Welcome everybody. Today the fabulous Duncan Dickinson Fountable Knowledge in Relation to Redbox is going to show us under the bonnet of release 1.6.1. Thanks Simon and thank you for giving me the opportunity to go through 1.6.1 as well Simon. What I was going to do today was go through the 1.6.1 release. I wanted to sort of talk about the various facets of it and then briefly mentioned 1.6.2 what's going to happen there. It's not going to be anywhere near the size of 1.6.1 and then try and have a good chunk of time for questions etc. As Simon mentioned before I put some links in the chat window which one is the link to the demonstration site which is what I'm going to use here. We've updated that to 1.6.1 and I've also put a link to the how to page which is largely a technical piece on how to do customizations. As you think of things to ask etc. please do throw them into that chat area that would be great. Before I start talking about 1.6.1 I guess it's important to couch it in terms of how it started off. Amanda Nixon at Flinders University spoke to us about putting in self data management planning tools into Redbox and that's what the 1.6.1 project has focused on. We worked with the QCIV team, worked with Amanda and Grant Flinders as well as the team at Deakin. Both groups were extremely helpful in working out what functionality was needed and testing etc. So I'd like to thank them as well for their efforts. So I'll make a start. I'm presuming that everyone can see my Redbox screen with the researcher dashboard. So 1.6.1 adds this researcher dashboard that did sort of come in 1.6 but it wasn't very complete at that point in time. The way it's been set up is in Redbox speak it's a separate view. So as you can see it doesn't have the admin links, it doesn't have all of the menu items. It's really aimed at researchers to log in and start working with. I guess part of that is if you're not wanting this functionality one of the things is that it is a separate link so don't hand out the URL. So this is what we call the researcher dashboard. It provides some key areas. The menu over here on the left allows you to create a plan plus also create a self submission for a data set or a collection. On the right hand side you can view the plans that you are creating. There's another section that comes in under this that people have shared their plan with you. Beneath that is a list of data sets. So these are the self submission data sets. We basically have draft data sets which are ones that the researcher is working on at that time and then they submit that to the main review workflow. So one of the key things in 1.6.1 was we went back and by we Andrew Brasattie and the technical team went back and undertook a couple of major tasks within Redbox. One is they redefined or created a new set of code for handling workflows and handling forms to try to improve a lot on the old form handling which is what we traditionally use in the review workflow. So it's important to know that the review workflow, the old Redbox workflow is still there. It's still running and it's still running in its old code base. So what I talk about here in terms of customization won't apply for that review workflow until a later time. The other thing that self submission calls us to do is allow for individualistic ownership within Redbox. So we've handled things by roles. So what we'll also see here is that there is an owner for these records and it's an individual. The last thing you want is all researchers being able to see everyone's plans. Okay, so picking up on the data management planning, we have the ability to add a new data management plan which as you'd imagine creates a new set of forms. What I'm actually going to do is go and look in at a plan that I created this morning mainly so we can get in and start looking at it. So if I click on that plan, so as in all good cooking shows, here's one I prepared earlier and you can see here we've got our display screen with the various bits of information that we provide. One of the functionality items we added was the ability to turn the information about the plan into a PDF. In our speak it's a transformer and basically you give it a template and it will allow you to create a PDF but also with local customizations, you know, your organizational headers, etc. And an important feature raised by the group was the ability to look at previous versions. So you can actually go back and look at prior versions of that PDF. Important to note that's not prior versions of the record, it's prior versions of the generated PDF. Okay, so we've got the project overview information and we've got various fields, various additional items that people can add. We've broken it up this way so the first form tries to grab information that's useful from the start and then at later date the researcher then can be encouraged to go in and enhance their information as it becomes available to them. So for example they may not have sorted out data licensing and access from the very beginning and at a later date we'd like to try and capture that from them. So I'll go in and edit the draft. So one of the first things that you'll notice is it's a reasonably straightforward web form. Sorry about that. That was some strange audio that we got. Seems to have gone quiet. All right. So one of the reasons this is reasonably straightforward in terms of its layout is to provide for customization. It's a lot easier for people to come along and customize to their various needs if we really give an example layout that can then be made more complex, etc. We decided not to have a more complex layout because then it's hard to work out what's actually doing functional stuff and what's actually doing form stuff and layout stuff. Okay, so some things that you've hopefully come to expect. There's inline help. There's the validation, the fields, etc. But actually what's going on in the back end is quite different to the old forms and I'll talk about that in a few moments. So I won't go through the form page by page. That is up on the demonstrator and it is available for you to go and have a look at. The demonstrator, when you do go into it, you can log in with the username researcher and the password researcher and you can start creating records there. So we collect a number of fields and the decision really was that I'm just going to push through these. The decision was that most sites are going to probably sit down and work out which fields they want to encourage their researchers to collect and potentially add fields as required. So these are indicative and we're assuming that individual sites will customize as they need. Okay, so I'll save and close this. It's a series of fields, etc. For the demonstration plan, I've then got a few options. I can go and view it which is what we saw at the beginning. I can edit it directly from this screen. I can download the PDF. I'll just pop into the PDF for that one. So this basically is a PDF version of that display screen for the record. Now this is a template that we use much like in other parts of Redbox. So you can do things such as put your institutional logo at the top. You can put headers, footers, color, etc. What actually drives this is an XHTML template. So it doesn't need you to do anything fancy with PDF or anything. It's just creating an XHTML file. I can delete the record, delete the plan. Deleting does delete it as far as the user is concerned, but it actually transfers the ownership back to admin. So the admin gets that record in an ongoing manner, which means that if the user accidentally deletes it, they can contact the administrator and ask for a back. We thought that was a handy safety net. The other thing that I can do is I can share the plan with the security that we've been putting in for this self-submission work. You basically end up with one user who's the owner and the owner can edit. When you share a plan, you're sharing view access. So those other users can't edit the plan. They can nearly view it. The reason we did that is it saved a lot of effort around locking records, around dealing with two people editing at the same time, etc. It just says there's one viewer, they're probably the data manager, and they're probably the one if you are in the team and you don't like what's being said to go in and... that they should be contacting the owner of the record rather than editing themselves. So I can actually share this as researcher, and I'm still listed. The demo user is still listed as the owner, but researcher now has view access. I can of course delete that. I can transfer ownership, which means that I'll lose edit access of that record and it'll pass over to researcher, but for now I'm just going to close this. So in the researchers dashboard, they'll actually see plans shared with me, and that will include the demonstration plan and let them go and view that. So handy for teams that are establishing their plan and wanting to share it around and discuss it. Within the demonstration plan, towards the bottom here, you'll see data sets and add more data set. Just notice the spelling error there. What this allows you to do is create a data set based on the plan. Now, of course, a plan and a collection description are not one-for-one swaps. You can't just copy all of the metadata over perfectly, but we do have a bridge that allows you to bring metadata over that you deem is useful. So where you add fields to the planning and you want different fields, for example, in your data set or collection description, you can actually set that up so that it will transfer between the two. It will do a copy. Okay, so if I go into the demonstration collection description, that is a self-submission interface for describing collections. So we've got the details regarding the collection plus a link back to the plan that this collection relates to. There is also in the dashboard the ability to create a collection description that is not related to a plan. It's just a standalone which could be useful for older collections, etc. But this way, of course, means that you can have a plan that links off to the different collections related to that plan. I'd imagine that a long-term research project will produce more than one collection, and this is a way to – one data set, and this is a way to capture that. If I go to edit my data set, again, you'll see the similarity in the form interface. And I'll talk about customization in a bit. So this is the self-submission of a collection, and it's the various fields. We are at this point limited in the fields to what is actually in the review workflow. So this eventually has to get over to the review workflow. If you add fields in here that don't exist in the review workflow, they're not going to display there. Redbox will capture it, but they might display. So these all map across to fields in the review workflow. Most of them Redbox users will be used to as a title, type, description, etc. And this allows me as a researcher to go through and describe my data set. There is one area that we did put in which is slightly different from the review workflow, which is where they nominate that they would like a DOI. We don't allow them in the form to create a DOI, and that's largely because of the management that should occur around a DOI rather than someone just going creating lots of them for themselves. And the normal inline help and form validation. So if I return back to the home page. So the demonstration collection is sitting there whilst I'm working on it. It's in my inbox as it were. I can know when I'm happy with it send that off for review. Now that heads off in the current out of the box. It heads off to the metadata review stage and I'll just pop over its demo self-submission for review. If I go to my other browser, it will open. This is the old review interface and you'll see the demo self-submission for review. Now what happens here is that leaves, in terms of edit access, it leaves the researcher and it heads over to metadata review so that the librarian or the data librarian is able to review that and then put it through the various processes to have published. What allows me to do though as a researcher is I can go in and have a look at the records that I've submitted and I can see where they're up to. So for example, if somebody was waiting on a record to be published in relation to a journal article, for example, they'd be able to see where it was in the review stage. So I guess general, the general points there was around the ability to create and view a data management