So once me and a friend of mine who's training a lot of Brazilian jiu-jitsu, we spent a lot of time together. He was teaching me and presenting me Brazilian jiu-jitsu and I was presenting him Aikido. And I was telling him a lot of stories that I came across myself or seen a lot in the area that I live in, in Lithuania in the country, but also I heard stories from other countries or witnessed some of them. That in Aikido, despite the fact that it's an officially non-competitive martial art, where the founder himself would say that Aikido is meant to bring people together, not for them to compete, there's a lot of competition in Aikido. And maybe it's not very obvious, it's a lot of times between different dojos. For example, in my country, since I'm running a dojo and I've had a chance to talk with some of the dojo trolls, it would be a common sight that one organization would be opposing another one. Even in our city, there's another club with which there is a tension. And we definitely don't bring any tension from our side ourselves, but when I reached out and I said, well, let's cooperate, let's be friends, let's do some projects together, it never worked. And the stories that I hear and the feeling that I get, they don't really like us. So there's a lot of that kind of competition. And that friend of mine started to ask himself, so why is there so much competition in Aikido? And he thought a lot and then a few days later, he came into one of our discussions and said, you know, I think it's because there's no real competition. There's no tournament fights, tournaments. And I thought for a moment, I thought that's a pretty good idea, there's some truth. And we discussed about that. And the true side of it was that, for example, Brazilian jujitsu, as far as I've got to experience it, if you claim to be the best, if you claim to be the best, somebody else is going to come and he's going to fight you on one-on-one in a preset set-up match.  So it's very easy in Brazilian jujitsu to become humble, because if someone is better than you, it's going to be obvious. He's going to kick your butt. And I experienced that myself. That brought some humility to me, too, which I appreciate. But then in Brazilian jujitsu, it's hard to boast that you're better than others and to have that kind of mentality. But in Aikido, there's a lot of... I keep hearing a lot of times when different senseis, different dojo chose would say, we're the good ones and they're wrong, that we are doing it right and they suck. I'm the best instructor and what they do is crap. And that's kind of the focal point of our discussion. And what's interesting that I realized that there's some truth to that, that if there would be competition or tournaments, then you couldn't just claim. In Aikido, it's basically easy to claim that you're the best, because there's no real way to compare. Aikido is quite subtle and it's hard to compare that subtle level.  There's no good way to really check who is better. But then that was just the first part of the story where I realized there's some truth, but it's not a final answer and it doesn't really actually matter. And the second part of the story is that when my friend, a few days later again, my friend came back and we had another discussion and he said, you know what, I thought more about Aikido and why that kind of a competitive, we're good, you're bad, Muir is there, the kind of discrimination between each other. And he said, you know, it's because I think it's because they're human. And I thought that's even better. That's even more true. And we again discussed about it and I thought it on myself, on my own level. And I think that's actually so much more important than making some kind of a competition. And trust me, I'm completely not into saying that Aikido should have more competition or tournaments. I think that would ruin it even more. But the realization that, you know, that kind of quote of my friend that there's that competitiveness in Aikido because people who are doing it are human, it's actually very true and very sincere. What is meant by that is that in our conditioning from very early age, we are taught to compete. We are taught to strive to become better than others, to seek out our goals despite no matter what we have to suffer through. So from a very early age, we are taught to compete, we are taught to strive to achieve our goals despite what we have to do. And there's even a saying that you have to, even if you have to go over the heads of other people, you will, it doesn't matter, you still have to do it. And that kind of conditioning is very strong in us. And it actually, it obviously goes back into Aikido too. And O'Sensei, you know, he would, he would stress a lot of different things. He would say, true victories, victory over yourself, that there shouldn't be no competition in Aikido. We shouldn't compare each other. But the fact that we are human, we have that human conditioning from an early age is making it difficult. And I can't say that I'm, I'm, I'm not touched by that either. It's, I can feel it sometimes come up in my own system when, you know, somebody criticizes the style that I do or criticize me as an instructor. It's hard that feeling of wanting to protect myself or protect my style, protect my instructor, protect my organization that definitely comes up and the desire to oppose. And it's hard to not go there. And even on the mat too, that, that happens as well. We, in the very first video I put out on this channel called the dark side of Aikido, I talked a lot about that in terms of how much we like to compete and compare each other on the mat, especially if different styles come up, but even senior and less senior students. So it's definitely there. But the question that I was asked and that came up was how to, how to deal with that. And I think, you know, we could try to make some rules. We could try to create a different frame of work. And I feel a sense in a sense tried to do that. And some of his students continued to try to put that frame of, okay, there's no competition in Aikido means there's no tournaments. But as you see, removing the tournaments, removing just an external, just an external part of it is not necessarily the answer. And it doesn't mean that putting it back either with the unanswer. I think it's, in the end, it's all about working with ourselves. And it may sound a bit cliche. It may sound a bit, it may sound a bit simple, you know, change yourself, change the world, etc. But I feel it's true. And I feel that on my practice, on my personal level, it's true too, that first of all, we have to accept who we are and how we are. First of all, we have to accept that what I'm inspired about these days is that there's natural flow to life. There's, you know, birds know when to fly where, trees, trees know how to change its form based on the weather, seasons change, our body changes, their cycles. It's, the universe is very intelligent. And even about that, Osensei spoke to him. And when you realize that that universe is very intelligent, you realize that there's a certain goal, a certain role, we have to play in it too.  And we can either oppose it or we can either go with it. And Osensei said that too, there's a phrase of him that if you're going to oppose the universe, it's going to crush you. If you're going to go along the universe, it's going to support you. And he was very inspired about that. And he was showing that through an example. And that's living by that principle. He realized that competition doesn't work. There's no competition when you work with life.  And again, I'll quote Osensei here too, everything is one family. We're all one family. And when you realize that the concept of competition just drops. And when people are afraid, which is crazy and funny, because people are afraid and believe that if you're going to remove competition, you're going to remove your source of motivation. That if you're not going to compete, you're not going to want to evolve or move further. And on a certain level, it's true, but only on the level of meaningless things. If you will stop competing, you will stop having the desire to achieve the wrong things. You won't need a better car to prove that you're better. You won't need more money. It doesn't mean that you won't be able to have more money or you won't be able to appreciate a better car or more money. But you will start to realize how meaningless these things are because they're motivated by the wrong things. And so that kind of motivation drops. But what's great is that another source of motivation comes up. And that source of motivation is very pure one. That's the sense of our purpose, raison d'être. In that moment, you realize that there's something you really desire from the core of yourself to do. And that in that, there's no competition. It's not in order to prove something to someone. It's not in order to become better. It's driven not by wanting to overcome someone or something. It's just, it's purely in the moment. It's something that you want to do at this moment without caring about the results. And when you're in that mood, when you're in that mode, in that flow, the desire to compete just drops. There's no reason for you to compete because you have nothing to prove. And I feel that, first of all, Ossensi was very much into that. He was living it all the time and he was talking about that a lot. And I feel that if we want to remove competition from Aikido, that's where we have to go. We have to listen to the words of Ossensi, what he was inspired to do, why he created Aikido, the way of non-resisting, non-resisting your purpose, non-resisting life, non-resisting others, non-resisting different situations. And when you're in that, competition is going to become less and less important.  It won't matter to you if other dojos support you or not, if others approve you or not. I feel that's a very great source of power. And Aikido itself, first of all, it is a way of non-resisting. It teaches you how not to resist, so that gives you a sense of understanding, okay, there is actually a way to improve your ability to not resist, to discover your purpose for Aikido. And so that's why Aikido is already very powerful. It has that frame already, which is supporting the non-competition, the working with yourself rather than against others. So the frame is there, but it won't work if you are not going to get involved into that process yourself. So I'll be very happy to talk more about that way of non-competing, that way of listening to life and fulfilling yourself, living with life, not against life. And personally, that helped me tremendously. If I wouldn't have followed that, I wouldn't have became Uchideshi, I wouldn't have opened my dojo. My dojo wouldn't have worked if I wouldn't have followed this non-resisting path. So, and even more, many more examples would be there. So we can talk about that more if you're especially if you're interested and how to live that, how to trust in that, but we'll leave it for another moment. Before we finish up though, first of all, I wanted to apologize that for a few weeks there were no videos. First of all, we had a couple of weeks of vacation at the end of the summer, but actually that was not the only case. So right now we're filming on a Sunday, so tomorrow Monday. It's probably already past when the videos are uploaded. But we're going to have the grand opening of our second dojo in Shulei. So we're going to have two dojos, but it was a lot of work to get it ready. It's going to be more directed by my wife Nila, and there's going to be a lot of yoga in it, but also Aikido, Ninjutsu. It's a long story, but two dojos right now. So we're happy to share that with you, and we're going to open it, so I'm going to have more time to edit videos, put more videos on the first channel, more videos here, so we're going to see each other more. Also, what I wanted to share is that especially since there's a second dojo now, so there's a lot of classes, basically we have classes six day per week. So every day Aikido, every day yoga, there's meditation, morning weapon classes, so it's a pact. It's a very busy schedule, and we also have a living space in our first dojo. So many of you connect with me and say that we're happy to see these videos, and I'm very happy to know that you're benefiting from them. But if you ever want to come, Lithuania is a much cheaper country than most of western European countries, so the expenditures are not expensive here. Basically, I just wanted to invite you, if you would like to be in Tideshi, even for one week, two weeks, or longer, live in the dojo, train every day. We could have these talks on a personal level. The space is there. There is a bit of a fee, but for a month, it's probably going to be around 200 euros for all the training, for living in the dojo, and the food is fairly cheap as well. So I think 400 euros, so that's about 400 dollars. For one month, training, food, lodging, everything should be enough. So if you're interested in that, connect up with me. You can write me a Facebook, right here in the comments here. I'd be happy to have you as a Tideshi and have a good work. We could work on a personal level. That'd be great. And the last thing I want to share is that in a few weeks, October 1st, 3rd, my main instructor, Patrick Astridi-Sensis, come to Lithuania to teach a seminar. If you want to come and participate in the seminar, also I'll offer free lodging and the dojo, so you won't have to pay for that. All other expenditures are not much as well, and the seminar is only 90 euros too. So if you have the chance to come, you're really welcome. You can come a few days earlier, so we could get to know each other personally. You can stay a few days longer. The space is there, so I just wanted to invite you. And yeah, I'm looking forward to meet everyone, not through the computer screen. So, all in all, this is Rokas, and I'll see you in another video.


