Right then I'm back the game certainly crashed and actually it didn't so much crush is simply Freeze on this exact frame and now it's now. It's better. Thank God. What do you see? Oh, I See a duffel bag there's a duffel bag It's filled to the brim a sign of people Stenial guards, yeah best advice Looks quiet, but keep your guard up. My guard's always up. Thanks Yeah Sorry, I just like to be prepared Whoa, someone's scavenged everything else but left this Doubtful no, but damn we could really use this stuff. I feel like Someone left this behind Recently too oh My god, Mary Lily's peaches and beans Three times a day breakfast lunch and dinner throw my mom crazy Delicious medicine where'd all this stuff come from no gunter so that's a problem Don't show those to Bertone. We finally just got him to quit We should see what else we can find While quitting cigarettes during the zombie apocalypse should be a lot easier than quitting them in our world Whoo, what's that? Someone had a sweet tooth Sure, let's put them in the duffel bag One of those in years Who said I was gonna share? That's just mean now Maybe taking out the glass the candy out of the glass container would have been you know a good idea Someone forced it. Let's open see if something is left Anything empty Fair enough. I like how they are saving budgets by not animating a locker bandages cute I Would actually buy those in real life if I could love these They really look that good. Yes. I honestly think that The cash register is useless at that point, but I'm too curious Money's still here. Of course it is anyone now Gold has little price when the walking dead are chasing after you've only been empty for years Probably uh-oh take your blade out woman. Thank you Whoever's in there. Come on out Damn it. I knew I should have stabbed you How are you people? Who are you? Look it just tell me now I'm a show and that's whoa calm down. Just passing through. Yeah, sure you are Belongs to us just step aside. All right. All right. All right I don't want to do this, but we need that stuff.  Oh See that that's why I'm you shown is And that was me pressing the wrong combination of buttons whoops My bad guys Whoops.  Oh Hello, and who are you supposed to be? Uh-oh looks like you caught our thieves Those are the teas a man. You got to be kidding me and you've got help this time. I'm I'm not help interesting Thought you were a solo act Well, yes We're not with her what we didn't have anything to do with this.  We're not Norma name That sounds bad Shoot Well now, we know who or at least we can assume that someone from this large group led by whoever this Norman is is To be blamed for the death of those two poor souls back In the boat My shetty any bites rashes coffee. No, they're clean, you know, we're gonna need those weapons back You'll get them back once we've cleared all this up. Watch it girl You're in deep enough already. You know if I had my way I just dump you over the side see how well you swim with your hands tied behind your back Well, I might talk to me Doesn't see Be worth the shot me to the talking hey cut the chatter you speak when spoken to understand Yep Yeah, we'll start with you. What's your name? It's okay, you can tell me Right, so let's play this by the book.  Honestly is the best policy nice machete Thank you handle those walkers back there.   What was that feeling just the slightest twinge of guilt It's these people you stole from And as you can see didn't steal from them none of them have much to spare Best hope Norma's in a forgiven mood my sister. She's the one in charge She'll be just thrilled see you oh boy. I'm not sure I like Where this is going the one running did he see someone familiar? Zachary, thank God. Oh You heard I'm fine I I'm fine here found your missing medicine. Thanks.  I hope I'd never see you again Samantha Norma. I'm not a word You found them on the ferry along with this that one knew it. I knew the duffel bag shown She's the one to watch out for That's true you dangerous She'll believe me. I've never wrong about something like this. I'm not going to be capable of speaking for myself Randall I got nothing against you people Good that'll make this easy Randall escort these ladies to the storeroom I find somewhere comfortable for the other two That's my brother Come on. Well This might be a problem. You got this under control Randall fears his sister Sam Greg.  It's a bad idea. It might get you killed. It might get me killed Looks a bit empty doesn't Like something's missing Luckily my sister's good at getting answers. She'll find out what you did with rest of it What exactly is missing the two of us are gonna have ourselves a talk I'm not gonna let you do this Keep an eye on her She's got a knack for start trouble anything goes down and I'm blaming you see you soon No I'd say make yourself comfortable, but that's Probably not gonna happen I was home These people you don't know what they're capable of. I think I do. Okay. I've seen plenty like them Should have never involved my brother in this and now you Who knows what they're gonna do to him Okay, have you been here before let's start with the base for right? Yeah, I have I know my way around Monroe I can't leave us out of here. That's good Thing is we need to get those this is my fault Brows sorry, I off I was just trying to protect my family that that's all I Never thought they'd go back to the ferry. I Didn't know It's not gonna be okay.  I just wanted to use the radio to reach people. I never expected that Randall will show up there not after Whatever happened happened obviously You see anything we can cut him with Anything with a sharp edge Not the cigarettes that's for sure live vests. Can I talk with you a bit more? Look at you Yeah, sorry, I just look at people It's an issue I have Let's see. Hey Sam Are you looking? Yeah, I am But first I need Okay, obviously, I'm not going to talk with you anymore six same brand that was in the duffel. This used to be full How should I know? Well, you stole it. So maybe mob jack like the fairy these must have come from there Right the bulb anything One of the mob jacks first aid kits This is why there was nothing left on that fairy. Yeah, they took it all here What happened on that fairy it is going to Bring me back to memory land. Oh god What's going on? I'm hallucinating. You need help. Is there something that I can do? Fine Hmm if you want to get out of this I need you to tell me the truth No bodies back at the ferry Now it's another group.   That's what they do They think they own everything on the water whatever they find they take and if you put up a fight They take you out too. You know what happens. They just it's nothing to them I saw what Randall did Now do you get it? If there's anyone out there that you care about don't tell these people a thing Someone's coming back pipe lose. I can get free We have to get out of here Please do you think this through think about what you're doing when you take out you right now.  It's now or never Fine. Let's do it your way Worth a shot. Let's do it But only because I like you kid and because I've got plot armor Why it down here? Here I was ready for a fight Nice work kept together. I knew you were dangerous Come on I don't trust you Shouldn't have let she don't have gone with her plan. What was I thinking? Not when I'm stuck


Good evening to everybody. As you might imagine, I am a sister of Samson. And I have the longest history knowing him among all of you. Because I'm the elder sister, one-year elder. So this is our... You cannot guess. This is me and this is you. And this is our father and this is our mother. So we have exactly one year and two weeks difference and I probably know him just right a few days after he was born. And so our parents were father physicists. My mother is still alive, mathematician. And it's Samson in maybe one and a half or two. So he was very active, very sweet, very kind. And always playing active things and already from that time he's driving a car, you can see. And it's maybe our... I'm ten, he's nine or something around. And he was climbing, you know, it was difficult to stop him. But he was not spoiling anything in fact. He was observing and studying and trying to invent something. And maybe it is around ten also. He was very much interested in chess. Our father was parallel to being physicist. Good chess player, Grossmeister. And by that time he gave up playing, but he was chief referee of Tbilisi. So he was very often going to chess palace and Samson would follow. And here are very famous Georgian chess players are here and some of them trainers, even this one is trainer I guess. And so here is my brother. And then you can recognize some of you are sitting here. So this is the time when he already went to Leningrad as a PhD student. You know, in between we studied always together in the same place. Like in kindergarten, the school, only three years he went to physical, mathematical, special school. Otherwise then I went to physics faculty. Next year he came to the same faculty. So we were always together. But at some stage he decoupled, let's say he went to Leningrad. And after that I'm seeing him rarely and more rarely and I'm thankful to organizers to arrange this very dense meeting with my brother. So here is Karepin. You can see this is Atya. This is you. Do you have this photo? Yeah. So this is Samson. He was always slim lately. He became not slim unfortunately. So he is Atya. This one I don't know, maybe one of you remember? Antonov. Antonov, yeah. Yeah. So and here is all the group. That was Michael Atya. So Takhtay Jankulish, Novikov, Padev, Samson, Karepin, Venkov, and Bolivanov. I don't remember all of them. But those years I would frequently visit Leningrad so I was very close to his colleagues and friends and all. Leon Tatyajan and the right one. Yes, of course. Here is the one. Chairman. So at that time my study was closer to what you were doing because I was working on a very, very particular interaction that would be governed by non-linear, non-local, non-linear Schrodinger equations and I had a chance to solve it with some perturbation method but so doing this similar thing like Zaharov and I was using generalized Zaharov equations. But late after those years, gradually I kind of shifted my direction to more like applicable realistic objects because all the referees would write, where do we find such objects and things like that? So I started to learn some astrophysical things. I started from easiest, I thought easiest solar physics and then I moved to general stellar things and then at some stage I got interested in disk jet formation problem and since it is related to some analytical approaches that we proposed on the Beltrami conditions, Bernoulli theory and things like that, I decided it was difficult for me to choose the subject for my talk here so at the end I decided I better concentrate on this problem. Maybe it's also a little bit spectacular and maybe somehow easier to be a presenter here among you that it's maybe very far from your interest. So initially we made two papers with Professor Yoshida. He's from the University of Tokyo, the same place our previous lecture was. It's just next building sits from this Kavel Institute and I often get there so it's a fantastic place and another co-author is Alexander Tezade from my, I'm chair of astrophysics so he works with me there. So I want to give outline, okay no need of outline, I will just start from the very beginning. So what is disk jet structure? I mean you maybe all have seen the jets coming out from the nearby areas of compact object, massive objects or whatever but disks are not easy to see. But it's already well proven that accretion disks, not all disks are accretion but accretion disks often are combined with spindle like jets of ejecting gas and it becomes a typical structure that accompanies the massive objects of various scales ranging from young stars to AGM and mechanism that rules each part of different system can be not universal. Here I give the neutron star jet and disk and here is the elliptical galaxy jet and disks shall be here somewhere. So I mean not always seen in the same frequencies and this very macroscopic structure. So a macroscopic disk jet geometry independent from all these scaling have a very marked similarity and maybe starting from the early 70s or previous century when the radio galaxies and quasars were discovered it was evident that the jets in different classes of physical systems have direct association with accretion disks but opposite is not true. In some objects you may have accretion