فشرف بالاشتغالي بالعلم ولا تبغي به ما عشت يا بابا دالا وياله من شراف عظيمي And no one is above advice and no one is above admonishment صح؟ Everyone can be advised and everybody can be told what is wrong with him So there is nobody who has any rights to say what are me You are telling me This is not how our religion works This is not how it works Also the other benefit that we take from it is that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم When he told the fourth one is When you tell a person that you are wrong You always tell them why or where they went wrong When the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم he said He didn't just leave it there He said For verily what you advise him against It's actually a broad from the broadest of an Eman And you explain to the person where you think they went wrong So they have understanding And that's what the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم had taught Because we don't want the people to become blind followers Whenever they are told to do something They just do it because they were told to do it Now Chapter The statement of Allah سبحانه وتعالى وصورة التوبة But if they repent and accept Islamic monotheism And perform a Salat and give the Zakat Then leave their way free And narrated by Ibn Umar رضي الله عنهما That the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said And ordered by Allah to fight against the people Till they testify that none has the right to be worshipped by Allah And that Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is the messenger of Allah And to perform a Salat and to give the Zakat So if they perform all of that Then they save their lives and properties from me Except for Islamic laws And their reckoning will be with Allah Chapter So if they repent and perform a Salat And give the Zakat then leave their way And the Bible is chapter here The fifth ayah of the Quran الله سبحانه وتعالى says if they repent Repent from what من الشرك والكفري If they repent from this belief And polytheism And they come to Islam But then look The repentance is it's not unrestricted It is توبة المشرطة It's a conditional toba That has to come with it It can't just be إلا الله ، واستغفر الله ، لا الله يقول ، فإن تابعوا إذا يستغفروا وقاموا الصلاة ، هذا ما هو الأطف أنه يجب أن يكون معه يجب أن يكون معه ماذا؟ يجب أن يستبعوا وقاتلوا الزكاة ويجبون الزكاة فخلوا سبيلهم يعني ، لا تقتلواهم لا تقتلواهم لا تقتلواهم لا تقتلواهم يعني now they've become your brothers there's no need for you guys to ever have a fight again so here this hadith shows us that after the person repents if he doesn't come with the prayer and if he doesn't come with the zakat that that person hasn't fully if the repents is going to be accepted from them because the hadith has a what it has a mantok and it also has a mafum the mantok of the hadith is of course what it says that if he repents comes with the prayer gives the zakat then leave them alone and don't fight with them there's no need to fight anymore they're your brothers right what about if they don't pray what about if they don't pray zakat it means they haven't repented and their repentance is not accepted so what does that show you that the person who leaves the prayer is what he's كافر مشرك that's why the evidence of the scholars used to show that anyone who leaves the prayer is at this parima is this daya فا انتابوا وقاموا صلاةهم واتوا with zakat فخلوا سبيلهم فخلوا سبيلهم this is also a refutation on who على المرجع the deviated group who said what أن الإيمان لا يحتاج إلى عمل that the iman does not require action this is a refutation on them how is it a refutation on them because look وقاموا صلاة واتوا with zakat it's actually added to their belief so for them to have iman they will have to come with صلاة and zakat are you with me without it there's no religion that's going to be accepted from them the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم حدثنا عبد الله ابن محمد المسندي قال حدثنا ابو روح الحرمي يبن عمارة قال حدثنا شعبة عن واقل ابن محمد قال سمعت أبي يحدث عن ابن عمر أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال أمرت أن أقال أمرت when the prophet says that he means أمرني ربي my lord come on with me when the sahabah say أمرت أمرنا أو نهيت أو نهينا if the sahabahs they say that they mean who is the one who is commanding them فمن الامر who is the nahi the one that prohibited them they mean the prophet عليه الصلاة والسلام so when the companions say أمرت and when they say أمرنا they say نهيت أو نهينا they mean the prophet but when the prophet says that what does he mean الله does that make sense and this is what the قال ابن صلاح رحمه الله he took and this is also the قول ابن كثير took in his الاختصار في علوم الحديث أحمد شاكر except he agreed with him on الباعة الحديث ابن حجر also mentions that as well in his نقبة الفكر ونشالح نوسة النظر في توضيح نقبة الفكر نعم أمرت أن أقات للناس حتى when the prophet means by أمرت أن أقات للناس I was commanded to fight with the people اي if I call them to the religion and they don't accept then I fight with them that's what it means أمرت أن أقات للناس حتى يشهد أن لا إله إلا الله but then if they say لا إله إلا الله حتى هي إزل الغاية until they say لا إله إلا الله that's when I leave them alone أن محمد رسول الله and I'm a messenger from الله سبحانه و تعاله ويقيم الصلاح and they established their prayer ومعنى يقيموا يقيموا means ويصلول ويحافظون they protect it's أركان it's واجبات it's شروط they protect all of that then I will so it's not just مجرد just throw yourself on the floor it means you come with the أركان you come with the prerequisite the شروط you come with the واجبات نعم ويقيم الصلاح ويقيم الزكاة and they give الزكاة المفروضة الزكاة that's obligatory on them نعم when it reaches the نصاب it reaches the amount وحالة عليه الحول the سيالي سيكو goes by and there is no مانع no prevention on his side that's preventing him like debt because there's debt on your neck then you don't have to pay your الزكاة none of that is in place so the شرط is there the the you have to pay the الزكاة نعم فإذا فعلوا ذلك ذلك فإذا فعلوا if they do ذلك المشار إليه that which has just been mentioned which is what شهدوا شهادة and they testify to the two testimonies أشهدوا الله إلى الله أشهدوا أن محمد الرسول الله وصلوا and they pray وأدوا الزكاة and they fulfill the الزكاة and they do that what happens أصموا مني دماؤهم أصموا I'm preventing and I am stopped from their blood نعم وأنوالهم and their wealth I don't spill their blood nor do I take their wealth إلا بحق الإسلام unless they go close to an Islamic reason to kill them for example they kill another person صح وحسابهم على الله and their accountability is with Allah what does that mean their accountability with Allah if they falsely pray they falsely say the shahadate and they falsely pay the zakat just to look like the Muslims from the outer that's not our business we're just going to judge them from the apparent what's in their heart is between them and Allah وحسابهم that which is inside their heart is with Allah our job is not to check people's hearts and والله he just took Islam let's give him a three month probation period we have to check him we have to sneak into his house and find out what he's doing that's none of our business if he takes Islam from that وحسابهم على الله تعالى نعم who ever says that so this hadith sorry this hadith there's many benefits that we take from it number one we took the call of if they repent benefits from what it means for intabu we're also learning the second hadith is what منزلة الصلاة the status of the prayer and the status of the zakat in Islam of course before them too the status of شهادة also this hadith is the hadith that scholars used بعض العلماء is some scholars of hadith they used على منترك الصلاة anyone who leaves of the prayer deliberately he's killed and even then there's still a discussion amongst the scholars there's still a discussion amongst the scholars number four this hadith shows us their repentance is accepted even from a كفر their repentance is accepted from the kafir and there's no action worse than كفر a person can come with even then it's accepted from them for if they repent and they pray Allah who's going to accept it from them even though they said statements which were disbelief and bad things and then if a person repents from smaller than كفر we should accept it نعم number five the أحكام the rules and the regulations are based on the apparent الأحكام تبنى على الظاهر the أحكام are based upon the apparent أما بواطلهم أسفوا the internally وسئنهم فأمروهم موكلون إلى الله we leave that with Allah and we leave Allah to deal with them also this hadith is عام مخص عام مخص which is some people now may you know what's it called dispatches you guys know dispatches you know I record people like that but bring on BBC News so now I'm going to explain all about it which I said right now so hear it properly عام مخص it's general it's intended specification in it which is عديلة جيزية so they're not killed سيشة دوليلة not killed no