Union, by the end of it, 27 million Soviet citizens died at the hands of the Nazis. And Russia is pretty clear that they're not gonna ever let that happen again to their people. And that's where we are today. When you're encircling Russia as the US and NATO are today, remember it was Bill Clinton that broke the promise of George Herbert Walker Bush to Gorbachev that NATO would not expand one centimeter towards the Russian border. When Bill Clinton was in office, he started a NATO expansion and it's been on steroids ever since. Bruce, I wonder. I would just like to add another layer here which is important for people to, you gotta understand and know history. A lot of the US space policy developed way back when the United States under what was called Project Paperclip brought over 1,000 Nazi scientists including Verna von Braun to this country. And they were involved, many of them were involved in Nazi rocketry including von Braun. In fact, he was based with some of his fellow former, I don't know, former Nazi scientists at the Redstone Army Arsenal in Alabama. And there what he led the development of was the Redstone rocket which was basically more or less a duplicate V2 rocket. It was the first rocket developed by the United States capable of carrying a nuclear weapon. There was a General Dornbergerer also brought here Project Paperclip. He was in charge of the whole Nazi rocket program and he wrote a plan. This goes back after World War II of nuclear arms satellites all up in space being able to having the US controls. And then let's jump to Ronald Reagan's Star Wars program. I mean, the Star Wars program was predicated on and I detail it weapons in space on orbiting battle platforms with laser weapons, hyper-velocity guns and particle beams. And part of that nuclear connection, that's where it's the global network against weapons and nuclear power in space. And this wasn't reported back in the 80s was that these battle platforms which would be above our heads that the US would put into space would have nuclear reactors on them or super plutonium systems providing energy for these high-energy weapons. Indeed, General James Abramson who was in charge of the Strategic Defense Initiative also called Star Wars said at a conference and I've quoted him many times on this that without reactors in orbit we're gonna have to have a long extension cord back down to earth bringing up power for these weapons. So here we are now with the space force with it's gearing up to do Star Wars deja vu to weaponize space and with a democratic regime in Washington, though these Congress people who have bought forth this important act that we referenced tonight have done a very good thing. But basically, as I said earlier what's needed here is grassroots action. And I would suggest folks tie into the global network against weapons and nuclear power in space because it's been the leading group internationally fighting this nightmare of the United States leading the weaponization of space. Yes, Carl, and we have with us the co-chair or rather the co-founder of that group Bruce Gagnon and Bruce, if you wanna chime in on what your organization has been doing to push back on the militarization of space that would be great. And also maybe if you can give us some of the nitty gritty on what kind of weapons they're putting up there or plan to put up there. I've read about direct energy weapons, laser weapons as Carl mentioned and so forth. Yeah, many different things. You know, not everything works out. They are saying that their first space force weapon will be basically a ground-based laser that could basically hit a satellite in space. A different kind of anti-satellite weapon, if you will. They've tested these already. They're working on kinetic energy weapons. That just means one thing smashing into another in space. They have various technologies where they wanna be able to fire something, a missile or some object from space to targets on the earth, part of the US First Strike Program. You should all pay attention to the X-37, the super drone that has shown it can stay in orbit for over a year at a time. And, you know, non-manned, non-person drone, its capability they say could be used for surveillance, reconnaissance, knocking out satellites in space, but also dropping weapons onto the earth that would be used again in First Strike attack, nuclear bombs, for example. So a whole host of these technologies and many more are underway. The global network before COVID every year we would have an international conference in a different country, trying to go to various places