I hesitate to interrupt all the conversations taking place. Some great booths here. Hope to make a little round after this. Thank you for the invitation to be here. I proudly represent the number one agriculture district in America. There we go. Does that work? The number one agriculture district in America. And so, obviously, we are big fans. My constituents and I are, there we go, our big fans of biofuels. And we appreciate that consumers have more choices as a result of the biofuel industry, whether it's biodiesel, whether it's ethanol, other products. I think it's important to note that we want consumers to have as many choices for sources of energy as possible. E15, then, is an important approach to that. And actually, for several years, I've been working on the E15 issue to present consumers with more choices. I can tell you that it's been exciting to hear from retailers who are anxious to engage their customers, even more so with offering our customers more products such as an E15. And I really appreciate the stakeholders with the biodiesel tax credit working together, bringing us a solution for long-term policy because we know that long-term tax policy, or at least as long-term as Congress can ever deliver on, that long-term policy is what we need to grow a more solid economy so that we can encourage investments and ultimately bring more products to consumers. So, again, it's great to be here. I look forward to browsing the displays here, and thank you for what you do. I appreciate it. Thank you.


We're back here in Las Vegas, this is HP Discover winding down day three and getting ready to wrap this up, but towards the end of the day we still got some more action here. This is theCUBE, SiliconANGLE exclusive coverage, HP Discover, I'm John Furrier joined with my co is Dave Vellante and Sean Daugherty, Vice President of Business Development of Enterprise DB, collecting trophies here at HP Discover. Welcome to theCUBE. Thank you very much. So first of all, tell us why you're here and the awards you guys have won. So Enterprise DB and HP have been partners for several years now and we provide, we're the Enterprise PostgreSQL company, so we provide a certified supported database distribution based on Postgres and yesterday HP awarded us the Alliance Won Partner of the Year for mission critical computing category. So Postgres has been around for a while, it's still very popular, certainly not anywhere close to being on the downward trend, although other databases have and we've done so many CUBE interviews over the past couple years, our fourth season. My favorite sound bite around the database world was it's now really trendy to be a database guy.  Data science, databases are now really killer because with big data, you can store it on a drive, variety of different formats, Postgres, HP, DynamoDB, you name it, there's a lot out there and some are rising, some are falling, but at the end of the day, the world's going software, so the database layer is in the essence, pick your tool, pick your platform. So with that all going on, how do you guys see your place in the market there? So we've really seen kind of a renaissance for Postgres QL over the last year, it's really the only open source relational database option for the Enterprise. People will say, well there's MySQL, but MySQL wasn't really built to replace Oracle or replace DB2 or Sybase, it's more of a kind of a web presentation, read mostly, read only database. And so with the three legs of the infrastructure software stool, you've got operating system, middleware and database, we've already seen two of those three fall from expensive proprietary solutions to open source. And so now that the same phenomenon is happening with database. So you saw the Unix to Linux move, you saw the WebSphere and WebLogic to JVos and Tomcat move, and now you're seeing what Skype is all on, Postgres, Instagram. We have large companies like Korea Telecom moving from Oracle to Postgres. So the momentum is really gaining. So why are they moving? Help us understand that a little bit better. Well, the move is really two-fold. One, companies don't want lock in, they want flexibility and choice. And so when you're locked in, especially when you're locked in for really high dollars, imagine Oracle's list price is $47,000, a core, plus 22% maintenance. So the second thing is in cost savings. So the value proposition for us is offering an enterprise class database for about 80 or 90% cost savings. The similar cost savings customers we're seeing moving from Unix to Linux, the performance is as good, but you have more money to either spend on things that help your business grow or put it to the bottom line. So I understand, Sean, if you really negotiate hard, you can get that 22% down to 21%. That's right, that's right. Well, you know, it costs a lot to fund a Hawaiian island and an Ironman franchise and yachts. Thank you for doing your part. So all kidding aside, so tell us more about Postgres, because a lot of people might not know, so it's an object relational database management system, right? So talk a little bit more about its roots and how it's evolved, it's acid compliant with all the things that people or Oracle's world love, but maybe just give us a sort of background. So the history of PostgresQL dates back to the late 70s. Michael Stonebreaker, who created Ingress, also created Postgres out of UC Berkeley. And Invertica founder. Yes. And so that's Postingress is where the name Postgres comes from. And actually it was born from the same IBM white paper that Oracle originally used to create their database. So you have a lot of kind of inherent similarities. As you mentioned, it's an old project and it's a very mature and I wouldn't say cutting edge. It's unlike some open source projects where if you're using the open source version, you're risking a lot of, you know, potential around support or crashes or what have you, the open source community with Postgres is, they're very conscious of making sure that it's something that enterprises can use right out of the box. And then what we do is we add on top of that for our enterprise class customer. And it has many of SQL's attributes or standards that have been adopted over time. That's right. Multi-version concurrency control and as you mentioned, acid compliant. So it's really built to, I'll give you an example. So Korea Telecom, as I mentioned earlier, they were on Oracle and they were rewriting their mobile phone pre-order system. And so they moved to a new set of DL380s from HP and moved from Oracle to Advanced Server in time for their iPhone 5 pre-order. And in fact took over 30,000 processes in the first 60 seconds of that being live with not a single issue. So the fact that it's inexpensive is one thing, but it still has to work. Otherwise, no one cares what it costs. So what do you actually, so talk about the business model a little bit. So it's open source projects. So you build tools on top of that, presumably, right, and services? Well, what we do is we integrate additional features into PostgresQL in four main buckets. We add performance enhancing features. We add additional security. We add management tools. And then we also add Oracle Database Compatibility. So with Postgres Plus Advanced Server, our flagship product, you get things like partitioning included. You get XDB replication server. You get Postgres Enterprise Manager. And then you also get the Oracle compatibility technology. So we've actually built PLCQL syntax into the database, along with most of the stored procedures and functions and triggers. You would take advantage of when you're writing your application to Oracle. Okay, so the main competitor is Oracle, right? Your customers are coming from Oracle. Yeah, they have half the database market. So that market's about $30 billion. They have about 47% of it. It's growing about 9% a year. So their customers are keeping us busy. It's funny that a lot of us at Enterprise DB are from Red Hat. And we remember the Solaris to Linux migration. And the difference then was, even though the cost savings was so big and the performance was so good on Linux, people like Sun. The Sun customers were loyal and happy, but they had to move anyway. Well, we don't really find that same phenomenon now. So we're getting a lot of both the PostgresQL users that are doing more with the database and Oracle users that just can't believe how much you're spending. You're getting a lot of new blood in there. Obviously Postgres has got a really big following. You talked to a lot of the alpha peaks in the database, where all Postgres is the preferred solution, for a variety of reasons. But what's interesting, you might not know this, is that Silicon England will keep on up and really focusing on the hyper scale market, which was called web scale, Facebook, Twitter, Zing. These guys build their own stuff. They mentioned some of the clients you have, you know what I'm talking about. So those guys have built their own open source scale out as been the theme. So we love scale out open source. That's a direct contrast to Oracle. Scale up, commercial software. So pay, general purpose computing, general purpose software, all our license. And even HP is talking more open multi-fandom, open stack, so you got on one to the spectrum, Oracle, scale up, gear, commercial, page to software. And then the guys like Facebook, and these guys who build their own open source software, contribute it back and put it on commodity gear.  That's kind of where Moonshot goes to, it's where HP's sitting. And so that's your opportunities. Did I get that right? That is right. So we have builds for, for instance, specifically with HP for not only their x86 server line for Windows and Linux, but also HP UX on itaniums. So, you know, particularly outside the United States are still a lot of large enterprises that have invested a lot of money in their super domes, and they are going to continue to invest money in their super domes. And so we give them the ability to have a database solution that can be on their blades, on their low end servers, all the way up, all the way up to their big boxes. So we can scale up or scale out. And in fact, we have sharding that will be coming into Postgres Plus 9.3 in later this year, so you can shard your database for really great performance and scalability. John, I love this line, John. You said 10 years ago, five years ago, you go to a cocktail party. What do you do? I'm in the database business, I haven't seen it. It was just kind of a boring, market all of a sudden, it's just taken off. And a lot of that is, of course, the no sequel action that's going on. So what do you see as sort of what's going on in the database market? You gave us some growth stats, you presume that includes maintenance.  