Here's the full story of Danny and Sam. Ready? Ready. Danny, Fenton, and Sam Manson are best friends. And along with Tucker, they spend pretty much all their time together. Sam's the reason Danny has ghost powers in the first place. Come on, Danny. A ghost zone? You gotta check him out. You know what? You're right. Hang on.  But at this point, they're just friends. I get weak need when I try to talk to cute girls. Oh, and you have absolutely no problems talking to me. Besides, Danny's totally wrapped up in his crush on Paulina. I... Please, don't say you've suddenly fallen for me.  That's not it. I'm... I'm Danny. Kudos, Danny. You just set an all-time speed record for drowning in the shallow end of the gene pool. Oh, no. You did not just call me shallow, did you? If you mean, do I think I could stand in a puddle full of you and not get my feet wet? Then, yeah. Paulina and pretty much everyone else thought Danny and Sam were dating. I always knew you two losers would end up together. We're not losers. We're not together. All because of your girlfriend. She's not my girlfriend. I'm not his girlfriend. You two love birds may be the only students left in the entire school. We're not love birds. And it didn't help that Valerie caught them kissing. Oh, man. She's coming. Sam, hide! No time! No escaping me now, ghost boy. Do you mind? Ah, gross. I always knew you two geeks would end up together. That sounded like Valerie. Danny? Danny? You didn't think it was a real kiss, did you? No. Why? Did you? Wait, you guys kissed? No, it was a fake-out make-out. But that still has the words make and out in it, right? Tucker has a point. There's a lot of blushing and hand-holding going on between these two friends. Are you okay, Sam? Huh? Oh, it's just really nice up here. That's all. Flying's nice. Can a ghost get frostbite? Oh, here. My hands are warm. Then Amber used her evil ghost music to basically hypnotize Danny into being obsessed with Sam. New couple alone. Ciao, babies. New couple?  What are you doing? Wow. I just never realized you're really pretty when you're about to fall off a building. Wait, I know that look. That's that same longing puppy dog stare you give Paulina. Who's Paulina? That's a pleasant side effect. Honestly, it was a little creepy. Sam... Okay, even the part of me that's kind of liking the attention is really freaked out by this. It doesn't matter just so long as we have each other. Snap out of it! You don't really feel that way about me and I don't feel that way about you. And why are you still wearing those Fenton phones I gave you? Danny, they're not even real earrings.  Does this mean that we're breaking up? Don't you get it, Danny? That's why I haven't been affected by Ember's music. I've been wearing the Fenton phones the whole time. So we're not breaking up? How can we be breaking up? We were never together!  What are you looking at? Sam, how could you? How? Hey, get away from her! Ah, she tastes like geek! Ah, it tastes like fail! Danny, I'm so sorry. You and Dash, but we were... No, Ember did that. It's just so hard because part of me... part of me really liked this and... Are you okay? No, I feel like my heart's been ripped out. But I know who I can take it out on!  You're never under Ember's spell. But these two best friends get into their fair share of arguments. How about a thank you, huh?  She would if she wanted me to come to her party. Danny, I swear, there are days I wish I had never even met you! It's not about what I want. It's about what your little friend wants.  And so she has wished it! Last night I wished Danny had never met me, which means he never got his powers. Danny, you gotta listen to me! Trying to fix Sam's wish led to fake out make out number two. What's going on down there? Man, your dad, you gotta change back to normal. Change back? How? I don't know, you just think about it or something. A fake out make out? Yeah, I know. Sam and Danny both realized how important they are to each other. I never realized how different my life would have been if I hadn't met you.  Can we forget it ever happened? So you have wished it, so shall it be. I'm right here! It's pretty clear that Sam wants to be more than just friends with Danny, but she's keeping her crush a secret. You like him. Uh, hello? He's my best friend. I'm sure he is, but if you like him, I mean, like him, like him, make a move. Because if you don't, somebody will. Danny starts hanging out with Valerie, who, by the way, is actually a ghost hunter bent on destroying Danny Phantom in her free time. Is he nuts? Even though he has to keep his ghost side a secret, Danny seems pretty serious about Val. If you really like this girl Danny, you should let her know and give her something like this. A class ring? A girlfriend's not a girlfriend until you give her a class ring, Danny. It also says, I think you could be the girl I fight ghosts with. At least I did it with your mom. I don't know how appropriate that is for you. You'd be surprised. I can give her this? Only if she's special. I'm sure Sam will love it. It's not for Sam. Of course it's not. You guys are just friends. They even had it engraved. You sure about this? Well, she said she'd give up ghost hunting. For me. Besides, I like her and she likes me back. Isn't it supposed to be that simple? Clueless. Danny? Wow. I'm glad you're here. I wanted to ask you something. Actually, me first. Danny, I've had a lot of fun these last few days, but my life's way too complicated right now to be anything other than friends. Just friends? But I thought... I thought too. But there's something important I have to do and I don't want you to get hurt because of it. Besides, it's not like you were going to give me some lame class ring, right? Yeah, right. Can you hang on to this? Dump them, huh? Apparently. Goth girl making her move? Doubt it. Tucker's right once again. Because someone else catches Sam's eye. Seriously, Danny, you need to let go. It was over between you and Valerie before it really began. Yeah, I know, but it's not easy. I mean, do you guys realize what it's like to like somebody you can't be with? Do you, Sam? Huh? Do you? All I know is you'll never catch me going googly-eyed over some... Oh, my. This is Gregor, an exchange student visiting us from... Hungry? No, thank you. I've already eaten.  Bye! So, did you actually eat? I doubt there's anything I would like to eat here. I don't eat anything with a face on it because I'm ultra-recyclovegetarian. Ultra-recyclovegetarian? Danny has to figure out why he's so jealous of Gregor and Sam. You do not like me because you want to protect your friend Sam. And I respect this. It's not just that. You like her more than just friends? Well, you hesitate, which means you are unsure. I am not, and I'm going to ask her out. Wait, Sam, is something I must tell you right here and now. Okay, what? You have little tiny strand of spaghetti hanging from your lip right here. Do anything fun last night? I don't know, just hung out with Gregor. What are you doing? I don't know, just checking for pimples, dimples, spaghetti sauce. Spaghetti? Were you spying on me? I told you it was a bad idea to spy on her. Nice. You used your ghost powers to spy on me? You've really crossed the line. Not you, I was spying on Gregor. He's so obviously working with the guys in white. Oh, so that's it. The only way a boy could like me is if it was part of a plot to get you? Ego much? Hey, Sam, you want to? Whatever it is, yes. Turns out, Gregor was a little too good to be true. I will not mince words, Sam. I like you, and I would like to go steady. With me? With you, and not with your losing friend, Tucker. Tucker may be annoying, but he's one of my best friends. He's part of the package. Do you think something, Gregor? Dude, hello? Dude, do you ever stop talking?  Idiot!  Oh, darn it. Wait a minute, you were faking it? The accent and liking Tucker just to get on my good side? Uh, I'm a guy, hello.  I never should have betrayed your trust by spying on you and your boyfriend. Ugh, he's not my boyfriend. I dumped him as soon as I figured out that you were right about him being a phony. Apparently, that is the only way a boy can like me. That's totally not true.   Why am I still talking? I am such a spaz. Still friends? Psh, the best. To recap, Danny and Sam blush every time their hands touch. They've had not one but two fake-out make-outs, and they're incredibly important to each other. I couldn't imagine my life without you. Or Tucker. So what could possibly keep these two from finally getting together? Oh, yeah. That'll do it. Danny steps up to save the world as Danny Phantom, but first, he and Sam need to talk. It's the ring you were going to give Valerie. You asked me to hold it, remember? Something tells me it was really meant for me.  If you promise, then... then I know I'll see you again. If we make it through this... When we make it through this? Right. When we make it through this, I have a few things I need to talk to you about. I think I'd be willing to listen. And no matter how this thing ends, this whole ride we've been on together, I wouldn't change it for the world. Not one bit. Me neither. I save the world more often. Saving the world changed a lot of things for Danny Phantom, but it could never change how Danny and Sam get together.  Probably the biggest in the world. Yeah, it's weird, huh? They'll probably get pretty busy. What else is now? And I probably won't see much of you anymore. Oh, I wouldn't count on that. Sam, I could never have done any of this without you. And I don't care what's coming next. I just hope that whatever it is, you're there to share it with me. I will be. I have my own way of doing things. That's what I'm counting on. What do you say? Want to go for a ride? See where the future takes us? Why not? Let us know in the comments.