plan to look at the PDF that's created from the data management plan that you can go in and have extra sections that are added at a later date. You can add a data set either as a standalone or in relation to a plan. When the researcher is happy with the data set description, they can then send it off for review and that's then picked up by reviewers for eventual publishing. Back in the dashboard, I'm able to share plans with my colleagues. Obviously, I'm able to delete the plan and the user interface here, of course, has been more refined I guess for a researcher group rather than all the admin menus and all that that was in the old interface. So that was a very quick look at what 1.6.1 offers. I think it's quite a strong set of additional functionality. It's a set of functions that people have been asking around and hopefully then something people can pick up and customize for their local versions. So in terms of customizations, I won't go into the overly technical aspects but a few bits and pieces are going on here that don't go on in the old review workflow. So first of all, the various texts on the page like the titles, the field labels, the help files, they now come out of a language file. They're not actually embedded in the form itself. It calls out to a language file. So one of the options is if you don't like the help that we provide or you've got further resources you want to suggest to the user, you don't have to go in and edit the forms. You just need to edit that language file which is just a text file and within that you basically just pick the field you want to change and the text you want to put into that. Instead of defining a big HTML, JavaScript form, we have a model which is more of a component model where you put a series of components in. So for example in this you've got a heading which is a component and you've got a project name so that's actually a label component and a text box component. So they actually build it by putting these components in and the idea there is that within that file it's not a huge HTML file, it's really a set of components that you build. The other key customization that we provide is a system we call transitions. So one transition is when we go from a plan over to a self-submission dataset and transition basically it brings metadata over to a new object. So in this case from a plan it takes the metadata that you need over to the self-submission forms and that transition happens immediately. So when you're in a plan and you say at another dataset it does that on the fly. The other transition that we have is when you're finished with a self-submission and you've sent it on to review, that's picked up by the system every 15 minutes. It looks for everything that's been tagged ready for review and that then applies a transition into the review workflow. So that doesn't happen immediately for the user but it does that in a 15 minute increment. You can reduce that increment to five minutes, one minute, whatever makes sense to yourselves. So that transition as well is a customizable template actually. So you basically say this form field goes to that form field in the new form or this form field, don't worry about it, it doesn't go across.  So that's the 1.6.1 feature set and the work that can occur around customizing it. The thought that most sites, if they rolled this out to researchers would have a big red box at the top and lots of red all through it. They'd probably put all of the branding. So we've got documentation about branding, institutional logo, et cetera around it. So we've tried to keep a lot of our layout to a minimum so that you can see where things are happening rather than where a lot of fancy CSS or JavaScript is going on. So that's 1.6.1. What I might do there is I might hold and I'll talk about 1.6.2 towards the end there Simon but it might be a good time to see if I just blasted through things a bit quickly if people want me to pick up on specifics. Okay, so those that don't have microphones, please put your questions in the chat box and if you do have a microphone, it might be... Well, by all means unmute yourself and ask a question. While people are typing in their questions, I've got one for you Duncan just to start off. And this is probably just me. But can you just go back to the project plan where you can... The form where you can enter a description. There was a plan and there was a field there for a description. Now when I... So I have a project. I put in a description of that project there. Does that become an activity record for the project? Or is it somehow related to the data? I'm just a little bit hazy on what you're capturing there and where it goes. Well, the description is really about the project that you're undertaking. With the alert system, and you've prompted me on two areas that I didn't cover. So alerts and also, and I wonder if Amanda's sitting there going Duncan, you've missed stuff. So in the alerts, for example, that's where something like a research master or similar system could actually start off a plan. And what goes on there is that some system sends through information that could start off a plan. And we actually have an element in the system that will allow... So for example, Professor Smith has entered a new project that they're doing in the research management system. That comes through as an alert. We have some components there that will allow you to not only create a data management plan but allocate the ownership to Professor Smith and make them aware that the plan's waiting for them. So they get ownership for that. There's Amanda. So that's the incoming. In terms of an activity record, we provide a link to the funding source and the grant numbers. But the actual turning of this into a data management plan into an activity was something we really didn't cover as part of our discussions. Amanda, did you want to talk to that at all? I think all I wanted to say is that you've probably seen from what Duncan's showing, there's been an awful lot of development here and awful lot of thinking. And while we were working collaboratively, we don't have... We can't think of everything. So I think that what you've brought up, Simon, is something we started to talk about probably towards the end and probably something that we could discuss further down the track in more developments in Fred Box. The way it's working now is that the stuff is effectively coming in from something like Research Master very early on in a research project and could even be before a research project has funding. So the information that's going into here can change. I know talking from our research office, the information that they have in their system is very preliminary and changes a few times before it actually looks like something you'd get that would be suitable for an activity record. So I know that's a hazy answer, but yeah, that's about where we are. So what happens to the description that I would put into that box that's showing? Where does that go, if anywhere? It would just stay there, I think. Why not, Duncan? Yeah, that's stored with the plan. We decided not to transition that to the dataset when you create a dataset description based on the plan because I think as Amanda quite rightly pointed out that your description of a project is likely to be quite different from the description of the dataset. So within the data management planning side of things is largely an internal administrative system that encourages researchers to flag that they're about to do research, that they have some information about that ethics, where they're going to store it, trying to get them to think about things like data licensing and storage, hopefully from day one rather than last day minus one. So one of the areas I think as well, I see your point Simon about creating activity records, but I wonder sometimes with groups going out, say for example in Amanda's team, going out to researchers, trying to get them on board with data management planning, it might be an easier sales thing at this point if it's just to help the researcher and potentially give them services within the university. Any publication of that information, say as an activity record, then creates a level of concern I think that they would probably, you wouldn't want them to moderate what they were putting in because they were concerned of what potentially could leave the university. It's just a thought. Now there's a question from Susan Robbins which I'll read out, in case people aren't looking at the chat box. She asked, Susan Robbins asked, who assigns researchers the login to start creating a record and is there somewhere in the system that stores them? Probably those logins, yes. Can you see that question? Yes. In the most basic version of Redbox there's an internal username and password store. It's not something we suggest that most groups use. So groups that use, say for example LDAP or AAF, basically as long as they're in the researcher role, so there's a role called researcher and you get access to this dashboard if you're in the researcher role. If you're in the LDAP plugin for, for example, for authentication and for roles, it would really say that if somebody logs in via LDAP, they get put into the researcher role and then they have access to the forms. That's also an important aspect because of the way that the authentication works. You actually would type in, for example, the persons, say university login or LDAP login, hit there. We don't do lookups mainly because they're quite large and quite often difficult to get access to the LDAP lookups for that. So one of the key things there is that, yes, they authenticate. If they're in the researcher role, they have access automatically, but you don't need to do anything as long as you've set it up that way. The other thing is that when they're then sharing their records, what they need to know is that the login that they're associate users and quite often in these, we thought that was pragmatic in terms of the trade-off between the technical and the human is probably quite easy for one member of the team to ring or email someone and say this is my email address. Could you please, not my email, my account. Could you add it to that box? Great. Let us know, Susan, if that doesn't answer your question properly. Beth Crawther from the University of Sunshine Coast has a question. Beth, would you like to unmute and ask it yourself? I always prefer it if people can speak. Can you do that? Can we hear you, Beth? Sorry, sorry. I was passing around. This is kind of the first time I've actually seen Red Box in action, so this might be a dumb question, but is there a way of somehow putting a link to or a PDF of the ethics form into here? That's a good question, Beth. There is a way. What we worked on is a series of components that met a good baseline of items that you could put together. So out of the box, we don't have an attachments widget, which is what we have in the review workflows. That being said, we have another project on the go at the moment where they definitely do want attachments put on, so we're looking at extending and adding components to do attachments. So out of the box, no. When I talk about these widgets, they're reasonably straightforward widgets to create. For us, it was really just an issue of time, and over the coming months, we expect to have an increase in the number of widgets available, so we'll add them as projects require. The main thing we didn't want to do is just have lots that potentially weren't used, but the form attachments were certainly one that people have flagged as something that they want, and we have an active, painful project at the moment where they need to do it, so it needs to be done. That's great. Thank you. Any questions here? Any more questions? No, it's something we hear. Mike. Mike Lynch has just asked. Yes. I'm sorry, Duncan. I was away from work yesterday. I know you were in a teleconference with some people here at UTS at Intersect, so apologies if this is covering existing ground. I'm just interested to know if we're collecting records from a data capture service and bringing them into Redbox via the alert system, would it be possible for us to inject those records into the self-submission workflow so that the researchers can edit them, or would they still have to go straight into the review workflow? Yeah, that is a good question. Sorry. I'll stop saying that's a good question. They're all good questions. Yes, Mike. Yeah, I mean, one of the pains that the people have raised with the review