it's not like that they're given جيزية to pay which is an additional external evidences that are used does that make sense the عديلة that the prophet say come on them حتى يعطوا الجيزية عيدي وهم صار غيرون is taken from them they pay tax and that tax brings them the rights to be protected no one's allowed to kill them no one's allowed to get use to them they don't have to leave their religion they can cannot believe in what they believe they pay that جيزية and the government make sure that they looked after صح and they become citizens of the people of that land صح نعم أزالله تبارك وتعالى يسيز قاتلوا الذين لا يؤمنون بالله ولا باليوم الآخر ولا يحرمون ما حرم الله ورسول ورسول ولا يدينون دين الحق من الذين أوتوا الكتابة حتى يعطوا الجيزية عيدين وهم صغيرون نميس 7 نميس 7 المفتاحة التي نخطأنا from this حديث is what أن أوت من بليفة إنها حرام منك تبارك تبارك بأوت من بليفة يوم الحق when you come في فرق الله أنت تجدون ما تقولون المنين أن يقتلون جيزية لزوالوا الدنيا أهوانوا عند الله يمن قتلوا مروءين المسلم أوت to be destroyed يكون أكثر أهمسا أقل الله أوت من بليفة هذا العالم العام أن تجدون هذا العالم العام أن تذهب في أعيان الله أكثر than one أوت من بليفة اليوم لو كنت أخبرنا أن الناس يكونوا أوت من أوت يأتيون لأحد يأتيون لأحد يجب أن نذهب يجب أن نتفنح لكن إذا كان بليفة أوت من بليفة لا أحد يشعر لا أحد يشعر المنين كانوا بليفة وقالوا ما أكثر than you ما أمر بأوت than you إلا دم ومرء المسلم إلا بأوت من بليفة الإعلان المضد هي أمر بأوت من أوت من your إلا حسنًا الإسلام قضيت بأسرع بواسرع أن المسلم يمكن المتحدة إذا كان يؤتي امة من دينه فراء من الناس من المضد لما يأتي بأوت ايتك سأت المسلم الذي سنتقل و었어요 لماذا لماذا يعمل هل أنت ترى أن ترى لأحب الزيادة في هذا الدولة كانت تجدها مخلوقا أخر يوم في لندن، ويوز لندن البلدق رأيه فقط 19 سنة 19 سنة لأن السمالي ويوز لندن في ويوز لندن يأخذون يطلقون حدات ومعاهات لتخصوص قرير ومعاهات واحدة خاليدا فيها ستكون سيئة فأبا خاليدا فيها وغضب الله وعلي الله يصبح جائع معه ولعنه الله قرسه لعنه هو ماذا؟ اتضرض من رحمة الله الله سبحانه وتعالى انه لا يوجد ماذا لك وعلى الآخر في الوقت المجموعة من المجموعة لك هو سبيع ماذا؟ هو سبيع same in Canada الكثير من المجموعة الكثير من المجموعة are dying, dying every day in one area, one block it's disgusting brothers I went there, it's disgusting drugs دراهما معدودة pennies big guys are making the real money they're making the real money you're running around like a headless chicken trying to left over changes your life is gone you guys probably know more worse stories than I do but it's sad صحيح is it like that even here in Leicester it's very bad don't worry if I do look at you it doesn't mean you're the one who sells drugs so I used to sell drugs it's just a general okay some brothers start looking sad face it's like it's bad here it's bad here it's not that bad الحمد لله if we do 29 are you with me at least we've done half at least we've done we've done half so if we take it to Babu كفران العشير وكفرين دون كفرين if we do that that would be good at least we did half of كتابة إيمان yeah half we came here to do everything but we'll finish if you guys are all ready we can go to Fidder صبر today ايه شبتر who ever says that faith is actions إيمان مخالي said referring to the statement of Allah سبحانه وتعالى and this is the paradise which you have been made to inherit because of your deeds which you used to do a number of religious learned men explained the verse the statement of Allah سبحانه وتعالى so by your Lord or Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم we shall certainly call all of them to account for all that they used to do and the statement لا إله إلا الله that none has the right to be worshiped by Allah and Allah said for the like of this let the workers work بابوا من قال إن الإيمان هو العمل ألمان البخاري here is talking about the issue of what that the actions are what من قال those who said إن الإيمان هو العمل those who said that the Eman somebody might think to himself like does he not believe that why is he saying those who said صح بخاري says those who said that the actions part of Eman it means that he's pushing away from himself and he's attributed to a group right when this is actually a consensus we said there's no خلاف amongst أهل السنة so why is he attributed to it and it looks like there's no consensus in the issue how do we mention it there's كلمة محضوفة the scholars bring 2 كلمات are محضوفة one and these are the 2 احتمالات that he means بابو تصحيح من قال إن الإيمان هو العمل بابو chapter authenticating and agreeing with the ones who said that the Eman is actions that's one view bring the word تصحيح the second view is to say الدليل لمن قال إن الإيمان هو العمل the second word which is محضوف that they say is the evidence of the one who says that the إيمان is what it's actions and then he brings قوله تعالى و تلك الجنة التي أوردتمها بما كنتم تعملون بما كنتم تعملون is a بما كنتم تؤمنون that which he used to believe and that's why بما كنتم تعملون it means بما كنتم تؤمنون so if it becomes تعملون becomes تؤمنون it means الإيمان is what عمل that's the قول he's taking then he says و قال عدة من أهل العلم نعم have you read this و قال عدة من أهل العلم في قوله تعالى فو ربك لن سألن هم أجمعين أما كانوا يعملون عن قول لا إله إلا الله لمثل هذا فليعمل العاملون this ayah which is و تلك الجنة and paradise جنة التي أوردتمها in which you have inherited in which we have given you we've given you because the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم told us that every single body has a place in jannah and a place in nahr صحيح even the disbeliever he has a place in jannah and in a place in the health fire he will be shown this is the place in jannah you could have gone to you missed out but now go to your place in the health fire the believer will be said this was a place for you in the health fire you worked hard you're not going to go there you're not going to go to your place in jannah everybody has مقعدون في الجنة و مقعدون في النه so now it will be said to the matilkel jannah and this is the jannah and let you أوردتمها which you inherited you've taken from the place that you were not going to which is the health fire are you with me some scholars they said أوردتمها from a disbeliever who could have got that place you inherited his position Chris who died upon disbelief إسماعيل you took his place you inherited his place that's what some scholars said are you with me and also the disbeliever he inherits the place of the believer in the health fire who was said to be in Chris you now inherited the place of إسماعيل in the in jannah then الإمام البخاري رحم الله روت فوربك لنسألنهم أجمعينا عما كانوا يعملونه فوربك بايولود لنسألنهم we will ask them and we will ask them and we will ask them because that noon is noon it's a key so we have to keep repeating it like that because it's emphasis الله said we're going to ask them surely we are going to ask him we're definitely going to ask them عما كانوا يعملونه that which they used to do they used to do here means عقولي لا إله لله he said a group of landed scholars have actually said يعملونه here means لا إله لله they used to do so that shows that لا إله لله which is إيمان is an action and that's what he's trying to he's trying to use it رحمه الله تعالى and then the plus point before the صلاة لمثل هذا فليعمل العاملون and the likes of this led the ones who work work for jannah so this shows what that the believer enters jannah because of hard effort and work he's put in actions that he's come with which will be said to him لمثل هذا I like this place in jannah فليعمل العاملون led the ones who are working work for it so no one enters jannah by just believing something or just having something in their heart there has to be actions which they come with in the same chapter narrated by أبي خرير رضي الله عنه that the message of الله صلى الله عليه وسلم was asked what is the best deed he replied to believe in Allah and his messenger the questioner then asked what is the next good deed in goodness he replied to participate in jihad in Allah's cause the questioner again asked what is the next in goodness he replied to perform حج مبرور which is accepted by Allah and it's performed with the intention of seeking Allah's pleasure only and not to show off without committing any sin and in accordance with the sunnah of the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم حدثنا أحمد ابن يونس وموسى ابن اسماعيل قال حدثنا ابن يونس وموسى ابن اسماعيل قال حدثنا أحمد ابن يونس his name is أحمد ابن عبد الله ابن يونس but what بخاري did was and not only him but other scholars do is مصيبة إلى جده he was attributed to his granddad so instead of saying أحمد ابن عبد الله ابن يونس they said أحمد ابن يونس that's very common and that's done وموسى ابن اسماعيل is a متابعة is a متابعة فهو أحمد ابن عبد الله ابن يونس and this متابعة يسميها للعلم the scholars they call it what متابعة تنتامة there's two types of متابعة متابعة تام and there's a متابعة which is ناقص the متابعة which is تام is if the two narrators two narrators اشتركة في الرواية and sheikhil they both narrate from one teacher together ناقص قال حدثنا ابراهيم ابن