In this lecture, we will look at some reaction mechanisms in organometallic chemistry. So, far we have looked only at substitution reactions, which are simple replacement of one ligand by another ligand. Today, we will look at how some more complicated reactions take place in organometallic chemistry. Actually, organometallic chemistry has become an essential part of organic synthesis. I show this set of equations very often, because it illustrates how in a total synthesis at several points in the synthetic methodology, the researchers have used repeatedly organometallic and organic reactions interchangeably. It is indeed important for us to realize that organometallic chemistry cannot be divorced from organic chemistry or organic synthesis anymore. If you look at organic synthesis, it is a well developed field and the classification of organic reactions has been done long ago. Very often, it is easy to substitute one reagent with another reagent or one reaction by another reaction in organic chemistry. It would be useful if you could have a similar classification of organic reactions or organometallic reactions. Today, we will look at a plausible way of classifying organometallic reactions. First, let us just look at how organic reactions are classified. This is a broad, this is one way in which we can classify organic reactions. This is found in many textbooks. We have first of all substitution reactions where you can substitute one group in an organic molecule either by a nucleophilic substitution if it is an alkyl moiety, which where the substitution is happening. In which case also the reaction might happen either as an SN 1 reaction, either as an SN 1 reaction where the substitution is nucleophilic and it goes in a first order fashion or in a second order fashion and then we call it an SN 2 reaction. These are mostly nucleophilic reactions when it happens in an aliphatic chain, but if it happens in an aromatic chain, very often it is an electrophilic mechanism. Substitution reactions can either be a nucleophilic reaction or an electrophilic reaction and these are grouped as one class of reactions and then come addition reactions where an unsaturated molecule is converted to a saturated molecule by addition of a group. It could very often be in the case as in the case of halogenation, two x groups are added across a double bond. So, halogenation, hydro halogenation where H and a C L are added or an H and a B R are added and then they are called hydro halogenation. In all these groups of all these reactions we add a molecule which is split in two fashion in a heterolithic fashion very often and added to the unsaturated molecule so that it becomes a saturated molecule. In a few instances we do have addition of a neutral group like a carbon dioxide or a sulphur dioxide. These groups might be added to an unsaturated molecule in such a fashion that the whole molecule becomes saturated or more saturated. These reactions also proceed in electrophilic, nucleophilic or a radical fashion that depends on how the reaction is carried out and one can in fact tune the reaction so that the reaction proceeds in a particular fashion. Now, the third group of reactions are elimination reactions which are essentially a reverse of the previous group of reactions. So, instead of going from an unsaturated molecule to a saturated molecule in this case one is going from an saturated molecule or a more saturated molecule to a less saturated unsaturated molecule. When you extrude a neutral molecule in these instances you could extrude a carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide and then you end up with a reaction which is the reverse of the insertion of a neutral group. The fourth group I would call it as organic redox reactions where you have addition of electrons. These are very rare but addition of hydrogen is also called addition of electrons because you are adding a group which is less electronegative than carbon to the unsaturated molecule. So, addition of hydrogen or addition of electrons is classified as an organic reduction reaction. Similarly, if you oxidize a species an organic molecule you could do it either by removal of electrons or removal of a more electronegative group. If you add a chlorine or an oxygen then it becomes an oxidation reaction of an organic moiety. So, in the final group we have what is called the rearrangement reactions. The rearrangement reactions could either involve purely sigma bonds or purely pi bonds or a combination of both. Many of these reactions are called pericyclic reactions. They are mostly orbital controlled and this is the basis or this is the topic of the famous rule the Woodward Hoffman rules which govern these reactions. Now, rearrangement reactions need not always be pericyclic. You can also have rearrangement of complicated skeletons like nobonyne and adamantine skeletons. These large ring systems can also rearrange depending on the ring size requirements and the strain that is involved. One can have rearrangement of a molecule where only sigma bonds are involved. So, either sigma bonds or sigma and pi bonds or pi bonds can be involved in this rearrangement reactions. Now, the reason for going through this classification of organic reactions is that I just want to draw parallel to the organometallic reactions and show how these can also be classified. Let us ask this question. Is there a way in which we can classify or is there a way in which we can use a functional group approach in which we can substitute one reagent by another reagent. Now, in organic chemistry if you want to convert one functional group to another functional group, we can have a group of reagents which will do this. So, if I want to convert for example, here an unsaturated molecule I have shown here an unsaturated molecule which is unsaturated in two places. One is a carbon-carbon double bond, another is a carbon carbonyl group. I only want to reduce one of them or I want to reduce both of them. In this case, I have reduced both of them. I can use a particular reagent in the same way. We can take another more complicated molecule and ask the question, can I carry out the same reaction? Can I carry out one of these reductions or can I carry out both reductions simultaneously which reagent would I use? If one has the knowledge of converting this molecule, this unsaturated molecule to the second unsaturated molecule that we have shown here, a similar transformation can be carried out with this more complicated molecule using the same reagent. This type of transferability gives organic chemistry an excellent way of extending the chemistry and also helping the student understand many complicated reactions. So, it is important that we also have some kind of transferability in organometallic reactions also. Is there a way to do this? Let us take a look at a few examples now. Here are two reagents which you might be familiar with. One is a rhodium complex which is the Wilkinson's catalyst and another is a cobalt analogue. Here are two other examples where we have the same cobalt complex, but now I have substituted the two ligands. The answer to