103.9 FM, WZO Radio, Knoxville. Ladies and gentlemen, Digital Freethought Radio Hour. Hello and welcome to Digital Freethought Radio Hour on WZO Radio 103.9 LP FM right here in Knoxville, Tennessee. Today is Sunday, July 19th, 2020. I'm Larry Rhodes, or Diver 5. And as usual, we have our co-host, Wombat, on the phone with us. Hello, Wombat. God is so good. I think that's as far as I got in that song. And we're all grateful. It's a good one. It's a good one. And our guests today are Dread Pirate Higgs, a red leader, and George. So hello, everybody. Hi. Digital Freethought Radio Hour is a talk radio show about atheism, free-thought, rational thought, humanism, and the sciences. And conversely, we'll also talk about religion, religious faiths, gods, holy books, and superstition. And if you get the feeling that you're the only non-believer in Knoxville, why are you just not? There are several atheist free-thinking and rationalist groups that exist right here in Knoxville. And we'll be telling you how you can connect with them right after the mid-show break. Did you know that there was an atheist calling TV show broadcasting right here in Knoxville? It has been for over 10 years. Did you know that, Wombat? Yes, and I downloaded it, let's see, Friday, and I've been playing it all this weekend. I can tell you it's a really good combination between Animal Crossing, Pokemon, and maybe Stardew Valley. You go around, I know, it's crazy, right? It's addicting as heck. He wants you to stop him.  It's really amazing. It's really cool. I highly recommend checking it out. Nope, nope, not it. It's not a game, it's just a show. And that matter of fact, this was on TV, Community Access TV for 10 years in Knoxville. But just this year, it switched over to video streaming so you can find it on YouTube, and we'll tell you more about that after the mid-show break. If you'd like to interact with us during the show, you can go to Facebook and search for Digital Freethought Radio Hour. You can find it on our page there and use the messaging function to send us questions or comments. Wombat, we're going to be talking about intelligence and how you defined it. Is that correct? Yeah, I want to go all through about intelligence. Our religion, if you are, if it's possible to be intelligent and religious, are you any more intelligent if you're not religious and we'll pick on IQ for a little bit. But before we go into all that, I take it up to our own venerable, the Catholic Church for invocation. Our once was a church with a creed that claimed I would have no more need. But they came to implore. I give bucks at the door. Then my pockets were empty indeed. Rahman! Rahman! Bad. So I wanted to talk about intelligence today. It was something that had been hankering in my mind since we were talking about knowledge last week. And I figured before we dive deep into what intelligence is, let's talk about what we think intelligence is. We'll do a quick roundtable. George, I know you like defining things. How about you start us off? What do you think intelligence is? Well, I don't have an answer for that, of course. Yes, I do like defining things because I've done that for a living. Oh, whoa! Everybody on the same page and we know what we're talking about when we give a definition right up at the top. And that's why I often remark about that. I think we sometimes assume that other people know what we're talking about. Sure. First of all, I want to comment on something that just popped into my mind, which is this, there are different types of intelligence. Interesting. Well, give me one definition of one type. Okay, let me think for a moment. Don't worry, it's just a library idea.  So he's capable. Oh, yes. Okay. Red Leader, I'm going to throw this out to you. How Jesus did it.com, representing here. Intelligence. You have this very intelligent thoughtful pose going on right now. What would you say intelligence is? What would you expect to see if we looked it up in the dictionary? I'm at a loss. I have no idea what to comment about this. I'm totally at a loss.  I'll be happy to step in and tell you, like, maybe I can throw something out here. Is intelligence just knowing a lot of stuff? What do you think about that, Red Leader? Do you think intelligence is just knowing a lot of stuff? I don't know. I've seen intelligence in dogs and animals and octopuses. When you're talking about accomplishing a task, a problem, then we see it in lower animals and as far as intelligence and humans, I don't know. I don't really have a definition for it. Well, adding to what Dale said, Red Leader said that accomplishing or solving problems, I think, solving anywhere from a simple to complex problems, the higher intelligence and the more complex problems that you can address and solve. Okay. Now we're getting somewhere good because I like that. I like that. I like that as definition. It's not just being able to do something, but it's being able to take a problem and make it not a problem anymore, like resolving situations. And the more complex the problem, the more intelligent, or the more complex a problem that was resolved, the more intelligent that person must be or animal or whatever. That seems to be a really good marker. Gary, can you add to that? Well, I would agree. It's the capacity for solving problems with information that you put together in novel ways. Okay. So it's not what you know. I mean, if everyone has access to the same information, intelligence is how well somebody could use that information to solve a problem or create a new novel situation or idea. But couldn't you say that having a vast amount of knowledge that your fingertips are accessible through your memory would help you solve more complex problems that could also add to the... Yeah. But I mean, someone with higher intelligence may be more inclined to learn more. And that's where I think some people conflate smarts with intelligence. Those two things are pretty distinct. I'd also wonder about access to information, not necessarily being intelligence, because I'm walking around with a smartphone that has access to all the internet, Wikipedia, all of mankind's scientific documents, music, art, all on one rectangular device. That doesn't make me any more intelligent, in a sense, because almost everyone has access. Absolutely. It's how I use that information, right? Exactly. And that's the kind of thing you see all over the internet is just how the assumption that you have all this access to information makes you smarter. It doesn't. You can still be done as opposed and use all this information incorrectly. Right, right. A lot of it depends on how much you have incorporated in yourself in the atmosphere. Where you all talk at once. Sorry. Yeah. What I'm saying is a lot of it depends on how much of that information or knowledge you've incorporated into your own self that you have instant access to when you're actually doing problem solving. If you have a phone and you access the internet, you only have access to the things that you know about and can find or search for.  You have an awful lot of more knowledge at your disposal to solve the problems that are facing you at any particular time. And you would not even know where to look on the phone for information to solve. I'm not saying it doesn't help. But I would think if you have a phone and you have the PhD and you still can't solve this problem and it's a really simple problem, that might be a sign that as George was alluding to, you may not have intelligence in that area. And maybe it's better to seek out an expert in that particular field. Being intelligent enough to ask for help if you need it is also, in my opinion, like an empathetic sign of intelligence, like emotional intelligence. But I was going to Dredd. Dredd, what were you saying about someone launching into space? Well, like I said, there was that flat earth or who died launching himself to prove that the earth was flat. Oh, no. Is this real? Yeah. No, he died. His parachute failed or deployed as the rocket launched. He built the rocket himself. Oh, no. I guess he's clever enough to do that. But clearly, you know, abuse of information available on the internet doesn't always render success. What do you think, Red Leader? I'm going to throw this out at you. Does having access to the internet make you any more intelligent? Say your internet goes out, do you become any less intelligent as a person? If you have internet, do you get more smarter? How does it work? What do you think? I'd say if you have a question in your mind, you can get it answered a lot quicker if you have a phone. Okay. So like access to information does help. I think we're all on the same page there, right? Yeah, I believe that an intelligent person though, I had one friend that when the internet first started getting popular, he'd go in there and just wander around looking at all different. And I said, well, what was your purpose for getting on the internet? He goes, just to look around. In other words, he had no real reason. There was nothing he was going to look for. I imagine that if a person's using the internet as a tool, they would have the question in their mind and then they would go researching. That just seems like another source of information like the encyclopedia or any other area. Dred, what do you got? I was just thinking that, you know, if... Oh, geez, I completely lost it. Sorry. No, it's okay. It's okay. I was thinking how do you apply this to say an all-powerful, all-knowledge, all-intelligent being, right? Like say you have a God. It doesn't have to be the Christian God. But how do you assess, if we can assess intelligence by offering a problem that needs to be resolved and at varying levels of complexity and seeing what's the capstone of complexity of a problem that can be resolved and saying, okay, because you clear this, you're this intelligent. If the problem is for at least... I'm sorry for going back into the Christian model, but I need to figure out who my true followers are and who my true followers aren't. So I'm going to set up a system where I make a world and just put a book around the Stone Age or