around the world that are part of this project. As it turns out, the US has set up downlink stations around the world that talk to the satellites as US military satellites, orbit the earth, they relay signals, they spy on people in Europe and in Asia Pacific for the NSA. And so we go to these places and we have conferences. We also make a lot of videos. Every month we do a video. I urge you to go to our website and look in our resource section for our videos. We're not gonna get anywhere until more people begin to understand this issue. And this is why we every month make a short video about a different aspect of this space program. So please go and look at those videos and look also in that same section at our recent newsletters. There's a big push right now to build new space ports all over the world in the United States and around the planet because Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, these guys they're getting contracts from NASA and the Pentagon to launch these 5G satellites that again are gonna have military operation application. And so they need more launch facilities. And when you launch, they're talking 80,000 mini satellites into space. Guess what happens? Toxic pollution that goes up and begins to further degrade the ozone layer.  So all these issues really come back together on some level. We're talking money, we're talking climate, we're talking war, it all fits together. Absolutely, and I appreciate you making that connection. I was reading about space debris as well and how we're looking at more collisions in space and the fallout from this debris. And I think that this topic of the militarization of spaces is missing from the conversation about climate. So thank you for bringing that up. Let me just add one short point about the space debris. In 1989, I organized a protest at the Kennedy Space Center and our speaker that day was Apollo astronaut Edgar Mitchell, one of the early moonwalkers. He came to speak out against weapons in space. And he said, if we have one war in space, it will be the one and only because we will create so much more space debris orbiting the planet at over 15,000 miles an hour. It's gonna create a cascading effect, crashing into international space station into other satellites. And before long, you just have this field. He called it a piranha laced river or a minefield around the earth.  And more importantly, the earth goes dark because virtually everything we do on the planet today, whether it's cell phones, internet banking, cable TV, air traffic control, GPS, you name it, everything is hooked up to satellites. And so when we have this cascading effect, smashing everything in space, life on the planet, literally, we always are accused of wanting to go back to the Stone Age, well, this is the way to do it. Thank you very much Bruce Gagnon and Carl Grossman. At this point, I would love for everybody to unmute or shave, you can help us all unmute. And we can thank our guests because we definitely want to get on to the action portion of this call where we're urging our reps to cosponsor the no militarization of space act. And we're also contacting the White House and we'll all hear us, the vice president who has a very important role.


Welcome to ITU Telecom World 2019 in Budapest, Hungary. We are very pleased to be joined in the studio today with Ms. Doreen Bogdard Martin, who is the Director of Telecommunication Development Bureau for ITU. Doreen, welcome to the studio. Thank you. Now the theme for this year's event is innovating together, connectivity that matters. What do you think makes connectivity meaningful? Well, I think it's important that the debate is actually starting to shift. So it's not just about connectivity, it's about what you do with connectivity, connectivity that matters, and giving meaning to the connectivity. So for the half the world that's currently connected, it's about making sure that they're connected in a way that they have sufficient bandwidth to be able to make use of their connectivity. And of course, that they actually have access to content that is useful in their local languages. From ITUD's perspective, what innovative technologies, policies, or approaches have got the greatest power to transform lives everywhere? For us, I would say it's all about collaboration. So the approaches need to be collaborative. We need to be embracing a sort of whole of government approach, whole of society approach. It's not so much about operators and regulators being adversaries, it's really about collegiality, about bringing all of the stakeholders together and