Hey guys, it's Tilly and today I'm here with the wonderful Tanika from Flipping Truth Pages. Hi! We have created our very own book tag and it's called Bookmas Book Tag and it involves seven questions about Christmas! Yay! So you're festive! Christmas tag! We'll say like a question and then each of us will take turns in answering it. Yes, we'll have different books between us because we have different opinions. Question one, what book do you hope Santa leaves you under your tree this Christmas? Who's got a first name with you? Obviously on the naughty list. Hey, the suit is as rock. I want under my Christmas tree a book that many of you probably want and that is A Court of Wings and a Ruin which is a third book in the A Court of One and a Rosa series by Sarah J. Marce and yeah, excitement very much. I'm so excited to like for the cover review as well. Oh my god. That's gonna have to be coming soon. And mine is Straight to the Dreamer by Laini Taylor because I need that in my life so bad and like everyone on Twitter is getting arks at the moment and I can't deal with life. Form of torture. It is. It's like I was saying them and I'm like I want it. I hate arks and at the same time I love them. Like when somebody else gets them it's like why? And then you get them and it's just like woo! Question number two is if you could give only one book as a present, what book would it be and to who? So the book I'm going with for this question is Simon vs The Homo Sapiens Agenda by Becky Albertalli. A happy like fun cute read. Simon. I know. So like whether you're in a happy mood or a sad mood or any kind of mood I think everyone should read this because it will make you just so happy and smile the entire time. It's the perfect. I love it. Perfect. And I would surprise surprise do the book thief by Marcus Duzet. She copied my answer. It's cause it's a good answer but everybody should read the book thief because it's once again another perfect book and it's kind of a life changing book. So read it. It's amazing. Question number three is what books go on the naughty list? So these are basically bad books that you've read. I have three books each that we think goes on the naughty list this year and first one is Nerve by Jan Ryan and this became a movie with Emma Roberts and Dave Franco. And so like I was so excited because the trailer was awesome. So I was like cool. I read the book. Yeah the movie is much better. The book was a real let down. So that's a naughty book. Second one. I did like this book but they did this trope that I really hate in it and so it's going on the naughty list because it was bad, bad. And there's The Winner's Kiss by Maria Rotkowski. If you guys have read it you know exactly what I'm talking about but I won't spoil it. I have. Yeah well you'll know. And lastly I have The Diabolik by S.J. King Cade. This was recently released in November. Something like that you know. Yeah and this although it's an amazing sci-fi book the world winning in it is absolutely amazing. The storyline for me about half way through just kind of dropped and I didn't enjoy it so that goes naughty. The books on my naughty list first of all is like one of my most hated series of all time ever and that is Halo by Alexandra Aronero. I haven't read the last book in this series because I don't want to like torture myself. But basically I just found this really problematic.  I think it's like really really sexist as well. I can't, I can't deal at all. Naughty. It does my head in. It's very naughty.  Oh yeah. And again this is just another series that I could not finish because like I read up to book three I think.   And yeah not very nice people at all. And the last book that is on my naughty list is Truth Witch by Susan Dennard. While I had a lot of potential I didn't really enjoy it. Like I thought it was super over-hyped and here the book is now covering Tilly's face. She's become a book. But I hate them. And number four is what books go on the nice list which is good books that you have read this year. And there are plenty. I had to narrow this down to just four books because you know yeah it's a good book. The first one obviously we both love it. That is Gemina by Amy Kaufman and Jay Kristoff. This is the second in the Illuminae files. The first one is Illuminae. So this book is absolutely amazing. It has got like characters that are great plot that's great. The way that it's written to is really fast paced and you guys will just tear through it. It is this savage song by Victoria Schwab. I wasn't sure if she had the video or not. I really liked this. And it's one of those books that when I was reading it I enjoyed it. And I'm still thinking about it and I still really enjoy it. So that's good. And the second one comes out next year. Like most book series that. Most book series I've looked at you. I caught up Mr. and Piri by Sarah J. Marz. And this is another like favorite book. So of course it's going on the nice list. And lastly for another well-loved book. Amazing. Phenomenal. Definitely one of the best books of 2016. Cricket Kingdom by Leigh Bardugo. I love it so much. It's so crazy.  I love it. And I'm okay with it. My piles all over the place. So the books that I have on my nice list. It's first of all The Pause by John Larkin. And those of you who maybe watch my channel would know how much I'm obsessed with this book. It is about a boy named Declan. And he ends up teetering on the edge of committing suicide. And it really explores depression in a really, really like realistic, raw kind of way. It's so well done. Like it's one of my favorite books ever. I loved it so much. Definitely on my nice list. And the second book on my nice list is A Daughter of Smoke and Bone by Laney Taylor. And... Laney Taylor. Taylor. Good to have every day of your time. Yeah, I love Laney Taylor. I love Laney Taylor so much. She's one of my all-time favorite authors. I think everyone needs to read this book. Because characters are amazing. The world-building is amazing. The plot is amazing. And just amazing. This whole book is amazing. Read it. Yeah. Do it. And the last book on my nice list is Six of Crows by Lee Bardugo. So good. I just recently read both this and Crooked Kingdom.  Like, I'm obsessed with all of the characters. Yeah, you can't not. But if none of you have read it, you totally should because it's totally worth the read. It's worth the hype. I think that in any of these books in this pile that you guys have to read, I would say Six of Crows. Question number five is which characters would you guys invite over for Christmas dinner? Can you imagine having one big party with all of our chosen characters? Because we've all got pretty decent ones there. We wouldn't be partying. We'd just be eating.  This was really hard because there are so many characters that I love but not necessarily good for a dinner party. So I'm going to go with Rosa Hathaway from the Vampire Academy series just because I want to be best friends with her. Yes. I love her. She's funny and she's badass. And if she's on your side, you've got the best friend. It's the best thing ever. If she was on your side. Yeah. Definitely Rosa Hathaway. And then there is Zuzanna from the Daughter of Smoke and Bone series as well. And I know I just mentioned this but I think Zuzanna would be so entertaining and so funny at a dinner party and she'd just be the perfect friend to have them because she'd make you laugh as well. Yes. Which I think is super important. She does. And lastly. Just the same book. I'm getting lifted back up. Another repeat is Nina from Six of Crows and Crooked Kingdom. Nina loves food. I love food. Everyone loves food. Everyone loves food. Especially at Christmas. So why not? She'd be like the perfect dinner. Yes. I would have Nina. I would have someone who would be a real good person to have that are bad. Kind of like Rosa Hathaway. I hope they'd be on my side. And that is Laurent from Captive Prince. Have you read this? Not yet. Oh my god. I