Hi everyone and welcome to Embedded World 2020 here at the Risk5 Foundation. Let's have a look on the booth. Risk5 Foundation this year is really growing. We show a strong ecosystem. By the way, my name is Florian Wolrab. I'm from Andes Technology, but I'm also a member of the Risk5 Foundation. What we are seeing is that Risk5 is really gaining market traction. We are getting more and more members. We have over 500 members worldwide. There are 60 members only here in Europe. It's amazing. We see more and more hardware vendors coming. And here on the booth we have many of them exhibiting certain things. So let's have a look and talk with some of them and ask them what they are presenting today. This is some of the logos. You see these logos? All of this company is doing Risk5. It's amazing. We have it from China. We have it from South America. We have Russian guys. Of course we have Taiwanese guys. We have German guys, French guys. Everyone is doing Risk5. Let's go to the gentleman from Cy5. Please. Hi, my name is Danny Nativale. Welcome to our booth. I'm from Cy5. It's been a great show this year at the embedded world where we introduce the... Sorry, sorry. That's okay. Where we introduce our new deeper-gantary solution. We also showcased the mode of security architecture of Cy5 Shield that includes Cy5 World Guard hardware and force security solution for true hardware isolation for cores and tasks running in SoC. So what are you showing here? So we're showing the operation of... We're showing the World Guard operation. So it's like a treasured thing. So we're showing how tasks and cores are separated for each other. And when a core task tries to access a memory, that is not supposed to access, it gets an exception. So we have a core zero on the left and core one on the right. So are you being very busy working with a lot of these logos to create some chips? Yes, we are involved. We have one of the founding members of the Risk5 Foundation and some of the partners are also some of our customers. So we are working with significant customers to get the Risk5 adopted. And make better product and faster product to markets. What's the adoption? What's the growth? The growth is very significant. Everybody wants to move and get into the Risk5 train. So over the past year, we've seen a significant amount of customers moving away for existing solution to the Risk5 instruction set. What are the main challenges to create a Risk5 CPU? You first need to have a feature priority with the older ecosystem. So you need to provide good software, good compatibility with previous solutions, such as IP, security, power consumption and so on. Maybe let's have a look to the next booth. So the next booth that is Andes Technologies, that's where I'm working from. Andes Technologies is a CPU IP company. So we are doing Risk5 IP and then we are selling it to people who are making chips with it. It's pretty cool. It's pretty amazing. Market adoption. Risk5 is really great for AI, for machine learning and all this stuff. You know, with this new market where you have the maintenance predictive or where you have the voice recognition like devices like this. I'm not allowed to show the brand. But they are waking up when you say the keyword and then they are waking up the big system and operating what you want. That's where you need Risk5 where it really has advantages. Like our little Pikachu here. Konnichiwa! That's where you have our chips inside. But it's not Risk5 yet, right? That is not Risk5 yet, but we are working on Risk5 so the next series will be Risk5 and Andes is one of the leading providers. Like I said, we are coming from Taiwan, but we see a big adoption in China now and also America and Europe, more and more traction. Also Japan is really hot for Risk5. And your IP is being used by many different chips? Yes, for example MediaTek but also big storage manufacturers so people who are making SSDs using our chips. Carmakers are using our chips for the car inside the 360 degrees roundabout view. Bitcoin mining for example.  And that's the nice thing about Risk5. You really can have the innovation. You can innovate, you can do your own stuff and you can change the course compared with other big manufacturers who say you need to take our core, you are not allowed to modify it. Risk5 gives you the flexibility and allows you to innovate and bring it forward. So when you are a CPU IP company for you it can be more fun to have the Risk5 freedom? It is a lot of fun. We have been making our own RiskIP before but now with Risk5 all the universities teach it. They contribute to the open source. I mean we upstream our codes, our GCC, our U-boot but then you have the universities, they are downloading it, they are teaching it. You have many more companies doing it. It's great. So very busy in that direction also. We are extremely busy. How far do you think it would be for a device like this to have Risk5 in them? Not far. We are working on this. So I think we will see this year a lot of devices. They are already a microcontroller manufacturer in China who has their first microcontroller on the market with Risk5. You also can license this IP from us, for example, if you want. It's the same. And we are seeing that it's now also finding an adaption and data center. So I know you are always looking for a Linux. Linux, give it one or two years and you will have your Risk5 chips and then you have setup boxes with Linux. Is it maybe a smartwatch company? It's not a smartwatch. It's our partners from Sci-Fi. They have it in a smartwatch company. We are more in the memory area, in the data center area and we are also in the AI. Like maybe you hear it from the Bitmain and all the stuff. We are kind of co-working with these guys. But those chips are actually deployed, Risk5? Yes, yes. They are deployed. You can buy one microcontroller unit on the market from GigaDevice. The assets are kind of closed source, but they are on the market, they are in mass production and they are really hot. Maybe we can continue the tour a little bit? Sure. So let's go over there to GreenWave, right here. Let's have a look at GreenWave. Hi there. We are GreenWave's technologists. We are a fabulous semiconductor company from France. We are designing IoT application processors that enable artificial intelligence in battery-operated IoT devices. We are presenting today the new platform for occupancy detection that we designed with our partner Lin Red. Is there a chip already here? What are you showing? What is running? So the platform is supposed to be recording? Yeah. So the platform is supposed to be inside. I already removed it. But what it does, it counts people when you pass by. And on the app, you can see how many people are there around the booth. What does the platform look like? So what's the chip? This is our chip. This is an example of our chip. This is GAP8. So is that a Risk5? Yes, it's based on the Risk5. All right. What's the design of this PCB like this? So this is an example that is currently right now available. So this is a micro drone that runs neural network and avoids obstacles when it flies. So it's autonomous navigation drone. It's like that. So your company designs a lot of chips? Yeah. So we're a chip company. So our chip already are available online. And we have some boards for demonstration and prototyping application. You can buy them on our website. What do you think about the Risk5 ecosystem? I think it's really cool. I think it allows a lot of start-up semiconductor companies to innovate. Because it's open source. So we can really revolutionize the market of AI devices based on Risk5. What does the open source aspect of the chip really enable you? It helps us to innovate really fast and keep up with all the algorithms available in the market. All right. Cool. All right. Thanks a lot. My name is Alexander Kazov and I'm representing company called CloudBear. We are Risk5 processor IP providers. So we are making series of product lines. So starting from microcontroller level to Linux capable core to embedded compute and the float acceleration for... What are we looking at here? Yeah. Here is a prototype of our dual core Linux capable CPU currently it's running Debian on that screen that you can see. It's a Debian Linux standard compiler for Risk5. And yeah, you can see the camera working, Quake running. So it's prototypes, it's run on 100 megahertz only but in ASIC it will be 10 to 15 times faster. But what is the chip in there? Currently this is FPGA prototype but currently we are developing ASIC together with our customer based on this core. So basically we are an IP provider and we are licensing CPUs to our customers which make complete chip. Do you do many chips out there in the market? Currently not so many but it's evolving. Many under development and I hope next year we will see more already ready chip. What's the... So you see an opportunity there with Risk5 to get into doing lots of bunch of chips? Yeah, for sure. So it is growing very fast and predicted in five years we will have 60 billion cores on the market available. 60 billion? Yeah, it's containing Risk5 devices. Who did this prediction? There was some market research agencies which are making the investigation where Risk5 will be used, what domains. What is this over here? So this is just graphic cards which is derived by our prototype. So here is a Linux course, it's BCIE and then they drive the graphic cards and these graphic cards are showing this normal Linux on the screen. And where are you based? In Russia. In Russia. Alright, so exciting ecosystem. Thank you. Thanks a lot. Let me just kick something off here. Hi, I'm Pete Shields from Ultrasock. We're exhibiting here on the Risk5 pavilion showing our embedded analytics capabilities. So what do you show here on the screen? So this is an example of a typical, the contents of a typical SOC. So the green blocks are the typical building blocks you would find inside an SOC such as various different processes. Maybe a DSP, some GPU, custom logic, all hooked up around some kind of interconnect. Maybe that's an ACSI fabric or a network on chip. And then all the blue blocks that you see here are the IP components that Ultrasock can provide to give embedded analytics. To give you insights into what's going on inside the actual system. So those can be looking at the actual processes and those processes could be a mixture of processes. So obviously we'll support Risk5, but it could be also a mixture of ARM and other architectures on the same chip. And then also we provide other modules such as our bus monitor to actually look at the actual transactions to get performance metrics and as well actually extract the bus trace from the system. And all this plugs together into an infrastructure together with communicators that get that data off chip. And so here we have an FPGA demo board. This is showing three different cores running at the same time. You can see a game of tennis taking place. You see a very simple fractal and a very much more complex fractal. So there's