cooperating to make the best use of those, the connectivity for those that are currently connected. And of course, to find ways, new business models to connect the other half of the world that's currently not connected. Talking about collaboration, how important is collaboration between sectors and nations in achieving that transformation? So as I mentioned, like this whole of government, whole of society approach is key. And we really see that connectivity cuts across all sectors of the economy. And when we think digital, we think digital society and digital transformation, it's really about how you can use connectivity to extend healthcare, to extend education, to help small farmers really focus on agriculture as well. It really cuts across all sectors of society. Now, ITU Telecom World's been in ITU's calendar for many years. I just wanted to ask you, what's the role and value of events such as ITU Telecom World? It's a great place to network. It's very multi-stakeholder. We've seen this week, we have academia, we have civil society, we have the operators, the equipment companies, the regulators, the policy makers. And it's really about convening and bringing everyone together and discussing the latest challenges and how we can together advance meaningful connectivity. We've seen you very much all over the exhibition center here at the forums. I just wanted to ask you, what were the highlights of ITU's participation in this event? And do you have a message to participants here in Budapest as well as our wider audience watching this? So my message would be come and join us in our journey. Our mission is to connect the world and we need partners. It's not gonna happen with the ITU and the VDT on its own, we need partners. And so for us this week, it's been excellent. We have brokered a number of new partnerships, forged new ways of collaborating in our work. I would say the big highlights, yesterday we signed the Crisis Connectivity Charter. We're super excited to be engaged in that and it helps us to step up our work in emergency communications. We know that telecommunications can save lives, especially in emergency situations. And it was a historic, I think, moment for us to join and become part of this Crisis Connectivity Charter. So that was great. And we've also announced a new initiative with one of our partners, Cisco, on digital transformation and this is very much focused on digital skills and rolling out digital skills programs around the world through these digital transformation centers. And so those that are in the furthest, in the most remote places, can still get the necessary digital skills to be able to access and obtain the benefits that connectivity can bring. Well, Dorian Bogdermott, thank you very much for joining us in the studio. We wish you all the very best, for I'm sure it's gonna be a very busy end of the year ahead of you. And thanks again and hopefully we will catch up with you again very soon. Thank you very much. Thank you.


U.S. Open, baby, 2020. G'day, Quentin Peck here from QP Sports Management, tomorrow's athletes today. Here we are at the beautiful U.S. Open 2020, obviously here to watch Scotty, but there's a bit of business to do as well, so hopefully fingers crossed, we can sign up some new athletes up for QP Sports Management. Let's get it done. Morning. Have a good day. Look at this, hey? Bail. Come at me. James! James! Hey! How are you? You gonna be getting my calls? That's Scotty's coach. Ah! Oh, it's exhilarating. We are looking for numbers to fill the books at QP Sports Management. I need to get these business cards out. Really well done. Local designer. QP Sports Management. QP Sports Management, tomorrow's athletes today. Great to see you. Good to see you guys. You've been getting my emails on. You know, I've been messing them. What's going on? I am sending emails to the right, Mark of Morris, that Gmail, no, that's the wrong, that's the wrong email. Scotty made good on his promise. He was able to find me four interns, which I think is a perfect amount of people for one person. I may forget their names during the day, so I'm actually gonna give them all name tags. Oh. It's gonna be hard work, but they look like they can handle it. Pretty college credits do we get for this internship. Ben, Pergy Ferguson. I think we should talk. You know what I mean. Yeah. I've got new business cards done. Cool. So do you wanna chuck that in your... Sounds good, Ben. I'll see you later. Ben. I'm gonna get him on my books. Eat a tough cookie to crack. So guys, obviously this is a restricted area. There's a lot of