Bronze Age and with a couple of sheepherders and we'll just see what happens. There's not just one book. There's 10,000 books. Yeah, yeah, yeah. And you have to consider the canon. So this applies even to like Muslim face as well. There is the idea of Jinn or demons or Satan, you know, people, supernatural forces that are capable of telling lies or convincing people who might mean well that they actually believe something that may not actually be true. Like demons that can fool people's minds. And if those are in play, what isn't questionable at this point? Like what can you take 100% confidently? Can I believe in God with 100% confidence knowing that there's also Satan whose job is to convince people of things that may not necessarily be true? Like it's very hard to take things like that with absolute level of confidence. Hey, we got phones. We'll edit this out. But George, make sure you meet yourself if you can. Larry, we have these things called demons. We have these things called Satan. Well, I don't think, I'm not convinced that we do, but how can you believe in God 100% seriously? I don't believe that we have them, of course. But if like Christians believe that Satan is real and he has the ability to create illusions and create miracles and do magic, what chance do we possibly have to know what is real and what's not real? What's good, what's bad, because he can make us see or believe anything. That's really not something that I think that a good God would allow to exist. Right. And it's not just knowing things that makes you intelligent because you can know things that aren't true and you can actually make things way more complicated or harder for you to live by. Look at the coronavirus situation that we have. How many people became experts in biochemistry and viral infections overnight? Maybe after a couple of YouTube videos and now are using that haphazardly. Dred, what do you got? Well, and that was the point I was going to make, actually, is intelligence is not about having access to information. It's about being able to evaluate the merit of that information. You know, someone going on the internet, they may have access to 10,000 sites that talk about COVID and virology and all the rest of it. But, you know, a more intelligent person would be able to sift through that information to determine what is more likely to be the case and what is more likely not and sort of be able to divide the wheat from the chaff. I really love that. George, what do you want to add? Would deductive reasoning be part of this mix? For sure, absolutely. Absolutely, yeah. Yeah, I think so. And I think that plays a lot into, like, what SE is, is just, you know, it benefits us to be able to do that. And all we're doing is trying to act like a coach where we encourage that kind of thinking in other people. I think critical thinking really plays a big part in intelligence. Like, can you effectively use it to solve these problems and improve your life and the lives of other people around you? Though we have this misnomer, I believe, and I'll throw this out. I believe that atheists have the impression that because you're religious, you're not as intelligent because you are devoting a lot of your time and effort into something that we aren't convinced is true. And I feel like that could be a dangerous sort of assumption because, one, from talking to people who are religious, I found that the smarter you are, the better you are at convincing yourself that something is the case. Pressurized. That's right. Yeah? Absolutely. Yeah. And I see it from, like, you know, the people who are, like, way, way above me, college professors, I'm just like, wow, wow, that's really impressive. My coworkers, who I admire greatly, have a God belief. And it almost startles me because I always assume that, oh, you must think like me. No, you believe in a God. And you know the periodic table all the way to 104 elements? That's... All right. Yeah, you know what? I just had surgery last week. That's why I'm wearing this thing. And my surgery was done in a Baptist hospital. This is the second time I've had surgery in a Baptist hospital. And I'm thinking, but I thought the Baptist don't believe in science. Hmm. So, yeah. It's hard to say you believe in science and not evolution at the same time, too. Yes. It's just the science that contradicts the beliefs. I mean, the rest of the science is okay. The rest of the science is okay. It's the cherry pick science. They don't have a problem with the science of germs, you know, the theory of disease or the gravitational theory or any other, the other thing. It's the evolution theory. It's the create... When it applies to human beings.  Unless it's a way to make medicine or vaccines, then in which case they'll be like, you know, I'll just take the vaccine, but this has nothing to do with evolutionary problems. Of course it does. We don't like that. We obviously see cherry picking. We see, you know, like a lot of egocentrism in there, but it's not necessarily a mark of someone not being intelligent. I can say this as a person who was Christian myself. Like, I didn't feel any smarter when I lost my religion. I just felt like I had a door open that I walked through and I'm like, oh man, there's this whole other room in my house I'd never been to. Oh, I got a decorate again. I know it's so big. It's like, oh, but it's empty. It's so empty. What am I supposed to do with all this stuff? I was way more comfortable back there and I tried to turn around and go back and it's locked.  So I guess I'm stuck here in this big, empty room now. So like that's how it felt for me. So if anything, it felt like I lost stuff, but it did give me the opportunity to like resettle, redecorate. And I feel like that's really important. If I may, just one thing you had pointed out and something I read in a recent Daniel Dennett book is we're all subject to Dunning-Kruger syndrome in some aspects of our lives. And you're just playing that a second. Yeah, I was going to explain that. So the Dunning-Kruger effect is the idea that you can overestimate your confidence in a subject with which you become acquainted. For instance, internet people becoming, suddenly becoming virologists and bacteriologists in post-COVID. But that can certainly be the case for everyone. I've suffered that syndrome in some respects in the past. With some things I assumed to know a lot about and then found out subsequently that I was absolutely way off base. Sure, same here. So we're all subject to that, I think. Absolutely, yeah. And just to throw something out, do we, I became an atheist as I was going through college, but it's not becoming an atheist that gave me the college education. It's the fact that I still, you know, went through all the process of studying and working hard and taking on the test. I don't feel any, I don't think, I'll just put it to this point again. I'm not saying atheism made me any smarter, but I have seen the trend that typically people who are religious, who go through a collegiate experience end on the atheist label. And that's only because you get critical thinking and you're talking shuck into you to the poor. It's like, I can't hold these two conflating or competing beliefs anymore. I have to go to the mortal world. Right. And I'm stuck here. And that's where the cognitive dissonance steps in and either you figure it out or you just walk blindly through, right?  Just go on mingle.com, Christian mingle.com. Everything will be okay. That says a lot about mental compartmentalization. It does. For sure. And it probably goes back to what George was alluding to before, like there's different intelligences. Maybe there's like a religious intelligence versus like a reality intelligence, maybe? Just like, hey. Well, I was just thinking about more pedestrian sorts of things, you know? Like, you know, a long, long time ago, I was being given the army physical exam. Okay.  And there was one part of that exam, which was really well put together. It was an intelligence test that assumed that you couldn't read. And it was a bunch of questions posed to the applicant in pictures. And it was actually designed to test your mechanical intelligence. And I thought, wow. How come nobody ever put this to me in college? You know, I've got two college degrees and nobody's ever come from that angle before. I've never heard of it. Hmm. Yeah. I don't think we can like blame someone for being ignorant as a lack of intelligence. Like, I don't think those are applicable. That's correct. Red Leader, you know a lot of magic tricks, right? Like, you've written an entire book called How Jesus Did It about like how magicians today could have done what Jesus did with his technology even back then, if he actually did it. I'm wondering like, from your impression, is an audience that sees a magic trick and believes what the magician is telling them, less intelligent or any way incapable of intelligence? Did they do something dumb? Not less intelligent. James Randy said that, oh, this is James Randy. Oh, I thought that was an orc. I thought that was an orc from Skyrim in the background. Okay, now I got it. No, one of the things James Randy said was that it's, one comment he made was that it is more difficult to fool or impress a child with a magic trick. And being is because as a magician, he plays on your assumptions. In our daily life, we assume all kinds of things in order to go out the day a little bit more efficiently. We don't have to rethink everything all the time. So he uses those assumptions. I like that. Yeah, yeah. And kids are way more of a blank slate. At one point, I was working for a guy that was, he had a magic shop and they were wanting some props created. One that I was looking at the plans of was a stocks. The person would be in the stocks and you would think, oh, he can't get out of that. But where the middle went, it looked like braces. It was actually a cut. It actually came up. But you looking at it, you assume that that's a straight, solid piece or you make all kinds of assumptions. Children don't tend to make assumptions until much later. Yeah. And assumptions, one of the hard