Yeah, yeah, yeah, that's really cool. So what do you see as the big, sort of gestalt trends that are going on in database and how are you guys capitalizing? So, you know, what we see is, and no sequel, it's got an important place to play in the database world, but right now, we kind of consider it the big shiny red button syndrome. So, companies don't exactly, Don't push it, yeah. Companies don't know exactly what to do with it. And I talked earlier about MySQL being more for read only or read mostly. And so imagine you're on amazon.com and you're looking for a book and you find the book, you read a review, you read another review, it tells you, it recommends another book to you. You go to that page, all of those pages, all of that work being done by the database is perfect for MySQL and it's also perfect for no sequel databases. But the minute you hit check out and you wanna actually send your credit card information over the web and then that transaction has to go to the bank and then they have to, as quickly as possible, make a determination on whether they're gonna allow you to make that purchase or not. You're gonna use a no LTP database for that. You're gonna use Oracle or PostgreSQL or DB2 or Sybase. You're not gonna use something that isn't asset compliant because it's money. And you know, when we talk about mission critical, there's two things that are mission critical. Really, our health and our pocket books. And so when it comes to database, you wanna make sure that you've got the security and reliability that you need around particularly those two things. So, John, what more can you tell us about the company? Any stats, any progress you're making? Sure, sure. Gross margins, no, I'm just kidding. No, just share with us some of the key. Yeah, I'll give you a little information. So we've been around for about eight years now. We've got over 2,000 customers around the world. We grew 62% revenue in 2012. We're looking to do at least that for 2013. We are on a subscription model for our product Postgres Plus Advanced Server, which, so imagine, you got 47 grand a core on one side plus maintenance and you've got $5,000 a socket per year on this hand. And that includes the license to use along with support, maintenance, upgrades, updates, et cetera. So, and of course, we also offer follow the sun support. We also offer training services and consulting services both. And what's headcount? Pardon me? Headcount? We have 135 employees around the world and we partner very, very closely with our big brothers like HP. In fact, HP in many countries, you can now purchase your Postgres Plus Advanced Server from HP and in fact, also get support from HP as well. It's nice that you have that HP relation because they're obviously enterprise cloud, value cloud and like public cloud, commodity cloud, some call it. So I got to ask you, Dave and I love to talk and we do research with CIOs and the enterprise and obviously we also cover cloud era, Hortonworks, those guys in the big data space, HP, and Duke market and you know, it's obviously a lot of buzz on that for a lot of reasons, but it's early. So when we talk to customers, big banks and big enterprises, insurance companies, they got a billion dollar operating budget. We asked them about Duke and these things and they go, great, we love it, we got some POCs going on but they're scratching their heads. They have to put a square peg in a round hole to kind of make things work. Little things, ANC compatibility. I got a redhead over here, I got a NetApp file or I got some EMC, I got some HP servers. I got OpenDue Network, all this stuff. They're multi-vendors so there's legacy, right? Right. What can you share with us about what you guys are doing and some of the things that are check boxes, minimum features to have are table stakes as you go in and want to do big data in the enterprise. What have you guys found? So what we do with big data is we park.  But what we do is with Postgres Plus Advanced Server for instance, we have a Hadoop connector so that you can connect to your Postgres Plus Advanced Server database to a Hadoop data repository and query from that data that's in Hadoop. When it comes to cloud, we have a product offering called Postgres Plus Cloud Database that we launched in January of 2012. That's available on HP Cloud Services, it's available on AWS and it's also available, there's a cloud stack build also for Citrix and with our Postgres Plus Cloud Database, you have a cluster manager console that automates virtually all of the DBA tasks. So you have auto scaling of read nodes based on customer parameters that they set. You have auto scaling of storage, you have the ability with one click to add or subtract nodes, upgrade your database and the real benefit is you can either spin up database clusters of open source Postgres QL or our product Postgres Plus Advanced Server and the real difference between ours and whatever else you would spin up as a database in the cloud like Amazon RDS is we didn't change any of the database code. All of the value in and how we do the orchestration is in the cluster manager console. So you can literally take an application that's using Postgres QL in your physical data center and simply point the load balancer to the cloud database version of that and you have no changes needed to the application because it's the exact same database code. Are you available or contemplating being available on Amazon? We're on Amazon. Yeah, yeah, yeah. So we use Amazon as kind of a dev and test and then we help customers that want to be in production as well. Sometimes on Amazon, sometimes on cloud stats. So that's an Amazon offering. Yes. Swipe the credit card, get your. That's right. And you would get build, you would get build right through your Amazon account. Yeah, of course. No doubt. That's a total control freak. They're good at that, yeah. They're good at that. In a good way. In a good way. And then we'll have a bare metal build this year as well so that we can really help customers that want a private cloud solution. Are you planning to be on HP's public cloud? We're on HP cloud services now, yes. It's in beta right now and we're working with them around their OpenStack framework to go from beta to GA. Any others that you can talk about that you're on? Yeah, we also, through CloudStack, which is Citrix's open source cloud framework, we signed a partnership deal with Contigix. So they're a hosting company based out of St. Louis that also now does cloud hosting. And so we'll be GA on Contigix very soon as well as their, basically as their relational database service. Awesome. All right, Sean, well listen, thanks for stopping by theCUBE and enlightening us on what's happened in database land and really appreciate your time. My pleasure. Okay, this is theCUBE at the prize DB here inside theCUBE. Big award from HP. Congratulations. We'll be right back with our next guest after this short break.


Hello everybody hooded Cobra Commander 788 here. We are in the midst of Cobra Convergence 5 That's the GI Joe fan community's celebration of GI Joe's enemy Cobra And we are going to open and assemble a Cobra vehicle We've done this before but we've never done it quite like this before this is A built-to-rule vehicle. This is the Cobra Raven With the action figure wild weasel I've never opened one of these before Never had one of these before I don't know that I've ever seen one of these before I know what it is though This was from the spy troops era of GI Joe and this was GI Joe's attempt to be compatible with Lego So that's right. This is akin to a Lego set So this will be kind of like a Lego build, but it comes with a GI Joe action figure of wild weasel a Cobra action figure And yes that action figure has Lego pegs on it So you could attach Lego pieces to it if you ever wanted to do such a thing So we're gonna put this thing together. It has a couple different modes as it says here on the back. It has Mode one jet fighter mode to hydrofoil I'm going to put it together in the jet fighter mode because it does have wild weasel after all I have the tools. I think I will need to put this thing together So let's move the camera get some nice close-ups and join me as I build the GI Joe Cobra built-to-rule Raven with wild weasel this will be Something else. All right. This is supposed to be a sealed vehicle. I got it incredibly cheaply now We haven't always had the best luck with sealed vehicles before We found out that they were in fact resealed and the pieces inside were were loose This has a figure in it and that figure is just kind of kind of rattling around down in there So I don't know if that's normal But let's open this up If you ever want to get Built-to-rule Vehicles and put them together for the most part they seem incredibly inexpensive There seems to be not a lot of demand for them. So the prices have not Gone crazy. I Did not intend to tear that but this is Okay, it is taped that does not necessarily mean that it wasn't re-taped. So let's Let's slice that open and Get this out so we can Put her together I'm not a Lego person. So I haven't built Lego for Ever like since I was a kid or well, you know I helped my kids build some of theirs.  Yeah, there's a tray, but it's got stuff behind the tray so let's just pull it out and Just let the pieces go where they may And Okay, that's everything. Okay. Nothing left in the box. I noticed that it has a file card So hey, it's one up on the GI Joe classified figures which Which did not have file cards. There is Wild weasel. I see what happened He had these little rubber band things that were supposed to hold him like right here but those have snapped at some point and so he was just kind of kind of Sliding around in the tray. So let me just take these off of them And there's wild weasel now. I don't know how well you can see this But he's got little Lego pegs on his arms And on his lower legs What purpose they serve I guess that we will find out there's Something else attached here, and I'm not sure what it is. Let's just pop it off and see It's a piece I Have no idea what that's supposed to be. I guess the instructions will tell us. Let's see what the instructions say Here we go Oh Btr built to rule action building sets The instructions This looks like a catalog Yeah, there's the There's the GI Joe and Cobra range right there And it came with a Locust and moccasin and a Few other things that didn't really look anything like the vintage Vehicles that's okay though because you know, this is a new era, right? So they they're giving us something new. I'll see there's Transformers, I guess they had some transformers So I mean it is nice that this was an era In which Hasbro was attempting to keep GI Joe relevant along with its other brands In recent years They've kind of neglected GI Joe and have only Really this year started to give GI Joe any real attention at all Let's see so Here are the assembly instructions now are we assembling the jet? We are assembling the jet. Okay. All right. So mode one Yes, what mode one fighter jet Let's see we start with This piece and Okay, that's interesting. So this is just an example piece And it has a mate in there. I Don't know guys. I don't I don't understand. I don't know from Lego. So I don't know if that's normal I do believe These were not especially popular it seems But maybe that was a mistake. Maybe they're a lot of fun and they should have been popular We'll see if we enjoy building this this does have the snake design on the side of the moray hydrofoil And that kind of makes me think the hydrofoil mode might be better But we are doing the jet mode today If you want to do the hydrofoil mode, you know, you're certainly welcome to do that on your own time It looks like I need to open this one. Maybe I should just open all of them and Start assembling Oh, I need to sharpen this knife that knife is getting dull Shame on me for not sharpening it before now. I don't like dull knives All right, so according to this These two go together in one particular way This symmetrical Front and back it seems to be so it goes like. Ah, yes goes like that Yes Fits together Like Lego and it looks I mean it looks like Lego, but instead of the little knobs Having Lego stamped on them. It has BTR stamped on them This was not the only attempt to make GI Joe compatible with Lego. There was also the the Creo sets Which were Lego compatible And some of them look pretty good And they actually came with many figures instead of like three and three-quarter inch action figures, so it was even more of an attempt to be Compatible with Lego and they basically were a lot like Lego except Except not a Lego knockoff if you will. Okay, so there are these wing pieces. How do these go on? these go on Let's see. Oh, okay. All right. Oh For one thing. I'm looking at it the wrong way. It goes that way and then Let's see this one goes on this side not that way. No, it goes on this side like so And the other one goes like this There we go and We've got these little ski things that one and this one and These allegedly go where? Like this Yeah, I guess so Okay Well, I'll tell you there is a possibility that this might be a fun build because when we have built some vintage Vehicles straight out of the box They have been difficult Surprisingly difficult to construct So if this is like just putting Legos together Then it might be more fun that we might not have to worry about pieces not fitting properly Okay, so next I need This let's get this stuff out of the way. I need this and Let's see two of which one This and this okay, so this goes here Like how like this I think so line it up That does not feel right that feels right there we go There we go and of course the Legos are sticking to my arm Make some room here and these go in the back like This and this that's interesting. I wonder why they didn't make that one piece instead of two Because it kind of makes an unbroken piece there Okay, so now we have wings and this and a long piece Is that the right one yes, don't try to get away from me This have spring-loaded weapons.  