athletes, managers like myself. They're very lucky to be here as interns. When approaching the stairs, just take it easy. Scotty! Hey Scotty, quick. Feel good? How you feel? Yeah, good. Welcome back. Yeah, so this is obviously where Scott waits to go down. He knows also not to bother me when I'm training for finals, so he's done that now and I'm gonna continue to move on, but... Great to see you, Quinn. I'll see you later. Let's go. Go mingle. Go make some deals. Scotty's obviously about to drop in the interns role here. They know not to be too distracting. I've sort of spoken to them about that, so they're very quiet. You people, it's going to be tomorrow's athletes. You gotta hustle. It's Toby Miller. Massive, massive athlete in the half bar. Not you. Thank you. Yeah. We can make a difference. Okay? What is this? New business cards done. What's going on here? What did I tell you about being on your phones during work? Hey. Good to see ya. Good to see you too. Here's from Mother Russia. I got new business cards done there. So... So, Victor. So, yeah, it is, isn't it? Love to chat about your future. Maddie Mastur, big hard part rider, someone that I would love to sign up. I've got connections absolutely everywhere, including... Red Bull. Did you get that hat from Indonesia at a stall or did you, Jay Cantor? How are you? I'm good, how are you? Well, what are your strengths off the snow? Pretty good at sleeping. Also, I skate for you. The skating is probably an avenue that I would explore more than the sleeping part. So, this is behind the scenes. You don't get to see this often. Here we go, the interns. That's Red Bulls for ya. Okay, there it is. Gives you wings. So, I'm just trying to make sure that we're gonna work well together. So, here we go, ready? How many snowflakes does it take to make a modified super pipe? What if it was just one massive snowflake? All came down in one go. Yeah, did you think about that? I think it's creative and I like it. It's all about the ankles. That's really nice. I see a 23 page spread in GQ Magazine. That's what I see. Why did you take me down here? Why did you take me down here? There is nobody taking up the place of tough guy, the bad boy on the snow. I think you can take that. You think I'm the bad boy of the snow? I think you're the bad boy and I think we can work with that. I'm thinking a GQ shoot with the Harley-Davidson, maybe topless. Look at the walls. Look at the walls. It's important to obviously work hard, but you've got to know when to take a break as well. Oh, I spoke too soon. Go for Becky. Stoey, how are you? What are you doing? Now I'm at the US Open. Yeah, no, hard life, I know. I've been looking for you guys. Are you watching the competition? Yeah, we're here to work. How many times have I told you this? We have to do work. I've been here for the slope style. We're here for the half pipe. What's an everyday thing that you use all the time until you go, jeez, I would love to just be more involved with this? Headphones. Let's get your own headphones. You know, these are the things that I can do. I'll give you a business card. No one needs to know about it. OK. Keep it between you and me. There it is. OK. I'm doing it. I can get you legit at Rebel Athlete Gear, a real star. Athlete's only. You know, this is obviously... OK, that could be cool. Yeah, yeah, yeah, it would be. Any Maestro's. Potential client. Future client. How's the rig looking? How's the... You got a six pack? Oh, yeah. It was better in the summer. I can give you a diet. Give you a six pack in. Three weeks. Glad, right? Yeah. He's going to be a future athlete at... Tomorrow's Athlete's Day. Don't remember. Yeah, keep the card. Keep the card. OK. All right, let's be in touch. All right, yeah.


Let's consider an example of the relationship between stress and strain. In this case, we have a rod. The rod is made out of aluminum. And I would have to use some sort of materials, textbook or the internet, to determine the modulus of elasticity of aluminum, which has a value of, we'll say, 10,000 ksi, which is kilopounds per square inch. So if I look at the aluminum, there's a certain loading on the aluminum here. In this case, 54 kilopounds, or 54,000 pounds, is being applied to a rod that is 3 inches in diameter. 