workflow is it's quite long, et cetera, et cetera. So one of the things that we did was when you submit a self-submission data set off for review, it's configurable as to which stage it goes into. It could go into final review. An incoming alert, we worked on a system where the incoming alerts in this release, you can create a new plan based on an incoming alert. But the code around that, when we talk about the difference between these things, like a review record or a self-submission record or an alert record, there's nothing overly technical going on in the background. They're largely property set on the object. So the alert system can set those properties. And Andrew and Grant, so Andrew and QCIF and Grant at Flinders worked on, have been working on the system in which the alert comes in and you could assign to whichever type of object you think is appropriate. So is it a plan? Is it a self-submission or is it a review workflow item? It will then also as part of that do a lookup and assign a security context to it. So for example at Flinders, we get a field which I think is the email address of the primary investigator and we use their LDAP lookup to work out the user name because the username doesn't come through in the CSV and we apply that to the record so that that person when they log in, they will see that plan. I couldn't see why that wouldn't work on self-submission either. Yeah, cool. Thanks. Grant, I think this is more a clarification than a question. But Grant, would you like to speak to this? This is Grant Jackson. You got a mic? Can we hear you, Grant? Yes, I just found it. That's great. I think that's what you're doing. That's right. I just wanted to clarify an earlier query which just to take a step back, which is the evolution of this project is that the main purpose was to create data management plans. So all the fields go into a form and result in a PDF and that is a plan for the researchers' use or the research team to use to plan how they're going to manage their research data. Then one of the things that comes out of this area quite a bit is people put in information and later on they put in similar information into a different form. Actually, the description field that you're asking about before Simon, that ends up in the plan. So that's where it's visible to people in a PDF or on the HTML form here. The second part of it is because there's a whole bunch of information that could be used potentially for a project, which is what you're querying, or a data set because there's quite a bit of overlap. It's been chosen to put it into a collection or data set metadata. So it finds its way there and some of the fields, for example, description that was chosen that the description for a plan might not quite match what you want for a data set. So you get the opportunity to put in a different description when you convert it to a data set. That's what I was attempting to clarify. That's great. Thanks. Are there any other questions? I might just pick up on one area that I did neglect to discuss. It's a very brief one. It's that of triggers. And one of the requirements within the project was to, when something happens, we can handle that some way in a trigger. Now, a good example is if we receive an incoming plan that's being associated to Professor Smith, one of the triggers is that on a periodic basis, the system checks if a new plan has been created for somebody and can fire them off an email using, again, a template. We love our templates. That says, dear Professor Smith, there is a plan waiting for you to go and fill in. Please contact us if you have any questions, et cetera, et cetera, as per your requirements. We've done a very elementary version of that, which is to define what, to create in the system the ability to define what you're trying to look for in terms of a trigger. So it really also opens the door for things such as, when you're creating a plan saying, I need to store 200 petabytes, the system might then be able to send off an email to the IT help desk saying you might want to go and speak to this person to find out where they're going to store 200 petabytes, something like that. So the trigger is a way that hopefully these plans can fit in with your organizational processes and provide a service to the researcher that fires off an email or some other form of communication that says, it might be a good time to speak to this researcher to help them. A good example might be if they don't have an ethics clearance that might be worth coming back to them. So one of the things that I think for anyone looking at 1.6.1 and this functionality is to really look and say, how would this work in our organization? What's the process flow? How do we want people creating plans? How are we going to support them? All that service level stuff that almost sits outside the technology. And then with your flow diagrams and your various event models, et cetera, you then come back to Redbox and say, now let's start putting this together. So that whole organizational thing is quite a big question and I never underestimate how long that would take, especially if you need to take that through several committees. Amanda, last week when we had Tobi Ohara from University of Western Sydney, I asked him a question about the collaboration that he had been undertaking. I just wondered, because this is a fantastic and good news story in a way, the collaborations that have been going on around this, would you just like to describe how this collaboration formed, who was involved, because I know Deakin had been involved, and the pros and cons from your perspective? Sure. This all started, well it was Duncan's fault, it was part of it. We from the very beginning wanted to have data management planning functionality as part of our metadata stores project at Flinders. We weren't quite sure how we were going to do that. And when we started looking at them, I was just bouncing ideas from Duncan and Duncan said, well, we can put it in front of Redbox and other people have been asking me about it. So I guess that's one of the first planks of the collaboration. Then just using the Redbox list, put the call out and got a great response from a number of institutions, including Newcastle, UTS, Deakin, and now I'm going to forget one, University of Western Sydney, so Toby was there as well. And then we made it clear because a lot of the development work was planned to be done over Christmas period and people were going to be taking leave, that I was happy to be the main liaison but I really needed to back up. And that's where Deakin put their hand up for that. And that was terrific because we did work very closely with Deakin in the end. That was terrific for a number of reasons. It gave us different expertise and different sets of requirements to talk about. So it means that we've probably ended up with much less Flinders-centric product than we might have ended up with. It was also terrific to have another institution to bounce ideas off of and also to take advantage of their expertise, particularly their technical expertise. Terry Deakin has been fantastic. I think it shows the strength of the teams on both sides in that the project manager from Deakin moved on to another project a few weeks ago and we got a new person to work with and that worked well also. In terms of the cons, it added another layer of pressure in that we had to work to multiple deadlines. So we had an earlier deadline than our collaborators but we had a lot more flexibility in meeting that deadline whereas other people had much harder deadlines. So it was just being aware of what issues were happening in everyone else's institutions. But other than that on the whole, it was very, very positive and I think coming from a place where we have worked with open source software before a lot of the people that we're dealing with in this space particularly that have come from library backgrounds we've worked together before on other projects which has been really useful. And also it just seems a waste to not do stuff collaboratively when there are so many projects around the place and people using the same software. That's about all I'm going to say I think. Okay, that's terrific because hopefully there will be more of these over time because it doesn't stop here. I'm just wondering just before Neil says something I'm not sure if Terry is there at Deakin because it's Deakin's present but I'm not sure if Terry is there just whether there's someone from Deakin who wants to say something. Perhaps, yes, no, it doesn't look like it. Maybe it's staying here a little warming. They're coming, yes? Hi Simon, I'm in Terry here. Oh, Terry, good. Can you hear me Simon? Yes. We're not generating too much static or feedback are we? No. No, good. No, I just wanted to say that pretty much to just reiterate what Amanda said that certainly the collaboration with QCIP and with Flinders to sort of produce the data management planning tool has been a really positive experience for us here at Deakin. It certainly expanded our initial thinking around how we're approaching the metadata store. Initially we weren't as focused on the data management planning side we were more looking to provide a researcher sort of interface for the self-submission component but I think in teaming up with Flinders and sort of combining those requirements I think it's resulted in a sort of a much more sort of feature rich tool which is certainly going to benefit Deakin as well I think in terms of what we're doing for our data management sort of projects as well. Now I just also just want to thank Duncan Fries and the team there for their great work. It certainly, I know it's been a challenge but I think that the product that put out has been really fantastic and I'm sure we'll get a lot of use out of it here at Deakin so I just wanted to thank you guys for that as well. Hi Amanda, hi Terry, hi Grant and Duncan. First of all I think you are all to be really strongly congratulated on what you've done. You may not know but research data management planning has been something which we hear it and we've been agonizing about for months and months and I have a simple question which is the set of questions that you have arrived at and what are they based on or where they primarily sourced from and I'm presuming other people's work, if so whose? Yeah, I might just start off with that. We started off at Flinders by drawing heavily on the Curtin Tool so Curtin University had a data management planning tool that they demonstrated at the University Research Australasia conference in 2011 I think and so that really was the starting point for us and then a little bit more reading we started adding more things in and then in the beginnings of the collaboration we had I sent it out to the other institutions and then we got more and more and so then it was a pairing back but I think conversations that we had with Deakin and I remember the exact words with Megan this is a starting point. We don't expect this to be the be-all and end-all of the data management plan for any institution. At the moment we also don't know there could be more requirements to come through from funders, we don't know but this is a template that as Duncan said is flexible so the institutions can change it according to what they want to capture, how they want to capture what terminology they want to use and hopefully we'll be able to adapt as the landscape changes. Fantastic, terrific. Well done. I think it's a really significant step forward to have that. So with that and there are no more questions I'd just like to say thank you. Thank you Amanda, thank you Duncan. Fantastic and next week there's a completely different view oh there's another question coming in is there? Wait a minute. Yeah sorry Simon I just want to mention 1.6.2 just very quickly if I can. Of course, that's right. So in hindsight maybe we should have called this 1.7 because it was quite a substantial amount of functionality. 1.6.2 might be a disappointment then to everybody when I say there's not going to be a lot of feature or any feature enhancements in 1.6.2 but the team are working on a couple of security and bug fixes and so especially those people who are on the security mailing list for Redbox you'll have seen Andrews posted we fixed a few security issues and we'll be doing some bug fixes so hopefully I'll get an ETA out in the coming week or two about when 1.6.2 will come out but yes it won't be anywhere near the size of what you see in this current release. Thanks Simon. Thanks Duncan.