own it but I... It's like it's good. Like the first book is a bit like weird. And then the second and third book is absolutely amazing. But like Laurent is like this really smart character who just does so many mind games. But it'd be so fun to be his friend and like be in on the mind games and watch it. Then I would also pick Lysandra from Throne of Glass. To me she is very much like Nina from Six of Crows and since we all love her we're gonna love Lysandra too. Lysandra is awesome. Let's be real. Yeah. If you don't like Lysandra then what are you guys doing? I would have thrown from the Lunar Chronicles as my last guest because he is hilarious and we loved him lots and he would just be so fun to have there. I think he's like one of those characters that would be nice enough to like, you know, help bring out the food and then take the food away and wash the dishes and stuff. Perfect dinner party. Yes. Question number six is pick two favorite characters. What gift would they give each other? So the two characters I would pick are from Six of Crows. If you can't tell as soon as I thought of Six of Crows I couldn't stop thinking of Six of Crows. Six of Crows everything. I know. And Vampire Academy as well. So I'm going with Nina from Six of Crows because I love her. And Nina. And Adrian from Vampire Academy and I think they would just give each other food because Adrian's like super nice and he would like go out of his way to like cook things and bake things and all of that kind of stuff. Picture like a little apron. Yeah. Yeah.  Yeah. Exactly. Totally wear that. Yeah. Like homemade baked goods. And then I think Nina would just give him food that she wants to eat. Yeah. Like do you want to share this? Yeah. Got me this cake. Yeah. But I want half. I think that's what she would be like. My characters. I chose Liza from the Book Thief because of course the Book Thief look at that beautiful. And I also chose Kell from A Darker Shade of Magic by Victoria Schwab because you know we love him. I think that Kell would obviously get Liza a book. He would smuggle one through the little magical places the different London's and give her that like amazing book and she'll be so thankful for it. And I think that Liza like would either steal him a book or make him a book that's like about magic. Like she'd write a book about him. Yeah. Or maybe like somehow steal a cape from somewhere. Like I don't know. She would steal it. Yeah. But I think that like they'd both be pretty happy with that. Yeah. Yeah. So question seven. The final question of this tag and it is pass along the gift of giving and tag your friends. So we have five people we're going to tag on the video and then we'll tag a bunch of other ones on the comments because we want so many of you guys to do this video. We want to see your faces on the camera. We're really happy about this series. Yes. Yes. Oops. Not from happy comes first. Chammy from Read Like Wildfire. Kacia from Books K. Kaz from Little Book L. And Emma from Emma Books. And the rest of you will be down below. Check it out. Check it out. And I'll also leave a link to Nika's channel because she's amazing and you guys need to go watch her videos so you can see more of this face and more of Six of Crows and Lani Taylor. Lani Tayna. Tayna. Sorry Tayna. We will also be doing a video about Nika's channel and it will be. The we'll be doing the Birdie Box Every Flavor Bean Challenge on my channel is going to be a gross time. I'm not looking forward to it. Jelly beans that have vomit flavor and earwax and dirt and grass and tons of yum stuff. So ready. So ready for it. But I will leave a link to the video so you guys can go and watch that. What is most likely going to be a mess but a fun mess. Thank you guys for watching and I hope you guys have enjoyed this tag and hopefully you guys will do it too. Thank you for letting me on your channel. Oh god come all the time. It's so much fun when it starts to rain. So many collabs because we're in the same city. It's coming guys. You just wait for it. We're just going to keep coming up with ideas and actually joining in and avoiding the heat. Thank you guys for watching. See you again soon and until then have a lovely bookish day and hopefully great things happen to you. Bye.


Not confirms it, not confirms it, why your friend is gonna go crazy. Alrighty, I have an awesome construction or deconstruction update for you guys. Those updates seem to be very popular on this channel lately and I couldn't be more jealous reporting from a park that is super warm and doesn't have a lot of snow or negative 30 with wind chill temperatures right now. I'm going absolutely insane here in Canada. Anyways, let's get right to it. You guys don't care about where I live and how cold it is. So as you can see, a crane is on site. The crane is also active. This was filmed on Saturday. They are tearing Guasi down. So in the footage, you can see them carefully lifting pieces of Guasi off of the coaster. You don't get too good of angles of it, but there's definitely signs of deconstruction going on and it doesn't look like it's a very quick process that's going to occur. This is day one of deconstruction, so I can't make a firm judgment on that yet, but they're definitely working on deconstructing Guasi. This is what people have been waiting for. So we're going to start to see work moving forward, which is super exciting. I feel like everyone's been waiting. We've been waiting, waiting so patiently for stuff and things to occur and it's finally happening. The crane is lifting one piece off the track. I can't believe I'm reporting on one piece being lifted off the track, but this is that project that's going to be watched and everyone's been waiting. I had to make a video on it. So hopefully you guys really enjoy the Guasi construction update and seeing that deconstruction has officially started. We also have a Tigris construction update for you guys as well. So that coaster is coming along really nicely as you're about to see, but I definitely am curious as to how quickly they're going to work on demolishing Guasi, the portions that they need to. Again, RMC, they don't demolish the whole coaster. They usually go in and remove the parts that they're going to modify. So that's going to be super cool. But as you can see, Tigris is also off to a great start. So this thing's made a lot of progress since the last update that we did. Tigris is definitely heading on up to the tall portion of the coaster. And I'm actually really loving the color scheme. I know I did say that earlier. I love the color scheme on this. I really want to see more orange and black coasters out there. I know when Wonderland did the bat color scheme as orange and black, I loved it and I really like it on this as well. So this coaster is definitely moving along nicely. I wonder when it's going to open. I don't have any information on an opening date yet. If you know an opening date, comment down below because I would love to know when this is going to open. But this is going to look really nice. I'm excited to see the area around it. Definitely making lots of progress on this coaster. Can't wait to see what it's going to look like station wise and theming wise in the area. I know I'm not going to, I'm not expecting too much because it is a smaller scale coaster, but Busch Gardens always does an amazing job when it comes to theming and I cannot wait to see this thing. If I had to predict, this coaster looks like it could be done within a month. If I were to make a wild prediction as of right now, I'm going to guess around a month that we'll see this done. I would have liked to have seen it moved along a little quicker. It was a slow start, but it definitely looks like it's definitely making a huge leap. Anyways, hope you guys really enjoyed this construction update. Don't forget to hit that like button, subscribe if you haven't, and share this video for others to enjoy. Thanks for watching guys. Have a great one. Bye.


