irrigation method, we have also mentioned that besides those 3 conventional methods which have become very popular over the last many many centuries, the border irrigation, basin irrigation and the furrow irrigation, besides these 2 methods or these 3 methods and there are some other methods which are variations of these methods, they are also being used in some places where the situations warrant those methods to be applied either because of the constraints, the financial constraints or because of constraints of topography or the soil type or the soil depth, all those things put together, they are uhh let us discuss 2 of those methods which we had mentioned in the beginning, these are contour ditch and the other one is contour levee method, let us first look at in the case of contour ditch what type of layout we have and what it is suitable and with type of situations, this is the figure of a contour ditch irrigation method, you can see here that is there are 2 ditches, this is one ditch, this is another ditch, so what you have done is that you have laid the ditches, some ditches the size of the ditch can also vary depending on how much is the stream size which is possible or which you want to use, these ditches are laid on the contours and then you while irrigating the area, you make the openings in the ditches and let the area be flooded, so this is basically a method of wild flooding, this is a method of wild flooding in which you have ditches which can be spaced about 20 uhh to 25 meters and may go up to 100 meters, so the spacing between the ditches can be varying between 20 to 100 meters, that means the area which will be covering from this end to this end can be a wide area in case you have the infiltration rates are lower, if the infiltration rates are higher then you might restrict the wet between the ditches, so that is that is up to the you will have to look at many other conditions also the soil type and then the slope, the slopes in this case is again the slope variation can be quite excessive, you can use these methods of contoured ditch on slopes which are as low as 0.15% or even higher slopes but again the restriction will be that what is the slope along with the soil type which is not creating a erosion problems, the stream size which you are going to use they are comparatively higher stream sizes, you are flooding the areas you can afford to use the higher stream sizes if the areas are flatter areas, if the areas are steeper areas you might reduce the stream size, so in this method is not basically a method which is a very sophisticated method, you are using this method because of the fact that you want to make use of the existing conditions and you do not want to indulge much expense which is involved in forming the area or grading the area. So the adaptability if you look at where this method from the adaptability point of view you will find this method to be quite useful when you are talking in terms of 4th hills, those areas which are lying on the 4th hills which are having slight undulations but not the slopes are not very steep but the same time you cannot afford to form these areas or relay these areas because of the fact that the soil depth is quite shallow. So if you try to reform these areas or you go in for the grading of these areas you will find that the soil the fertile soil will be lost you might be having a very small depth which you cannot manipulate, you cannot you cannot grade that soil because of the loss in fertility and as such the depth of soil available is very shallow. Then that is involving very low cost on those accounts because you do not need any, in this case there is no land grading required, the ditches are also so there also you can save a lot of expenses. Then the labour expense is also not very excessive because the places at which you have to make the openings is not a very skilled thing with slight amount of experience. You will know that at what spacing because that will be a function of spread of the water up to which area the water can spread. So it is not a very scientific method, it is only a method which may be used under some circumstances where you do not have any other possibility of using the other method because of various reasons which we have just discussed. Let us quickly go down to the next method of contour levee which again is quite similar in terms of the previous method which we have discussed because in this case also you use this method where the situations or the conditions do not warrant any land grading or land shaping because of various reasons and in this method you are not using the ditches but you are using the natural slope which is available in the area. So if you look at this, this is a strip, this is a strip which is not a parallel strip as you have in the case of border, in the case of border irrigation you are trying to make the strips parallel so that you can have a very uniform flow over the strip. In this case there is some the slope may be in this direction, there is a gentle slope. So you have tried to utilize that slope which is in this particular case the slope will be in this direction because you are supplying the water from some upstream end to the downstream end in this strip and this strip you have not, you have tried to use the contours, these are the natural contours which might be having some downslope because unless the slope is there you might find that the water might not move in the lateral direction in the longitudinal direction. So you have to have some slight slope otherwise the size of the stream will have to be very excessive. If the slopes are less, the lesser the slope to cover larger area you will have to have excessive stream size but that can only happen if the soil type is conducive to that higher stream sizes. So in this case you have the ridges which are separating which are going parallel to each other not exactly parallel but they are going along the strip and on this side you are having 2 ridges which are perpendicular one ridge here the other ridge at this location. So this channel can be used to collect the surplus water which may be used in the next strip so this is again a method of flooding where you are not flooding in the same manner as you are doing in the ditch method where the water was flowing along the ditch. In this case the water is flowing at some field channel which is at the upstream end so you release the water from there it moves into this and then the surplus amount is collected it might go to the next field. So it is normally used where you have the field to field flooding in areas where for example the delta areas where you do not have any problem of the amount of water available in our Kavari delta region we are using this method where you are letting the water flow from one area into another area and with the consequence that most of the time the water might be standing there. So there is a reason that you are using the paddy the paddy crop is quite popular in those areas because paddy needs quite a lot of water and in this method you can provide that water because the water is coming from one field going to the next field going to the next field and that continues and this method can also be used for other crops which are not very sensitive crops for example the grasses can be this method can be used the other crops can be fodder crops again you can use this method you might not have that continuous supply might have intermittent supply because the fodder crop again they cannot sustain that longer inundation. So the adaptability of this method again is quite similar that you have you can use it for those areas where you do not have any availability of excess labour the labour costs are very less in this case the otherwise land forming cost can also be reduced by not grading the areas even if there is some problem in terms of the levels you might since the depth of water is quite excessive so the distribution might not be uniform but the same time and the distribution loss can be compensated by the amount of expense which