things about it is they're hard to give up and they can actually interfere with your ability to solve problems, which goes back to what we're saying about intelligence. In fact, there's a thing called, and I was talking to Tracy Harris about this, actually. It was interesting because there's a thing called Occam's Razor, which has, I'll explain what it is as part of this quote thing, but like, people believe Occam's Razor is the simplest answer is the most correct answer. And that's not true. That's not what the rule of Occam's Razor is. Occam's Razor is the answer that makes the least number of assumptions is often the right answer. And there's like some asterisks there, but it's about assuming that you're right. And we run into a situation where it's very easy to make rash judgments based on how simple the answer is, but it's very easy to come up with simple lies. And, you know, and some lies or even some statements offer a lot more questions that we just don't really to think about. Like for example, God did it. You don't have to worry about like this whole rain, condensation, things like, no, God did it. That's the simplest answer. Occam's Razor, that's the answer. That's the answer. It's like, you don't realize how many additional questions you just brought up to the table or something like that. Larry, I think your audio went out, but it sounds like you have something you want to say. All right, Gary, go for it. I was just going to say that God raises about a thousand more questions than it answers. Like where it came from and did you have a family of parents, you know, just all kinds of things that you just assume that there are answers for when there really aren't. Right. Anyway, we're at the bottom of the hour. We probably need to take a break. Yeah. This is Digital Freethought Radio R, WZO Radio 103.9, OPFM right here in Knoxville, Tennessee. We'll be right back after this break. 103.9 FM, WZO Radio, Knoxville. Digital Freethought Radio Hour. Hello and welcome back to the second half of the Digital Freethought Radio Hour and WZO Radio 103.9, OPFM right here in Knoxville, Tennessee. Today is July 19th, and we're going to talk about Freethought groups that you can join right here in Knoxville. First, there's the Atheist Society of Knoxville. ASK was founded in 2002. We're in our 18th year. We have over a thousand members, and you can find us online by searching for Knoxville Atheist or go to KnoxvilleAtheist.org. By the way, if you don't live in Knoxville, you can still go to meet up and search for an Atheist group in your town. Don't have one? Start one. Also, there's the Rationalists of East Tennessee. R-E-T is another large freethinking group here in Knoxville, and you can find them at rationalist.org. Click on Upcoming Events to find out more about them. Earlier in the show, we said we talked about the Knoxville Atheist called in TV show. It's on YouTube. Just search for Free Thinkers United Coalition of Knoxville, and you'll find their streaming version of a TV show and their archives as well. You can also search for Freethought Forum. Not too interrupt, but I sound a little confused. It sound like you said we had a TV show. That's kind of cool. We should talk about that more. I'll bring it up next time. Next show, we'll talk about it. That would be great. That's not a thing you should let under the radar. We want to let people know. If you're interested in getting involved in the TV or this radio show, come to an Ask Meeting. Meet us online.  No, what is it? Knoxville Atheist on Facebook. Atheist Society of Knoxville on Facebook. Lots of different ways. On the show with us today, we have our co-host, Wombat. We also have red rider, George and Dred Pirate Higgs. So we were talking about intelligence. Where did we leave off? Sure. We were talking... Oh, no. Guys. Guys. I don't know where I keep putting this. Dred, do you know where it is? There was a question. Has anybody had a supernatural experience? No. There's something... I had something and I can't find it. And we have to... Where is the love? Where is the love? Love, the love, the love. Where is the love? I would like to make an announcement. You can do it right after we handle this listener feedback question. We got a really great message from Brandon. He said, hey, I'm a huge fan of the Let's Chat podcast. Ever since it popped up on my radar, you guys are awesome. And he wanted to ask a question about Essie. Essie, of course, being a way to talk to anyone about anything about triggering emotions or ego and stuff like that. It's a great way for two people to work together to figure out if someone reached their conclusion in a reliable way. And he wants to use Essie as a way to talk people out of racist ideologies. And he thought it could be really useful right now. And I thought, wow, that's very powerful. Dred, I'm going to fill this out to you. What's Essie? I just explained it, George. Anyone else, just hit J on your keyboard and you'll restart 10 seconds back. Hi, Higgs. What is, do you think Essie is a good way to deal with someone who has racist ideologies? I think so, because it helps that person sort of unpack how they came to formulate that particular ideology. I think it's a great opportunity to really just help people reflect more upon themselves and how they come there as opposed to sitting on the end beliefs without sometimes even knowing how they got there. Sure. I love that answer.  Absolutely. You aren't there to try to change someone's mind. You try to figure out how they arrived at their conclusions. And if you work with them and you reach a dead end that says way more than you saying, oh, well, you're wrong because of X, Y, Z. No, I was working with you and we can't work together between the two of us to get to this conclusion. Yeah. And if you're really sticking to the Socratic examination as the methodology for street epithemology, that produces pretty fruitful results. Cool. Brandon, thank you so much for that feedback. Anyone else who has more feedback, feel free to leave a comment or email us. We'll supply all of our contact information at the end of the show. And I just wanted to take a quick break. I'm just going to turn this over to Chris. Dail, Dail, Dred, you got your hand up? I just wanted to mention because you had brought up Occam's razor. Oh, go for it. Yeah, so have you heard about Hitchens razor? No, throw it at me. That which can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence. That was Christopher Hitchens. I dig it. Thank you for that. I believe Dale has been trying to say something. Dale, what were you going to say to him? I had an announcement a few minutes ago. It's probably too late for it now. Please. But there are atheists who really can sing. Who can sing? Can think. Who can sing. Oh, sing? Oh, sing? Like sing? Like back when we were singing. Oh, I'm one of them. I'm one of them. In fact, I'm probably going to play one of my songs in the mid-show break. We actually have a live stream, someone following us on the live stream, who makes a comment, if I may. He says, when I use SE on people, they always feel challenged and quickly back out. Is there anything you'd recommend there? Go ahead. I think SE is just a way to ask a question. But it's one tool in a box of tools to have a good conversation with somebody. And one of the more important tools compared to SE is, are you being personable? Are you comfortable? Do you understand body language? Do you understand how to have a conversation with people that's enjoyable? Are you friendly? There's a lot of things you have to work on, other than just asking the proper SE question in order to facilitate a good conversation with someone. And my recommendation to get better at that is to do SE on topics that aren't particularly charged subjects. Be like, hey, what's your favorite Marvel movie? Well, yeah, well, that's the problem. What I was going to say was it depends on if the person came to your table willing to talk, or if you're using SE, like on a plane where you're just talking to the person next to you, if you broach a subject that they're afraid to go into, they're not going to feel comfortable. They're going to shy away from it, and they actually may have actual fear of broaching that subject and searching into it. Absolutely. You might ask your streaming person more details about it. Yeah. Gary, do you have anything you'd like to add to that? That's a great question, by the way. Thank you for that. Well, he just says he thinks it's also a cultural thing. There may be a cultural element there. So maybe he's working across cultures. I'm not sure, but yeah, and it's not something that works good for Anthony Magnobosco. It wouldn't work well for me. Wouldn't work well for Reed. We all have to develop our styles based on the culture that we're in. And even Larry's got his own style. Like he mixes standard argumentation with some essay. So he'll argue with you and then he'll throw some brainers at you. And you're like, oh, why is he asking me these deep questions? I thought he wanted me to get angry. I don't know what's going on. Yeah. And same here, I don't do the same style as Anthony or as one that. I think it's all about flavor and finding the fit that works for you. Right. I think the most important thing when you're doing essay, number one rule, keep it positive, right?  Make it a conversation, try not to make it an argument. Not a confrontation. Not a confrontation. Oh, I'm going to steal that. That's so good. You heard it here first. I'm taking that. And then the last thing is let them do the thinking, right? Like you're not there to guide them to the conclusion. You're there to follow them to it and see if you can get there together. That's the most important part. All right. So we had a really great question from Dale before we broke off to the end. It was, oh, Dale, do you want to say the question? Do you remember it? Yeah. Go for it.  