Hello and welcome back to the craft box. My name is Brent and today we are on episode 83 of the completionist crafters series today We are crafting the balustrade small castle block As always everything you need is on screen And it's here in the shopping district. We get it from void which is nice not too far to go But yeah, it is furniture. This is the one that we crafted last time. So we'll compare the sizes I guess is the best way to do this But where is it balustrade it's small you need seven glass vials Which you can get from the celestia reagent vendor, which I just went and got a whole bunch of now five water lilies I recommend transmitting cat tails Leather scraps I recommend finding them in the bizarre but I am trying to work on a good way to get leather straps because I am running out of them myself and Three storm sharks, which you can get again from the bizarre create that bad boy noise lovely Let's place it down next to this one and see what it looks like it is Similar size or similar in shape except it is slightly smaller obviously So yeah fits basically the same as But yeah, that is all for today. Thank you for watching remember to leave a like and subscribe if you're a subscribe press To a little bell soon on exactly when I post another video and remember to craft outside the box


One of the most common questions I get from Linux users is, hey, how can I contribute to my favorite Linux distribution? Maybe I don't know any programming so I can't contribute code or artwork. Maybe I only speak one language so I can't contribute translation. Maybe I'm not financially well enough to where I can support financially through donations either. What else can I do? One of the best things you can contribute is bandwidth.  They typically are the ones that really struggle with bandwidth calls and what you can do is go to distrowwatch.com. They actually have a torrent archive page so any of their recent releases, if those releases of Linux distributions had a torrent link, they'll give you the torrent link. Start seeding some of those ISOs because again, especially the smaller Linux distributions out there, one of the biggest costs to them is bandwidth and trust me, it's a small thing but it really helps. These guys.


Hello, and welcome to this edition of Quality of Life. I'm your host, Dave Augustine. Today, our episode deals with orthopedics, and helping us discuss that topic is Dr. David Michaelizak from Lakeshore Orthopedics. Welcome to show Dr. Michaelizak. Thanks for having me. Just to get off started, your specialty is carpal tunnel with the hand in the wrist, correct? Correct. OK, wonderful. How long have you been in the field of orthopedics? Well, I've been practicing for just over five years now. I came straight out of training and went to Manitowoc, Lakeshore Orthopedics. And we also have an office here in Sheboygan. So I've been practicing just over five years. OK. With that, I'm sure you had some education that you had to go through first. As far as that goes, could you expand on the types of education that you've gone through? Yeah, I grew up here in Plymouth, so Sheboygan County native. I went to undergrad at the University of Notre Dame. And I did my medical school at Loyola in Chicago. I stayed there for orthopedic residency, which is five more years. And then I did an extra year of hand surgery fellowship in Cincinnati. Nice. So when you went into orthopedics, or spent more generally a surgeon, is there additional education that you have to go through versus you go through being doctor school, obviously? Then you've got all these other things to add on. Yeah, med school is four years. And then you pick what you want to go into. And if you pick a surgical field, whether it's general surgery or orthopedics or a variety of other ones, those are usually longer residencies. So orthopedics is five years, whereas family practice and some of the other ones are as little as three years. So there's a varying length of residency. That's the major difference. And then during residency, I choose to do hand and wrist fellowship. So that's an extra year of training. So within orthopedics, you can choose spine, foot and ankle, tumor, trauma, sports medicine, hand and wrist. There's a lot of variety that you can choose to subspecialize. So I went into the hand and wrist. OK, and that brings me to my next question. With orthopedics, what part of the body does it all affect and what is usually affected when it comes to that? So orthopedics is the bones. And it's pretty much all the bones except the head. So there's different specialties, whether it's the hand up to the elbow for hand and wrist, there's shoulder elbow surgeons, there's sports doctors who do knees and shoulders, joint replacement surgeons do hip and knee replacements, foot and ankle surgeons. So it pretty much covers all the bones except the head. That's up to the neurosurgeons. Sure. Now as a surgeon, do you have to recertify every so often? Yeah, you have to pass your initial boards. There's a set of written boards. And then there's oral boards for orthopedics. And then every 10 years, you have to recertify. OK. Getting into your specialty, carpal tunnel, the hand and the wrist, what is carpal tunnel? So carpal tunnel is a pinched nerve at the wrist. The median nerve is tight, basically. And it develops for a lot of various reasons, some of which we don't, most of the time, we don't know why it develops. And it leads to numbness and tingling in the fingers and pain. And people have symptoms at night and driving, using instruments, stuff like that. So it's a very common, very common problem. Now, is carpal tunnel the same thing as carpal tunnel syndrome? Yes. OK, I just wanted to clarify that for our viewers when you hear it. Yeah. Because I know, is it a fairly new thing? Or has this been around for quite a while? It's been around forever. Yeah, it's been around forever. A lot of people think it's related to activity, whether it's job related or using a computer. Some studies have shown some jobs can be related with carpal tunnel. But a lot of times, we don't know a specific cause. It happens to people that don't do those jobs, too. But yeah, it's been around for a long time. It's not new, but it's very common. So a lot of people know a little bit about it. OK. Where, on the wrist and arm, would I mostly feel pain for carpal tunnel? So usually, it's the nerve is tight here. So you'll feel pain that shoots up the arm on this side and up into the fingers. And usually, these three fingers, sometimes part of the ring finger, the small finger, a different nerve goes to the small finger. So it's usually not involved. OK. What are the different ways that you can treat carpal tunnel syndrome? Well, we often start with nonoperative treatment. Splints that you wear at night to keep your wrist straight. If you're sleeping and your wrist is moving back and forth, that can put pressure on the nerves. So the splints try and help that. Occasionally, we'll do therapy or cortisone injection to try and calm down the symptoms. And then if nothing works and the symptoms are persistent, then we'd talk about surgery. Surgery, OK. Will carpal tunnel go away by itself? It can. If people have a mild form, it's also very common with pregnancy. That goes away typically after they deliver the baby. Most of the time, however, it is calm at first, and then it gets more severe over time and more consistent. So a lot of the time, it doesn't go away. But sometimes it does. How many surgeries would you say you do on average in a year's time? In a year, between five and 600. Wow. Is it a real invasive type surgery or is it a pretty quick outpatient type? It's very quick. Yeah, the incision is small. It's only a couple centimeters in length. People get a little sedation.  It only takes a few minutes for me to do a carpal tunnel. They wake up. They have a soft dressing and they're out the door pretty quickly. OK. What if someone would just, for whatever reason, let their carpal tunnel go? They don't want to get it treated. They're afraid. What can happen? Well, the problems can become permanent. If it's severe carpal tunnel and it's been there for years, you can get atrophy of the muscles, some of the muscles in the hand, and that will not get better even after a surgery. And the numbness and tingling can be permanent, too. OK. Is there anything that one can do to prevent getting carpal tunnel? Not really. No. Not really. Because most of the time, we don't know what causes it. So it's hard to prevent it. Usually when you notice the symptoms, it's good to get into be seen right away and start treatment with splints to try and get it to calm down on its own before we start talking about more invasive treatment. But as far as prevention, not necessarily. So on all the topics I've had on the show, for once it's not due to weight or my diet or anything like that. Not necessarily. It can be related to diabetes, which is can be related to diet and to take care of yourself. So there are some associations with that. But usually it's what we call idiopathic doesn't really have a specific cause. OK. What about age? Is that a factor? Yes. I mean, we don't see it in teenagers or 20-year-olds. But once you start getting to 30, 40-year-olds, we see it from them all the way through the rest of life. So it's a little more common in the 40, 50-year-old population. But we do see it throughout the range of adulthood. So with orthopedics, there's a specialty of obviously you said the bones and all of that. So you actually, when you go in, if you have to, is it a matter of just freeing up enough space so the nerve isn't pinched? Or do you actually have to move the nerve or do anything like that? It's giving the nerve more space. So there's a really tight ligament over the top of the nerve, so that's what we divide. And once you divide it, then the space opens up and the nerve can breathe and heal itself. So for this particular problem, we don't have to touch the nerve or move the nerve