is say. So these methods are not a general purpose method they are specific purpose methods where you can you can justify these methods in some conditions under some situations where either the suitability or the economic conditions of the farmers or the type of crop which are growing they are the major deciding factors so with that we will conclude the methods which are surface irrigation methods as we have defined in the beginning. We will go down to the next class of irrigation methods which we had started with along the surface irrigation method we had said the sub-surface irrigation method and this category of irrigation methods we are supplying water what is applied to the ground surface this is the basic difference between the surface irrigation method and the sub-surface irrigation method in the case of surface irrigation method we have seen that we are making use of the gravity flow but the water is travelling over the surface of the soil or the ground whereas in the case of sub-surface irrigation the water is not travelling over the surface of the ground but is travelling within the ground surface and below the ground surface. Now what kind of method this can be if you just try to visualize you will find that the typical suppose this is your ground surface if you want to make the water because the root zone depth we know this is the root zone depth in which we are interested in we want to supply moisture to the root zone depth this area because the plant root system is in this area and because of that fact this needs moisture and in the case of sub-surface irrigation there is a way out that the possible solutions are that you either provide the water some sort of ditch you have a ditch where you control the water you have a ditch where you have this is the water level this water level is under your control what will happen if you maintain this water level here and if the ground water table is somewhere down below depending on what type of soil you are using what type of soil is prevailing there will be some flow from this area into this area some water will flow into the zones again it will be a function of how much water will flow will be a function of what is the wetness of the soil and what is the relative location of the ground water table. So the ground water table is very low most of the water might go down some water might go into the lateral direction as we have seen in the case of furrow irrigation but this situation when you use the sub-surface irrigation we are basically using the irrigation when the ground water table is already very is quite high you do not use the irrigation when the ground water tables are very low because in that case most of the water which will be making available in the ditches because this water has to be made available artificially you have to bring this water from some supply source this source can be either the canal water or it can be the ground water which you have pumped and put into the channel system it can be any source. So this the level which you have created here in the ditch and the level which is the ground water table if the ground water table is somewhere here you will find that after some time there will be some level stabilization if you keep on supplying this water there will be some flow from the ditch into this area and the water table might come up locally. Now this this rise in water table is within your control if you find let me put this here again that if I have ditch which is a longer ditch if I have this is the ditch now in this particular case by controlling the level of water if my previous water table was this is the water table which I have established after a long uhh after controlling this level for a long time period you will find that this will stabilize the water will keep on moving on this side and depending on the soil type if the soil type is quite porous this might be achieved relatively in a quicker manner. Now if this is the level here which I have attained it has become quite excessive I can reduce this level by moving water from the ditch this will come down initially it will be like this after some time it might become this and after some more time it will this will be achieved. This fluctuation is what is in your control that is what you do in the case of subsurface irrigation the design parameters which you have to look at when you design the subsurface irrigation are what should be the spacing between the ditches that will decide up to what level the water table when you when you control these levels of water in the ditches how much time it will take for the water to drop down to the level desired level how much time how quickly it will do that because that is a function of the soil type what is the hydraulic conductivity of the soil that will decide the movement of the water into the soil. So depending on the soil type you can design what should be the spacing between the ditches you can also design the other parameters will be what should the depth of the ridge that will give you the flexibility on up to what level you can control that the water depth then you can also decide on what should be the size of the ditch so these are some of the parameters which you will design this is one option available that you have the ditches if you want to choose another option which is quite a usual option you might replace these ditches with the circular pipes you have this instead of having ditches you can have underground pipes which are having perforations the water passes through these pipes and it gets it does the same job as is being done by the ditches in that case you can save the area which is utilized by the ditches that much area can be saved and this situation also again you will have to decide what will be the depth up to which you have to lay down the pipe what will be the spacing between the pipes and what size of the pipe has to be used these are some of the parameters which will be needed to design the system all the system should be laid out and that will be also a function of what type of crops you are utilizing these methods whether it is whether you are using the ditch or whether you are using the perforated pipe underground pipe or the subsurface irrigation in general you will find that the suitability of this method is quite is not used at many many places they are not restrictions in the sense that you have to use this method where you have the water table is quite high you cannot use this method where the water tables are very low because as we have discussed that it can lose law of water as deep percolation you should use this method only when the salinity is quite low because if the salinity is high then by what it does is that since the water table in that area will be already very high now as you use this method the chances of evaporation because the water will be coming to the top of the ground level because of the capillary rise there is one of the way by which your root system is getting water so if the salinity is very high the chances of salts coming to the top of the soil is very high because of the evaporation from the soil so you avoid this method when you have the low salinity the high salinity in the water then you should avoid this method then is suitable when the soil surface is leveled because this method the type of control which you are talking about if the area is having law of slope then the ditches would not function very well especially in the case of ditches you are trying to have the ditches where the water is only being maintained with respect to the input which you are giving into the ditch and the levels are maintained from one area to another area you do not make the water run with velocity is only maintaining the levels of the water so most of the time you will try to use this method when the level the areas are very well leveled they are flat areas and you are you are not bothered about the flow of water because you are making the water they are all interconnected ditches so once you put the water in one location the water will