3 inches in diameter. So let's see what information we can determine from this. In particular, let's figure out how much that rod stretches as a result of this load. We can begin by establishing an initial area of the rod. And we recognize that the rod is drawn as a circle, probably described as a circular rod. So we use our geometry. The area is equal to pi d squared over 4, or pi r squared. And we calculate 3.14 times our 3 inch diameter squared divided by 4. When we do so, we get 7.07 square inches for the cross-sectional area of the rod. Again, when we apply stress, we need to apply it. We need to calculate it based on a perpendicular face. So we cut across the rod, and hence we're looking for the cross-sectional area of the rod. Well, with that area and the initial load, we know the relationship between stress and our axial force is P over A. So we take our 54 kilopounds and we divide it by the 7.07 square inches. When we do that, we get a value of 7.64 ksi, where the ksi stands for kilopounds per square inch. Now that we've established that, we recognize that sigma equals e epsilon. We're going to have to manipulate that a little bit. If we do so, we know that our strain is equal to our stress divided by our modulus of elasticity. In this case, that value is going to be our 7.64 ksi divided by the 10,000 ksi, both of our kilopounds per square inch cancel. And we get a strain value of 0.000763. It's not strange when working with metals to get very small strain values. Well, what does that information help us with? If we're interested in figuring out how much the metal actually stretches, we need to remember our relationship. That strain is equal to the change in length divided by the initial length. So if we want to determine our change in length, we multiply the strain by the initial length. So our length of 40 meters above times our strain gives us a value of 0.031 inches. So roughly 3 1-hundredths of an inch. I'm sorry, compared to 40 inches, not 40 meters. So notice this very, very small amount of deformation is one of the reasons why we assume that there is very little or no deformation when we initially calculate our stresses in something like a truss. Let's consider a second stress and strain example. In this case, we have a bar that's made of steel. We know the dimensions of the bar. It's only one meter long. It has a depth of 4 millimeters. And it has a height of 2 millimeters. When we apply an axial force to the bar of 1.6 kilonewtons, we see a deformation of 1 millimeter. Occasionally, one of the letters to represent deformation is the letter small Greek letter delta, which will sometimes be used for representing deformation as well. In this case, we have a change in the length of 1 millimeter when we apply a force of 1.6 kilonewtons. Well, let's see what information we can determine from this. Notice I haven't given the modulus. We could look up the modulus to see what might be reasonable for steel. But let's see if we can find the modulus since we're given all of their information about the bar. First, we recognize that our stress is equal to the force applied divided by the cross-sectional area. Well, that's our 1.6 kilonewtons applied to an area of 2 millimeters times 4 millimeters. Well, 2 times 4 is 8. The 1.6 divided by 8 gives us 0.2. And then our units are in kilonewtons per square millimeter. Let's sort of change those units, shall we? 0.2, in this case, kilo is 1,000. Millimeter is per 1,000. So in this case, we take kilo times 1,000. Times 1,000 again for each of the millimeters. Times 1,000 and times 1,000 again. And we can get giga newtons per meter. Well, a newton per meter is also a unit of pressure known as a Pascal, 0.2 giga Pascal. Now let's calculate the strain. Our strain is our change in length divided by the initial length, which we see is 1 millimeter divided by 1 meter, or 1,000 millimeters. The millimeter cancels out. And we get a strain value of 0.001. If we recognize again our relationship, sigma equals E epsilon. This time, let's solve for the Young's modulus, E, which is equal to the stress divided by the strain. In this case, we get 0.2 giga Pascal's divided by 0.001. Move that decimal place three places by multiplying by 1,000. And we get a value of 200 gPa, giga Pascal's, which is a central value for the modulus of elasticity of steel.


It's time to use my favorite product. Waves have wave cream, oh my God. We're about to make these waves look luscious and juicy and vibrant and sexy, huh? This one looks so good. My friend H has a good amount of wave to his hair, but he becomes very frizzy easily. I just put our salty sea salt spray in just to add that little bit of grit to his hair. Because on a guy, I want it to look more lived in and sexy rather than shiny and overdone. I put the wave cream in to really hydrate his waves as well as add some soft definition.  He looks fierce, I'm obsessed, it looks so good, ah.