All right one thing at a time. We got the wings We got this and this goes on like so Get this more in your center screen. This goes on here Line it up. I know lots of people like Lego out there. It's not my thing I think I understand why people like it And I'm glad that people like it. I It's just not something that I do I Think I think it can be fun People put on an amazing amount of effort into it For me though No matter how much effort I Didn't line that correctly no much how no matter how much effort you put into it Building some amazingly complex item Some huge play set or something It's still got all these telltale knobs on it and It still looks like bricks in a lot of ways And there's nothing wrong with that. It's just it's just a preference thing is No knock against Legos This goes like that I Think I've got that right if if I lined the Wings up correctly then it goes like that The problem is it's hard to tell from the diagram here if I lined the wings up correctly But if I didn't it should become evident pretty soon it looks like I did though No, except this has to go one more back Okay All right, so two of these That with these numbers on them and then one of These I think Yes, and what else? Oh and this there we go Oh two of those okay got it. So these are the pieces that we need this time. These need to go number side out like so So once this is assembled it should be compatible with a three and three-quarter inch figure This the wild weasel action figure should be able to fit in it And work as a driver for it or a pilot I should say And I am struggling with this one for some reason There we go And then this piece goes Like that and it should stick out a bit from the back. Uh, let's see hold on Hold on. Ah, there we go like that Is that it? I think that's it. Uh, all right. It's hard to whoops. Maybe not No, no, it's it this is I I'm doing it right. I'm doing it right. It just needs to Snap into place so snap or click or Whatever you do just get into place Working I think so Yeah, there solid cool. All right Not bad so far Step six I need these fins Need another one of these. Oh, I forgot to put those on Need um This okay, let me put these on because I forgot How did they go they just kind of Snap into the center of this Wing tip, okay, I think they want it I think they want it like that Maybe okay, here we go. There we go. There we go One in The other one Snap it in There we go. All right. So now we have two Spring-loaded missile launchers on the wing tips. That's fine I mean, it's a reasonably cool looking vehicle vehicle so far When it's fully assembled though, we're still gonna have little knobbies on it. So I guess you can Continue to customize it if you want to by adding additional pieces or moving pieces around I guess that's the point isn't it that's uh That's one of the reasons people collect the lego sets and Build them. You don't just have to build what they give you You can build your own When I did play with lego as a kid, that's what I liked about it. Um Not so much building sets as They were given but Building our own sets I'm kind of making whatever we wanted. Okay Okay, we're kind of building a structure here in the center to hold the back piece together And I need this which goes here No, oh wait, hold on I missed a piece this goes here Which way that way That goes there All right, I'm getting it. I'm getting it. So we've got a sort of a Uh, a body piece here or like some kind of an engine piece or something This goes here and What's next step seven we need the canopy Canopy hinge and one of these flat pieces. Okay, so Let's see the canopy hinge Is going to go where? On top of that piece we just assembled Like oops That I'm trying to do this so you can see it There we go I try to When I do my reviews Keep my person my body behind the camera and reach around it in order to Manipulate whatever it is. I'm Reviewing on the in front of the camera. Yeah, there we go canopy on But I can get awfully complicated because sometimes I have to execute Complex movements That are on the other side of the camera and with the Tripod in the way, so it's kind of like I would liken it to trying to tie my shoes You know reaching around a tree it's um It can be tricky sometimes but For the most part I try to keep my hands and arms out of the way and you know show you what you Came to see Which is not my harry arm you came to see the The toy Okay, I need one of these need one of these I used a different one of those for the previous step. Oh, but I need that one now I need hinge and hinge. That's it, right? Okay So these go in here. They just kind of peg in Will they swivel? A little bit but not very much they're pretty tight there Let's see and those are going to go on the tops of these Fin this in the back Looks like there aren't any stickers to put on these. I guess I should have expected that but I got my Tweezers out hoping we would be able to put stickers on Okay, come on. I know you can do it and you will do it because Because you have no choice. There we go. So I've talked about sandy before Old guy I used to work with out at gardener's bookstore He was just kind of a handyman and when old man gardener wanted some bookcases built some new bookcases to Expand some of the sections Called upon sandy to To put them together and when sandy needed help I would help him out So sandy and I Built a lot of bookcases That are still standing to this day But old sandy he uh sometimes needed some cough medicine to get through the day so Sometimes he'd run off to the convenience store and get him some cough medicine as he called it and What he would always say when he you know put that level on the shelf to make sure it was Level enough to to not be noticed if it wasn't perfect He would say that was good enough for the girls. I go out with So I I get you I feel you sandy And this I think is good enough for the girls. I go out with I missed something in step eight I gotta go back and finish it. It does take all There we go All four of these and have I missed this Is this a piece that I was supposed to put on and I've missed it But let's hold on one thing at a time guys and I'll go back through the instructions and make sure that I Haven't screwed it up, which I probably have because I don't know nothing about this um So we got to put these uh These guns here on the front.  All right, I think I've gone through and found where the missing pieces went and were supposed to put the spring loaded missiles into the launcher One and two And those should fire Not too bad. Not quite as powerful as some of the oops that one's got stuck That one doesn't fire well Uh, oh, there we go. Not quite as powerful as the old 90s gijo missile launchers and canopy swings up And wild weasel can We can move them a little bit Can go in The cockpit And let's make sure that the canopy will go over him. There you go.  It's open there But uh, he can fly around on that in that thing Um, there you go. That is the built to rule cobra raven and wild weasel That was my unboxing and assembly of the gijo cobra raven built to rule Vehicle that came with the wild weasel action figure. Um, that was interesting. That was kind of fun Was it more fun than Building a vintage vehicle out of the box No, not quite. Uh, we didn't have some of the hassles that we usually have with building vintage gijo vehicles But we had different kinds of hassles with figuring out where some of these lego pieces go But we did get assembled. There she is in all her glory I hope you had fun We will do more of these as time goes on As I get vehicles to open I don't have any other boxed vehicles to open right now. I think I've assembled all of them I don't think I have any That are still sealed in the box. Um, I usually only open vehicles From the 90s, although I have Opened a couple late 80s vehicles But usually only common vehicles. I try not to open up anything that would be rare and expensive So as I get inexpensive vehicles to open, um, I will open them on video and we'll just have fun putting them together So, uh, thanks for watching. I hope you're enjoying cobra convergence five and until next time remember only cobra is cobra


and then I'd like to start our introduction for our speaker with a land acknowledgement as we do each Wednesday. Here, the Archaeological Research Facility is located in Fuichin, which is the ancestral and unseated territory of Chachenyo-speaking Ohlone people, successors of the historic and sovereign Verona ban of Alameda County. We acknowledge that this land remains of great importance to the Ohlone people and that the ARF community inherits a history of archeological scholarship that has disturbed Ohlone ancestors and made attempts to erase living Ohlone people from the present and future of this land. It is therefore our collective responsibility to critically transform archeological inheritance and practice in support of Ohlone sovereignty and to hold the University of California accountable to the needs of all native and indigenous peoples, well, not just our words, but our actions. So today, we'll be having a talk on Neanderthals with Dr. Loritz Goff, who's a postdoctoral research in the Morjani Lab and Lab in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology here at UC Berkeley. He did his PhD in bioinformatics at our house and he developed a method for detecting Neanderthal and denose of an ancestry in modern humans without using the archaic reference genomes and used it to find archaic segments in 27,000 Icelanders in 89 Papuans. His postdoc in Ben Porter's group, Ben Peter's group site at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and Leipzig, where he further studied archaic introgression in ancient genomes and studied Neanderthal communities. In the Morjani Lab, he's focused on studying archaic introgression in South Asian populations and the evolution of human germline mutation rate. So please join me in welcoming him to our brown bag talk today. Thank you very much. Well, hello everyone and thank you for attending this talk. So, my name is Lauerz and thank you for the introduction. And today I'm gonna talk to you about what I did my postdoc, my postdoc works, which is from the Max Planck Institute in Leipzig. And this work is all about the Neanderthal community and what we can learn from doing a genetic analysis of 13 Neanderthals from two sites in the Altai Mountains. And so I'm gonna do it a bit in reverse because there's no way I could have done all this by myself. And I had a lot of help from a lot of very talented people. So I wanna acknowledge all of them upfront. So the way I'm gonna structure my talk is as follows. First, I hope you can, can you read everything all right? Okay, good. So first we're gonna talk about, we need some context first. So first of all, what do we know about Neanderthal communities up until this point? Then I'm gonna introduce these two caves, the Gisgar Cave and Oklatnikov Cave and how they fit into all of this. And then as this is a genetic study, we're gonna have to do a little genetics reminder just so everyone is on the same page. And then we're gonna jump into the results. So without further ado, let's get into it. The first question is, what do we know about Neanderthal communities? So in the past 12 years, researchers from the Max-Bang Institute in Leipzig had managed to sequence 18 Neanderthals from 14 different sites. This is the work that awarded the Sponsored Power of the Snowball Prize a couple of weeks ago. So you can see these are all the places where we sequence Neanderthals. You can see the sort of spread out over the Neanderthal range. So you believe they lived mainly in Europe, but also as far east as the Altar Mountains to Siberia, which is all the way over here. It's where the two caves I'll be talking about today are located. So even though we have a lot of Neanderthal genomes now, the issue is that it's typically only a single individual per site. And these sites were occupied from 120,000 years ago to 50,000 years ago. So it's really quite spread out in time and space. So at this point, we don't really have a good idea of what a Neanderthal community was like. There has been some previous studies looking into this. So for instance, there was a study from Spain where they sequenced 12 individuals, but as a sequence, they looked at four positions in the entire genome. And from this, they can