My dear students, dear formers, and my friends, I invite you all for this online course on weather forecast in agriculture and agro-adversaries. This is a practical output from the field of agricultural metrology. Why this is required? You may ask certain questions on this topic. This is mostly required considering number one. The cultivable area comes down. There is threatening from the change in the weather and climate. And the third dimension is the food demand from the increasing population. So, this topic is being discussed timely in this online course. Now, let me say something on this. Shall we go rightly to the topic without understanding the basic things, we must have some understanding on the basic aspects of metrology. And you may ask sometimes why this course is necessary, why should I understand, this is mostly required to reduce the crop production risk under open field conditions. Now, let me start some basic aspects of atmosphere, how crop interacts with weather may be positive or negative, how this risk is being reduced by management like weather forecast and advisories. And I also like to focus certain case studies also. Now, let us start some basic aspects of metrology so that you can understand the topic very well. Now, let me say about atmosphere. This is four mostly important you have to understand.  Earth has three sectors, one is atmosphere, another one is your hydrosphere and the third one is earth itself lithosphere. There is always interaction may be positive or may be negative between earth and atmosphere, between earth and ocean, between ocean and atmosphere, between atmosphere and earth. So, triple interaction always going on whether it gives positive or negative way out to adapt to these situations. Suppose there is no atmosphere to the earth, can we have life? There is no life because the gaseous component that envelops our atmosphere is up to a depth of 10,000 kilometers. So, it is a gaseous component. This regulates the radiation or energy and light to your earth from the atmosphere. It is an intermittent interface layer between your sun and your earth if there is no atmosphere. What will happen in the day? The day temperature goes up to 95 degree centigrade. See how much? Similarly, after all outgoing radiation, the night temperature would fall to minus 100 and 45 degree centigrade. Hence, there is no life. So, this is very very important. The presence of atmosphere is very important considering this aspect. Now, I like to say certain things about the atmosphere. The atmosphere has deep blanket of gaseous. The total mass estimated to be 56 into 10 to the power of 1410. Since it is a gaseous component, it contains nitrogen up to 78 percent by volume, oxygen by 20.9 percent by volume, argon 0.93 percent by volume, carbon dioxide 0.03 percent by volume and in addition to these gases, neon, helium, methane, kryptin and hydrogen present at negligible level. These are all gaseous components. In addition, you have solid components also like aerosol and water vapor present at the atmosphere. You can ask question, is it constant up to the level of the atmosphere or will it be varying at the different heights? I say this is constant up to 80 to 100 kilometer. So, now you could understand, appreciate some physics of the atmosphere. Now, let me say how the atmosphere arranged in layers based on the temperature. This is very, very important. You see from the bottom, you can see here, it goes from here. The lowest layer is troposphere. It is 60 to 18 kilometer at equator, 8 kilometer from the poles because of the arrangement of the earth's shape and size. This troposphere contains 70 percent of the total gases, water vapor, aerosol and there is a decrease in temperature at every kilometer height. The decrease is 6.5 degree centigrade per kilometer. This continues up to minus 28 degree centigrade. So, there is a temperature decrease with height at the troposphere. The next two troposphere, there is a media or a middle component that we call it as your tropopause. The tropopause here, it is above the troposphere where the warm air start is coming there after that. So, after the tropopause, you have a stratosphere. This is 50 kilometer from the your troposphere. Here in the temperature though it is increasing as compared to your troposphere, it is constant up to 20 kilometer and exceed up to 50 kilometer. Then after that, there is stratopause. This is maximum temperature with the absorption of UV rays. So, first troposphere, decrease in temperature with height, then stratosphere. Here temperature gets warmed and stratopause, maximum temperature with the absorption of UV rays. Then next one is your mesosphere. Here is around 80 kilometer from the earth. Temperature decreases to a minimum of minus 90 degree around 80 kilometers height. Then after that there is mesopause. Then there is a thermosphere. The density is less. Oxygen, nitrogen present. Molecular and atoms of oxygen present. Temperature increase with height. Temperature is up to 980 degree centigrade. Then thereafter your exosphere. It has got height of 10,000 kilometers beyond that there is space. So, this is very important one for these things. Okay, we have understood the layers of atmosphere by text. Now, let me see through pictorial representation also. In the left side Y axis, how the pressure gets varied. That pressure means atmospheric pressure gets varied with altitude. And also there is a change in temperature as I indicated earlier in our earlier discussion. With height the temperature gets decreased at the troposphere level. Then beyond that there is increase in the temperature. So, this is very important basically for other things. Now we can see why this atmosphere is there. What we enjoy today? Weather and climate. The birthplace of weather is the atmosphere. Because the simple interaction between the