three different cores running simultaneously. And we can do debug of all three of these cores on this FPGA at the same time. And we could also look at the bus transactions and debug the entire system to get a good understanding of perhaps where the bottlenecks are and where the performance problems are inside the SOC. So I notice it says winner in security category for the whole show? For the show, yeah. So we won Best in Show for the security category. And this is for our new analytic module, which we call Bus Sentinel. And this actually sits in the bus itself. It has a bus monitor. And this is different. The bus monitor just listens to the transactions. The Bus Sentinel actually sits in between the bus master and the actual bus itself. And the bus Sentinel can then detect perhaps what are considered illegal transactions. And it can then acknowledge the transaction back to the bus master, but then block the transaction to its destination. So that the hacked software does not know that the transaction has been blocked. But at the same time, it blocks the transaction and raises an alarm within the rest of the system. So yeah, so we're very lucky to win this award. So this is a new way, a different way to do security? It's one way to do security. So we have various elements that we can add to the system to enhance the security. Is this implementing something like a trust zone when it's armed, or is it a different area? Is it a different area? So the kind of trust zone is something that would sit alongside this. The bus Sentinel itself may be communicating with the trust zone and be alerted to perhaps, it may be configuring the Sentinel to determine what is safe and what is not safe. But it also may be receiving the alarms. What's nice about this, of course, is that the hacked software running on here would not know that it's been blocked. The transaction is responded to in the normal manner, but the result of that transaction is blocked, so it doesn't actually end up at its destination. So the hacker doesn't know that they're just wasting their time? Exactly, yeah. And Ultrasock is all over the industry, the embedded? Yeah, so we have customers in all different verticals, high compute, automotive customers. So the application to our technology is broad. It's initially used during the development of the SoC, so whilst the design has been built, it's first then used in the lab to actually get the chip out the door, to get the system out of the door, but then it continues being used in the life of the product. So the bus Sentinel could then be used to detect these kind of security issues throughout the life of the silicon. So this award-winning bus Sentinel, how far is it from the market? It's still very new. We have several customers who are interested, and we're going to be the first revisions of the Sentinel will be released in the next few months. All right, thanks for that. Okay. Okay, let me bring you to the next booth. Like I told you, over 500 members in risk five. Here on the booth we have now 14, half of them you have seen, and now we will go to one of the next one. Let me introduce you to the Open Hardware Group. I think you have heard about them. That is headed by Rick O'Connor. So what these guys are doing, they bring a lot of companies together. They bring a lot of IP together, and then they make this IP usable for some chips. So you see we have universities, but we also have big names like NXP was here, and many others. So that's really nice. That allows you to use the IP and other products. I think we should go to the next company. It's Syntacore, my favorite. All right. So I'm Alex, I'm with Syntacore, and as a company we are focusing on risk-high-compatible processor IP, and we also provide one-stop customization service around those IP. Here on the XGBit we have a few interesting things. We actually have our smallest core and our biggest cores, which support quite heavy multi-core configuration here on the XGBit. So here we have some samples of our completely open-source core, which is named SR1, and everything for this core and to deploy it is on GitHub. Quite easy start, sort of self-starting platform, a lot of collateral documentation, etc. What are we looking at here? What's the chip? The chip is by our Chinese customer, and I believe it implements both sort of power delivery functionality and interface conversion, because we think there are different products based on that, things like that and some cabling connectivity solutions. That's RISC-5. It's RISC-5-based, based exactly on our open-source design of microcontroller class. So on the other end of our product line is quite capable, out-of-order multi-core design, and we have it here on the XGBit as FPGA prototype, and we have live demo, in which we actually have octa-core system running full-debian distribution. It's FPGA-based, but it tapes out this year with one of our customers. We are very hopeful about that project. It was very interesting. So it tapes out, how's it going to look the chip? How big is it? How much performance? It's quite big. In terms of performance, the core itself is like mid-range if we compare to the alternative ecosystem. So it's octa-core, dual-issue design, around 5 core-mark per core, fully coherent memory subsystem and things like that, but the chip itself is not about that. I cannot really disclose what it does because of the customer agreement, but they agreed to go public about it later when chip comes back, so maybe at that point you would be able to disclose more. Can you say more about the background of the company? It says custom cores and tools. Yes. How long time have we been doing this?  We were here right from the beginning. Our core technology is ACIP, so we know exactly how to customize cores, tool chain and software stacks specifically for the customer task. And before that we come from more than 10 years of highly-reliant background. We've been doing quite similar things and applying them to some interesting domains in major multinational corporations, the team which established that company. So how's the atmosphere around these custom-sourced cores? It's quite exciting, I would say, so a lot of interest definitely. The initial wave was mostly, you know, enthusiast and maybe startups and other early adopters and now we really do see how it takes off and major companies starting to pay attention, starting doing something, so we definitely feel that interest. All right, cool, thanks. You're welcome. Good afternoon, my name's Kevin McDermott and I work with Imperus. In Imperus, we build a software simulator that allows you to simulate a processor before you have hardware. So with a virtual platform, you can test and develop your firmware and software, your drivers, all before you tape out. We have a quality model of RIS-5 that allows you to do verification. So what are you showing here So what we're showing here is the design flow that helps you work through. Let's flip this over. This is an interesting flow talks about how to build a custom instruction. With RIS-5, which is an open ISA, allows you to use a modular approach and add different extensions into a potential new hardware design all to optimize and run your application better. The best way to start with this is to take your application code for good areas of candidate instructions that would help you build a more optimal solution to run your software in dedicated hardware. And at the show you announce... We've got two announcements here. For the first time, we've done a UVM encapsulation of our reference model in a system verilog environment. This allows you to do a step and compare in system verilog with your target processor against the model and we have a diagram on the back here. This diagram here shows you taking a directed test or a compliance test or a Google random instruction stream generator test and applying that into system verilog where you can run your RTL model and your reference model step by step to compare the outputs. And there's another announcement you said? Yes, the second announcement is we've worked with a company to develop a verification flow which is on the next diagram which is a way to look at the quester simulator comparing with the reference model and then do coverage analysis. This is to look at whether you've fully exercised all the corner cases of your processor before you tape out and clip that over for the diagram. So here we're showing the Google instruction stream generator through a compilation into the mentor simulator for the RTL in the imperial simulator for the reference model and then you can compare the outputs and then look at the coverage of what actually happened on the processor. So how would you define the adoption of the RISC-5 thus far? Well, in certain markets when there's a new application area such as AI you've got a heavy workload, big algorithms, lots of data sets and they're looking at how to optimise the hardware that would best fit that algorithm. So with RISC-5 you've got this module approach, you can build a custard array and you can build custom extensions that fits very well to these new algorithms. Jeremy Bennett from Embercosm We develop open source compilers in operating systems and pre-silicon models for all sorts of architectures but a lot of it is RISC-5 these days. So what do you talk about here, what do you show? This is showing all the places we fit in and it's amazing how much open source there is. From the modeling whether you're using C-gen or table gen to make cycle acryl models, QMU for fast system models, Verilator and GHDL for cycle acryl models, there's even open source event-driven simulation traditionally done by commercial companies but Icarus Verilog is an open source event-driven simulation. So you're pre-silicon you've got your model of your RISC-5 and then which compiler do you choose? The big ones, GCC or LLVM we can do those but the specialist one, the small device C compiler, the plan 9 C compiler and of course there are still commercial, the one player left standing in the commercial space in the proprietary space is IAR systems but it's dominated by companies making open source compilers and then on the right we have all the operating systems and it's completely dominated by open source. You just don't get industry looking at all at anything other than open source operating systems from the big source distributions, embedded Linux embedded free BSD if you want something more secure the custom real-time operating systems things like Apache Minute and then down to the traditional deeply embedded real-time operating systems, very lightweight kernels like Zephyr or Friatus so we provide you with the support all the way through for that, if you've got a custom instruction set extension for RISC-5 we can provide you a proper compiler that will take full advantage of that, we can bring up your operating system kernel, develop your device drivers to work with that and all before you've got silicon. So it's like support? We're a service company, we're providing the skilled engineers