Okay, Haiti says we're ready. I'm ready, so let's go. So, it's a pleasure to be here. I've spent the last few months putting together a proposal for NSF with members of the Science Circle and some of my colleagues. So, I've really put the bulk of this talk together in about the last week and a half. It's going to be a little more rough than some of the ones that I've given in the past. So, with that, let's take it away. I'm going to talk to you about some recent advances in perovskite solar cells. If you don't know what perovskites are, no problem, that's part of the talk. Let's see.  Oh, there's a little bit of a lag in there. That's Ishtar and, of course, as a cat, she is a goddess. So, how does solar power work? Ideally, what we have is some sort of panel which harvests the free energy that just comes from the sky and then channels it into cell phones so we can see pictures of cats. That's the ideal of how solar power should work. Today you'll note that my talk is an odd juxtaposition of hand-drawn and computer-generated images. I really like the old school stuff, but the new school stuff also works really well for me. So, first, let's talk about how electrons interact with nuclei. It's always all about how positive and negative charges attract each other and what rules and boundaries there are on those attractions. So, with this scary little diagram, I'm showing you a potential energy well. You've seen these sorts of pictures before when you think about gravitational wells and black holes and things, but here I'm talking about the electromagnetic force. So, right at the bottom of the well, we can have a nucleus, a positive charge. And an electron, being a quantum thing, has to have some space in which to exist and it will have some energy. And essentially what will happen once all the boundary conditions are satisfied is that it will sit at specific energy levels in this well. So, this bottom level here, with the longest wavelength, think of a string vibrating. The math is pretty much the same as governing a string vibrating as governing the probability of where you're going to find the electron. You can have an electron down here at, let's call it the lowest energy primary harmonic and then the second harmonic would be where it's got roughly twice as much energy, but the boundary conditions are a little bit different because the shape of the well. And these give us three-dimensional regions where an electron could be the lowest energy and an electron might look like a sphere, next higher up, might look like a sphere that's been divided in two or a dumbbell type shape. All right, so it does look like a face. And that's my drawing, I'm sorry. How about this? This looks a little bit better. And I've actually recorded a little video. Let's put it up here. You're going to have to watch it on your own. Let's see. There we go, edit. I'm going to have to unlink those. There we go. I'm getting the bad sound. Do you really want to unlink? Yes, yes, yes. There we go. Okay, I was having trouble selecting. So, there we go.  I'll just pop that up there. Okay, so don't expect that one to actually animate in second life. We didn't set it up to do that. But here's a mock-up or a metaphor for the photoelectric effect. Let's say that this yellow brick object here is a photon. And it's going to hit an electron that's sitting in a potential energy well at a particular surface. No, I don't really want you to watch it right now. It can be something you can do later. Because I've got a bunch of slides to just animate this quickly for us. So, let's have that electron be hit by that photon. Some energy transfer and the electron gets kicked out of that well. In the video, I try a couple of times and I don't have enough energy the first two times and the electron goes back and stays in the well.  But what can happen is that the electron, if it has sufficient energy, goes away. So that would be a metaphor for the photoelectric effect where a photon hits a metal and kicks an electron out completely. And it's an actual sharp transition between not having enough energy and having enough energy. If there's not enough energy, the electron goes back in its hole. Photoelectrons can be ejected by metals. Einstein's Nobel Prize was for explaining this effect. And there's a wonderful technique called photoelectron spectroscopy where we can compare the energy of the electrons that were ejected with the original energy of the photons used. And we can find the depth of the well, i.e. how far down in a well the potential energy well the electrons came from. And so we can actually probe the molecular orbital structure of a molecule through photoelectron spectroscopy. It's a wonderful technique. But what happens when your photons aren't energetic enough to pick an electron right out? Well, the energy will get wasted basically through collisions. It will heat up the metal, the electron goes back into the original situation. And this is because in metals there are so many ways for the electron to transfer energy to other electrons, to the lattice, and the electrons are so mobile in metals that we can't really get energy easily from just shining light on a metal. We use semiconductors. In metals the electrons move way too easily. So we need a longer lived charge separation. And by charge separation I'm going to define that as the electron going somewhere and the hole that's left behind. Both of these, electron and the hole, allow for conductivity. Just like, I don't know if you remember those puzzles. They're panels of numbers, they're square. They have one panel missing so that you can move the numbers around and basically get them back in order. If you don't have a panel missing, none of the numbers can move.  So semiconductors allow the electrons to move around but slowly enough to allow some control over what they do. And one of the points of this talk is that perovskites as semiconductors are a recent discovery. 10 years, maybe 15 years. But here's the thing, in the last 10 years of work on them their efficiency in solar cells is as good as 50 years of development on silicon. That's actually going to be one of the bottom lines of my talk.  Let's just think of the electron as just having some sort of phase as it were. What if you have a row of atoms? A row of these wells that are overlapping just a little bit. Well, if there's an electron in each well then these electrons could each be vibrating in parallel or they could be vibrating in outer phase. We could set up interference patterns basically of all the possible combinations of their vibrations. Is that because of the advantages of perovskites themselves? I actually think it's because of the advantages of the perovskites. We pretty much do know how to make solar panels in the last 30 years or so and the perovskites aren't manufactured in the same way as the silicon ones are. So talking about strings being in phase or out of phase just talking about maybe four atoms. You could have the strings all vibrating in the same way and that might be a low energy combination or we could have two vibrating the same way and then two that are out of phase. So when these guys are at their maxima on the left these guys might be at their minima on the right. And essentially if we have I'm going to call them orbitals now because that's exactly what they are. If we have four orbitals on four atoms there's going to be four ways to arrange the phases. Not really a law of conservation probably is but whenever you have a molecule or structure of some kind the number of atomic orbitals that go in is always conserved, you always get the same amount if they are molecular orbitals or structure orbitals out at the end. So here's the thing. I basically started with one orbital on one well but if we have more and more overlap atoms then what happens is that the interference patterns that are built up end up giving you continuous bands of orbitals. So if I have some atom that's got an S that's a spherical orbital if I've got the same atom and it's got p orbitals those are the dumbbell shaped they tend to be aligned along x, y and z axes these things are essentially going to interfere with themselves and if I have a billion of these atoms say we are going to get a lot of orbitals that are closely spaced but there's going to be discrete regions, gaps where there is no overlap. So essentially what I've done here is shown you a full band at the bottom here and an empty band up at the top. Thank you for the drawings. I actually like doing the drawings. My postdoc advisor once told me that reviewers will appreciate a hand drawn image if it conveys a message and can be done in a minimal amount of time. Sometimes you don't need to spend days making the same image by computer. There's going to be some more cats around. So let's think about two different situations. Maybe the upper band and the lower band can overlap because maybe that original gap between S and P isn't so big. That's what we have here on the left. I call this a metal because this lower band and I've just kind of drawn it off set a little bit overlaps an energy with the upper band and that means that some of the electrons that are over here in the full band can kind of move over to this empty band and that provides space. It provides those gaps in the little square puzzles I was talking about. I'm sure they have a name. It allows the electrons to move around freely. Here's the thing. Going back here. Okay, back here. Okay, this is the slide I need. Each atom or each orbital does have a contribution to make. The electron can be anywhere in the structure. It can essentially tunnel from any atom to any other atom even one that might be a millimeter away. While that is unlikely it does mean that the electrons can move around and are delocalized throughout the whole structure as a metal. But that's only if there's some vacant orbitals to move in. Most of the time or a lot of the time you have these non-overlapping bands of orbitals and you've got a gap in between them. And here's the thing. Thermal energy can sometimes give the electrons enough oomph to jump into the empty band. And once they're in the empty band those electrons can move around and they leave behind hole in the original lower band and they can move around as well. I don't. Quantum mechanic effects mess up our control more than they do. Oh, I'm simplifying things so much. The quantum mechanical stuff is terrible. I've actually got a little bit from Roald Hoffman who got a Nobel Prize for doing quantum mechanical stuff calculations and chemistry. I've got a few slides from him later on. They're just called sliding puzzles. Okay, I'm going to go with sliding puzzles. So bandgap. Let's see. So for metals I think a property of a metal is that conductivity decreases as you increase the temperature and that's explained by atomic vibrations kind of blocking the electrons from being able to get to where they maybe want to go if there's a voltage applied. Semiconductors, on the other hand, the more thermal energy there is the more promotion of electrons into the upper band there is and that means that you have more conductivity. So metals and semiconductors can be differentiated from each other by measuring conductivity as a function of temperature. Here's the thing. Technically, there's no such thing as an insulator. There's only a semiconductor with a huge bandgap and it may be that you would vaporize an insulator before you get a single electron jumping its bandgap but technically once that electron has jumped then you've got more conductivity so it would be classed as a semiconductor. That's just a tiny thing. So what I've drawn here are called intrinsic semiconductors where you can have a promotion of electrons and they allow for conductivity. Bandgaps much greater than KT. Yes. Yes. Glass, quartz, things like that. Very good insulators, technically. But if we're going to be correct with the terminology it's still a semiconductor. So the semiconductor we're really familiar with is silicon. And believe it or not, silicon has the same structure as diamond and I think I have a silicon up here somewhere. There we go. So I've drawn two representations of silicon. And one of them I've just represented the silicon atoms by tetrahedra. So we have this little chunk of silicon. You could call it a little chunk of a diamond if you want. Let's see if I get out of that.  