automatically move into the other locations also and this method is quite successful when you have that type of topography. To give me an example this method is very successful in Holland in Holland as you might be knowing that the Holland the general level is below the mean sea level so there they are using a lot of dikes to keep the sea water away from their land and there for the floric cultures the tulip cultivation is being done using this method of the ditch the subsurface irrigation method there you will find that the water table is already excessively high so they are controlling the water in the ditch and maintaining that level either by pumping the water out of the ditch most of the time so that they can keep the level at a desirable level. Then another suitable condition should be that the soils should be relatively porous so that you do not have to use very small spacing between the ditches your spacing to have the spacing large enough you should have the soils which are porous soil so that the water can really travel fast within the ground and it can stabilise maintain that level which you are trying to control. So from those angles I think you will you will get a feeling that this method is again a method which is which has lot of restrictions and it cannot be a method of very usual nature it is a specific purpose method with a suitability only in those circumstances where you have these conditions met. Let us go to the last class of method which we have defined in the beginning that was pressurised irrigation pressurised irrigation method. This method is in general is the one where you have application of water is through pressure devices and again as far as the distinction between the surface and sub surface is concerned this method is in general surface irrigation method you are applying the water onto the surface of the land onto the ground surface whereas in some cases you might find that especially in the case of trip irrigation system we will come to that you might be supplying water not exactly on the surface but may be slightly below the surface but that is again the level is very small and that is for us with a specific purpose but even in that case it will be called surface irrigation method. So between the first two categories this will belong to the first category over the only distinction that you are application application of water is through the pressure devices that means ultimately when it comes to the application stage is through the pressure device because of that requirement even the previous system the whole system you have to have under pressure otherwise you do not have any other means to provide that ultimate pressure at the application level. So it becomes essential that you have the pipes the water will be flowing through the pipes the source from the supply source you will have to carry the water all the way under pressure so that ultimately when you come to the application level you might choose any type of device but the water should be still under pressure so that you can supply that water under pressure. So that is the basic difference between this method and the previous method we have discussed. There are many different variations of this pressurized irrigation method. There can be different categories they are either dependent on what type of devices you are using or what is the order of magnitude of the pressure that is how the devices will also be varying. There are many many classes of such systems but the two which have become highly popular will will will discuss those and these are first one is sprinkler irrigation system the other one is drip irrigation. These two methods are the ones which are basically the basic reasons why this these methods have come into picture why they have been they have come into being is the scarcity of water. That was the basic reason that people thought of different ways of saving water and by doing so they felt that if they use sprinkler irrigation sprinkler irrigation in comparison to the drip method the saving is not much that is that has been found later on but the intention was to save water that was the first intention but the drip irrigation is the further refinement of not the refinement but the further research into how you can save water in those circumstances where the water availability is a limited quantity and how you can make use of that limited quantity of water to get the maximum or the maximum yield per unit water with that with that objective this method came into being and Israel is the country where the sprinkler irrigation as well as drip irrigation method has been they have pioneered these the pressurized systems and even now I think they are one of the leaders in these two irrigation methods. Let us look at these methods one by one first let us have a look at sprinkler sorry sprinkler method and this method water is supplied through the pipe network as will we have said that ultimately the device for application to be used in this particular case is the sprinkler head. The sprinkler head is a device which sprinkles the water the name suggest that it sprinkles the water over the surface of the ground you might have seen the sprinkler heads working in some of the the garden these days some of the the lawns and there are sprinklers which are a very small sprinklers which can be used in the lawns which can be used with the tap water which you are getting in your houses the those that device is called the sprinkler head. This device has a sprinkler head which is nothing but the different types of sprinkler heads it is a device which let the waters go out since the water is under pressure it goes out in the form of a jet and that jet is broken with some mechanism so that so that it gets distributed in different droplets so that is the the basic philosophy of the sprinkler head it it disintegrates stream jet into smaller water particles and those water particles are sprinkled over the ground you can either have a single nozzle head or you might have a double nozzle head where you have 2 jets coming simultaneously and they are distributing the water over the whole area. So this this sprinkler head it rotates around its its axis in a circular with a circular motion and that motion can also be changed it can be fixed. So if you look at the plan if you have a sprinkler head here the spread of the sprinkler head will be a circular area if I look at the distribution how much water has been distributed this is the the axis where I have located the sprinkler head and this is the distance in both the sides the spread might be something like this. This is known as the distribution pattern this is the distribution pattern of a single sprinkler head so when the sprinkler head will be sprinkling water in this total area this is the I have taken a section view at this level even if you take the section at this level you might have a similar section and this is what is the basic philosophy of what the sprinkler head does. Now you might say that if this is the distribution of a single sprinkler head and this is quite an uneven distribution which we started with thinking of those methods for which you can have a uniform distribution for the total field for example this was the field we had uhh this was our roots on depth we wanted a uniform distribution over this whole area and in this the surface irrigation method we have seen that we cannot achieve this because of the fact that the water flows from the upstream end to the downstream end. That is why there is uneven distribution because this gets more water the upstream end segment of the field gets more water than the downstream end. This can be avoided with the with this uhh sprinkler irrigation method now in this case what I want to do is I want to spread my if this is my total longitudinal direction I might try to have the sprinkler heads spaced in such a manner that I get when I when I try to overlap each one has its own distribution pattern the other one also has its own distribution pattern the third one and so on when I look