who can do that, you want GCC for your RISC-5 extension we will provide it, you want operating systems for your extension we'll provide it, our engineers are deep experts in that field and you do much better by going out and getting someone for whom they live and breathe this stuff and trying to just do it yourself and there you have a board connected, let me tell you about this, so this is one of the most widely available ARM boards this is not RISC-5, this is an ARM board, it's an ARM Discovery board and the reason it's here is one of the initiatives we're involved with is the Mbench project and Mbench is a community effort to bring a next generation of benchmarking to embedded systems and we've used it to benchmark RISC-5 but the baseline on which the whole project is based is ARM Cortex M4 because your baseline should always be the established incumbent mainstream player, so that's the baseline and we can compare RISC-5 against that, see how fast RISC-5 goes, see how compact the code is and on deeply embedded IoT systems code size matters as much as code speed. So what do you find out so far, do you find out that the code is compact? So we find out that the code is roughly equivalent, statistically you can't tell this apart, if you're going to choose between ARM and RISC-5 there are all sorts of reasons to choose one or the other but actually when it comes to code size and code performance in general they're about on the power Cortex M4 or a 32 bit RISC-5 IMC core, they're about the same performance. Are you able to do everything in this field like anything people would want to do? Anything at that low level system level that's what we do, they're deeply specialized fields, we don't do general support but we do do detailed stuff, so compilers, we've got some of the world's top compiler engineers operating systems the same and that's what we do. Alright, thanks, thanks a lot. Hopefully you've got enough there I'm Philip, I'm from Codesip what we do is that we provide our own processor IP but we specialize in customizations of the IP so our customers can start off by taking one of our predefined cores which are all modeled in our own architecture description language so it is much more abstract than just doing the design in HDL and they can do their own modifications which are very often adding new instructions to the model but they can also do some customizations to for instance the pipeline. What is our newest product actually that we're preparing now is in collaboration with Western Digital who decided to open source one of their RISC-5 cores and since they open sourced only the RTL we're working with them to provide a support package which will be a collection of open source tools but also some support and scripts and documentation for commercial tools so that developers can start working with the core as easy as possible. So Western Digital is doing a lot of power drives SSD and stuff like that. So does a chip target that market? Yeah, it will be in a flash drive I think. And so it's optimized in this kind of use case. Yeah exactly it's rather a MCU but a quite high performing one. So how would you describe the market adoption RISC-5 how much activity are you doing in there? Well, we're usually collaborating with customers who want to build their SOC on top of our cores obviously. And especially the ones who have very specific needs so that they can leverage the ability to add their own extensions to the core. So that means some cybersecurity companies or something like that. But we receive actually a lot of interest in the open hardware now. Some companies are interested to use the open sourced RTL so I think this will be also an important part of our business in the future. Well, thanks a lot. Great. So you have seen how RISC-5 is enabling a free and open process architecture where everyone can make his own CPUs based on this ISO. You have seen how the diversity of these people from software enabling security, enabling the compilers and then to IP manufacturers of processors. RISC-5 because it's kind of open because you can make your own processor or you can license it. It's diverse, such a big field and it's getting more and more bigger. What do you think? Do you have any questions? What do you feel about RISC-5 because what we see is that this is the new market trend and you will see more and more people will use RISC-5 so we are very happy. Thanks a lot for doing this tour. It's really awesome. It's too bad I arrived on the last day and the CEO is not here, right? It's a pity with Callista. Can you say some more? Yes. Callista was actually talking of the transformation in this industry, of the transformation. You know when you started in the beginning you had these guys who were making processors and it was faster, faster, faster, more transistors but more slow is kind of coming to an end and we need to find more diverse ways to innovate. We need to find something how to make it faster without packing double of the transistors inside and that's where RISC-5 comes in, where you can make your own instruction, where you can make your own special hardware, software IP. The big universities started to switch their teaching. They are now teaching with RISC-5 and that means the students coming out of university will know how to use RISC-5. Look at all these people. It's amazing coming together in the industry and making this new RISC-5 architecture. So that is Callista's message and that's why we have the RISC-5 foundation to push this, to allow companies like Andis but also others like Syntacor you have seen or RISC-5 to generate this new market, to bring this new dynamic inside and really create and innovate new applications for microcontrollers. So it's 5 years now, right? RISC-5, 5 years old? Roughly, yes. There was some launch 5 years ago. Yeah, that was when we founded the foundation. A lot of people you saw here today have been starting from the first minute but the foundation is now 5 years old. That is correct and it's coming from Berkeley, the university in the United States. They had some tries before but yes, 5 years since we have this foundation and more and more members. What's happening in the next 5 years? In the next 5 years? That is my personal opinion. I'm going a little bit bold but if you see all this stuff, in 5 years we will have mobile phones running on RISC-5 so there might be other course inside but we will have it powered on RISC-5 with Linux, with Android running on it natively with full speed like you're used today.


After two police unions in New York publicly accused Shake Shack employees of poisoning them We are learning more and more about the persecution complex of the police and this isn't just something to laugh at sure You know officer Karen's meltdown over an egg McMuffin is funny in a way And it's entitlement and you know We should shame people with this mentality But it speaks to a real danger that if someone has this mentality that they're always under attack I mean this explains why police officers often times end up escalating rather than de-escalating because they always feel as if They're the ones who are under threat in this country and not the other way around and what's interesting is that we're learning about the police persecution complex after we've had weeks with dozens of videos of police officers Beating and gassing peaceful protesters and even targeting medics in some circumstances, but it's actually them Who are the real victims? They're not the oppressors. They're the oppressed. Everyone is discriminating against them according to them So I'm sure that you've already seen this video of officer Karen. It's ridiculous But for those of you who have not seen it Take a look. We'll watch it and then talk about it I decided to come to the McDonald's at Love's on the Ford Avenue exit and I Waited in line to get my food. I had already done my mobile order so that you know people Don't pay for my stuff because I just always like to pay for myself But I'm on my way home from work When I pull up to the window They hand me my receipt so I go to the second window to get my food and I'm waiting and I'm waiting and I'm waiting and so the girl comes to the window and Asks me what my order was I repeat my order and my coffee um order And they asked me to pull up because my food's not ready. It's um An English muffin meal with a hash brown of coffee And I mean I hadn't eaten since I don't probably but I mean I've been up for very long time, but I haven't eaten In a while, so I was kind of hungry and I'm still waiting And I'm still waiting and they asked me to pull up so I pull up forward and A girl comes out with my coffee and just the coffee and she hands it to me and at my window down And that's all she hands me is the coffee So I told her I said don't bother with the food because right now I'm too nervous to take it It doesn't matter how many hours. I've been up. It doesn't matter What I've done for anyone Right now I'm too nervous to take a meal from McDonald's Because I can't see it being made I don't know what's going on with people nowadays But please just give us a break. Please just give us a break I don't know how much more I can take Because I've been in this for 15 years and I've never ever had such anxiety about waiting for McDonald's drive-thru food So just have a heart and if you see an officer just tell them Because I don't hear thank you enough anymore I mean I think that that video speaks for itself Anyone who has gone through a drive-thru at a fast food restaurant It doesn't matter if it's McDonald's or Burger King or Wendy's sometimes you have to pull around and wait I mean this is a common practice.  