Welcome back. It's another two, three minutes before we start, but I just want to welcome you back. I'm displaying these items that I had posted on Moodle, and I'd actually requested you to have conversations about this with three groups of people. One is within your family, with your spouse and or parents.  And third was also with maybe your best friend. I think these are important conversations that you need to have within your immediate circles. And I'd like for you to use this interaction that we're having over the next five days to open up something for yourself so that some new magical things can happen. I promise that I would open up some conversations in Moodle. So I will open it up as these three, A, B, and C. I'll open them up as separate conversations for you to respond. And depending on how it's going, depending on your feedback and your encouragement and positive response, then we can take you to the next level. If any one of these does not have enough of a positive response, then we may not be able to do it. The important thing is, if it's important for you, then we'd want to invest time and energy in it and resources sometimes. And if it's not so important for you, then we will choose whichever one might be more important and then spend more time and energy on that. So with that, I now hand over to Professor Munish. So welcome, Munish. Very good morning, everyone. I am Dr. Munish Chandel. I am a faculty in the center of environmental science and engineering. I have been teaching this course for more than four years now. And it's evolving very nicely. We have done some experiments. We have a lot of thinking involved into that. And I will share with you that how I deliver this course or the part of course now. And we'll also like to talk to you that how you deliver this course so that we can evolve in future with the sense that tells us that what's the right way? What's the right way of communicating? Because I remember one of participants said on the first day that this course should be taught in primary school level. Well, for example, now this Nestle noodles thing has come up. So you can now imagine that if I tell to a primary school student that there's a lead, there's arsenic or something like that. So probably his understanding will be altogether different than an adult who understands who has gone through all schools and probably then engineering and sciences, etc. So what I would like to do is go to a center and just start a small discussion, ask that how do you teach part of that, what I'm teaching. For example, as you can see that I teach largely the waste management, which is mostly solid waste management. So any center should be fine. Good morning, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. So I asked that how many members or how many of you teach this course? Five. Oh, very good. Okay. It's 100%. So what do you teach in waste management, in solid waste management? Anyone of you? Hello, sir. Hello. So we teach about the solid waste management along with which we also go for hazardous waste management, which also includes for biomedical waste. Okay, very good. How many lectures are dedicated for solid waste management? 4 to 6, sir. Okay, 4 to 6. Very good. So it's very good that everyone of, for example, I took a sense in two centers, in one there were just two members who were teaching in the second year, everyone was teaching this course. Quite amazing. So I will share my experience, how I teach this, and then certainly we have to discuss it and then evolve further that how this course should be taught at this level so that it is more interactive, it is more useful for the students. So in addition to the municipal solid waste management, I will also teach biomedical waste management, electronic waste management in this course as well as also I teach in my regular classes. I also will talk about global warming and climate change and also what the technological solutions for global warming that many people, when we start talking about global warming, then they say, oh, this is a big issue, then people say that I will plant a tree and then global warming won't happen. You know, these kind of issues are there, so we will try to take a realistic overview of global warming and then what are the technologies available in terms of finding solutions and what are the different challenges associated with technologies. So solid waste, you know, as a name indicate, any waste which is solid in nature or maybe semi-solid in nature and when we say waste, it simply means that the component or the substance which doesn't have any value for us. That means it's not true that that material is not a material now, it is material but we as a person, as a family, we don't understand, we don't think that this is valuable for us. So we discard, we start thinking that this is not available or this is not required for us. For example, this solid waste we generate not only in our houses or in our municipalities but we also generate a huge amount of waste, solid waste from agriculture. Those of you who may be knowing that maybe many of farmers simply burn it or do something else with that and also these mining, all of these mines, big mines, they produce tons, tons, millions of tons of waste which is actually mining waste and it's another problem, another big environmental issue. And then someone of you told that we also teach hazardous waste. Yes, industries are a good or I would say bad source of waste. We generate a tremendous amount of waste. It varies from one industry to another industry and the quantity may be too high in some places. It may be too less but then it's very hazardous in nature so that kind of waste is generated in the industries. But what is most important for us inside our or near to our houses, etc. is the municipal solid waste. The one reason is that it is generated inside the municipality, inside the urban areas so that is very close to us and in addition to the agricultural industry and mining waste that is generated in a particular area which largely should be away except the agriculture one should be away from the municipalities, etc. So in my course I generally focus especially for environmental studies course I largely focus on the municipal solid waste rather than on the industrial and mining and agriculture based which has different repercussions which are another different issues but I don't largely deal with them in my course. And you may be understanding that when we say about municipal solid waste in addition if you understand in our society in our urban setting we also have so many of hospitals because hospitals always should be or should be close to the municipality or inside the municipality because you know everyone of us gets sick one day or another. So we generate a tremendous amount of biomedical waste of course it's much lesser than our municipal waste