Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Aayesh Akrami. These are the news articles chosen for today's discussion. They are given along with the page number of different traditions. Link for the handwritten notes in PDF format and the time stamping for the discussed articles are given in the description box as well as the comment section for the benefit of the mobile viewers. Now let us see some past problems question. Now look at this question. This question was asked in problems 2016. See, there is a reason why I have chosen this question. Space missions are important topic from problems perspective. So it is important to learn about important space missions of India. And if possible, learn important space missions of other countries also. As I already said, this question was asked in 2016, but Mangalayan was launched in 2014. So this question was asked after two years. So this means UPS is going into the past. It can ask questions from past achievements of India. So a smart aspirant will learn important space missions from the past. And the aspirants will also learn the important space missions of the current affairs. Try to balance both. This is why I have chosen this question. Now let us go into the question. Consider the following statements. The Mangalayan launched by ISRO. First statement is also called the mass orbiter mission. Second statement made India the second country to a spacecraft orbit the mass after USA. Third statement made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the mass in its very first attempt. Each of the statements given above are correct. A-1 only, B-2 and 3 only, C-1 and 3 only, D-1, 2 and 3. See, the first statement is correct. Mangalayan is also called as mass orbiter mission, MOM. So this statement is correct. So we can eliminate the second option, 2 and 3 only. Now going to the second option. Made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the mass after USA. See, this statement is wrong. India was the fourth country or India was the fourth space agency to reach the mass. USA, Soviet Union and European space agency have already launched successful space missions to mass. India was the fourth space agency. ISRO was a fourth space agency to successfully launch mass missions. So this statement is wrong. So we can eliminate option B and option D. So we have eliminated three options. The answer is C-1 and 3 only. Now let us take the third statement. Made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the mass in its very first attempt. Again, this question was asked in 2016. This statement was correct in 2016. India was at 2016 the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the mass in its very first attempt. But if the same statement is asked today, this statement is not correct. For example, in 2020, UAE successfully launched its spacecraft to the mass in its first attempt. So India is not the only country right now. But in 2016 it was the only country. Anyways, this question was asked in 2016. At that time, the answer was C-1 and 3 only. Now let us move on to the second question. This question was also asked in Prudence 2016. There is a reason why I have chosen this question. It is to stress the importance of basics. See some aspirants skip NCRTs during their preparation. This is why I have chosen this question. This question signifies the importance of NCRT. If an aspirant has studied the 12 standard biology NCRT, then he or she would have been able to answer this question. The power of basics. Now let us see the question. Virus can infect one bacteria, two fungi, three plants. Select the correct answer using the code given below. A-1 and 2 only, B-3 only, C-1 and 3 only, D-1, 2, 1, 3. See in biology NCRT of class 12, there is a concept called bacteriophages. Bacteriophages are the virus which can infect bacteria. So virus has the potential to infect bacteria. So first statement is correct. We can eliminate option B because it does not contain one. Again if you go through the science NCRT of class 8, this book gives example of plant diseases caused by virus. So we can conclude virus can infect plant. So statement 3 is also correct. Virus can infect bacteria as well as plant. We can eliminate option A since it does not contain statement 3. So far we have eliminated B and A. Now there is a doubt. We have two options remaining, C and D. C is 1 and 3 only, D is 1, 2, 1, 3. The NCRTs, they do not discuss about virus infecting fungi directly. So we have to take some calculated risk. We have already eliminated two options. So don't miss the questions where you can eliminate two options. It is highly valuable. So during those times you have to take some calculated risk because other aspirants are taking calculated risk in problems. You are competing with other aspirants. So in order to be in the same level, you have to take some educated calculated risk. If virus has potential to infect bacteria, if it has potential to infect plants, if it has potential to infect humans, then by logical conclusion we can say