Okay, now we're going to take what we've learned and we're going to put it into a logger class that we can reuse in other projects To do this we need to start by well, you guessed it making an actual class and let's call this The ever descriptive logger. Why not? Now we're going to do logger a little bit different First thing we're going to do is add some includes Of course, we're going to need Q debug for this We also need Q file Q date time and Q dir Along with iostream All right now that we have our class we're going to make some static items in here Darn you case sensitivity you strike again All right, so we're going to Make a function now called attach This will allow us to attach the message handler to the static Parts of this class when I say static parts. It's because we're going to do 99% of this statically so we don't have to make an instance of it Makes it much much easier to work with And I'm just going to copy and paste in our handler here. Notice how it has the same signature let's go ahead and Add these definitions in right now because we're working statically We need to set these variables and we cannot do this in the constructor So this may look a little weird, but this is how you would initialize a static variable So I set the file name and we want this to be q dir And we're just going to set current path Maybe help if I didn't have that in quotes. There we go separator and There we go. We're just going to call this log dot txt Now we want to set our logging value. So we're going to say logger logging And we're going to set this to false initially Because we don't want to start logging until well, you guessed it. We've actually attached the logger And we are going to make our q default message handler It's going to copy and paste that from the previous project Save us a bit of typing here So once again, all this does is it calls q q install message handler with a null pointer So it gets just the default handle that q uses. All right now for attach This is where we're going to start actually logging We're going to install the message handler and we're just going to give it our function That's just going to point it right to this guy whoops actually right to this guy right here That's actually the constructor boy. That was a bungal And then we're going to say logger logging equal true So we're just going to set that static variable. So really all we're doing is we're Actually, let's just in case We're going to set logging to true and then we're going to install the message handler and at that point messages will start flowing into our handler here now We've got a bit of typing So what we're going to do here is we're going to say if logger logging Then we're going to do something Now regardless of whether or not we actually process anything We want to pass this back to the default message handler, which of course we get up here So if you skip the last video really what's going on is we get the default message handler Which in this case just prints it out into the standard output And we're going to say hey install our handler this guy But after we've handled it, we need to pass it back to the default message handler or nothing's going to appear on the screen It just goes into this black hole because well, we never put it back all right I'm going to save a bit of typing here through the magic of copy and paste because we already know what this does So we've just got our switch along with a q string See if we can beautify this a little bit Refractor it's not let me do it auto indent. There it is That looks a little bit better and Add q-text stream in here. I always forget to add that for some reason and We need our file Let's call this q file file and it's logger I'm sorry logging file name Actually, this is logger got a little ahead of myself there Get our static name there all right, we're going to go ahead and Actually crank open this file here And if we're able to open that that's when we're going to actually process this here we go And we've done this before so i'm just going to grab the code Copy and paste that in bang The only real difference is we're using endel from standard output or i'm sorry, uh ios stream Some people like using endel some people don't i don't think it really matters either way I'm sure there's some complexity to it, but i've never really run into anything major and then we're just going to flush this out and Close the file So looking at this code. It's really not a whole lot different. We've got the handler in here We're just simply going to attach by setting a boolean value and then installing the message handler to our function Let's look at our main code here. See if we can actually get this thing to work So we're going to add qtabug. We're going to add our logger Grab our file name out of there We want to go ahead and attach this so we're going to say logger Attach Once we've done that the message handler should be installed. So we're going to actually test that We're going to turn logging off oops Just by setting that to false And through the magic copy and paste we can of course turn it back on So really this just simply works because we're saying If we are logging So because we're setting that to false, we're just going to skip right over this and let's just say finished Let's save this Go ahead and run it. All right. So we can see there's our file We've done a test don't log this even though it's displayed in the console It's displayed simply because We look at this That is if we're logging but because we're not logging it just jumps right to the default message handler Which of course just spits it right back out into the console for us and then finished So let's go check this log file. Let's crack open our directory. There's our log And you can see test and finished We didn't have the do not log simply because we turned logging off So everything's working as expected now. This is the really cool feature of this Notice how All of this happens outside of our logger class We can actually add another class in here. Let's add a test Make this a queue object And we're just going to add a test in here Add queue to bug and you guessed it really all this thing's going to do is we're going to Do a queue warning Constructor cannot have a return type. Oh Probably because we named this test. Let's name this something else like testing Because we did actually just make the constructor an accident. There we go Silly me. There we go And we could you know actually just why not let's build our constructor in there too Let's go in here and let's include our test class. Let's call our function Let's save and let's run this You can see how we have our file. We have tests do not log this. This will not appear in our log But then we're also constructing an object Calling a function in that object and we're finished Let's go ahead and pull up our log and let's reload this. Bang. Sure enough. We've got everything Including the constructor As you can see, this is insanely cool. You can do some really awesome things with very minimal effort And that's what's programming is really all about is just making cool things happen with expending as little effort as possible I hope you enjoyed this video. It's part of a video series I have out on udemy.com This particular video is a follow-on in the intermediate course, but you can start in cute core for beginners And if we just kind of crack this open It's got a lot of content that'll take you from an absolute beginner that just knows absolutely nothing from hello world all the way up to What are templates generics air handling in classes? This specific video is part of the cute core intermediate class This picks right up where the beginners course left off and we do things like memory management collections Working with settings the file system a lot of file system Compression serialization and much much more