الساعد قال حدثنا ابن الشهاب أن سعيد ابن مسجب أن أبي هوريرة أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم that the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم was asked the statement which أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم that the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم سؤلة was asked أيه العمل أفضل so here we don't know who asked the question so we don't know who the person is so can we weaken the narration because of that it doesn't harm us once it reaches أبو هوريرة ابهام السحابي سحابي لا يضر the ambiguity of a companion does not harm a narration because the companions all of them are عدول reliable but out of benefit we already know who the companion who asked this when we put other chains of narrations together the companion who asked this question his name is أبو در الغفاري رضي الله تعالى عنه he is the one who asked this question so if you بعطي طرق الروايات some of the narrations that have come it's become clear who is the one who is asking the question and that it was أبو در الغفاري but even if we didn't know that it was أبو در الغفاري رضي الله تعالى عنه you would still accepting it because it's what because it revolves around the companion and the companions are all reliable نعم أيه العمل أفضل when the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم أيو means what which العمل هي it's actually مفرد مفرد لكن it's intended actions it means الأعمال التي يتقرب بها إلى الله which actions gets us closer to الله و تعالى that's the best so the prophet specifically being asked which action in which if we do it will get us closest to Allah which of the best which is the best action for us to do and remember the question here is asking what action he's asking what which action is the best and and right now باب من قال إن الإيمان هو العمل look at the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم has said so look at the word أي العمل أفضل and look at the response that the prophet gives فقال إيمان بالله و رسوله so what is the prophet's want believing in Allah and the messenger the question was asked which is the best action and the prophet said believing in Allah and his messenger so believing in Allah and his messenger is an action and this is a refutation again on the مرجع who take the action out of مصمل إيمان they take the action out of the real meaning of what إيمان is that's the refutation on them are you with me brothers نعم قيلة ثم ماذا قال الجهاد في سبيل الله again the prophet again this is another evidence to show you a refutation of the مرجع when the prophet was asked which is the best action he responded with إيمان بالله then he mentioned الجهاد في سبيل الله in the context of what believing in Allah to show you again that جهاد في سبيل الله and الإيمان both of them are actions because they have been mentioned in the same context نعم because everyone knows جهاد is an action true or false so then if it's be mentioned in the same context that it's also the same as it نعم قيلة ثم ماذا قال حج مبرور and then the prophet was asked after that then he said حج which is accepted حج مبرور means لا إثم فيه ولا رياء there's no sin in it and there's no showing off in it some of the scholars they said no it means حج مقبول a حج that's accepted and you know there's a difference between حج صحيح and حج مقبول it's different a حج which is correct doesn't necessarily mean it's accepted صحيح نعم benefits that we take from this حديث is number one the first thing this حديث shows us that a person can get closer to Allah the greatest thing is what إيمانو بالله to believe in Allah and to believe in the messenger to believe in Allah and to believe in the messenger it's from the greatest action that getting closer to Allah number two منزلة الجهد في صلي الله the status of fighting for the cause of Allah تباركة وتعالى and the station of الحج المبرور how they've become so distinctly chosen from all the righteous actions that a person can do it shows you how high these actions are number three this حديث أوشو shows you the striving of the companions in asking beneficial knowledge they didn't ask يا رسول الله how people ask you when they get questions and answer session instead of asking you beneficial knowledge they choose not to ask those questions the Sahabas asked اي العمل أفضل what's the best action and the reason why they asked this is because they wanted to implement it in their lives so what we need to understand is ask is asking a good question is actually a station or a progress that you can reach a good question is actually the first step of actually coming righteous actions number four the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم he used to be asked this same question so many times from different companions and he صلى الله عليه وسلم I would answer with different questions answers when he was asked before what did he say من سلم المسلمون من لساني and I get you got asked أي عمل أفضل what did he use for me ya تتعم الطعام وتقرأ السلام على من عرفت و على من who didn't know اضافة بآخر really why the process has changed between what to show you مرعا المخارطة look at the person you're addressing as the scholars they say تعمل كباري سمس صغاري بغة is good for you you might like a بغة but a new born baby that's not a good meal for it you might die from it so whatever good for you doesn't necessarily mean it's good for everybody okay just because you feel like it's good for you doesn't mean that it's good for everybody so you need to watch that and observe that number five what we benefit from it is how to reconcile between the statement of Allah كبارك وتعالى واتلك الجنة التي نورت من عبادنا واتلك الجنة التي أورت موها بما كنتم تعملون this eye what does it tell us that you have inherited جنة with what what's the reason why they inherited جنة because of actions they done right but then where do we take the حديث of the Prophet ليدخل أحدكم الجنة بعمله one of you is not going to enter جنة because of his actions so how do we reconcile between this آية and the hadith of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم the حديث of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم is saying that one of you will not enter جنة with actions that he has come with and then the آية here is saying واتلك الجنة التي أورت موها بما كنتم تعملون you inherited جنة and you've gained this position in جنة because of actions that you have done okay the scholars they mention and I'm gonna go I'm gonna go over it very fast and not spend too much time because I was told 15 minutes and I'm gonna stick by my words إن شاء الله تعالى is the eye what till and this is the importance of grammar واتلك الجنة التي أورت موها بما كنتم تعملون this باء is called باء السببية this is what باء السببية as for the باء inside ليدخل أحدكم الجنة بعمله this is not باء السببية it's known as باء العوض or باء المقابلة باء العوض or باء المقابلة so if since that the bats are two different bats then the meaning changes each one takes a different a different meaning okay ويبن القيم رحم الله is the one who brought this to our attention in his كتاب زاد المعاد في هدي خير العباد the other benefit that we take from this is the other benefit that we take from here is okay sorry there's three responses that the scholars gave so one response I gave which is that the bats are two different one bat is bat سببية and the other bat is called باء العوض والمقابلة the second response that the scholars reconcile between the I and the hadith is that what's being negated in the حديث of the Prophet that says ليدخل أحدكم الجنة بعمله that one of you will not enter جنة because of his action it means العمل المجرد just the mere actions okay and action just the mere action no one enters جنة because of the mere action rather what makes you go to جنة is with الله's acceptance right so the حديث is negating that you're not entering جنة because of the actions alone so where's the I say now you're entering جنة with the action that Allah has accepted from you also also the third explanation that the scholars give which is that the person enters جنة first of all ابتداء and first of all to enter جنة the person enters جنة because of Allah's mercy but then that action helps you to gain within جنة stations so what brought you into جنة the first place is Allah's mercy and then once you got into جنة what made you grow inside جنة is actions and they use the evidence of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم إر إقراء read ور تقي and go up ور تل and recite the Quran فإن منزلتك in the آخر آية تقرأها because your final station is going to be the last verse which you which you read so they said that the way to reconcile between it is that the حديثة say ليندخل أحدكم الجنة بعمله is saying to you in order to enter جنة in the first place Allah's mercy is going to bring you to جنة no action can bring you to جنة and the آية which is saying واتلك الجنة التي أوردتمها بما كنتم تعملون is not talking about coming to جنة it's talking about growing and going levels in جنة and that's how they reconciled and those are the three أقوال إبن القي يمشن each and every one of them رحمه الله رحمة واسعة and I also think إبن حجر رحمه الله he mentions it my beloved brothers and sisters I'm going to conclude there anything which I have said that was wrong mistake error or shortcoming is from me and shaitan and Allah and his messenger are free from it سبحانك اللهم بحمدك أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله أستغفرك وأتوب إلي I also want to thank the message and the management of the message allowing me to explain the book having good thoughts of me and allowing me to come to help share my small little knowledge I also thank the brothers who were reading أبدا أبو بكر أبدا عمران for also reading the hadith in Arabic and English next time إشاء الله تعالى you guys have an idea of how we should be doing things إشاء الله so next time when we come we should start maybe from فجر and maybe take it up to something so we can finish the book إشاء الله تعالى so we're going to conclude there