and nowadays because of a lot more use of our electronic items like mobiles, computers, etc. we use we generate a lot of waste which is electronic based also. So in this course I will also talk about biomedical and electronic waste because which is in fact a special case of municipal solid waste and as all of you may be knowing that as per rules this is handled separately now. So this is an interesting picture taken in Mumbai this is what our municipal solid waste is it's a kind of a thing that you can find whatever you want to find it has paper, it has plastic, it has soil, dirt, concrete, what not. So this is what our municipal solid waste is and you know the many people ask that and in fact if you see the many for many years our thinking was like that that what's the deal about that's a big deal about solid waste management. It's nothing we know how to deal with that and that certainly is not the case and you think of this this is what I tell to my student that if we have a hostel in which we have let's say a hostel night and we eat well, we celebrate, we dance and then keep everything like that after the party and then go to our room sleep there and next day when we come from breakfast we make a breakfast but we do not clean it and then if we do this practice for a few days then you can think that what will happen to our hostels or the students will be converted into hospitals that's not an unknown thing it can spread several diseases for example you may be knowing about this black plague thing in the Europe in the 14th century because in that time the solid waste management even in those 12 countries which are 12 today was not so developed. So what happened is they were not paying a lot of attention and they were throwing their waste near to the hostels dumping it here and there so what happened they were breeding off rodents and in fact it lead to a black plague and half of the 14th century Europe was killed due to black plague it's kind of exaggeration to say that this was the only reason for black plague spreading but that was one of major reasons so many of you may be aware for example in Bangalore I think it was last year, last year there was an issue that where to waste should be put the waste and the typical open dump site they denied that we will not take the waste of Bangalore so then the city turned into a disaster in a few days and then even the court has to intervene to take the solution so the point is that we certainly need a very good waste management and if we don't do that it will lead to the different kind of disease spreading it will lead to the air and water pollution and it's already known that this solid waste mismanagement of solid waste actually is a big source of water pollution so the question comes is that okay so what's the big deal what's the big deal about solid waste if we can if we can have airspace shuttles if we can have aeroplanes if we can have all kind of soft stick instruments soft stick and machinery so why it is so difficult to manage solid waste so I think to make it more interactive I should go again to some centre ask that why do you think solid waste management is difficult KIT college Good morning sir Good morning Yeah I will end your question why solid waste management is difficult to handle that was the question right sir Yes One thing is as you are mentioning the slides it is mixed with different types of organic and involvement matters and the separation of these things becomes difficult and the degeneration of different materials and our different lives especially the inorganic materials that is one thing and second thing the formation of leachates and other things becomes difficult because they go deep down into the groundwater also Yeah so very nicely answered that you know if you see the individual components of solid waste probably handling and dealing with that is not difficult we know that what to do with our food waste we know that if we have paper what to do with that if we know what can we do with the plastic only the problem starts the major problem starts then we mix them together and then try to find a solution which no more remains simple okay for example if I have paper what can I do I can recycle it I can reuse it in fact I can do so many things with paper but when I mix it with plastic then it plastic bond degrade paper will degrade slowly and then I mixed it with the food waste food waste degrade in 1 to 2 weeks paper probably degrade in 2 months and of course plastic bond degrade and then I also mix glass bottles dirt dust etc so the in my opinion the problem actually is once we try to intermingle them together and then try to find a solution then it becomes a really heterogeneous material and then we really do not know what kind of technology to use for example if I have 20 30 percent organic waste and then mix with paper plastic dirt stones etc then probably it will be very difficult for the biodegradation to happen so that is why this solid waste management has been become difficult in one because we mix so many so many types of material we get it is a commingle if it is commingle it creates the problem we do not know what kind of technology can work perfectly for that so the question is that how big is the problem how much solid waste we generate anyone who can tell me how much of waste we generate every day I would request you should calculate it and also should be able to tell I mean this is the way I teach it in the class that what is the composition so I give you let us say 2 minutes you have to answer these 3 questions I will go to couple of centres how much MSWP generate every day please think that how much you generate rather than looking at the real numbers which are on the public domain and then calculate it you know calculate that how much paper I generate how much plastic I generate and if it can tell me some approximate composition that would be a real good thing that is what I ask my students so I give you 2 minutes to solve it and maybe I will go to couple of centres to ask this question Techno India Salt Lake Kolkata so that could be say it is a mixture of the waste so if you are saying about the weight it could be something like say between 400 to 600 grams per day ok and what is in that family in the sense of family consisting of say 2 to 3 people like ok and it basically would comprise of vegetable peel certain polythene materials in which we buy fruits, vegetables etc organic things like the entrails of say fish or say prawns, cleared and the peelings of that sort of organic waste which may or may not be on a daily basis and then it could be peels of fruits like banana peels and organic and like this which would generate from the kitchen and the other is the sewage which I mean obviously that is the medicine task ok very good so what you said 400 to 600 grams is it per day basis or it is per family yes per