People have goals and priorities besides just living longer. The way we can learn what those goals and priorities are is a highly technical procedure. We ask them, but we don't ask. In medicine we don't ask. Less than a third of the time do we ask people what their goals and priorities are if their health worsens. When we do, however, that group of people end up with less suffering because they tend to stop their aggressive therapy sooner. They have less days in the hospital or in the nursing home. They're less likely to die in an institution. They're more likely to go on hospice towards the end of life. And the irony is they live longer. Lung cancer patients in a randomized trial lived 25% longer, one-third lower costs. And that just means we're making bad decisions as we come to the end. The most important ways that these folks who are good at it do it is by asking certain basic questions that allow you to tune the care appropriately. And those few questions are, what's your understanding of where you are with your health or your condition? Prognosis is very hard as a subject, but people will often tell you exactly what they're experiencing. What are your goals and priorities if time becomes short? What are your fears and worries for the future? What are you willing to sacrifice and what are you not willing to sacrifice? Based on those, we don't ask them in our nursing homes. We don't ask them in our medical world. We have treated it as if doing so might be a death panel, but I think that's changing remarkably. I think we're finally accepting that we can ask these questions and then demand that our answers are honored, our wishes are respected. The dirt roads in rural villages and the streets of urban slums are filled with the carcasses of development programs that died. Because no one understood culture. And so one of the reasons I'm excited, and you may have read because I posted something this week. I spoke last week, I did the keynote at the Jeff's Gold Forum at Oxford, and I talked about this question of art, culture, development, activism. And so we are going to be looking at that intersection of how we use culture for storytelling. Because we know that people's perceptions and their ability to absorb knowledge information and to determine their viewpoint is often not... Well, in fact, we know the neuroscience tells us actually the facts are not more than 50%. The fact is less than 50% of a person's... The part of the brain that processes the fact has less influence on the outcome of a person's perception than a host of other inputs. Absolutely. Culture is the primary. And so whether we're working on ending child marriage, which if you're working on ending child marriage or FGM, you don't start by talking about a UN report or appropriating some culturally specific thing that a group of feminists in the United States believe ought to be the storyline. You start by in the village asking the carriers of the culture. How do we change your tribe, your communities' views on whether women should be subjected to this kind of torture? How do we change that? That's how we start, but that hasn't been the way we've operated for most of our history.


It is not true. If anyone calls you telling you that you have a warrant for your arrest and that you need to Apple Pay or Venmo or PayPal or Zelda money, it is 100% a scam. If there is actually a valid warrant for your arrest, law enforcement is going to be kicking down your doors and waking you up in the middle of the night. No one is calling asking for you to Venmo or PayPal the money. I can assure you of that. These are all bogus scams and should be ignored. If you have any questions, feel free to contact us immediately.


And I'm up from Philadelphia today to talk with you guys. So I'm a software developer at Artisan Mobile, and Artisan is an all-in-one platform for native app, analytics, A.B. testing, personalization, and marketing automation. But today I'm not here to talk to you about Artisan. I'm here to talk to you about my experience. We're just going to go to the handout. How's this? Much better. Thank you. Today I'm here to talk to you about my experience working with kids and teaching kids to code. I want to give you some tips, some resources, speaking from my experience, but my real purpose is to hopefully convince some of you to spend your time working with kids and teaching them how to think like programmers. The group that I volunteer for is called Tech Girls. Tech Girls is a 501c3 nonprofit, also based in Philadelphia, and our aim is to reduce and hopefully one day eliminate the gender gap in tech. We do this with workshops. We have an entrepreneurial summer camp. The idea is to give girls hands-on experience with different kinds of technology and to enable them to interact with women who have carved out successful careers in tech. Research shows that up until high school, girls and boys have similar interests in STEM, so we're targeting girls at this critical age in hopes of convincing them to stick with those geeky interests and start to change the equation in our field and beyond. And we've had some success. We recently completed an impact survey in which 92% of the girls said that their experience was valuable, but even more importantly to me, 70% of the girls said that they were more interested in tech careers as a result of their experience. So this is a great cause, and working with geeky kids is awesome, let's be honest. And maybe you know some girls and boys that you'd like to work with to teach them how to program or do some circuit hacking, but where do you begin? And so this is where I wanted to give you some advice from my experience working with kids and running effective workshops. So I've done quite a bit of work, and I've found that the Raspberry Pi is actually a great platform to use. It's dead simple to work with. It's very cheap. You can get started for about $30 a unit. It's also a fully functioning computer. It boots Linux. But my favorite thing about it is that it's so simple to hook up to the IOPins on the Raspberry Pi. Once you do that, I mean you're doing more than just writing code. I mean you can actually start hacking the physical world. So up here, the class that I taught back in September, which is my most recent tech girls class, we actually used the Scratch programming language. But I wanted to put some Ruby code up here just to show you how simple it is to talk to the IOPins on the Raspberry Pi from Ruby. So we had the kids write some code like this. And granted, these are kids who have never done any programming before. So it starts out really simple.  