And essentially that shows you how this block of atoms might form an ordered array of crystal that could be used for making devices. Let me move that one out of the way. I actually like looking at atoms better. That one can go away. I have to find the other one now. Up we go, click and right down there. So believe it or not this is the same structure from the same data. I think this data comes from 1963 or was collected in 1963. It's actual crystal structure data done by X-ray methods. Each of these spheres represents a silicon atom. You can see that each sphere or some of these spheres look as if they're at the center of a tetrahedron. This is just a chunk of the structure. Each silicon atom is at the center of a tetrahedron atom. I don't really know what happens at the boundaries of the crystal. It's probably got oxygens and hydrogens and things like that. But inside the crystal every silicon atom has the same environment and it's exactly the same way of putting together the atoms as it is for diamond. That always blows my mind. Silicon and diamond have the same structure. But why do you think of silicon as a semiconductor and diamond as an insulator? That's a good question. One cool thing about this structure since it's the same data as the other structure is that let's see if I can edit this. I can spend just a tiny bit of time moving these structures. The ball and stick model actually fits inside the other model. It fits inside there perfectly if I can get them arranged quickly enough so that it doesn't look like I'm just fiddling around. There it is. Inside those tetrahedra that those ball and stick models fit quite nicely. Alrighty. Next slide. Let's just talk about diamond and silicon and if we're going to reduce down diamond and silicon as far as they can go having a carbon in a tetrahedral environment that's simple think of carbon sitting inside a tetrahedron of hydrogen atoms or methane. One of the tools that I teach this stuff to my classes is this little guy. I'm going to move this thing up front. Because the orbitals are all based on Cartesian coordinates by N.T. and tetrahedral is hard to visualize but the tetrahedron can fit inside a cube quite nicely. If you have a cube and you have two corners on the top and the opposite two corners on the bottom and you join them you've got a tetrahedron. I use this tool as a way of helping my students visualize what happens when they have tetrahedral environments and how they can relate that to what X, Y and Z are actually doing. Let's see. I'm going to move you down. Okay, so thinking about tetrahedra what can they do? Thinking about carbon, carbon's got an S, carbon's got its three P's and a tetrahedral arrangement of hydrogens will end up having an orbital and then three other orbitals that are at the same energy. It ends up that these three on the hydrogens can combine with those three on the carbons and the single ones do the same and you end up getting a set of low orbitals and a set of high orbitals and I've just really sketched out how these orbitals are, it's not quantitative or anything. Carbon is four from the left of the periodic table which means it's got four electrons available for forming bonds. Hydrogen only has one but there are four of them and there are four electrons. You might see, I've drawn one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight little arrows each representing an electron in the lower set of orbitals. So these guys end up being from constructive interference. It's basically where the electrons can sit in between the nuclei and have plus minus plus measurements that contribute to overall attraction. Up here these are from destructive interference and if they were occupied they would result in desabilization of the tetrahedron. Hey, silicon has the same thing going on. It's qualitatively the same but the original gap is smaller so the gap between the filled and the empty or the silane as it's called is smaller. What does that mean? Okay, so I've kind of drawn a better picture of less hand-drawn picture I suppose of where we get some band structure from. If you look at these, they're called bonding and anti-bonding orbitals, the stuff that's right in the middle of each diagram, I've reproduced it here on the left of each of these diagrams and as you get more and more and more carbon atoms arranged in tetrahedra, these anti-bonding guys are going to form a band as we discussed earlier. The bonding ones are going to form a band as we discussed earlier. The bottom band is completely full, packed like herring in a can. There's no room for the slide puzzle thing to happen and for any electrons to move. The band gap is giant, so very few electrons can make their way into this upper orbital. So, carbon when it's in the diamond structure you think of it as an insulator. Dilucan, on the other hand has a smaller gap since the electrons are further away from the nucleus in silicon to begin with. They are less differentiated in energy. So, you get a smaller gap and this gap is small enough so that some electrons can penetrate their way into the upper set, making silicon an intrinsic semiconductor. It's not very conductive though and there's ways that we can improve conductivity. So, let's say that we've got silicon here, we've got our filled band, we've got an empty band and let's randomly take some of the silicon atoms and change them to phosphorus. I don't know, maybe one in a billion or one in a million, we change to phosphorus. Phosphorus has one more electron than silicon does and those electrons will form their own tiny little band in the gap. So, the new band gap is much smaller than the overall old band gap was. That means that these uppermost electrons don't need nearly as much energy to get up into this empty band, this band where conductivity can happen. You can significantly increase the amount of conductivity that you have in silicon by doping. The amount of doping basically determines how much. If you have one part per thousand, then you can get conductivity similar to actual metals. Usually it's like one part per billion or one part per million. This actually leads to a nice point about solar energy. If you want solar energy you need conductive silicon. So silicon that isn't quite as pure as what is used in the electronics industry is what you need to make solar cells. One thing that can happen as well we could put aluminum atoms in. Aluminum has one less electron than silicon does and so our band gap actually also decreases but the conductivity is due to the holes that are left in the lower band. So when you have more electrons and you have more negative charge, we call it p-doping, when we have fewer electrons or positive charge we call it p-doping. The beautiful things about n-doping and p-doping for n-doping the electrons are mobile in the lower band. For p-doping the electrons are mobile in the lower band. So what happens when you put two materials together, one is n-doped one is p-doped well in the p-doped the electrons travel at a lower energy in the n-doped they travel at a higher energy. So if you want the electrons to move let's say from right to left in this diagram where the two substances come into contact the electrons have to get energy from somewhere and a convenient source might be a photon so a photon could take an electron give it enough energy and have it hop up into this upper level and essentially that's the basis of our solar power having electrons hop up from the lower energy holes into the high energy conduction band and then have the substance not just decide oh well the electrons just going to roll back and I'm going to make heat having it easier for the high energy electrons to actually escape into a wire and do some work and then come back to another wire into the p-type semiconductor that's the trick so in our semiconductor industry diodes, leds they're all based on this p-n junction where you've got these two types of materials in contact with each other you simply apply a voltage maybe you have a voltage that will allow the current to want to go from left to right i.e. the flow of electrons from left to right all these electrons can then just tumble down into the lower energy band and release some of that energy as heat for certain substances as the electrons tumble down into the lower band they can release a photon and then you have an led so these p-n junctions can serve as harvesters of energy or releaseers of energy depending on what you do with them so I was a touch lazy I actually got some figures from the American chemical societies service where you actually look up a paper and then you can click on the option export this figure as a powerpoint slide so I did that and here's a mock-up of a solar cell and in this particular one we've got the perovskite instead of the silicon as the magic ingredient a photon would come in excite an electron from the lower band into the upper band and then we arrange matters so the electron can diffuse into some other material and then go into a third material FTO stands for fluorinated tin oxide it happens to be transparent so it's actually a great substance to make transparent electrodes out of there we'll get to what's a perovskite in a second the electron can move around and then back into another transparent electrode which for some reason has carbon attached to it I don't really know why you need a transparent electrode if you're just going to cover it with carbon and then some other material that has a conduction band that matches the valence band of it could be perovskite but this could also work exactly the same for a silicon solar cell nice point about I got some annotation here this guy matches the copper pyrocyanate CUSEN matches the perovskite and it turns out doesn't leach atoms into the perovskite to poison its function the titanium dioxide has a band that matches the upper band and