or anything like that, just giving it space. How long does a procedure like that usually take? It takes me five minutes. Five minutes, and it's all done. Probably more for the prep work and recovery than there is for the actual procedure. Right, wow. Flipping the arm over a little bit, I know another thing is tendonitis. And I know one thing I've got is a problem. Right in here, just below the elbow, as far as that goes, where it's probably just as painful as carpal tunnel. And there, too, what causes that? That's more overuse, repetitive use. It's typically lateral epicondylitis or tennis elbow. They're the same thing. And I see a lot in my workers' population, people doing repetitive work on the lines in the factories, a lot of twisting and manipulating parts. And that just causes inflammation and pain where the tendon that extends your wrists attaches to the elbow. So that's where the cause of the problem is. OK. There again, too, what are some of the ways that that can be treated? That's usually treated nonoperatively. There's a surgery for it, but it's pretty rare. So it's usually treated with therapy, cortisone injections, anti-inflammatories, trying to avoid the activities that aggravate it. And usually it gets better with time, but it can take months for it to calm down. Now I know there's been a few times where I've been treated with physical therapy where I have to do my exercises with the weights and all of that. So I guess with exercises and physical therapy, why doesn't it aggravate it? Or how does it help versus aggravating it more? Well, the exercises should be stretching out that muscle to try and get it to calm down. You don't want to do activity that aggravates it. So once it calms down, then you have to build up the strength. So some of the strength thing comes into play. But a lot of therapy is ultrasound treatments and different stuff like that to calm down the inflammation first before building up the strength. Sure. So like I said with that, again, there are some things that I can do either in general practices or everyday routines or exercises to help prevent it. Yeah, there are stretching exercises that you can do to stretch out those muscles on your own. But it's really more avoiding the activities that aggravate it, that repetitive twisting, turning. It's usually worse when your arm is straight. When your elbow is bent, it's a little better. So that usually helps more. It's just avoiding those activities that aggravate it. OK. Throughout the years have either condition changed or has it been pretty much the same throughout the years? Or has our activities changed, moving more into the computer realm and little games and phones and all of that? Have you seen an increase or has the change? There's not much studies on that yet, as far as texting and phones and carpal tunnel. It's still a relatively new phenomenon, but it hasn't really been borne out to cause more carpal tunnel. More people are active older because people are healthier now, so we see just more older people doing more activities so that can cause both the carpal tunnel and the tennis elbow. But otherwise, they're both pretty consistent over the years as to how often they occur. How have the treatments changed over the years through technology or just new procedures? Well, we have a lot less minimally invasive stuff. The incisions for carpal tunnel release now are much smaller. Some people do them through a scope, which is a smaller incision. So there's less recovery after surgery, just less healing, less dissection. The incisions used to be really large on the hand. Now they're very small. So that's probably the biggest change. And then for tennis elbow, it's more of the therapy modalities and ultrasound treatments and they make minimally invasive stuff that you can do for that through the ultrasound machine to treat it too. So technology has helped for both. Cortisol and shots, do they help for carpal tunnel as well or is that pretty much just tennis elbow that word that's good for? They can help with carpal tunnel, but it's usually temporary. It's usually not a permanent or long-term solution. Some people do get months of relief from it. I typically use it in carpal tunnel. If somebody has an EMG test, which is a nerve test, that comes back and it's not quite, it's borderline, a cortisone shot can be diagnostic. If the patient gets better with cortisone, it's a good sign that they'll get better with surgery. But it can help, but it's usually temporary. Okay. Could you explain how a cortisone shot really works and where it actually gets administrated to? So cortisone's an anti-inflammatory. So it works on a molecular level to try and decrease those inflammatory cells in the area. And so most of the time we're injecting it right into the area that hurts the most. So for tennis elbow, you push on the elbow and if it hurts, that's where you inject it to try and get it to calm down. So it's like taking an anti-inflammatory pill, but it goes right to the source. It doesn't go up through your bloodstream. So does it, is it injected directly into the muscle or the nerve or is it actually into the bone or by the bone? It's into the tendon, which is right by the bone. So the tendon attaches to the muscle. The tendon is where the muscle attaches to the bone and that's the problem for tennis elbow. So that's right where you put the injection. So it's right by the bone. You can't inject into the bone, but sometimes it feels like it. Sometimes they're a little uncomfortable, but that's where you put it. As I know, I've had a couple of shots of cortisone in the elbows, but also in the shoulder when I had, finally I had shoulder surgery or rotator cuff, but went to the doctor. He says, I'll give you a shot of cortisone. And he came up with a needle that looked about this long. And then when he says, going through the back, and I just said to him and I looked down, I says, if that thing comes out, my front of my side of my shoulder, we're gonna have a problem here, I think. So it was kind of intimidating a little bit. Just like with a dentist, you know, they come with a needle that long and it disappears and you don't know where it's going. Yeah, needles sometimes really scare patients. Usually mine are very small because I don't have to go that deep in the hand. But yeah, they can be a little intimidating. What are some of the risk factors? Risk factors, diabetes, like you mentioned, if people have thyroid problems that can lead to carpal tunnel. Those are the two biggest risk factors. For tennis elbow, it's more of the activity. It's activity related and what you're doing with your arm that causes it. Okay. Let's say if I have a surgery or I go ahead, yes, I'm gonna have a surgery or whatever treatments, whatever, are there any risk factors associated with each of those? For needing surgery? Right. Not necessarily, it's just if it doesn't get better with the other stuff. You know, if we try the splinting therapy, cortisone, all that stuff and it doesn't get better than surgery is an option for both problems. It's much more common to do carpal tunnel release than to do surgery for the tennis elbow. Sure. It's a more common problem and then the tennis elbow usually responds better to conservative treatment. Okay, nice. If I wanted to, let's say, I've got this problem. When should I go see an orthopedic versus maybe just go see a regular doctor? You know, if I feel, you know, it just doesn't feel right or it's starting to hurt more and more? Yeah, it's personal choice. A lot of people have good relationships with their family physician and I get a lot of referrals from the family physician when it gets to the point where splints aren't helping or they've gotten an EMG and it shows that it's pretty bad. That's usually when I get the referral. But you could start by just calling, you know, the office and making an appointment straight away. Sometimes your insurance companies require a referral. Referral. So you have to look at that too. Yeah. Can only orthopedic surgeons or somebody who's certified in orthopedics give cortisone shots or can any general physician? Any general physician can. A lot of times in the hand I feel like a lot of the family practice doctors aren't as comfortable maybe as they used to be just with all the anatomy and the arteries, nerves, stuff like that. So I don't see a lot of people already having had a cortisone shot for carpal tunnel or in the hand. But a lot of them have for the elbow but anybody can, any physician can. Okay. I'm gonna kind of throw you a curve ball here a little bit. Chiropractors. Mm-hmm. Is there any treatments that possibly, you know, they're manipulating the bones and the structures and everything. Any treatments that possibly a chiropractor could do which may help relieve some of the pains? I think there are. I don't know too much about chiropractics myself just because it's a different field. It's a different field, right? But yes, I always, you know, if patients want it I encourage it. Basically whatever helps them feel better. Certainly with tennis elbow it's very similar to therapy in different things they can do with the exercises around the elbow to help that tendon calm down. With carpal tunnel there are some things with, you know, tendon gliding and stuff again, very similar to therapy. But I don't know too much about specific chiropractic. There's not much they can do to give the nerve more room. Really, that's a surgical issue at that point because it's just a physical barrier. But, you know, I tell patients certainly you can try it if it helps, that's great. Okay. With tennis elbow and even with carpal tunnel, I'll ask, you know, there's some ointments you can get like let's say, icy hot. Bend gay, those deep heat type treatments, do they do any good? They can help with some of the symptoms. The bend gay type of stuff is really a kind of a pain masking thing. It doesn't treat the inflammation. They do make some topical anti-inflammatories that are gels that you can put on there that will actually treat it a little better. And sometimes we use that. Some patients have problems taking anti-inflammatory pills because their stomach gets upset and so sometimes we'll try topicals for that. Okay. So the good old thing of just take some ibuprofen and call me in the morning really doesn't apply all the time. Doesn't always work. You know, you can start with that, you can try it certainly and if it works, fine. But a lot of people get to the point where that just isn't helping and that's usually when they show up in my office. Yeah, that's when they should call instead of, well, I'll just take three ibuprofen, four ibuprofen. More isn't always better. No, no, you're just gonna have problems with your stomach.  