But if you hook up a single LED to that, now you've got a light that's blinking. And then we'd have them swap that out with a counter chip. And now you can drive a sequence of 10 LEDs, which is kind of what you see on the right over there. So a technique that I've learned working with kids and helping kids to learn new skills is scaffolding activities like this. So your activities are relatively small and they build on top of one another. It's a bit more work to craft this experience. But I find that, especially with kids who are starting out with no experience at all, it makes it much more inviting to dive in rather than showing them in the deep end but crafting these experiences so they build on top of one another. And I also think that it makes it possible to get more done in less time. So blinking an LED may not seem like much. But if you can turn on an LED, then you can spin a servo. And if you can spin a servo, then you're just steps away from building a robot or an automated Nerf gun. So a couple more tips from my experience. Up here I have some of the student guides from the workshop that I created. And what I wanted to say was, you want to be, it's really easy to go overboard with how much you want to teach during a workshop or anything. And anyway, you can't pour knowledge into the student's head. You want to explain what you're doing. You want to demonstrate how things are going to work. But you want to spend most of your time in the coaching role. You want to spend most of the time with the kids being hands-on. The kids can help each other out. And the kids should be showing off the work that they're doing. And speaking of time, there's never enough time in a workshop to get everything done that you want to get done. This is a lot like software development projects. And so that's another reason why we build the small activities that scaffold on top of one another so that any point can be a good stopping point for your workshop. And the rest of the activities can be used next time or as bonus activities. And speaking of stopping points, I wanted to remind you to take breaks. Working with kids and building out these workshops, the break time, just like here at a conference, is sometimes when you have the best conversations, the best questions and the best ideas. I wanted to talk a little bit about getting organized. For one, if you're ever doing a workshop and working with kids and electronic components, it is buy lots of those little plastic baggies and get yourself organized ahead of time. Because you do not want to be running around trying to find the 10K resistors and getting them to the right kids, especially when you have a dozen of them. So getting organized practically is one thing. But also, how do you organize the space? I mean, so you've got a dozen kids and you've got a dozen projects to do. And I think of this the same way that I think about organizing a software development team. So you need space to come together as a group. You need space to work independently. And I also am a big fan of pair programming. And I think two kids to a workstation actually works really well. They help each other out. They don't get stuck as often. And they come up with twice the ideas. Although I have found that just like with grown-up developers, it can be hard to convince kids to pair. But speaking of pairing, I want to say these are my final tips. Just find a great partner. This is Andrew Gannum. He's also a Philadelphia. And was my co-teacher and helped develop this course together. So we have complementary skills. We're both programmers, but there's a lot to do pedagogically, technically, logistically. And it helps to find a great partner if you're interested in teaching a course together. There's no reason to do it alone. And also to think about hands-on, the more complex that your activities are, the more adults that you're going to need. We actually had a four-to-one kid-to-programmer ratio at the event that we did last September, which is pretty high. It probably is about the most that you will need. So I want to wrap up by saying that if you've thought about working with kids, I highly recommend checking out the tech shops in a box. This is a resource being made available from Tech Girls. These are complete, end-to-end lesson plans. They talk about what to do to get prepared. They talked about how to spend your time during the workshop. They have a great community around them, and they're not just for girls either. But there are a ton of other resources out there. There's Code.org, Code Academy, Khan Academy. Though a lot of the work goes into coming up with a plan and making preparations. But once you get to the workshop, time flies. Seeing what these kids can build and how fast they learn is so rewarding. Watching them grow up, stick with STEM, and one-day teach workshops of their own is even better. Our field is expanding, and we're going to need these kids. The Department of Labor estimates that there will be 1.2 million new tech jobs by 2022. But the schools aren't keeping up. Only 5% of high schools are teaching AP computer science. Only 12% of the tech girls that we had surveyed were doing anything related to technology at school or even in their after-school programs. So it's up to us. It's up to us to teach, to coach, and to inspire the next generation. I hope you'll join me. Thank you.