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to a new Zor education. I would like to continue talking about pyramids and volume of pyramids. As part of the Advanced Mathematics course for high school students, it's presented on unizor.com website. That's where I suggest you to watch this lecture because it contains some comments, notes, whatever. You can read basically notes for all these lectures like a textbook. Alright, so last lecture was about Cavalieris principle applied to the volume of triangular pyramid. And we have derived a very nice formula about the volume of the pyramid, which is one-third product of the area of the base times altitude. Now, what about non-triangle pyramids? I mean, there are quadrilateral pyramids, pentagon-based, etc. Well, actually, the formula is exactly the same. And let me explain why. It's actually very simple. Let's consider you have a hexagonal pyramid. So, let me draw some kind of a hexagonal. And this is the side edges. Side edges. And obviously, there is one here. And these two are invisible. A, B, C, D, E, F. Okay, this is my hexagonal pyramid. Now, what I'm going to do right now, I will draw three diagonals from A to C, from A to D, and from A to E. Now, I can consider my hexagonal pyramid as a combination of four pyramids. S, A, B, C, D, E, F equals S, A, B, C. D, union, S, A, C, D, union, S, A, D, E, and union, S, A, D, F. The union of all these triangular pyramids is exactly our hexagonal pyramid, right? So, basically, I'm cutting my hexagonal pyramid by planes S, A, C vertically, S, A, D vertically, and S, A, E vertically. And this division gives me three different triangular pyramids. Now, all of them share the same altitude, because the altitude is basically the distance from the apex to the plane where the base is concerned. And the basis of all these pyramids are exactly in the same plane as the basis of the original hexagon. So, the H is the same. Now, what about the volume? Well, volume is an additive function. So, if I clearly divide my pyramid in four different pyramids, which have no common volume, basically, because they're just touching each other. So, the volume of the big pyramid, the hexagonal pyramid, is the sum of these four volumes. Now, the volume of S, A, B, C is equal to area of A, B, C times H divided by three, right? Where H is the altitude of the pyramid. Now, analogously, volume S, A, C, D is equal to area of A, C, D, which is a triangle, by the way. So, I can put here, with a triangle here, times the same H and divide by three. Analogously, S, A, D, E is equal to area of A, D, E times H divided by three. And the last S, A, E, F is area of A, E, F times H divided by three. Now, if I will add them together, what will I get? Well, obviously, H divided by three is outside of parenthesis. And what's in the parenthesis? Sum of the areas of these four triangles, which is actually an area of a hexagon, A, B, C, D, E, F. So, as before, we have received exactly the same formula. The volume is equal to one-third of area of the base times altitude. And that's it for today's theoretical part of the lecture. It's very short, so I have decided to complement it with some typical and relatively simple problems related to volume. So, let's go to the problems. I have six problems here, and they are just reinforced the knowledge about volumes and pyramids. The first problem is we have a tetrahedron with all edges equal to D. D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D. Alright. So, the question is what's its volume? Well, let's think about it. Again, volume is one-third of the product of altitude and the area of the base. Now, the base is a triangle which has all sides equal, equilateral triangle. Now, what's its area? Well, that's easy, right? You draw a perpendicular from one of the vertices onto the opposite side. Obviously, it divides it into D over 2 and D over 2. Now, this altitude of this triangle is equal to, from the Pythagorean theorem, D square minus D over 2 square root, right? From this, this is hypotenuse and these are two calculators. So, this is a, the hypotenuse is equal to D and one calculator is equal to D over 2. So, that's the, that's the formula, right? Now, this is the height and the area is base times height divided by 2. So, it's times D and divided by 2. That's my area. Okay. So, area is done. Yeah, obviously, we can make it a little bit simpler, which is what? This is D square, this is D square, this is one quarter. So, it's D out of the square root and this D is square and under the square root would be 1 minus 1 fourth, which is 3 fourths. And square root is square root of 3 divided by square root of 4, which is 2 and this 2, this is 4, right? So, this is my area. All right. Now, how about the altitude of the pyramid? Well, let's just drop the perpendicular from the top and this is a center of the base. Center is this, it's the point of intersection of all three altitudes or all three angle bisectors or medians or whatever. So, we would like to have this. So, the distance from this center to the side. Now, we know that all medians are intersecting in the ratio of 1 to 2. So, it's 1 third here and 2 thirds there. This is a very known property of medians in the triangle. So, this is the equilateral triangle. So, obviously, it has the same thing. Now, this is the altitude. So, we're talking about 2 thirds of the altitude. Now, we know what altitude is. It's this one. So, we need 2 thirds of this altitude, which is, again, d goes out of the square root and this is square root of 3 divided by 2. So, that's my segment between the center and the vertex, right? Which is what? d square root of 3 divided by 3. Now, so, this is this piece. Now, but I need an altitude. Now, this is actually the right triangle because this is the perpendicular to this and this is the hypotenuse. Hypotenuse is equal to d. So, my calculus is equal to d square minus d square 3 divided by 3 and square root. So, that's my altitude, which is equal to d goes out 1 minus 1 third to 3rd. So, it's d square root of 2 divided by square root of 3. Now, what's next? Next, I have to multiply my altitude to the area and divide by 3. So, it will be d to the power of 3. Square root of 3 would cancel each other. Square root of 2 will remain and 4 plus I have to divide by 3 would be 12. So, this looks like this is a volume of the tetrahedron with all equal edges. That's it. Next, next is consider we have an Egyptian pyramid which has a square as a base and some kind of height. This is my Egyptian pyramid. So, this is the regular pyramid in the sense that there is a regular square actually at the base and the apex is projecting exactly into the center of the pyramid. Alright, so what's known is d is the side of a square and s is the side edge of the pyramid. Now, obviously if you are in front of the Egyptian pyramid, you can very easily measure this and this. And that is sufficient to evaluate the volume. Now, obviously it would be even easier if you know the altitude but you can't really measure altitude directly because it's kind of inside. So, you can measure the side by just actually walking on it and you can measure the side of the square at the base which is also by walking but you can't measure the altitude of the pyramid. But you can calculate it obviously. Again, let's just drop the perpendicular down. It's supposed to fall right in the center of this square. Alright, so that would be something like this. Now, what would be the length of the altitude? Well, that's basically very easy because you have again right triangle. This is s. Well, this is uppercase s, this is lowercase s. Now, square has the side d which makes this which is half of a diagonal. Diagonal is d square plus d square square root, right? d square plus d square and this is the hypotenuse. Now, we have half of it. So, it's divided by 2 which is equal to d square root of 2 over 2. So, that's this particular piece, d square root of 2 over 2. Now, what we have to do is to find the