So can you tell us about some of the tests that you do? Like you mentioned some of the new modalities that have come up. Can you give us some explanations on those? Well, the big test for a carpal tunnel is called an EMG or nerve conduction velocity test. Usually a neurologist or a physiatrist does it and that's where they test the nerves going down the arm and if a nerve is pinched, you can measure that. And so it gives you numbers to help quantify how bad the carpal tunnel may be. So that's the big test for carpal tunnel. The diagnosis is usually made on a history and physical exam, but the EMG can help augment that. For tennis elbow, I do get X-rays on everybody to make sure there's no arthritis in the joint or a bony problem underneath that's causing it. MRIs are usually not necessary to make the diagnosis. So usually that's more physical exam. What ultrasounds do you use, any of that? Yeah, my partners do. We have Sports Medicine, a family practice doctor who uses ultrasound to look at the tendon and she also does a minimally invasive procedure. And a lot of times I'll do that for tennis elbow before doing surgery as I'll refer patients to her just because it's a little easier recovery than an open surgery. You just bring up a good point or a question that I wanna bring up is you mentioned sports medicine versus everyday work versus computer work or whatever. I'll see kind of being more specialized these days. Where, how do I know where I would go to? If I come to you and let's say if it's a sports related something I did or whatever, would you treat it or would you get your partner involved or how does that all work? There's some overlap. Usually, I cover everything from the fingertip to the elbow. The elbow is kind of one of those overlap areas. A lot of sports medicine doctors will see the tennis elbow and some of the more repetitive use type of injuries about the elbow. Once you get down into the hand and wrist you don't see a lot of sports medicine doctors taking care of that stuff. It just gets a little too intricate and it's pretty specialized at that level. Plus just about anything can happen.  Right, yeah, the injury, you know whether it's a fracture or something like that the injury doesn't necessarily care whether you did it during sports or at work or on the ice or whatever. So usually the hand and wrist stuff usually comes to me. Sports medicine doctors don't see that type of stuff. Okay, what's the average recovery time? You know, if I say I go in I got carpal tunnel real bad and we do the surgery. When can I start feeling the relief and where I'm actually back to normal? So the first thing that gets better is symptoms at night. It's very common for people to have problems at night and they gotta wake up and they shake their hand out. Most patients say that gets better the day of surgery and then the numbness tingling varies as to when it gets better. Sometimes it's a couple days, sometimes it's weeks depending on the severity before a surgery. So I see patients back two weeks after surgery. A lot of them are doing much better. Some of them are completely better and some of them just need more time. So it's anywhere from two weeks to, you know sometimes six weeks and the real bad ones can take a while.  It's very rare to have to go back. Usually carpal tunnel release is a permanent fix. Sometimes I see people that have had carpal tunnel 20, 30 years ago and they did well with it and then it comes back for whatever reason. Usually when you release that ligament over the nerve you'll get scar tissue that forms but it's usually at a bigger volume so the nerve has space. Occasionally people can get it back but it's pretty rare. Any chance of like, you know something like arthritis or does that play into a factor at all? Well arthritis, the wrist joint is just underneath where the nerve goes through. So if you have swelling of the soft tissues from arthritis that can put pressure on the nerve and cause it. Usually they're two separate problems but they can be related. Okay. Turning a little bit to, you know the types of surgeries and whatever like years ago like you said they lay you wide open just about. And now they have procedures like arthroscopic and is there endoscopic? Yep. Could you go into those two a little bit as far as what they all entail? Yeah, so arthroscopic means you're going into a joint with a scope through small incisions and I do wrist scopes for a variety of different problems ligament tear or stuff like that. Endoscopic, like there's endoscopic carpal tunnel that means you're doing it through a scope but it's not necessarily in a joint. So again, smaller incision and the goal is to try and get people to recover faster just because it's less surgery. Now, you know they say a scope, what is actually a scope and what is it doing? So it's a camera and so it's got a little metal sheath with a small camera on the end and you can put it in small spaces to look at things and it's minimally invasive so it helps you don't have to make big incisions and then you make other small incisions to put instruments in so if I'm doing a wrist scope you put the camera in one hole and you put instruments in other holes to try and manipulate things and debris things and clean things up. So it's much easier than making a big incision having a lot of scar tissue, stuff like that. Okay, because I always wondered, I always thought the instruments and everything were right on the scope when they say, well, we'll go in and scope it and it's like, I don't know, I can't understand how they do that all so it's actually different instruments. Different instruments and you gotta have more than one hole to kind of get both the scope and the instruments in there. Yeah. Okay. Do you see, this is kind of the future way out but some technologies like 3D printing or the way other technologies come out, do you ever see that coming into a factor of helping with, nowadays, I'm surprised I can't even just print a new wrist or a new, as far as that goes, any experimentation with that or anything that you weren't aware of? I think most of the stuff gonna be coming out is with gene therapy and genetics, making different injections with genetics that you can inject to help with, whether it's arthritis or carpal tunnel, I think that's probably where the future lies. They haven't quite figured out that yet but that's probably what's coming is more of a genetic based treatment for stuff. Okay. If I wanted to find out more about orthopedics, just reading up on it, general information, where are some good sources I could go to? Well, our website, HFM Health slash Lakeshore Orthopedics has different stuff on both hand and wrist surgery on my page and my partner's page have good patient information. Websites like WebMD are pretty reputable. They have good information. You have to be careful with the internet and what's out there, it's filled with horror stories. Oh, come on, if it's on the internet, it's gotta be true. Yeah, you have to be a little careful. A lot of patients come in with a preconceived idea of just because of what they've read on the internet. But if you go to good websites, you'll find a lot of good information. I just brought up another point that I wanted to ask you. Do you see, with all these resources available to people and they can go to wherever on the internet, do you see people tend to self diagnose themselves? Oh yeah. And then self treat? Yeah, exactly. A lot of people have come in trying this and that and they've read it on the internet or they've known somebody that's tried it and sometimes it works. And most of the time it doesn't because they're in my office. So obviously that ends up working. And then there is factors because they try to do something for themselves. Potentially, yeah. You haven't had anybody do surgery on themselves yet, have you? No. Okay, that's a good thing. Don't do surgery on yourself. Yeah, I wouldn't recommend it. Excellent. Before we wrap, is there any final thoughts you have on what we talked about today or any advice or just final thoughts? No, I think especially with the carpal tunnel and the tennis elbow, they're both very common problems. If you're having a problem, I'd be happy to see you in my office. They're very treatable. They do get better. You don't have to suffer. A lot of patients after they've been treated wish they had done it sooner. So you don't have to wait too long. Just get in, get treated and you'll get better. Okay. Do you have an office number or if somebody wanted to contact your office for additional information? Yeah, our Sheboygan office number is 452-6124 and in Manitowoc, it's<PHONE_NUMBER>. And your website again is? It's HFMHealth slash Lakeshore Orthopedics. Appreciate it. Is that that org, I'm assuming? It's .org, yeah. .org, yeah. Okay. Dr. Michael Isaac, I'd like to thank you for having you on the show. I mean, this was very informational to me as far as that goes. So. I appreciate it. Thanks for having me. Okay. If our viewers at home would like to know any more information on this subject or have any ideas from our show, you can contact us on our website at www.wscssheboygan.com for quality of life on behalf of Dr. Michael Isaac. I'm Dave Augustine, your host. Thank you for watching.