the second question may be yes. If you substitute the ligand on the metal complex, one can very often transfer the reaction capabilities. So, the reaction that is carried out by this particular complex might be carried out by this complex. It might be possible, but on the other hand the answer to the first question is actually no. The reaction that is carried out by rhodium is not carried out by the cobalt complex. This turns out to be a reasonably well established fact because the chemistry of the 3D and the 4D are very different and the 4D and 5D are reasonably similar. So, very often transferability might be possible between 4D elements and a 4D complex and a 5D complex, but it is very difficult to transfer the reaction which is happening on a 4D element to a 3D element. So, let me give this example where we have multiple insertion reactions. I want to talk about this insertion reactions in more detail and I have chosen this example where we can use acetylene and convert them to arenes. That means you are taking 3 C triple bond C molecules, 3 acetylene molecules and converting them to a 3 acetylene molecules. So, you can see that we have stitched together 3 acetylenes. Now, metal complexes can be chosen in such a way that one can get exclusively arenes or one can get only cyclobutadiene molecules or even poly acetylenes. The best catalyst for carrying out this reaction so that you can get mostly the areane. So, you want to synthesize only aromatic molecules from alkynes and the best molecule for this particular reaction turns out to be the cobalt complex. So, one can ask this question is the same analog capable of carrying out the synthesis of areanes with cobalt is replaced by rhodium. If the cobalt complex carries out the synthesis of areanes can we also use it for can we also use the rhodium complex for carrying out the same reaction. It turns out that for synthesizing areanes it is more easy to use a palladium complex and not the rhodium or the aridium analog. So, in some ways it is very difficult to have transferability in organometallic chemistry. We will classify the reactions on the basis of transformations organic transformations they carry out and we will show this in a few slides later. Now, it is important for us to when we classify these reactions it is important for us to understand the fundamental of the key steps involved in these reactions. When we change an acetylene when we stitched together acetylene to form an areane is it going through the cyclobutadiene or is it directly converting from an acetylene to an areane. So, are we going directly from the acetylene to the areane or are we going through an intermediate. How does one figure out which of these steps are really happening are more importantly we have to ask the question which steps are not involved. This will help us to design better catalyst it will help us to understand these reactions better and probably even promote the same type of transferability that we have organic chemistry to organometallic chemistry. So, I have classified the organometallic reactions into four broad classes and probably we will have to extend it to five, but we can for this initial lecture use only four broad classification of reactions. First of all I would like to talk about rearrangements or isomerizations. These are situations where the ligand rearranges from one position on the metal to another position. So, you can have trans-isomerizations and so on. These are rearrangement reactions and these can probably happen in both main group and organometallic reactions. Then come ligand insertion reactions. In these cases if you have a ligand that is pictured here as X it can be a neutral molecule. If it can add between the metal and the ligand then one can have such a transformation that is you can have the insertion of this X group in between the metal ligand bond. So, it looks as if this metal ligand bond is broken and you have insertion of the X group. So, we have the same group here X group which is present in this particular place. So, M X is left unchanged and M X is there and you have this transformation of M L to an M X L. Now, these reactions are very often possible in both main group chemistry, main group chemistry and transition metal chemistry. So, I would write it as main groups and transition metal chemistry both main group and transition metals are capable of carrying out these reactions. Now, there is another group of reactions here where organum transition metal reactions exclusively. These are situations where you have oxidative addition and reductive elimination. I have pictured here the oxidative addition where the metal undergoes an oxidation state change. This change can be anywhere between one oxidation state change or two oxidation state change and we will look at these situations as we go along. The second set is a reactivity change on the ligand. This is again a reaction which is exclusively or mostly in the domain of transition metal compounds. So, transition metal organometallic compounds have this capability of carrying out oxidative addition and reductive elimination because transition metals have got the capability of changing the oxidation state. Main group elements are very often species which will not change the oxidation state. So, if you look at all the reactions together organotransition metal chemistry comprises of these four major groups. In these four major groups, we have the last two which is oxidative addition and reductive elimination and reactivity changes on the ligand mostly restricted to organotransition metal chemistry. Now, today we are going to look primarily at ligand insertion reactions. These are reactions where the X group that is added on is added on to a ML group in such a fashion that we have a MXL complex being formed. It turns out that the X group can come from outside as we have pictured here. It can be added externally or it can be added internally. So, if it is added internally, you have the formation of MXL. If it is added externally, then we can have this X group intact. So, we will look at these reactions in fairly great detail today as we go through this lecture. Let us take a look now at the main group insertion reaction. If you have a simple Grinard reagent where you have RMGX, you have a simple Grinard reagent. It is highly polarized as R minus and M G plus. This is the polarization of R minus and the Grinard reagent. So, if a molecule like carbon dioxide is allowed to react with it, carbon dioxide is also polarized. The polarization is quite obvious. This is a delta minus and this is a delta plus. Because of this polarization, a very easy addition of the R minus group very easy addition of the R minus group occurs on the carbon. So, you have the formation of an R COO M GX. The magnesium, because it is positively charged or positively polarized, then it adds on to the oxygen group. So, we have an R COO M GX being formed. Now, this is a very favorable reaction and this happens very readily. On the other hand, let us take a look at an insertion reaction that is common in organometallic chemistry. That is the insertion of carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide has got a very small dipole moment and carbon surprisingly is the negative end. So, even though it is polarized, but because the dipole moment is very small, if you mix methanol and carbon monoxide, even at very high pressures of carbon monoxide or very high temperatures, this reaction is unlikely to happen. You would not have the formation of acetic acid starting with methanol and carbon monoxide. On the other hand, if we add a small amount of this catalyst, which is an organometallic species, this organometallic species has the capability of transforming methanol to acetic acid in the presence of hydro adic acid at 80 degrees. Just a mild heating of 80 degrees and 3 atmospheres pressure of carbon monoxide is sufficient to bring about this remarkable transformation, where we have added a neutral carbon monoxide molecule. We have added a neutral carbon monoxide molecule to methanol to form acetic acid. So, this is almost looks like magic as far as the transformation is concerned. We have added a molecule of carbon monoxide between the methyl and the carbon. The C H 3 O bond has been broken and a carbon monoxide molecule has been inserted. Now, this is the basis for the famous Monsanto's acetic acid process.  You make more than a million tons of acetic acid using this particular process. This is very surprising considering the fact that hydro adic acid is a very corrosive molecule. You have to pump hydro adic acid into the presence of carbon monoxide, which is a toxic gas of course. But you add hydro adic acid and carbon monoxide. You pump it in using heavy duty pumps, which will get easily corroded because of this hydro adic acid. Still, this process turns out to be a viable process and it turns out to be a profitable process. They have to change the pumps often, but in spite of that this is the best way of making acetic acid. That is why we have a million tons of acetic acid produced using this method. Here is another method where 7 million tons of aldehydes are generated. This is the conversion of propene to butaryldehyde. What we have added in this reaction is a molecule of hydrogen, a molecule of hydrogen and a molecule of carbon monoxide. We have added these two species to a molecule of propene. Here once again we see that all the three species that are involved in this reaction are almost neutral or hardly polarized. They do not have strong polarization of the bonds. In spite of that you have managed to insert carbon monoxide, which will indicate in different colors so that it is easy for us to follow. So, here is the carbon monoxide and we have inserted it here. This is the carbon monoxide which has been inserted. Here is the hydrogen. We will indicate the hydrogen using a dark red color. So, this is the hydrogen which has been added. This hydrogen one of them has been added here and the other hydrogen has in fact ended up in this position. So, this is the original the CH2. That we had here the CH2 that we had here has remained intact in this particular position. So, the two hydrogens are in this position and they are unchanged. So, you can see that you have transformation of one unsaturated molecule to another molecule which has added hydrogen as well as added a carbon monoxide molecule. The essential catalyst or the catalyst that is involved in this process is this simple carbonyl species, this hydro carbonyl species. We have not talked about hydro carbonyl species, but I would like to give this example so that you will see the value of such a transformation. So, this insertion reaction is involved in several of the industrial processes and here I have pictured for you another transformation which is extremely useful which has been carried out using cobalt and rhodium catalyst. You transform allyl alcohol. This is allyl alcohol right here. Allyl alcohol is converted once again in addition of a hydrogen and a carbon monoxide has been carried out and we can see that it is essentially the same reaction that we talked about in the previous case. Here also we have added a hydrogen and carbon monoxide and that is exactly what we have done here, but in the industrial process the product that is formed the aldehyde is converted to an alcohol by a reduction reaction using hydrogen and rennickel which is a heterogeneous process. But in the course of this transformation allyl alcohol is converted to 1 4 butanol and this is an extremely useful molecule because it can be converted to tetrahedrofuran which is T H F a very popular and a common solvent and a very useful molecule. So, this is a simple way of converting allyl alcohol using hydrogen carbon monoxide and elimination of a water molecule after hydrogenation to produce T H F. This is again carried out in very large quantities because 1 4 butanol is an extremely useful molecule and is an intermediate in the formation of several organic molecules as well other than T H F. So, here is one last example where an insertion reaction is involved in this particular case we add a simple addition of carbon monoxide this involves methyl acetate. So, these are methyl groups. So, you have a methyl group here and you have a methyl group here this is methyl acetate and you convert it into acetic and hydrate. This again sounds like magic you have just added a molecule of carbon monoxide. We will indicate this by showing the molecule of carbon monoxide that is coming in and here is the molecule of carbon monoxide that you have added. So, it is the same molecule of methyl acetate except that you have one CO added in between and this is the best way of making acetic and hydrate starting with rhodium and no organic catalyst will actually bring about this transformation. The chemistry is completely unique to organotransition metal chemistry. So, it is very important for us to understand such insertion reactions where there is hardly any polarity change that is bringing about the transformation. It is primarily the ability of the metal which is able to bring about the insertion of a neutral organic moiety. So, main group insertion reactions the polarity is very important both fragments have to be charged or polarized charged or polarized and this is very important. Whereas, in transition metal chemistry very often you have a neutral ligand that is undergoing insertion reaction. So, neutral species can be added using organotransition metal chemistry whereas, polar compounds can be added using main group organometallic chemistry. So, let us take a look at what are the steps that are involved in this insertion process. Because this is a well studied reaction and many examples are known and we will take a look at one example that has been extremely useful because of some kinetic reasons which I will explain as we go along. If we take Mn2C010 or this dinuclear manganese carbonyl complex and if you reduce it with sodium and mercury if you reduce it with sodium and mercury and then you end up with a sodium salt of manganese pentacarbonylate anion MnCO5 minus and this sodium salt can undergo further reaction with a methyl iodide and this will give us a CH3 MnCO5 species. So, basically