I wanted to come in and ask specifically about your role, Baskar, in the coming general election, because I saw a reference to Jacobin and Chapo and the whole sort of left media sphere. I think it was from Matt Iglesias from Vox, and he was saying that, you know, even if Bernie endorses Biden, there's going to be some holdouts who are unwilling to do so. And I'm wondering, you know, how are you thinking about this strategically? Because one argument is to say, well, for one, you're not infused by this guy for obvious reasons. So why would you go out and bat for him and campaign for him? The other argument is, you know, one of the arguments as to how the left can have leverage in the next round of primaries is to say, look, you need us to campaign for you, so vote for our candidate. But also there could be a third sort of consideration to make, which is many people are saying, you know, one of the limits of Bernie Sanders was that he wasn't seen as a Democrat. He wasn't seen as someone who plays for that team. So do you think there will be some people potentially on the Bernie wing who are going to go all out to show up to show, look, we are proper Democrats, we will campaign properly for Biden, bring us into the fold with the idea that that will give them more legitimacy the next time around? On the last count, I don't think so. I think it is a complicated situation because we should say that these two candidates are not equally are not the same. Biden is a lesser evil compared to Donald Trump. That is, in fact, true. It's true on everything. Even this whitewashing of Trump's record on imperialism, which makes it seem like he's some sort of anti-imperialist force, that they're both bad on foreign policy. There's nothing good about what Donald Trump is doing there. But beyond that, as Marxists, we should think about social forces. Now, one is a centrist candidate who we don't like for all sorts of reasons, who's going to accumulate whatever institutional forces exist in the progressive movement in the U.S. A lot of them are NGOs and other groups, but also our trade unions. They're all going to back and rally behind Joe Biden. He's going to in some way have to be accountable to them, at least not in that direction from time to time. Of course, we know the record of betrayal from Democrats, just like the record of betrayal from labor leaders in the past. On the other hand, is a guy who's a right populist leader with a coalition that has every big capitalist in the country behind him and in a coalition that has really nasty, verently right-wing racist elements behind him. So put it that way, I mean, who would we rather be in opposition to? I'd rather be in opposition just for the sake of the constituencies and the social base and the working people of this country that we say we're engaging in politics for with Joe Biden.  There's nothing in Joe Biden's platform that's a big concession to the left. There's nothing in there that signals that he wants our support. Now, if I was in a swing state and my vote could make the difference between Trump or Biden getting elected, sure, I'll pull the lever for Biden. This isn't about me and what makes me feel good morally. It might make me feel good morally to write in Bernie Sanders, but politics isn't about that. But what I will do in November, even though I won't canvass for Joe Biden, and also because I'm in New York, I won't vote for the guy, I will canvass for down ballot progressive candidates and I will canvass to the extent we can with coronavirus. I mean, I actually go out there and knock on doors and talk to people. I will do it for Medicare for all and for our key issues. And I will try to cement a base around the Bernie Sanders movement so we can figure out how do we regroup left populist and Democratic socialists and others who want an alternative within and outside the Democratic Party. I think that's the way forward. Bernie Sanders will be out there and he will be actively campaigning for Joe Biden. I think we shouldn't oppose him for that. That's what he said he'll do. He did 40 events for Hillary Clinton. Don't believe liberals when they tell you he undermined Hillary Clinton. No, he was out there campaigning for her. That's what he's going to do and he's going to take far more of the base with him than people on the far left can. But our role is a little bit different. We're trying to build an opposition movement. I think by saying there's no difference between Trump and Biden, we could end up being scapegoats for Biden's own deficiencies. We have to prevent that. But there's no way I think we should encourage DSA chapters to go out there and actively expand our finite resources, canvassing for Biden when we could canvass for good down ballot progressive candidates and for our issues like Medicare for All.