Maybe somebody close to you has had a supernatural experience. Cool. Larry, I'll throw this up first. I'll throw it up to Larry first. No, for Larry? No. I'm going to be interested in George's answer, but Dred Pirate, have you ever had a supernatural experience? At the time, I might have thought it was. But over the years, I subsequently come to realize that it was a lot of my own wishful thinking that was used in that. And I'll just throw out my quick answer. It kind of goes back to what Red Leader was saying. As a kid, it's sometimes easier to start off with more of a blank slate. Whereas an adult, you feed yourself with more assumptions, some valid, some not. But when I was a kid, I could definitely say that I felt like I had a supernatural experience. But that was only because I had no standard for what supernatural was. And now that I'm an adult, I recognize that I have no basis to say what is supernatural versus what's not. I don't have a supernatural measuring state. And as a result, I don't know. And I'm probably convinced that I'm more convinced of the natural experiences that I've had, because I have no way of knowing if I had a supernatural experience or not. So I'm not convinced that I've had any. George, what do you got? Well, I had a supernatural experience a number of years ago in a class about such things. And I also have a scientific explanation for that supernatural experience. That sounds conflicting to me. What do you mean by supernatural, Mr. Definition? What is a supernatural? What is supernatural? What's supernatural? OK, an experience that would seem to defy science. Oh, well, that could be anything. Then if that's the case, then, yeah, I had some ice cream that was strawberry that tasted like cherry. And I'm like, this is supernatural.  You can put it. OK, you can put on it anything you want. But I'm saying this is where I'm coming from. You were surprised based on the expectation that you had before. OK, that's fair. Yeah, that, let's say, based upon what most people would consider their own scientific knowledge, it doesn't make sense. OK, I won't go into the whole story, because it's going to take five minutes. If you want to hear it, I'll tell you. Yeah, we can do it after the show. OK, but however, it was a phenomenon that is called psychometry, in which an experience is recorded in an object to be played back by somebody else. Cool. Experienced by somebody else. This happened. Cool. OK. All I want to say is a lot of the supernatural experiences that people have come down to interpretation. I know people that if they have a cold breeze, if they sit in their house and they get a chill or a cold air coming by, well, that's because a ghost went by. That's an area of interpretation that they just say, oh, that couldn't be natural, so it's got to be supernatural. Well, in the case of, let's say, what I described here that was called psychometry, or I'll call it telepathy, I have a scientific explanation for this, for the possibility that makes sense to me, because I have experience with radio. I understand how radio works. I understand the physics of it. And at least in my own mind, I have put together a rationale for how this could have happened in the scientific realm. I have an experience that I can't explain scientifically, because sometimes I just become a goldfish and I don't understand how it's possible for someone to become a goldfish. That's supernatural. Yeah, I know. There's no explanation. I have a scientific explanation for it, but it's just supernatural. Yeah, it is. One thing, yeah, you were going to ask Dale? Yeah, I want to go to Dale. Have you had a supernatural experience, and would you like to talk about that? One time, I was wet out of sleep for four days, and I saw an elf. That's not good. Dumped down behind a bolt of cloth. And I kept telling myself, there's no such thing as an elf behind that cloth. But no matter how much I could tell myself that, I could not stop myself from walking around the bolt and taking a real good look. Also, a spaceship once landed in the field behind my house. I'm more inclined to believe in spaceships than supernatural. That's not supernatural. We have spaceships. Those aren't supernatural things. Like, I'm so upset that we don't go to the moon more frequently, but like, spaceships, we have them. That we can make them. It's not that surprising anymore. Let me tell you what happened. What happened was, my dad was going to sleep, and he had to glance out the window, and there was that spaceship. Now, we're talking about the spaceship from the 1950s. You know, the fins on the bottom, and it's pointed, you know, like that. And he tried to go to sleep. He was thinking, he explained. He said, well, if the aliens are going to come and get me, there's not a whole lot I could do about it. I'm just going back to bed. And then he thought, no, I have to have somebody else see this, so he woke me up. And I looked out the back window, and there was a glowing spaceship about 150, 170 feet tall in the field behind our house. And I said, let's go look at it. And he said, no, you're not going anywhere. You're staying right here. But I got my binoculars, and I looked at the spaceship. Come to find out that what it was was a tree, was a pine tree, and it was such a distance away that it looked exactly like a spaceship. But there had been a mist, a dew. And in our basement, we had a bulb, a light bulb, that did not have the frosting on it. It was one of those naked bulbs, clear. It was shining out of the basement, hitting that tree, and then just like the signs on the road that have the little beads, it reflected that light directly back at it. But if I had not gotten those binoculars, I would swear to this day that the spaceship had landed in the field behind my house. Yeah, interesting. There's a lot of things that we can't go back in time to verify. So when we have these impressions of things that are just memory, it's just this weird thing. Larry. There was one thing that happened to me.  It was like the hot water heater blew up or something. And I turned on the, I sat up, turned on the light, and I looked down at the dog that was laying next to the bed, and he looked up at me, like, what's up, boss? I love it when I see that. Yeah, like, yeah. Well, that was just my imagination. It was an audio hallucination. So I turned off the light and went back to bed. But if I didn't have a dog there, Right, right, right. I went throughout the entire house and never saw any problem. Then I would, you know, was that supernatural? Was that a ghost? You know, that kind of stuff. But it immediately put it in the realm of hallucinations. I'm going to fill this out. I don't think, I think red leader and laborer are exemplifying what it means to be intelligent. Where it is, we've had this issue where we couldn't explain something, we had a problem, and we did maybe some basic, or maybe we did some investigation, maybe our dog looked at us or maybe we got, maybe we did some work and looked at some binoculars and tried to look how lights refracted and try to understand what we had seen in the past and try to make sense of it. And we came out with a rationale that is way less based on assumptions, like outcomes raiser, and came out with a better understanding of how reality works, maybe learning some things in the process. And I'm like, that is what intelligence is to me. Like those are very intelligent results to arrive at. And there are some people who don't do that. That's very clear, yeah. Yeah, I think I was thinking back about this radio show host. Larry, let me know if you remember this guy. He was a radio show entrepreneur. He had a lot of channels, a lot of TV shows, and he said the world was gonna end. He was like this very famous pastor. Are you from what that guy's last name was? I don't. He was a Tuesday pastor. He spent more money on any single event than any other human being. Yeah. I know who it is. Okay, yeah. I can't think of his name. You'll get it. He was about three, four years ago. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. He said the world is gonna end sometime in August, I believe, and his followers believed him. They looked at him as an authority. They sold all the possessions and put the money in the bank, went to him and all congregated, gave him his money, their money, for whatever reason I cannot imagine. To buy posters and stuff like that, yeah. They spread the word. Mm-hmm. Yeah. And it didn't happen. Hey, don't spoilers. No spoilers yet. We, they said the world's gonna end at six o'clock. They all go to New York, or one of them goes to New York. He spent his entire life saving exactly as Larry said. And he's standing there in Times Square with a sign saying, this is your last chance to repent.  It's not gonna happen. He's like, I'm confident. He's interviewing with the news. 5.59 happens, six o'clock happens. Nothing happens. 6.01, 6.02. And he just has the most confused expression. Still a Christian to this day. Still very much a believer. But like, that is a person, that is an example of a person who can't take those experiences and overcome his assumptions. Like, he can't be like, hey, that's a spaceship. No, it's not. Well, it's still a spaceship in my head. Like, I feel like that's the lack, that's the lack of intellectual honesty, maybe if we're talking about different layers of intelligence that we're seeing there. And I think intellectual honesty plays such a big part in intelligence in general. Shred Pirate, I wanna go to you. Have you ever had a supernatural experience? Maybe, you said no, but like, have you ever had an experience now that we're defining it more of like misinterpretation of something in the past that you really felt then? Oh yeah, the idea that I may have seen ghost or that sort of thing. And yeah, I mean, that sort of thing was much more frequent when, certainly when I was a much more religious person. And for a few years, I dabbled in the occult and actively tried to practice magic and bring up spirits and all that kind of stuff. And yeah, I fooled myself quite a bit thinking that I was getting somewhere with it, but ultimately I was just fooling myself. Anything spectacular? I feel like you're walking around some pretty awesome stories. Well, probably a lot longer than we've got the four minutes for.  