altitude using the Pythagorean theorem which is s square minus, this is d square over 2, right? Square root of 2 is 2, this is 4 and square root of this. So, this is my altitude times d square which is area of the base and divided by 3. So, before any kind of simplification but I don't think we can simplify it even further because this is s and this is d so we can't really do anything about it. So, this is basically the final formula. That's it. All we need it is just to find out what's the altitude. That's the most difficult part which is actually not difficult at all. Okay, now let's do reverse. What if I know the volume of the pyramid? This Egyptian pyramid has the volume v and side of the square of the base is d and what I have to do is I have to find h. But let's just use the previous formula. Now, the previous formula was what? 1 third d square root of s square minus d square over 2, right? So, we just have to resolve it for s. This is pure algebra. So, what happens is 3b divided by d square is a square root, right? Now, we square it and we get s square minus d square over 2 and we have to plus d square over 2 to get s square and we have to do the square root of this and that would give me the s, right? Yeah, seems to be fine. I had the same answer before. All right, that's it. Very simple. Just algebraic resolving of the equation. Next, all right, let's go back to our hexagon at the base and let's consider this is the right hexagon. Now, what's known about this hexagon is the following. It's altitude, which is s o equals o a equals d. So, this is basically, you can consider it a radius of the circle which circumscribes our regular hexagon. So, all these are radiuses, obviously. So, the altitude and this radius, which doesn't look like the regular my picture, but supposedly they're all the same and equal to d. So, question is what's the value? Well, again, we know the altitude, so now all we have to do is to vary the area. What is the area? Area is six equilateral triangles, each of them having d as a side. Now, I have already derived this formula before. Now, obviously I forgot it. So, let me just derive it again. So, the altitude is d square minus d over 2 square root. That's altitude times base divided by 2. So, that's my area. And the altitude is d, so I have to multiply by d and divide by 3. So, that would be my answer for the volume. Right? So, it would be d from here would be d and d square would be d cube. So, minus one quarter is divided by 2 times 2 times 3, which is 8, right? Something like this. Looks like it. Hope I don't make a mistake. All right. Oh, sorry, sorry, sorry. I had to multiply by 6, right? So, I have 6 triangles like that. So, it should be multiplied by 6. So, d square root of 3 over 8. Was it 8? No, wait a minute. 2, 2 and 3. 2, 2 and 3, right? And then I have to multiply by 6. Okay, here it is. And it would be d square root of 3 over 2. That's what it is. That's the right answer. Okay. Yeah, I forgot that we have 6 triangles at the base. All right, next. Next we have a triangular pyramid. Next what we do is we have two midpoints. This midpoint between A and B and this midpoint between A and C. And what I do next, I draw a plane from S and Q. This plane. It divides our pyramid in two halves. One half, well, not two halves, two parts. Right, two pyramids. One has a triangular base, APQ. And another has a quadrilateral PQCB at the base. But the apex is the same and therefore the height is the same. The altitude is the same. Now, what's necessary to do is to find out the ratio between the volumes, this to this. But now let's think about it. If the volume is equal to area of the base times height divided by 3, height is the same and 3 is the same. So if we will divide one volume by another, let's say S1 would be area of this big quadrilateral. And then times H divided by 3. That's the volume of the bigger part. Divided by S2 which is area of APQ triangle times the same H divided by 3. So obviously this thing is cancelling out and the ratio is actually the ratio between two areas. Okay, now that's easy because now we have a plane geometry problem. So this is our triangle ABC and we draw from midpoint to midpoint. Now, what's the ratio between these? Obviously this triangle APQ is similar to ABC. Its base is half and its height is half which means its area is one quarter of the whole triangle. So the area of APQ is equal to one quarter of area of ABC. Well, if this is one quarter, now this is three quarters. So what's the ratio between them? Three quarters divided by one quarter which is three. The ratio is three. And I have the last problem which is actually not very difficult but it's challenging to draw a picture. Let me try. Again we have a triangular period. I'll try to do it as big as I can. So this is a tetrahedral. Now what I'm doing is I'm connecting all the midpoints of all edges. So from this midpoint I connect to this midpoint and to this midpoint. And to this midpoint. And to this midpoint. And this AC midpoint. Now an AC midpoint is somewhere here and I connected this midpoint to this. To this. Then it's invisible. This. And this. And this. And this. Now what happens drawn right now is, well if you can imagine it's two quadrilateral pyramids. One is having this as a apex and it goes that way. Another is that apex and it goes this way. And they are having the same, sharing the same base. So that's how it looks. Now my point is what's the ratio between the volume of this. It's actually octahedron because it has one, two, three, four on this side and one, two, three, four on that side faces. So it's octahedron. It's like this approximately. I should use four fingers rather than five, something like this. And these are, and these are epises. This is one, this is another. So the question is what kind of a volume is occupied by this inside octahedron relative to the whole tetrahedron. Well, let's just think about it. These are all lines which connect the midpoints, right? So basically I can say that pyramid A prime, B prime, C prime. S A prime, B prime, C prime takes what part of the volume of the total pyramid? Well, it's a scaling, right? Because if you will scale it with this center and the ratio two, you would get from this point to this because this is twice as long, twice as long. From B prime you go to B with a scaling factor of two and from C prime to C. So this is a true similarity, 3D similarity, three-dimensional similarity between S A prime, B prime, C prime and S A, B, C. And the ratio is two, which means that the volume ratio equals 1, 8 of B where B is the volume of the original period. Right? Two to the third degree. If you remember when we were talking about similarity, we were talking about the 3D similarity. If there is a scaling, then all linear dimensions are multiplied by the scaling factor, but the volume is multiplied by scaling factor to the power of three. I do suggest you to refer me to that lecture about 3D similarity. It's a previous topic actually. All right.  Now, in a similar fashion, we can consider a pyramid with the apex A and base A prime, B prime. Again, this particular pyramid A, A prime, B prime, D with A as an apex is similar in three-dimensional sense to our pyramid, but considered as A being an apex and S, C, B being the base. So we are cutting this piece and it's also one-eighths for the same reason because the scaling factor is two. So basically what I'm saying is that for each side, we have to actually cut the piece of the main pyramid which is equal to one-eighths. So we cut all these four corners from S, from A, from B, and from C. And what's left is actually our octahedron, right? You just have to properly imagine it to yourself. So the pyramid, actually, now the second one is not A, A prime, B prime, D, it's A, A prime. We are cutting parallel to this. It's this. Call it E. We are cutting with apex A and the base A prime, E and D. Yes, that one. A prime, E, D is the pyramid which we are cutting from the point A. And then from the point B, considered as an apex again, we are cutting this triangle which is G, B prime, F. And from the point C, we are cutting C prime, E, F. That's how it is. So by cutting these four corners, we actually have remained our octahedron. So it's four times, each one of them is one-eighths, so it's four times times one-eighths, so it's V divided by two. So we have to cut half of the volume basically to get to the octahedron. So octahedron occupies half of the tetrahedron in this case. And again, it's kind of a simple but you have to really properly position your viewing point whenever you are cutting the edges. Well, that was my last problem. I hope I didn't make a mistake here. Okay, so thanks very much. I think it's very useful exercises. And I do suggest actually to do the same maybe calculations a couple of times. The problems are listed on the website as notes for this particular lecture. So basically that's it for today. Thank you very much and good luck.