News update. Come on, folks, this is Steve Rhodes, coming to you live from the shores of sunny Delray Beach, Florida. This year, 11-a.m. update. And currently, we have all the US indices that we track. Trading to the upside, a sea of green out there. Dow's up 6.22, a little over 2%. 2% for the S&P, or 72 points. NASDAQ about 1.5%, 172. Russell up 2.25. Summai's up 3.5%. They're trading out at 23.85. That's up 79 points. Gold's straight up 24 bucks. It's $16.96. Silver's up $1.04. That's a big move there. 7%. You've got lights we crewed up about 4%. Trade out $8,260. Natural gas's up $0.40. Looks like that wants lower price in the 30-year treasure. Two full points and 10 ticks. $1.28, $23. So we've got some big moves out there. Let's go take a look at that nine panel market update chart. Well, on Friday, what the ESM did was it negated its bottom patterns. But as we speak right now, at 11 a.m., if this were the market closed, you'd have a bullish reversal candle. Confirming another A to B equal CD to the downside. Now, you had one day closed below the bottom of its daily profile. That was on Friday. So if there's a resistance level for the ESMini, it certainly could or should be the center of that profile, 36.77. I'd be more comfortable making that statement if we had two consecutive days below the bottom of its daily profile. But I would still watch 36.77. If price can close above that, then that's a signal that price should make a move to the 3806 area. Spot follow takes still above its 50 day exponential moving average. So any surprises are gonna be to the downside inside the equity markets. The NQ, also on Friday negating its bottoming patterns, closing below the bottom of its daily profile. It is struggling right now with resistance. That is the bottom of that daily profile, 11.241. We've seen a high today of 11.230. The US dollar index, it's got a roadsman to indicator top. You can't really see that. It's gotta sell the D point top, that you can see. And price right now is dealing with the top of that daily profile. So even though it's pulling back, the key level of support to be watching is 1191, we're at 111.75, but we do get a close below 111.91. That's gonna suggest to move back into the most likely the 110.20 area. Gold, nice move out here today. It is now above the top of its daily profile, which is 1695.70. We're just slightly above it at 1697. It's dealing with its next resistance area, which is a brand new weekly profile that is forming out here. And that has resistance at 1,790 cents. We've seen 1,740 cents. Silver, nice A to B equal CD pattern. Hit it at one to one level with a wide ranging bar. That suggests we get more of a move to the upside inside of silver. Folks, stay tuned for the Trader's Edge Show. But if you'll have to start your Monday, please have a magnificent one and we'll look forward to seeing you again soon. Take care now.


The next talk is about zero correlation attacks on tweakable block ciphers with linear tweaky expansion author by Ralph Ankele, Christof Debronik, Django, Iran Lombouy, Gregor Leander and Yosuke Toto and Ralph is going to give the talk. Thanks for the introduction. So this is on zero correlation attacks of tweakable block ciphers with linear tweak expansion and Let me start with a quick introduction so tweakable block ciphers as we all know compared to normal regular block ciphers at an additional tweak value and The tweak value doesn't have to be secure. So it's a public available value But it also gives them a decade and the freedom to choose the value and use it in an attack and the goal is to Move the randomization from vertical level to block cipher level using this tweak. So How can we construct tweakable block ciphers so we can construct regular block ciphers by using modes for example ESGCM But there are also some dedicated tweakable block ciphers like skinny mantis camera and dock deoxys and Most of them are built with this tweak key framework introduced in 2014 and basically it's Key alternating block cipher like this down there, but we also have a tweak schedule where we Update the tweaks So our contributions so we analyze several tweakable block ciphers For karma and mantis we count the instead of counting the rounds we count the number of S-boxes that we can attack so we have an attack for karma for 12 S-box applications for mantis also for 12 and For skinny we can take 20 rounds for skinny 64 128 and for skinny 64 192 we can attack 23 runs and For example, it's also interesting that comparing it to impossible differential attacks where the bigger attack actually improves about impossible differential ethics So this is my Overview of the talk so I will give some preliminaries Then I will explain the zero correlation attacks and tweakable block ciphers and then I will show some applications to karma mantis and skinny So first a short reminder about how differences in linear mask are propagated in a site in a cipher So over an xor the differences a and b just sum up but an interesting part for tweakable block surfaces when The differences are the same because then they cancel out over an Brunching point they are the same and over an S-box We just can compute it the difference of distribution table and then it holds for certain probability and For linear masks it's slightly different. So when extra the masks are the same to a branching point the again Summer summer and over an S-box we can compute the linear distribution table So when we ever evaluate the security of tweakable block ciphers for differential crypto analysis What we can do is basically we can add a difference in the tweak tweak and the difference in the state and Then we can cancel the difference in the first round if they are the same and Basically, we get one runs for free If we look at the same thing in linear crypto analysis It was shown in FSE 2017 that the tweak doesn't introduce new linear characteristics. So that trick doesn't work But what was also hinted in that paper already was that the tweak adds additional restrictions Which can then be used in zero correlation attacks So zero correlation attacks were first introduced by Bogdanoff and Riemann and Basically, it says that for two given masks alpha and beta it exploits correlation of exactly zero One of the drawbacks of zero correlation attacks is that normally requires a huge data complexity and what we can see down there is basically the Zero correlation attack on foreign DS. So what we do is we have some Active masks in the in the beginning we go with probability one We do the same from from the bottom and we see that it doesn't match in the middle and it has a zero correlation So then how can we do that for tweak your block ciphers? So for tweak your block ciphers, let's start with a very basic two round tweak your block cipher So what we can do again. So over the first XR the masks have to be the same and also from from the from the other side and When we then shift the masks into the Into the tweak is cattle. We see that over the branching points. They all have to sum up and They they just give some additional restrictions in in the tweak is cattle and What we do in our attacks We also link the zero correlation attacks later to integral attacks to reduce the data complexity So in our attack, we basically take a lot of ciphers from the tweak key framework so the tweak key framework is the rationale was to Treat the tweak and the key the same way. Therefore, it's called tweaky and It's basically completely linear and and it generalizes the class of key alternating ciphers And it's a framework that can be used to design tweakable block ciphers Some in sensation of that is the SDK construction so instead of just one line with the tweak key you can have several tweak key lines and So the it uses a state update function H, which is and permutation Which is applied to each of the tweak keywords and further there is also a multiple multiplication that is different for each tweak keyword and Then we have a sub tweak key extraction function g which just exhaust the tweak keywords together and there are also some run dependent constants added for slight attacks and the g function basically reduces my tweak keywords to one and The overall goal was to reduce the implementation overhead and also to simplify the security analysis So let me shortly introduce a small toy cipher to explain the attacks better So the run function is the same as a s so it just has a key then Xbox application then shift rows and then a mix column application and for the Tweak schedule we simply just use the permutation of skinny and nothing else and also compared to skinny We extract the whole key and