conclude that there was at least 12 individuals in a little community. And they might also have some hints about the social structure. And then there was another study. This is not a genetic study, but this study looked at Kosselal footprints that they found on a beach in France. And from that, you can sort of also get an idea of how many individuals were in a community. So they also estimate something like 10 to 13 individuals in a community. We've seen our image is not, our resolution is not very high yet, which brings us to this paper with the Tagiskaya and Oklatnikov cave. And by the way, I forgot to say in the beginning, this talk is gonna be around 30 minutes. So I have time for questions. And I prefer that you ask questions while I'm going through the talk. I feel like that flow is better. I don't know if that's how you usually do it. Yeah, so if you have any question, feel free to interrupt and ask your question. Yes, so now we're zooming in on Tagiskaya and Oklatnikov cave. And you can see that it's all the way here in southern Siberia on the border with Kazakhstan in Russia. And these are the two caves marked here. And you might notice that they're very close to the famous Denizoba cave, which is where we first found a bone from a Denizoba, which is another type of human like the Neanderthals that lives here. So first I'm gonna go through each cave. And now we're sort of in the, in not in my area of expertise. This is the archaeology, but I'll bear with me. I'll do my best to summarize the important things. So Tagiskaya cave has been excavated since 2007. The excavation is still going on. And at this point, around 30% of the cave has been excavated, which has already yielded around 80 Neanderthal bones and teeth. And you can see some of them here. Some of them in red are from this study. And so the important thing about this cave is that we think the occupation was short. So if you do optical dating of sediments, if you do the carbon dating, it all points to the occupation being, between 50 and 60,000 years ago. And so there's only one layer, this layer six. You can see that. Well, this is where we find all the Neanderthal remains. It's also where we find all the bison bones that they were hunting and eating. And it's also where we find all the lithics. So we think it's a relatively short occupation. And by that, I mean, over a couple of thousand of years max. And it happened somewhere between 50 and 60,000 years ago. Now for Oclathnikov cave, the story is quite different, unfortunately. So that was excavated in the 80s. And as you can see before, with Tagiskaya cave, we know exactly where each remain come from, what layer it come from. But here we don't. Oh, yeah. And I just asked a question about the previous state. You can. So everything is in layer six. Yeah. Are they articulated burials or disarticulated bones out there? It's not burials. And can you specify what it means? I like, the bones are spread all over. We're not talking about skeletons in articulation, we're talking about random bones. Yes, yes, yes, exactly. So most of these things are actually quite small. So we have teeth and we have small pieces of bones. We don't have a big femur, for instance, or a skull or anything like that. Yeah, so that was the Giskaya cave. It looks nice, but Oclathnikov, we don't know so much about, unfortunately. So it's excavated, but as far as I understand, everything was taken out of the cave. And then you were going through all the settlements. So we don't know exactly where the bones are from. And the dating here is also more tricky. So we only have a minimum age here. So older than 45,000 years ago. Yes, in the back. I think quite quickly in most of the caves, they knew it was the Anatole's house because they found some teeth that has some characteristic the Anatole, I mean. But I think the bones, I think that assumes like where you can scan through a lot of bones and look for human proteins. Yeah, yeah. So the takeaway here, Giskaya has more accurate dating than Oclathnikov and also more information. And also, coincidentally, the DNA preservation is also much better in the Giskaya cave than Oclathnikov cave. So you will see me in this talk mainly focusing on Giskaya cave. It's just because that's where we have the most data from. Another thing that you need to know is that the tool industry, in the stone tool industry in Giskaya cave and Oclathnikov cave are very similar. They are called the Sibiyachika variant. This particular type of variant is different from other sites in the Altai mountains. So only these two caves and another site has this one. And it's actually very similar to a stone tool industry that's seen in Europe. So that let researchers let our Russian collaborators to suggest that it actually looks like there's been multiple Neanderthal migrations from Europe and into Siberia. The first one being something like 100,000 years ago. And that's the one, that's the population where the first high-coverage Neanderthal genome comes from. That comes from this first one. And then a second one, somewhere around 60,000 years ago because they have the similar tool industry. So this is a, was that a hand? Oh, sorry. So this is a case where the hypothesis of multiple migrations actually comes from archaeology first. And then the same year it was actually confirmed also using genetics. So there is one high-coverage Neanderthal already from secret from Czechia sky cave. And this individual also shows that these Neanderthals are more like the European Neanderthals than the other Neanderthals that live in Siberia. So that's sort of the background of the case. Is there any questions at this point? I see no questions. So now we're gonna do a quick genetic experimenter. So I know all of you probably know this but it's always good to have a little bit of pressure. So this is what our genomes look like. You can see we have 23 chromosome pairs. All the other zones are labeled one until 22.  And the most common constellations is X, X then you are a female and XY then you are male. And then in addition to this we also have this mitochondria which is sort of a little piece of circular DNA in our bodies that generates all the energy in our bodies.  So it is quite important. One thing that's gonna come back later I'm just saying it down but I will say it again later is so each you inherit a chromosome from each of your parent but there's something special about some of them. So for the Y chromosome that's a chromosome that's only inherited from the father to the son.  And then only the daughter will then pass it on. And then so each chromosome is just a long sequence of base pairs. And there's four different type of bases. So we have an AC and a G and a T and the data we look at as geneticists looks something like this.  And that will be our data. So again one chromosome you get from your mom and one you get from your dad. So that's quite a lot of data but we're assuming in on specific things. So each time you get your parents pass DNA onto you they copy the DNA and pass it on. But this DNA copying machinery is not perfect. And sometimes there will be mistakes. And that's actually quite good for us because that's what we use to differentiate different individuals and find out who's related to who. So on average each of you here in this room will probably have something like 75 mutations that no one else in this room have. That is being passed on from your parents. So these are the signals that we're using. So you can imagine the more related you are to someone the less differences you will have. So I try to illustrate that here with... So this is our data. We have this long sequence of letters and sometimes there's differences. You can see there's a C here and there's a G here on this other individual. And then... So if you define a brother in the room with, you know, there are 75 differences between us? Yes. Okay. Well, some of them might be shared but a majority are actually not. And mutations you can mainly thank your file upon, by the way. 75% of them come from the paternal line, sorry. Yes. So now we have the setup. So we have a few differences means you're closely related and more differences means you're more instantly related to each other. So the data we look at here is we take the entire genome and we look at positions that we know already varying in population. So we don't look at the entire thing but we look at something like 700,000 positions. Then we look at 70 million positions on a Y chromosome and we look at the entire mitochondria. But the mitochondria is small. So it's only 15,000 letters that we have to look at. And so that's our data. So now that's... So we take all our bones and we extract DNA from them. And so this is all the individuals that we could get DNA from. And I listed them here with, this is the ID of the domain. And most of them are from Jekyll Sky Cave and then only a few are from that cave. Another thing is that here you can see which element it is. So that this is a little tooth symbol. That means that it comes from a tooth. And if not, it comes from a bone. And then we can also determine the genetic sex of the individual. And so because sometimes these teeth are deciduous, like the first one, for instance, is an example of a deciduous tooth. We sort of estimate how old were this individual, not at the time of death, but at the time where you lose this teeth. So you can see this age estimate here sometimes as a D. And that means that it's a deciduous tooth. So it's not time of death. It's time of losing this tooth. And some of them I wanna highlight already. So we very quickly discovered that one individual, this Jekyll Sky 12 year, is actually the same individual as the previous high coverage Jekyll Sky I told you about earlier. So it's the same individual represented by two remains, one tooth and one bone. Then we have another interesting example here. This is another case where I can just go pretty confident that this was probably coming from the same individual, these two bones, because one is a mandible and the other is an incisor that fits perfectly into that mandible. So they already had a pretty good suggestion that this was the same individual. And we'll see if we can confirm that with genetics. Yes, so let's jump into how are all these fragments of bones, like the individuals that they come from, how are they related to each other? So just to get you ready for the type of plot I'm gonna show you in a bit. Let's say imagine that we have a father and a mother and we have a son and a daughter actually. And then we have some individual that's not immediately related to any of them. But we only have data from the red ones, the son, the daughter, and the unrelated. So if we compare them to each other, we're gonna see that. So if we compare the, like the unrelated individual to itself, it's gonna be identical. It's gonna be the same sequence. And the same if you compare the daughter to yourself and the son to himself. But the more interesting thing is what when we compare them to each other, so you can see that the daughter and the son, they're gonna have a first degree relationship. Whereas this unrelated individual is gonna not be related, have an unrelated relationship to both of them. Does this make sense? Yes. So now let's do it on our data. And this is what it looks like. So you can actually see that, you see a lot of gray, first of all. So you see that most of these individuals that we find are not related to each other. But they are little clusters here and there. So we take the first one. This is the piece got six and piece got 14. And that was the truth and mandible that I told you about earlier that fit together and was suspected to be the same individual. And that is blue. So that is identical. These two remains come from the same individual. We have another case here where we have three teeth all from the same individual. What's a bit interesting is that so one of the teeth are deciduous and the other two are permanent. So we were already very excited that, can you say something about Neanderthals coming back to the cave, returning to the cave and keep on being there? But as it turns out, if you estimate how old with this individual have been, it's very possible this is just one event. So the individual loses a tooth and then dies shortly after. So we cannot make any claims about Neanderthals having a favorite cave or something like