disks without collimated jets because viscose transport or disk winds play the similar role in energy balance. So winds are far from central object from the disk coming out from the disk but jets are from the center. This is the difference in fact. And this macroscopic disk jet geometry has a marked similarity despite the huge variety of the scaling parameters like uranium number, longquist number, ionization fractions and many other parameters. And it is already known that in the disk region transport processes of mass, momentum and energy depends strongly on the scaling parameters. And classical processes like, you know, simple processes of viscosity are insufficient to account from the accretion rate and turbulence transports must be invoked. In addition, for powerful jets winds may also remove the angular momentum. And connection of the disk and the jet is more complicated. Mass and energy of jets are fed by the accreting flow of disks and the mechanism is how this transfer occurs is still not clear. I mean, we pretend that we know how it happens but generally it's not the final, let's say, clearance. The major constituent of the jets is the material of accretion disk surrounding the central object. This one, later at the end I will speak about the protostellar jet. This one is the protostellar jet and here is the accretion disk around the accreting young stellar object that is neutral, not charged. So what are the basic properties I continue? Here is, again, the pulsar jet. It has magnetic fields, strong magnetic fields. So for the fastest outflows contributions may come also from the outer regions of the compact object, outer regions of the disk as well as from the compact object. Livio suggested in 97 that powerful jets can be produced by system in which on top of an accretion disk threaded by a vertical filter exists an additional source of energy and wind associated with the central object. Launching of an outflow from accretion disk requires a hot corona, corona of disk and also can be assumed that extensive hot atmosphere around the compact object can also provide the additional acceleration. So I want to specify here some of the community members normally say the jet acceleration problem as if jet existed and then they are solving the acceleration of jet but we propose the different approach giving the idea of formation of disk jet structure. So it's one structure like disk jet and the acceleration is the next stage of the formed jet, let's say because if nothing existed in that space it cannot be accelerated. Maybe you need to eject some gas and then try to accelerate it. So this accretion ejection process gives you one structure and then additional effects of some other physical properties can give you extra acceleration. So it's also believed that magnetic fields are playing a very important role in defining the local accretion. This is disk, here is the compact star and these are magnetic fields threading the disk and due to the accretion the field lines are advected to the center, you can see. So plus its rotation also. So when magnetic field is advected inwards by the accretive material or generated locally by some mechanism jet along the magnetic field lines can become super alphanic. And agent jets, there is an alternative idea based on the electrodynamical processes extracting energy from rotating black holes. This is the very famous work of Blentford and Snarchek. And extra galactic radiogen, these two classes are very powerful and hot. Jets might be accelerated by highly disorganized magnetic fields and here are the launch factors and many other parameters play a role. But I will be speaking about the universal mechanism where I don't need all these additional effects. So in addition to the energetics to account for the acceleration of this ejecting flow we have to explain how these stream lines or magnetic field lines change the topology through the disk jet connections. So correct theory must explain also this connection.  So our proposition is that disk jet system is a generalized Beltramel vortex. So this was one of the pioneering paper of Blentford and Pine also next one by Begenwan. It's still, all these theories are based on having strong magnetic fields. But we saw that the collimatic structure of jet is a natural consequence of the alignment of the flow velocity and the vorticity. So called Beltramel condition the term is the structure and there is no requirement of having magnetic fields. That's the universal. So on a clarion disk the vorticity becomes a vertical vector with magnitude proportional to this value. I'm covering it. Sorry. Myself I hear. But it's not for the recording. Sorry. So alignment is the unique solution for avoiding the singularity of Coriolis force near the center. But speaking about the vorticity we need to explicitly define which type of vorticity. So in our model vorticity is generalized appropriately by dissipation in the disk. So the dissipation that causes the aggression. So simplest theory, the MHD model it's not even MHD because my disk is practically very having low ionization. So in fact it is neutral here. The equations are neutral here. So my title is wrong. I'm sorry. So this momentum, this momentum and here is the equation of motion. So this mass, this flow velocity is effective viscosity tensor, weak gravity potential and here are given the normalization parameters and V dot and rho dot are the representative flow velocities of the disk. So remember I mentioned that the jet is fed by the matter and energy of disk. So we are normalizing to the disk background parameters. So that we could track what would happen later. So some manipulation with the equations gives this equation where omega 2 is the so-called generalized vorticity and it brings the impact of the dissipation. Dispation is here as you guys might see. We shall show the generalized bentrami condition demanding omega dot to be parallel to p2 is a unique condition to avoid the singular energy density. I don't remember if I introduced what was rho 1 and rho 2. Okay. So rho 1 is the, I split rho here. Sorry, I missed here. I introduced two parameters. So density is splitting two. So in conventional you have rho 1. And rho 2 is one. So with no dissipation rho 2 goes to one. But with dissipation, this one carries the information about the dissipation. So with no viscosity, rho 1 is one. So and correspondingly you have p2 and p1. With rho 2 and rho 1. Can be. If you have slow acceleration and slow density variation it can be. And for such system it's okay. It's not charge. I mean I try to speak about the universal property. The charge is the next step. Yeah. So p2 is defined by rho 2 and p1 is by rho 2. V stays the same. Velocity is the same. So the requirement of having this left-hand side zero that is beltrami condition is the possibility of avoiding the singularity. So since we are speaking about acceleration, so the mean velocity in the disk is the toroidal one. The V-teta. A cylindrical geometry. And if you introduce the viscosity then you have VR also appearing with it's still smaller than V-teta but the acceleration is due to the VR. So it goes to center. So it's like slowly you have material coming close to center. But due to the singularity it has to go somewhere. It cannot go to the exact zero. So this is the singularity. So you need to break matter from disk to somewhere and the jet is a natural consequence of this breaking. So it's estimation here given if since our acceleration is small normally it is like that this dissipation is not so strong. The flow in the disk is primarily azimuthal and the viscosity force can be approximating then this can be shown that it's proportional. This is the proportionality and eta is some local viscosity coefficient representing the viscosity. So if one compares to this equation then we can change this term by this value. So where we put new to be positive. And this viscosity force is again primarily azimuthal and if one goes to this equation you see that we can find the solution when this term vanishes. So the viscosity defines the partial inertial term. This is part of the inertial term due to the dissipation p2 is defined by rho2. So if one assumes that this entire term vanishes so viscosity is balanced by the partial inertial term and also invoking the continuity equation. This is steady state solution. One can come to this kind of the relation and this is the final relation that defines this rho2 by local viscosity. So this is the determination of rho2 by local viscosity. And after some algebra you can also estimate rho1. So after these estimations we also speak about the poloidal components that becomes defining for jet. So the vorticity includes the conventional vorticity includes the singularity and to eliminate the divergence of this left-hand side of that equation these two vector fields must align each other. That is the Beltrami condition. And after this alignment we are left with Bernoulli condition that is again generalized because of the dissipation. Remember rho2 is now bringing the local dissipation information. So at the end we have determining equation some type of artificial rho2 for given local viscosity velocity field and equation for enthalpy. So these are three equations to be solved. These are all estimations I give and I want to give here some remark that if we would start from the conventional vorticity then that would mean that we don't have local aggression so that means that you could arrive to the adequate condition for Keplerian flow. So the conventional Beltrami condition would not give any jet solution. So we need to generalize this condition and our equation was exactly the generalized case because it was with P2 and omega2 so you have the information coming from dissipation. So that includes local viscosity effects. So then this type of generalized Beltrami condition give you the consistency with this jet structure formation. So here is briefly shown that if one our momentum field is divergence free because we are thinking about steady state solutions. So if we split this momentum field in let's say this is the toroidal file and this is the poloidal file in the stream function then one can solve the equations and here you see the momentum field distribution here the density and here is the total density and here we have introduced the orthogonal variables like tau that defines mostly the jet structure and sigma that is working mostly in the disk. They are orthogonal and we could find this let's say universal solution for very very simple model of type I showed about. I mean we just estimated the local viscosity. But you know this was very mathematical so all the astrophysicists want to compare with realistic object. So they want to show them that this type of solution coincides with realistic concrete object. So where? So double double I say no way sorry misspelled sorry no no it's me yeah but so this was kind of a universal minimal model where we could show that narrowly collimated jet is a unique structure that is amenable to the singularity of the capillary and vorticity and the Beltrami condition alignment of the flow and generalized vorticity characterizes the geometry of the disk structure and we could find the analytic solution very simple in the similarity solution and yeah so the important here is that instead of introducing magnetic field we worked with vorticity so vorticity plays here the same role as magnetic field in all those blend world Begelman and other theories and in reality many disks do not have magnetic field so but the model has to be some minimal model has to show the universal character of this type of structure but as I said this was not enough you know most of mathematical journals accept jet papers but astrophysical journals do not accept if you don't show the exact parameters of jet or something so we had to yeah you know what the generalized to have a generalized description of the Beltrami condition you have to invent this generalized part is and the omega 2 is this one omega 2 is this one yes omega 2 is this one oh no this is omega 2 yeah index is missing yes so omega 2 is this one so this one has to be parallel to this one so this is the generalized condition in fact it is reduced because in a way it's not related to the total momentum or total density you see you have the reduced part of the density only this one to have the total density and total momentum you must have both so it's kind of a reduced that carries only the information about the dissipation but row one follows I showed you the condition that they are linked