They brutalize peaceful protesters oftentimes and yes murder black Americans with impunity And so the fact that we are now drawing attention to this Long practice of like over policing communities that it's gone on for far too long All of a sudden she melts down. She can't take it now someone who Is melting down because they took a little bit too long to bring her her egg McMuffin That is someone who should not be in law enforcement That is someone who is not stable enough to have a gun Because if you honestly think that everyone is out to get you then that's a really dangerous situation That you're creating like if you respond to some sort of situation We can see that you're already on edge and you're going to want to escalate rather than de-escalate and handle it In you know a more calm and irrational way. So this is a really huge thing It's not just you know, let's all laugh at officer Karen over her egg McMuffin This is about a broader issue This persecution complex can literally be deadly the fact that officers think that way that everyone is out to get them Is exactly why people get killed all the time by police officers, even if they're unarmed, right? I mean, this is really a microcosm of a broader issue here with this one viral video And in an article for the los angeles times, I think that maria cruder actually made some really fantastic points She writes if your typical american consumer got sick after drinking a shake shack milkshake tainted with a bleach based cleaning solution She would be rightfully upset if that consumer then accused Shake shack employees of intentionally poisoning her publicly crying that she can't even take a meal without coming under attack She would almost certainly be considered paranoid if not outright delusional But for the typical american police union paranoia is beginning to seem par for the course on monday night two nypd unions The new york police benevolent association and the detectives endowment association Issued statements alleging that three new york police officers had been intentionally poisoned at shake shack The nycpba tweeted a statement since deleted from its president patrick lynch claiming that the officers discovered a toxic substance Believed to be bleach had been placed in their beverages If the intent of signing diction of placed didn't clue you in lynch and the pba made it even more obvious When nyc police officers cannot even take meal without coming under attack It is clear that the environment in which we work has deteriorated to a critical level We cannot afford to let our guard down for even a moment Meanwhile, the detectives association's president released the statement alleging that police in new york city and across the country are under attack By vicious criminals who dislike us simply because of the uniform we wear Emboldened by pandering elected officials these cowards will go to great lengths to harm any member of law enforcement The us versus them warriors under assault party line couldn't have been clearer in a not so shocking twist However, these claims turned out to be false the nypd's own investigation cleared the shake shack employees of any criminality Tuesday morning The bleach was more likely part of a cleaning solution that had been improperly removed from the milkshake machine sloppy consumer protection Sure sub far food safety practices Yeah, that too a conspiracy to attack cops not in the slightest and yet the police union's fast food focused fragility Felt pretty familiar over the past few months headlines about cops getting erroneously mad at restaurants have become surprising Common like the cop who accused fast food worker of taking a bite out of his McChicken because he forgot He'd taken the bite himself or the cops who threatened to boycott a philly sandwich shop For the dire sin of not giving officers free lunch or the cop who lied about a mcdonald's worker Writing fucking pig on his coffee cup while these stories might seem merely stupid and embarrassing for the officers in question Which to be clear they are this apparent police obsession with the imagined specter of an antiva fast food worker Is a sign of a much deeper problem as police brutality has become a more mainstream source of outrage over the past few years Police have increasingly closed ranks blue lives matter back the blue and thin blue line Imagery all have their roots in the same idea the world is full of dangerous cop hating criminals and the poor Persecuted police officers are the only thing standing between order and chaos What's so dangerous about these slogans and indeed about the frequent police accusations against restaurants Is how they encourage cops to interact with the rest of the world Everything from the increase in swat usage of tanks and machine guns to warrior style training that teaches cops They need to either kill or be killed is rooted in the idea that police are always under attack Seth Stotten a law professor at the university of south carolina And a former police officer wrote about law enforcement's warrior problem for the harvard law review Arguing that this warrior mindset is both common and destructive Stotten cites a 2010 article from police one a site offering police training news and career services That recommends police remain humble and compassionate be professional and courteous and have a plan to kill everyone you meet Stotten argues that this mindset creates a substantial if invisible barrier to true community policing Concluding that the assertive manner in which officers set the tone of encounter Can also set the stage for a negative response or a violent interaction that was from the start avoidable The same paranoia that leads a police officer to assume He's been poisoned by a milkshake can lead him to needlessly escalate encounters with civilians And as we've seen all too often needless escalation can have tragic consequences These stories aren't frivolous They're an illustration of how deep and pervasive the toxic police persecution mindset can be Excessive police violence isn't going to end as long as too many law enforcement agencies are people with or led by fragile skittish warrior wannabes who have deadly weapons qualified immunity and the knee jerk assumption that the people they're meant to serve and protect Especially black people are trying to kill them until then it's a lucky break when the only victim of police paranoia is a burger chain's reputation So that article is absolutely perfect in my opinion I mean this warrior mentality this view that everyone is out to get you and your job is super dangerous This leads to people getting killed by the police And it has to stop It has to stop and understand that when you compare police training in the united states to other countries It isn't as long. I mean this is why They just they aren't capable of de-escalating. They always end up escalating because these are individuals Who are absolutely skittish as the article points it out and my niece just made I think a brilliant facebook post She works with kids. She's a social worker and she's had more training than police officers So I mean you can't just claim that people like officer karen, you know are to be laughed at and disregarded absolutely not This is a dangerous mentality that she is showing us She's giving us insight into police officers in america and the way that they feel about the people that they're supposed to Protect, you know, she feels as if they're always out to get them. They want to poison her and We know if you've ever gone to a restaurant that having to wait a little bit longer for your egg McMuffin Does not mean that your life is in danger but the fact that something as You know insignificant as that leads her to fear for her life literally I mean it shows you how fundamentally broken and beyond repair our system of quote unquote policing is in america This is why people say to fund the police. This is why abolitionist arguments are gaining traction It is because what we've come to recognize as policing has failed And now is the time that everyone is paying attention that we actually fix this issue both culturally And from an institutional standpoint


So, what we saw was essentially the kinematics of CFT amplitudes in position space and the final sort of thing that we saw was we can write the general amplitude for an endpoint function of primary operators, we can write it in this way up to a factor which takes care of the covariance. These UAs are the N into N minus 3 by 2 cross ratios, independent cross ratios and the delta ij obey sum over j. So, you have the fact that the symmetry tells you that things must take this form. So, fine. So, now let's introduce the Mellon representation of the amplitude. So, when you have, so normally in quantum field theory momentum space is very natural because of the basic fact about Fourier transforms that you learn that if you have a superposition of sines and cosines of harmonic modes, the Fourier transform is the natural way to pick out the different harmonic frequencies of the modes. But in a conformal field theory, we have a sort of a power law decomposition. So, when you have things behaving like a power law, then the Mellon transform is the natural one, picks out the different scaling behaviors. So, that's a basic mathematical fact. So, let me remind you what the Mellon transform is. So, supposing you have a function, you can decompose it in terms of power loss x to the minus s times the Mellon transform. So, this if you have a function. So, this is the sort of the Mellon transform of the function. And this s is actually a complex variable which you integrate along a sort of a contour which is for many most purposes something parallel to the imaginary axis. So, this the contour c goes from minus i infinity to plus i infinity.  So, it's essentially like a Fourier transform, but it's just like the Laplace transform and Fourier transform. So, this is just a more natural way to pick up the appropriate scaling powers. So, it's just in some ways it's a sort of this thing, but usually the power law of this thing is over. So, this written in this way it will be more manifest that you pick up the way. So, they're all decompositions of the same function space, but it's just more natural to write it in this way. So, for instance, so this function if it's sufficiently well behaved, then what you do is you essentially close the contour on some side to pick up the appropriate poles. So, supposing we have for f tilde of s which is like 1 over s minus delta. So, you let's say you have the s plane, you have a pole at some point and then just like you do it for in the Fourier transform. So, this is you close the contour depending on the depending on basically x where the x is greater than 1 or less than 1. So, for instance for with x greater than 1, you close the contour on the right and you so delta is positive let's say. So, this is let's say the pole then this gives you something like 1 over x to the delta. So, the nice thing about this representation is that the different power laws that you see are associated with sort of the poles of poles of f tilde of s and yeah. So, that's what in fact for our amplitudes it will be that this will be a sort of a metamorphic function. So, but yeah in fact and then you have to assume it sort of dies off sufficiently well so that you can close the contour at infinity and pick up the poles. So, in any case this is just mathematical transform. So, just to say that it's the natural it's a natural thing if you want to pick out sort of different power law behavior. So, you can see that this f tilde of s essentially if your f of x has sort of contributions of different scaling dimensions then the f tilde of s would pick up would be sensitive to that it's just like a harmonic analysis for the Fourier transform but it's now in terms of the exponents. So, so this is what it's because of this that Mack defined. So, the Mellon representation of a CFT amplitude as defined by Mack basically uses this property and he defines. So, he defines it as an integral. So, just like over here an integral but over now several variables and I'll define it more precisely. So, what he so we saw that the general amplitude depends has this sort of structure and so to capture that behavior so this to capture that behavior what Mack introduces are essentially the same these s's are the Mellon variables this s i j's there are they are conjugate to the