virus can infect fungi also. This is common sense. So a smart aspirant will go for the option D, 1, 2, 1, 3. So this question applies elimination as well as calculated risk. Aspirants have to take calculated risk when it comes to problems because it is a competitive exam. Other aspirants are taking calculated risk. If you are able to eliminate two options in a question, I would advise you to go for such questions. You have a 50-50 chance of getting it right. Again, this is advice. The final discretion is with the aspirants. Now let us move on to article discussion. See, before discussing this article, look at this question. This question was asked in Prelims 2020. So this question was asked very recently. I want the aspirants to observe this question, pause the video, take one minute and observe the question. Interested aspirants can even solve it. See, there's a reason why I'm asking you to observe this question. This question will tell you the style of questions asked regarding crops. Crops are important topic from geography. It is repeatedly being asked. So take time and observe this question. It will help you to filter the information better. I will tell the answer to this question at the end of this article discussion. Now moving on to the article discussion. Look at this article. See, this article is regarding coffee, important crop from geography perspective. See, coffee industry is facing a lot of problems. The coffee prices are highly volatile. It takes high cost of production to produce coffee. And there is also labor shortage. So the coffee industry is ridden with a lot of problems. So in this background, the International Coffee Organization, ICO, has suggested the coffee growing countries to collaborate and work together to overcome these problems. This is the gist of this article. Information in mind. Let us study about coffee. That is very important from problem's perspective. What is coffee? See, coffee is a tropical plantation crop. See, coffee requires unique conditions to be grown. Coffee requires 250 to 400 centimeter rainfall for more than 100 days. After this, it requires continuous dry period for 100 days. So it requires 250 to 400 centimeter rainfall for 100 days. And after that, it should be followed by continuous dry period for 100 days. In addition to this, coffee also requires well-drained loamy soil. This is the keyword. Well-drained loamy soil. See, loamy soil is a soil which has equal proportions of sand, silt and clay. And this loamy soil should be well-drained. So these are the unique conditions required for coffee cultivation. So this is why coffees are grown in the ill slopes of tropical countries. Ill-slope of tropical countries has these conditions. So it is mostly grown in these areas. I hope the conditions are clear. 100 days of 250 to 400 centimeter rainfall followed by 100 days of continuous dry period. Well-drained loamy soil. Okay. These are the keywords. See, we all know that the coffee powder comes from coffee beans. These beans are roasted and they are made into a powder. This powder is made to make coffee. There are three varieties of coffee. Arabica, Robusta and Liberica. These are the three varieties of coffee. Of these three varieties, India has two varieties. Arabica and Robusta. And the quality of Arabica and Robusta in India is very superior. It has a great demand in international market. See, when we compare Arabica and Robusta, Arabica has higher market value. This is because Arabica has a mild coffee and it is more aromatic. It has a wonderful smell. This is the reason why many people prefer Arabica coffee and it has high market value. And India has both Arabica as well as Robusta. See, when we are talking about India, India is the sixth largest producer of coffee. Then we have a question. Who are the other largest producers? The first largest producer is Brazil. This is followed by Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia, Ethiopia. And India comes in the sixth position. So, these countries are the major coffee producing in the countries. Now, let us come to the most important point from Prunam's perspective. Where is coffee grown in India? Because these kind of statements will be given in Prunam's. See, as I already said, coffees are grown in ill slopes. So, in India, it is usually grown in western Ghats. The western Ghats in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu are known for its coffee cultivation. This is a very important point. And when we are talking about India, Karnataka is the major coffee producing state. Almost two-thirds of total coffee production in India comes from Karnataka. This is another important point. See, previously, coffee was grown only in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. But now it is expanding to other areas also. Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and some north-eastern states are starting to grow coffee. So, these are the important points regarding coffee. In this discussion, we saw the requirements for coffee cultivation, rainfall, the types of soil, the types of coffee varieties, the types of coffee varieties found in India, coffee in the international market and places in India where coffee is grown. These are the topics we have discussed in this discussion. I hope this information will be beneficial in the upcoming problems. Now, coming back to the problems question, the answer is Option A cotton. Now, let us move on to the next discussion. Now, take a look at this article. This article is regarding INS Vikrant. See, INS Vikrant is expected to join Indian Navy next year. This is the gist of this article. So, in this context, let us discuss about INS Vikrant. INS Vikrant is an indigenous aircraft carrier. This is the most important point. So, it is also called as IAC1, indigenous aircraft carrier 1. Now, some of us have a question. What is an aircraft carrier? Now, have a look at this video. This video will help you to understand what is the purpose of aircraft carrier. I hope everyone has seen the video. See, aircraft carriers are floating air bases. We all know about air bases. Air base is a place where the aircrafts are parked. They can take off and land from this place. The aircrafts are maintained in this place. So, this is the purpose of an air base. Imagine the same air base floating on a sea. This is aircraft carrier. Aircraft carrier is as a full-length flight deck. So, it can carry a lot of aircrafts. It can deploy and recover a lot of aircrafts. So, this is the reason why many countries are interested in building these aircraft carriers. They are a great addition to a country's Navy. They greatly strengthen the security of a country. Now, coming to India. See, Indian Navy is already operating one aircraft carrier. The name of the aircraft carrier is INS Vikramaditya. INS Vikramaditya joined Indian Navy in 2013. But this aircraft carrier was not indigenously built. India didn't build this aircraft carrier. We acquired this aircraft carrier from Russia. So, this is the reason why we are constructing INS Vikrant. India wants to construct its own indigenious aircraft carrier. I hope the information is clear. INS Vikrant was designed by Directorate of Naval Design, DND. DND is an organization of Indian Navy. So, it was designed by DND and the INS Vikrant was built at Kochin Shipyard Limited, CSL. See, Kochin Shipyard Limited is a public sector shipyard. It functions under Ministry of Shipping. Now, we have a question. Why did we choose the name INS Vikrant? What is the history behind INS Vikrant? To understand the history, we should go back to 1957. See, in 1957, we acquired an aircraft carrier from Britain. The name of the aircraft carrier is Hercules. We acquired this aircraft carrier from Britain in 1957 and we commissioned the aircraft in 1961. During the commission, we changed the name from Hercules to INS Vikrant. Okay? I hope aspirants can follow this information. This aircraft carrier was finally decommissioned in 1997. See, there is a tradition in Indian Navy. After a ship is decommissioned, its name is paused onto the successive ships. This is a tradition in Indian Navy. So, this is why INS Vikrant is given to the first indigenous aircraft carrier, one. This is the history behind the name INS Vikrant. See, most of you know Vikrant means courageous or victorious. It is a Sanskrit word. See, so far we discussed about INS Vikrant, INS Vikramaditya and the history behind the name INS Vikrant. Now, let us discuss some important features and specifications of INS Vikrant. See, INS Vikrant is 262 meter long and 62 meter wide. It is a superstructure. It has 14 decks. It is a majestic beast. Imagine 14 decks floating on sea on a marvelous site. INS Vikrant can carry around 1,700 people. It can carry 30 aircrafts. It has specialized cabins to accommodate women officers. It weighs around 21,500 tons. A huge mission. See, Indian Navy, for the first time, has used a special grade steel to build this aircraft carrier. This special grade steel was indigenously developed. This is the beauty of the ship. Almost every part of the ship is indigenously built. This ship also has all the state of art technologies. It has very high degree of automation for machinery operation, ship navigation and survivability. INS Vikrant will take our Indian Navy to the next level. See, INS Vikrant is the largest warship built in the country. Currently, this ship is in the trial phase. It will be inducted into Indian Navy next year. See, this induction is very important to India. See, currently, only few countries like United States, United Kingdom, Russia, China and France have the capability to indigenously design and build an aircraft carrier. So, the list is very few. So, if India successfully index INS Vikrant next year, we will join this elite list. It will boost our image in the international arena. It will also increase our security many folds. That is why the ship is very important. And this topic constantly repeats in newspaper. So, it has a high chance of being asked in this year's prelims. With