Social media have become like an integral part of many people's everyday life. It's estimated that people spend about more than two hours a day on social media. Social media and smartphones have certainly accelerated the digitalization of societies around the world. Me, too, and Black Lives Matter, for instance, are social movements that have tackled two important sources of injustice and inequality and that is sexist and racist. These are both issues that have existed for years or decades but they've only really captured the public attention because of these hashtags and these social media campaigns when people saw how evasive these issues were. The problem is that people who don't experience these problems don't appreciate how serious, how evasive they are in the people's lives of those who are suffering until a campaign like Black Lives Matter because obviously Black people have been cured at the hands of the police for decades. So for us, I would say the benefits to Twitter are that it helps us engage with so many more people than our website alone if it could. It also helps us build relationships internationally. We've only really been campaigning, per se, for just over a year. Our major successes when it comes to campaigning was our hashtag Trust Me campaign, which was all about trying to stop proposed rollbacks to the rights of trans people, to write directly to Prime Minister Boris Johnson and have those proposed changes upended and stalled. Why social media has been such an important tool for organisations like mine and campaigners like myself is because we no longer have to go through the gatekeepers of the media so we can go directly to our audience now. So going back to the Black Lives Matter movement and let's compare that to say 40 years ago when you had an event like the New Cross Fire. So there were a number of Black teenagers caught in a house that caught fire supposedly arson and they died. It wasn't really reported that widely in the mainstream media despite the fact that this was a national tragedy and it got very little attention nowadays that couldn't happen because of social media. The hashtag in itself offers a creative use of words to highlight different issues and therefore making these issues visible. Hashtags are short. The message is of course condensed which can be problematic and since attention spans on social media are short the hashtag may or may not have a lasting impact. Twitter does have a habit of taking really important discussions by its very nature and trying to reduce into key talking points. It's sloughing away any any nuance there. I certainly believe that social media can be very powerful and positive force for human rights and has proven to be so. But it's not a given. So on the one hand you get progressive movements like Me Too and Black Lives Matter that have gained a lot of force and made an impact thanks to social media. But at the same time we also see the growth of anti-democratic forces online such as hate speech and various extremist movements. There's obviously the hate speech the abuse but then there's also the smaller the microaggressions a term that I've just come across recently sea lioning which is people questioning asking you to justify or give examples of the discrimination that you're facing. There are definitely mobs of very opinionated people who organise very quickly to express the sense of literally anything that we say is an organisation. One of the main drawbacks for us is how the platform can be not necessarily is but can be and particularly vitriolic and how there's no robust safety measures there and in place the stop onslaughts of abuse towards us. It's definitely the worst platform when it comes to how much violence can be sent our way and just how quickly and organised it is. There's two celebrity examples to show us how important and how significant Twitter is now to gaining support to your cause and one that we might term as a negative example is Donald Trump the first social media president somebody who managed to win the election and very came very close to winning the second is to re-election because of the grassroots supports he had and he managed to cultivate that through social media but we've seen it in a more positive way with the footballer Marcus Rashford and his campaigning for free school meals so Marcus Rashford wrote to the prime minister and was ignored didn't receive a reply at all but through taking his campaign onto social media gaining so much support on social media it then forced the government to act it shows us what can be done and how social media can be a lot more effective than the mainstream media in drawing attention to your cause. It's just um comes down to empathy really and it's just realising and understanding that the people managing accounts the people who own these accounts are at least by and large and notwithstanding you know bots and real human beings and we should just be treating these people as though we were speaking to them in real life so we just need to be more empathetic really with with people online. If you're talking about something like police brutality having to see these video images and photos of people getting murdered is not pleasant it's traumatising so I think people do have to be aware of that do need to guard and protect themselves against the trauma that they might face. I think it's important that the filters and barriers are put in place as well and people who are campaigning and using those kind of disturbing images to get their message across should be aware of that and should be putting warnings, viewers discretion advised. I think experience has clearly shown that online activists can be very powerful and social media can be very powerful too but for greater impact online activists needs to be combined with offline action. In this year's Black Lives Matter movement we have seen how thousands of people have defied COVID-19 restrictions and put themselves at considerable health risks by taking to the streets to protest against racism and to express their commitment to social justice. It shows that they both need to go together.


Immaculata is the family atmosphere.  Everyone gets to know each other. Immaculata is a place where we believe anything is possible. I just really love the whole atmosphere. I love Immaculata. I love living on campus. To me it's kind of like coming home. It's not really like going, like I'm not going from home to school. I'm home. It's just a matter of getting involved and reaching out. And you'll have so much fun here because there's always stuff to do. Most of the clubs that you'd be involved in no matter what it is has some type of service opportunity throughout the year. We also are very proud that we are a religious institution. And I think that that makes a difference in how we treat people and how our students treat one another. The sisters themselves do a wonderful job of letting their charism transcend the campus. It's just really important because we are a Catholic school and it's important to have, you know, service is one of our core values. It's important to have that and to really just like express that and everything that we do. The core values of Immaculata flow right from our mission and our strategic plan. We have caring, learning, integrity, faith, teamwork and service. They are all indicative of making yourself a better person.  There are many opportunities for students to become leaders in the classroom, in organizations, with their friends. Our students, we provide them with different leadership opportunities with the NCAA, with our conference, where they'll go away and do some type of leadership training. At Immaculata, we want our student-athletes not to just be successful for the next four years, but for the next 40 years. Cary, it's just who we are at Immaculata. The student-teacher ratio here is 11 to 1, so the classes are small. The largest class I've ever had here was about 25 students. It's just really awesome because I know that if I have a problem I can go to my professor, I can email them, they'll actually get back to me. It's just really nice because you have that relationship that you might not have at a bigger school. We can be receptive to what your needs are and because of the size of the university, tailor those needs to the student as viably as possible. We give our student-athletes the opportunity to excel in the classroom and also on the playing field. Part of our mission is the liberal studies. What Immaculata wants is for our students to be developed and strong holistically. All of our undergraduate students have a liberal arts core that they are expected to take. We try to be sure that every student has a core that includes philosophy, logic, theology, math and science, and the humanities. We have a partnership between Jefferson and Immaculata. Not only were we looking for students who had a very good science foundation but we're also looking for students who are compassionate who really are interested in patient care and I think that students who are attracted to Immaculata inherently have that kind of a background and so it was a really good fit for us. We have a lot of traditions on campus. You know it was a really small school when it started and it's an older school so you have a lot of like the traditions. At the new student orientation, we go down to the grotto and they plant a little pot of ivy which then grows and mingles into all the other ivy that's been planted there. When you talk about traditions, almost everyone talks about Carol night. There's a Christmas tree in the rotunda that literally like goes up to like the third floor and all of the faculty, staff, alumni, everybody comes from like all over and we just kind of get together. We sing Christmas carols for a couple hours. They're the milestones of college life. It will be the school that you measure every other visit against and say is it as nice as Immaculata was.