I remember when I was in like first grade, I was writing like the tricycles that they gave out to kids and I was gonna ram straight into the kid in front of me because I couldn't stop fast enough.  And the next time over to my eyes, I was on the other side of the kids still going at just as fast. So like either in my head, I thought, oh, I went through the kid and just physics time worked out for me. But in my, looking back now, it's like maybe the kid got out of the way, maybe I was just swerving out of the way, just through my nerves. But like in my head, I've kept that with me for like maybe 17 years of just like, hey, proof of God, I was on to like better things cause I could have died then, I could have had something happen to me then, but it didn't happen. Therefore God, I needed that. I needed that to like hold up this crux. That's how, that's how strenuous people hold, you know, their faith basically, just on these like misinterpreted circumstances.  Speaking of things people misinterpret as the past, like the Bible in a sense is basically just a chronicle of misinterpreted points of view. And I think who better to talk about, you know, misinterpreting things in the Bible than how Jesus did it, red leader, is there anything in the Bible that may be misinterpreted? Is that even possible? Well, when you're talking about supernatural experiences, there's these coincidences that people have happened where you pick up somebody in the phone, you rank, you pick it up, it's them. Well, I had an odd one with the Bible. I was writing a section of my book about circumcision, about using circumcised penises as a weapon of mass destruction that's in the Bible. Well, it's in the Bible, it's in there, it's in there. Anyway, so I'm sitting there writing this part about how they did this and it was a weapon of mass destruction. But anyway, while the TV was on, it was one of those Terminator shows. But anyway, the Terminator girl starts talking about the exact verse of the Bible that I was looking at. Now the chances have got to be a bazillion to one that while I'm writing on it, this girl comes on and starts talking about circumcised penises as weapons of mass destruction. So, but you know, as a deist, I'm not allowed to think in supernatural terms, but isn't that just incredibly, I found it to be incredibly coincidental? I mean, this is a really obscure part of the Bible. What, you know, coincidences do happen.  And would you say one in a billion and then there's like, what, seven billion people on earth, lots of people writing books, things like that. There are so many stories in the Bible just for that one to come up on this girl. You have a chapter and verse on that. Yeah, you can give it at the end of the show. I would like to throw out one last pick. This is picking on the idea of how can we measure intelligence. There's this idea that if you have an IQ number, that represents how intelligent you are. And the means of how they test IQ is different based on, you know, there's not even like a major organization that assesses it. But I was talking about the idea of how they test IQ that assesses it. But I was talking about this with Dred Pirate. The concept of intelligence quotient or quotant or however you want to pronounce it, should be quotient, refers to it's your intelligence based on your local population. It's not, IQ is never taken globally, like where you're competing against like people from China or India and stuff like that. It's typically around the people who've taken the test who are in your near immediate area.  Whereas if you move to a place where there's not as many smart people or maybe you're one of the only people, maybe your IQ jumps up a bit because you're now average or at least beating the average. So yeah, I don't know how you came up with that profile. So I am a member of Mensa. Cool. In fact, I'm a local secretary and proctor for Mount Mensa here in Western Canada. And the test again, we were talking earlier about defining what intelligence was. And it's not about who you know, it's not the culture of milieu in which you exist. It is broader, it's based on your capacity and ability to solve problems based on the available information. And the Wonderlich tests which are used now sort of as the standard for Mensa, there are different kinds of intelligent tests, right? Like LSATs. And I mean, all the SATs are essentially aptitude tests that measure to some degree intelligence. And so these cross the borders of language, of mathematical acumen, of all kinds of these things that might be a benefit to people who have a college education, for instance. They do, you know, suss out intelligence on a much more fundamental level. And so that would be my contention is that there is a valid way of determining relative intelligence through IQ. And I thank you for that. I would always wonder, is there a better way of measuring intelligence than measuring IQ and reducing it down to a number? Because I look at things like the Wonderlich and we have things called NFL here in America, I'm sorry, in USA, I know Canada, sorry about that. You guys have American football too, or Canadian football too. But you would do the Wonderlich as part of your assessment to determine how good of a football player you will be. And that test is available to you right now. If you're watching this, you can take the Wonderlich test right now.  So it's more of a question of how much you can answer in a short period of time and you're supposed to skip answers that you might take too long on because your score is gonna be based on the average of everybody else who also did the test. So it doesn't actually have to be perfect just gonna be a suss on that average. I did that test on multiple times, each time getting slightly higher than before, but I noticed that it's more of a gimmick of what I'm about to anticipate and being able to regurgitate that thinking process appropriately to like get us to squeak my way towards a higher score. And I wonder like if I can eat my score by like 30% higher by multiple taking of the test, am I really measuring my intelligence or just my ability to do well on this test? Or the ability to learn how to take tests? That too. Take that test. I mean, if you're doing the same test over and over again. No, it's different questions. It's different questions. I know, and I wonder like is, if that's the case, isn't there a possibility that people with really high IQ levels are just people who've taken the test a lot of times and are really good at taking IQ tests? I feel the same way applies to SATs as well. I did really well on my SATs, but- Absolutely. Fundamentally more when I was in college and realized how much I didn't know and how to work with people and do research and figure out what's good information from bad information. Like that's SAT, you couldn't put my college experience in a piece of paper that I have to answer with multiple choices. Like there's just, there's no, I don't know if there's a compatibility. I'm fine with Mensa, I'm fine with IQ. I wish there was a better acceptable way to measure intelligence than those methods. Well, you know, one thing I should note about the Mensa IQ test anyway, is that they're evaluated by psychologists and the way they're evaluated, so I mean, you made the point that you could skip questions or you can make guesses. So it's not like they just, you know, stick the template over the answer sheet and mark off the ones where the holes align with the answers, right? Answers are often, I mean, they're evaluated within the context of other questions.  Yeah, yeah, yeah. So these IQ tests, especially the one you're like, are done in the same way so that it's, you know, it's a hard one to actually practice. You know what I'm saying? Yeah, I hear you. It's evaluated on a broader, you know, sort of in a broader fashion than just sticking the template over and chucking the ones you got right into the hole, so. I'm at least relieved that there's efforts to make it better, but maybe. Yeah, I imagine there might be. Yeah, Dredd, where can we find your stuff at? Well, we're streaming live on my YouTube channel, Mind Pirate, P-Y-R-A-T-E, and we do that on Sundays at eight o'clock to nine o'clock. Cool. In the morning. And George, I know you probably don't have anything. That's totally fine, but hey, is there a website you would recommend, Red Leader? We should check out. Yeah, Larry asked me for the. For the, uh. After verse. Yeah, about the weapon of mass destruction. Uh, I believe, Larry, if you look in the book, it's either under the joy of circumcision or adventures, more adventures in circumcision. Your book. And there will be a reference to keep it. And what's the name of your book? Yeah. Now you can find it at howjesusdidit.com. That's howjesusdidit.com. Yeah. Now, Dale, you're also a sculptor. Did you do the sculptor behind you? Yeah, good question. Yes. It's very good. That's James Wren, haven't it? I met him. Cool. Very cool. Yeah, I knew that. Very nice. Yeah, it's very nice. You can find myself on Let's Chat. You're probably here right now, so thanks for watching this video. Yeah? Larry, I'm all good. Okay. This has been digitalfreethought.com, Radio Hour, sorry. You can find my book, Atheism What's It All About on Amazon. Be sure to check out our blog at digitalfreethought.com slash blog. And for our radio show archives, our atheist songs and many articles on Facebook on the subject of atheism. If you have any questions for the show, you can send them to askanatheist at noxfieldatheist.org. You can find our podcasts not only on digitalfreethought.com, but on iTunes, Institute of Lubanary, podcast.com, et cetera, et cetera. If you're watching this on YouTube, be sure to like and subscribe and to be notified when new episodes are available. Also, I'd like to remind everybody at the end of the show that everybody is going to somebody else's hell. The time to worry about it is when they prove that heavens and hells and souls are real. Until then, don't sweat it and enjoy your life. And we'll see you next week, 7 o'clock on WZO Radio 103.9 LP FM here in Knoxville, Tennessee. Say goodbye, everybody. Bye. Bye. I'm in.