land atmosphere and between the land and ocean and between ocean and your atmosphere. So, the birthplace of weather is your atmosphere. That too the pertinent layer is a troposphere. The lower most layer of the atmosphere. Can we say, define the weather? Yes, weather is day to day change in the atmosphere. What is the common of the day to day change? It is nothing but heat and moisture. See, change in heat and moisture in the atmosphere we call it weather that is a short time change. So, the weather is nothing but today we have example rainy weather. Commonly we get rainfall. Then dry weather, windy weather or misty weather or fog weather. So, the weather refers to a day of change in the atmosphere. Let us go to the other common climate. People will use wrongly the word climate or day to day change in the atmosphere. I can quote some example. Two fellows are going on a street. One fellow is saying that today the climate is very good. This is a wrong wading. Today the weather is very good. Climate does not reflect weather. Both are entirely different. Then how to define the climate? So, average of composite weather. So many months of weather, so many years of weather. So, average of composite weather of larger region may be a district, may be a state, may be a country computed from the data of more than 30 years. The old meteorological organization prescribes that climate must be characterized by taking 30 years data. Now, I want to quote some example. Simple thumb rule. Say they say climate of different areas but I have developed my own based on the annual total evaporation and also total annual rainfall. Now, air heat climate. You can say it is a dry climate. When the annual rainfall is 50 percent lesser than or 50 percent of the PET suppose PET is annually 2000 millimetre if the rainfall is 1000 millimetre then we can call it is air heat climate lesser than 50 percent then semi air heat climate when the annual rainfall is 50 to 79 percent of the annual PET we call it as semi air heat climate then sub humid climate when annual rainfall is 80 to 90 percent of the annual PET then we call it as sub humid climate here there are two sub types based on the temperature one is dry another one is wet the annual rainfall is 80 to 90 percent of the annual PET but when the temperature is more than 30 degrees centigrade we call it as dry sub humid when the temperature is lesser than 20 degrees centigrade we call it as wet sub humid climate then the other climate is humid climate here the annual rainfall is 100 percent to annual PET economically we can call it as break even point rainfall and PET are in equal per humid climate when annual rainfall is more than annual PET so these are some example for climate so today's class I have given certain basic aspects of atmosphere with this we will be seeing some interesting subject in the next class thank you very much


Trini girl natural. Hi, everyone. Welcome to my channel So, you know, I saw that visual from Brie Hall and she mentioned this thing dirty app So I decided to get it because I wanted to check out the Eco Styler for myself and then see some other Products as well and just see what's good and what's not good to my surprise when I looked at Eco Styler I saw the eight, which is what she showed in her video. Let's see. They got olive Just all over the argon, but when I click on it Yeah, it's red and it's eight, but the eight Wow castinogenicity Up there at eight, I guess Okay, so it's looking pretty dirty Let me see what the disclaimer says. They sometimes get compensation Yeah, so what was eight on it was actually fragrance, which is basically some mystery They have touched your sodium EDTA as a three which also kind of concerns me because I know EDTA can kind of make you susceptible to some other chemicals in there Yeah, I didn't even mention the TEA at all and I know for a fact that Eco Styler contains TEA They just said so on their website so don't rely on think dirty because they seem to do a really halfway job of Reviewing ingredients adding ingredients like you just can't even trust what they say TEA is not on here at all. I know TEA is not added just for fragrance And even if it should be mentioned separately if Eco Styler mentioned it separately, so Where's the TEA? It's just concerning. So my takeaway from this is don't trust think dirty They want you to feel like it's thorough and it's true and everything, but they're not really doing a thorough job of it Yeah So this has the eight as in dirty for fragrance And I noticed that the Curly Girls favorite that Diva Curl also has some eights So that was kind of interesting as well. Yeah, so look at all these eights I know your Curly Girls love your some Diva Curl. So it's interesting to see all these eights for Diva Curl Just 88888 They really think Diva Curl is right up there with Eco Styler according to this so and when you click on them Let me click on click on this one. When you click on them Again, it looks really dirty.  You can see that the fragrance is listed as eight as well So this one has DMDM like seriously I don't use this either but The money that they're charging they should be charging Eco Styler money at least least they could do Anywho, that's it. I just wanted to point out that think dirty doesn't have reliable ingredients list doesn't rate the ingredients reliably And just as an side note Diva Curl doesn't rank high at all in terms of safety So that's it. Thanks for watching think dirty exposed Diva Curl exposed I guess See you in the next one. Bye Now PSA I'm not saying that any of these products will kill you or cause cancer any of that All I'm doing is letting you know some of the important properties of certain ingredients in these products So take it leave it do what you want with it and I'm not making a claim about the entire products It's just rainbows and ponies, right?