Next question is from Joseph 279. How much protein do you guys recommend? How much do you each consume? Oh yeah, the protein, the magic macronutrient. So protein, I'm going to speak generally and then I'll speak more specifically. Generally speaking, studies are pretty conclusive. There's a lot of studies on this. And what they find is for an athlete, for somebody who wants to build muscle, for someone who wants to maximize recovery, build strength, prevent muscle loss while dieting, so all those things, you want to consume about 0.6 to 0.8 or 1 gram of protein per pound of body weight. Okay, so if you weigh 100 pounds, that would be 60 to 100 grams of protein. Okay, so 0.6 to 1 gram per pound of, and this is now this is true for non obese individuals. If you have a lot of body fat on your body, don't use your weight, use your lean body mass as your gauge. Now that being said, there's an individual variance when it comes to protein. I've worked with a few, not a lot of clients, but I've worked with a few clients where, you know, when they started to push the protein, their digestion wasn't good, they didn't feel good. And so these clients did better on the lower end of that scale. And then I've worked with other people who just thrive off of protein and who push it even above 1 gram of protein per pound of body weight and seem to do great.  But the studies generally do show that a high protein diet is superior. Well, I've also met people that are like, and myself, where if I'm not eating protein, muscle falls off my body. It's just, it, I, my body falls right off, dude. I need to see a doctor. I mean, it's not, it's, it's, uh, it's hard for me. I don't, I, I don't know if it's because I grew up eating a ton of sugar and carbs. And that was the main source of calories for most of my life. Although I like to think that I've trained myself to be like meat first protein first type of eater. I still find myself, if I'm not tracking diligently or really mindfully going after protein, I under eat it. I mean, just the other day, I had, I had a pound of steak. I had four eggs, a piece of beef jerky and something else that had protein that's still under. That's still under 150 grams.  So, uh, you know, and, and for me, I know as soon as I fall off of that and I'm not making effort to do that. And then you add in the fact, I'm not going to the gym and lifting is consistently. And then muscle just falls off my body, uh, really, really quick.  And that girl kept muscle on all the time. Like she did nothing. It would took everything out of her to just lose a pound on the scale. So everybody's body is different. And so you need to figure out if that is a, but I tell you, it's, it was a missing key for me. It was a key for a long time that I really didn't focus on when I began tracking and like said, okay, in fact, I remember going through a phase where I was like, all I'm going to focus on is protein. I'm not going to worry about my carbs. I'm not going to worry about my fat. I'm going to just make sure I hit that one gram of protein per lean body mass and see what happens.  And my body was another one of those, you know, paradigm shattering moments we always talk about on this show. That was one of them for me. Yeah. Yeah, for me, I found about 130 grams of protein a day is pretty good, which is not a ton. When you can right now, I weigh about 200 and maybe 10 pounds. I I've gone as high as 240 250 grams of protein.  When that happens, you start to get the, you know, the more shakes in at that point, right? Yeah, and you get the notorious, you know, bodybuilder farts and all that. Not a great sign. Not fun. But again, about 130 grams of protein is good for me. If I if I go a little higher on that, I'm good. When I start to go below that, I start to notice that, you know, I'm not as solid. I'm not recovering as fast. So that's that's my number.  It's a beautiful thing. But yeah, I don't really do as well on carbs. So I I use carbs more as a way of like, planning out the fact that I'm going to have a more intense like endurance filled type of a workout where I need a little bit more in the workout. So then I'll up my carbs for the day or you know, day before to give me adequate energy. But other than that, I'm just really manipulating my energy with carbs more anything and staying pretty consistent with the amount of protein that you


Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala, in his blessed and glorious book, he says in verse 158 of Surah An-An'am, do they wait for anything more than for the angels to come to them, or for your Lord to come to them, or for some of the signs of your Lord to come to them? Yom Ayati Baadu Ayati Rabbik La Yanfa Natsan Imanuha Dantikun Aamanas Min Qabi The day that some of the signs of your Lord come to them will be a day when it shall not avail a soul its faith if it has not already believed or has not earned any good with respect to his faith say wait for we are waiting do they wait for anything else other than for the angels to come? illa an taqtiyahumul mulaika and we all know that the angels come when we die they come to take our souls are we waiting for the angels to come take our souls? are we waiting for our Lord to come? and we're not Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala speaks of coming on Yom Al Qiyamah for the judgment or are we waiting for some of the signs of our Lord to come? what are some of those signs? the signs of the hour are we waiting for the signs of the hour to appear as many of them have appeared as we know and then Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala He says that when some of the signs of your Lord come the faith of those who believe at that moment shall be of no avail la yantraw nafs an imanuha lam taqun aaminas min khabi if you didn't already believe if you were not already a believer when those signs come it is too late there'll be of no avail o kassabati imaniha khaira and if you were a believer and you got lucky and you achieved faith before the appearance of those signs any additional good that you do after that moment won't count either in other words, toba if you are a believer in Allah nas messenger and you have not made toba from certain sins when those particular signs happen it will be too late you have not earned any good in addition to your iman there is a hadith of the prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam in many narrations of this hadith among the signs of the end of times it says that the prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said la taqumu sa'a hatta tatlua shamsu min maghribiha that the hour shall not occur the final moment shall not happen until the sun it rises from its place of setting when the sun rises from the west not from the east then it goes on and it says and when the people see that happen when the sun sets and when the sun rises from the west and the people see that happening they will all believe every single one of them will become a believer at that moment but it goes on and it says but at that moment that will be the time when the iman of the person who is not already a believer should not be of any benefit nor shall the good done by the one who had delayed goodness up to that moment the rising of the sun from its place of setting and then we know that there are many great signs of the hour and of course everyone's qiyama begins with his death everyone's qiyama begins with his death and what this verse and this hadith together a fundamentally promoting or endorsing is that when the time or that final moment on this earth or the final moment of humanity is here that all shall have the obligation to believe in Islam that no one will have any other excuse and no one will be allowed to believe anything