at the distribution pattern of the total combination is the end result is the combination of all these distribution patterns and I might get something of this nature. So is the overlap which is important how each individual sprinkler head which is spaced uhh at some spacing that spacing is important that spacing is what we are interested in knowing that is part of the design when you design the sprinkler system later on we will we will see that there is something which we want to look into what should be the spacing because that will be a function of what will be the distribution pattern. Distribution pattern can change with respect to the pressure with respect to the nozzle size and these are the two major factors which will decide what will be the sprinkler what will be the distribution pattern of a sprinkler head but this is the basic philosophy similarly this overlap this is one overlap in one direction the let me let me put the whole thing in plan if I if I show the field in plan now I might locate the sprinkler heads in such a way that this overlap which I am trying to look at which will give me a good distribution uhh uniform distribution will have to be considered in both the directions. If I consider these two rows of sprinkler nozzles and I look at the overlap of both these rows then in both the directions I might get a good distribution of water which is the desired distribution. So this is what is done that you are trying to trying to find out what is the now I am drawing the the pipeline for this field in plan again to achieve these these indigil uhh sprinkler head distributions I might have uhh use another shade I might have a one pipeline running here another pipeline running here this might be the total layout of my pipeline which is getting uhh which is connected to another bigger pipeline. Then each of these locations I have these are the nozzle heads which are located at some spacing so my design parameters will be what will be the spacing between the nozzle head let me say L what is the spacing between these 2 pipes each one this is normally uhh then nomenclature is this is called lateral the lateral pipe on which you are installing these sprinkler heads. So what is the spacing between the the sprinkler heads why is the spacing between the laterals that has to be decided on the basis of what is the distribution pattern of each individual sprinkler head and what spacings are needed to have a uniform distribution that is what you do in the case of a sprinkler system and then the other design parameters can be the sizes of these pipes and because that will depend on how much all the losses in terms of the pressure variations because since we have just mentioned that the distribution pattern will be a function of the pressure available so the pressure drops very much your distribution pattern will be affected so all those things will come to later on but at this stage we are just trying to see what is being done in this particular method. Now having known this let us look at the suitability of this method what are the various conditions under which this can be suitable or uhh to first of all let us look at some other advantages which will also cover the condition under which this method can be suitable what will be the possible advantages the first advantage is that you have complete control on the supply of uhh water flow and operation in terms of if you want to run the system for a very short period you can afford to do in this particular method which was not possible in the case of surface irrigation method. In the case of surface irrigation method if you it might not be feasible but if you uhh are willing to apply a depth of 1 centimetre of water it may not be possible in some soils it may not be at all possible because while doing so you might find that you have created lot of disparity in the in the amount of water which have made has been ultimately made available at the upstream end and the downstream end whereas in this case you can run the system for a very short period and you can afford to apply any depth any depth which you you find feasible or you want to uhh uhh apply that depth onto a particular area you can afford to do that. Then the other advantages that you can use this uhh for coarse soils where no other method is suitable because if the soil is very coarse now in this case you are not supplying the water from one end to another end since it is coming as in the form of rain as the rain comes you can uhh you can apply onto any type of soil whether it is a highly porous soil or even if it is the other extreme where you have very low infiltration rates in that case what is needed if you if you have very low infiltration rates if you use a conventional law surface irrigation method you might find that most of the water is getting lost in the form of runoff whereas in this case you can you can afford to reduce the the supply the the design can be made in such a way that the rate of input or the rate of application can be reduced and over and above that you can have more intermittent irrigations you can you can have more frequent irrigations which is not possible with the other method. So in this case you can have uhh this method suitable for very coarse soils as well as very fine soils and if if it comes to that situation but at the same time if the amount of water which is uhh or the the level of application is very high then I think it is not worthwhile going in for this method because if the if the level of water application is very excessive then it is better to flood the area then going in for such a method. Then in this case you do not no need of any levelling so the land levelling you can use this method for undulating areas where no other surface irrigation method is is possible or is useful you can use this method because in this case you do not have any problem of uhh the terrain is the application the rate of application in your is in your hand. You can wait for the soil to be dry so that next time when you apply the irrigation water there is no surface runoff and in the beginning the infiltration rates will be high. So unless you have these uhh steady state infiltration rate uhh you will find that most of the time in most of the soils the infiltration rates will be comparatively higher so in this method you can afford to make use of those uhh advantages and you do not the the mere fact that the levelling is not required that is a big bone. So with that I think we will stop here today and we will uhh in next class we will continue with this and go on to the next method of drip irrigation thank you.


Thank you for the introduction. This is a joint work with Stig Freuden. And it comes from a particular practical area, the area of mobile communications in general, and the LTE, or 4G in particular. In LTE, for user equipment, to authenticate and get access to the services of a network, the user equipment, it is attached with a SIM card that contains an IMSI, which is an international mobile subscriber identity, and a cryptographic key key. This IMSI identifies the subscriber in the following sense. For example, if the matching between the subscriber and the IMSI is known, then if an IMSI is known, it's a eavesdrop in a specific area. It means that the subscriber with high probability has been in that area. So this can be considered to be a location attack. In order to avoid these and other kinds of attacks, the IMSI should not be sent over in clear. And a simple countermeasure is to send temporary identifiers that are changed over time. However, there is a breach in the security of LTE that is accepted in the standard. And that says that there are some scenarios for which the IMSI is sent in clear by the user equipment when it is asked by a base station, by E-NodeB. And this was considered to be like a trade of between efficiency and security. So we leave security behind because of efficiency reasons. And it's understandable. What did we do? We looked at a rogue E-NodeB. If it's possible or not to ask IMSI and collect IMSI for