that. Which is scary. Eh? Which is scary. Yeah. Because teeth like, so you know, if you have a kid, they're deciduous to just sitting and not for like two weeks before actually like on the out. Yeah. Yeah. They just, yeah. Yeah. Exactly. So now let's turn to, we actually find a first degree relationship too, which is very interesting. It's the first one ever reported between a pair of Neanderthals. Of course they existed, but the first time we have the DNA from it. So it's a male and a female. And there's like three different ways a first degree relationship could be. Like these two individuals could be siblings. They could be brother and a sister. They could be mother and son. Or they could be father and a daughter. But you remember earlier, I told you about the mitochondria and how this was inherited only from mother to children. So let's think about what that would look like. We have mitochondria data for these individuals too. So if the mitochondria, if it's a brother and a sister, then the mitochondria will be the same because they're both inherited from the mother. And if it's a mother and son, then the mitochondria will also be the same. Because again, in the mother, if the son is inherited from the mother, but with their father and daughter, they could be different or they could also be the same. But luckily for us, they are different. So we can actually, we're confident and say like, these two individuals are first degree related and it's a father and it's daughter. The daughter is a teenage daughter and the father is an adult male. I think that's very exciting because that sort of means we go from something like this, these are the remains to be able to say something like this, to paint relationships of the other side. And I want to congratulate to Trump Joplin, who's an amazing artist who's drawing all these things for us. So this is a summary of how all the individuals in our cave are related. So these big squares will be males and the circles will be females. And the letters indicate individual names and all the specimens that come from the same individual will be these little circles in here. So you can already see that we have a father-daughter. We also have a second degree relationship that I didn't tell you about because we cannot say that much about that. That can be a cousin pair. That could be a grandmother and grandson or it could be uncle and niece or nephew. It could be many things. So we cannot say that which one it is. But you already see that some of these videos are related to each other. So this was probably the same Neanderthal community. This is like a snapshot of a community consistent with the occupation of this cave being very short. So now that we have a community, what can we actually say about it? And as two main points we can make and one of them is how big, how large is this community and how large is the population that this community comes from. And another thing we can say something about a social organization but let's start with just the size of this community.  So we have each individual on the X-axis and the Y-axis is something called homo-psychology. It means how many times is the DNA from your parents the same? And if that happens all the time, then you have very low diversity and a small population size. But if homo-psychology is low, that means there's a lot of diversity and a larger population size. So that looks like this. Don't worry so much about what the different colors mean yet. What doesn't change, sorry. The colors are blue is for Neanderthals and denusubans and orange is for early modern humans. Modern humans are together, something like 40,000 years ago. And what you can already see here is that there's more homo-psychocity in the Neanderthals. And this means that Neanderthals lived in smaller communities than modern humans. There's less genetic diversity in them. So another question could be, so this is comparing to ancient modern humans, but what if we compare to modern humans today? And what if we zoom even further out and compare to our closest relatives who are alive today? So the great age, you can see gorillas and orangutans and stuff like that. So then we'll get something like this. So I collapsed all the tachyscaia into one bar and just put some error bars on so you can see what the average is. And you can obviously see that the homo-psychocity is way higher than the other individuals. And by the way, some people call this in breeding too, but I don't think that's a nice term. That's something mainly for like animal breeding and like these are human, so we shouldn't use that term. So you can see that modern-day human populations all these here, they have much more diversity. They have much less homo-psychocity compared to Neanderthals. And actually the population that the Neanderthals look most like are these green ones, which are mountain gorillas. And so this is not to say that Neanderthals live like mountain gorillas or anything like that. This is only how big is the community. And so the mountain gorillas, as you might know, is an endangered species and there's less than 1,000 individuals alive of this species today. So think of like, so we are analyzing the Neanderthals, something like 10,000 years before they go extinct, like all the way to the eastern most range of their habitat and it's a small population. So there's not a lot of individuals around. It's what this shows us. And then the last thing, now we talked about how big the community is, but let's talk about how these communities are related to each other. So, and the way we're gonna do that is, so I should say that, first of all, we know that you cannot just have a community of 10 individuals constant through time, because sometimes just by chance, you will only have sons and then you will go extinct. You cannot get more children. So you need these communities to interact with each other. And then the question we want to ask is, well, so how are these communities interacting with each other? Is it mainly women who are moving between communities or is it more the men or both who are moving between these communities? And I'm gonna illustrate this with little cartoons here. So imagine we look at the mitochondria. That was the thing I said before that that's inherited from mother to children, but only passed through the daughters. This is gonna be a history of the maternal line of women in these communities. And I've drawn little communities here. I have four communities. Each of them have some individual sense. And these are the DNA sequences this graph represent. And if you're gray, then you're all the same. But you can imagine that in each community, mutations will happen because the machinery is not perfect. And then you get differences. So I color them in different colors here. But we only have DNA from one community. We only have DNA from the Tagiskaya community. So what I'm setting up here is that I'm doing a lot of computer simulations.  Then we can see what scenario fits best with the data we are having. So there was the mitochondria. So we can compare that, the mitochondria diversity through the white chromosome diversity. So you can imagine if there's no movement between communities, then all the diversity in the Tagiskaya community that we're looking at should be more or less the same compared to the white chromosome diversity if there's no movement or if they're moving at the same rate. But you can maybe also imagine different scenarios. So you can imagine that the female are moving between groups. And here what I want you to notice is that so for instance, in this community here, there's now some orange mutations from this community here. And there's a green one from over here and some blue ones in here. But they're still just the purple ones in the white chromosome. So if women are moving, you will get more different types of mitochondria if you just look at one population because they come from other places. And vice versa, if you have the men moving between the different communities, then there's gonna be low diversity on the mitochondria but higher diversity on the white chromosome. Does this make sense? Thanks. So now let's see in the data, what does it actually look like? So this is the data. I have my satisfies all the way here on the left. And then I have one human populations here on the right. So the first thing you can see is that this is the amount of diversity on the Y axis. The first thing you can see is that the bars are not very tall. So that means low diversity in the Neanderthals. But that's good. That was the same thing we found from before. So now if we zoom in, the first bar here is the height of the mitochondria diversity. This is how much mitochondria diversity is there. And this one is how much white chromosome diversity is there. Then I'm also compared to some other populations. But the important thing is there's much more mitochondria diversity than there's white chromosome diversity. It's actually a factor of 10 times higher. So this suggests that it's mainly the women who are moving between these communities. And to get an idea of, well, how much are they moving and how big are the communities? We set up all our computer simulations and we simulate a whole bunch of scenarios and we find the best fitting one. Oh, I forgot I had this slide. This is just taking the difference in white chromosome diversity minus mitochondria diversity and looking at that if any of you are very negative, that means you have very high mitochondria diversity. And if you're very positive, then you have very high white chromosome diversity. Let's just to show again that these guys are again more similar to the plaintiffs, but they're more extreme than all present-day human populations. So now that we, so now we try all our different simulations and what we find is that the best fitting scenario, keep in mind this is a simple computer simulation where we have these communities and the videos are moving between them. It can never capture all the complexity of real life, but it's a good approximation. And using this approximation, we find that these community sizes were small. So something like 10 to 20 individuals, which is consistent with all the ecological literature on this. And it actually looks like that females are moving quite a lot between these communities. So we have something like between 50 and 100% of all the women in a community actually come from other communities. And even if you have male migration or if not it doesn't make the model fit any better. So this is consistent with very low male mobility between these groups. Yeah, and that was it. So just to sum up everything. So this is the first time we have DNA from an entire community of Neonazales. And we look at the outer zones, we look at the micro-front there and we look at the white-front zone. And what we can learn from doing this is that this Neonazale population was small. So a small community size and a small, and that has been small for a while. And we also find that some individuals are related to each other. For instance, we have the father-daughter that I showed you about earlier. And so even though these communities are small, they're not isolated. So they do exchange migrants with each other and they're primarily linked by female migration. This is what our data suggests. And with that, I would like to thank you all for inviting me and thank you for listening. There are questions. Yes. Fascinating to talk with those who are historians. I've never really watched the field change dramatically with all this ancient DNA work. And maybe people don't know, but because of the problem, this is post-doc research here at Berkeley. Yes. Really, but I'm starting on this one. It's where ancient DNA started. Yes. So maybe you'll follow in line for that. I have a couple of questions, mostly about terminology. For example, the assumptions that go behind calling something a community. Yeah. And why that was chosen rather than a group or a selection or collection. Yeah, yeah. At a particular site. And the other term that I would like a little clarification is calling what is happening with mobile female migration because that is another whole set of communication. So if you can say something about why a community is justified by migration or migrant. Yeah. Which of course has a negative overcome. Yes, yes, yes, yes. So let's do the community first. So this is actually like, I come from genetics and we mainly call things groups or populations. Right. But we settled on the term of community sort of to show that so these are individuals who are living together. It's the reason why we use it, but like overlapping in time and in space. And then we have a broader term population which is more like this collection of communities. Are you happy with that answer? The other one is the library. Yeah, I'm getting that. It was just the first part of it. So migrant, yes, that sort of implies going from somewhere to somewhere else. So there's also, we also had a debate of what to call that because like for some species, not humans, not radius for some other one, you also have migration. What is their intent between this migration? And we sort of wanted to, we don't know, but that probably was like the NSL probably knew what they were doing. So we want the one with intent, the migration. The other one would be maybe more like diffusional or something like that. I just want mobility, gain more agency to those women that thinking that they were migrants and they were having to escape. That's the way in which... Yeah, that's true. Yeah, that's true. I didn't think of it like that. That's a good point. Yeah, and I think the other aspect of mobility again suggests that what you don't have necessarily is a finite rule that sticks together. That's one of the assumptions that I was talking about in my modeling approach there. Yeah, yeah. Anyway, trust them. No, it's very good point then. This is for sure not a matter that settled yet. It's just what our data indicates. So, yeah, I think there was more questions. Yeah. Thank you very much. It was a really, really interesting talk.  