to each other yeah so the vorticity plays the role of the magnetic field and if you have charged disks then you may have some additional effects and those would work for next step as I said those would work for next stage acceleration and not deformation I mean for formation area you don't need magnetic field so the other additional effects will work for acceleration so this is what is the calculation of this simple model that these are the streamlines and we could show that the generalized Beltrami flow this is generalized Beltrami flow so P2 so this system can be models like this but to convince the astrophysical community you need to go to the realistic object so for that you have to invoke some physics that would bring physics mostly to the central the area to the central object like whole term or turbulent viscosity or many other effects that are very physical yes so and you need to also connect to the coupled systems like jet and disk and jet and for this you need to invoke concrete object reality let's say but up to now I was not speaking about the contribution of central object I will not speak up to the end because central object is even more next step because the main thing is disk and jet is material and energy comes from disk and not the central object these are only pulsar and agn jets where you can imagine that central object can contribute otherwise not so and this was the idea with the Gitev Zadze joined us and we thought about the concrete herbiharo young stellar objects many many types of young stellar objects that are characterized by outflows bipolar outflows and these collimated bipolar outflows from young stellar objects are known to be parsec scale, non-relativistic and supersonic and their velocities are within these values and these jets are launched in the vicinity of protostar and protostar is the star that continues aggression so in the evolution of protostar you may observe the jet launching so aggression goes on and also star evolution and parallel you may observe the jet formation also the molecular clouds exhibit such type of collimated jets and today we know exactly that morphology sizes and velocities of the jet outflows can be used to estimate the mass, luminosity or age of these also it's even opposite so if you can observe and detect such type of jets their parameters can show you the parameters of this star a critical star or disk so it's interesting to solve this problem so what else this I don't hold so yeah there were several parameters of papers following these observations that use self-similar solutions to model these type of structures or specifically to model the jet velocity and there are some studies that we are using some instability theories to construct the bipolar jet outflows but instability mechanics cannot explain long-lived steady structure they can explain some bursts that are short-lived so we wanted to show that we can explain more long-lived steady structure like disk jets are and Shakura and Sulyav in these early years after the observations suggested some special disk-co-sacration-disk models and community would think that it was natural to assume that jets are driven magnetically from the agration-disk so when this magnetic field is directed by the acrylic material or some generated locally magnetic field the centrifugal force due to rotation may boost the jet along the magnetic field lines even after supra-alphanic speed the magnetic field is necessary to help later on Blendford and Pines studied the magnetosentrifugal acceleration again having the magnetic field and they were the first to show theoretically breaking of the metal in the azimuthal direction decided this and outflow acceleration and showed the conditions for the collimation of the flow in this problem it is not necessary to solve the formation problem you need to also show the collimation of the jet jets are very collimated long structures and hot and fast and this collimation stands for long sometimes some solutions showed the formation but jets would break immediately you need to also have it for a long time and collimate it so collimation mechanism can differ from the formation mechanism so there are some other models Blendford and Pines and these other models and angular momentum energy and mass can be removed from the and they were all showing how the angular momentum, mass and energy were removed from the disk and the jet was fitted by that so collimation can be provided by stratified thermal pressure from the external medium and acceleration efficiency depends on the pressure gradient of the medium in all these theories so we started all this material for concrete objects and we started to invoke our this simple universal 2011 model to the realistic object of ESOS invoking the turbulent viscosity of Shakurite's Uniaev that could work as the main reason for the aggression and this was assumed un-magnetized so no pre-existed global magnetic field so the theory is the same I mean we have the same question but for concrete objects it's again biotropic H now H is the enthalpy normalization is similar so we split our density in here we started to call to use more like physical notations like row one that was conventional is row ideal and row two now becomes row reduced so then you introduce P ideal and P reduced and you have similar equation for motion but now important is to define determine correctly the viscosity term so again invoking this peltramid condition and trying to make this term zero we can define the a local viscosity so and arrive to the Bernoulli condition so we employ the viscosity model when the small scale turbulence creates the anomalous dissipation that can be described by using the alpha viscosity model of Shakur and Sindhyaev but we went a little bit further so we assumed that this velocity field is mostly azimuthal so in viscosity term you have only this components left and then we introduce background constant pressure that will be directly linked to Shakur and Sindhyaev and we add here the perturbation sorry possibly I don't know you know this came to us gradually we first started without P dot thinking that everything will be inside but strangely analysis gave not realistic P was coming to be negative but at the end also physically you need to have something background to have the Keplerian disc not always you have the dissipation so the Keplerian this solution must be there too so the P dot serves for that and P dot but P dot now here also is a little bit generalized by Shakur and Sindhyaev and adding the P you have generalization due to turbulent viscosity so then so this alpha dot and P dot give you this Shakur and Sindhyaev solution and then assuming flow to be axisimetric rotating locally with Keplerian angular velocity you know locally it's Keplerian but due to the viscosity it slowly accretes to the compact object so at every ring you have Keplerian but this flow shouldn't be like you know in the sun differential so if you slice this those flows that along the lines usually like in the sun the people I think assume them differential dependence differential rotation in sun is working in the equator lines yeah so in this case if you start from very small alpha and the observation shows that this Shakur and Sindhyaev coefficient alpha is very small 10 to the minus 3 if it's smaller so if it is very slow accretion you can assume that locally you have Keplerian that I'm telling so locally you can but it's still varying so after introducing this constraint you can estimate the tensor of viscosity this is Shakur and Sindhyaev this is the new term and then you find this components and as I said slowly accretion flow minimal model gives you p dot and again invoking this factorization by colloidal and colloidal components of the velocity field and by the way this stream function exactly matches the actual momentum field and this condition of reality remember I said that viscosity term has to be balanced by the partial inertia term this is the condition so it's dependent on beta the beta now plays the role of generalized alpha let's say and if you take beta 0 that means dissipation 0 you don't have any condition for that so also PR is constant, rho r becomes constant, not locally defined rho r becomes 1 so it's 0 to 0 so generalized Bernoulli condition is written like this for sonic energy is written here and generalized Beltrami condition is here extra terms are here and you have all the equations to define the flow so this is 1, this is 2 and this is 3 with this epsilon em and to try to solve these equations we go to similarity variables again orthogonal, the similar way like in the minimal model and it's obvious that gravity depends only on sigma on the disc parameter and also the Psi is only tau dependent in this model because of slow accretion and then one can separate the variables in this solution so this condition balancing condition is this one and Beltrami conditions can be written in these two equations and the Bernoulli conditions in these two and all of these equations are the full set and we had to work to solve on that and so in the similarity variables we can split pressure and two type of densities and this is Beltrami parameter and azimuthal velocity as I said locally Keplerian this is the one and our estimations give this type of dependencies of sigma for sigma parts of these parameters and introducing this function this was a guess I mean there were several suggestions and finally this type of function worked we arrived to the defining equation so this is the equation solving of each gives you the final structure and remember our row two yeah this is what it is row two is now the tau dependent only sigma dependent ones are one read index so solving this equation you arrive to the structure solution and apparently there were three solutions of this equation the one that was beta equals to zero gives you one solution that corresponds to the background dissipation model and two separate solutions for the dissipated dissipated flow in the disc and the jet so here are the estimations for small beta small so this is w plus and w minus and combining this sigma dependent and tau dependent parts you arrive to the defining parameters of the entire so this set is the final solution but we need to we need to find w w functions so the appropriate choice of w will give you the final structure and by the way here we show the character of the solution so you have one solution that is a radial vertical accretion flow that is represented by w plus with a v r negative and v z negative so flow is creating and also squeezed to the central plane and another solution is radial vertical ejection so the accretion flow and ejection flow this corresponds to disc and disc corresponds to jet so with w minus so we r and v z are both negative and then we could manage to calculate the dependence of Beltrami parameter on all the disc depending on the disc parameters and interestingly both solutions of lambda grow with beta this is the disc solution and this is the jet solution for disc you see that for a long period of time it stays very small but jet solution grows so and here is the final solution represented so this is disc flow and it's proportional to beta you see and this is a v r and v z so disc has v r and v z v theta is we know so and for jet it has v r and v z inversely proportional to beta so your small beta gives you very strong jet flow and sigma dependence is the same so to get the disc but we need to have one structure so it must be continuous because it is for velocity field remember you cannot have jumps in the velocity field if it is a physical solution so for physical solution we need to connect all these three solutions so here is the picture so this is disc this is jet and as you can see because there was a solution with beta equals zero so any w is okay so in this region flow goes ballistically to the jet so this is disc region and because for beta equals zero your equations are valid for any w so it goes ballistically to the jet solution so this is how it looks like so but this is now more realistic picture of generalized vortex yes and sorry no no it is still neutral yeah it is still neutral so you can see that you do not need any magnetic field if you properly invoke the local accretion you will have this vortex playing the role of magnetic field I mean they are one can in some way imagine that B plus V is a generalized vortex or generalized magnetic field so you make one of these zero another part works so you do not need to have B if you have Karloff V whatever type so this is the accretion