day per family there are family of 2 to 3 people ok so maybe give you to mike to someone else I can take opinion of someone else what you think sir there is another question sir I want to say that there if I want to state about the composition of solid waste I want to state that there are generally 2 types of solid waste one is rubbish and one is garbage garbage which is biodegradable and rubbish which is nonbiodegradable inside rubbish we can say the organic waste we are generating inside of garbage we are state we are what the organic waste we are generating and in case of your rubbish we can say that there are combustible rubbish and regarding rubbish combustible rubbish they are put pepper and in case of incompassible rubbish they are like metal glass I want to state about just only the composition of the municipal solid waste sir you have stated an example of black plague can you please explain how it gets generated this black plague and if it is still prevalent in presence scenario or not probably not yeah that was 14th century thing and PR have moved beyond of any kind of plague etcetera which no not more happening that plague plague plague is not happening yeah but can you just tell if you want how it got generated yeah I think ok so that is a very good question but probably out of the scope of my thing this I was just giving an example that how you know the rodents and fleas can be generated and that can spread several diseases but can you tell a little bit about composition which is what I am asking now Composier what my colleagues have said that perfectly alright the thing is that it can vary from 400 grams to 500 grams per family per day ok very good ok alright then thank you so Kolkata people said that there is a 400 to 600 or 500 grams of waste generated per family but I mean certainly they are true when we are generating waste from our houses probably that is little bit in that range but you know the data collected by different agences this is that the small tons for example they generate approximately 100 grams of waste per person per day and it is necessary is not only the waste from our houses but also from our streets sweeping etc and another one slightly larger tons they generate 300 to 400 grams per person per day which is little bit higher and then the larger tons like Mumbai or Delhi etc they generate even more 500 grams or even more than that so the question is and it is very interesting and the interesting is that why the small tons generate less waste and why medium more and then the large tons even higher than that so anyone can think of this that why the larger is the ton the per capita remember I am talking about per capita basis why we are generating more waste so let us go to Goa College of Engineering the reason is because of the economic status okay as the human being are more comfortable with their economic status they are tend to use more and more and therefore this small town to medium and medium to higher bigger town you find the standard of living is very high and therefore they generate more solid compared to a small town where the living is very simple yeah and very good very good that is certainly related to the economics and it is also related to the lifestyle also for example if you are in a small town the tendency or the style of living is totally different we do not really much on fast food we do not eat lot of FISA lot of boxes etc but that changes to a larger city although it is changing very rapidly in this very good answer thank you okay so the generation increases it increases with increase in our economic status that means richer the people are they generate more it is also related to our lifestyle for example if you are in larger town in the busy cities like Mumbai where you do not have much time even for cooking etc you are bringing a lot of FISA and all that kind of food probably and bringing along with that lot of waste okay so that is also there are two major reasons for that very good answer by people from Goa and you know just to tell to my students I also tell them that how much it is generated across the country and it is mathematically it can be just said that if I assume that approximately 500 grams per person per day or even I assume 400 grams I can calculate how much of waste probably could be generated in all major cities this is a report on of the task force on waste energy and they estimated that approximately 62 million tons of MSW is generated annually by 377 million people in urban areas and as many of you know most of it is disposed in open dumps it is in professional fashion okay so that is status that means we are it is probably underestimation but probably we are talking about approximately 100 million of tons MSW coming every year across the major cities in India this is based on some data based on some another report it basically says that the 18.4 percent of our MSW is generated in 6 major or mega cities and 17 percent more is generated in 1 million plus tons that means the population is more than 10 lakhs and 37 percent is generated in the cities or tons which has 1 lakh plus population so if you see in that way if I total it up approximately 72.5 percent of the waste is generated in 1 million tons that means 6 mega cities 6 or more than 50 metro cities and then approximately 450 or so of the city so that means the problem is concentrated that means we are we just have to deal with a few major cities 500 odd city of course 500 is not less number and we can have a good solution out of it how much it cost I can tell you that it is it is an expensive stuff so far this is a little bit old data given in 2009 the ULB's urban local bodies or municipality they spend 500 to 1500 per ton that means it is approximately 50 passers to 1 rupees 50 passers and now it is certainly more than 2 rupees per kilogram basis and interestingly most of it this money is spent on collection that means it is collected from different houses that is the most of the money is going 60 to 70 percent and the remaining 20 to 30 percent is spent on transportation, transportation to the dump sites or the disposal sites in most of the municipalities I should not say every municipality because it is changing very rapidly there is no money or negligible money spend in treatment and disposal and I can tell you that is all together different from the developed countries there is a lot of money a good amount of money is spent actually in the treatment and disposal so if we start talking about treatment and disposal that means there will be certainly a lot a lot money need to be invested need to be paid for the solid waste management and even if you see the major metro cities their collection efficiency is as high as 90 percent but in smaller cities even the collection is not that efficient and you will find that in many places the waste lying here and there less than 