x i j's like over here and this is the Mellon transform and the Mellon amplitude and so this so of course there is this factor of gamma of s i j overall i and j which is sort of put in over here this could have been absorbed over here but in a sense it's a very it's a matter of convention but it's a very nice it will turn out to be very convenient especially for large end CFTs to explicitly take out this factor because the gamma functions has certain poles and those have a natural interpretation in the case of large end CFTs but let me actually say something about this so this s i j's actually are not so you might think there are n into n minus one over two s i j's over here but we know that the amplitude really depends on non-trivialy on just n into n minus three by two cross ratios so actually these s i j's are not all independent they obey and that's what this the square bracket is essentially defining it's saying that you you have the the measure has an additional has an additional piece which enforces certain constraints that the s i j sum over j is equal to delta i this is this is essentially the sort of constraint that takes care of the covariance just like over here so there's a overall piece so the so this so you have n into n minus one by two s i j's if you just consider the antisymmetric combinations here but then minus the n constraints so these are constraints imposed as delta functions so so the measure if you wish it's a ds i j this is just times various delta functions n of these delta functions which which impose this constraints that are n of these constraints and so so there are really only n into n minus three by two independent s i j's which is of course exactly the same number as the cross ratios so in a sense you can though this definition looks a little bit complicated essentially and we'll see this explicitly for the case of the four point function you can view this as just a melon transform of the cross ratios so there are n into n minus three by two cross ratios and you can you can write them in terms of n into n minus three by two independent uh melon variables and and and and essentially the transform is a melon transform of those independent variables and this will this is a sort of just a more fancier way of writing it so this to make it sort of more co-variant or so that you don't have to sort of pick it's sort of more uh uniform way of writing it in terms there's more symmetric way of writing it in terms of all the n different points and this gamma function as I said is is a matter of convention but it's a very useful one so that's what the melon representation is any questions about the definition so I just want to make one comment though Mac himself defined this transform for CFT amplitudes you can imagine doing the same thing for even a scale invariant field theory and all you need to do is is modify you can define it exactly in this way but all you need to do is modify the measure so for a scale invariant but not conformal field theory you can define it in exactly the same way except that this dsi j the constraints uh are are not as many as you had over here uh it's just an overall one which sums over all i and j which we saw is the sort of overall constraint that we have uh and there you can just view it as the s i j uh therefore there are only n into n minus one by two minus one independent s i j which are conjugate variables to the uh the corresponding ratios okay so uh so that's anyway just a side comment um so uh so you can view these things as conjugate to the cross ratios in the general conformal invariant case uh that's a very nice uh so so this is just a definition uh but there's a very nice uh so the um uh there's a suggestive way to implement uh the constraints uh and so this these uh uh so these n constraints uh so there are n of these uh equations there's a nice way to implement them uh by identifying s i j with some kind of Mandelstam like variables so imagine them to be uh some uh dot products or some fictitious momentum uh so we'll just call them momentum but if you wish you can just think of uh given any s i j's you find uh momentum p i which such that the dot product uh is equal to s i j and uh which satisfies um which satisfy uh so these are not any kind of physical momentum but uh uh uh but uh but there are some uh vectors which uh we demand that they satisfy uh um some kind of momentum conservation so um so so if we uh so if we assume uh something like this and define also p i dot p i to be equal to minus delta i so uh the norm uh uh to be equal to to delta i uh then the uh uh so then this condition summation uh the summation s i j equal to delta i this was j not equal to i but you can see that this is just the condition that summation p i uh uh dot so sum over all j is equal to 1 to n because uh so the delta i piece gives you the so that's minus uh of p i dot p i uh uh so uh so this condition is basically the statement that uh that these momenta are conserved so uh so if you dot it with any of the vectors then uh then you uh then you uh you get zero uh so this constraint can be viewed as uh following from uh uh following from some kind of momentum conservation uh uh uh provided these momenta obey some kind of on-shell condition so at the moment these are just sort of words and suggestive terminology but uh uh this is useful because uh firstly we'll see that they behave very much these s i j's will behave very much like uh the corresponding Mandelstamm invariant invariant so if these were actual momenta these would be what are called Mandelstamm invariance generalizing the s d and u that you would uh uh uh that we normally introduce no i don't think so yeah so i don't think there's a there's a there's any nice way to do that in a sense the yeah the the number of degrees of freedom are different this is sort of a d dimensional vector with n n d components and n this thing and then uh so it's difficult to write it in terms of the p's except it depends only on the invariance the p's so it's yeah there may be some nice way but uh which was right right so so there may be some uh some nice way i thought a little bit about this at some point but it didn't make any uh useful headway uh but it seems like an attractive picture to try to uh uh to yeah but uh yeah so yeah maybe it's in d plus one so so at the moment i will actually only be thinking of these invariants and uh and so we can view these conditions uh on these s i j's as just basically as if these moment are conserved and and they are they obey uh some on shell uh quantity and uh there must i mean it's of course on uh so you're using the scaling behavior uh uh here so that part it's some kind of a decomposition in terms of the sort of the eigenvalues of uh the uh so the so the fact that the s i j's come in is the fact that uh it's in terms of eigenvalues but i'm not very sure what's the nicest way to say it in uh in terms of the full s o d comma two because the rest normally you label things by just the spin and the dimension so this is in some sense the dimension it's like behaving uh but uh uh what these are the more uh so so these are some kind of vectors which are sort of these are sort of invariant these s i j's by the way are invariant under all the special conformal transformations so uh maybe there's a way to relate these momentum to some the special conformal transformations but uh i don't know i don't know if uh so the best group theoretic language to state it is i don't have anything very more useful to say about that so so by the way i just want to say one thing again uh for the the conformal invariance and the uh scale invariance if you just had scale invariance where you had only you didn't have all these uh n constraints you can still talk about the s i j so if you just had scale invariance then you relax the the on shell condition k i p i square equal to minus delta i uh and just impose so we just impose one condition which is something like summation p i square is equal to summation in delta i uh so in many ways it seems as a conform at least it will uh will appear later when we look at some explicit computations that the conformal invariance the amplitudes for the cft are sort of on shell amplitudes whereas if you relax that condition so that you are sort of off shell in some ways then that's more like the amplitudes for a scale invariant theory and perhaps that's a useful way to to view this because because many of the so so in the cfts which i will be primarily of interest uh the viewed in terms of these momenta there are sort of on shell momenta but as we know in uh in usual quantum field theory many properties are more manifest when you go off shell so that's why this may be a more useful way to uh to view this so um okay so let me look at the special case of the four point function and uh and because we will be uh mainly working with the four point function uh so let's write down this more explicitly uh in that particular case uh so so in the four point function it's we'll define this s variable in in analogy with our conventional Mandelstam variables as minus p1 plus p2 square so and using the fact that p1 square is delta 1 uh i will talk about that but it will be basically um that there will be exchanged operators exchange say in the four point function there'll be operators which are being exchanged with that dimension uh of that um but i'll i'll i'll be talking about that um uh i just wanted to motivate this here by saying that the melon transform is a nice way to pick out the different scaling behaviors of one over x to the delta and that shows up in the poles so it'll be just a more sophisticated version of that uh that will uh happen this is just a multi-dimensional sort of melon transform so you'll now have poles and different variables and so on uh so we'll illustrate many of these things with the four point function quite explicitly so i'm defining here uh so uh so basically in the four point function so we have n into n minus 3 by 2 is equal to 2 uh for n equal to 4 uh so we had the two cross ratios u and v so um uh so if we look at this melon amplitude uh we have um the number of s i j's over here are six but there are these four constraints so there are only two independent s i j's which correspond to the uh uh two independent cross ratios u and v that we had for the four point function so to isolate just that i want i don't want to work in terms of the s i j's but i want to write it in terms of two independent variables which i'll call s and t which are like the mandelstam in variance for the four point function so in a four point function when you do kinematics uh you you define uh basically these so if you have p1 p2 p3 p4 then this is what you call the s channel with p1 and p2 this is what you call the t channel with p1 and p3 uh and you define uh uh these invariants so uh so i'm just defining these combinations and from the definition p1 square is delta 1 p2 square is delta 2 and p1 dot p2 is s12 so uh so this is what the s variable is and similarly here it's delta 1 plus delta 3 minus 2 