Because the center-left, center-right, right-wing parties, left-wing parties and so on, because there is a total collapse and total lack of faith in these parties and particularly in the United States, Republican Democrats and so on, there is first kind of turning away from the political parties and in the United States probably the Obama moment is quite decisive that a lot of these young people had put their faith in Obama and when Obama does what he does, that very immense mass of young people now say none of these political parties are going to do anything. We cannot go on saying vote for so and so and so and so. So and for many, the lack of faith in the parties immediately goes to the next stage of not having faith any longer in the system as such. We want some other system, not capitalism and so on. That is one sort of trajectory. But connected with that is something that occurs to me and I would like to have your opinion on it. With the defeat, decline, stagnation, whatever words you want to use, both of communism and social democracy. What seems to be emerging also is the third great radical movement descended from the 19th century, which is anarchism. And what interests me also is in many places it is coming self-consciously as anarchism. But in many of the manifestations of these social movements, they may not at all even be aware of what the lineage of their politics really is. But the lineage is anarchism. The lineage is anarchism, syndicalism, that. How would you respond to all of these? There's a zeitgeist about, especially amongst the young people in and out of universities. It's a zeitgeist, where what really gets them turned on is horizontalism, is everybody must agree at the smallest local level to everything. It's astonishing because this is occurring at the same time that you have this incredibly fast communication. And I think it is, well, without in any sense saying that it's Facebook that causes Cairo, Tahrir Square, nevertheless there's no question that this is a means of communication that plays a role just as Mark said in the 19th century what took the, versus these centuries, the working class with telegraphs is able to organize much more quickly. Every new technology... Exactly, and it's playing a role, playing a role. So it's a very fast means of communication, very fast. But the type of politics is unbelievably slow. Every meeting, every discussion in New York in Zuccotti Square, it was decided very early as they were getting money brought in and a lot of it was coming from the unions, that they should invest in garbage cans so the city would not have the excuse of moving in because the site was unsanitary. This was put to the public meeting that's held every day where everybody speaks and repeats what is spoken and so on and so forth, borrowed from the Argentinians in 2001 in the streets and they passed it, bought. Before they passed it, someone picked up their hand and said, I want to amend that.  Well, the result of this kind of... because one person said that you have to agree, two weeks later they still didn't have garbage cans. Because the discussion is still going on.  Now, it's a negative example. There are very many positive things about it. But it does reflect, and what turns on students, I must say, and not only students, young people who aren't even in the universities, is this wonderful horizontalism, localism, consensus, we're all going to talk it out, etc. and a suspicion of representation. It's not just that they've been indoctrinated with post-modernist ideas, where the representation crisis, of course, is central to the whole thing. Some of them don't even know of that. It is something in the air, which is something we have to... Yes, but that also is some sort of pale shadow of Proudhon. Of course. I totally agree. And yes, so I think many of them then do come across anarchists who give them a historical, ideological, theoretical basis for what has already attracted them. It's there, and we can't ignore it. It makes politics very frustrating. We get a lot of attention in Toronto, because we have a group called the Socialist Project that does a bulletin that gets a lot of internet exposure. We've created a group called the Workers' Assembly, which is attempting to be able to allow us... allow, in generally, people to orient themselves to labor struggles in the city