users in a specific area. And in order to do that, we used an open source software that is installed on a normal computer, which emulates the core network of LTE. And then a software-defined radio equipped with antennas that emulates the functionality of the E-NodeB, so sends and receives messages communicating with the user equipment. And the idea is that, in fact, we did not use only one, but two, this kind of rogue E-NodeB because in LTE there are some special security measurements and also for efficiency. Once a user equipment, so a phone is connected to a cell, it camped on a cell, it does not reselect another cell so easily. So we used first the jammer to jam the connectivity to the commercial network. And then we used the collector to collect the user equipment IMSI once the user equipment tries to connect to our rogue base station. The hardware used for that as software-defined radio is the A200 mini equipped with some antennas, which is credit-sized cards. And this is enclosed. This is manufactured in our university. It's just an enclosure. Some normal computers, mobile terminals, and some SIM cards. And for software, we use the open area interface, which is an open source software that provides a standardly compliant implementation of LTE. It's partially because it's not complete, but it was enough for our purpose, which is available to download on the internet. And a Samsung Galaxy S4 device with service mode, which can be accessed by dialing a code. This is not only for this device. For Android, usually in Android, there is another code. So some information about the network can be extracted from there. More a little bit into details. The user equipment is initially connected to a commercial E-node B. We used a jammer to disconnect the user equipment from the E-node B. And in order to know the frequency to jam, we just use this code and get the information from the phone. And after that, the user equipment will try to connect to another cell, which is on a frequency based on a list of priorities. Because in LTE, there is a list of priority of frequencies. So if the first priority is not available, it goes to the second and so on. So the collector should be configured on the second highest priority frequency in the list. So once the jammer disconnects the user equipment from the E-node B, the user equipment connects to the collector. And then in order to get the second frequency to know how to configure the collector, it's really easy. Because first, in the first phase, we just gather some information from the user equipment running this code. And then we run the jammer. And the user equipment will connect again to the commercial network on the second frequency. So the collector will then be set up with this second frequency. Then first, the collector will be run. Then the jammer will be run. Again, the jammer will make the user equipment disconnect and then connect back to the collector, giving the EMC information required. There is an extra requirement for that. There should be a different tracking area code, where tracking area code is a set of cells. But this is a little bit more technical information. Like for results, there are some EMCs that are catched here. This is a Warshark capture. And this is from the logs of the open area interface. The behavior is different in the sense that after disclosing the EMC, the user equipment can go back to the commercial network, can just remain in the denial of service until rebooting. So until rebooting, it will have no access to mobile services at all. Or it can go back to the commercial network, but it can go downgrade from LTE to 3G or 2G. Our work is not novel in terms of ideas. And there have been other works similar. Here are only two of them. The first one being this one in the field. However, we are the first, as far as we know, using the open area interface for that, which gives an advantage in the sense that there is absolutely no change in the code required to perform the attack, at least for the denial of service until rebooting the phone. So EMC catchers are existing in the real world. It's not just a theoretic idea. And one example is very mediatized, very top-ranked investigation in the newspapers of Norway quite recently about the possibility of EMC catchers close to the parliament building in Norway. Then there exist EMC catchers publicly available on the internet for 2G, 3G, or 4G. And this can be considered like the new versions for the old known thingry, for which even the manuals have been released last year. What does this have to do with crypto? Or what is the cryptographic problem that is underneath this? The problem is that how can we construct efficient and scalable secure identification mechanisms in mobile communication systems? Because, for example, we have a subscriber that wants to authenticate to a network, to a provider. It has an ID and it has a key, a cryptographic key. And the subscriber has all the list. And then the provider, based on a protocol, should output the ID and the key. Is it possible to do that while the ID and, of course, the key remain unknown or secure for any kind of adversary? And, of course, in the public key settings, there exists a trivial solution, just to encrypt the identity under the public key of the provider, the provider decrypts. The problem is that we don't want a public key solution because, in the particular case of LTE, that has not been accepted at the beginning. A linear solution exists even in the symmetric settings. A random number is chosen, then is encrypted under an appropriate encryption system. And then all the keys are tried until successfully decrypts the R. But this has another problem. The problem is that it takes linear time. So it has to go through all the list. The provider needs to go through all the list in order to get the ID. There is a lot of related work, very specific to mobile communication or specific to RFID. However, our solution or our problem wants to be somehow independent of the scenario and even more decoupled by the registration and the authentication that follows afterwards. But just to find the simple solution in the settings of symmetric crypto. In summary, all the existing solutions are not efficient or not appropriate to some scenarios. And of course, it also remains the problem if the MC catching is a bug or a feature because it can be considered in both ways. But it has to be a way that a thing that should be considered for 5G and beyond. Thank you. Mentioned the jamming. You said that you use information from the client device to set up the jamming. Is that does that require you to actually access the specific client device or do all the client devices in the same cell share that information? All the clients in the same cell share the same information because the information that we need here, in fact, it's the frequency band, the download band, the tracking area code, which is a set of cells in the location area, mobile country code, so the country code, the network code, the operator code, and the cell ID. So all the devices share the same information. Otherwise, the attack would have not been possible, of course. Thank you. Thank you. Any more questions? No? All right. Well, thank you very much, Roshanda. Thank you.