this, we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion, we saw about INS Vikrant, INS Vikramaditya, the history behind the name INS Vikrant and the specifications of INS Vikrant. Now, let us move on to the next discussion. Now, look at this news article. This news article is regarding stubble burning. See, stubble burning is an important topic from prelims as well as main perspective. This topic constantly repeats every year. If you go through the past 10 years newspaper of Hindu, I'm pretty sure stubble burning is discussed every year. This is because this issue continues even till today and it is causing lot of problems. So, it is a high priority topic. It has high chance of being asked in this year's prelims as well as main. The syllabus relevant to this article is displayed on the screen. Interested aspirants can go through it. First, let us understand what is stubble burning. See, in order to understand stubble burning, we have to discuss mechanization of agriculture first. Before mechanization of agriculture, farmers used to harvest crops manually. They will take a sickle and harvest the crop manually. So, because of the manual harvesting, there won't be any residues. They will completely remove the crop. But this is not the case with machines. Machines were introduced in agriculture for the purpose of harvesting. These machines did not completely remove the crop during harvesting. These machines leave behind tall residues. This can be observed in the image given. See, this image is taken after post-arvesting. The right side of the image shows the residues. Left behind after harvesting using machines. These residues are called as stubbles. They are also called as parli. So, as I already said, after harvesting using machines, tall residues are in the field. This is called as stubble. So, we have to remove these stubbles. Only by removing these stubbles, we can make the land ready for the next cropping season. But there is a problem. See, the removing of stubbles is a huge task for farmers. It requires eye-manual work. And it requires a lot of time. It is also an expensive affair. See, most of the farmers in India are already suffering. So, imagine spending extra money to remove the residues. Most of the farmers will not go for such an option, right? So, what farmers do is, they simply burn the residues. This is highlighted in the left side of the image. You can see the residues being burnt. The right side of the image is the left behind residues. The left side of the image is the burning residues. This burning of residues is quick, it is cheap, and it gets rid of stubbles. It makes the land ready for the next cropping season within a quick time. It is efficient and cheap. This is called as stubble burning. I hope this concept is clear. The key word here is mechanization of agriculture, machines leaving behind tall residues. These are the key concepts when it comes to stubble burning. Now, we have a question. What is the issue here? What are the problems because of stubble burning? See, the most important issue is stubble burning causes pollution. Burning of these residues releases carbon dioxide, volatile compounds, and methane into the atmosphere. This causes huge pollution. It affects the air quality. And there is another issue also. See, the wheat cropping season usually ends in winter. In winter, the air movement is very less. It is almost static. So the pollution released because of stubble burning won't disperse. It remains stagnant in the atmosphere. It stays in the atmosphere. There is also another important point. Most of the places in North India are far away from sea. So there is no concept of land breeze and sea breeze. This again makes the air more static. The pollution created due to stubble burning won't disperse and it remains stagnant for a long time. Many places in North India are affected due to this stubble burning. The most important victim is our capital, Delhi. See, Delhi is already suffering from a lot of issues. It has a lot of vehicles. These vehicles already causes a lot of pollution. In addition to this, the toxic gases released during stubble burning also adds to the pollution of Delhi. This is why during winter, the pollution level in Delhi reaches peak. The air quality in Delhi gets severely damaged. The pollution in the air also causes smog-like atmosphere. This is highly toxic to humans. So this is the first major problem caused by stubble burning. Pollution of air. Now let us move on to the next problem. Green-nosed gas effect. See, as we already said, stubble burning releases carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds and methane. These are all green-nosed gases. So release of these gases worsens the green-nosed gas effect. It causes global warming. So this is the second major problem caused by stubble burning. The first problem is pollution. Second problem is global warming. Now let us move on to the third problem. See, stubble burning causes loss of fertility in soil. Because of the burning of stubbles, the soil loses its