it is as if you have a Mn minus species and a sodium plus species and the Mn minus species as made a nucleophilic attack on the methyl that is exactly what is happening and the iodine goes away as I minus and as a result we will have in the net reaction we will have sodium iodide being left out and the methyl compound of MnCO5 being formed. Now, it turns out that if you add a molecule of carbon monoxide, if you add a molecule of carbon monoxide then you form an acetyl complex of MnCO5. So, this is a classic example where you have this is a classic example where you have added a neutral carbon monoxide molecule and carried out an insertion reaction. Now, this reaction which was studied by Calderazzo in great detail turns out that the carbon monoxide that you add and the carbon monoxide that you have in the molecule cannot be distinguished. So, he wondered whether it is indeed an external carbon monoxide which is inserted itself between the methyl group and the manganese. So, this is one possible scenario. The other possible scenario is that one of these carbon monoxide groups has in fact, one of these carbon monoxide groups has in fact, been utilized and it is this carbon monoxide. It is this carbon monoxide which has now transferred to this second position and the entering carbon monoxide is occupying a vacant site on the molecule on the manganese. So, there are two possibilities and the he realized that if he used labeled carbon monoxide which means you cannot color the carbon monoxides in real life using a color code, but you can add an isotope. You can use an isotope which is different from the naturally occurring isotope. So, usually you have 12 C most of the carbon monoxides will be isotopically will be having the isotope carbon 12 and instead if you have isotopically enriched carbon monoxide, then we can use it as if it is color coded and then we can look at where the isotopically labeled carbon monoxide has ended up. This is exactly what he did. So, if you add carbon monoxide and here he is added labeled carbon monoxide and that is what we mentioned in the previous slide. So, we have 13 C labeled carbon monoxide coming in and the expected product if it was a direct insertion of carbon monoxide, we will have the 13 C labeled in this position. So, this would be labeled with carbon 13 and you can easily monitor this using carbon 13 NMR one can distinguish the position at which the carbon monoxide has come in. The other option is that you initially have a conversion of the existing carbon monoxide molecule on the manganese to an acetyl group. So, this could have happened in two ways. We could have had the migration of a methyl group. You could have had the migration of the methyl group to a carbon monoxide or you could have had the carbon monoxide in the molecule going in between the methyl and the manganese. So, in both instances you would have got an acetyl manganese complex which has now a vacant coordination site. So, this coordination site has now become vacant and the carbon monoxide which is labeled would come in and occupy this position. So, this is the other alternative and this is the product if the entry carbon monoxide is merely filling in a vacancy on the manganese. So, when the reaction was carried out what he found was the direct insertion product which is pictured here below that is not happening. It is not the direct insertion product and what he had was the formation of carbon monoxide in this position where it was not found as acetyl. So, entering carbon monoxide was merely filling in a vacant coordination site on the manganese. Now, he used infrared spectroscopy extensively to figure out where the carbon monoxide was placed in the final molecule. So, one other interesting aspect of this molecule is that if indeed the carbon monoxide was entering a vacant coordination site if the reaction was under equilibrium then you would have lost the positional identity of this molecule of this entering carbon monoxide. If the carbon monoxide was going out and coming in then the position would have been lost because once you form this molecule you will notice that all four carbon monoxides are identical with respect to this acetyl group. So, any one of them if the reverse reaction was possible any one of them could have been lost and the entering carbon monoxide would have mixed with the available carbon monoxide on the molecule. So, the positional identity would have been lost in, but on the other hand the positional identity was not lost and this reaction was under what is called kinetic control. Once the carbon monoxide was inserted the product remained as an acetyl moiety and no reverse reaction was happening. So, two things were discovered in the process in this course of this study. One is the fact that carbon monoxide that is coming in is not inserting itself in between the manganese and the methyl group. Secondly, the fact is that it is under kinetic control and the reaction was not going in was not under equilibrium with a non inserted product. So, the reaction was not going back and forth. So, this is a reaction which was not happening that is it was not a direct insertion. Secondly, the reverse reaction was also not happening in this reaction. So, let us take a look now how he confirmed whatever he had studied in this first case. What he did was a very clever experiment between the sodium manganese salt that I talked to you about earlier. He treated that with labeled acetyl chloride, labeled acetyl chloride is what is pictured here. So, you take acetyl chloride which has got the carbon 13 label at the acetyl group. Now, if you treated with the manganese salt you end up with a product that you had prepared by insertion of carbon monoxide into the methyl complex. So, once this labeled complex was made he was able to study the reverse reaction. Now, I told you that under the conditions of adding carbon monoxide you did not have the reverse reaction, but if you heat it if you supply sufficient heat it was possible to convert the labeled acetyl group into the methyl complex by extrusion of carbon monoxide. Now, it turns out that this is the exact reverse of the reaction and usually in chemistry we know that there is a principle of microscopic reversibility, which means that the forward reaction is mirrored in the backward reaction. Backward reaction just retraces the way by which the complex or the product was formed. So, when he heated this molecule of acetyl group and then you know that the carbon monoxide on the metal should one of them should have left. And here in this particular instance you have carbon monoxide which is trans to the acetyl group this could have left and then you could have had movement of the carbon monoxide which is in this acetyl group. You could have moved this carbon group back on to the metal. So, it could have been one of these carbon monoxide it could have been either one which is cis to the acetyl group which I put in which I am marking as a square or it could be one which I have marked as a circle. And exclusively the product that was formed turned out to be the one where you had loss of a carbon monoxide