not just the first two rows So if we look now on serial correlation attacks of the SDK construction with just one tweak keyword What we can do is we fix an input mask and an output mask and Then we can compute something what we call the comma sequence, which is just the mask in the tweak schedule and We do that by forward and backward propagation of the input mask and output mask with probability one and What we can observe then is if we have At least one or at most one linear active value in this in this mask in this sequence and to fix the Tweak mask also to zero we get a zero correlation How does this look like so in in our toy cipher that I showed previously so compared to the far on the deck on a s if we have The same round function but now with a tweak schedule and We we do that attack we get and get them five round attack and basically we shift Property of the serial correlation from the state into the tweak schedule and what we can see is that on the left here on the right here There is just one active value and all of the other ones are zero and if we force the tweak mask to be zero then We get the serial correlation If we want to apply that to some ciphers with more tweak key lines We can basically do a similar thing What we do is we just have to compute the gamma sequence for all of all of these tweak key lines and Then we get the serial coil and we can fix the input and out masks we calculate everything and Then we can Obtain a zero correlation when at most be linear active values are in there and To be is the number of of lines we have in the tweak key. So if it's decay to then we have to active and So how does that look again on our toy cipher so we have now two tweak key lines and We can have two active values in there and We can extend the attack to a six round attack. So our first application then is karma As it was already introduced before so karma looks like this It's a tweakable block cipher based on the tweak key framework. It's a reflection like cipher so the The middle part is this reflector It has some extra round center that just keyed but not the tweak is added and Then it just it the rich the same run functions in the beginning and to the front and So it uses a very light with in world to a four-bit S box it uses the cell permutation of Midori and Mix column Matrix look like this It's basically a sequel and matrix that's just repeated and The tweak is cattle consists of a permutation H and the bit based LSFR and so if we Construct and distinguisher for for karma What we can see so we basically Just fix some input masks and an output mask We iterate that as many rounds as we can get and then we look in the tweak Schedule and what we can see is there's just one active value in here and Yeah, we Can then what we do is we later translate this serial correlation Distinguisher to an integrated extinguisher to reduce it at a complexity and also move it then to Related to a key attack In our key recovery we basically can prevent one round and Append three runs and what we can see is that in the run after the distinguisher we have to balance the bytes and We didn't use So we prepent one round and that means we once we have this X zero and X eight balance at the same time and To calculate Both values we use the mid in the middle technique for integral attacks so we can evaluate the values independently and For the attack we use the FFT key recovery technique and The time complexity is then about two to the 66 where we recover 56 bits of the outer keys and 28 bits of the of the inner key The data complexity some stand up to two to the 48 point four and the memory complex is two to the 53 So for more details, please check in the paper So then we also applied the same attack for mantis Mantis is quite similar to karma. It's also a tricky block cipher based on the tricky framework And it uses it's a reflection cipher So as a comparison between mantis and karma so the run function looks slightly different so the S box in mantis is applied first and then there's the keys added and for karma the keys added first and the S box is at the end and Also, the S boxes are the are different and the linear layers Different, but they have the same structure and because our deck is generic enough, so it doesn't exploit the S box we can Iterate the the round function and basically apply the same attack So the same attack that holds for karma is then also valid for mantis Then let me show the attack skinny So skinny is also a tweak your browser from the tricky framework It's similar to run functions to a s so it has a S box application Then the tweak is added just to the first two rows. So just the first two rows of the tweak Extracted and then added to the state The shift rose similar sin in the S and for the mix columns it uses a binary matrix and in a tweak is cattle there's application of the of a permutation and then an LFS are on the top two rows Again, it uses a very lightweight for bid S box. It uses as like shift rose But it shifts the right instead of left and the binary matrix like this here is applied to for mix columns for the tweak is cattle the permutation issues like this one here and There's an bit based LSFR that is added to the top two rows But only in a setting for DK2 and DK3. So with just one tweak line. There is no LSFR So far at X so we can attack 20 runs of skinny 64 128 in the DK2 setting where we use then certain run distinguisher Which has a complexity data complexity of two to the 56 plain text and to use two to the eight related tweaks and for the larger version of skinny in the dick is resetting we use again two to the 56 plain text and Then two to the 12 related tweak is So that that's the key recovery for skinny 64 128 so basically we can prep and one round and up and six rounds and again Values Set 14 in a 14 rounds at the 11th Position is then balanced and what we do is we just see how many statement tweak values are included and then we can recover parts of the key and one interesting observation is that The FFT key recovery method is not as sufficient And the reason for that is that just the two top most rows of the tweak he added So therefore we saw that partial sum technique is actually more efficient and we can get them more rounds for the attack and The data time complexity is around two to the 97 Data complexity is two to the 68 and The memory complex is to the 82 So for the attack on DK3 what we do is we can prep and one round again and this time I've been eight rounds and This time to values in the state of balance at the same time Again, we use the meat in the middle technique for integral attacks to ever let them independently similar as for karma and yeah, again the partial sum technique is more efficient than the FFT key recovery technique and the time complexity is 255 and The data complexity is two to the 73 and the memory complexity of 138 So in conclusions What we show is a new attack technique for analyzing tweakable block ciphers We have currently the current the best attack for karma In comparison of number of runs or S box applications So an interesting thing is that the attack is independent of the keyed middle runs So if karma would that even more keyed runs in the middle, we could just simply ignore them and for Mantis and for skinny we had some further insights So we have a lot of time for questions Yes, we have So first I want to give credit to my colleagues. It's karma that looks like mantis and not mantis like karma Second you just mentioned that the complexity on mantis is the same But are there any optimizations that actually use the the simpler linear layer or? Really it's a peer truncated approach The rotation to play a no role at all So I think it's quite generic. So we don't use Something from the S box. So it can't be just any 4-bit S box We also don't really exploit Linear layer so and the linear layer is basically It's basically the same from the number of ones and series in in the In the matrix so the tech The only thing we had to do is reshuffle the Run function, but that's again results in the same thing and Yeah, so the attack just simply applies the same So just our attack is most probably other attacks Completely different Not I'm just curious that Can you actually apply to non-linear quickie scheduling or is there any reason that you chose only the linear expansion? Yeah, most probably you can but Then The calculating of the mask is most probably a lot more difficult So the issue is the only the complexity part So most probably it's just how the how the gamma sequence is calculated Most probably slightly different, but we haven't we haven't checked Thanks, let's thank the speaker again