We have a few technical questions that I think through the implications of this. So, if we go back to the relatedness issues and how they did the aspect of like brother, sister, mother, father, mother, son, and father, daughter. So, what happens, I'm sorry, I haven't thought through this, I'm sorry. What happens when you have situations siblings who have different parents who might share a mother but not a father or a father but not a mother? Yeah. Then they will second degree. I have to think of second degree. Yeah. Okay. And in the case in the last time, I'm clear that we did not have any similar. Yes, there was no familiar basis between them. But there's an interesting little extra piece of information here. So, I did tell you that Takiskaya Cape, we're most sure about the dating. It's between 15, 16,000 years ago. But we're not. But what we actually find is that there is a mitochondria version in Takiskaya Cape that's identical to what one of the videos on Platnikov Cape has. They have like the exact same DNA sequence. And that sort of means that like, so how long can you have that without a mutation coming and changing it? And that means that you can have that for a couple of thousand years. So, that means that you can actually sort of constrain the timing of Platnikov Cape. It must have been inhabited within a couple of thousand years of Takiskaya Cape. So, this greater than 45, probably closer to 50 to 60 thousand years. And then, how do these two things relate to this? No, so, then it's over. There's been a whole study on that. That has been occupied for more, and I actually have the first author here in the room. Is it like 200,000 years? Over 200,000 years. From 55,000 years ago? No. So, that's a long, complicated matter. You see, it's about being there and then the end of the thousand, and both of them, and then modern humans in the end. But here we only see the end of the thousand. So, there's a no overlap? Yes, there is a no overlap. So, how do we know if there's a no overlap in any relationship? So, now we're more into... So, there are in the Anatols and the newsmen around in the New South Cape at this time. But we don't find any familiar relationship to any of the bones. And one more. All right, thank you. So, it's a really long relationship. It's a really long relationship. People who are related to each other. But for us, that's not always what it is. Yeah, yeah, yeah. So, it's more people who are living together. So, if we go back to the representation that you've had of the difference between the bones and the bones. This one? Yeah. As an individual in the Middle East, all right, for the long, individual in the Middle East. So, then what do you anticipate would be needed and of course, how do you know to talk about the movement between these different communities? Yeah, yeah. Because of the changes, the changes, the sample sizes. Yeah. To really know for sure, yeah. So, I can tell you about something that we wanted to do, but never ended up happening. So, of course we wanted to sequence all the individuals. You know, you can sort of imagine that maybe you can build a complete family tree. And in addition to that, we wanted to do strontium analysis, like isotope analysis of the teeth. Because, and I have a good photo of that, I think. Can I go all the way back to... Yeah. So, you can see that we are just at the mountain's end. So, there's actually a lot of different types of rock. So, there's a lot of different... Yeah, strontium isotopes are there. They have a lot of different values. So, and we have a lot of teeth. So, could you, like, look at each tooth and figure out where this individual come from? Where did it move? If you see someone who has moved from another community, can you even look at the strontium, the isotope analysis, and see do they actually do... Is there any childhood from this other cave or something like that? That's something we wanted to do, but then COVID happened, we couldn't go, and now there's a wall. So, yeah. It would have been nice to do, though. Yes. So, Mr. Moore, a lot of these questions, but you guys don't know anything about it. You know, in terms of looking at all of the work that you've done in the end... So, how does this Siberian community... How does it compare to these others you have been looked at by the Institute in terms of just the genetic... Is there a... Yes. So, I can give you a two-part answer to that question. The first one is about the sizes of the communities. And it seems that there are more Neanderthals in Europe at this time than there are here in Southern Siberia. So, the community size, but also the broader population size, they have more genetic diversity. As comes from sort of the social organization, like, do they also show female mobility? There is... There was one of the studies I highlighted here in the beginning. There is this cave from Spain where they have these four positions, like three on the mitochondria, one on the vital zone that they live in. And so, what they find is that all the females have different mitochondria, but all the males have the same. It's a very small size, and there's a lot of issues with this study, but that actually suggests the same organization as what I'm suggesting, the female mobility. But I would say that it could be nice for some more data from this cave to really know what's going on. Yeah, so in those sense... Yeah, and these are the two data that we have. We don't have DNA from all communities. And is it the same over the hundreds of thousands of years that are occupied Europe and across different places? We don't know. That would be interesting to see in the future. And a little spoiler is that there will be studies on that in the future. We already have a spot for you here in the talk. Great talk. Thank you. Are there any other questions? Yes? I think that's a great point because when you're comparing the diversity in the enterprise that you have, there's a whole array of other populations by observing different models. Yeah. What role does the apple sign play in meeting those contrasts? Yeah, so the amount of... Let's go to the homosexuality. That's your question. The amount of inbreeding. Lack of diversity, let's call it that instead. In the Anathars. You never see these amounts in modern humans. In present-day living humans. It's always much more. Of course, if you have... Let's say you only have one individual from each. You're actually still lucky because the genome is not a unit. Because there's something... I'm not going to talk about this, but the DNA you get from your parents is actually a mix of that, too. You have DNA from your parents, but you actually have both your grandparents and a quarter of your great-grandparents. So there's actually a lot of... There's a lot of independent places in the genome. So even if you only have one genome, you can with pretty high accuracy say the homosexuality in these two individuals is statistically difficult. It was a little bit of a roundabout way of saying, yes, if you want, that the community is much more. Yes? So, just thinking about the... I'm referring to this game, I guess that father and the daughter being there suggests that I get the same time or that they came back. Over time it was... So we don't know, but I will say that if I had the... the table... Yeah. I will say the most likely thing is probably that this is one event. And you can... Some of them die quite young. Some of them die quite young. So you can maybe imagine something like... Life was hard back then. And you can sort of imagine that it's just... because it couldn't get enough things or something.  I don't know what the answer is, but to me that's the more likely one. Did the animal bones or lithics figure any information about this one? Actually, like... It doesn't tell you how they died, but it tells us what happened after that. So we have one of the teeth. This... I don't know if you can see my arm. Let's take this guy right here. That was very hard to work with because that tooth had been eaten by a hyena. So when we look at the DNA, it's hyena DNA. Which makes... That's very different from more of the other videos. Like, oh, this must be someone coming from far away or something like that. It just makes a human DNA and hyena DNA. But that doesn't say that they were killed by hyenas, but maybe post-mortem hyenas could come out of the cave and dig around and eat them. Yes? We can't answer that. From what I understand, we can figure out now what we need to know. Yeah. Well, not marrying. We don't know if they had that kind of... Yeah. So...  No, but you have a... It's a very good point. So maybe let me find one with arrows on like this one. So when does the community sort of end and where does another one begin? So... You can imagine how these arrows go to 100%. That all means that these communities are very connected. And it's actually where does one begin and where does one end. And I'm going to say that the best-fitting one suggests like this community size and with this level of connectionness, but you can tweak the parameters, you know. Other ones can also explain the data. But that's where it would be really nice to have, you know, more DNA. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. It's going to be really nice to have, you know, more DNA and many of these isotope analysis too. But that also is why you have so much unrelatedness within one site. And it won't be even going to start looking at the entire team. Yeah. Yes, that is a good point. Yeah. Maybe talking about it as a reading community, we like to think because I didn't get married, but you know, they're really in that position of in a reading and your community is yes, perhaps social, but also perhaps more of a reading community than a happy little social. Yeah. Yes. Yes. You know that in any case it's boring because you kind of come together and go apart, come together and go apart.  That's exactly right. And so most of the bone, most of the bone that we eat in the stand-up house is bison bones. So they were hunting bison. And the bison are migratory. So they come to this area in a while. So we think this has only been occupied in the time of year where bison is around. And some people also suggested that in some sites, there's just so many bison bones that in order to kill and butcher all these bones without all the meat going bad, you would need a lot of individuals. So perhaps, that isn't what people, some people argue, yeah, exactly that all these communities come together to do something, maybe hunting, maybe something else. Yes, all of the above. And then they go to the farm. We often share it in English. It's a great opportunity. Thank you for having me. I will stop sharing.