Long ago, three and a half editions lived together in harmony, then everything changed when 4E attacked. Only Pathfinder, master of all the fiddly little rules text, could stop it, but when the world needed it most, the rulebook just did not have a very good index. A hundred Splatbooks passed, and Paizo discovered a new attempt at recreating the warlock, and a cult class called the Kinetisist, and although its damage output and narrative agency options are great, we still have a lot to learn before we're ready to blast anything, but I believe there's rules for that. You may remember that I promised in last week's video on how to build your very own avatar in 5E that I'd be trying to tackle that same idea in Pathfinder this week. Or hey, maybe you don't. Who even knows when you're watching this? Not me. And so here we are doing just that. But along the way to that goal, let's take the opportunity to demystify the particularly challenging collection of charts, lists, and sub-tables that Pathfinder calls the Kinetisist. Mechanically speaking, the Kinetisist may be the single most cohesively full-featured class in all of Pathfinder. Damage output, narrative agency, exploration utility, battlefield mobility, attack adaptability, check, check, check and check. It's all there. If you can figure out how to put it all together. Building one sometimes feels like you're trying to put back together a pin that you borrowed from a friend. You saw it working a second ago and you're pretty sure you still have all the parts, but somehow it's just not working right. And this definitely isn't a problem for everybody. I've seen plenty of people build a Kinetisist just fine. But I've also definitely heard a lot more about people's frustrations with this class than I have any other. So if that sounds like you, hopefully some of this will help. All right then, to kick it all off, what actually is a Kinetisist? And the answer is story time. Back in the days of 3.5 before Dungeons and Dragons had gone through quite so many reincarnation cycles of its own, certain kinds of players started thinking that while using magic and imagination to get through encounters was totally cool and all, wouldn't it be even cooler to use it all to just blow stuff up every day? These players eventually got their heart's desire in the form of the Warlock, a class whose main shtick was the ability to cast something called an Eldritch Blast, which does exactly what it sounds like. Just, you know, eldritchishly, completely at will with no per day limits. Tragically, however, the 3.5 Warlock was not part of the OGL content that Paizo was allowed to pour over into Pathfinder.  Inter occult adventures, debuting five classes based on 19th century fascinations with spooky, creepy psychic occult magic stuff and also the Kinetisist. Unlike normal spellcasters who gracefully sculpt magical essence into polished spells, a Kinetisist has a direct line to the energies of one of the planes of the great beyond. And by letting those energies course through them with reckless abandon, they can channel some of that planar power into useful manifestations called wild talents. Now, you might presume that the first step in building our own personal, boiling font of elemental enthusiasm would be to pick exactly which element it is that they're boiling over with. But actually, well, no, I mean, there's no reason we could do that first. Nah, stats. First, since Kinetisists route their roiling energies straight through their own living bodies, our key class attribute is, believe it or not, Constitution. Our wild talent save DCs are calculated with it and will even add it as flat damage on some of our blasts. Speaking of, all these kinetic blasts we plan on making are ranged attacks. So we should have dex followers our second highest stat. Also, lest we forget, we're on a mission to restore, I mean, to recreate a build that faithfully reminds us of the Avatar. To that end, nothing gets across the message, I'm a wise, intelligent, reincarnated being who will draw on the experiences of my past lives better than playing as one of the Sam Sarn, who happened to be a race of wise, intelligent, reincarnated beings who draw on the experiences of their past lives. Works out pretty well, right? Anyway, we'll get bonuses to whiz and int, which is great, but alas, we will have to take a minus two to con. But hey, it's not like Aang wasn't known for a debilitating spinal injury now and again. Plus, thanks to their shards of the past racial trait, Sam Sarns can pick any two skills and not only gain a plus two bonus on them, but also treat them as class skills too. Luckily, it looks like our past dead self was way better at, say, diplomacy and sense motor than we are. Thanks, dead me. Okay, good. Now we can go back to that whole element picking thing again. To be a little bit more specific, at level one, we get to choose an elemental focus that will determine just what kind of attacks, abilities and defenses we'll have to abide by and work with all the way into level seven. We can pick from, surprise, surprise, the four elemental plane elements of water, fire, earth or air, ether, which represents not bending, but telekinesis actually, and wood or void, which, through some mild shenanigans, match up to positive and negative energy. Our immediate payoff for this decision will be a matching basic manipulation talent specific to our element, which amounts to something like a specialized prestidigitation and our element's basic kinetic blast, or one of them at least. These basic blasts come in two flavors, physical and energy based. Some elements only have one or the other variety, in which case that's what you get, but air, void, water and wood all have one basic blast of each type to their name. You'll have to pick which one to take now and which one to maybe come back for level seven. Both energy and physical blasts will scale and damage every other level, but physical blasts have a very clear edge on damage output. Energy blasts, however, get to target touch AC instead of full, and that extra accuracy will almost certainly make up for the lost damage. As an example, in the case of our under construction avatar, let's look at the two basic blasts offered by air. There's the physical air blast, which will target normal AC and can roll for 1d6 plus five damage, or there's the energy based electric blast, which only needs to hit a touch attack, but also only rolls 1d6 plus one. Given Aang's history with lightning, it seems the safer bet to go with air blast here. Before we get into the rest of what makes a kineticist tick, we should look at the class feature that not so secretly runs the entire rest of our decision-making, burn. Of all the somewhat tricky little parts of the kineticist, burn is the one that will have to keep the closest eye on. The basic premise is that while we can handle drawing enough elemental energy to make our basic attacks without difficulty, we have to push ourselves to take an actually painful amounts of energy to try anything fancier. Thus, to use or add on almost any ability besides our basic kinetic blast, we must take on as many points of burn as it lists in its cost. The kicker is that every time we take a point of burn, we take one non-lethal damage per character level as well. So for example, taking one burn at level three means we take three non-lethal damage, but taking two points of burn at level five means taking 10 non-lethal damage. And it'll all act and track just like normal non-lethal damage, except there's absolutely no way to cure or recover from it until we sleep for a full night. The wear and tear of overextending ourselves accumulates throughout the day. At first glance, this seems like a pretty easy thing to live with. Let's just, you know, never use anything that requires burn to work and keep all of our precious body meat fresh and unspoiled. I mean, this is the obvious play, right? Not doing the thing that causes us physical harm? And I mean, yeah, theoretically we could do it like that, but we will in fact be left with only our basic kinetic blast left to use. And that is such a waste of a kineticist. Here, let's look at the progression of our other two main class features. On odd levels, including first, we pick up an infusion wild talent. These are abilities that we can add to our basic kinetic blast to alter their effects, substance infusions, or method of delivery, form infusions. Let's say we pick up this pushing infusion, a substance talent. Now, when I add it to my air blast, I get to make bull rush checks against people I hit. Ah, but only if I take a point of burn to do it. Aside from infusions, we also get utility talents on even levels. These are class abilities that are not related to kinetic blasts and often even work out of combat, like this here, airs leak talent. Unlike