fertility. The burning of the stubble destroys the nutrients in the soil. Because of the loss of nutrients, the soil becomes less fertile. I hope this concept is clear. So the third problem is loss of fertility in soil. Now let us move on to the next problem. See, the next problem is heat penetration. The burning of the residues causes a lot of heat. It produces a lot of heat. This heat generator penetrates into the soil. This is called as heat penetration. This heat penetration reduces the moisture in the soil. It leads to loss of moisture in the soil. It also destroys useful microbes in the soil. So this is another major problem caused by stubble burning. Heat penetration. Heat penetration causes loss of soil moisture and it destroys useful microbes. Let me repeat the points. First one is pollution of air. Second one is global warming. Third point is loss of soil fertility. Fourth point is heat penetration. So these are the problems caused by stubble burning. Now let us discuss about the solution. What is the way forward? See, many state governments have tried to ban this practice. They have tried to ban the practice of stubble burning. They have tried to deter this practice. But it still continues. The Punjab government announced rewards to deter stubble burning. This is called as reward model. So if a farmer doesn't do the practice of stubble burning, the Punjab government tried to reward that farmer. But even after such measures, this practice still continues. So we have to find an innovative solution. These traditional methods of penalties and rewards are not working. We have to go for something new. So we are going to discuss a beautiful model called Chhattiskar model as a solution. See, this model is very important. You can use it as a value addition in your main exam. So make sure you pay attention. As I already said, the name of the model is Chhattiskar model. See, the state of Chhattiskar conducted an innovative experiment. The Chhattiskar government set up something called Gauthan's. What is a Gauthan? See, Gauthan is a 5 acre plot. It is common to the entire village. Let me repeat, Gauthan is a dedicated 5 acre plot, which is common to the entire village. See, all the unused stubbles from the farmers were collected in the village. And it was dumped into this 5 acre plot. In this plot, these unused stubbles were converted into organic fertilizer. They were mixed with cow dung. They were mixed with some natural enzymes. And these stubbles were converted into organic fertilizer. So we can see, from the waste, they made something useful. Also, they did stubble burning. So this model has shown result. It has reduced the stubble burning. It has reduced the problems caused by stubble burning. So we can implement this model in other states also. See, this model has multiple advantages. It generates employment among rural youth. It also provides fertilizers that do organic fertilizers. So it has a lot of advantages. So far, Chhattiskar government has developed 2,000 Gauthan's in its state. It has developed 2,000 5 acre plots to collect stubbles and convert it into organic fertilizers. We can also generate biomass from these stubbles. So we can say, monetizing the stubble can be the way forward. We can generate wealth from waste. This will deter farmers from promoting stubble burning. It will also reduce the problems caused by stubble burning. I hope this concept is clear. So the way forward is implementation of Chhattiskar model in other states also. So implementation can act as an important value addition in your mains answer. Please make note of it. With this, we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion, we saw about stubble burning, where the problem of stubble burning started in India. It was because of mechanization of agriculture. We also discussed about the problems associated with stubble burning. And finally, we discussed the way forward. Now let us move on to the next discussion. See, before discussing the next article, now look at this question. This question was asked in Prillim's 2020. So a recent question. Already said, pause the video and observe the question for one minute. Interested aspirants can even try to solve it. I will solve this question after discussing this article. I will also demonstrate elimination technique while solving this question. Now take a look at this article. See, the news in this article is not that important. But this article mentions about Asian elephants. The topic of Asian elephants is important from Prillim's perspective. It has high chance of being asked. So that is why we have chosen this topic. In this discussion, we will discuss about Asian elephants. See, as the name says, Asian elephants are found in the Asian continent. It is the largest land mammal of Asian continent. Now let us discuss about the habitat of Asian elephants. See, Asian elephants are found in dry forests. They are found in wet forests. They are also found in grasslands. The current world population of Asian elephants is fewer than 50,000. And