which is on the cis position to the acetyl group. So, one of them which I have labeled as a square is one of the carbon monoxide should have left and the metal group must have migrated to the manganese. So, you have migration of let us just write this out. So, you have an intermediate where you have a vacant coordination site. So, you have this acetyl group and then you have a vacant site generated because one carbon monoxide has left the coordination sphere. And now the metal group migrates to that vacant coordination site. So, because we had this carbon monoxide which is labeled this carbon monoxide was labeled. So, we have the label in that position the label is still in that position. And the metal group the metal group has in fact migrated to this vacant site and that is what we have here. So, we have reaction which suggests that the reacting carbon monoxide acetyl group and the vacant site should be in cis position with respect to each other. In other words the CO and the metal group should be cis to each other and that is exactly what we have here they are cis related. So, that is the only way in which you can have a migration. So, this cis migration was proved by Kandler also using this isotopically labeled substrate. Now, the third reaction that Kandler also did was to check if you can use this product where which was formed in the first reaction. In the first reaction he added labeled carbon monoxide to a methyl manganese complex and he heated this to product which was formed in the first reaction. He heated this product and he got both trans and cis labeled molecules. How is that possible? Because you have 4 carbon monoxides in the cis position. Now, to the acetyl group you have 4 carbon monoxides which are equivalent. One of them of course is labeled because that is the carbon monoxide which came in from the external addition of carbon monoxide. Now, if you heat it, it is possible that this 13 C labeled carbon monoxide leaves. If that labeled carbon monoxide leaves then you would have migration of the methyl group to that position and then you would get an unlabeled product. You would get an unlabeled product if you had loss of this carbon monoxide when you heat it. If you have loss of one of these carbon monoxides which is cis to the labeled carbon monoxide then you would end up with this product. So, I am labeling this as a cis product because there are 2 of them. 2 of the carbon monoxides are there. It is possible that one of them leaves and both of them are cis to the acetyl group. Any one of them can leave and then you would get a cis product where the methyl group is cis to the methyl group is cis to the labeled isomer labeled carbon monoxide. Now, it is also possible that this carbon monoxide which we will mark with a different color. So, it is also possible that this carbon monoxide leaves. If this carbon monoxide leaves then you would get a trans isomer and labeling this as trans with respect to the I am identifying this as a trans isomer because the labeled carbon monoxide and the methyl group are trans related. Similarly, the methyl group and the 13 C are cis related here. So, depending on which carbon monoxide you lose in this reaction depending on which carbon monoxide you lose you will end up with one of these 3 isomers. If the labeled carbon monoxide leaves you get the unlabeled isomer. The probability with which these carbon monoxides leave are about one fourth in the case of the unlabeled isomer because there are 4 carbon monoxides and each one of them can equal have a equal probability of leaving when you heat this molecule. There is only one carbon monoxide which is trans to the labeled carbon monoxide. So, this will be formed in the same ratio as the ratio in which the unlabeled molecule is formed. However, you have 2 carbon monoxides which are cis related to the labeled carbon monoxide and they are also cis related to the astell group. Remember the carbon monoxides which have to leave in order for the reverse reaction to take place are the ones which are cis to the astell group. The astell group is present here and there are 2 cis related carbon monoxides which are also cis related to the labeled carbon monoxide. So, these 2 have twice the probability of leaving the molecule. So, you will end up with 2 equivalents of the cis product with respect to the trans product and with respect to the unlabeled product. This is exactly what he found. He found that there was no formation of the there was no direct elimination possible. It was only these molecules which were formed and they were formed in 1 is to 2 is to 1 ratio. Now, if this is the ratio in which the 3 products are formed, it is very clear indication that the cis elimination pathway or the cis insertion pathway is the one that is being followed by this molecule. Methyl migrates to a vacant site and to a vacant cis site. If carbon monoxide had migrated inside and it was not a methyl migration, we would have obtained very different result. So, let us just take a look at that. If carbon monoxide migrates, what would happen? In the previous instance, we assume that the carbon monoxide leaves the coordination sphere and then the methyl migrates to a vacant site. So, here we are going to check what would have happened if indeed the carbon monoxide migrates. If carbon monoxide migrates, then of course, you would have got the probability of forming this molecule. Let us take the first one, the carbon monoxide. If the CO leaves and first we are assuming that this carbon monoxide leaves. So, you would have a vacant site here and then the carbon monoxide migrates to the cis position. So, let us just mark that here in this fashion. So, the carbon monoxide migrates here. Then in that case, you would form exclusively this product. This product here, which I have marked as 3x and we will explain why 3x is possible, because there are 3 carbon monoxides like that and each one of them would have and all of them would end up with the formation of this product. On the other hand, if one loses this carbon monoxide, let us mark that with a different color. If this carbon monoxide leaves, you would end up with a vacancy in the cis position also, but you would have if CO migrates, then it is this CO that is migrating and then you would end up with this product. So, the possibility of the species being formed from one of these carbon monoxides migrating and one of these carbon, the label carbon monoxide migrating, the ratio would have been 1 is to 3 and there would have been only 2 products. Because we have the formation of a set of 3 products, the labeled unlabeled one, the trans one and the cis one. We suggest that the reaction is happening only by methyl migration and not by CO migration. So, here we have assumed that it is the CO migration is happening and we have shown clearly that the ratio of these 2 products would have been 3 is to 1. We would have got 3 times the labeled product and 1 we would have got the unlabeled product and that is not happening. So, in fact, we say that it is the methyl migration to a vacant site which is happening. So, let us just proceed further now. Let