else other than Islam because Allah s.w.t. created us here for Islam the yabudun who worshiped Allah s.w.t. and to put things in context let's reflect upon this to think of three different worlds that of course is the world of the past the world of today then there's a world of the future now the world of the past if we can think of the world of the past before the time of the European Enlightenment the pre-modern world a world where religion was not just something that you did in private where God was just not something that you keep in your pocket but God had meaning to people to everybody even on the planet and God and your religion was very much part of your identity, of your culture even God cannot be blasphemed people did not tolerate prophets being disparaged and berated publicly no people don't put up with that people could not tolerate indecency they were displeased with sin sexual indiscretion or accusations of sexual indiscretion could not be, would not be tolerated without consequences or baseless accusations you accuse someone of adultery or fornication or sodomy whatever it may be and no no no, where's your evidence of these things? today we live in a world where these things are common and no one's punished people are defamed, slanders and it's all tolerated sexual activity was a private affair not a public affair criminal behavior was punished resolutely to the extent that the victim felt that there was some sense of justice done unlike what has become commonplace and many places in the world today where it seems that the criminal or the concerns of the criminal are more important than those of the victim unfortunately that was an old world and it's not to say that it was all good but it was a very violent world it was a world that lived under the presumption of war a world where women were raped on the battlefield it was, there was a lot of things happening in that world but then this new world appeared and God in the minds and the hearts of people was dethroned and we created something called secularism and where your religion is your private affair that's it to public we only believe in the material realm and what we can prove scientifically, et cetera morality is determined by the public order whatever the most people say is good is good whatever becomes law is the good thing in which it's to be embraced and if it is not the law yet then we can continue to speak of it as evil rationality, science and of course many great things happen because of the change even talks of freedom, democracy, liberty but it's reached a point now where many people come to realize that all for all the talks of freedom and of democracy that for those who praise and call to it and have called to it for so long and it's been nothing but empty cause no one believes in absolute freedom of anything we don't believe in absolute freedom of speech the absolute freedom to do what you want and it's really heartening to see even though many people on the right nowadays saying things that if they were to say and the early 2000s at the beginning of the 21st century they would be accused of bringing of introducing what we call creeping sharia they had conservatives talk about that pornography is a bad thing and that certain people need to be counseled it's really heartening but there's a new world that we learn from the Hadith of the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam what this ayah itself is calling us and this is a world in the future when Allah s.w.t. He sends al-Masih al-Dajjal and he sends the true Masih he said bin Mariam with al-Ma'm al-Mahdi and after some time Allah s.w.t. he fulfills the role of the Messiah and realizes in such a way that the entire planet shall be filled with justice after it had been filled with tyranny and the entire world will be ruled by the sharia of Muhammad sallallahu alayhi wa sallam this is what we learn in the Hadith of the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam but even this verse is telling us that a time is coming that if you are not a believer before those signs appear especially if we think of the sign when the sun shall rise from the west that it will be too late for you because Allah s.w.t. has decided no more tolerance no more forbearance Allah is as saboor and halim and he has been saboor and halim for a very long time as we know with humanity but he will come he will reveal himself to all of us in that day and we ask Allah s.w.t. that he places in his grace and his mercy that he is still within our hearts true and firm faith and the belief and the supremacy of his sharia of his revealed law we ask him that he allow for us to live as believers and to die as believers and to be resurrected as believers in the company of the Ambiya and the Oliya I will say this and I thank Allah for the blessing of the Muslims and Muslims that's all All praise is due to Allah, Lord of the worlds May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon the best of the Prophets and the best of the Muslims our Lord and our beloved Muhammad and his family and his companions Allah s.w.t. has chosen the Qur'an O my beloved ones, believe in your own lives and the power of Allah and the blessings of Allah and the blessings of Allah O you who believe protect yourselves and your family from a fire whose fuel is made in stone protect yourselves and your family from a fire whose fuel is made in stone as we move closer towards the end of our lives and all of our lives are going to end no one's going to remain here you are not being created for here the very fact that you shall die is proof that you are not created for this place but as we move closer towards the end of our lives it is important and it is our responsibility for those of us who have families and those of us who have children to ensure that we instill within them as best as we possibly can the knowledge and love for Allah s.w.t and knowledge and love for the messenger s.w.t and love of righteousness and the righteous a love and knowledge of justice a love and knowledge of wisdom we need to ask have we done enough to prepare them to meet their lords how useful have we made them to humanity as the prophet tells us khairu nasi anfan nafs lin nafs in one narration that the most or the best people are those who are the most useful and beneficial to other people what value do they give to God's law thumma jaan na ka'ara shari'a tin min an amri fi tabi'a we place you upon the shari'a so follow it wa la ti tabi'a ahwa il ladin la ya'lamoon and do not follow the shari'a follow the lust, the fancies of those who don't know as Allah s.w.t says to the prophet s.w.t the shari'a the revealed law the moral code of Muhammad s.w.t shall one day be supreme on this earth according to our teachings despite the fact that many of us have forgotten this of course this isn't a lost time when Allah decides it to occur it is not our duty to compel anyone to do anything but Allah s.w.t promises in his book and through the words of as much as Allah s.w.t that shall happen but we have to have value and place value on it and I wanted to end with a very famous quote from Ibn Qaym Al-Jawziya regarding the shari'a of Muhammad s.w.t in his i'lamum wa qa'in where he says that this shari'a, the foundation of this shari'a it is wisdom and benefit to all humanity in this life and the next it is justice in its entirety it is mercy in its entirety it is benefit in its entirety it is wisdom in its entirety for kullu masalah tinu kharajad an adadli ilajroori wa min al-rahmati ila ddidhiha wa an al-maslahati ila al-masada wa an al-hikmati ila al-abathi fa l-asit min as-shari'a tiba in'udkhilat fihab t-tawee that so any issue that departs from justice into injustice and from mercy into his opposite and from