velocity estimated again proportional to beta and tau dependent so this is these two fields are combined drawn here and this is the ejection velocity inversely proportional to beta and both proportional to Keplerian velocity so in low beta limit the derived solution gives you this jet structure that corresponds to the slowly accretion flow in the disk with fast outflow in the jet area and this solution matches the properties of astrophysical accretion ejection flows and it is important that this solution does not depend on the explicit profile of the tau dependent part of density so any function that would properly show the disk jet structure density could work so this was this freedom that made us let's say happy so also decreasing beta is to increase of ratio between vertical and disk part but the transition region is put by hand? no, it's defined by the viscosity it's everywhere the beta it's not by hand so there were three solutions of that equation quadratic equation I mean beta equals 0 beta equals 0 is a solution and we thought these are only two solutions but at the end we realized redefining the function when we introduced this function remember I told you there were several this one this one was introduced in a different way before it included beta and we lost that solution but then we made it free from beta and then you came up to this equation beta equals 0 is a solution when beta equals 0 there is no equation on W so that was an interesting point we missed one solution in the beginning I found this representation for W so then if beta equals 0 there is no equation on W so you don't have an equation but you won't so any W can work for this connection for one value of parameter of equation which is beta equals 0 any W is a solution this was the main guess here when was the definition of beta it was not alpha 0 no alpha 0 extended generalized alpha 0 with all the R and Z dependent it's proportional no alpha 0 is an extra next term there are two proportional but it is R and Z dependent beta is a local parameter so that was the interesting finding by the way so that is why because any W can work in this area so because the requirement that the continuity velocity field must be provided velocity field is a physical field so you must have it continuous so this is like ballistic flow and where did I here so as I told that picture is independent of raw tau so you can invoke any row that will be realistic for this gadget so invoking our let's say 10 years before finding of row this is this is the idea but we added also tau 0 to the divergence it was for avoiding the divergence that tau equals 0 tau was Z over R remember so tau can be 0 it's Z 0 but it never happens in fact because there is a compact object there so flow avoids compact object so it never happens but for simulation it was necessary to invoke this so and these are two sets of these powers and as you can see the second set gives you very similar picture to this gadget for density so if you invoke this row in those definitions self-similar definitions for physical parameters you can arrive to the final solution so and this those final definitions we are by four equations if you remember 49 and 45 is this for density and this is the self-similar background flow that represents the disk jet so we need to also show the ratio if it is a real fast flow to show how the accretion and ejecting flow magnitudes are dependent and those equations exactly give you you see remember it or one was directly proportional to beta another was inversely so if you estimate this ratio you arrive that beta square also defines this ratio between accretion velocity and so you reduce the beta and then you have a faster outflow so the local is strange but it's like that so if you go to the realistic objects when beta is smaller than alpha beta was local I remember so then you can estimate that the ejection flow can be 10 to the 4 power faster than accretion flow and I give below since you are not familiar with this community result I give below some papers that are coinciding these results so to also illustrate yeah major property was estimated outflow long and accelerated on this one dimension so we had to give this vertical flow distribution I think I am saving the time I am close to the end so so the outflow velocities on this picture we show that outflow velocity is maximal near the center object it's still big but at some height it starts to decline let's say so it's clear now that there must be some other physical processes added to show that it constantly accelerates and keeps its structure similar to observed structures so conclusion is that our solutions can describe the formation of this jet structure and not the further acceleration for further acceleration of this form jet and further collimation you need to add the physics related to concrete objects like if you have magnetized disks and the properties from charged disks add and also if you have relativistic compact object you may have some extra sources coming from hot atmosphere or whatever corona but here as you can see this is not fully showing the long the one dimension of jet structure so also this picture I show because the astrophysical community likes to speak in the Mach number languages they don't like only pictures they want to also track how the Mach number behaves so this is the estimated Mach number and interestingly in this test that we did in this small narrow area the Mach number is greater than 1 so it shows you that our solution also explains the supersonic flow behavior closer to the axis so it was a good finding as well so this I don't want to talk about here I give the papers the results of with Mach our theoretical findings so these are big observations of ALMA heavy heart objects and also this protostellar system was well studied in this paper recently and all this data match our results if you take those boundary parameters from those so as you can see the realistic disk jet system jet flow streaming away from the central object is likely to undergo cooling in reality we didn't have any energy equation if you remember so this was the simplest model other transport equations the first one is energy equation then you may have cooling that will reduce local sound speed so then it will explain further supersonic acceleration or expansion or whatever many many thinking the expansion words so I have two slides more I guess but few words I will say yeah so I showed the decrease of the beta leads to the increase of the ratio of vertical and horizontal velocities and our structure depends on the thermal properties of the disk flow this is local alpha and in case of ESOS our solution shows weaker jets at the later stage of the evolution of the protostellar in the temperature of the central object corresponding this matter increases and this is the summary so we constructed the analytic configuration of the hydrodynamic jet from young stellar objects using the Beltrami Bernoulli flow model for this disk jet structure formation and we used the extended turbulent viscosity model extended I mean when I say extended it was not exactly Shakura signal but it was extended Shakura signal model and derived solution describes the disk structure flow with jet properties linked to the properties of the aggression this flow so all the solution carries the information from beta that is local property of the disk so one can use these derived solutions to analyze the astrophysical jets from ESOS and link the properties of outlaws with the local conditions at the inner edge of the aggression flows this is our result I think I don't need to speak about yeah these are about additional effects so what if you want to move to relativistic jets or other objects of course mathematics will be more difficult because relativity effects and others we started with some students and I can tell you that this new effects mostly work on collimation the disk jet is there but collimation can be provided more strongly by the additional effects and of course everybody thanks my brother but I want to thank first of all organizers because they allowed me to be part of you this time because all my life I was part of my brother's life you know it somehow it happened that we are part from each other and now I am with you with friends thank you I want to thank you I think he is the kindest person in the world so he couldn't stand me here thank you no it's very easy for you I think yeah more about this transition so there was the region of the transition and was it totally fixed it was you had three solutions I'll come to this solution one to an intermediate solution this is the equation yes it's forced the place where you go from this solution to the intermediate solution is forced on you by the equations yeah it's forced by the equations now it's forced by equations but freedom is in the choice so what if equation gives you concrete W at this place and equation gives you concrete W here flow must go ballistic to that point and here those regions where you make the transition the place yes it's fixed we are not fixing it the problem fix system problem fix system and then when they are they are dynamically in a way depending on the parameters so whatever the parameters of the physical parameters are given and these points are found then flow must go ballistic to this place so this was the idea other questions please just a generic question that you can match this to the observable observed it's like you know some of the parameters you pick up from the disk of those observations and then you define the beta and invoke here and then you get whatever you get and yeah in the jet so it matched jet so from jet you can go back and then figure out what was there so because the disks as you can see are not so well seen but for disks are many theories you know but in most of them I mean it was the minimal set of equations of course energy equation has to be added and many others but we wanted to show I mean with Yoshida, Yoshida is partly mathematician partly physical experimentalist great person so with Yoshida we discussed a lot for one year spoke with all these you know people that do simulation all this community mostly are based on simulation so they have big codes and play with codes and whatever they get from code it is for them the reality so we spoke with them and we thought that it is not possible that code must give you realistic solution so we first estimated the viscosity and we imagine that this has to be linked to the minimal so in fact the minimal model does not require all these complexities so all the complex things give you extra acceleration extra collimation or whatever I already gave to my diploma students relativistic or too fluid effects you know charged fluid too fluid whatever those add to the collimation it is very more difficult so you need a lot of assumptions to do but it is possible because of observations again so you know observational features and then you do then you use the assumptions so anyway the alpha parameter is better you know they fit into the data but you have to add more features yes that is what I want to know ok if there is no other questions thank you