us take a look at what happens when you move from this methyl migration. Let us take a look at what happens when you have methyl migration. I have used different complex here. What we are doing is that we are generating a co-ordinatively unsaturated complex. Because you can have both 16 valence electron species and 18 valence electron species, one should think about the fact that what will happen if you have a migration first and then coordination sites being filled. In the previous example, we had 18 electron complexes, but we have pictured here in this example a 16 valence electron complex. If you have 16 valence electron complex, one has to go through the intermediate where you would end up with a 14 valence electron species. If this species is if this reaction is reversible, then you would end up with rate dependence which is not dependent on the added triphenyl arsene. As we have pictured here, the second step the triphenyl arsene is coming in and blocking the vacant coordination site on the platinum. First it is migration of the R group. First it is the migration of the R group. Then in the second step the vacant site on the platinum is blocked by the triphenyl arsene. So, here is what is happening. We have conversion of a 16 valence electron complex to a 14 valence electron complex. Then the 14 valence electron complex is now converted back to a 16 valence electron complex by the addition of the ligand. So, one can check these reactions using kinetics depending on whether the first step is rate determining or the second step is rate determining. We would have a first order dependence on first order reaction or a second order reaction. If the second step is rate determining clearly, it would depend on the concentrations of both of these species. So, you would have a second order rate constant. Now, here the generation of a 14 valence electron intermediate is postulated. In general, the reactions go through either a 16 or an 18 electron intermediate. Now, how can one go through a 16 electron intermediate in the case of complexes which start with a 16 electron complex? So, here is an example. In this case also we have the migration of a carbon monoxide or a migration of an R group onto a carbon monoxide. If we add carbon monoxide here in this reaction, let us add plus CO and you have minus CO. Then, we can have the equilibrium with an 18 electron species. So, 16 valence electron species adds on a molecule of carbon monoxide becomes an 18 valence electron species. Now, we have the migration of an R group onto the carbon monoxide in the cis position. Remember, the two groups have to be cis related. So, the CO group that is cis is the one on to which the R group migrates. So, if you have the migration of this R group now on to the cis position, you end up with 16 electron species again. So, you go from a 16 to an 18 to a 16. It is generally agreed that most catalytic cycles or most reactions would like to go through a 16 electron, 18 electron cycle rather than a 16 electron, 14 electron cycle. So, it is generally understood that this is the reaction mechanism. Lastly, one can also look at migratory aptitudes. By migratory aptitudes, we want to look at either reaction rates, mostly in mostly reaction rates. If you have a set of complexes where you have alkyl, benzyl, allyl and vinyl species, then these groups will migrate much faster than vinyl or proparagel. Proparagel group does not migrate very easily compared to the vinyl. On the other hand, the alkyl group has the greatest tendency to migrate and it is the one which will undergo migration fastest. If you have a molecule in which two different alkyl groups are there, say an alkyl and a benzyl, it is an alkyl group which migrates and not the benzyl group. Similarly, benzyl migrates faster than allyl, allyl faster than aryl. Now, these could be because of the electronic nature of the R group which is attached to the metal and this is something which has to be studied further. Now, some groups have very little propensity to migrate and these are groups like hydrogen, trifluoromethal. So, this is a methyl group where all the hydrogens have been replaced with fluorine or an acyl group. So, if an acyl group migrates, you would end up with double carbonylation. So, you already have an RCO group. If it migrates on to another carbonyl group, then you end up with a dicarbonyl species. Now, this usually does not happen. So, a single carbonyl migration is what you observe in many cases and you have no double carbonylation reactions. Very few double carbonylation reactions are known. Finally, I would like to look at the stereochemistry of the migrating carbon. The migrating carbon could be migrating as an anionic species or it could be migrating as a radical species. If it migrates as a radical, then the radical species would lose the stereochemical information on the R group. If it undergoes inversion as in the case of an SN2 process, then the stereochemistry of the migrating group would be changed. Nevertheless, the stereochemical information is retained. In other words, if you start with an optically active product, you would end up with an optically active substrate. We will end up with an optically active product. So, if we use the neutral method, then we neutral method would be changed. So, after electron counting, we would think of it as a radical species. I have mentioned it here as a methyl radical, but it could also be an alkyl radical that is migrating. Now, if you use it as an anionic species, then we would imagine that it is undergoing an SN2 type of reaction. Let us look at some of the features of this migration reaction. If you have a neutral ligand, a 2 electron donor like carbon monoxide, you have an anionic ligand or if you use the neutral method, then you talk about it as if it is a 1 electron donor. Then the principle is that the anionic ligand migrates from the metal on to the neutral species. So, carbon monoxide is a neutral species and the anionic ligand is migrating on to the carbon monoxide. Initially, we have a total of 3 electrons on the ligand which is being donated to the metal. At the end of the reaction on the neutral ligand counting, neutral electron counting procedure, we end up with a 1 electron ligand that is the RCO group. So, the RCO group is a 1 electron donor and the R group is a 1 electron donor. Then the CO group is a 2 electron donor. So, total of 3 electrons are present on the metal and finally, you end up with a 1 electron donor on the metal. So, this turns out to be a loss in the number of electrons around the metal and this is something that we have to bear in mind. If we look at the net effect on the metal, we realize that after the insertion reaction, we also lose 1 coordination site. It becomes 1 coordination site on the metal becomes free. So, based on whatever electron count procedure you might use, you end up with a loss of 2 electrons on the metal and you also end up with a loss of 1 coordination site on the metal being free at the end of the reaction. So, these are the effects of migration and we will discuss the reaction in greater detail in a future lecture.