benefit into detriment and from wisdom into justice then that thing is not part of the shari'a even if it is claimed to be through interpretation for shari'atu for shari'atu for shari'atu ad-bullahi bin ibadihi wa rahmatu bina khalki so the shari'a it is Allah's it is Allah's justice between his servants and his mercy between his creation wa dilluhu fi arlihi wa hikmatu dalaatu al-Alihi wa raa s'itqi rasulihi sallallahu alaihi wa sallam at-tamma dalaatin wa as-taqaha it's that and it is it is his shade in his earth and his wisdom which is indicative of his existence and indicative of the truthfulness of his messenger sallallahu alaihi wa sallam in the most superb way and the most voracious of manners this is the nature of the shari'a the point being that we as Muslims, we as believers cannot allow anything to be valued greater than our deen nothing to be valued greater than that nothing that any man can give to us, any civilization can give to us is greater than the Quran and the sunnah and the life path of the messenger sallallahu alaihi wa sallam nothing is greater than that and these are things that we need to instill in our children we have an obligation our children are an obligate or responsibility given to us by Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala the youth are a responsibility to the adults and Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala hold us accountable but again to end Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala tells us in Surat al-An'am are they waiting for anything other than for the angels to come to them? or for your Lord to come to them? or for some of the signs of your Lord to come to them? يوم يأتي بعض آياتي ربكة لا ينفع نفسا إيمانه هل لم تكون آمنة من قبل أو كتبت في إيمانها خيراء on the day the angels come to them they are waiting for anything other than for the angels to come to them or for your Lord to come to them or for some of the signs of your Lord on the day when some of the signs of your Lord come it is when no soul shall be benefited no soul who chooses to believe at that moment shall be benefited by their faith nor should anyone who has not earned any goodness along with their faith we ask Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala that He make us not among those people they make us among those who truly believe and have deep faith and conviction about the sharia of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala that we have heard from Muhammad peace be upon him may Allah be pleased with us


I think we'll start this out with the demo. We got the Hilbert chain as you're going to have eight hands. Under my mouth! Wow!  We might be wrong. We're funny, but not always a joke. Alright, this one is, this is a cool one. This, cool one of what you say, a cool design type. This is my favorite of all the design types. Why? Because it is just inherently sexy. I should probably say elegant, but whatever. So I'll let you chew on that one for a while about why one might describe it. Design is sexy. Well, that's what happens when you're an experimental psychologist and you've been studying this stuff for way, way, way too long. Anyway, so no. You're probably wondering what is, it's the multiple baseline. You could do multiple baselines across individuals. You could do multiple baselines across behaviors. You could do multiple baselines across conditions. Settings. So anyway, not conditions. So what is a multiple baseline? It's really cool. It's just an A-B design. Repeated. Over and over again, right? And remember, and this is why I call them elegant.  But an A-B design stacked on top of an A-B design, stacked on top of another A-B design, now that's elegant. Why? Because out of all this garbage A-B designs, you can now start to draw functional relations. Why? Because of the unique ability to overlap ability. Because of the unique requirement of overlapping your second baseline and your third baseline into the intervention phase times that were above it. So you're going to look through here. We're going to look at one. So the first one here is about interventions across individuals. So we see that the baseline occurs. And then the behavior starts to change accordingly. And then we come down here and say, I wonder what would happen if we did this with Bob now? The first one was with somebody else. So now we're going to do it with Bob because whatever. And so did Bob's behavior change at the exact time of the phase change? Or give yourself a little bit of time there for your transition periods, right? So did Bob's behavior change during then? Or did it change when the first person's intervention started? If so, now we've got a problem, right? Because if Bob's behavior is changing during baseline, that happens to match up with somebody else's intervention phase change. Now we have an issue. So again, then we repeat that logic again for the third person down here. We'll call that person talks. My buddy talks, I haven't seen in 15 years. So anyway, so talks down here, he's engaging in his behavior. And again, he's got his longer baseline, which is longer than Bob's baseline, and it's longer than the first person's baseline, as you can see. And it allows us to make all those comparisons to the individuals above it. Then the next magical design type here that we have would be an intervention across settings. So one person, multiple environments, multiple settings, same logic. Everything applies. So we've got talks at home. We've got talks at work. And we've got talks on the dance floor. And I tell you, if we're trying to reduce swearing behavior, then this is what we would do. So anyway, so multiple baseline, really cool. We can determine whether or not our intervention is having an effect. You'll see some graying out areas in here where we're talking about the prediction piece. We're talking about the verification pieces and we're talking about the replication pieces. They're all built in. And that's what's so cool about the multiple baseline. And the third one is the multiple baseline across behaviors. So let's pick on talks again. So talks is engaging and he's a series of problem behaviors because talks is just being talks.  I don't know why that's inappropriate, but maybe it just looks funny. So we've got those three behaviors. We have an intervention. We think that's going to work for all of them based on other work that we've done with talks and we've figured out that maybe non-contention reinforcement might apply and there might be a tool that we can use to reduce behavior across all these behaviors. So we do the intervention once, then we do it again and we do it a third time. And again, we're looking for that overlap. If things change when they shouldn't, that's a warning, right? If things change when they should, now they start to get that replication piece and you get the verification piece all built in. So again, multiple baselines, hands down for me. They're one of the most, like I said, elegant or sexy designs out there. I just think they're genuinely cool. I think the lodge, what's cool about it for me is the fact that you take this really inherently weak design and you tweak it just a little bit. You do something else to it and it becomes a brilliant, beautiful design that has all sorts of validity to it. It's just cool. So anyway, hopefully you get a chance to use one. They're really fun and I guess, I don't know if the design can be fun. So they're fun. The logic is really simple with them and you can really see the effects across the board. So anyway, thanks for letting me pick on your talks. Hopefully you're watching the video. Take care. That was a video on behavior analysis. If you like it, please share it. Please subscribe. Please donate. We'd like to eat. I'm hungry.