Professor Bridges you said several times you've used a phrase I want to make sure I understand what you mean by it You've referred to people with a capacity for pregnancy Would that be women? Many women cis women have the capacity for pregnancy many cis women do not have the capacity for pregnancy There are also trans men who are capable of pregnancy as well as non-binary people who are capable of pregnancy So this isn't really a women's rights issue We can recognize that this impacts women while also recognizing that it impacts other groups those things are not mutually exclusive Senator Holly. Oh, so your view is is that the core of this this right then is about what? So I want to recognize that your line of questioning is Transphobic and it opens up trans people to violence by not recognizing that. Wow You're saying that I'm opening up people to violence by asking whether or not women are the folks who can have pregnancies So I'm one I want to note that one out of five transgender Persons have attempted suicide So I think it's important because of my line of questioning because we can't talk about it because denying that trans people exist and Pretending not to know that they exist. I'm denying that trans people exist by asking you if you're talking about women Are you having pregnancies? Do you believe that the men can get pregnant? No, I don't think so you're denying that trans people exist And that leads to violence. Is this how you run your classroom or students allowed to question you or are they also treated like this? We're you're told that they're opening up people to violence. We have a good Class you should join I bet you might learn a lot. Wow, I would learn a lot. I've learned a lot. I know Extraordinary That was amazing So for those of you who don't know that was Kiara bridges She is University of California professor of law and she was shutting down senator Josh Holly's Transphobic line of questioning during a Senate judiciary committee hearing and my favorite part was when she said you should join one of my classes You might learn a lot. She said this to a US senator like a boss. That's Perfect, that's what you have to do these people they do not deserve our respect And you can tell that Josh Holly was trying to be patronizing He was smugly trying to own her but she didn't back down and she's correct Now one thing that irritates me about these anti-woke politicians and anti-woke broadcasters is that they oftentimes will talk about the woke PC police trying to tone police other people But was Kiara bridges their tone policing anyone was she correcting Josh Holly and said no no It's not women. It's people with the capacity for pregnancy No, she was just trying to be more inclusive and more factual to be honest, but she wasn't tone policing But here you have Josh Holly Seemingly offended that she was using more inclusive language and trying to tone police her So who's the real tone policers? Is it the woke people or is it the anti-woke people? I mean, it's just ridiculous now What I want from people to do the takeaway from this is to be like Kiara bridges Don't just be a passive ally actually confronts this type of transphobia actually stand up For marginalized people because as an ally if we're just passively supporting we do nothing to advance their cause But if we actually vocalize our support for them and defend them when need be that's what actually Helps them solidify not just their rights, but security in the United States which trans people desperately need currently Now why was Kiara bridges there? Well as Alex Bollinger of LGBTQ nation explains bridges was testifying at a committee hearing about the legal consequences of the Supreme Court's decision In Dobbs v. Jackson women's health organization a decision that overturned Roe v. Wade and ended the federal right to an abortion in the United States So that moment went viral for obvious reasons It was really nice to see her shut down a transphobic senator But there are other portions from her testimony that I think were really important and worth sharing So that's what I want to do so I want to share a response that she gave to a question asked by Corey Booker And the point that he was making here was also really important But she said something that I hadn't previously thought about that really invalidates the argument that Republicans are pushing to kind of make people feel Better about this this whole abortion being returned to the state's issue. Take a look I've been looking at just data and seeing that states that provide a great access to contraception free access to contraception Actually lower rates of unwanted pregnancies like Colorado lower rates of abortion by empowering Women and low-income women in particular I in the in the dissent of the Dobbs case They pointed out what to me was absurd The reality that many of the states moving to create the most restrictive bans on abortion Are the various states that aren't doing the things that are obvious to lower the rates of? maternal death like expanding Medicaid and And so this argument that they value life by not providing access to contraception By not expanding Medicaid Their states have some of the worst records for women dying and pregnancy related causes It seems rank hypocrisy to me and And especially as it affects African-American women who died three times more And I was wondering if you just maybe dr. Nichols and dr. Bridges could just as cogently as possible in the limited time I have left Can you just talk about how these bans in the name of life are actually causing so much more death In communities especially for the most vulnerable women. I'm just gonna take 30 seconds and then I'll pass it to you Thank you so much for that question I want to also point out that the states that are passing the most restrictive laws around abortion are also the states that are preventing people from voting Senator Lee senator Cruz have talked about oh this decision just to turn through this Dobbs decision just returns it to the Elected representatives of states too and people can battle it out in these laboratories of democracy as to whether they want to protect Fetal life over the interests of the pregnant person These are the same states that are stopping people from voting Texas has the most restrictive voting laws on the books Texas's SBA doesn't represent the will of the majority of Texans Texas SBA represents the will of the majority of Texans that were able to vote so in order for this to be a Democracy we have to protect voting rights and I leave it to Everyone in this in this room as well as the rest of Congress to prevent voting rights so that we can be a real democracy That is such an important point that she made and I haven't heard anyone talk about it in this manner I don't believe it's acceptable to strip women of their right to make decisions about their own bodies Even if we had a functioning democracy I don't believe in this prospect or this concept rather of states rights in a way all of our civil rights and civil liberties That being said we don't even have a functioning democracy The states where they're out long abortion are also the same states that impose harsh restrictions on voting and as Cory Booker pointed out they have the highest rates of maternal mortality So if these states actually were serious about giving the people a say if these Republicans were serious about protecting, you know Life wouldn't they try to do something to address the high rates of maternal mortality in their states? Well, no because they are hypocrites and they don't care.  I mean it's a joke and honestly I'm to the point where I don't even want to engage with this pro-life argument because they are Demonstrably anti-life because when you outlaw abortion that is a pro-death position You're subjecting women to unsafe and illegal abortions that could threaten their lives And that's what professor Bridges was pointing out here now in a different portion She was asked by John Cornyn a question and he was very clearly trying to do this gotcha game with her But as you're going to see she doesn't take the bait. She doesn't play along with his semantic game She doesn't play along with what he wants her to respond to take a look. Do you think that a Baby that is not yet born Has value. I believe that a person with a capacity for pregnancy has value. They have intelligence They have agency they have done about the baby and I'm talking about the person with a capacity and I'm you're not answering the question I'm asking I'm answering a more interesting question to me I think that the baby that is not yet born Let's say the day before those mother delivers. Do you think that baby has value? I think that the person with a capacity for pregnancy has value and they have the they should have the ability to control What happens to their lives? Well, and and I just note you refuse to answer the question That's how it's done folks. That is how it's done. You don't have to play their games You don't have to answer their bogus lines of questioning because these are people who are not serious They're not living in reality when conservatives visualize women having abortions They visualize a woman that's like eight eight months pregnant who just on a whim decides to go get an abortion But if you actually look at data for abortions by gestational age the overwhelming majority of abortions occur within the first 10 to 12 weeks of pregnancy. So we're not talking about babies. We're talking about zygotes We're talking about clumps of cells. So if someone is eight months pregnant, they want that baby They're not just going to flippantly have an abortion because they had a change of heart, right? Abortions are necessary because if you have an abortion at that point in the pregnancy Well, then that means either the life of the pregnant person is at risk The fetus is non viable or they had a miscarriage and an abortion is needed to remove Said dead fetus. So, you know Republicans they have to lie and up escape because they don't actually have an argument They have to try to cultivate sympathy Illogically so in order to control women in order to control people and what they do with their own bodies and it's unacceptable Now one more clip that I want to play for you features Kiara answering a question from Chris Coons About what other rights could be stripped away now? This isn't necessarily surprising but because she is a law professor I think that her expertise here is necessary and this is a warning more rights are going to be stripped away because of the Rationale that the Supreme Court used to overturn Roe v. Wade. Let's watch what other fundamental rights might reasonably be imagined to be at risk Right. So looking to the nation's history Whether that you know date is 1787 when the Constitution was ratified 1789 when the Bill of Rights was ratified Or 1868 when the 14th Amendment was ratified is to look at periods of the nation histories In which marginalized populations today were completely erased So I can talk about the LGBTQ community They were not contemplated by by the framers by those who ratified the Constitution Their ability to live lives that are have dignity their ability to love who they who they love and to marry who they marry That just wasn't contemplated contemplated by those folks who ratified the Constitution people of color Immigrant people people with disabilities people with a capacity for pregnancy, right? All of those groups were not simply thought of and their interests were not Considered during that moment in the nation's history So I can tell you the litany of cases that we ought to be wary about being reversed Obergefell versus Hodges Lawrence versus Texas Loving versus Virginia Professor what's the common thread across all those cases some folks who are watching me Not know as much as you do about the specifics of what kinds of freedoms are protected We're talking about the the court framed These these cases the link that links them is this Using the liberty term of the due process clause to recognize that people Need the capacity to make decisions about their their personal lives about whether they create a family about how they raise their family I'm about decisions regarding love and sex and marriage and and so Pull row out of that thread of cases that have all recognized though the right to privacy and liberty interests is to create Chaos and create uncertainty with regard to those cases that came after and that's Lawrence versus sex is protecting same sex Contact same sex marriage as well as the cases that came before. Thank you professor That's a insightful comment on how much else is at risk here and why this impact Fundamental rights that we've many of us millions of us come to rely on to make decisions about our own life about our families about Who we love how we love And when and how we choose to have children. Yes, Senator Coons. Isn't it frightening? I mean, it's almost like your party should take extreme action to reign in this rogue Supreme Court before they strip us of more civil rights and civil liberties But really he's not the focus Kiara is the focus and everything that she said there It's what we've been hearing from legal experts So she's just reinforcing what we already know, but I still think it's important to hear from experts They're saying look all of these civil rights and civil liberties that were won through the Supreme Court because of the due process clause They are in danger So this is a warning sign to Democrats to people in power if you want to stop this Supreme Court who's gone rogue From taking away more rights, you can't just sit here and complain when it happens You actually have to take action. You have to pack the Supreme Court Institute judicial ethics that would lead to impeachment of the Supreme Court justices who lied to get confirmed of the Supreme Court justices Like clients Thomas who wouldn't recuse himself in a case related to January 6th, which implicates his wife Ginny Thomas You could pack the Supreme Court You can't just sit here and let them take rights away from us and if you're Joe Biden warn us that gay marriage is next Warn us that they're going to do more harm to us if you have power you have to act you have to wield that power So that's all that I have. I think that Kiara Bridges is an Amazing person and to see her shut down all these senators put them to shame Was really satisfying to watch so um, yeah shout out to Kiara Bridges I absolutely love what she's saying. She is um a treasure