Hello, I'm Dolores Shabazz, the Program Manager for Housing for City of Columbia Community Development. Every quarter, our department hosts an all-access event that we provide information to the City of Columbia citizens on various topics. The event for our all-access for June is home ownership because June is home ownership month. At this event, we'll have topics such as credit and budgeting, home buying, home maintenance tips, and you can get pre-qualified for a home loan on this spot. So that is so exciting for us. We'll also have our partner lenders there where we'll do pre-qualifications on site. So if you're in the market to buy a home and you haven't been pre-qualified by a lender, you can come to this event and we'll have access for you to get pre-qualified. After you get pre-qualified, then we'll set you up with a lender, our partner lender, and you'll get pre-approved. You'll go through the pre-approval process. When you get pre-approved, then you can begin looking for a home. Another objective of our event is to highlight the City home loan programs. We have our City Lender 1 program, City Lender 1 Uplift program, and our Affordable Home program. We are looking to increase home ownership, provide affordable housing to people, our citizens in the city of Columbia. So we're excited about this event and we look forward to everyone participating that can. This event will be Thursday, June 23rd at the Busby Street Community Center located at 1735 Busby Street from 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. It's free to the public. There is a registration link. It will be included in this broadcast and you can go to our website to register.


Good. Then thanks everybody for joining today. I shortly want to introduce myself. My name is Martin. I'm working for Daimler Trucks since more than 15 years. Currently I'm working in Japan for the subsidiary of the Asian Truck Division, Mitsubishi Fuso Truck. I'm here mainly coming from the finance area and project management. So Akash, please introduce yourself as well. Yep. So thanks everyone for joining and good morning and good evening at your time zones. So myself Akash Modi and I'm majorly a blockchain solution architect, working for again Daimler Trucks and all the global divisions. And I'm mainly a research explorer in machine-to-machine economy and vehicle readiness for such a market and how can we enable these vehicles to participate in the V2X economic ecosystem. And I'm also always interested in exploring new technologies and see how those can be implemented in the current scenarios and what value they can bring. And I have also patented the economic identifier in the V2X economy for the machines which is recently got patented and another patent which I have done is Know Your Machines. So and we are very strong forward thinker. We always think that the trucks one day can become fully autonomous and we can enable that. So that's a brief on my behalf and I'm sure that you will get to know more as soon as we proceed further together on this talk. Thanks Martin. Thanks. Good. Then let's start. I think first let's give you a few words. We are coming from the commercial vehicle industry, so more or less trucks and buses. There is a big changes is coming currently and which will shape the future of the commercial vehicle industry. One thing is for sure the alternative powertrains. So we are heavily working to replace traditional gasoline and diesel engines by electric fuel cell powertrains. Also the autonomous driving is one of the game changer in the future of the vehicles. And the base is the connectivity top. We are on the way to connect every commercial vehicles which is sold to customer. Not only provide them with the trucks, but also with the services of the trucks. Our journey started, I think, three years ago where we discussed about some business cases and prototypes about sometimes involving a blockchain and how the truck can utilize technologies in the future. One of the first learnings which we needed to learn at the beginning is that in the future so that the truck will be able to participate in digital services and be part of it. We need a machine identity and we had a look at different areas and we found this evolution of machines. So we also said every machine has needs like basic humans. And once we looked and shaping our projects, we said we need to look at the base. What are the basic needs for machine needs? Like the physical needs, energy, infrastructure, computing power and connectivity. This is already set in every trucks of Daimler. There is one device who brings the capabilities to connect the truck to the internet and to the world and has communication capabilities and computing power. The next step was that we said we need to bring safety into this so that the truck can defend himself against attacks. Afterwards we started the social belongings and cooperation where the business model came in. We said what is now where task the truck can do in the future with his machine identity and with his ownership that the truck can act on behalf of the owner in the future. Because in the future, as I said before, one of the big topics is autonomous driving. So there is a trend to reduce the drivers or maybe take it out of the vehicles itself. So the truck or the machine needs to take over the tasks. Then the level, the highest level is self actualization and esteem. Like for sure that the machine will have an own reputation and attention and maybe cognitive capabilities and artificial feelings and creativity and can design their own routes or trips. So this is where we thought about. Can you go to the next screen Akash? Yeah, sure. And this is how we imagine the V2X economy. The truck itself is more or less connecting to different areas, to different partners. One is the infrastructure. Infrastructure is like toll station, fueling station, washing, parking, which he needs in the daily business. Also the grid, maybe in the future when we talk about electricity, they can identify themselves and let's say maybe even pay or that will pay directly for the needs. For sure there is important for autonomous to also maybe in the future communicate with other vehicles for safety reasons. And the vehicle to cloud is normally that there is capability to communicate with other back end systems. Like the fleet management system where with the freight management where the tasks and the transportation tasks are managed the cost management, the SAP system, how that the truck can directly let's say send invoices or receive revenues for his services. So Akash maybe you can go to the next slide. Thanks a lot Martin for such a wonderful introduction like where the vehicles are heading and where we are bringing them together into the world of the V2X economy system. So this is what we think that in future vehicles will be self-reliant to manage their own profit and loss center. We do not need any administrative efforts to expand on vehicles to make sure that what vehicle is earning for a company, how much it is spending on its needs like we saw in the evolution of machines and how much it is making profit. So the overall aspect of bringing such a profit and loss center from an OEM perspective, we have to determine the life cycle of a commercial vehicle, be it a bus, be it a long hauling truck, be it a medium duty truck or heavy duty truck. More or less all are doing the similar operations and all of them are having the similar needs. So we did the exploration how this life cycle of a commercial vehicle can be determined and we divided the whole life cycle of the vehicle into three segments majorly. One of them is IAM. Just like a human vehicle also needs an identity which is irreplaceable, irrevocable, non-repudiated and temper-proof and which is coming from the vehicle, not coming from any additional device which is portable to the vehicle and making sure that the vehicle is having an identity. So those are not the things which we are looking to. We want a vehicle to have its own identity which is legally approved, which is having all the valid authenticity to prove its identity in the market to various infrastructure be it V2C, V2I, V2G or vehicle to vehicle. But it should be capable of and more or less the ultimate requirement is that it should be secured, it shouldn't be forged. So this is how we think a vehicle should be identified and definitely we will guide into the details of all these three segments in the upcoming slide. But then the second segment what we think is I live. So as a human live and the human is having basic needs like the food and the energy and maintenance, as you can say, how I maintain myself. Just like that vehicle is also having the similar requirements. They have a requirement of having the fueling, be it energy, be it a hydrogen power cell or be it LNG or CPG or gasoline anything, but they have a requirement where they spend something on themselves which is right now coming out of the cost functions where someone at the company is managing those costs and the bills together. But this should be ideally managed by the vehicle itself in the autonomous industry. And then I work definitely as I work in a company then I earn my living. Likewise, vehicle should be the very minute or I would say the SKU level unit in the industry where it identifies its own profit at the month end. Maybe I'll walk you through the details of each and all of these segments in the upcoming slide. So the very first thing like how we define a vehicle is so currently all the vehicles are globally identified by the win number. But when we look at the capabilities of the win, it is quite aesthetic and it is a single number, which is enough to identify the uniqueness of the vehicle. But when we talk about the digital services, it is not capable to prove its identity or to say, yeah, this is me. So that's where we think that we have to have something like economic identifier, which can be a self sovereign identity of the vehicle or a decentralized identity of the vehicle or a cryptographic identity of the vehicle or maybe identity like win. But what are the characteristics it should bring to the basic characteristic of the economic identifier where we need this vehicle is it should be able to identify its physical location. Its physical asset, what it is and what the type of the vehicle is and where this identity belongs to in particular, like which onboard unit is having the identity of this vehicle or is this replaceable or it's replaceable. So making sure this gives a vehicle its birth proof. And it's so what we think here that all the blockchain related identities, how they are coming up as they have the private key and the public key payer. So can we have something like a HSM in the vehicles where we keep these private keys and make sure that these vehicles are able to prove its identity by providing the digital signatures on the documents which has been provided to them. And make sure that whatever identity is given to them it's it's intact throughout the life cycle of the vehicle. Then the second thing which we need to enable the vehicles as in the IM segment is the vehicle documentation. If we look at