Hello everyone, myself Dr. Shubhanga Meena, junior resident at Department of Rated Diagnosis Government Medical College, Kota. Today, I'll be presenting my paper titled, High Resolution Computed Tomography Findings in COVID-19 Patients, Having CT Severeity Score of More Than 10 at 6 Month Follow-up Scan After Recovery. Introduction, novel coronavirus disease or popularly known as COVID-2019 is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. HRCT plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Numerous studies have documented radiographic changes in the acute course of COVID-19 which range from mild to severe cases. Recent publications have found that approximately 94% of hospitalised patients have persistent lung parankimal findings on the testarct CT scans. In addition, a study conducted by Liu et al. reported that lung opacities in 53% of patients with mild COVID-19 result with no adverse equally within three weeks after discharge. Data from previous coronavirus infections, that is severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome, suggest that there may be substantial fibrotic consequences in patients with COVID-19. However, little is known about the long-term lung changes after COVID-19 infection. Ames and objective of our study were to determine the completed tomography findings in the COVID survivors at six months' follow-up CT scan, to study the potential acute and chronic post-COVID chest complications like lung fibrosis, and to determine the spectrum of chest-computed tomography findings in COVID-19 disease. Materials and Methods Our study design was a prospective observational study. The duration of study was of one year, starting from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022. Study population comprised of all the patients referred to Department of Radio Diagnosis for follow-up CT scan after COVID-19 infection, positive report on RT-PCR, and a raw rapid antigen test six months back in Government Medical College and Associated Group of Hospitals Quota, after obtaining informed written consent. We considered 100 cases who fulfilled our selection criteria during the study period. Coming to the inclusion criteria of the study, all the patients of age more than 18 years diagnosed as COVID-positive by RT-PCR and a raw rapid antigen test six months before. Patients who were having CT severity score of more than 10, and patients fulfilling the above criteria consenting to participate in the study. The exclusion criteria of the study included patients having CT severity score of less than 10, patients of age less than 18 years, patients who did not give consent to participate in the study, and pregnant females. Following approval by the Ethical Committee of the Institute, detailed information about the study was explained to the patients found eligible for inclusion in the study. Informed consent was taken from all of them. Demographic profiles of the patients were noted and complete details about the clinical diagnosis and laboratory diagnosis was noted in the study pro forma. Follow-up HR CT was done at New Medical College and Hospital Quota, Rajasthan, and patient questionnaires were completed during each screening visit. Now coming to the results of our study, table one shows distribution of patient according to age more than one fourth of the patients that is about 29% of the patients were between 50 to 60 years, followed by 22% of patients between 60 to 70 years, 19% of patients were between 30 to 40 years, 12% of patients were between 40 to 50 years, and 9% of patients were between 20 to 30 years and those above 70 years. Chart one shows distribution of patients according to gender. Majority of the patients were males that is about 70% of the patients. Chart two shows the distribution of patients according to mechanical ventilation requirement during COVID infection. Total 23 of patients who were serious got mechanical ventilation out of which 21 got non-invasive and two got invasive mechanical ventilation. Table two shows the distribution of patients according to co-morbidities. 11% of the patients had diabetes, 34% of the patient had hypertension, 26% of patients had acute respiratory distress syndrome before COVID-19 infection, and 16% of patients had other respiratory problems. Table three shows the distribution of patients according to spectrum of chest CT findings at six months follow-up scan. Ground class opacities was found in 72% of the patients, followed by traction bronchitis, septal thickening, and reticulations in 30% of the patients. Consolidation was seen in about 10% of cases. Plural effusion was seen in about 12% of the patients, and 11% of patients showed midiastinal lymphedinopathy. Table four shows the association between admission status at the time of COVID infection and post-COVID CT findings. 29 out of 100 patients who were hospitalized had traction bronchitis, reticulation, and septal thickening in their follow-up CT scans. Four patients were having honey combing, and one had reverse halosine. Table five shows the association between mechanical ventilation required during COVID infection and post-COVID CT findings. Total of 21 patients were on non-invasive mechanical ventilation, out of which 19 patients showed traction bronchitis, reticulations, and septal thickening in their follow-up CT scan. Three patients were having honey combing, and one patient showed reverse halosine. Two patients which required invasive mechanical ventilation showed traction bronchitis, reticulations, and septal thickening on their follow-up CT scan. Table six shows the association between co-morbidities and post-COVID CT findings. Out of 100 patients, 8 patients had diabetes, 18 patients who had hypertension, 13 patients with respiratory problems, and 22 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome were found to have post-COVID findings on CT, like traction bronchitis, reticulations, and septal thickening. One diabetic and two hypertensive patients had honey combing, and three diabetic patients had reverse halosine in their follow-up CT scan. Coming to the illustrative cases, image A of case one is an axial HR CT chest image in a YAM patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, showing extensive ground-glass opacities with septal thickening. Image B of case one is an axial HR CT chest image after six months, showing complete resolution of the previous abnormalities. Image A of case two is an axial HR CT chest image in a patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, showing extensive ground-glass opacities involving bilateral lung parankaima with septal thickening. Image B of case two is HR CT chest image after six months, showing interlobular septal thickening, reticulations, and pre-dominantly in the posterior basal distribution. Image A of case three is an axial HR CT chest image in post-COVID patients showing areas of honey combing with interlobular septal thickening, reticulations, and ground-glass opacities. Image B of case three is HR CT chest image of the same patient showing areas of honey combing, traction bronchitis, and interstitial thickening. Image A of case four is an axial HR CT chest image in post-COVID patient with emphysema, showing emphysemitis changes with bulla formation, honey combing, traction bronchitis, and interstitial thickening. Image B of case four is of the same patient showing honey combing, interlobular septal thickening, and reticulations in bilateral lung fields. Now coming to discussion. In our study, six months follow-up HR CT scan was completely normal in 28% of the patients. Ground-glass opacities was found in 72% of patients in our study and consolidation with ground-glass opacities was found in about 10% of the patients. The scan in which ground-glass opacities was the only finding were mainly young patients or patients of age less than 50 years. 30 out of 100 participants who recovered from severe COVID-19 pneumonia developed fibrotic-like changes that distraction bronchitis, reticulation, and septal thickening in the lung within six months. Honey combing was found in 5% of patients and reverse halo sign was found in 3% of total patients. Patients with age more than 50 years who were hospitalized and on mechanical ventilation and with comorbidities like diabetes and hypertension, a total chest CT score of 18 or greater, on initial CT scans were independent predictors of the subsequent development of fibrotic-like changes in the lungs after six-month follow-up. Patients with COVID score of more than 15 at the time of COVID infection were found to have more lung fibrotic-like changes. Conclusion, follow-up CT scans obtained within six months of disease onset showed fibrotic-like changes in the lung in approximately one-third of patients who survived severe COVID-19 pneumonia. These patients were older and had more severe disease during the acute phase. The young patients showed normal follow-up scans or only ground-glass opacities. However, the long-term lung sequelae of these CT findings are still largely unknown and this report serves as a basis for new prospective large-scale long-term investigations analyzing these high-risk patients. Thank you.