these elephants are found in few countries of Asia. And these elephants are found in some countries of Asia. For example, they are found in Bangladesh. They are found in Bhutan. They are found in Cambodia. They are found in China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam. So these are the countries which currently has Asian elephants. The geographic range of Asian elephants is given in this map. Interested aspirants can go through it. We can see it is mainly found in these countries. India, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos. We can see from this map. See, Asian elephants are many types. They are divided into many subspecies. For example, Bornean elephant, Sri Lankan elephant, Sumetran elephant and Indian elephant. These are some of the subspecies of Asian elephants. Since we are preparing for civil services exam, we will concentrate on Indian elephants. Now let us discuss about the subspecies of Asian elephant. The Indian elephant. Where are Indian elephants found in India? This topic is very important. See, Indian elephants are found in Central and Southern Western Ghats. It is also found in Northeast India, Eastern India and Northern India. And some elephants are found in Southern Peninsular India as well. So we can see it is almost found everywhere in India. Western Ghats, Northeast India, Eastern India, Northern India, Southern Peninsular India. According to 2017 census, the population of Indian elephants were 29,964. See, elephants are extremely sociable. They usually travel in groups. The oldest female elephant of the group leads the elephants. So we can say the matriarch of the group leads the groups of elephants. Now let us see the threats faced by these elephants. The first important threat is poaching. See, elephants are poached for ivory. They are also poached for other body parts. So this is the important threat faced by Indian elephants. And we also know that our biodiversity is being destroyed. The quality of forest has also reduced. So these kind of threats are also dangerous to elephants. They suffer from loss of biodiversity, decline in forest area, and deterioration in quality of forest. These threats also affects the life of Indian elephants. See, Indian elephants also suffer from another problem. They are used in domestic work. For example, take logging and wood industry. Elephants are used to carry the AV logs and woods. Indian elephants are used to hunt and trap terrestrial animals. So we can say Indian elephants are exposed to a lot of animal abuse. This is also another major threat experienced by our elephants. So the first important threat is poaching. Elephants are poached for ivory and other body parts. Next important threat is loss of biodiversity, decline in forest area, and deterioration of quality of forest. And third important threat is animal abuse. They are used in logging and wood industry. They are also used for hunting and trapping terrestrial animals. Now let us go to the most important topic of this discussion. Conservation status of Asian elephants. See, Asian elephants are categorized as Endanger under the IUC and Red List. This is the first important point, Endanger. They also come under appendix 1 of sites. This is another important point. Next, they come under appendix 2 of CMS, Conservation of Migratory Species. So appendix 1 of sites, appendix 2 of CMS. And when we come to India, they are placed under Schedule 1 of Wildlife Protection Act 1972. So in India they are given the ISD protection, Schedule 1 of Wildlife Protection Act 1972. So these are the important points regarding conservation status of Asian elephants. Now let us discuss about some conservation efforts. When we are talking about India, Project Elephant plays an important role in conserving elephants. Project Elephant is the foremost effort taken by a government to conserve elephants. It was launched by Government of India in the year 1992. It is a centrally sponsored scheme. The objective of this project is to protect elephants, protect their habitats and protect their corridors. So this is the objective of Project Elephant. This project also addresses the man-animal conflict. It also tries to improve the welfare of captive elephants. So these are the important points regarding Project Elephant. Protect elephants, protect their habitat and corridors, address the issue of man-animal conflict, improve the welfare of captive elephants. See this project is mainly implemented in 16 states and union territories. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. This ministry provides the financial and technical support to this project. So another important point, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, finances and provides technical support to this project. So these are the important points regarding Project Elephant. Apart from this, India is also trying to protect the elephant corridors of our country. Indian Government has taken a lot of steps to protect the 110 elephant corridors. We have already discussed about elephant corridors in our May 31st daily news analysis. So interested aspirants can go through that video. With this we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion we saw about Asian elephants, the distribution of Asian elephants and we discussed about the subspecies of Asian elephants. We discussed about Indian elephants, the habitat of Indian elephants, the conservation status of Indian elephants, the threats faced by Indian elephants and the conservation efforts taken by the government to protect Indian elephants. Now let us move on to the next discussion. Now the article discussion is over. Let us try to solve this question. With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements. First statement, the leader of an elephant group is a female. Second statement, the maximum gestation period can be 22 months. Third statement, an elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only. Statement 4, among the states in India, the highest population is in Kerala. Which of the statements given above are correct? A, 1 and 2 only, B, 2 and 4 only, C, 3 only, D, 1, 3 and 4 only. See we can apply elimination technique to this question. Now take the first statement. The leader of an elephant group is a female. This statement is correct. We have discussed this statement in the article. So we can eliminate option B and option C. 2 and 4 only, 3 only can be eliminated because it does not contain first statement. Now what are the remaining options? 1 and 2 only, 1, 3 and 4 only. So A and D are the remaining options. This is where we can apply elimination technique again. Take the fourth statement. Among the states in India, the highest population is in Kerala. See if aspirant is in touch with current affairs, he or she knows the statement is wrong. This is because according to 2017 elephant censors, the highest number of elephants in India is in Karnataka. Second comes asam, third comes Kerala. So this statement can be eliminated. So option D can be eliminated. 1, 3 and 4 only can be eliminated. The remaining option is A, 1 and 2 only. This is how we apply elimination technique. We didn't read the second statement, we didn't read the third statement. But inspired of that, we have solved the question. But anyways, let us discuss about second and third statement. The maximum gestation period can be 22 months. The statement is correct. Now let us take the third statement. An elephant can normally go on carving till the age of 40 years only. See carving means giving birth. The little ones of elephants are called as calves. So giving birth in elephant is also called as carving. This statement is incorrect because there have been incidences where elephant have given birth at the age of 56 years, 60 years. So this statement is incorrect since it says only 40 years. So first statement is correct. Second statement is correct. Third statement is incorrect. Fourth statement is incorrect. The correct answer is option A, 1 and 2 only. Now let us move on to practice problems question. First question. Consider the following statements. First statement. INS Vikramaditya is the first indigenously built Indian submarine. Second statement. INS Vikrant is an indigenous aircraft carrier and the largest warship built in the country. Which of the statements given are correct? First statement is incorrect. INS Vikramaditya is an aircraft carrier. It is not a submarine. We got this aircraft carrier from Russia. It was not indigenously built. So first statement is incorrect. Now moving on to the second statement. INS Vikrant is an indigenous aircraft carrier and the largest warship built in the country. This statement is correct. So the answer is option B, 2 only. Moving on to the second question. Consider the following statements. First statement is incorrect. Consider the second question. Consider the following statements. First statement. Coffee is a temperate plantation crop. Second statement. Coffee requires well-drained loamy soil for cultivation. Third statement. Coffee is also cultivated in the northeastern region. Which of the statements given are correct? A, 1 and 2. B, 2 and 3. C, 1 and 3. D, 1, 2 and 3. See, first statement is incorrect. Coffee is a tropical plantation crop. Not temperate plantation crop. So first statement is incorrect. Second statement. This statement is correct. Coffee requires well-drained loamy soil for cultivation. The third statement is also correct. Currently coffee is cultivated in northeastern region also. Initially it was cultivated only in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. But right now it is cultivating in other parts also. Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, northeast region. So second statement and third statement are correct. First statement is incorrect. The answer is option B, 2 and 3 only. Main practice questions are displayed here. You can write your answer and post in the comment section below. With this we have come to the end of the news analysis. If you like the video, click like, comment and subscribe. Thank you.