50 percent that is probably very low so the whole question of solid waste management is also related to the economics basically if you see 1.5 rupees per kg or something which is just spent now it will go up and that means someone has to pay for this money okay so let me ask you a few questions which probably are relevant for all of us as in society and that is what I ask in my class also the question is in your opinion what will be the cost of each kg of MSW managed scientifically in India that means when we talk about the MSW management not the way we are doing it putting in dumps but in scientific manner in a nice manner so that it has least environmental degradation and are you ready to pay directly for the MSW management for example we pay for electricity we got a bill in most of places over water are we ready to pay even for MSW management if we get a bill saying that okay this is your bill for MSW and if so how much of how much you are willing to pay for your MSW management if I ask you that monthly how much you will pay let us say we assume a family of 4 if it is more it will be larger family than probably calculate for 4 and what do you think for example if we compare with the 12 countries let us say Germany USA or UK and Japan how much they may be paying what is your opinion on this please write down everyone on your piece of paper and maybe give it to the coordinator so that we can collect it from them and I will ask some of them in this question and maybe we this is the way I do it in the class maybe discussed with some of them that why you are ready to pay and why you are not ready to pay so just one minute for answering this question and then I will come to a few centres good morning VIT good morning can you please answer those 4 questions yeah sure someone around 2 rupees maybe 50 rupees per month per month for a family of 4 yes very good how much do you approximately pay for your family's phone bill 1000 rupees but why just 50 rupees for MSW I am calculating not on the basis of just collection but if you treat properly and the returns that you get of course I am going to segregate and give the base if I am segregating this dry and wet base obviously it can be utilized in a proper way very good how much probably people in Germany or in US are paying for solid waste management any guess no so let me tell you tell you often that 50 rupees what you are saying is not solved or cannot we cannot manage the MSW in a scientific manner this is a kind of mindset we have to bring in for example if you just see the figure I show you only for transportation only for transportation I think it is approximately 2 rupees per kg that probably will means for a family of 4 120 rupees only for transportation so you know the important part which everyone across the country has to understand is that all these services won't come free and we will talk little bit later that many of us believe that we can generate energy we can generate biogas we can produce compost certainly we can do everything but it cannot offset the total cost of the solid waste management so I think across the country we have to think and scientifically calculate and evaluate that how much need to be paid and the question may be may be to another centre please hello hello Mumbai yes can you please answer the 4 questions yeah so that is more than 100 rupees we feel ok so the first question how many of you are ready to pay for MSW management everyone everyone raise your hands ok and how much 100 to 500 rupees per month 100 to 500 so you are ready to pay 500 rupees per month very good and what do you think how much it will cost to manage a base of even for 1 kilogram how much is money required 1.5 rupees per kg but that is only for transportation if we have to treat it we have to do the processing that probably cost a lot ok maybe 10 times of or even 5 times of that so you see the Indian we have to train the Indian psyche also and we should stop thinking that this water this solid waste management can be come free ok of course no nothing like water treatment we cost a lot and if on the solid waste management we have to spend lot of money so far we are just talking about the the transportation only and if I so by the way do you know that how much a country like a country in Europe for example Germany may be paying for solid waste management more than 100 more than 100 rupees per day per month per person what is 100 per person per day we think so ok so this is assignment for you guys you know just to know that the 4 countries which I have mentioned in my slides how much they pay even in terms of per kilogram or per ton of waste to treat ok so please do this assignment and submit it to their coordinator so that we can get it you know we just want to get sense across the country that how much how much money people are ready to pay so let's go to somewhere in thank you very much so let's go to south somewhere hello rangaswamy rangaswamy college so can you answer those 4 questions please sir good morning sir good morning so please answer the first question sir for the first question I don't like to pay any rupees you don't want to pay yes sir why sir per day in my house I may generate a 1 to 2 cage of a waste it contains a 90% degradable waste and 10% it may be non-degradable waste I have to you decompose to for that for my kitchen garden then why should I pay to the government but are you saying that you will deal with all of your waste yourself you don't want to give it to municipality no sir okay sir I have to utilize my waste which is generated in my home what are you doing with your waste right now sir I have to practice the utilization of biodegradation what are you doing now that is in my practice sir this is I am practicing in my life oh okay you are degrading it very good you see it is very interesting if all of us can deal with our waste certainly we don't have to pay but I cannot deal with all of my waste for example I do not know what to do with my plastic I do not have a space for my composting facilities so I have to give it to municipality again I do not know what to do with the battery I do not know what to do with my old mobile phone etc etc okay so it may be because you have enough space in your house but so can you give it to someone else who doesn't do it what you are doing but has to give it to municipality sir I am willing to pay to municipality because plastic bags as sir per month minimum 200 rupees you have to pay because segregation of waste and that waste may be processing and that cost may be again we are going to elevate our municipality in a positive manner because otherwise that waste are going to be dumping in the landfill unnecessarily it will create some other problems to the environment so we have to pay at least 200 rupees per month is reasonable sir to get a bill from municipality saying this is your monthly bill