the vehicle type, we get a lot of documentation from the leaders like the registration, the license plate number, or as in like we have the owner information, we have the manufacturing information. So all this information together makes sure that vehicle is an legal entity to run on the roads, it pays taxes and it can be traced back to the owner. So all those things we have to bring together. And we need to see what is the bare minimum requirement to make this vehicle as a financial entity in the traditional, let it be the traditional financing or the banking or the DLT based or the CBDC based. So what is the bare minimum need to make sure that the vehicle is a legal entity to make the transactions and to maintain the bills and the invoices. So that's where we introduce something like know your customer so you can say know your vehicle, which is the most requirement. Then the global certification because all the autonomous vehicles are having hundreds of softwares and all the components which are perfectly which are being driven over the air updates and all these things. So this is where we have to follow all the regulations which are being set by the UNICE or UWTA or European Reasons or any global entity where we have to comply. Like whether this vehicle which is running on the road is having a certified software or not, what is the life of that software. And then the fourth section in this IM segment is the acquisition and the dispose. As a vehicle, I should be completely aware that whether I am owned by someone or I am being leased by someone, what is my first life cycle when I am getting sold in the resale market who is owning it again. Do I have the correct owner information? Do I have the correct financial statements available from the bank? So likewise, if we look at the consolidation of these four sections in this IM segment, this brings the basic requirement of a vehicle to make sure that it is almost equal to a living entity. So that's where we move to the I live segment where the vehicle is mainly going for like what I generally need. So what we have seen in the fleet operations like I need to, I need a fuel, I need a parking, I need a tolling, I need to pay for the tools, I need to pay for washing. Likewise, there are multiple services where the vehicle is required to pay for something which they are consuming. So at this point of time, how it works in the current industry that there is someone at the back and back offices managing all these bills together doing the monthly closing and then paying for all the bills which are being provided by the service providers to those companies or something like that. But what happens in the future when a vehicle is on the road and whatever it needs, it should be able to identify itself at the service provider and then it should be able to consume the services which are being provided by the service provider. It should be able to validate all the bills together which has been given to the vehicle against the services consumed and based on this intelligent validation, he can make a decision whether this will is correct or it should be going for the disputed. If the bill comes correct, then it can simply sign on it and which can further go to the banking system and the overall monthly closing can be done based on these vehicle signed. In this way, we can also eradicate some of the frauds which are generally happens at the fuel level, which are generally happens at the automator level in the resale market. So all these signals that we are getting from the telemetry, we can get it signed and have these bills and the invoices getting signed. We can simply eradicate a lot of administrative effort at the back offices of the logistic companies. So this is where we are heading to where we talk about the I live section and services maintenance definitely when there is a sudden breakdown or when there is a monthly service or happy early service. So whether a vehicle can maintain its service history, what are all components has gone down? What was the service period? What was the warranty period? Whether it was under the warranty period? Did I pay for something which was under the warranty period? So all these intelligence we want to bring under the service and maintenance section. And we also want a vehicle to track its life cycle from one owner to another owner, one location to another location, one registration to another registration. So that this life cycle, this vehicle can be tracked right from the inception, right? When it's coming out from the assembly line of the manufacturing unit till it gets disposed or the scrapped out or scrapped out in the scrapping industry. So this is where we want to track and find out how much a vehicle has made throughout its life cycle. And definitely the financial operations like if the vehicle is leased then is it paying the lease values on time? Whether the all the financial EMI's are being paid on time or not? Do I have any financial transaction spending from the bank side, which is not paid? So these are typical financial operations as in the live entity a vehicle should pursue. Then we move forward to I work because that's the income section where the vehicle is going to earn until what we have seen the vehicle has proven its identity. Then we have seen where the vehicle is providing, where the vehicle is consuming the money. Now we are going to see where the vehicle is going to get this money from. So definitely the freight operations and the fleet management are the most important activities here. So in the freight operations like vehicle should be able to determine the smart route. Like if a vehicle is running from point A to point B, what is the shortest route possible and where I'm going to consume the lesser fuel, which is vehicle should also be able to consider all the weather conditions and all these things together. And the job assignments vehicle is a vehicle should not be standing too much time at the warehouses just in their standing queues. So because our machines work diameter builds it's capable to run 24 per seven. It's so heavy and so heavy duty that they do not have any problem even if they run for 24 per seven. So we should not be wasting time on standing or during this all the blockages on the roads. So vehicle should be able to make those decisions. Also like if there is as we have seen that we are also trying for the vehicle platooning. So which platoon is most useful for me. So as a vehicle I should be able to take that decision right. And in the fleet management basically here we want to cut down the driver wages which generally a company spend on a driver on monthly basis and then on the assurance of the driver. And as we have seen that there is a shortage of the drivers especially in Japan. And I think the similar conditions are there in Europe also where we have seen the skilled drivers are very less available. And when the skilled drivers are available they are highly waged. So how can we work out those conditions as well. And the overall cost management like vehicle should be able to interact with the ERP systems or the cost functions of a company. So that it can produce all the bills together and all the invoices which it has earned and all the credit notes together and for the consolidation. The cost management can take it together and produce the final profit and losses statement. Now this completes the life cycle of a vehicle. Now I would like to show you how a self governed commercial vehicle looks like when it is there on the road. So here we can see from the bottom there is a service provider who provides certain services to the vehicle. Since vehicle is equipped with the machine identity, vehicle does the handshaking with the service provider infrastructure. Vehicle makes sure that it is a known or it is a valid service provider. And then once the identity confirmation is done then the vehicle is open for taking the services from that service provider. We can also build the reputation of that identity mechanism on top of any platform which we want to utilize so that the vehicle can be rated on terms of these services. And then the once the service consumption is done from the vehicle side, from the infrastructure side and then infrastructure produces the invoice and the bill to the vehicle. Vehicle validates the invoice and the bill and provides the digital signature by having its own private key which is a part of the integrated hardware. And once this invoice is signed then this signed invoice can be passed on to the cost management and the ERP function. So then the signed invoice can also be passed on to the service provider which can produce at the monthly month ending all these signed invoices to the career company and they can do the payment netting. Once the payment netting is available then it can be adjusted against the machine account which is where we say that what we have seen in the IM part. Now the vehicle is a legal entity and it's capable to do its no lower vehicle processes along with the as per the banking regulations or the financial mandates. So once the vehicle is having its own account so all those netted bills can be adjusted against the machine account. At the same time cost and ERP functions can produce the monthly closing things to the against the bank account and what we are seeing right now this is the trusted infrastructure. So it can be any middle layer which is being regulated by the banking system or the decentralized finance system or the Romanomics part where it adjusted the machine account against the available balances and then provides the fees to the service provider. So this is how generally in the logistic industry we pay at the end of the month not in the real time but yeah. So when we talk about all these things the most important aspect here since we are dealing with the time we are dealing with the money we are dealing with the vehicle which is most important for us and we are bringing life to it. Since it is a machine then we need to make sure that we follow the security standards and what we as we have coined. So what we have seen in the V2X economy which is completely driven by the global standards of the cybersecurity and our solution is well fortified by the security controls. So we are taking the security life cycle basically these steps of framework right from the starting the first line of the code and making sure that we follow all the guidelines and avoid all the open tech surfaces for the product development itself. We are also relying on the public infrastructure not necessarily it has to be centralized but we are also checking out some of the platforms which are providing these public key infrastructure in the decentralized way where we can form a consortium or we can go open. So that's where we bring the digital certificates and the signature capabilities to the vehicle as per the trusted infrastructure and then this hardware secure module definitely it's required for the key storage. So these are the basic things we have to make sure that it is a part of the end section of the vehicle and there are some standards which we have baseline to bring such solutions to the market like we are