and beyond and so on. But we are spinning our wheels in order to be able to accommodate people whose politics is organize the next protest and only organize the next protest. That's all that excites them. Plus, nobody should speak for longer than a few minutes, worries about elections, you know, let's have a... insofar as we have any central committee at all, it'd be by volunteers, the usual problems that have existed through this process of a certain tyranny of structuralistness. And we have to overcome this. One last question. Occupy Wall Street now has been there for an Occupy movement now, no one should call it. And it has spread to hundreds of cities and so on, but it also appears that it seems to have reached a plateau. And they would... from afar, from in... you know, looking at it from India, it appears that they have reached a plateau that they would have to invest a lot of energy just in keeping up the momentum. Do you see any real dramatic breakthrough as the spring comes and the summer... Well, you know, the great student of American social movements, Francis Fox Piven, you know, says that one needs to see these things not in a linear way. That, you know, if one goes back to the American civil rights struggle, the first actions were taking place in 1955, in fact. And then they begin to dribble away, and then you get the busboy cuts a couple of years later, et cetera. So she... I think things wisely says that, you know, there was the moment with Wisconsin and the United States when they occupied the assembly building. And then it petered out for a while, and then it took a very different and surprising form with the Occupy stuff initiated by quasi-anarchist, very cute magazine in Canada called Adbusters, which does mocks of corporate advertising. And I think it's the only problem in the world is that the American Supreme Court ruled that corporations were legal persons, right? But it really took off. And I think it took off because it captured something that people wanted to hear. Ordinary people wanted to hear. Ordinary working people wanted to hear. It spoke in a class terms. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Which nobody does. So 99 to 1 is a very crude class analysis, but it's a class analysis. It's a great slogan. It's a great class slogan. And it was a bit like saying the emperor's no clothes. The fact once they said it, it articulated a discourse that people wanted to hear. In that sense it's been very important. Now part of the problem with these things inevitably is that the main purpose of it after a while becomes to keep this particular occupation going. And the main point of the whole exercise is how are we going to keep occupying this little space, right? In that sense it becomes very inward-looking rather than outward-looking, that said. And of course as winter came, as the police played the inevitable role they would play, it's dissipated. It isn't so much a matter of expecting it to reoccupy or though there will be reoccupations. In New York and elsewhere, out of it has come an attempt to work with people in the Bronx and other parts of New York City in terms of not allowing dispositions of people who are being moved out of their homes. And that's important. And if it leads to that kind of grassroots organizing, if it isn't diverted into, well, nevertheless we've got to get the Democrats in, which will be very, very tempting and you can't even criticize people for it. Because even if Romney's the candidate, the balance of forces in the Republican Party has shifted even further to the right than before. So it could be that they'll galvanize them electorally this year. So at this point it's really sort of open as to where it goes. But I just want to say that there are an increasing number of people in the United States who grew out of this local protest politics or are involved in local organizing, like the worker centers, black power centers, et cetera, who are increasingly seeing themselves as limited in those activities and who are explicitly talking about themselves as a cadre that needs to go national. That needs a political organization and that needs to go national. You actually hear more talk about this in the United States than you do in Canada, than you do in many European countries. And that may be an important development. That's all. Thank you very much.