What's up everyone, it's your girl, Kenzie here from Layton Sports Cards and I am ripping 2021 Panini Fualas Football Hobby 1 box break number 35 left side serial numbers. Again here is a look at the random results, you can always find these at LaytonSportsCards.com underneath the results tab, link is also in chat for you. Again everyone, this is a left side serial number, you are assigned a random number on random.org. Any card that pulled with that same number will be yours, so if you hit four on the randomizer, you'll get any card numbered 4 out of 5, 4 out of 10, 4 out of 20, etc. Same will also be written off who hits each card as we go. I'm sorry Mike, what? What do you mean by that? I think if you go hitless on the serial number break, what's the hitless number? Oh, I'm not sure what they're using for hitless right now. It was first edition baseball for a while, I'm not sure what they're doing right now. Here we go, good luck everyone. First hit up, we have 11 of 15, Keenan Allen for the Chargers, David G in the 11 spot. Now we've got rookie 7 of 22-colored patch Cadarius Tony Giants, David G, 7 spots, going back to back. We've got rookie debut signatures, Emerald 5 of 5, on-card auto Josh Palmer, Joseph R in the 5 spot. Nice. Joseph R. Nice Mike. Then we've got to 10, Jalen Darden, 8 of 10, rookie auto Bucks, Chris L in the 8 spot. Nice. Then we've got, cool one here. How about 13 of 20, James Lofton, Bernie S, there's a cool looking card played for the Packers and the Bills it looks like. Nice. We've got 16 of 20, rookie Emerald signatures, Elijah Moore, 16 of 20, Kevin H, make a case that should have been in case. Yeah, really should have. Wow, this guy's having a break, having a break tonight, a set of breaks, 4 of 5, patch auto, Randy Moss, spot B game worn, worn, but that is still nasty, Randy Moss, that is sick, out of 5. All right, we'll do our Diamond Guarantee first. We've got an Emerald here, 10 of 20 for the Titans, A.J. Brown, 10 spot. Joseph B. Joseph B. in the 10 spots, 10 of 20, one off of that Jersey number, does come with the Diamond Guarantee. Then we've got quad, rookie showcase patches here to 15, bookend 15 of 15, Jamar Chase. Travis H. Travis H, there you go, nice three color, three color patches, maybe gloves there and the football relic, nice Chase, 15 of 15, and last but not least, we've got rookie auto on card, 12 of 15, Jalen Waddle, 12 spots, Brayden K, congrats on that Brayden, what a great first briefcase, that'll do it for the first one, we've got number two coming up in a few.


Bemidji State University's Wind Ensemble has spent the past few months getting ready for a big performance down in the Twin Cities. Reporter Cheryl Moore brings us behind the scenes of a special pre-concert they held on campus today for this week's In Focus. The Bemidji State University Wind Ensemble will be heading down to the Twin Cities next Thursday to perform at the 2019 Minnesota Music Educators Association Mid-Winter Clinic. Although before that, they thought it'd be a good idea to get some feedback from the local community first. It's the first time that the band has been invited to perform at Minnesota Music Educators Association Mid-Winter Clinic in some 14 years. So we're really excited to be back. And for such a big event, we wanted to create an event not too far ahead of that so that we have a little time to rehearse some more. The Wind Ensemble has been practicing three times a week since October. We've been like just briefly looking at it and then as soon as we finished our fall concert and tour, we really hit hard. And I think just like it's taken a lot of like individual practice and it's just been a really cool experience so far. The performance will have six pieces total and a few of them truly have a BSU touch. The first piece is entitled Nin Gabi Anose, and it is a Ojibwe word for ice crystals forming in cold air. And it was commissioned specifically for the centennial of the Mid-East State University this year, so we're really excited. Another song, The Solitary Dancer, was the highlight piece for BSU's 50th anniversary. And the finale, Instinctive Travels, plays a big role in the hearts of a lot of members of the band. Particularly Solitary Dancer had a lot of work put into it just because a lot of the parts are so, so specific to each player.  I really like the last we played, Instinctive Travels. You know, it's kind of, there's a lot of good brassy stuff in it that I enjoy playing a lot. The whole group is excited to showcase their talents at MMEA. They hope audiences will enjoy their performance just as much as they enjoy playing. I think a big thing that's really important about this is that it gets Bemidji State on the map for potential students. And hopefully they hear our wind ensemble and they're like, hey, that sounds really good. I would like to go there and pursue music. Reporting in Bemidji with This Weeks in Focus, Shremorne, Lakeland News.