So, good afternoon. Today we will be carrying on with the second half of our work on curved channel flow. So, just to recap we are looking at single phase flow through a curved circular pipe and we have adopted a coordinate system where we have a polar coordinate system in the cross section and the position of the cross section is given by the angle theta from the x axis. So, we quantified the curvature of the channel with the curvature ratio epsilon and that was given by the radius of the channel A divided by the radius of curvature zeta and so we realize that if the quantity zeta tends to infinity then we will approach the case of a straight channel which means that when epsilon is 0 curvature ratio is 0 I will have a straight channel and when epsilon greater than 0 but of course less than 1 I will have a curved channel. So, this one bound is physical characteristic of the geometry the this radius cannot be more than this radius. So, that is the general idea. So, realizing this fact we wanted to apply what we have studied in the course basically perturbation theory and try and understand flow in a curved channel as a small approximation of perturbation about the case of epsilon equal to 0 which means about a straight channel. So, yesterday we had derived the Navistokes equations in this toroidal coordinate system scale the equations and got the governing equations in terms of epsilon. So, today what we are going to do is carry or forward the usual procedure whereby we take an asymptotic expansion in epsilon substituted back in and derive the equations for the zeroth order problem first order problem and so on. So, before I go to that I want to make a point here that I have said the straight channel case we approach when zeta tends to infinity but even for a finite zeta for a reasonable zeta you could still approach the case of a straight channel if the radius became very small. So, why is that important you imagine you have a micro channel a micro channel which has a bend like this now the curvature ratio of this bend zeta is definitely not infinity it is a very finite value it is quite a sharp bend in fact but you could still approach the limit of epsilon tending to 0 provided the a is small. So, even though one way of looking at the problem is a gently curved channel one way of looking at small epsilon another way is a finite curvature but a very small channel or a narrow gap approximation. So, this is where scaling comes into picture. So, even though epsilon is not absolutely tending to infinity if it is relatively large compared to a that is good enough because the length scale in the problem is a. So, with respect to a zeta should be large. So, this is once again where the question is what is the physical scale that is important that is what we do when we scale the problem essentially. So, that is why by scaling with a throughout the problem we got epsilon. So, we put epsilon to 0 it could mean either that a is very small or that zeta is large and that does not really matter as far as the equations are concerned. So, I could basically have a thin channel with sharp curvature or a large channel with a very gentle curvature and both these guys will have the same epsilon kind of geometric similarity. So, with this in mind what I will do now is directly move on with the perturbation calculation. So, let us consider order of epsilon 0 and in the previous class you had written down the equations the full governing non-linear equations. So, the first step of course is to consider the solution for v u v w p. So, that is our standard power series expansion where we expanded the vector field as the zeroth order field plus epsilon times first order variables. So, we take the asymptotic expansion and substitute back in those governing equations that we had yesterday and we will arrive at the equations for various orders. So, I will start with the zeroth order problem and that we can when you do the calculations to the equations and even by inspection you will get simply the equations for the straight channel and that simply Hagen-Poiswell flow. So, what we will do is I will not write down the full set of equations that you can derive, but the main idea is in those equations you will have all the inertial terms and the viscous terms, but that is when we will say that we are interested in looking at unidirectional flow through the channel as the base case. So, in that case all the inertial terms will get knocked off and we will be left with the normal Stokes equations that we get when we solve Hagen-Poiswell flow. So, the equation on epsilon will simply be that is because you remember we scaled the equations with G. So, we would have got a plus 4 over there and only the radial variation of W naught persists. So, U and V have gone to 0 because we are saying that the flow is unidirectional. So, this is a standard Hagen-Poiswell approximation. So, finally we will get the solution at zeroth order to be 1-R square. Actually this is – 4 because delta P and del square V are on the same side take it to the other side it is – 4. So, that is the standard parabolic velocity profile if we plot it that we get in Hagen-Poiswell flow through a state pipe. Most importantly U naught V naught above 0 which means that there is no cross velocity in the pipe at all. There is no circulation nothing else is happening it is just flowing straight. So, that is a state pipe solution. Now what we are going to do is when we go to order epsilon 1 this axial flow W naught is actually going to move around the bend. So, W naught will give rise to centrifugal forces that will come into the problem at order epsilon 1. So, this is the typical stepwise procedure in perturbation calculations the zeroth order effect is just flow and at first order we will start feeling the effects of centrifugal forces. So, once again if we take the asymptotic expansion and go to order epsilon 1 we can derive the equations. So, I will directly write those down and I leave it as an exercise for you to derive them. It is straight forward the usual procedure that we have done so far. So, at order epsilon 1. So, while I am writing this down you should look at the equations yesterday and see if you can identify where each term is coming from the original non-linear equations. So, for example this term is coming from the centrifugal force term in the governing equations and these are the viscous terms which are order epsilon. So, just look and see if you can identify where it is coming from. So, these are the 4 equations that we get at order epsilon 1. So, you have the momentum equations in U in the radial direction in the eta direction in the axial direction and the continuity equation which is equation number 4. So, there are some interesting things that we need to see in these equations. The first point is that centrifugal force is an inertial term it is basically a non-linear term in the Navier-Stokes equations. So, when you go back you will see that you had W square you know in the governing equations. So, that term actually is non-linear and if you want to solve it you would have to solve the problem numerically. But what we have done here is by doing the perturbation approximation we find that that term which was non-linear before has come into the problem now as a linear term because although we have W naught squared W naught is already known from the base problem as 1-R square. So, if you look at this problem which is in terms of the variables U 1, V 1, W 1 and P 1 you will find that it is completely linear set of equations firstly. Secondly it is non-homogeneous with the non-homogeneity being the centrifugal force term which has W naught squared. So, this thing is typical of perturbation calculations in general and you can think of it as a weakly non-linear calculation. So, the purely linear calculation would have never given us circulations because that would be equivalent to putting Reynolds number equal to 0. That is the creeping solutions or stoke solutions just puts Re equal to 0. So, you neglect all the inertia. If we did that even at first order we would have got 0 and 0 here and the whole set of equations would be completely homogeneous which means that even U 1, V 1, W 1 would have been 0. So, I would have just persisted with you know flow going around a bend but without any circulations. If you take Re actually to be 0 but if you allow for non-zero Re but say that wait even though there is some Reynolds numbers effects that those effects are very weak. We said that by saying small epsilon. So, when we did that you do retain Re and you retain its contribution but you are able to do that in a way that allows you to calculate step by step analytically. So, in that sense you are counting for the first effects of the non-linear centrifugal force terms. So, these are those two terms that are basically in homogeneity is now in this set. This is the equation for the correction to the velocity to the axial velocity. So, W naught is what it is in the state channel when it curves it will be corrected by W 1. So, we actually find this is an equation for W 1 and that of course is the continuity equation. So, the third important thing to note is that if you consider equation 1, 2 and 4 you will see that nowhere do they contain W 1 right.  