When you think of 16-bit era racing games, it's usually pretty simple. You drive, you try and win a race, and in the case of stuff like Mario Kart or Battle Racers, blow some stuff up along the way. Uniracers, or Unirally as it was named in PAL regions, try something completely different. This is a one-on-one 2D side-scrolling racing game where you race as an unmanned unicycle on a track that's laid out like something you'd see in a Sonic game. It's pretty weird at first glance. And this is a good example of a game that people may quickly write off because, well, it's pretty wonky. Uniracers is one of those games where you really gotta read the instruction manual first to get a good sense of what the game expects of the player. This is not your ordinary racing game. First, there's how your unicycle controls. You simply press forward to accelerate and press B to jump, which you have to use to perform stunts, and a successfully completed stunt results in a burst of speed. This can be very tricky though because it operates kind of like an excite bike where you have to land squarely on the ground after a jump, so you don't lose any momentum, and that'll take a little bit of practice. Some stunts are pretty easy where it's just a matter of jumping and holding a shoulder button to roll or flip and making sure that you land properly. You not only get a burst of speed, but the game will tell you the name of the stunt you just pulled, like Dude or Radical or whatever. What is this, the special bonus world in Super Mario World? Anyway, you can also press the A button to twist and the X button to perform a higher difficulty stunt called a Z, but you need a lot of speed and a lot of air to pull that stuff off. Again, if you're just playing this for the first time, it's tempting to just mash buttons and try and pull off absurd stunts, but if you do that, you're gonna have a bad time. These stunts take practice. The other huge aspect that makes Uniracers stand out are the tracks themselves. There's nine total circuits that each feature five tracks, and among those five tracks are different styles of courses. There's sprints, loops, and stunt courses, so that's a massive amount of variety. But here's where it pays to read the instruction book. In order to win races and progress through the game, you have to be paying close attention to the color of the track itself. The colors are meant to signal what's coming up. For example, red and blue indicate that some kind of loop or jump is coming, yellow indicates a hazard is nearby, and green and blue usually means that it's okay to try and hit some stunts to increase your speed. The thing is, after a while, you build up so much speed that it becomes so tricky to try and keep up with what the track is asking of you that it gets really hard. There are times when it seems like the track hits a dead end and you have no idea which is the right direction to go. So yeah, like in any other game predicated on Twitch controls and precise timing, Uniracers is going to make you fail and rage quit at least a few times before you're able to progress through the game. It can get really frustrating at times. A few other things I should mention quickly. There is a two player versus mode and split screen, and there's 16 different unicycles you can choose from. But as far as I can tell, there's no difference in them in terms of speed or weight or acceleration or anything. It's pretty much just 16 different colors. Also, the music here is worth pointing out. There's only five tracks, but they all sound great. It's got kind of a rock and roll racing vibe to it, only with original tracks instead of covers. So that's pretty impressive. The graphics here are also to be commended. They kept it simple with some rather plain backgrounds, but I think that's for the better because there's more than enough here they have to try and concentrate on. Some random trivia I should mention as well. Uniracers was developed by DMA Design, who later became Rockstar North, who of course later went on to make the Grand Theft Auto series. After this game was released, DMA Design was sued by Pixar of all people. They claimed their unicycle design was stolen from an old Pixar short titled Red's Dream, which really seems ridiculous.  The judge ruled in favor of Pixar, so production of Uniracers cartridges had to be stopped after its initial run of 300,000 copies. Hey, if anything positive came out of that, it's that Uniracers is one of the few cartridges where we actually have hard data on how many copies are out there.  Anyway, Uniracers is a pretty good game, but it's made for a certain kind of player. I give it tons of credit for putting an entirely new twist, figuratively and literally, on the racing genre. The visuals are great, the music is well done, and it's got a lot of personality. For example, if you try and rename a unicycle, Sega or Sonic, the game will tell you that that name isn't cool enough. All right, that's pretty funny. The thing is though, Uniracers is definitely not for everyone, the difficulty and steep learning curve are gonna turn some people away. It's pretty tough to get used to the ever-changing tracks and keeping track of the color changes. And the final circuit where you have to race the final boss, Anti-Uni, is where the game gets laughably difficult because he can throw hazards at you like slowing you down to hedgehog speed. Wah, wah. But yeah, Uniracers is definitely a game for a cult audience. The people who like this one really like this one, but as with all cult games, it's a cult game for a reason, for better or for worse. And I wanna thank you for watching and I hope you have a great rest of your day.


Chatchapiti Enterprise is essentially our internal productivity tool. Everyone can now be more efficient and productive at their job. So this is my favorite tool that we have probably ever released, it's called Advanced Data Analysis. This essentially is a tool that's using Python to run queries for you. So you can ask a natural language questions about data and it will run Python, help perform math on that data set and even visualize it in different formats. One interesting use case that I like to tell is our finance team at OpenAI.  And the file for the Chatchapiti purchases is so large that they can't open it in Excel. And so they were chunking it and opening an Excel one by one and taking hours and hours to run their support and they said, what if we just put this in Chatchapiti? So they put this giant file in Chatchapiti, they added in the municipality tax rates and within minutes it calculated how much tax they owe. So save them hours and hours of time.


Due to its nature, SCP-001 cannot be contained. Survivors of the SCP-001 event stationed within secure facilities are to remain in contact with one another. Personnel are encouraged to attempt to reach sight-tinding by any means at their disposal. Personnel exposed to SCP-001 are to be considered lost. Compromised personnel are to be abandoned. Youth animation is not to be attempted. SCP-001 is the designation given to the Sun after an event on system error, resulting in approximately 6.8 billion casualties within the first 24 hours. This event has been categorized as an XK-Delta-class solar singularity scenario. Upon contact with visible light produced by the Sun, living organisms lick with eye at the point of contact, with the effect spreading until the entire organism is converted. These melted organisms are hostile, and will try to drag others into the light.