doesn't leach atoms to poison the perovskite these are issues of more engineering than the actual chemistry but if you want a solar cell to last for years like 25 years on top of your house you actually have to make it so that the slow diffusion of atoms doesn't screw things up Oh, fluorinated tin oxide FTO is simply a transparent electrode that just blows my mind because whenever I think of electrodes I think of platinum and I can't really see through platinum here we get to what perovskites are the actual mineral perovskite is calcium titanium oxide C-A-T-I-O3 but these days anything that has a structure similar to the perovskite title mineral is called a perovskite so basically anything that's got an A with BX3 point about each X is that each X connects two of the B's we form an extended lattice with roughly cube shaped vacant spaces let's see okay so here's here's another slide I got from the ACS from journal physical chemistry letters this one is more about teaching physical chemistry this is an actual perovskite structure so what we can see is that these B's form a cube and each B is connected to the next B by whatever atom X is and A sits in the middle of the cube okay I actually like the picture on the left more than the picture on the right picture on the right is one of the types of models that we use to make to assemble 3D models in hands-on experiments in the lab and you know I think second life does such a better job of allowing people to visualize something like this in a more hands-on way than even this physical model alright so I built the same thing up here somewhere there it is let's bring it down down we come okay so this I built from crystal structure data connected in 1925 I think on one of these panels behind you if you click on it you'll actually get a link to the original article or at least a reference and essentially the blue atoms represent titanium the red atoms represent oxygen so each titanium atom is in the center of an octahedron okay so an octahedron actually has six vertices basically at 1 and minus 1 on x, y and z axes and these octahedra share vertices throughout the structure the green basically represents calcium so it's a very cube oriented type of structure it's actually very reminiscent I'm going to raise that up again move it back up maybe not terribly high if you can use your cameras to move around the structure to kind of see it in its full three-dimensional glory that would be wonderful it's very reminiscent of the blue structure I made a Prussian blue model for an earlier talk I don't want that to come in just the audience so let's move it over here so in the Prussian blue model come on down it looks very much like a cage the Prussian blue model is a little bit different each of the vertices represents an iron atom and each of the crossbars represents a C and an N a cyanide but for the purpose of this talk we basically have kind of a cubic structure and it would be based on the AX3s and inside each of these cubes there lives an A whatever that is it has a positive charge and BX3, whatever it is ends up having a negative charge and when we put those units together we get this cage Prussian blue type of cat ooh it would have to be a blue cat a bright blue cat edit, I'm going to move Prussian blue out of the way it is really blue I mean it was discovered in the early 1700s Michael Faraday played with it and when we look up we go it's magic ok so essentially I covered that one things like science news discover other magazines have been covering perovskites recently perovskite is just a structural motif it's like paisley, paisley is a pattern perovskite is a pattern basically how how things are attached together so many materials exist with this pattern as I said before about a decade of progress has equaled where we are in 50 years of silicon solar cell development I usually look at chemistry or chemical and engineering news from the American chemical society usually picks up science stories a bit sooner science news or the other popular news magazines you know perovskite being used as solar cells to me that just blows my mind it's like saying oh my VCR can control satellites now I'm glad I didn't throw it out why perovskites so it's a great question one major advantage they have over silicon is that they are much easier to fabricate you don't need to get the purity nearly as you don't have to get the purity to exactly the same standard that you do for silicon and the purification of silicon has a really high carbon footprint and uses a lot of other toxic materials the perovskites that we use yes we are actually going to use lead however the amount of lead we use is very small in them and the overall process to fabricate the cells is so much easier that it counterbalances you know what the toxicity of the process to actually get the silicon and that's a great question which lasts longer if applied as a solar conductor I'm going to address that so in 2014 the perovskites had gone from about 6 to 8% efficiency up to 16 in December 2014 they were up to 20.1% and the best silicon cells have about 25% efficiency so basically that's news as of 2015 here we have our little picture fluorine dope tin electron that's the FTO titanium oxide so this is a graph showing what the substances actually looked like at the time very small micrograph there we gained some time yeah these guys are air sensitive the ones that have been using that have been used are a methyl ammonium lead iodide it has the perovskite structure but it really only lasted minutes on exposure to air this didn't sound very good at the beginning but over the last few years people have figured out what causes these to be sensitive so it turns out every one of those holes in the cage structure if it's the PBI3 stuff that we're using if you have a random absence of an iodide that is a place where oxygen can be turned into O2 minus which is then just choose up the rest of the structure the simple fix is simply just to coat the surface with sodium iodide or maybe methyl ammonium iodide just to coat some iodide on the surface to protect against that so another advance was methyl ammonium I've got a picture of that in a second changing the methyl ammonium to a mixture of this formamidinium that's hard to pronounce changing what is in the holes in the cage allows for increases in efficiency and stability this is again from 2014 and this was where this approach was first found as of early 2018 we're at 23% efficiency it's in the process of being commercialized the best ones actually now equal the silicon cells and the ones that were first investigated were these methyl ammonium we've got a carbon with 3 hydrogens we've got a nitrogen with 3 hydrogens the overall thing as a plus charge that lives inside the cages and that was replaced by this guy on amidinium but really just replaced by a mixture of these organic guys some rubidium and some cesium at this time it's a third PV it's a spin off from Oxford University their test unit they demonstrated recently was actually this is the current issue of CME news so that's this week the tested unit was at 25.2% very comparable to solar cells from silicon the units that they've made for their test assembly line 243 square centimeters they are at 24% efficiency and we've now got them running for quote thousands of hours at 60 degrees celsius and they actually withstand minus 40 up to 85 degrees celsius and they even withstand 85% humidity at 85 degrees celsius so these coatings are actually lasting very well this is a great point ironic that light is bad for solar power yeah it is I've always wanted the solar power light bulb it always seems ironic to me so this is commercially where we're at the Korovskites probably by 2020 there will be commercial manufacturers of these Oxford PV is looking to sell these commercially in 2020 you know until then and even past then these actually have the potential to have even more improvements in their efficiencies and there's other things that we can do there's no reason why you can't have a transparent electrode a thin layer of Korovskite sandwiched in between another transparent electrode to get the short wavelengths of light and the longer wavelengths of light can penetrate through to a regular silicon bottom cell to up the efficiency of these guys even have a design like this one where the electrodes aren't really separated by a gap so one of the nice things about the Korovskites is that they can simply be made quite easily they also serve as LED materials which are wonderful and you basically have to apply voltage to force the electrons to move and there if you're lucky you can get the electrons to jump down into the conduction band from the other conduction band as I talked about earlier so no talk from me would be complete without a few of these magic eye things I've got some wall-eyed stereograms I've got some rotating gifts if we can just bring these back forward okay let's see okay I can bring them all up and over as a unit there we go I'll leave these out I'll leave these out so you can see them I'll move these other things out of the way there we go yeah if you click on if you click on any one of those panels it should start and show you a rotating 3D gift the panels themselves have let's see the diamond structures on the left and porous skites at various magnifications are on the right they're the cross-eyed stereograms some people can actually see these if you just cross your eyes and make the images overlap and then just watch I have to be careful because I can get mesmerized by these things awesome so I've shown you a few of those I will put this presenter up somewhere in the mickem lab and I think group members will be able to click through it let's see I just had a few more slides about how do people approach this research well you know people approach it synthetically by making compounds yeah Arizona Australia we might have to worry about the heat I'm not sure if it gets above 85 degrees celsius in either of those areas although it could I suppose as these things absorb the energy so a couple of slides this is from a typical paper from recent work where they made the tin iodide the tin is a little less toxic than the lead and it does some of the same chemistry here you can see they have a different cation this thing on the left would sit within the cubic holes in the cages they made a couple of flavors of these things the second one I'm showing you here is fluorinated and they have a perovskite structure that's a little bit distorted this distorted structure actually slows down the movement of electrons a little bit better which actually is a beneficial thing and prevents energy wasting recombination of electrons and holes so there's the minor changes replacing a hydrogen by a fluorine doesn't really change the structure very much it kind of makes it touch more compact and you can see there's a gratuitous cat sketch there's addressing a concern about the number of cats in my talk earlier and you can kind of see that it's not perfectly cubic anymore the size of the cations that live in these cubic holes actually does play a role in just