and welcome to Hawaii, the state of clean energy. I'm your host, Mitch Yuan. Our underwriter is the Hawaii energy policy form. You can see all the logos in the background. So just in case you missed those. And that's a program of the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute. I'm really pleased today to have a very good friend of mine and also the founder of Hawaiian Blue Coffee, Dave Donald. Dave, welcome to the show. Aloha, Mitch. Aloha, everyone. Thank you. So we're going to be talking, Dave and I are going to be talking story today about the electrification of agriculture generally and generally. But more specifically, we're going to talk about Dave's electric tractor, which brings on the electrification. So Dave, first of all, just to give us a little bit of background while you're even doing this, tell us a little bit about Hawaiian Blue Coffee. Well, back in 2016, I found a little coffee plant on my property was two feet tall and I inquired about it and folks told me it was 25, 30 years old and trying to figure out why it was only two feet tall and folks said coffee struggled in Waimea. So I thought I'd give it a go and six months later, I had it flowering. And then I had all these seeds.  And so it was a hybrid of Jamaican Blue Mountain and we're not sure. Guatemalan, Konatibica, we still have to run the genetics on it but that's how it all began. And then I got really the farm that I'm on is completely off grid. So that led me into wanting to continue that practice of being off grid and farming in a carbon neutral manner. So let's talk a little bit about the evolution of farming and agriculture and power. And let's pull up the slide about the horcification of agriculture, the biofueled. And would you care to comment on the horcification of agriculture date? Well, that's what we had 100 years ago. We had horses or we had, depending on the country, they used different types of, I don't know, bulls or buffalo or whatever they had, you know. And luckily I never had to do that but the good thing about using horses is they're fertilizing the ground at the same time. But they can compact the soil if they're on the soil for the same piece of land for too long, just like a tractor. So that can be an issue for soil health. Of course you have to feed them and water them and take them to the vet every now and then because they get in trouble because they are animals. It's like having a baby for 20, 30, 40 years, however long they live. So they have to take care of them. Like many things, like we won't mention them but they're beautiful but very high maintenance, right Dave? We won't go any further than that. They're fairly high maintenance. And I mean, you know, there's pluses and minuses but if you're doing any kind of agriculture of size it's no longer feasible. So let's throw up the next slide and talk about the Dave's tractor. So it is also beautiful but it's low maintenance. So Dave, tell us about your tractor. This is the top level, first of all, yeah. Yeah, well it's manufactured by a company called Select Track and they're based in California. And a friend of mine, really good friend of mine told me about them in the first place. I wonder who that was. And what I like about this tractor is it's got a 48 inch width. So coffee farms grow coffee in rows, narrow rows. And if you need to get down those rows, typically your average tractor is going to be a little bit too wide. So that I really liked about this electric tractor. And we're completely solar here with blue eye on battery storage. So we have the ability of charging the tractor for free from the sun and the carbon impact is zero. So it just seemed like the perfect fit here. And it's got a front end loader. It's a skid steer attachment in the front but you have PTO power takeoff in the rear. So there's all kinds of farm implements that will fit on this tractor from various different manufacturers. So very versatile. So Dave, you're getting way ahead of us ourselves here.  But let's throw up the next slide. Let's talk a little bit about the value proposition. So why electric? Why do we want to go electric? Well, I mean, you've listed it there. You're not using diesel so you can't spill it. You don't have to pay for diesel. You don't have to pay for the cost to transport the diesel to you or an island. And you know what your fuel costs are going to be because you're charging from solar and there's no diesel exhaust fumes. Diesel engines don't burn cleanly. They put off a particulate that floats up in the air and gently settles back down to the earth and you can breathe that in and it's not very healthy for your lungs. The noise is much less than a diesel. The electric tractor noise is much less. And you don't have to wear ear suppression all the time. It's similar to that. And it's just good for the planet. And there's a value to agriculture, whatever the product, I'm growing coffee, but whatever you're growing, there's a value to that product. Just how organic produce is more expensive in the stores than conventional produce. Well, produce that's grown in a carbon neutral fashion or a carbon negative fashion, there's a value, an additional value for that as well. So it's good for the farmer, it's good for the planet, it's good for the consumer, it's just a good thing. Well, good for you for recognizing that and being a true pioneer. I think how many electric tractors have we got in Hawaii, Dave? Well, there was one on Oahu. And so this was the second one in the state, but the first one on Hawaii Island. Now I'm told that there's about seven in Hawaii. And that was the company used my purchase to really start to promote the tractors. So around five more were sold thanks to this purchase here on Hawaii Island. And that got folks excited. There's one on Maui for sure, possibly two. So it started to take off now. And I'm pleased to hear that. And I'm looking forward in the future to getting my second electric tractor. Really, no kidding. I didn't know you were looking for a second one. Is it gonna be wider and longer and bigger or smaller? I haven't got the stats yet. It'll be more powerful, but if it's wider, it would be 54 inches instead of 48, that's six inches more. So we'll see if that's doable or not. Not sure right yet. And you can reduce by reversing the tires. The problem with narrow tractors is the tipability. And so if you have a heavy load on the front or on the rear and the ground is uneven, you can easily start to follow or slowly. Slow, slowly, slowly. Well, let's start the next slide. I'd like you to tell us a little bit about how you charge the tractor, what the system is at Hall Farm. And here we have a little system diagram. So let's starting on the left and going to the right and then down Dave, basically clockwise. Give us a little bit of an overview of what you have that actually provides the energy to run this tractor. On the far left, you've got the solar array on top of our barn. And then the blue battery racks are blue ion batteries, which are sold by Blue Planet Energy here in Hawaii. And then to the right of that is all your AC-DC conversion or DC-AC conversion rather. And then down below, there's a picture of the plug going into the hood of the tractor. And what's really nice about this tractor is the battery management system can take both 220 and 110. So it automatically recognizes what you're plugging in. And so they provide you with two plugs. And one is for, they both have the same fit that plugs into the tractor, but at the opposite end, one's designed for 220 or one's designed for 110. So whatever you're plugging in, the battery management system automatically recognizes that and adjusts accordingly. Of course, it's gonna be a little faster on the 220 and you can usually charge it in less than eight hours. And on the 110, maybe a few hours longer. So it's really, it's great. It looks pretty simple. Yeah, very straightforward. Let's pull up the next slide and we'll go through a couple of slides here showing you the capability of this tractor. So how about commenting on all the stuff generally that you have to move on a farm and how much time it takes and everything else that this thing solves. Well, you know, because it's a skid steer front end attachment, that's a front end loader that I got from Selectrack. That was one of the options. And perhaps in the future, they'll have more options. But right now that was basically the only option they were providing at time of purchase. But I did purchase additional clamp on forks and they just, they clamp on to the edge of the bucket and they're quite secure. The bucket is really solid steel. The tractor is very well-made. The bucket capacity, the hydraulics about 1,550 pound lifting capacity. What you see there is just the bucket not the forklifts attached. That's probably close to, let's see, it's just under 500 pounds and those are large sacks of meme cake. I have lifted with the extended forks up to 900 pounds but that's because the forks extend way past the extend four feet after the tip of the bucket. So your leverage is greatly reduced. But if I had a skid steer forklift attachment, I could probably get close to that 1,550 pound lifting capacity. So yeah, you're moving sacks of soil amendments or jugs of neem oil or insecticidal soap. We're organic here. So everything we use is USDA organic certified and all kinds of things.  Sometimes I'm moving tools, whatever it might be, horse manure, I move a lot of horse manure. So Dave, in the good old days, you had to lug all that stuff around with a wheelbarrow or by hand, right? And so having a tractor, it's the core of your farm. All your operations spin off the tractor.  And on the PTO, I mean, you can do anything. Whatever kind of implement. I'm in the market for a manure spreader, PTO driven. And the reason for that is I make my own compost out of coffee grounds and coconut fiber and horse manure and a few other things.  Now, this is all electric, it's all battery driven. You're not burning any fossil fuels here and you spew out that mixture and it mixes the compost and it's literally turning the compost for you and it makes a brand new pile.  So, I mean, it's phenomenal. There's nothing you can't do. They have an implement for everything. So let's haul up the next slide. Wow, it's a real Flash Gordon picture. What is that that we're seeing, Dave?  What is that? Well, I'm not seeing the slide, but I'm assuming it's the rear, the rear-bounded, I don't see it on my end, but I'm assuming it's the rear-mounted sprayer. There it is. So that's a Cima, an Italian sprayer and it's a Venturi air principal. So that spray that's coming out of those six fishtails, how that works is a lot of sprayers, they just have a fan that just sort of blows the mist out, but this fan is enclosed. And so the full force of the air is funneled up that vertical green stack and then blown out through those six fishtails and there's outlets and the force of the air breaks up the particles of water and turns them into micro particles and you get this tremendous spray. And that's just water I'm spraying there, but typically it would be something like neem oil or it would be organic insecticidal soap. And that's all powered by that magic PTO or power takeoff we were talking about previously. That's right, it's a shaft, it's a rear, coming off the rear axle, it's just a horizontal shaft and it bolts right onto the tractor and right into whatever implement you're attaching. And it's got a three point hitch. So the hydraulics lift the sprayer right off the ground and there's the shot of that black shaft with the yellow collar, that's the PTO shaft. So it's really phenomenal. And once again, it's all run off an electric motor, correct? All electric, all battery, it's lithium ferrous phosphate, LFP, the good kind of battery, not the kind that explodes. So let's look at a couple of the specifications of this tractor. So tell us about runtime, charging, battery life, all the kinds of implements you can get about going through the list for us. And what's been your experience so far? Okay, so here it says three to six hours runtime. And depending on load is the operative phrase. So if I'm just running it as a tractor with nothing attached to the rear and just the front end loader and I'm picking up manure and moving it around and driving around, I'll easily hit six, if not eight hours run runtime.  