infusions, there are a decent number of utility talents that won't bother you for burn to use them. But clauses such as this one that allow you to take on a point or two of burn for extra effects are pretty common. While we're looking at this talent entry, every utility and infusion is posted with both a level and one or more elements listed beside it. As you might expect, the element list tells you what utility talent or infusion is compatible with. However, the level listing is a little trickier. It actually represents an effective spell level. And just like actual magic spells, it scales only from one to nine. To pick up a talent of either kind, your kinetic list level must be double the listed effective spell level. So all those super nifty level three utility talents strictly forbidden until we get to level six. Between the unintuitive level gating and the struggle of picking our way down a list, just to find a talent that matches our element at all, it seems fair to say that the utility talent and infusion listings are kind of miserable to use. As a bit of a side tip, instead of using these frankly miserable walls of text to find wild talents, you can always use an online talent sorter like this one, which was made by the piezoforms user She-Roy. It's helped me a bunch, so I put the link to access it in the description below. Just switching to sortable online lists for ease of picking through talents, solve 70% of the confusion associated with making a kinetic system, I swear. So the idea that we might be able to avoid taking burn by simply not doing burning things really won't cut it, I'm afraid. There's just too much to gain from it. However, there are a number of ways that we can stave off burn temporarily. The first and easiest is by using a feature called gather power. If on our turn we use our move action to stand dramatically still and whip our element of choice around us in a stylish and furious frenzy, we can reduce the total burn cost of a kinetic blast we make that same turn by one. If we DBZ it up for longer, say for a whole round, we can reduce the blast by two burn even. And heck, we just waited a whole round, so we probably won't mind gathering just a teeny bit more power with our move action again to bring our total burn discount to minus three, right? That's completely fine as long as we go for our kinetic blast with that one remaining standard action this turn. Otherwise, we lose all that power and have to start gathering again. Starting at level five, we also get infusion specialization which reduces the burn cost of an infusion added to a blast automatically. And that scales to higher discounts every few levels. The one last bow to tie on burn as a mechanic is its surprising benefit payoff elemental overflow. Starting at level three, as long as you've taken at least one burn, all of your attacks get plus one for the day and all of your damage gets double that bonus. Going above one burn won't give you more bonuses yet, so just think of it as a participation threshold. By using one burn ability early on, you actually hit like a full BAB character all day. And the upper bound of this threshold then scales by plus one every three levels. So at level six, as long as you've taken a minimum of two burn, you can sit at plus two attack and plus four damage. Not bad, right? Well, that was all a little bit exhausting, but hey, bringing elemental justice to the world isn't a slacker's job. Now is it? Oh right, we've got one more finishing touch to put on our avatar. The bit where he learns how to manipulate more than just air. You know, the avatar part. No worries, we've got a utility talent for that. Past life evoker once a day, we can take one point of burn to learn and use any single basic blast from any single element for a minute. A far cry from a full blown avatar state maybe, but I believe that I can make this joke work a third time. Ta-da! Howdy everybody, and this is the part of the video where I talk about the last video because that's what people do. The last video was how to be the avatar in fifth edition and we went with the monk of the four elements route there. And y'all had a lot, a lot of suggestions on what to do instead and apparently it was literally anything. So this has always been a problem. So I started off in Pathfinder and apparently it's still kind of the same in fifth edition. Monks, man, just never really get the right into the stick. Like it's just so hard to make a monk that's optimal or whatever. I liked a lot of y'all's suggestions. What I was thinking about when going for the monk was just thinking of all the super cool choreography and just like how much martial arts kind of meant to avatars more of a franchise, I guess then to Aang necessarily specifically, but it kind of does it all. It's definitely about the idea of just having like all four elements under the control of your discipline. But no, I liked a lot of your ideas. I think I haven't ever played a sorcerer in 5e. I don't know if they're good or not. A lot of y'all have been suggesting druids as alternate builds on a lot of these videos. I've never played a druid in anything ever. So I should probably look into those at some point. I've also been enjoying y'all's extra comments on things to do and other videos like a speed build for Pathfinder, like a speedster kind of character that'd be kind of fun. Somebody suggested doing crafting rules in Pathfinder and that's, oh, that's not fun, but it's probably very useful. I'm definitely gonna do that one at some point. Anyways, yeah, guys, thanks for your ideas. Keep them coming. Always love to hear what different ideas you have, even if they are better than mine, because hey, that's how it works, right? Next time you see me sitting in this chair like this, I will be listening to all of y'all, tell me everything I did wrong with the kineticist.  Actually, I think the kineticist would just be very good. It will be. It's great. I promise, myself.


So, I think it may be different because our executive functioning is different with neurodiversity, not only with autism, but in ADHD or in other conditions, there's problems with or differences with executive functioning. We may put put off tasks or just don't have the energy to do it. I imagine it is hard to treat with therapy when you kind of feel unable to do it either way with the tools that therapy gives you, your body just doesn't want to.


Not every Batman movie and spin-off is good.  I understand it's unfair that one of these terrible movies has to make it down this list But like any great talent competition some of the shit needs to move on to keep things interesting. Fire up the Mr. Freeze pun counter. Let's get started on another movie feud. Here's something fun right off the bat right right off the bat every one of these films replace one of its lead characters Batman forever couldn't secure Michael Keaton as Batman once Tim Burton left his director What we got was a lesser performance from Val Kilmer Batman and Robin had to switch things up again with George Clooney in the role I know the Cloonster has gone on record multiple times talking about how bad he was as Batman So I'm gonna chill on giving him too much flak about it. I mean it was awful though zero fucks were given Hi freeze. I'm Batman. Just casual just casual about it Then there's Michelle Pfeiffer who got iced as Catwoman in a standalone film Halle Berry puts on the leather suit in a celebrated Razzie Award performance, then there's Suicide Squad Obviously Ledger couldn't reprise his roles the Joker so Jared Leto put on the makeup and had to go at it His performance in snow way shape or form compares to what Ledger brought to the table It seems like he couldn't make up his mind and what kind of Joker he wanted to play So he just took variations of all of them and spit it out Batman forever is probably the best lineup of actors Jim Kerry As the Riddler may have been a bit too Joker-esque, but he was at least entertaining to watch Tommy Lee Jones's two-faced. However, it just came off as overly cheesy