kind of changing the shape a little bit of those holes and again that's showing you how these species can pack plus another random cat yes and just at the end I talked a little bit about recent Roald Hoffman paper I saw Roald Hoffman a very interesting fellow he's a 1981 Nobel laureate in chemistry he's known for the theoretical chemistry any of you who took organic chemistry may have heard of the word word Hoffman rules these the Hoffman of word word Hoffman that explained things like the Diels Alder reaction that you would have seen in second year organic chemistry Nobel laureate also a playwright and a poet there's a lovely there's a lovely summary of his work on the wiki page which I can if I'm lucky if I'm lucky why am I not seeing this there we are I can cut and paste into text for you yeah I hate people I hate people who can do so many good things anyway so you know he talked about the theory of these a theoretical aspect here's a typical typical perovskite structure again maybe some of one of these pictures actually shows how it's put together better than and you know he was kind of looking at cesium lead bromide is one of the one of the that's in this paper and I gotta tell you the theory stuff ends up being way beyond me any aspects he defined several arrangements of how the lead and the bromide talk to each other and they're very they're very subtly different if you look at this guy right here and it's got a light color on the left dark color on the right the whole picture duplicated except this one is dark on the right I'm sorry dark on the left and light on the right and this basically shows different ways of combining orbitals to get to get the structure and all sorts of calculations to figure out what the band gaps are going to be as you morph from one structure into another and then putting all these together actually gives you some idea of what the band gaps are going to be interestingly you have to take into account relativistic effects when you have the electrons on lead like the s type electrons on lead when they fall down into that potential energy well toward the nucleus they're accelerated to relativistic speeds and that affects the mass of the electron and so that mass change actually does matter in terms of these calculations so in fact if you're looking at just gold itself you need the relativistic effects to be able to explain the yellow color of gold am I referring to hybrid orbitals yes yes I was so the you know the details of all of this are way beyond this talk but you know we are actually looking at the theory of why we get certain band gaps one of the nice things about the perovskites is that the band gap is controllable over a wider range than what we can get for silicon and how might you prepare one of these solar cells if you have your electrodes titanium dioxide and the various materials you can just sandwich them together with binder clips at least in the lab for being able to teach people how these things work and in fact this journal of physical chemistry letters paper has a nice procedure for taking the fluorinated tin oxide glass applying a tin oxide a titanium oxide layer sorry titanium oxide occurs naturally in white paint to make it white you can apply a perovskite layer a copper psionate layer a carbon layer and then another glass layer and that ends up giving you a solar cell that lasts long enough for the experiment to take place because the early ones would just catch fire and exposure to air and in this kind of homemade lab electrode setup in the dark you can see 0 volts with some light shining there is a voltage yay yes eventually recycling these materials is going to be hazardous probably not much more hazardous than the silicon type materials with the various solder and various other components that are around I did see an article where the recycling for example if you use the lead the recycling was about issues would have to worry about the lead toxicity would be about 0.27% of the overall toxicity of the process for making and using these things and I think that was relative to the silicon solar cells so yeah anything we use is going to have a downside my last little story there's some lovely paper here from 2016 that says hey purity matters they used pure perovskites instead of just slop that was put together in situ and you can kind of see the film they made with these beautiful polarized pictures and again they have the indium tin oxide glass I don't know what petaut is I'm assuming it's something like the copper cyanide perovskite and this is a buckyball composite as the collector and you know basically they took various compounds you can see crystalline they take their crystalline pure materials and cast them and make films out of them essentially you can see the single crystal powders have some nice x-ray bands nice and sharp after you make a thin plate of them still nice sharp bands some of the weaker intensity bands aren't seen anymore that might just be a thickness issue and then let's see these bottom pictures basically absorbance versus wavelength so it's kind of showing you which wavelengths these things will absorb the black one seems to be I think it's the iodide one seems to be the one that gets most of the visible light how do these things compare with what people are usually doing so on the left it's the data for the pure materials it's on the right it's comparable data for stuff that just slop together and cast in situ you can see the difference in just the photographs in the top row pure materials give you lovely crystalline patterns the impure materials give you slop and the slop doesn't last nearly as long this bottom row row number F shows degradation over just a few days whereas E pure materials give you less degradation any interesting work being done with graphene and solar power not that I'm aware it's very conductive but yeah I'm not an expert in the field graphene is a great conductor and along certain directions yes so okay so here good time to conclude I think my time is over my time I always do this I'm sorry we have new tricks from a common structure we've come a long way in the last decade and there's probably a lot more progress that can be made particularly to stability efficiency and you never know we may find a perovskite structure that's based on totally non-toxic material because it's the structure it's like paisley I mean you can have paisley made from the any different color combinations floral there's just a lot of room in the periodic table to be able to explore the molecular structure so here we are some more resources I use jmo I use the crystal structure repositories I use blender to make my things I drew my cat I drew a cat and thanks to all my cats for their for their patience let's see and obviously thanks to the members and students of the science circle I always enjoy giving these talks thanks to my colleagues place where I work because this activity is recognized NSF for funding I always thank NSF and this little company for hosting some of my animated gifts and stuff on their website that's what I got for you we'll talk about dye sensitized solar cells sometime later yay alrighty tagline I agree rare earth elements for making semiconductors that is a problem they're not easily found in concentrations worth mining awesome awesome I will copy that browser I will copy that and open that and watch that later yeah I don't know much about thermal type panels cool well I'm going to have some coffee let's see physics today are very cool awesome I'm going to get some coffee and hang out for some of the for the taco chantel in about 10 minutes going off


Hello, I'm Javier Hernandez, reporting from Washington. Thousands of prison inmates will soon be eligible for sentence reductions because of a sentencing amendment. Earlier this year, the judiciary hosted meetings to discuss how to handle this major workload increase. In late 2007, the U.S. Sentencing Commission lowered the base offense level for crack cocaine by two levels. For example, the penalty for a first-time offender found with five grams of crack was 63 to 78 months. Now, it's 51 to 63 months. The commission also made the change retroactive, which means in March more than 21,000 inmates will be eligible for sentence reduction. Judges' decisions to reduce sentences will trigger immediate release for some inmates. But most inmates' granted reductions will be released over the next several years. Now, there's no question that the decision to apply the crack amendment retroactively is going to impose considerable administrative burdens on the courts. Which prompted two summit meetings in January, where more than 700 representatives from the courts and the Justice Department discussed how to deal with this new work. The panels offer diverse views and opinions. The department is not saying that that doesn't mean in some appropriate case that counsel shouldn't be appointed. But what we're saying is, if you look at the statute, it doesn't apply. There is no provision for counsel. But we all know the department can't negotiate with people who they may have an adverse interest with. But if someone files on their own... Judges, federal defenders, prosecutors and probation officers met in breakout sessions to discuss their specific concerns and to propose solutions to the rest of the summit meeting. From there, we're going to prepare a document that can be presented to a three-member panel of the U.S. Attorney's Public Defender's Office and a Criminal Justice Act panel to balance it out well. Tell me about your children. Probation officers will do much of the heavy lifting. They'll work closely with the Bureau of Prisons and have access to inmates' conduct files, which could impact judges' sentence reduction or release decisions. Some districts already have plans in place to handle the initial bombardment of requests. I heard yesterday that certain districts are trying to triage this, and I think that's exactly what should be done. We need to concentrate on those individuals that are most eligible, those immediate release defendants, and those that would be eligible in the first year. But these reductions are not automatic. They are made upon a motion by the defense defendant, the Bureau of Prisons, or the court on its own motion, and they are granted only after a judge decides in an individual case that the authorized reduction is warranted or some portion of that reduction is warranted. Panel members reminded everyone that a sentencing amendment of this scale is a first, and that cooperation and flexibility will be key. We sat down at that table over there yesterday and we came up with a plan and we mapped everything out, and I know, and I'm sure everybody else knows that once we put it into effect, there's going to come a time when it's not going to work. You have to be prepared to adapt to situations that don't fit your plan. The U.S. Sentencing Commission is an independent bipartisan agency within the federal judiciary. The commission was organized in 1985 to develop national sentencing policy for the federal courts. Reporting from Washington, I'm Javier Hernandez.