for solid waste you are ready to pay right yes sir okay how many of you are ready to pay please raise your hands okay most of most of you very good and if I ask you you have to pay approximately 10 rupees per kg then how many of you will agree to that 10 rupees per kg which eventually is 600 rupees per month 200? sir 200 our group is willing to pay 200 is reasonable okay very good you said these are very interesting questions and many of you will have different opinion and that is slightly so and you know as I mentioned that 2 rupees cost is only for the transportation purpose in fact if you see the bigger cities like Mumbai probably it is more than that if I tell you that the cost of whole MSW management will be 5 rupees to 10 rupees per kg depending upon the technology even higher than that which eventually means for the family of 4 if I put then we have approximately 30 60 kg of waste generated in a month which actually means that we will be paying from 500 to 600 or 700 rupees so it will be difficult question to answer and you know many of us has not accounted it but as a matter of fact this need to be paid either directly or indirectly and this kind of awareness we have to generate in our people and to understand that how MSW is managed in 12 countries we should look into that so here is a assignment for every one of you please search in the Google when you have time and find that how much Germany, USA, UK and Japan are paying for per ton of their waste generated and the question we have to answer is whether we are ready to pay that much or even half of that because I can see that you know you will argue that the labor cost etc is much cheaper in our country as compared to those countries but still technology if you use same technology that won't cost very less so we should be ready to pay and this need to be generated this need to be understand by the whole society probably the students we have tell students in the first place ok so this is the graph showing that how total waste generated is increasing if you see in 47 or so it was just a few tons a few million tons and in coming years it has increased rapidly one reason is increase in population and second is increase in economy our lifestyle has changed ok so that means now we are dealing with approximately the planning commission says something like 70, 80 million tons but in future it will be 150 million tons very soon and many of you can argue that it's again already it's in that range only so if you just assume that the annual urban population is increasing by 3 to 5 percent 3 to 3 point percent and that probably means approximately 5 percent annual increase in MSW generation accounting that per capita waste generation is also increasing ok so that means by 2047 we will need approximately 1400 square kilometers of land for just dumping it I am using the word dumping or maybe even land filling that is a huge huge amount of land and that probably is not available in many of places you may be knowing that many states many municipalities already are in trouble to find a proper space because many of our land fields or open dumps are already overloaded so forget about the technology forget about everything even just to put it somewhere we do not have land and there is a huge amount of land and then you if you calculate the cost of this much of land in cities that's too much ok so that means there is still there is a big problem in now and I am going to be exaggerated in future these are the characteristics of our solid waste generated you know this is little bit older based on study done by Pollution Control Board and published by Charoli et al in 2000 if you just spend let's say one minute on understanding this and seek that how much what is in our waste I just request you to see what is how much is paper textile leather plastic glass and earth ash fine earth materials and composting matter and try to correlate maybe your city may be have different composition but this is more or less is across the country so if you see this varying from from one city to another and part of it is there are always question asked about how this composition is calculated whether it was in rainy season or in non rainy season and how many samples taken etc etc there are many questions asked but if you see the two major component which is in our waste is ash fine earth and other inert materials dirt and dust huge actually as high as reported 52.5% in Kanpur and the second big material is the compostable matter which many of us know that the biodegradable food based etc which can be degraded that is huge ok so you know this composition thing is always confusing for example whether this composition is taken at the source level or is it at the treatment sites or the dumping sites but I think most of it is in my opinion is when the waste is generating the dump sites or the treatment sites it may vary when we are generating it because a good amount of our paper and other materials like even plastic is recycled and many of us has a good tendency of giving this to for example newspaper etc we always collect it is very good practice ok but if I see if I can find a technological solution so there are two major things I have to look into ash fine earth and other materials and another one is the compostable matter that means in many of our my technological systems I always have to think of treating this compostable matter and to deal with the ash and earth materials ok and then of course these remaining materials are there but their concentration is less it may vary you may have you may agree or disagree with this composition but this is what is given in waste management paper published so that means a lot of waste different composition ok the problem is increasing in future this we will be running out of land etc that means we need a proper waste management systems as you see many nowadays that there is a lot of emphasis our honorable prime minister is putting a pressure and putting not sorry should not say pressure but putting a right direction and he has started the campaign of Swachh Bharat so that means the solid waste management is an important issue for us and that means we need to deal with that the solid waste management how do we define it is the management of waste from its generation to the final disposal that uses the best principles of public health economics engineering and conservation ok so when I when I read this this definition to my students I also ask them for example for forget what solid waste management but if there are other things which we do or which we follow in our country are we following the best principles of public health are we following the best principle of economics are we following the best principle engineering and conservation or not is it that the way country evolves that means the system will eventually improve or we have to put additional