following the PIFS 186-4 and NISTP 256 NCX9 or X5-09. So all these are standards which are highly important to us which we have baseline our solutions to make sure that the systems are interoperable and secure enough for doing the handshaking with a known or unknown infrastructure once the M2M economy is on the full swing. So that's the overall perspective that we want to bring now maybe we can talk about some initial applications which we have done on this machine identity platform. So Martin would you like to take it forward? Yeah, thanks Akash for your explanation. I think what we are also talking is about to bringing the truck coming from the object who is used to being the subject in the future to act on behalf of somebody. For sure in the center there is the ID and several applications to manage the costs and also include the revenues. Just as you know there is the toll a car or a truck can connect to a toll station and do the payment. We have payment capabilities. We have already prototypes where e-money is the truck can hold it. On the other side there is also services which are not related necessarily to payments but it's about exchanging data and enabling other new business models. Business models or other models means for example insurance that insurances is interested in the data of the truck and offer other contracts in the future based on telematic data from the trucks. Same like fuel cards, tokenized plastic cards is the future. Paper use cases by leasing these all is open a world of new services where the truck can organize and orchestrate with the service provider. So this was I think my points. So I hope you got a glimpse in where the commercial vehicle will head in the future and that connectivity is one of the keys to develop the business of commercial vehicles in the future besides selling only the hardware. I would also like to mention that like last year we did a very successful POC on this machine identity with the charging station where we use these quarter framework from the DLT side. In this POC we had our e-money running in terms of tokens where we enabled basically two entities who vehicle as one of the entity and then the charging station as another entity. We did with the single one but I'm sure that the scaling can also be done. So what we did here we enabled trucks with the machine identity which are completely compatible with the quarter framework. And then we did a charging in the lab conditions of a vehicle along with the energy charge station framework. And then the vehicle identified how much charge it has taken how much value against the charge it has to transfer and out of this digital store of value vehicle has transferred some value to the charging station account. So this how they have done the payment netting but then we realized and being a vehicle to become a node in the DLT industry at this point of time it's a difficult task. So industry is needing the thin clients which is where the truck can be a node itself and a machine can become an entity in the network itself. So likewise a several N number of POCs and activities are possible when we think from the perspective of the identity, the tokenization and the DLT frameworks and the decentralized frameworks. And I'm sure that they will come up in the future also where we are also working together with a lot of partners to bring services to our customers. So yeah so that's my explanation from the application part and I hope that we were able to cover and live up to your expectations from this talk. And I'm sure that you will have a lot of questions so we are here throughout the day over the check section you can reach out to us in case if you miss out. Then we are also available on the LinkedIn where you can find us and you can reach out to us for any open questions we are very happy to answer. We are also very happy to understand your suggestions like how shall be what do you think about the solution what else would you like to see in such solutions and what is your perspective with this regard. So we are very open for such an intelligent community I would say and thanks very much for having us here and listening and giving us your precious 50 minutes. Thanks a lot also from my side. Thanks Akash. Thank you. Have a great day. Thanks Martin.


In the past 10 to 20 years, interest in social dilemmas has grown quite dramatically within many domains, particularly those resulting from overpopulation, resource depletion and pollution of various kind. And we can note the study of social dilemmas is today one of the most interdisciplinary research fields, with the participation of researchers from anthropology, biology, economics, mathematics, neuroscience, political science and psychology among others. The social dilemma captures the core dynamic within groups requiring collective action, where there is a conflict between an individual's immediate personal or selfish interests and the actions that maximise the interests of the group. At the heart of social dilemmas lies a disjunction between the costs to the individual and the costs to the whole, or benefits to the individual and benefits to the whole. We call this value that is not factored into the cost-benefit equation of the individual and externality, and it is externalities that create this disjunction between the parts and the whole and result in the social dilemma. As an example of a social dilemma, we can think about the voting process within democratic political systems. In such a system, citizens are periodically called upon to make informed decisions about who should manage their country's government. Many choose not to vote, but of those who do, in order to make an informed decision, they have to gather and process information about the various candidates. Since each person's vote is unlikely to affect the outcome of an election, and everyone knows this, there is little incentive to the individual to increase their knowledge about relevant issues and overcome misinformation or preconceptions. The benefits of collecting and processing the information are diffused over the whole population, but the cost of doing such action is carried by the individual. Informed voting is then what we would call a public good. As another example, we can think of a situation where during winter, people in a village are asked to keep their thermostats low to conserve the limited amount of energy available. This would, though, require them to suffer from the cold without significantly conserving the fuel supply by their individual sacrifice, yet if all keep their thermostats high, all may run out of fuel and freeze. What is happening in these games is that there is a positive or negative externality. Some of the value that is being generated by the individual is being externalized to the whole organization. Thus this external value cannot be immediately factored into the cost-benefit analysis of the individual taking the action. If the system is simply operated according to this immediate cost-benefit analysis of the individuals, then there will likely be an undersupply of the required resource. Equally, we can have negative externalities, the classical example being air pollution and traffic jams. An important part of the social dilemma is that at any given decision point, individuals receive higher payoffs for making selfish choices than they do for making cooperative choices, regardless of the choices made by those with whom they interact, and everyone involved receives lower payoffs if everyone makes selfish choices than if everyone makes cooperative choices. One of the interesting things about the social dilemma is that it is not a feature of the agents involved but of the structure of the game. It has nothing to do with the personalities and particular motives of the individuals. It is a tragedy because you know what the outcome will be, but you cannot individually do anything to avoid it. Given only the self-interest of the individuals, no one has an individual motive to change their behavior even though everyone will be worse off. Our traditional tools of non-corruptive game theory that are focused on the immediate costs and benefits to the individual only really work when there are a limited amount of externalities. As soon as the externalities, both positive or negative, go above a certain level, we have to think and act collectively. Many private goods are rivalrous, meaning they can be only consumed by one agent and they are excludable, meaning it is possible to exclude others from their use. This reduces the externalities from the item and thus makes it possible to associate the value of that item with an agent and factor it into their cost-benefit analysis. Goods are public when they are considered both non-rivalrous and non-excludable, meaning that there will likely be many externalities and thus they cannot be effectively managed by the immediate cost-benefit analysis of the individual agents in such a case the social dilemma arises. When people can benefit from the positive externalities and produce more of the negative externalities without paying, the result is a macro-level imbalance that leads to the system being rendered unsustainable over time. As we'll talk about further in a coming video, there are essentially two different approaches to solving this imbalance and managing collective action towards dealing with the social dilemma. The organization can try to create some top-down structure that regulates the system to ensure that those who create negative externalities pay for them and those who create positive externalities in turn get reimbursed for them. This works to reintegrate the externalities into the cost-benefit analysis of the agents and thus try to maintain a macro-level balance and sustainable outcomes. This is our traditional approach taken to the situation, the classical example of which would be governments that use force and incentives to regulate the system towards these ends. Equally, a second approach is to increase the degree of connectivity between the agents and thus the potential for a higher degree of interdependence between them, given that interdependence means that what happens to one agent becomes correlated with what happens to another. As interdependence between agents and between the individual and the whole increases, externalities decrease because there's nowhere for them to go and the agents have to increasingly fact them in within their own decision-making process and this is one approach to managing the system and potentially solving the problem. Externalities are always a function of independence. If two things are one, then there is no possibility for externalities. The more independent they are, the greater the possibility for externalizing things. Thus, all solutions to externalities and a social dilemma would involve creating positive interdependence between the elements in the system, but different approaches will do this in different ways. We'll pick up this theme again in a future video where we go deeper into ways of solving the social dilemma. In the next section, we'll look at what game theory can tell us about the social dilemma as we talk about public goods games.