Hey guys, Jeremy here, and guess what? The Undergrads Kickstarter has begun! I am so excited about this. If it's why I've got my mouse in my hand, it's because I'm going through all the pledges. Now, admittedly, the rewards are actually pretty cool. I admit that I'm actually down for a lot of them. I love the fact that one of them is You Get Rock Goes Fake ID. That's a great one for $20. I did, I'm gonna probably do multiple, because the pledge I've got right now is $30 for one of the movie posters, which is something I definitely want, because obviously I want to add it to the wall here. Now, the only thing I've kind of run into an issue with for me is I realized that you can only do one pledge as one person. So I have to make multiple accounts, because I want to give multiple monies to this thing. Multiple monies. Wow, I'm tired. There's a lot of really cool prizes and rewards here, and one of them being $40 for an Undergrads t-shirt, $50 for the digital download, which admittedly brings up a question, though. Is it only the people who get the digital download who pay for that, get the movie? What about the other people? How is this movie going to be distributed? This is obviously just for the pre-production. This is something that is a starter. That's why the goal is only $115,000, because that's something to get it going, to get producers interested. I think that Pete was right to do that. Pete was, like, he's thinking of in stages. This is something that obviously is a big idea of animation, and he's taking the right course with this. But, like I said, what did the other people get to do? Is it only if you do the digital download to get the movie? So this is something that's going to have to kind of be explained, because I don't know if this movie will get a theatrical distribution. If it did, that would be super, super dope. I don't think it will. I think it's just going to be a straight-to-DVD sort of affair, kind of like Blue Mountain State was. But still, it would be interesting. There's other pledges here, too. What I really want, but I want to, I'm kind of waiting until, I might be waiting until I talk to Pete on my radio show this Saturday, but mind you, I don't even know if I'm going to have the time, because this thing already got $36,000 in less than 24 hours, and the goal is $115,000. So we're already more than 20% of the way there, which is awesome, because at first, when I was looking at the math, I'm just seeing how it was overnight. It's like, maybe it might struggle its way there, but I have a good feeling that it's going to make it there, especially because I'm going to give it more money. I'm going to tell my friends to give it money. People who are big fans of this show. Then there's $100 for the Alpha Alpha Forever thing. I have your names in the credits, guy. A voicemail. Now, I would love to get a voicemail. This voicemail is awesome. For $200, you can get a voicemail from Knits, Gimpy, Cal, or Rocko. It's like one of them, not all four, just one of them. And I would love it if I didn't have a business, if I didn't have a photography business. I love to get a Rocko one. It'd be so bad. $500, you get to be a background character. $1,000, you get to go to the screening. Mind you, the screening does not include flight and hotel accommodations. So keep that in mind for those of you who have not bought it. No one's bought it yet. $2,500 for associate producer. And then $3,500 for your name to be mentioned in some way or form, along with all of this thing. Oh, this is a standalone. Oh, it's kind of interesting. And then $75,000, you get to be a part of the gang. You were animated in, and I think they even do your voice. Yeah, your voice is in it, too. That's for $7,500. Wow, it's been claimed.  He got $15,000 overnight from two people. If I had the money, I would have bought that. If I had the money, I would have definitely bought that. I'm surprised no one's done the screening. Like, someone jumped right for the most expensive thing on this list. Like, the other three haven't been touched, but that's crazy. I'm definitely going to do the poster. I'm definitely going to do the t-shirt. I'm probably going to do the digital download. I want to do the hat, too. I want to do the Knitz's hat. I'd love to do that. The only thing I'm just a little bit concerned about and not nothing to do with Pete, it's more so just my experience with getting hats from different contests before, is the hats are usually shit, like really shitty. Like, they're made for a six-year-old or something. Like, admittedly, hats don't fit my head very well.  So that's why I'm kind of concerned about that. So I might wait, but I don't know. Like, if the Kickstarter's already gone past its limit, does that mean I wouldn't be able to get it? I don't know. Anyways, that's all from me, guys. Check it out. I'm going to leave a link in the description below. Please pledge money. If you were a fan of Undergrads, this is something that's going to be a fantastic reunion to these characters. I'm really looking forward to seeing these guys back on, back on the big screen. Well, on the TV screen, they got on the big screen. That'd be cool. But anyways, that's all from me. I hope you enjoyed this little video. And like I said, please donate. If you were a fan of Undergrads, you want to see it come back. That's all from me, guys. Hope you liked the video. If you did, leave a like. And if you're interested in more, maybe subscribe. Anyways, it's all from me. See you next time.


What's going on everyone Sam here late in sports cards We're doing a 21-22 Panini one-in-one basketball hobby 10 bucks full case break number 25 pick your team style gonna read off the list of names and teams We've got Chang S net's CN with the nuggets chin H Spurs Chun why W wizards Daniel L nicks Eric R Bucks Harper B pelicans hang why mavs Jaime D Cavaliers Jason M Thunder Jonathan Q Celtics Joseph D. Pacers Coompaul P. Hornets Kira corn I with the Clippers Chris L. Blazers Matthew X heat sons Michael T. Jazz Nathan W. Bowles or in W Warriors Pension C Timberwolves Ryan C Rockets Ryan S. Kings Sean M. Raptors Tion key H with the Gris Tomomi N with the Sixers Tony K Hawks Walter L Pistons Wendy J magic and Wenschen S. Lakers. Let's do it waste no more time Who we are so locked in SG So locked in dude so locked in good luck everybody. Oh, man Chris Duarte to start off 93 out of 99 on the rookie Congrats Pacers I just won their indie next up. We've got For the Nuggets Nicola Jokic 22 out of 49 nice one there on the Joker Congrats Denver CN Congrats CN That's sick to game use on the Joker as well Great first box right there great first box. Nice one here. This is going to be 76ers Jaden Springer two out of 30 on the rookie. Hey, that's up. See yet nice one there man Exactly Ken absolutely insane man insane stuff Going down Nice Indiana Chris Duarte 97 out of 99 Indiana doing well to start off here Joseph D Congrats Joseph Yeah, no problem CN.   That's oh my god. That's Walter L Walter Walter's the one who again took the pistons in the last three breaks Dude My gosh This card's amazing. My gosh, man Real Unreal. Yeah, the horses Then you've got like the the old Fords and everything gosh, man. I'm like shaking Number 25 PYT mom get the tic-tac clip ready mom get the camera Yeah, definitely look into purchasing insurance for this one Walter. This is a monster Monster card. Oh My god, dude Yeah, double mag that And we've got rookie oh Luca Garza 15 out of 35 Personal box right there for Walter L dude That's insane. Oh my god.  I was going ballistic but I told Sean out in the break room I'm like dude if we pulled the cave downtown. I'm going ballistic. Oh My god, oh my god, dude We've got Anthony Simons Nice one there for the Blazers 29 out of 99 Congrats Portland Got here running him for out of 25 Oh my god, talk about the pistons paying off man The third Kade of the night now that's a high five that is a hot that is a mist high five another mist high five boom Let's go, baby Walter. There he is There he is. Let's go Walter Walter Congrats, buddy Walter. Oh my god, man. Oh My gosh, this is insanity. This is insanity. We got to show them both Kade to 25 in a cave downtown.  Congrats man. Thank you. That's awesome. Thank you, man Huge huge huge cards coming out of this Unbelievable man Walter. Thank you, man. Thank you for jumping in. Thank you for the support on everything So happy to be able to pull you those absolutely insane Holy, holy, holy, man Holy oh All right, jaren jackson jr. 34 out of 99 and now that's we're gonna unmag those two and send them pwe pwe on those Not rookie Rockets alfred shengoon 26 out of 35 nice one there houston You know, man Jaren Jackson jr. Biggest car to the break absolutely, man Absolutely congrats on that one there houston h-town. He's got the Rockets How many I wasn't how many actual viewers we have because I have to imagine 182 on YouTube and then twitch there's got to be more than that. I have to imagine nice one there congrats Let me go back to my break No, read. I'm not I'm actually going on vacation barring the storm tomorrow Well, not tomorrow Friday I'll be back on Tuesday 86 on twitch. Yeah, so like 240. I guess that's about right Thank You snap. We've got Jalen Brown 10 out of 99 Unacceptable says calm going to the the Celtics Nice on there Boston Rookie for the wizards Corey Kisfer 22 out of 49. Nice one there Washington The Chun-Wai again. Yep Chun-Wai w nice one there never leave the table all the time. I know man Forest pulls heat to though, man I'm hoping Nick. I'm hoping man. We pull some fire out of football. I appreciate that read I'm excited. We've got going to the Hawks. There you go, Tony 87 out of 99 that's ice tray Ice tray right there ice tray. I said ice tray this guy redemption rookie autographs purple Card number two Scottie barns coming out of this case now There you go Toronto Sean M. Congrats, Sean. Hey, yeah, honestly Blake and dude. Holy cow. All right, I still got three more here Can't I break from home? Yeah, honestly We've got a Kauai Leonard going to the Clippers 87 out of 99 I know still three boxes left in this case do man And we've got rookie Jersey autographs for the Kings Davion Mitchell nice one there Sacramento 31 out of 99 I've only been breaking at Leighton for like probably like five months But I've been like collecting cards and doing cards on social media since like 2012 2013 So I've been I've been really into it my entire life basically, but yeah, I moved down here took this job Here we are baby. It's up shitty. All right, we've got Brandon Ingram 73 out of 99 For the Pelicans Congrats, New Orleans And that's a rookie Jersey autographs bulls I owe to soon move two out of ten Oh my gosh, man. This case is just bringing the heat Nathan W Congrats. That's a nasty aisle right there Very very nice hit right there as well Man, holy cow, dude Last box guys So it could be part of the yes. Yes for sure We've got for the Hornets PJ Washington Or no Dwayne Washington for the Pacers 72 out of 99. Well, I saw Washington, Jr. I'm sick of Shawn man Oh And then we've got Rookie for the Hornets James book night 23 out of 49 area ghost Charlotte Coompaul P Congrats, man. All right. See Kyle. So I thought it was What's his name to PJ Washington? That is gonna do it for the break guys one more time. We'll just show that right there on Real man. Congrats again, Walter. Man, that is awesome. Again, Walter might be big enough to make the trip to Florida Send us an email if you're interested in that if not, we'll make sure that it's sent, you know, very very like Very well protected with the right shipping tools. So thank you again, Walter Thanks again everyone and we'll get those cards out to you one more PYT still