effort on that ok so that is the kind of you know difficult question to answer that how we are evolving in terms of solid waste management and if you compared the other infrastructure etc the things etc ok so that kind of question I generally ask my students ok so solid waste management you know I many of you know it because you are teaching it and also you will find that many of the students also know it so when I tell them I just quickly tell them there are different functional elements started from generation and primary storage that means storage at our house level and then collecting waste then separation storage processing and transfer and transport then processing and recovery and the final disposal that is what are the different functional elements so this is the simplest one this is as someone in Chennai they mentioned that you know the she is segregating the waste into dry and wet probably and using the composting for the 99 90 percent she said of her waste but nevertheless this is the where minimum everyone of us can do and that is even many of our municipalities are guiding put a dry and put at least two bins at our houses put dry waste in one for example paper plastic etc of course if you can recycle or segregate it for that is amazing but at least another bin for food waste etc ok the wet waste so that means then once we have at least this primary level of segregation and storage then this biodegradable waste can go to a biodegradation facility and the remaining can be treated and I should tell you upfront that if we can do this small thing across the country half our problem will be solved I can guarantee you if we can segregate dry and wet half our problem will be solved ok but unfortunately we are not even we are all are wise but we are not even doing that small thing but if you start even with having two bins instead of one at our houses the half of problem will go this is another picture it is taken in some airport they have now food waste and recyclable waste again for the primary storage and then as I mentioned if you see the remember the composition thing I show the good amount of our solid waste has dirt and dust ok and a good amount of that is coming from sweeping cleaning of our streets etc because this is a many of our India's part is arid in arid region arid region there is lot of dust and dirt so we collect a good amount of our waste which is from our street sweeping many places are using manual sweeping there are several people employed by municipalities they are cleaning our roads etc and of course in some parts we are now having mechanical sweepers which basically collect waste using a trucks etc but this is a good amount of waste we are generating actually and if you find you can talk to municipality you will realize that number of people are employed just for manual sweeping of the road and that is lot of money ok but the problem is that once we do manual sweeping etc we sweep our roads and then mix the waste which is coming from houses and then that complicated problem so the segregation again is the key here and then the second part of that is once the waste is generated is the collection many of you if you are living in cities now we have door to door collection systems that means someone comes either employee of your municipality or a person hired by the society etc he collects waste from door to door that means he knocks on your door and takes a waste and then in some places which is largely getting discouraged now is the community bins that means no one will come to your house but you take your waste out of your house and put it in a bin which is on the roadside that is called community bins ok so that is the collection part these kind of bins especially if you are in larger cities it is like Mumbai are now using these kind of bins many of them are kept outside your houses or outside your society you take your waste and put into this ok and you know many of you you may have noticed that in many parts of our country which is now getting discouraged there were larger bins you know the GI or cast iron bins which were kept on the roadside and everyone in the morning or whenever they put the waste into that and they were cleaned either daily or in 2-3 times in a week or so but if you see that those kind of bins are now discouraged because especially our cities are becoming ah crowded and a lot of vehicular population there so we do not find many of them but this was old practice ok so that means you take your in fact even larger community will take their take their waste to those bins and put there but what has happened in many times what will happen especially the festival season you know they are overflowing and then they encourage stray animals and sometime even the traffic jam has happened so you will find that in many cities like Mumbai those are actually more or less stopped now ok but we just have these small bins and which you can call the community bins so once you store it then the second is the collection the collection from your from your municipality from your societies from your houses ok and there are different ways of doing that in many places are done but if you see that now we are starting using a kind of trucks which are called packers or compacted trucks if you see if you are in Mumbai or in some larger city you will find a big truck which has a compaction system so why it is so so you know the many types of our waste which you generate is high in volume but very less in density so what it basically means is that if we try to fill it in a truck it will immediately fill the truck but the volume because of the volume but the mass transported will be very less ok so what will happen if I do not compact it if I just put on a waste like that because of the high volume and less density the truck will be immediately filled so many of our municipalities are using compacted trucks so what they do is basically they use a system so on yeah so this is what is a compacted truck this is a you know the mechanical hydraulic compaction system here so we collect waste but if I do not do compaction this whole truck it is a Mumbai waste truck it will filled immediately so what I do I fill it and then keep on compacting it so that my density increases and I can carry more and more waste ok so if you find that the many of our cities the density of waste is when we are collecting the waste on the roadside etc or after the primary collection is 300 to 400 kilogram per meter cube this density is 100 to 100 kilogram per meter cube in the 12 countries so you know I always ask this question to my students why it is so that why the density of waste is more in India as compared to the 12 countries so because it is related to what kind of waste we are generating and as I mentioned we generally use a lot of in our waste inert and dirt and dust that is comparatively high density