s13 so these these are the i will choose these as the two independent uh invariants out of all the six different s i j's so in fact you can uh so so of course it follows from this that s12 is a is nothing but uh half of delta 1 plus delta 2 minus s s13 is half of and um and then there are the four constraint equations uh and these which if you write them out in full uh i'll just do it once so uh this is the case with the with i equal to one and you sum over the other j's similarly here i is equal to two and uh so these are the four constraint equations on the other s's uh you can uh so uh so in principle given s12 and s13 in terms of s and t if i plug it in here you can see that i have enough equations to solve for all the other s i j's so there were six as we remember started out uh but s12 and s13 we've already expressed in terms of little s and little t uh and so then these are the equations basically give you equations to solve for uh solve for uh the other variables i'll just write down the solutions just uh once again just so that it's all explicit um so these are just some linear equations so the solutions are uh very straightforward to write down you see everything is expressed just in terms of little s and little t as it should be uh there are just two independent kinematic variables by the way sometimes you define u which is equal to minus s plus t uh and then things become more symmetric uh um but uh but anyway i want to write in terms of just two independent variables uh so which which one uh okay yeah it yeah it might be useful to define with a shift sometimes yeah different people define things with little shifts here and you you could define it that way i think this is probably the most symmetric definition uh um yeah so any case um uh we can uh so if you're now uh a plug in so now all you have to do is plug this in into the uh into this formula uh uh and we solved we've already solved for these constraints by writing things in terms of the s and t so uh so we can write this integral purely as an integral over the two independent variables that remain little s and little t uh so this measure just becomes a usual one on v s and d t these are linear equations so you just get and the delta functions you've solved for so uh so the in this in this particular case we we can write things in terms of this reduced function of u and v and uh and so when you put this in here all these extra factors of delta three plus delta four by two you see there are all these uh each the form for each of the s i j is that there's some combination of deltas and then and then some s and t variable these combinations of delta you can take outside the integral then they appear over here and those in fact give you uh some some particular exponential factor of delta i j's that's sort of a fixed factor that's the the covariant piece which is not very much of interest so so basically what you find is that this a of u v can be written as as I said an integral over just the s and t variables this the six-dimensional integral once you've solved for the delta functions is just the two-dimensional integral uh on uh on this s and t and uh and and then uh yeah and then the nice thing is that if you look at all the remaining factors so it's just a little bit of algebra but if you're interested I would urge you to look through it if you just substitute for s one two s one three and just write out all the combinations you'll get things involving x one two square so you see that there'll be an x one two square which will come with an s and then an x three four square which will also come with an s or s by two and then in the denominator will come x two three square with an s and x four square uh x uh x one four square with an s so it will all combine to just the combination we defined as u uh earlier and in fact uh just u and v uh so as it should of course so that was the whole idea that you have the you took out the piece that was co-ordered and then you got something which just depended on these cross ratios uh and uh uh and this u and v and then there are all these gamma functions so you can write out all those gamma functions uh writing them out because uh there are these six gamma functions uh now we write them in terms of and so basically I'm substituting these values of s i j uh and the reason to write this out in gory detail is that these gamma functions will play a role and then we can write the melin amplitude as an amplitude which depends only on these two variables s and t so you see as I said uh basically this melin amplitude for the four point function here is is essentially the melin transformed with respect to the cross ratios uh u and v up to various uh sort of conventional factors of gammas which have been sort of pulled out uh explicitly out of this m yeah so there's a specific formula for the delta i g s which you can write out like delta one two is half of delta one plus delta two and so on I won't write it all out but there's a uh there's a particular uh covariant factor but you needn't worry about that very much anymore uh because the information about the cross ratios is is now being encoded so you started with an amplitude function of two cross ratios you're trading it for a function of two melin variables which are suggestively written in terms of these s and t uh variables by the way let me remind you again since it's not up on the board u the conventions for u and v that we are following are so that's why you can see that the the u comes with a power of s by two uh because the x one the s one two has an s and then the one three channel uh you have t so that appears in both this so that's why you get an s plus t over two so this is uh so this is the uh the the kind of form that you have for the four point function okay so uh so this is uh to explicitly illustrate that uh but let me let me now talk about some let me first list some general properties of these melin amplitudes and really illustrate this for this sort of four point function uh at least feels I sort of sketch how it so we've just made a transform a change of variables so how is this useful it's useful because m of s and t has nice properties uh which are not manifest in the original position space amplitude so so m of s t has which firstly they are meromorphic functions of uh so I'll I'll first list them all out and then I'll sort of justify them a little bit more uh so they are meromorphic functions of the s i j or in our case s and t the independent s and t so it's not just in fact it's nicer than in momentum space not just any analytic functions they have uh no branch cuts this is related to the fact that there are no uh the spectrum is discreet uh and uh uh and so there's no branch cuts in normal momentum space come from uh continuum and here also you can imagine that when you did this transform uh if there were a continuum of dimensions that were contributing here you would have gotten something like a branch cut but uh uh uh so they are basically meromorphic functions and in fact even their pole structure will be uh is very nice so the poles uh so as I said no due to discreteness of spectrum of dimensions so the poles in the different channels so when I say different channels I mean it's a in this particular case it's a function of two complex variables s and t you can look at poles in s poles in t uh and these different channels correspond to uh dimensions actually what are more precisely twists which we will see uh of operators exchanged in that channel if you wish intermediate states so um so that's so the poles uh the location of the poles uh have uh uh have uh have a meaning just like uh in momentum space except there there were the masses and so on of the one particle states here uh there are the twists of operators uh and the yeah there was a question so we will see the there will be both primaries and the descendant there'll be poles corresponding in general to the descendants also there'll be a so for each primary there'll be a whole c series of poles uh so the residues so so when you have a pole of course the residue usually carries some interesting information and residues are related to the lower point correlators uh are example three-point function for instance in this particular case uh so this is again the kind of factorization that you expect in momentum space amplitudes in ordinary quantum field theory where when you go near an intermediate particle going on shell the residues are sort of the uh so you have uh you have some supposing you have an intermediate particle uh the uh the residues are related to the sort of uh factorized into the amplitudes for the lower point correlator uh so so these obey the same property so so uh so these are this is about the residues and the poles and the the channel dualities are that is the fact that you can factorize the ope in different channels in s channel or t channel simply manifest as s t exchange etc yeah I mean yeah it's just uh yeah so so in fact the nice thing is about the that if you consider large n cft so where multi trace correlators factorize so so the dimensions uh so example so therefore double trace operators like 0 1 0 2 have dimension delta 1 plus delta so so in the in large n limits where in the large n cfts in which the single trace operators uh essentially you can view it as a sort of free theory of of these single trace operators uh the uh the additional gamma functions which seem like some sort of general junk floating along with it all these extra gamma functions very naturally the additional gamma functions take care of of the uh contributions of of such operators meaning the m of s t is purely built from the single trace it purely captures the single trace operator so you don't have to introduce additional poles so all the poles on intermediate channel are all of single trace operators it's not the poles that are there surely the ope has contributions from the double trace operators but those are poles that are poles of these gamma functions and the residues of those gamma functions uh capture the factorization properties for the double trace operators so in a sense you can sort of in the larger limit kinematically take into account the presence of the double trace operators by some trivial multiplicative factor and focus on just the single particle sector in this m of s t this is very convenient because if you want to for instance look at the dual string scattering uh so if as I began the lectures we want to use this to understand whether are all large n cfts dual to perturbative string theories and in string theory you're looking at single particle scattering at so the large n cft is uh limit is one where you're looking at perturbative scattering let's say at tree level of single particle operators and that's completely captured by this this m of s t you don't have to worry about all the multi-particle all the multi-trace contributions that are so it's a nice way to disentangle the multi-trace contributions in the OP there's there will be a disconnected piece yeah so that's there's a trivial