tape aizana Kwa matakini kama yasa kwa kajing. Wajala Chunda isi ajani kwa chelzi,ва ajani naresi. Kwa chelzi kwa kwa kwa kwa chelzi? Siwa huli chi naresi. You signed Romero Lukaku. Do you think Romero Lukaku would be the current version of what DJ Drogba used to be? Absolutely. Ken, Chelsea up against Liverpool this particular evening. It's a late kickoff. How do you see that fixture? I think I've seen many people are looking forward to the battle between Van Dyke and Lukaku. Van Dyke is back. Last week he looked great in defence and now he's facing a really, really big challenge against Lukaku. Who knows how to keep defenders off the ball. We saw him destroying the Arsenal defence last week. That's the thing people are... But I think Liverpool might pick Chelsea today. I see Liverpool winning. I know you disagree. I disagree with him. Though I know Liverpool at home, that is an advantage for them. But according to the pattern and the way we have a new coach who has been trying to bring another system in our playing time and the way we normally play, I see we are going to deliver what maybe Liverpool didn't expect. I think my friend here you remember last time when we had a match with the Liverpool. They lost. They were at home because too cold. You see the man who knows how to read the game. He knows how to... You see position players in their own preferred positions. So I believe as Chelsea fan and what our current coach is doing, I'm sure we are going to get three points at Anfield. According to you, do you think Thomas Tuchel was the best thing you guys were missing? Because after taking over from Frank Lampard, who was shooting blanks, having inconsistent results at the Stamford Bridge, despite having assembled a good squad, Tuchel came through and he won Champions League for you. And even he performed very well in Premier League ensuring that he finishes him at the top four. Is that something you were lacking? We were lacking coach and also we have been lacking a little striker whom I believe we have him. This is Lukaku so we have nothing to fear because last season Lukaku was not there but we managed to get three points at Anfield. I assure you that this time round we are looking at number of goals. I believe we are going to get two or three so I'm pretty sure that as Chelsea fan today is the day. How is Lukaku's influence since arrival at Stamford? It's already scored the first goal last weekend for the team. You know Lukaku right now at Chelsea everyone is excited to have it because you look at how clean call he is and you compare him to Vana last season. It's a huge upgrade for Chelsea fans because Lukaku is a serious striker. He gets goals, he's good in the air, he can shoot from afar. It's what Chelsea really needed to really, this season to really challenge it. And I think Chelsea and United are going to push it because of the signings they have made. And Chelsea, I don't really see any weakness how Tuchel puts them out because as he said he knows how to play the players. He's tactically very, very vast in the game. But still again you know Klopp playing at home, Liverpool just has some kind of, you know now Anfield will be packed as compared to last season where it was an empty ground. And when Anfield is packed we've seen Barcelona going down there. We've seen Dortmund years back getting done so you never know what's going to happen there. Plenty of options in terms of attacking department. What do you think they will work in your favor? Because now you have Pulisic, you have Vana, you have DD... We have ZH. You have ZH, you have Romelu Lukaku who just arrived recently. Plenty of alternatives, will they work in your favor? Yeah they will work in our favor and I also want to correct my friend here is that as Chelsea we believe we were in Arsenal, Emirates stadium and it was packed with a lot of fans. But later, or what happened there is that we got three points. So I believe Anfield there is no change because fans are fans. No matter the way they sing, no matter the way they cheer, I believe we believe in ourselves as players. I mean as fans because as fans we believe players also believe the same. And this is something we have been carrying on especially how we want Champions League. We believe that we are going to make it this time round in the local league I mean of Premier League. How terrified are you with the comeback of Virgil van Dijk who has been missing in action due to injury? The Dutchman now returned in action. You remember he missed Euro saying that he wants to recover fully so that he can make a stylish comeback of which he is back today and we will see him playing alongside Matip. Which is not a good combination though but how terrified are you in terms of your striking department and getting worried of this huge defender in him? We are not terrified as Chelsea what I believe is that though van Dijk is a very good defender I can say he is the best defender in the world but Romero Lukaku and the pattern we are playing especially our front guys I am talking of striking force they are very little, they are very sharp, they are very fast and that is what we are looking at as Chelsea. And I believe you see when it comes to van Dijk he is physically fit. That one we can push Lukaku there just to take advantage of him and make sure that he keeps him all the time but we have guys like Polisik, Ziek, we have Mount, we have Harvard, we have Vana maybe if he is going to come in we believe that we are going to take advantage because he is not fast as Vana is not fast as Polisik and their movement so we are going to benefit a lot from these guys not only Lukaku but the frontline of Chelsea we believe. In Liverpool this season they do not appear as threatening as they have been in the previous seasons we have seen even they are called Juken Klopp, I think this is his last season in charge because he has hinted of departure after the conclusion of this particular season but Diego Jota the Pojogi's youngster is now leading their frontline. He started the season well, he knows how to get goals and the difference between him and Famino is Famino used to drop deeper to help creator times. Jota sometimes the balls just find him in the box in the right position. You look at the header he scored against Burnley in