doesn't help that his makeup looks like it was Airbrushed on by a cat trying to get a toy off his paw the audience expected a certain tone and feel from this film And frankly it was left in the cold 90s vagethrob Chris O'Donnell plays the boy wonder pretty well honestly Nicole Kibman is our damsel in distress And we have a small can you have sorts from Drew Barrymore just because I guess Batman and Robin took everything We hated about forever and magnified him times a thousand I will say one nice thing about director Joel Schumacher He knows how to bring in a star studded cast and then strip away all their credibility due to a terrible script in poor Direction since Batman Returns apparently made it a requirement for Batman movies to have two villains We do it for a third time Arnold Schwarzenegger plays mr. Freeze in the campiest way possible. What killed the dinosaurs the ice age The sexy Yuma Thurman bodes much better as poison ivy since she's so damn fine in her little outfits her performance means very little in my eyes It was ice to see Chris O'Donnell back Did I do this ice pun counter for a frozen episode already? It doesn't matter Alicia Silverstone decides to jump into the fray this time around using heavy amounts of Crisco to get into her tight Asked Batgirl outfit Man, I love those bad nipples not on her as her costume didn't have any but on Chris O'Donnell's and George Clooney's Those were the icing on the cake cat woman doesn't have a lot going for it in the acting department Sharon Stone puts out a fun B movie performance as the villain of the picture. No idea what her character's name is IMDB says Laurel So let's go with that suicide squad as an avalanche of characters and it's a case of quantity over quality in this movie Margot Robbie is the standout is Harley Quinn She did a pretty damn good job with the terrible script She was handed Viola Davis got a lot of time as Amanda Waller playing a no-nonsense cutthroat agent I'm not sure what her official title is within the organization, but she's a shit boss that much is certain The other characters are almost not worth going into because there's so little development The backstories are silly three minutes long and clumsily written we can talk more about that though in story coming up now So stay frosty ice, man It's a pun and a movie reference. It's a double feature A great cast of characters can only take you so far when your script is total garbage Batman forever probably fairs the best here an ex-employee Edward nigma is bitter about being let go He creates a brain-sucking weapon and buddies up with the former district attorney Harvey Dent aka two face The film also weaves in Robin's tragic backstory about how he loses his parents the same way most of us will In a freak circus accident Batman and Robin isn't so much a story as it is a learning exercise And how not to make a superhero film step one don't drown your sets in high neon colors step two Don't give your heroes nonsensical weapons their shoes turn into hockey skates Terrific step three chill out on the product placement Although I am impressed that the bad card isn't a visa or mastercard.  Hey freeze. I'm Batman. Come on oceans Let's take this guy out step five. You know what no no more steps. This could go on for an eternity I'm moving on.  I'm switching the pun counter over to cat related ones meow. We cool with that All right, I'm doing both I guess I'm doing both cat women's resurrected the same way all women are in my fantasies via tongue bath Granted it's from an Egyptian cat and not Kate Beckinsale, but I digress perks of her new abilities include fighting skills cat Communication costume making better hygiene and easier meals got milk Suicide Squad tells the horrific tale of a studio that went through multiple rewrites reshoots and editors and the outcome is a gigantic mess Amanda Waller puts together some sort of suicide squad Her intentions are to bring together a task force in case Superman goes evil or a different large threat comes to town It's a pretty solid plan bring together some of the worst people on earth that can't be trusted to band together to fight a Common enemy that they cannot possibly defeat Okay, so maybe it's not a mental thing that'll win the day But surely they have strength in numbers and they have their own set of unique skills that are ripe for the job Like Harley Quinn. She has a baseball bat or boomerang. He has a boomerang or katana She has a come on I just don't get how any of this makes sense right out of the gates dead shot has some actual skill And seems pretty cool. He's the cat's meow for sure The first mission as a team is to stop some ancient being from destroying the planet Batman Wonder Woman flash and the others must have Been on sabbatical side plot sees Joker doing everything he can to get Harley back They love each other Amanda Waller told me that through narration and a two-minute backstory that sees Harley Quinn as a Professional psychiatrist who falls in love with him for reasons that are never told why bother That would be counterproductive to the shitty movie that Warner Brothers is so desperately trying to make and they achieved at doing it And just like any good relationship he tortures her a little for good measure and throws her in a vat of chemicals I don't have much more to say nothing nice is coming out of this the villain uses twerking in the final act She forgot all her other abilities and they take her down pretty easily. Let's go to round three It's funny that the trailers for suicide squad had that same look and feel the colors the neon the vibrance That Batman and Robin had that we couldn't stand yet It worked in those previews because the movie looked like it was having a lot of fun That's not what we got though Sure They tried to pretend like the movie was always going to be fun laying deadpool-esque verbiage and jokes on top But most could tell this was not the plan from day one and it was forced in and editing Batman Forever and Batman and Robin Are really bad looking movies the aesthetic the bold colors the clearly staged settings are laughable most of the time At least they have terrific scores from composer Elliot Goldenthal There are hints of Danny Elfman in the theme yet. They are set far enough apart to stand alone I want to give a special shout out to the fantastic Batman Forever soundtrack Which had you to method man the offspring and of course the masterpiece by seal kiss from a rose Now that your roses in bloom It's the gloom Speaking of killer soundtrack suicide squad has probably 80 songs in its movie That that's at a minimum. There's a little something for everyone the music and Catwoman matches the quality of the film Let me pair it with a fine set of dance moves from some other famous people that made themselves look like idiots The action and effects and Catwoman are by far the best part for me I'm a sucker for when the film jumps between live-action to CGI then back again They did this in the Matrix Reloaded they did this in blade to they did this in Hellboy to much better effect Suicide Squad has stuff being blown up and I think I counted three helicopter crashes all necessary The Batman movies action are all early 90s Saturday morning cartoon level bad. This needs to be done now Let's conclude In hindsight I should have put a unsubscribe counter at the bottom of this video and every time I bashed on suicide squad The number would drop because we live in a world now kids where if you say anything mean or criticize a film You're biased or you just hate movies in general or something else to that effect Fuck forbid if you just don't think the movies good on its own merits and some people say well You know what there's real people that worked hard on that film damn it.  It's not terrible. It's it's silly.  This is more than just reviews. This is movie feuds Hey Trish, why don't you play me some copyright infringed hip-hop so I can walk myself out? Suicide Squad style I Remains a drug that's the high enough appeal But did you know that when it snows?