piece at some u by v to the delta or something like that that's a kind of a forward delta function you kind of get yeah that's in fact you can almost yeah you can see that that's just like a delta function so so there's the disconnected piece but this is the piece which gives you the interacting part of the so this so this is what makes it very natural to try to look at the so it's this is so all the all these properties are very reminiscent of what you would expect for a string scattering amplitude as we have been discussing and so the consistency conditions for for these are the bootstrap conditions are like the conditions you would impose for a consistent string scattering amplitude yeah yeah that's what the additional poles will give you yeah you will you will have the ones with different twists as well including the different symmetry so I'll talk about the the states intermediate states with spin but those those will be included as well so finally the last nice property which I think makes this thing nice is that so as I said they are all very reminiscent of string scattering amplitude but in fact in sort of a large radius limit of ADS amplitudes they go over to flat space scattering amplitudes and and in fact the PI dot these do become the SIJ do go over to sort of the Mandelstam in variance in flat space up to a sort of a proportionality factor so so there it's so there you can view these as on shell this becomes indeed an on shell condition and in the language of the flat space scattering and the and this and the M of ST is essentially up to a sort of a convolution it is the flat space scattering amplitude as was shown by well this was something I haven't been giving references very well but after the original paper of Mac, Penedonis was the person who sort of tried to use this for and conjectured a precise form for taking this limit and later I think it was sort of put on a firmer footing by Fitzpatrick and Kaplan so yeah I mean these don't care so much about the signature because these Mandelstam in variance you can view as complex functions which you can rotate from Euclidean signature to to Minkowski signature I mean the the amplitudes are analytic functions of of this of these Mandelstam in variance like the flat space scattering amplitudes are so so it doesn't care so much about whether it's Euclidean or Minkowski yeah so you're generally considering these as generally complex numbers which you can go to a Euclidean or Minkowski and sort of signature and then you can take Sij to obey the appropriate so there'll be some physical region of as it stands is just a complex number Sij and just represent so PIs are some complex momenta if you wish but there'll be some in in Minkowski space there's some triangle or something in the Mandelstam in variance space there's a physical region which is the sort of for physical momenta but but the amplitudes are in variant and you can continue them beyond those to unphysical momenta Euclidean momenta any general complex momenta so all these features how many minutes do I have okay I will just so I'll just okay I'll just say a couple of words and then stop so all these properties essentially follow from the OPE from the OPE it's factorization and so I'll yeah so let me just maybe make so if I have I'll continue later but you have in the four point function we know that we can split it into I mean we can write it in in terms of so now we look at only the single trace operators here and we will have the OPE generally containing terms so this is X1 2 you can have some number of derivatives so and so the general form of the OPE when you have some spin L operator you get some some pieces over in the numerator which are like that and then the denominator comes with a power which is something like delta 1 plus delta 2 minus delta divided plus 2n plus L 2n is the number of these scalar descendants L is the number of these spin so basically I mean I'll I'll elaborate next time more but you can see already that this scaling behavior by our general these things are on the melaintransform picking out the appropriate power loss you can see that it will pick out a pole and in fact this delta 1 plus delta 2 in the S channel is already taken into account in our definition of S12 so the S variable will have a pole at S equal to delta plus 2n minus L and so this is what is the twist plus 2n so the twist is dimension minus the spin so you can already see that there will be poles that will come from so basically the fact that there are meromorphic functions will follow from the fact that this OPE is a convergent series which and then each of the terms will give rise to poles and the poles will have values which will be these powers which correspond to the twist plus and there's a whole series n goes from zero to infinity so there will be a whole series which corresponds to the descendants as well and the residues will be related to the lower point functions as I said over here and so on so I'll elaborate on this a little bit more next time but basically these properties all follow from the fact that there is a convergent OPE in the CFT which has all these properties so it's a so this MFST captures these things in this nice way instead of the more sort of the messy OPE expression this and this is a more efficient way of capturing the same information okay let me stop here thanks


Hey, did the uppercut thing. I don't know how that can I craft any more bugs? I can every time I get ready to hit him Oh, it's crazy. I Gotta find these openings man Almost ran right in that if I didn't see that guy sharpen his I probably never went to sharpen my that's how derpy I am hopefully I get some new investigations out of this to get some more At least that's the plan. I have one bomb left Guess I should buy some more bombs.  No, I can't do my mantle yet. It should be close I'm gonna need it here cuz he's gonna go nuts That's close. What hit me Like I thought he was knocked down there I think the elder dragon just don't follow the same rules as everybody and I think that's what's tripping me up Like oh, he's down. Let me go attack. I'm he's just like no, I'm not You know they have really really quick recovery times But we got the tail so we got a new hammer coming in chat. Oh You carved the gym. Wow It's that streamer RNG man. Where's this flashlight? He's on a wall somewhere.  I don't know. I guess he probably thought we could capture it That's probably what it was other Gem Look at this So did you get two gems since you carved one?  I thought somebody chopped off the tail and I thought I car we carved it didn't we?  Okay, but we keep farming it. I don't care. This is good money and good everything You didn't get it from rewards Maybe I didn't get it either. I thought I did cuz I carved it. How am I doing the hammer so far? It's good. I um Lots to learn right now. I'm just like frantically running around spamming spamming stuff So I can't really say I'm enjoying it Because I don't know what I'm doing. I'm great chat here it comes. Hopefully Yep 32,000 Zimmy That was a force don't I wait do I have to go to this one first?  Hold on. I might not be able to get it yet Have to get this one.  How do you get that stuff? So I'm one behind. I thought I was I thought I was actually here and I'm actually here So I got enough for the the nergal crusher It's the red crystal mining ores that we were just in All right. Well, I guess we keep farming it Man, I thought I had it thought I had a child. I'm out of bugs.  I can't get enough. I'm growing them. I just need more of them Wait, can you double up on these like and I put bugs in two of them? Uh-huh. Like can I cultivate bugs again? Put it? Well, let me collect it first That's just DC. I don't know Um last boat looks like you can Was there a thing I needed god bugs? I'm a buggy man. What are bugs? Booster honey harvest So I guess I Let's do the catalyst So I got two For laser effects. All right, just got back. What you got? I need a minute to go. I think I'm I think I'm hungry Okay, so what's in here? Are you kidding me? Are you kidding me? I spent all that time Three days trying to get the torrent sack Trying to work my way up to that and I get the I get it from the guy now that I I got it today and now he wants it.  You best watch yourself. I need these. I need these flash pods though I do. Yeah, I need all of that No Another are you wow? Wow Wow All right, we're gonna definitely get this one. I got some flash pods a little and some dunk pods I like consumables. I'm gonna change this request for the last one to be consumable. I like consumables. Give me give me Oh, I might be able to did I get up? I think I may have that I can't talk. I may have gotten an armor Sphere so I may be able to upgrade this last piece of this Bone armor This bone armor has taken me a long way chat a long way Oh, we're definitely maxing it out now All right, so now I gotta think about now that I'm maxed out bone alpha I gotta um, no, you're not getting my six. We'll see him. I'm using that for something else I gotta level up Think about what armor said I want I have no idea I like bone because it has no weaknesses It just has strengths um Yeah, it's like I've been looking for it from the Argosy. He just haven't been giving it to me I've been desperately looking for and then it's just like he gives it to me today oh oh um Chat, I don't know what armor to get for Not just hammer, but for my bow a heavy bow gun Like I don't like when something is weak to dragon He's just like oh, okay I am weak to dragon Zora's good fire armor, but that's it if you get the fire dragon rip Ice armor here Thunder armor here Like all of these have weaknesses and I don't like weaknesses of any kind I guess you can just mix and match stuff. Hey remorse. How you doing man? Welcome The best armor sets are usually mixed. Yeah Well, I like the life on hit idea But that's that's this set Protective polish punishing draw How am I enjoying the monster in the world? I'm enjoying a lot more now. I figured out what I hated about it apparently I wasn't given the well. I didn't know how to do it. I was doing it wrong and uh to the whole the the footprints That I hated so much Um, I didn't even have to do it the way I was doing it Now that I know how to do it properly I'm already past that and we're we're already I mean we're elder dragons and trying to knock those guys out Making the dragon king eye patch I don't think I had a mask for this I do have the mask for this Um High commendations What else uses high commendations I don't want to waste those, you know I could do a bone A skull mask Is that the only thing that uses an unknown skull? I probably should craft that just for the look Even though I don't use the helm um Which other garrons set do you use a or b? Probably a because it has critical eye, right? Like how do I see what these skills are? Go ahead space No space does that How do I see what these these armor skills are or what they do? tab Oh, okay. Thank you A taxidermy spots have a 15 increase affinity A taxidermy spots have a 30 