but in 12 countries because of this less inert material etc the density is little bit on roadside so they have more compaction available but even in our country we can compact our waste as high as to 750 kilogram per meter cube that means the compaction ratio is 2 to 3 times that means if I do not use this compaction system I probably have to take 2023 extra round to my disposal site so that this compacted truck in fact helps in many ways so once we collect it or in fact even this collection itself is a part of transportation system so one good component which need to be managed by municipality is the transportation of municipal solid base how many trucks what should be the size of truck and what is the waste efficient route and what is the schedule should I do in the morning should I do in the afternoon should I do in the evening or should I do in the late in the night if you are in a city like Mumbai you will understand that it is very important that if I bring a large big truck and that is moving across the street which is not so broad probably I lead to a jam and because if I have to collect waste from house to house it certainly will jam the whole road because it is stopping at each look and corner so it is very important to understand that what time and what should be the schedule and where should I go because otherwise it will lead it to a big kind of problem and it is also very interesting that we talk about segregation we talk about recycling and then we talk about different technology so what will happen in future for example now most of in our most of municipality we get just one truck which takes waste from all our house from all the houses and take it to the disposal site but if you want to have source segregation if you want to have material which is recyclable compostable or even dry and wet waste that means we need either the trucks which are comparted that means there are a few compartments into that or we need separate trucks and it may be that my biodegradable facility my composting facility is at one place but my open my land filling site is a different place means there may be different routes required so in fact if you see and if you calculate it and if you calculate for example from Mumbai where approximately 7000 of tons of waste is generated every day and then we talk about the collection and then if it costs let us say 3 to 4 rupees per kg then we are talking about a few crore rupees in a month so that means this optimization that what should be the transportation route how many trucks it tries very critical and very important to it is important to otherwise it will be reflected in the high cost that means this is an example of a system of a routing system in which how to collect our waste for example this is showing that I start from the one point and keep on going from one collection point to second and forth and then go to the next point and then so on and so forth so basically the collection trucks they have to maneuver they have to move through the cities and you know there are many points to them they have to go ok so in fact it is a critical path problem if you remember your pert and CPM classes it is need to be solved in that manner and it may be simple for small tons but it is certainly a problem for cities like Mumbai it is a huge optimization problem ok so the idea is that we have least dead ends and the idea also is that we should not end up having a circular system where we are not even collecting but moving around and around ok interestingly many of our books which are written by foreign authors and we use it they say that we should take right turns so reason is because in countries where they drive on the right side right turn is free that means you do not have to stop in a signal but just you can take right turn ok but that is not the case in India in fact right turn is the most difficult in India ok so please see which book you are mentioning that and many of time we just follow the books and agree that ok we should take right turn but as a matter of fact we should take left turn so that kind of optimization need to be done ok that is interesting and I can tell you that this optimization can save a lot of money large versus small trucks the option there are a few different sizes trucks you know if I have a large truck that is a good idea because I do not have to take number of my number of trips will reduce but it is complicated also for example if I have a city which is really crowded and there are small small streets and I take my large truck to collect my waste and then it will struck ok and the whole day probably you end up in just clearing truck but if you have small trucks then of course they can maneuver easily but because of that maneuvering and because of it can only contain carry small amount of waste you have to make more trips ok so that kind of question need to be answered question need to be optimized for each individual city so that means if I have to use smaller trucks should be I should I have a transport station so what is the transport station where I collect waste from different different areas and store it temporarily or even transfer there at from a smaller truck to larger trucks ok so think of this think of that I have a small number of small size trucks and for a city like Mumbai of course many and then I have to transfer my waste let us say for 100 kilometers now many of you are thinking I am crazy right 100 kilometer is a very far distance but you will see it soon or you may be seeing in your cities that easily this waste our waste actually travels 40 50 kilometer in many of our cities and if you compare it with many of 12 countries for example New York cities they take it even even further away they have to take it because of no land available because of different issues so then the question is should we have a transfer station so that means is it a good idea to take all my small trucks from collection point to straightway the disposal point or should I have a transfer station in between so that I collect waste put it in transfer station transfer it to a larger trucks or even to a train and then take transfer in this optimization and this is a very small exercise I generally give to my students that whether we should do direct hauling that means no transfer station or should we have a transfer haul but if you see this graph basically if I am doing the direct haul my cost is linear but if I am doing a direct haul that means I am transferring again there will be some minimum cost on the transfer station and there will be a point beyond which it will be a good idea to have a transfer station so that kind of optimization problems need to be done in fact this is called break even distance it could be 20 kilometer it could be 30 kilometer it could be more depending upon the capital cost of the smaller and larger and also cost about the