Maybe we're looking at closer to three hours. So, you know, because I'm switching back and forth between different operations, you probably average it out in the center somewhere around four and a half hours, something like that, maybe. But I mean, you get a lot of work done. You know, with that sprayer, I spray, I can spray an acre in half an hour. So, you know. That used to take you three days, didn't it, when you did individual plans? It got to the point where I was spraying seven days a week. Yeah. And now you can do it in the half an hour. Yeah. Wow. And it's all electric. All electric and the electricity is coming from the sun. Perfect. Solar coffee. Yeah. Let's call up the next slide. I want to spend a little bit of time on the attention to details and your whole concept of higher value agricultural products, Dave, because, you know, it's this attention to detail that's making your coffee special. So, let's talk about that. And how that can be transferred to the rest of Hawaii. Okay. So, HVAP is the acronym for High Value Agricultural Products. And there's a lot of HVAP products. I mean, vanilla, cacao, wasabi, specialty coffee, lavender, saffron. I mean, the list goes on and on and on. And pretty much all of that can be grown here, although vanilla is being grown here, but it's tough because it has been pollinated. The original pollinator doesn't exist in Hawaii. But where HVAP comes into play is agriculture is, there's not a big return on investment, ROI. And so, you know, kids today, they've seen their parents work hard all their lives and they put all the kids through school and everything else, but land prices have skyrocketed. Everything has skyrocketed. And, you know, farming lettuce or cabbage or whatever you might be farming, you're going to make money, you're going to be able to survive, but there's so many other competing jobs that are available that'll pay you a lot more money for a lot less hard work. But when it comes into HVAP, all of a sudden everything changes. The record, the world record right now, I think is $4,535 per pound wholesale for green bean coffee, coming out of Panama from a farm called 90 plus. You can go to 90plus.com and check that out. And there's another one, LaMastis, down in the same part of Panama. And they've been working hard for years, developing, you know, a really delicious strain or a variety of coffee, and they've been very successful. Well, we can grow that varietal here. In fact, I'm growing some and many other farms are growing it right now on Hawaii Island. And if we pay attention to our processing, to our fermentation and to our drying and temperature and humidity and a number of things, we can produce really high value coffee. My coffee is selling a lot more than the average pound of coffee is. And yet it's at the bottom end of the spectrum with nothing but room to grow as I developed the flavor profile. So I'm encouraging younger folks who would like to get into farming but are discouraged by a low ROI to consider HVAP crops and to see if there's something that they can do and they can enjoy doing and make a fantastic living from. So one of the elements of attention to detail and swinging back to the electric tractor is that you have no idea, we have no idea what kind of flavor that diesel exhaust fumes add to your coffee. Talk about that, Dave. That's it, you know, when you are operating fossil fuel vehicles, that exhaust is permeating everything.  And, you know, in different stages of processing, if you don't have your drying areas or your fermentation areas properly sheltered from cans of gasoline lying around or cans of diesel or vehicles running and providing exhaust, it does negatively affect and not just the smell, the noise, everything about it. And inevitably you're dropping oil or diesel fuel in the pastures as well. So with the electric tractor, that's minimized.  So you've essentially removed that from the equation. So I think it's a great advantage. I just, you know, I look forward to the day that everything I own is electric or fuel cell. Well, that's electric. That's true. It says so in the statutes, which we... That's true. I think it's only took us five years to do that, but hey, we got there eventually, you know. So let's call up the next slide and we'll see which one comes up. Okay, so let's talk a little bit, once again, bang on a little bit about the bottom line, what it's all about.  Well, let's see the slide. Oh yeah, perfect beans equals perfect coffee. Yeah, well, let me start from the bottom up. First of all, I wanna thank Howard and Pat Hall for all their support.  So without his support, I wouldn't be able to do any of this, but you know, I'm in an area... Can I just interrupt and add, you know, the slide we showed of the blue iron, the solar panels on the roof and all the conversion equipment, that was all Howard. That's right. And it wasn't for him, we wouldn't be able to do this. And he's been such a champion of Dave at his coffee farm, and may I add, a real hydrogen champion. He's got his pad all ready to go when we put in that first... He's about to install it right there, feet from my coffee lab. So it's gonna be very interesting. Maybe we'll be roasting coffee with hydrogen, who knows? But so yeah, it's all about ROI and agriculture. And it's about carbon neutral farming, carbon negative, because I'm a no-till farm, it's an orchard. And so we're just trapping greenhouse gases and we gotta do something because sure is hot here these days. So that's not normal. Okay, Dave, one more plug. If you wouldn't mind giving a plug for the University of Hawaii and the College of Citar. I love Citar, and I love Andrea Calabada who is the extension agent for coffee on the Big Island. She's phenomenal. And without her support, her farm visits, her seminars, her courses, her webinars, her advice, I wouldn't be as anywhere near as successful as I am right now. And so bravo Citar and bravo Andrea. And in terms of the University of Hawaii, I love the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and all the efforts of HNEI and hydrogen. And we're headed in the right way. I think HNEI has been decades ahead of everybody and now everybody's waking up. And thanks to Mitch Ewing. Well, thank you, Dave. On that really high note, we've come to the end of our session today and end of the interview. So I'd just like to say we've been talking to Dave Donald of Hawaii and Blue Coffee on the electrification of agriculture, in particular Dave's electric tractor and the attention to detail to get those high value agricultural products. I mean, just think if all the coffee growers could embrace this kind of technology and improve their products so they can command these higher prices, we would have a lot of happy farmers here in Hawaii. So thank you so much, Dave.  And so this is Mitch Ewing signing off. We'll be back in two weeks with another exciting session with Hawaii, the state of clean energy. It just gets more exciting every day. Aloha. Thank you so much for watching Think Tech Hawaii. If you like what we do, please like us and click the subscribe button on YouTube and the follow button on Vimeo. You can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn and donate to us at thinktechhawaii.com. Mahalo.


Ladies and gentlemen, welcome. Normally in my daily life, professional life, this is not the typical audience I'm facing. Now this being said, I feel somewhat at home having not only a wife, but also three daughters. So I'm used to be in the minority when... So Cisco Belgium, we are delighted to be partnering with the European Commission with the Parliament and ITU on this year's Girls in ICT Day to help to develop the future ICT workforce by encouraging girls to explore ICT as career choices. ICT, as we all know, is changing the way we work, live, play, and learn. There are roughly six billion mobile phones in use in the world, equal to almost 87% of the global population. It is even estimated that by 2013 China will have reached 200% of mobile penetration. And 1,000 new mobile broadband connections are made every minute, every minute, in the developing world. So that mobile phones are only part of the story. The internet of everything in which things and people can be connected is just beginning. Currently, more than 99% of our world remains unconnected. But by 2020 Cisco plans to help connect 37 billion, 37 billion new devices on the internet. To do that, we need a dream team of engineers. A team must be a diverse one in which each person can bring all their strengths into play. We appreciate that diverse teams, in which men and women from a wide range of backgrounds can participate equally, it will function better. At Cisco, we are doing all we can to build a pipeline and to bring young women into the engineering world. A key part of ICT, and most of us use it on a daily basis, is apps. Apps help us to plan our day, to make choices, to find locations, and to get the most of the world around us. There are currently about 1.6 million apps available for downloading. Roughly half is on Android, the other half is on Apple iOS. But how many of the app developers are women or girls? There's no reliable estimate of the number, but we can be sure it's not half. If you would scan the crowd at any app developer gathering, you will rarely see women among the sea of faces. Existing female developers say that the lack of women in app development is a negative for the industry, because women can bring unique perspectives to the fast-growing field, and also lament the lack of role models for young women coming into that field. For this reason, we decided our technique girls' competition would be one about app development. So we have invited girls aged between 13 and 18 at schools in around the Brussels region to submit their IDs for an app. They did not need to develop the app, just tell us what sort of problem their app would solve, and roughly how it would work. So we invited girls to submit a wildcard app on any topic she would like, or to choose between categories which are work, focusing on schoolwork, obviously, life, focusing on healthy eating, play, supporting sport and fitness, or green, supporting environment and friendly behavior in the environment. We had a terrific response by these girls, but we have three designs that stood out especially well thought out. So we have a team of volunteering engineers, app developers at Cisco, and they act as judges for the competition. And the finalist, and I think they are here, and I would like you all to applaud them very loudly, is Florence Boudin, Caitlin Wilson, and Tia Bradley. If you could come, please give them a big round of applause. I have to say all three did a great work on the apps. But we had a very, very tough choice, and we had to ultimately select one winning app that our engineers could develop into a real marketable app. So I said the choice was hard, very hard. And ultimately, the developers chose a design prepared jointly by Tia and Caitlin, the other winners. And you came very, very close. The girls are 13 and 14 years old. If Caitlin and Tia could say a few words in one minute about your app, what you did and how you think it will work. It is basically a Tamagotchi style app. I don't know if you know Tamagotchi. It's basically an animal that you look after, that you play with. And our app was in the play category, so to promote healthy fitness and just activity. So what we thought would be a good idea is to incorporate a pedometer. So a thing that counts your steps into the app. So you carry your phone around all day and it will count the number of steps you take.  So it was basically just for promoting, walking out, and just taking the steps instead of the elevator ones. Just saying why we did it. Well, we created, we decided to choose, well, the play category, because we think that, well, people are age and older too, and younger. Well, spending their times much too much on their sitting on their bottoms, either watching TV or on the computer. Well, and we thought we need motivation. Well, yeah, and by having a pet, virtual pet, you care about, well, you can get motivated and we'll go out more. And yeah. Great. Great. So pretty soon you will be capable of downloading that app on your smartphone. Congratulations.