between two Burnley centre backs Benmi and Takoski which is usually a hard thing. He just popped up there he got the goal and also about Liverpool being threatening. I think how they performed last season really made people doubt them because you look at that same team last season they also didn't have a van dyke but when they were winning the Premier League they were threatening, they were a scary team and they can find that fire, get that fire back really because they still have the same players it's just Finaldamu's left but they can still feel it when Milner, Henderson they are still the same squad and the players that last season's performances made people I'm not really sure about this Liverpool team. And you can call playing mind games over you know the signings he has said that teams that have got financial muscles can sign players as they wish to referring to what has happened at Manchester City with bringing in of Jack Greenlish and their links with Harry Kenwich failed to materialize and also United now bringing back Ronaldo. Is Klopp playing mind games over you know him saying that he's satisfied with the squad he has? I cannot say that he's playing mind games but to me I think Klopp is the one who decided that him as a coach he better and he prefers the squad. To me what I understand I don't think if he has gone and chose some players that he fears they're going to change the system at Liverpool. He's very okay and very satisfied with the players he has. So he wants to nature or grow such talent so that they have that compact whereby if they work or they play, they play together for long. It's not just looking at short term solution but it's looking for a long term whereby they're going to be up there and try to raise or compete for the title. I'm talking of Premier League. Some points pandit referring to attacking trio of Liverpool of Mane, Salah and Fabinho as the most prolific one globally. Is it still the case? It can't be the case. Right now the season it can't be the case because you look at the front lines of United right now Chelsea and City as always and even if you leave England and you go to the Champions League Liverpool also, there are still some. There is the PSG front line obviously, everyone is the Bayern front line. They can't be the most prolific because even Fabinho is out of that right now. Jota has sort of taken his place because of his goal return. They were prolific a few years back but I don't think they are going to repeat the fit this season. Wow, of course a lot of matches lined up this particular afternoon city. Up against Arsenal, still 2 nil in favour of the home team City playing host to Arsenal and it looks like Arsenal have one of their players who have gotten redicated. Of course Granit Shaka has been redicated on the 36 minutes. Wow, and this I think will work to their disadvantage. Can we expect a landslide score here? To me I expect that because City with the pattern and the way they play I believe they are going to take advantage of this because this I man down now and Shaka not just like any other player is a very important player and the position he plays in Arsenal team is the man that missing something now very important in that squad. So Man City is going to take advantage of it and it is going to hit Arsenal as it is. Can we thought that after the departure of Sergio Kuni Aguero Manchester City will be harmless especially up front? Many people thought that but you know the thing with Pep is also last season he played some games without a striker you know. So for him to play without a striker is just a matter of tactical switch which he just pushes because we saw him in the Champions League years back he had Bernardo Silva as a false nine, he played De Bruyne as a false nine Mahrez as played as a false nine I think in the Champions League against PSG so even with or without a striker I think how they create the goals how they are always moving the ball that's the main factors to how City get the goals. The quick movement of balls and the quick movement of players. Gentlemen as we wind up of course in other European leagues Bundesliga, Serie A and even La Liga Pandits are still giving, tipping the usual favourites Bayern Munich in Bundesliga. In La Liga it's debatable because you can't say that it's for Real or Barcelona to lose because Atletico Madrid is still there in French League one of course Paris and Jermaine. Can we say it's theirs to lose? It is because they have the biggest, they have a bigger squad a bigger budget than most like even 5 or 6 clubs combined in France it's always theirs to lose and they lost it last season I hope they lose it again though. After Ronaldo's departure from Juventus and even Lukaku from Inter Milan are those two sides now looking lean in terms of squad depth? Ya I think so and also to me when it comes to Serie A I think their title now is open because we have teams like Roma also coming up we have AC Milan now it is open you see like Juventus people they usually fear that Ronaldo is there is making everything work in their favour this time round and also Lukaku when you look at Inter Milan everybody was seeing Lukaku is their strike force now they gonna push much I think the title there in Serie A is open to any team at the moment and I think this is the time for the lion himself Latin Ibrahimovic to capitalise on the departure of the duo to shine and sparkle Ya I think that Milan can do that but I will be looking at Atlanta the past two seasons have been really amazing and with the big guys living they can sneak up because they've done it they've been beating the big teams they've been in the champions league that's a team to look at in Serie A definitely of course it's been the fans on fan favourite segment of the touch line coming towards the end of the show Wajalashiyunt of course joined us late and Ken Andrew upon and this particular afternoon and we looking forward to what will happen this evening Chelsea up against Liverpool in a pulsating clash of the day of course man united will be in action tomorrow but right now as we speak currently city are bringing us to Arsenal and so far two goals in favour of the home team of course it's been an honour doing this let's meet next Saturday same time same place God bless and always keep safe