Based on a very famous passage in the book of Dvarim, Deuteronomy chapter 6 verses 4 through 9, Jews are commanded to proclaim God's oneness each morning and each evening. And our sages formalized this by reading this very passage, Deuteronomy chapter 6 verses 4 through 9, beginning with Shema Yisrael, Adonai Eloheinu Adonaiachad, Hero Israel, Hashem is our God, Hashem is one, and then including two other Biblical passages, Deuteronomy chapter 11 verses 13 to 21 and Numbers chapter 15 verses 37 to 41, which I'm now going to try to read. Hashem said to Moses saying, Speak to the children of Israel and say to them that they shall make themselves tzitzit on the corners of their garments throughout their generations, and they shall place upon the tzitzit of each corner a thread of techelet.  Here we learn that tzitzit, ritual fringes, must be attached to the corners of our garments. The scriptures don't articulate exactly what these fringes are or how to make them, and we find this information in our oral Torah. A talit is a large shawl with tzitzit tied to the corners and it's worn during our morning prayer services. Now most modern clothing does not have four corners. So the custom developed to wear a pancho shaped small garment each day either beneath our shirts or some wear them on top of our shirts in order to be able to have tzitzit attached to the corners of this small garment. We call this garment a talit katan, a small talit. Now the Torah describes several ideas associated with these tzitzit, these fringes. Number one, that we should be sanctified to God. This special clothing distinguishes the wearer as a member of God's kingdom of priests and a holy nation, which is how God describes the Jewish people. Secondly, by looking at the tzitzit we are told that we will keep focused on God and prevent our hearts and our eyes from straying to inappropriate places. Number three, looking at tzitzit will remind us of God's commandments that we should fulfill them. Number four, the tzitzit are constructed with eight strings at each corner and five knots. Now eight and five, as you all know, is thirteen. Thirteen is a very special number. The Hebrew word echad, one, the letters in the word echad, alef, chet, and dalit are one, eight, and four, which adds up to thirteen. So thirteen equals the number echad, one, which is the oneness of God, the unity of God. Also thirteen is the numerical value of the word ahava, love. Ahava is spelled alef, hey, bet, hey, one, five, two, and five, which is thirteen, because you're supposed to love Hashem, you're supposed to love God. Also there are thirteen attributes of mercy in the Torah that describe God's essence, the way God relates to the world with love and with loving kindness and with mercy. And also the number thirteen, if you add it to the numerical value of the word tzitzit itself, tzitzit, when you add up the letters equals six hundred. So six hundred plus the thirteen of the strings and the knots is six hundred and thirteen, which are traditionally the number of commandments in the Torah. Now the Torah speaks of at least one of these strings being of techelet, which is a bluish color that resembles, according to our sages, the color of the sea, which resembles the color of the sky, which resembles the color of the divine throne. So therefore, by looking at these tzitzit, we are reminded of God and to stay loyal to His commandments and not to stray away from Him. Now techelet was produced from an aquatic creature that was known as the chelazon. It had a shell and it was found off the coast of northern Israel near Lebanon. Now back then, in ancient days, purple and blue dyes were prized by royalty and their production came under Roman imperial control about 2,000 years ago. And what happened once the Romans took control of the production of these dyes, Jewish production of techelet was driven underground and unfortunately, between the seventh and eighth centuries of the common era, the dying process for producing this techelet was eventually forgotten, largely due to the destabilization of Jewish life in Israel at the time, resulting from Byzantine and Islamic invasion. Eventually, only the white strings were used for people that wear tzitzit. Fast forward a few generations. In the year 1616, a scientist named Fabius Columna identified the use of a snail known as the murex trunculus in the ancient dying processes. And in 1858, a French zoologist, Henri Lacase Duthier, I'm not sure I pronounced his name properly, discovered this Mediterranean mollusk produced purple-blue dyes. This mollusk called the murex trunculus. And he believed that this snail was the source of the biblical techelet, the biblical color blue. In the late 1880s, Rabbi Gershen Henech Liner, who is the Radzina Rebbe, was seeking to restore the use of techelet. And he went in search of the chelazon. His studies took him to Italy. He was not aware of the research done by Lacase Duthier. So he ended up spending a year in Naples, Italy, at their extensive aquariums there. And he became convinced that the squid-like cuttlefish fit the rabbinic criteria for the chelazon. The problem with his cuttlefish was that its ink was black and not blue. So Rabbi Liner sought the help of an Italian chemist who showed how the black ink could be turned into blue. And finally satisfied, he returned to Poland. He published a booklet about his discovery of the chelazon. And he began producing techelet. And soon thousands of his chassidim, as well as many Breslov chassidim as well, began wearing tzitzit with Rabbi Liner's techelet. Most Torah authorities at the time didn't accept his findings. And Rabbi Liner ended up publishing two books to defend his research. In 1913, the chief rabbi of Ireland, Rabbi Isaac Herzog, who would later become the second chief rabbi of the State of Israel, wrote a doctoral dissertation on of all topics Biblical dyes. And he had the radzin techelet analyzed and discovered to his surprise that the color did not come from the cuttlefish itself. But Rabbi Herzog discovered that the blue color that was produced was a result of the non-organic ingredients that were added to the cuttlefish during the dyeing process. And therefore the fish that Rabbi Liner discovered had nothing to do with the blue color. And so Rabbi Herzog concluded that this cuttlefish was not the authentic chelazon, and therefore his techelet was also not authentic. Now Rabbi Herzog was familiar with the research of Lecaze Duthier, and he also believed that the murex trunculus could be the chelazon, but he had several reservations. The main one he had was that this snail produces a purple blue dye, and not a purely blue one. And that is what basically held him back from giving his imprimatur to this snail to be used for techelet. However, research that was done later on revealed that when this dye of the murex was exposed to sunlight, which by the way in the ancient Middle East in the land of Israel there was plenty of, it would turn from purple to blue. And that solved Rabbi Herzog's problem of the color of the dye. Further research over the next decades revealed other reasons for identifying the murex trunculus as the source for techelus. I'll just share a few of these. Number one, this particular snail, the murex, is found in the same area that historical sources give for the production of techelus in biblical and rabbinic times off the coast of northern Israel near Lebanon. And it's interesting that archaeologists working in this area have found mounds, piles of murex shells dating to the biblical period that were broken. The snails are broken in the very same place that was necessary to obtain the dye from these snails. Number two, the blue dye that's produced from the murex trunculus has the same molecular composition as the indigo plant. Now the Talmud reports that the Kala Ilan, the indigo plant, was actually used by counterfeiters back then to forge genuine or actually non-genuine techelus because the color was so similar. You have to remember that techelus was a very expensive dye and so there was a large business in counterfeiting fake techelus. And so the fact is that since we see that the Kala Ilan, the indigo plant, was used to forge genuine techelus because the color was so similar and we see that the molecular structure of the indigo plant is the same as the murex trunculus. It helps us to identify the murex as the source of techelus. And number three, the Talmud says that techelus is a very fast dye that doesn't fade easily. And this is the case with the techelus that's produced from the murex. And marine biological surveys today have revealed that actually the only snails in the Mediterranean area that produce stable dyes are from the murex family. However, even today when this new techelus is beginning to gain adherence, it is far from being a settled issue and many rabbinic authorities still have deep reservations about whether we should be using the techelus from the murex. Now it's clear that there are certainly messianic implications for the revival of techelus. The Kabbalists, the Nicobolim teach that techelus represents God's revealed presence that can be clearly felt in the world. The truth is that during our long exile, God's presence is more concealed so that the techelus appropriately fell out of use with the eclipsing of God's presence, the techelus which represents His revealed presence fell out of use. But now that we have that the Jewish people has now a growing presence in the land of Israel, the biblical land of Israel and God's presence is becoming more revealed there, it seems appropriate that the techelus is coming back now prior to the messianic age. And number two, the availability of techelus allows for the re-establishment of our Holy Temple in Jerusalem by facilitating the making of the Big Day Kachunah, the priestly clothing which required this color to techelus. And so I pray that we should see the coming of the messiah, the rebuilding of the temple speedily in our days.


My name is Matt Kunahan. I'm an orthopedic surgeon specializing in sports medicine, and I work at Hackensack Meridian Health. So my first interaction with sports medicine was when I was very young. I had a cartilage defect in my knee. We didn't know about it until I had an injury in high school football and tore my ACL, and that defect became unsteady. And so after a couple of surgeries, I had a passion to try and help people who found themselves in a similar situation than I did. So people who had an injury and couldn't do the things that they loved to do on a day-to-day basis. I think often when people hear sports medicine, they think maybe you just treat athletes, but the truth is the foundations of treatment for sports medicine, the procedures I do, the non-surgical options in sports medicine, they apply to everyone, not just athletes. I often think about a phrase of guided patient autonomy. You're the only one who knows what your pain really feels like.  My job is I wanna hear that from you. I wanna understand what you're going through because of your injury, and I wanna understand what success means to you in terms of getting this injury treated, because that's gonna mean something different to everyone who comes through the door.