So, we can actually solve 1, 2 and 4 first and then come here and solve equation 3 for W 1 yes sorry yeah good question yeah I will come to this term actually you will actually end up retaining yeah that is it. But I will come to that later. So, this is the change in the pressure gradient in the theta direction alright. So, what I was saying previously is that we have three equations for three unknowns that we can solve first for U 1, V 1, P 1 and then we can come and solve for W 1 is that clear. So, this will always happen when you have fully developed flow because in fully developed flow you want have changes in W 1 changes in W with theta in the continuity equation. So, the continuity equation will only involve U and V. So, that along with these two equations allows me to solve for U V first and then I can solve for W 1 which is the correction to the axial velocity. So, once again we come back to the I mean the whole methodology of perturbation series. So, what we have done here if you look at it physically is to say that I have a flow the primarily flow is axial just going through the channel. So, that you first calculate that is W naught. Then using W naught you get a centrifugal force that is W naught square and you use that to calculate the circulations which are U 1 and V 1 that is coming from the centrifugal force W naught square. So, you will get U 1 V 1 which will be some circulations and some pressure gradients P 1 and that you use to calculate now the change on W itself which is W 1 and if we keep going forward we will keep doing this. So, first calculating the circulation then coming back and seeing its effect on axial velocity then again going back in calculating the circulations and so on. So, this iterative procedure I mean makes physical sense because you get the base flow find the centrifugal force find the circulations come back to the base flow and by doing that we will increasingly improve our approximation. So, today we will just look at order epsilon which means we will just solve these equations up to W 1 alright. So, now that we have got the equation and understood what we are about we will get down to the mathematical solution. So, as I said we can solve 1 2 and 4 for U 1 V 1 and P 1. So, how do we go about this you can see that the country equation actually has the form of a 2 dimensional system because there is no W 1. So, we can use the stream function formulation that we have done previously for 2D flows. So, stream function formulation works not only for 2D flows but also when you have free developed flow because the form of the continuity equation allows me to do that. So, if I define I will call it psi 1 because it is at order 1 or sorry right r eta and this will be identical to the stream function formulation we have in cylindrical coordinates. So, in fact so the ideas we have replaced 2 of the variables in terms of 1 variable psi 1. So, now that we have this what is the next step that we do when we are looking at stream functions right. We have to eliminate pressure from the equations which amounts to taking the curl of the vectorial form. So, what we need to do is differentiate we want to eliminate these 2 terms right. So, we differentiate this with respect to r and differentiate this with respect to eta multiplied by 1 over r and subtract right. So, that will knock off these 2 terms the other important thing is remember this equation will be will operate on the whole equation right and on this guy we will do derivative with r. The important thing to realize is that when we take the derivative with eta we will get cos eta here whereas derivative with r will leave cos eta free. So, when we differentiate and add you will get cos eta together. So, you will not have sin and cos both the forms will be cos only. So, that will tell us that ultimately your stream function psi 1 will be of this form you can split it up into its r dependence and the cos eta dependence because both the inhomogeneous terms will end up having cos eta right and cos is a even function about eta. So, that means that my stream lines will be symmetric about the left half and the right half right. See eta equal to 0 is here. So, if you have cos eta minus eta and plus eta will be equal for cos. So, the stream functions or whatever the circulations we have will be symmetric about the vertical plane. So, that is something to keep in mind, but just proceed with the calculation differentiate this with eta this with respect to r and then subtract the two equations. Now, I am differentiating this with 1 over here we will get some minus 1 by r square or something second equation. Yeah, okay fine yeah yeah. So, first multiply by r and differentiate. Yeah, that will be better. Yeah, that will be good. So, you first multiply by r and then differentiate with r. All right. So, after you eliminate those two equations if you have not been able to get it so far you all can go back and work it out, but it will work itself out. You will land up with an equation for psi 1. So, most important thing to check is since these equations were second order naturally the equation for psi should be fourth order because we have combined two equations into one. So, you can see that it is in fact a fourth order problem. So, you have del square operating on del square psi where del square is given by this operator it is just the del square and cylindrical coordinates and the right hand side contains your inhomogeneity which will have Reynolds number because that gives me the amount of centrifugal force and you have this cos eta dependency like I pointed out earlier because a sin eta gets differentiated to cos eta. So, now whenever you have these types of PDs you need to see whether you can separate the r dependency and the eta dependency. So, in this case if the right hand side the inhomogeneous term was 0 then psi would be simply 0 because you just have no slip homogenous conditions on the wall but it is not 0. So, that is why you will have some circulation but the eta part is everything in cos eta. So, it makes sense to propose a solution that you have psi 1 equal to let me say some function of r which we do not know times cos eta because if we consider this form here the cos eta dependency would get cancelled out. So, we will just check that now whether if we can put this solution back here whether the cos eta parts go off then we will get an ODE for r. So, we can just either. So, if easy way is to consider what happens to del 1 square because whatever happens here will get repeated again right in the other operator. So, if you put this back here in del 1 square what will you get you operate this on psi 1 right you are going to operate this on psi 1 that is this inner operation.  And the final term however you are differentiating with respect to eta twice right. So, first derivative with cos eta will give me sin eta with a minus sign second derivative will give me back cos. So, I will simply get minus right. So, this whole thing del 1 square of psi 1 can be written as del 1 square bar which is a different operator acting on f into cos eta ok where del 1 bar operator is dou square by dou r square plus 1 by r dou by dou r minus 1 by r square. So, I hope that is clear you have any doubts about this. So, the cos eta just pops out. So, if we substitute this solution here what will end up happening is you will get del 1 bar square of it because the cos terms will get cancelled off from either side alright. So, what we ended up with is a fourth order ODE for r. So, at this point this ODE still look a little intimidating but actually is very easy to solve. So, that will come by simply realizing that we can rewrite the operator in a more compact way that allows us to integrate it 4 times and get the solution. So, how can we do that if you look at this expression it can be written as dou by dou r of something. So, what is that of this will give us the first term right plus u by r I think right. So, this will give me the first term and if I differentiate taking r out I will get sorry f I differentiate taking r out I will get this term. Then if I differentiate r I will get minus 1 by r square times f now this itself can be written as another nested derivative I guess that is right. So, now we have written del 1 square in a nested form I am saying del f this one this one this one this term no this one correct. So, finally the operator is written in the nested form. So, now you can see that if you want to solve del 1 square equal to an inhomogeneous term all we need to do is integrate with respect to r right multiply by r integrate again and then divide by r. So, now it is really easy to solve this problem is it clear now how will you I mean once you got this you have this here.  