transfer station let me take a few questions if someone wants to ask something Kongo Kongo engineering college this is pertaining to spent field from the nuclear reactors how are we dispersing that it is hazardous it is still radioactive what are the methods adopted by the Indian government and the nuclear scientists in the nuclear power stations to dispose of the nuclear waste very good question you know that this is a very good question but unfortunately we do not cover this very specific questions in our course and what you can what we can do is we can put in our discussion form and then maybe try to answer your question but probably this is not what we cover in our environmental studies course E V E 2 group you know he wrote please ask your question regarding solid waste management only depends on the cost for management of solid waste management how to create the funds and are we will create the funds from the waste solid waste what are the methods available for creation of funds from the waste very good question so you see many of us actually thinks that for example water sanitation and even the solid waste management should be done by the government right that is true in a sense but what is government right so ultimately we pay taxes and then that money will be used for servicing provided different services for the people so either we pay directly in terms of the actual bill we get or we pay in terms of taxes living in cities etc so in fact it will be easy for all of us if everyone of us agrees that please tell us that how our money is used and out of that how much use for municipal solid waste management and even does not matter if I get the bill telling that annually I am paying 500 or 5000 rupees I do not know how much but for solid waste management 500 rupees or 1000 rupees for water and remaining for infrastructure etc so already we are paying it directly or indirectly right that means we have to pay it and if we have more awareness that means more people are ready to pay directly that will even help the purpose so that means we have to pay and that will be the fund generated there will not be any third party fund we should not expect that SDM college please ask your question good afternoon sir sir can you please explain the methods to convert polymer into fuel convert polymer yeah conversion of polymer into fuel yeah this is a very good question but in our class or in my lectures I do not cover this very specific one we certainly will talk about how the food waste how the different kinds of solid waste can be converted in broader in broader perspective into the energy which will come in maybe in the Monday's class or so but it is a very good question and unfortunately because of the time constant extra we do not go into that kind of detail okay near my university hello good morning hello sir dumping station in 100 km far away from the city there should be near the area of the city where we can create some recreation or picnic places or to useful the humanity yes it is a very good idea but unfortunately what has happened in cities like Mumbai you know it is like you understand that not in my backyard no one wants a solid waste site near to our houses so it is almost difficult to get a new site in our in and around the city even in for that matter in villages so what has happened is that the many of our municipality has to try to trying to acquire a land as far because it is not available and number 2 people are objecting it because no one wants a site near to our houses so the futuristic challenge we will first of all to find a site and the best thing is of course you can find near to our municipality where we are generating but certainly there will be scenarios where we have to go very very far and that will cost a lot very good question thank you Salt Lake yeah we are back actually we are also interested in knowing about valorization of solid waste will it be a part of your discussion later on no it won't be now you asked why yes obviously I would definitely ask why because you see there are in environmental studies and you may be knowing it because if you are teaching it we have courses directly which has 40 hours of teaching for solid waste management right but as a matter of fact when we are teaching this course there is only 3-4 hours 5 hours given to solid waste management so please remember this thing that it is this course is not only designed that how and what I and you understand but also for that how do we deliver it in the benefit of students in the most minimum time because we won't get 40 hours 40 lectures for solid waste management in fact in many institutions we finish in 2 lectures so that's good we should know it valorization, paralysis and so on so far you know but that won't be possible and I also recommend that if you are teaching it in a course environmental studies you shouldn't go into that why because we don't want to confuse students ok so that kind of trade off is always there so we have to stop somewhere remember this is not what I and you in terms of research perspective think what rather what we should deliver to the students and how to make interesting and how they can understand in the interest of time ok have a course that is food industry waste management and there the valorization is a significant part so we definitely need to take it in right so we have that as a part of a curriculum ok so can you just post that in the Moodle please so that we understand what actually you want should be included actually so that if you want to change it please post it on the Moodle SB Patil good morning good noon very good morning to you sir please ask the question yes sir what are the advanced treatment for solid waste management this is my first question and second question is that just recently I heard that new techniques it has been planned for need to generate the petrol or biodiesel from the solid waste now what is that exactly process can you explain very good question so for regarding these advanced technologies we will be dealing with that maybe in the next class or so and probably then I will try to answer your question in that ok so of course there are different options available for solid waste management we can we call them advanced because they are not used and many of them are expensive also but remember please that of course solid waste management in a sense won't be that difficult if we assume that we have lot of funds what we are dealing here is that a reasonable amount of money so that ultimately it will be paid by you and me so I can have wonderful technologies but ultimately if it cost like 5000 rupees 10000 rupees per month probably I and you won't be ready to pay for that ok but we will cover about some advanced technologies in my next class I think with this we stop here because it's the clock is showing 1230 thank you very much see you on Monday