increase in affinity at level two. Okay What's the base armor on this? 70 My current helm is what? Boneapolis probably like 50 36 All right, we'll do the eye patch All the gear on set Yeah, I'll make these boots. I think for the ops are for the alpha Control will compare your current gear Oh, if I don't if I don't preview it There we go So these are worse at level one by a little bit and I haven't even upgraded them yet. Geez But the bow grease out. I mean the boat said it's doing well for me. I'm surprised But I'm weak to thunder and ice All right, we'll craft this way. What does it need again? All the gear on parts and monster hard bone Oi and Equip now. Yes. There we go Okay, so for this I need a horny tar carapace Which aren't that easy to get Just go and farm those things that just killed there were those um The the the roaches Oi This looks like a good build, but just replace elementless with whatever you want Oi Cushala sister Beta I don't have that armor yet. Oh, yeah, I do Okay Need a gem for that don't have that. I think all don't all these require a gem or just certain pieces Just certain pieces. Okay So what is this good? Weapon sharpness plus 20 basil helm I pass it. I don't think I fought that yet But that's one of the fights I haven't done um Diablo shadow or two, so that's a good hammer better than my hammer Slugger stun power plus 10. Yeah, that'll do it No So you start with bone and then you work to Cooler Then you go down Diablo Diablos Okay That's good to know Okay, that could be a long-term goal. I guess Okay, so what do I need again? I gotta go to upgrades So I just looked at all that stuff and I don't even know what I need for my Nurgur Gante hammer Um, I need to upgrade this to this which requires fuchsia more Um, which I could just do I could just do expeditions for that, right? I just farm those red nodes until I get fuchsia Which I barely I rarely get I I don't even remember even seeing it pop up And then once I get fuchsia, I'll be able to get this first level on nervel crusher and then the second level Wow, I'll be able to get I got the gym already ready I just need to know what that unknown pieces Yeah, all right, I'm gonna do some quick expeditions. I'm gonna get some food first chat. I am kind of hungry So thanks for watching. I've skipped my last three breaks. So we're way overdue for a break Um Please feel free to follow the stream.  So if I said three, I meant five So I gotta I gotta heat up some food and I'll be right back I will be back. Thanks for watching guys. I'll be back


It's July and it's getting hot, just like the deals at Appalachian Wireless. All month get the Samsung Galaxy S8 for just a penny with a two-year agreement. But don't wait because the deal ends soon. Better service, bigger savings. That's today's Appalachian Wireless. A video showing a man teasing a black bear that was recently released to local media has resulted in an unfortunate chain of events, both for the man who filmed it and the bear he filmed. For weeks, officers and biologists with the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife have been battling the problem of people feeding black bears in Harlan County. And a recent video released to local media outlets got the attention of those officers who then discovered the video was actually shot on the Virginia side of Black Mountain. You know, he pretty well admitted to us. He was just pranking around with the black bear and that's exactly what happened. He was pretending like he was feeding it. Once it occurred on the Kentucky side, he would have been charged with arresting a wildlife, particularly a black bear. Sergeant Pigman says while officers were talking with Jonathan Shelton, who lives in Kentucky about his video, they discovered the skull of a black bear. Shelton was charged with the illegal take of wildlife. But unfortunately, this story doesn't end there. Well, within a few hours of that video being shown, the biologist from the Virginia side actually went up there and located that bear and then euthanized it. And so a bear was lost simply because of people's interaction with it, trying to feed it. Had they left it alone, left it wild, that bear could still be roaming the mountains of Virginia or Kentucky. And that's why you will sometimes hear the phrase, a fed bear is a dead bear. He just naturally associates human beings with a handout. So anytime he sees whether it be a child or being an adult, he may come running towards you for a handout and thinking it's food. And that's a chance, officers say, they cannot take.  Do not feed the bears. We have got them from the bottom to the top. Our biologist has put them on trees up through there, so you've got plenty of warning. And like I said, if we catch you feeding, we are going to assist you. On Black Mountain, I'm Shannon Deskins, EKB News.


So the, I think that actually segues nicely into the few summary slides we put together. You know, I think Rex said nicely and George sort of talking about our work in phenotyping and really starting with that research grade and multimodal approach over longitudinal records and Rex reviewed the number of phenotypes that we've proposed in different networks but it's interesting when you look at VKB about half the phenotypes are emerged that shows other networks are using which is great but these 75 are mostly what's happened in one and two. Most of these 27 actually aren't on there yet. So it's a superset and a subset. So it just highlights that we're doing a lot of things aren't actually captured and these are all validated phenotypes and most are multi-site validated phenotypes which shows that transported ability question. We've talked a lot both Kevin and Ken, sorry, and George about some common data models standards that can be hopefully accelerate the process. I think we're actually moving there and we're creating this common variable dictionary that helps us simplify the covariate process a lot and allows some sort of the questions of how much work do you need to do to get a good phenotype and participate in huge meta-analyses. For instance, we can actually turn a lot of those around really quickly now because we have standard of high-level phenotypes and then we've talked a little bit about machine learning and that idea of accelerating and some of the tensions there, Maryland highlighted nicely I thought the idea of that tension and exploration of new kinds of things. I wanted to just show a few slides of examples of things that hits on things. It's not a few slides, one slide. This is the stuff in FeeKB and you can see amongst the 154 phenotypes that most are using billing codes but a lot of them, 42% are using some sort of text mining. I think that relates to stuff like this. We've done a lot of innovative kinds of phenotypes that highlight the EHR and I think a lot of us would say we don't want to lose that in the next round to say we do 200 phenotypes that are maybe not so interesting. We'd rather continue to do things like this is major adverse cardiovascular events on statins and we have a locus which predicts failure of statins independent of the LDL effect of statins that could be a drug target. That may have a real impact. Phenomide studies were highlighted by the RACs. Maybe you could say that's 1,800 phenotypes and it works out surprisingly well. We tend not to talk about it as the phenotypes because we can now just push a click of a button and have a module that does that and then we have the ability to do other kinds of things like the work that Columbia and we're doing on clustering phenotypes and there's been other types of projects like this where we can look at disease patterns that occur that we don't see otherwise and you really can't do that without the dense longitudinal record. Just kind of highlighting that trade-off between the complicated phenotype for the simpler ones and where do we think the greatest value for emerge would be and I think generally we've been pursuing those more complicated because they tend to be more scientifically interesting. We do use a lot of multimodal phenotypes and none of the current sort of quality standards support NLP. We can do great stuff with simpler methods and we want to continue to accelerate that as Richard pointed out. We have a lot of phenotype innovation across different degrees in addition to what I said before, optical character recognition that Marshfield pursued, a lot of portable NLP modules implemented in NIME and other sorts of resources, deeper phenotyping. I think this ability to go back to the patient is something that we're sort of seeing in Emerge 3 and some of the Emerge 2 work that is an extension that we've talked about both in deeper medical record dives as well as patient itself and then I think we're seeing different kinds of phenotypes emerge, no pun intended, with the sequencing data. And so those are the summary things we came up with. Marilyn, do you want to add anything? Two minutes left before the session ends. Are there any other questions? Rex? I just might comment on what Josh said. As we think about the tradeoff versus easy versus hard or complex phenotypes, you know, one of the things we might want to consider is phenotypes that have the greatest impact on health. Yeah, I think it's a great idea to set some priorities, but I also just want to interject the notion that in some of these phenotypes, when we start working across these systems, it may not be enough to have one definition of a phenotype because it's really dependent. We talked about three different users of diabetes. We have a handful of different definitions of diabetes. There's not one definition of diabetes, and that's we're done with that phenotype. If you want to do a GWAS, it's going to be highly specific. If you want to do a quality assurance thing, you want to see who's getting their flu shots, that might not represent, that might represent extreme cases. If you want to know prevalence of disease, then just taking the ones with definite disease against those that definitely might not give you the right numbers. You actually need to have built into your machine that spits out diabetes the option to dial it up and dial it down, depending on what the investigator really wants to, the question the investigator really wants to answer. Terry? Could I just, just one comment? Okay. In terms of other things to focus on, if we could try to focus on things that are sort of genomic-y, that would be nice to, since we are in this room. Thanks, Genomics. Terry? So one thing I can, there's a thread that I wanted to pull on from that Ken mentioned. And this is, if you're going to sustain this thing, make it so that endpoints that everybody cares about also are useful for academics. And you mentioned in the context of who, there was tons of money being spent on quality control and cleaning phenotypes.  And each institution has their own examples. But it could be a real win, because that's 20, 30 X the amount of money that's being spent on a merge. Great point. All right. We are right at 11.15. Thank you very much.