So, f 1 will be obtained finally after 4 integrals with respect to r and then multiplying dividing by r as appropriate. So, now the problem has been simplified I mean it is such an easy solution that you can get immediately. So, you can work that out. So, finally after integrating and then applying the boundary conditions we will get the following solution. So, this is what f 1 looks like you should go back and do the calculations for practice alright. So, now let us pay attention to what f 1 is. So, f 1 if you remember sorry this is not f 1 this is psi 1 the stream function. So, now if you remember fluid mechanics theory and stream functions the contours of the stream function will give us the stream lines in the steady state situation. So, like I said again the eta dependency is cos eta that means it will be symmetric about the centre line. So, if you look at just the cross section forgetting about w we just have the cross section with the radial coordinate r and eta. So, if you remember eta goes like this this is eta equal to 0 right and the radial distance is r and if you plot these contours in math lab or mathematical you will get something that looks like this and they will repeat at the bottom. So, because of cos eta it is symmetric about the mid plane while the value of the function is not symmetric on this side it is however the contours have the same shape and from here you can get the velocity field by applying the stream function formulation. So, u is 1 bar – 1 bar dou psi 1 by dou eta. So, what does this tell us now if you look at the u you will find that the stream functions give us the circulatory flow. So, what we have seen now to order epsilon 1 is that the flow through this curve channel the axial flow creates a centrifugal force that results in secondary a secondary flow imposed on that which has these circulations. So, this is the this is how the channel curves. So, this is the inside of the channel and this is the outside. So, fluid is pushed along the centre right and once it hits this wall it recirculates back and the whole reason why we have these circulations at all is remember that the centrifugal force here fc and this centrifugal force is much larger because here w not square was much higher here w not square is small because it is near the wall. So, the push in this direction is much stronger than the push here. So, it is basically like as the fluid gets pushed here and gets pulled back. So, you get circulations but that is because it is finite here if you had the infinite case you would not get the circulations at all because the force everywhere would be the same. So, that we look at a later class but this is essentially the problem and if you combine this u 1 v 1 and add it with w 1 w not you will get fluid a fluid particle moving through the channel and also drifting along these streamlines. So, you will get helical vortices. So, as it moves to the channel it will do a helix and these 2 vortices are called dean vortices and is because of these guys that you have enhanced mixing in curve channels. So, his first paper was in 1927 when he applied the same procedure for same perturbation calculation for flow and he calculated these symmetric streamlines and that was the first theoretical work that was done on the problem. So, I will not calculate to w 1 you can do that as an exercise and the entire thing is given and gary lead. So, you all can work it out and maybe hunt down his paper he has got some interesting results that he has and this started off a huge analysis into single phase flow and curve channels. Some of you all must have come for my seminar. So, I did that is when I did the same calculation for the 2 phase flow where instead of just having a single phase in the whole domain you have a core fluid which is phase 1 and surrounded by an annulus of phase 2 and then you do the perturbation calculation. So, now in essential to the governing equations and in addition to the governing equations you have the normal stress condition, tangential stress condition and all of those being put up. So, this similar idea can be used in so many different problems and so many variations of this other. In fact on a slightly funny in fact how far you can take perturbation. So, there is a paper by Peterson recent one I think in the maybe 2007 or 2010 what he does is he looks at again single phase flow in a curve channel, but now he makes these walls wavy which will remind you of your quiz too. So, in the second quiz we gave state flow through a channel which had a waviness here he took the waviness and the curve. So, he has 2 perturbation parameters one in the curvature and one in the wavy wall and that is the physics of fluids Peterson can check it out. So, then he does it is a double perturbation. So, first you perturb to order epsilon square he went in epsilon which in the curvature and then each of those guys are perturbed you know in a 2 dimensional perturbation series. So, then he has a solution. So, these vortices then become if you look at the stream lines the stream lines also become wavy and it is quite interesting. So, in this sense you can keep going on you know adding different effects alright. So, I think with that we will wrap up our class on Dean vortices and in the next class we will look at the instability problem which is also studied by Dean in 1928 where there he looks at you know 2 infinite walls where circulations do not come immediately, but circulations will set in as an instability. So, there is a certain difference there and there we can apply a linear stability analysis.


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Hi everybody. Happy Wednesday. Joe for jasperjasecasebreaks.com here with 2021 Panini Prestige Football Fat Pack or Valley Pack Break Random Team 16.  We're giving away 10 spots at the end of the break. There are three dice rolls happening here this one ladies and gentlemen. First one we're giving away five extra spots within this pack break itself. Second dice roll will be for names and teams for the pack and then the third and final dice roll will be to give away those final 10 spots and that contenders break. So let's gather everybody's names here. Chance at some extra spots after three and a six, nine times. Top five after nine. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight and ninth and final time. After nine, Chris, Ron, Joel, Ron, Ron. Three of the five spots, Ron. Extras going your way. Thank you. We'll put those little rooftops next to your name so you know you won those extra spots in that first randomizer. Now the second randomizer, the break itself, let's roll it in randomized names and teams. Four and a five, nine times again. One, two, three, four and ninth and final time. Four and a five, nine times for the teams. One, two and ninth and final time. We've got heat at Celtics. Just tipping off. All right, here's the first half of the list here and the second half of the list right over there and let's just print this out. No trade windows and filler breaks as most of you know by now. If you don't know, now you have to shake up that toner cartridge a little bit. Let's try to like that toner. All right, quick little pack here. Devonta Smith rookie, that's pretty cool. And you have the quarterbacks. There's a Kyle Trask and then the rest. All right, nothing too crazy in here, but let's see who gets those other spots. Those spots in that contenders break. New dice, new list and good luck. Yeah, what channel is that on? I thought it's always gonna be on Paramount Plus. I don't know, I don't have Paramount Plus. We should be fine, right? U.S. men's national team, soccer team should be fine. All right, let's roll it in randomized. Three and a three, hard six. So top ten after six, good luck. One, two, three, four, five and sixth and final time. Top ten after six. So from eleven on down, sorry Raymond, very close, but just on the outside looking in. Thanks everybody who gave this a go. Appreciate it. Top ten though, happy times for you. Ron is happy. He's happy again and again and again. Then Chris, Sean, Joel, Ron again, Terry and Ron. Wow. So of the ten spots were given away, I think Ron got six of them. One, two, three, four, five, six, six of the ten. Scared money don't make money ladies and gentlemen. There you have it. I'm Joe for jaskiescasebreaks.com. I'll see you in the next video for the next break. Bye bye.