When it comes to artifacts on this earth, you could be forgiven for thinking that there are very few left to learn about. In fact, we are barely even scratching the surface. For the past couple of hundred years, so-called experts from Europe and America have went out and freely explored our planet in search of ancient objects and structures from the Empire that existed in the very remote past. The discoveries that they made were there to be found in the first place and they expertly explained away their discoveries within the imagination of their mind that the education system allowed them to think about in the boundaries of their minds. In Mali, for example, there is a statue of a woman carved into the mountainside and the estimated age of construction of this ancient masterpiece is an incredible 20,000 years old. Who was this lady and what civilization was responsible for the stunning construction? You would have to consider that the timeline of this piece would put it before the Great Flood and that the history of what we have been told of who we are should be put into serious question when it comes to sites like this. Even the Moa we see at Easter Island is far older than what we are being told. Consider the weight of the Moa. The sheer scale of these monuments has forced them under the dirt over thousands of years, yet we are led to believe they were built much more recent. It is crazy. The experts really do scramble for answers when it comes to ancient sites across the globe and it is as if we the gullible are just waiting for their explanations they offer and believing what they tell us at face value. It's a joke. This isn't very funny when you realize this. Anyway guys, you seen the giant stone head that was discovered in the jungles of Guatemala. Just wait till you hear this. Many researchers would agree that the jungles of Guatemala and surrounding countries hide great secrets of mighty ancient civilizations that ruled the lands in the distant past. From ancient temples and mysterious civilizations anything can be discovered in these jungles. One of the most mysterious of these findings is surely the giant stone head. An image was taken very well over half a century ago sometime in the 1950s by the owner of the land who died before he could reveal the location of the statue and 1987 investigators finally reached the site only to discover it had been obliterated by the revolution 10 years earlier. The destruction of the head meant the story died a rapid death until it was picked up again a few years back by the filmmakers behind revelations of the Mayans and beyond who used the photograph to claim that extraterrestrials have had contact with past civilizations. The producers published a document written by Guatemalan archaeologist Hector E. Maha who wrote, I certify that this monument presents no characteristics of Mayan, Nahatal, Almik, or any other prehistoric civilizations. It was created by an extraordinary and superior civilization with awesome knowledge of which there is no record of existence on this planet. The finding of stone head in a country littered with stone heads isn't really something to get terribly excited about except for the fact that this head looks nothing like any of the others. All other known examples of card heads in the region showed a clear anthropological consistency. This one seemed to depict someone all together different, thin, pronounced lips, shallow cheeks, closed eyelids, a large nose and is facing tilting skyward from the neck resembling the Easter Island statues slightly. Could there somehow be a connection between Easter Island and Guatemala? Is this stone head an effort to replicate the ones from the island? Just a thought. It is unknown if the head is still in a quarried state or if it is toppled over or even buried up to its neck like the Easter Island statues. It is strange to think that if this photograph did not exist then we would never have known about the statue. It makes you wonder what else has been lost through the ages. What else could be lying in the jungle of South America waiting to be discovered? What do you guys think of this anyway? Comments below and thank you for watching.


I know it's been a minute. So we're gonna get those curls poppin But obviously I'm going to need a man for this video. So I have a special guest Elle Gray, welcome back. You guys might have seen him in a video like a long time ago It's been a minute, but his curls have been poppin lately What have you been doing sir? Well, you know, I've just been finally finding a routine that works, you know Thanks to watching a little somebody's video But yeah, no finding a routine that works takes a process it really does but I think I finally found it I use all can-to products. Oh Yeah, it works. So can-to if you guys saw my last video for a product under $20. I did use some can-to I love that all their products are affordable and they also are sulfate paraben and silicone free So let's look at Gary's hair. This is how it is right now. There's nothing in it right now, right? We're just dry. Okay, cool He woke up like this But his curls are definitely thicker than mine is a tighter curl pattern. So I would say that his curls are probably either Maybe even like for a 3C like around that borderline His curls are more defined in the front over here and less in the back But wait until you guys see his routine. They're going to look amazing. So let's get you in the shower and start washing So here is Gary's hair in his most natural state. There's nothing in it. No product. He literally woke up like this Let's get him in the shower and we're gonna rinse the hair and now we're going to apply our shampoo We'll be using the can-to shave butter apple cider vinegar root rinse So this rinse is really good to clean your scalp get rid of any dirt product buildup And has a little nozzle on it so you could apply it directly to your scalp Rub it all in there and then rinse it out Now we're gonna grab the hydrating cream conditioner by can-to and we like to always apply a Lot of conditioner and this is going to be the start of our detangling So really get it in there Moisturize those curls and then he also decided to grab a brush to add a little bit more curl definition So he's brushing it off forward and smoothing out each curl just to really make sure those curls are defined as possible And then you rinse it out Now a step that Gary likes to take is to adding coconut oil This is literally coconut oil like from the grocery store and nothing fancy But as I will agree it is a really great way to detangle your hair He also adds the can-to tea tree and jojoba hair and scalp oil and applies this directly to the top of his curls and A little bit in the palm this plus the coconut oil makes it super easy to detangle Now you just continue to rub it through your hair getting rid of any tangles or knots and just gonna do a little slight rinse So not too much water just rinse out a little bit But it's okay to keep a little bit of these oils in your hair and that's it that completes the entire wash routine And We're back fresh out the shower curls already look more defined and it was pretty easy for you to detangle, right? Yeah, so what's next? What do we have for our styling products? Which one do you apply first leave it leave it all right, let's do it How much are you gonna use so you kind of feel it out a little bit? But I start with usually nice little dollop a little vlog Yeah, and you're here still soaking wet still soaking wet has to be soaking wet I figured out that this is like probably one of the most important things don't dry it at all soaking wet Not even with a towel don't even wring it out in the shower Just leave it as wet as possible and just sort of work it through with your fingers Make sure it's all in there This is feeling pretty good I'm gonna do a little bit more Just like that just for the crown in the center to make sure there's the least amount of frizz as possible Sometimes if there is a lot of frizz in there you can sort of figure curl it a little bit Just to make sure some of that goes away Quite a boy So and then just sort of bunch that together scrunch a little bit curling cream and This can be a little bit less because it is kind of heavy very thick Yeah, it's very very thick so you don't want to lay down. So this is usually what I start out with And I start off edges first Because that's what you want to be defined Not really just right on the tips and then I kind of do this motion just to kind of get everything altogether scrunch it shake it Shaking always helps You know Everybody's hair is different obviously, but you know for me This is you know, I don't know the curl type as you said for my curl type usually once this is all in and you can sort of air dry it shake it out And voila these curls look amazing they're so bouncy they look shiny they're defined they look moisturized I absolutely love the final results if you guys love the results as well Make sure you give us a thumbs up and subscribe I post two new videos every week once on Friday and once on Sunday And make sure you follow my friend on Twitter Instagram and snapchat at Gary L. Gray And of course follow me at Ms. Bianca Renee. I hope to see you guys next time. Thanks for watching Bianca Renee today