First question is from Darby Jane. What would you recommend for someone who is going from tracking everything to eating intuitively? You know, this is actually a pretty tough transition. So there's several transitions that you make when you're trying to get a hold of your nutrition, right? You go from number one, being pretty unaware of what's in food, calories, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, how it affects you. So the first step really is to start tracking, right?  So that's a pretty tough transition right there, right? Going from just eating whatever to tracking and aiming for certain targets. Now, the next tough transition is to go off of tracking because you don't want to track for the rest of your life. That's a very, that can definitely develop into a poor relationship with food. You're stressed about what you got to eat and how you're going to hit your targets. It's just neurotic. It can become very neurotic. We see this a lot in the fitness and health space. So long term, ultimately the place you want to be is you want to be able to eat healthy, but you also want to be relaxed about it. You don't want it to be a stress where you're constantly aiming for targets and hyper aware of every single thing that you put in your mouth. You want it to be more of a relaxed state. So that's what intuitive eating is. So to go from tracking to intuitive is another hard transition. I would argue it's a harder transition and it takes a little longer. So here's a couple of strategies. One, start to pay attention to body signals that have nothing to do with body fat percentage weight or muscle. So digestion, skin, energy levels, start to pay attention to mood shifts. I notice when I'm stressed, I tend to aim for these kinds of foods. When I eat these kinds of foods, I feel better or I feel worse or I feel tired. Start to pay attention to those kinds of things. Start to make connections. And then the next step is to slowly come off of tracking. And that looks like, you know, here's an easy example. You track seven days a week, hit targets. Now you're going to do it six days a week and you make one day intuitive. And then when that gets comfortable because what will end up happening is at first it'll look like an off day, right?  Get to the point where that day feels comfortable. Then add another day, then add another day and eventually you're seven days a week eating intuitive. It usually doesn't look linear. It usually looks like you go one, two, three days and then find that you got to track again.  But over time, it'll turn into where you're not tracking all the time.  Correct. I mean, I want you to kind of start to make that connect. Because if all you've been doing is measuring, weighing and tracking calories and then your weight probably or looking at yourself in the mirror. If that's all you've been doing for a really long time, it's really hard to make that leap to almost an intuitive. If you haven't yet made the connection to when you're eating this way, when you're hitting your targets, how do you feel all in the other categories? Yeah, you have to because otherwise it's your what ends up happening is you go from not tracking. This is what I've seen with people. They'll go from not tracking to still kind of tracking. So they'll go, oh, this is intuitive, but they're still eating the same way they did before or they're mentally keeping track of their macros. Because at that point, all they're paying attention to is body fat percentage, my body weight, calories, proteins, fats and carbs. So you have to start to make all those other connections because that's what it's about. Well, the difficulty is that you're putting all of the responsibility on what's written out in terms of like, I know that my schedule is this. And so now like they're mindlessly sort of just taking that and then going and finding the food and applying it into the formula. So wouldn't it to be beneficial to try and mimic exactly what they've been doing for a while, but not, you know, looking at their sheet and weighing and measuring? Well, I also think that it's so I think the people that so obviously anybody who's been tracking and hitting their targets really well, they can give you a generic response of, oh, of course I feel better. Of course you do because you're probably eating in either a maintenance or a calorie deficit. You're getting enough adequate protein, but it's got to be even further than that.  Correct. Or this day, I had, you know, less protein and I noticed my digestion was better. It's not, oh, I when I hit my targets, macronutrients, I feel great. I sleep good. I have my everything feels good. So then I'm trying to hit that again. You're still not really learning how to look at what's in the day and how each of those decisions are affecting all the things we're talking about. You have to start to unpack that first in my opinion. Totally. I can't be as generic as when I'm hitting all my targets, I feel great, you know, like this just general umbrella of like, I feel good. Totally because intuitive eating involves sometimes eating foods that are not on the menu, eating foods that might be physiologically unhealthy like cake or cookies or pizza. But the intuitive aspect is I'm with my friends. I'm enjoying myself. We're connecting right now. It doesn't feel like a cheat day because it's all one diet. So you have to connect all those signals. You can't just go into it with, you know, protein, fats, carbs, calories, right? General feeling good. You have to kind of understand and it is a slow process. Look, it's okay. Here's a good comparison. It's like you're learning how to dance and when you first learn how to dance, you're counting your steps one and two and then step back and three. You have to keep track. You have to keep count and keep track and keep count. But you can't always dance that way, right? You'll never really be a good dancer if you're always counting your steps. That's the equivalent of counting your macros and hitting your macros. At some point, you just dance to the music and it becomes freestyle and you enjoy it and then you can move with your partner and then the music can change a little bit and then you can move with the music. And that's what intuitive eating feels like. And now you've also got to be patient because if you're like most people, you've never really ate in a way that paid attention to other things other than what tastes good and what do I crave? That's how most people make their decisions.  It's going to take me three months. This is a process that takes a little bit of time. It takes practice and you'll probably have to revisit tracking on and off throughout this process over and over again. Yeah, because every time you're tweaking it every time, right? So like part of the transition looks like, like I was alluding to with the protein. Like, oh, and let's say for my, so my body, like roughly 200 grams of protein is ideal for me, like right around there, right? So I noticed because I've gone back to tracking, right? I've pushed as low as 130 grams or lower, okay, in protein. And then I've had days where I've pushed beyond 250 grams and I noticed a dramatic difference. When I'm below 130 consistently, I'm just not building muscle. In fact, I feel like I'm almost losing some muscle if I consistently hit under 130 like day after day after day. When I push beyond 250 consistently day after day after day, I noticed it might, it's a little bit harder for my body to digest. And so there's this kind of sweet spot of where I want to land. So I've had to go back and track to kind of know what that feels like. What does a day, a high day of like lots of protein look like for me? What's a low day? And then the same thing goes for fiber. What happens when I'm like under 20 grams of fiber for the day? I can tell that my stool is off. I can tell when I'm between 30 and 80, my stool is perfect. When I go beyond 80, I notice that my stool is loose and it's like weird, right? So like, and you have to go back to tracking each one of those things to kind of get a feel of it. And then you're going, what does that look like on a plate and in three or four meals through the day? So there's a, intuitive eating is a long process. And I know we've talked about it, but it's the, it's the pinnacle. It's the ultimate goal. It's just like programming and training. I don't even think it's a goal. I think because you don't get there. It's like saying my goal is to, it's like when people say, that's a good point because I still go back and track all the time. That's what I mean.  Well, after I build muscle and get lean, then I, then what happens if I stop working out? Well, you just go back to what you keep working out. Yeah, where you were before. So really, if I could define intuitive eating, it's this. It's eating in a way that is healthy, generally healthy in many, many different ways, both emotionally, physically, psychologically, that is also relaxed. It's not stressing you out because when you get stuck in the counting of calories and macros, it starts to become a stress. It starts to become unhealthy. You could have perfect eating and it's still be unhealthy eating because you're obsessed with it. Well, that's what I would notice a lot of times is it's the, by all means, necessary sort of approach where they, you know, this keeps my weight at this amount. And this is where I need to stay. And it's like this hysteria over that versus really paying attention to what foods are benefiting you the most. What's helping your digestion, you know, what may be inflammatory that you're just masking over because like by all means necessary, I need to stay here. So just kind of like paying more attention to all those signs.