Live from Austin, Texas, it's theCUBE, covering OpenStack Summit 2016, brought to you by the OpenStack Foundation and headline sponsors Red Hat and Cisco. And welcome back to theCUBE here. Day two of our coverage at the OpenStack Summit in Austin, Texas. The keynote's just wrapped up here. We're just outside the keynote auditorium right in the main convention hall along with Stu Miniman. And Brian Gracely, I'm John Wallsson. Thanks for joining us once again for our continuing coverage here on theCUBE. And gentlemen, as I said, keynote's just wrapped up. And I thought they had kind of a distinctive global feel today. We saw some demos from the Czech Republic. We talked about the newest members from China. We looked at a Taiwanese hackathon, examples of Sweden and UK. So this is not just the United States, United States-based concept, obviously. This is expanding on the global nature, Brian. Yeah, John, that's a great point. I mean, one of the things that OpenStack's done a good job since the beginning days is make sure, of course, this is the North American presence, but global. So every six months, they do first a North American show and then a non-show. So last year it was Tokyo. This year it's going to be in Barcelona. Heck, next year it's going to be in Sydney. So a lot of people excited about where the show goes. The show actually, by the way, they announced that next year the North American show's going to be back in Boston. So, you know, those of us in the Northeast there makes the trip a little easier and you get to show off Boston to this community, which is a great community. But, yeah, there's not only the location of it, but the vendors participating have more of a global field in some of the other communities that I've been involved in. And, you know, the diversity is a term that's been thrown around a lot. It is great, and speaking of diversity, they had the Women of OpenStack panel today. I know we're going to have a participant of that coming on later today. So, you know, OpenStack is no longer trying to be all things to all people, but do want all people from across the globe to be part of it. You know, a theme that I heard a lot of today too was about collaborate or die, adapt or die. That came from more than one of the keynote speakers today. Talking about that very important need to, that status quo isn't going to cut it anymore, Brian. That you really do have to be open, if you will, to new ways of doing things, new paradigms, new structures, whatever else, the crowd's going to leave you behind. Yeah, and I think really what that's saying is, a few years back, OpenStack had a very big vision.  They kept expanding. We're going to get into new projects. We're going to get into new areas, and the reality of that was, to a certain extent, OpenStack wasn't the best fit for that and some other things have come along. You heard terms like Kubernetes, projects like Kubernetes. You've seen a lot of these platforms that service things of all. I think what they're really trying to say is, look, OpenStack does certain things very, very well, but it's going to fit into a broader ecosystem, and what that means for this community is, you not only need to continue to work very hard to make OpenStack great, but you need to work with the Kubernetes community. You need to work with the Apache Foundation. You need to work with a lot of other areas that are building pieces and parts that are necessary, and you need to sort of realize, okay, this is what OpenStack does well. This is what other pieces do well, and let's make sure we don't kind of repeat the past and get over our ski tips and interfere with those things. Yeah, we heard about the, one of the speakers talking about the LAMP stack, and looking at Lenox and Apache down the PHP, and they said, okay, who can predict the, what's going to be the LAMP stack if we will of OpenStack? And no one raises their hand, of course. There's no way to predict that. And so Stu, I think kind of that flexibility, that uncertainty is really what kind of drives this community in terms of exploration of ideas and concepts.  And the thing I'm really starting to get is the theme this week is, you know, we all know that it's a multi-cloud world.  It's like, you're running a bunch of SaaS applications, of course, you've got Salesforce, and you name it, we're there. What about Microsoft? Oh, yeah, we're probably doing Office 365 and starting to play with some of, you know, what's going on with Azure. You know, what about Google? Oh, well, some of the analytics there, Google's doing great there. So where does OpenStack fit? And that's one of the things in the keynote this morning I know, Google was on with CoreOS and Alex Pulvy. We're going to have the Google representative on theCUBE today talking about that fit of, you know, OpenStack kind of containerization, that orchestration layer and multi-cloud and how those pieces go together. And of course, we've got one of the experts on this with Brian, who's been doing a lot of research into the cloud native platforms and, you know, how these applications fit into the environment. So fill in some of those blanks there, Brian. What you see in terms of, as Stu points out, it's a multi-cloud world out there right now. And how do containers fit into that and how do they facilitate the growth there? Yeah, I mean, containers play a very interesting role. It's, the thing to do is step back a little bit. So when OpenStack started five, six years ago, virtual machines were sort of the unit of currency of work. And so OpenStack was really built around this idea of, you know, how do we deliver virtual machines to be that thing that currency of work? Since then, containers have exploded. The last two or three years driven by Docker but a number of other projects and developers love containers. Developers love how easy they are to work with. And so OpenStack now has this, you know, sort of fork in the road to deal with. How do we deal with virtual machines? Where do containers come into play? And what's been very interesting is they've sort of had to take two paths.  So it gives, you know, an operator and a developer, you know, different units of work. One is a little smaller, one's a little bigger. But also they've sort of flipped it on its head and they've started to say, you know, maybe if we work with a Kubernetes, a Mesos, these things that are designed to work at very large scale to make sure that an application never goes down, instead of thinking about OpenStack as a big framework for doing this, maybe we just think about OpenStack as an application and I can put that application in this other system that makes sure it never goes down and you sort of solve your high availability problem.  And so, you know, containers have an operational role in OpenStack and that's where we're seeing these partnerships with other projects but they also have a sort of a worker role and, you know, people are trying to figure that out and the challenge of it is, you know, containers are moving so fast. You know, Docker's going so fast but virtual machines still have a role in the world. They're very secure. People know how to operate them and, you know, it's the nature of what's going on with tech right now. Things are going so quickly. There's multiple options and people are just trying to sort out, okay, where does that fit? And from us, from a research perspective, you know, I'll just put it in perspective. We did a huge research piece last year looking at, you know, container platforms. We called them structured and unstructured platforms. That was about eight or nine months ago and we thought we had a pretty good landscape of what the world looks like. We're going to do a revision of that here in May and June. That landscape is going to look 50% different than it did just nine or 10 months ago. So that space is moving very quickly. The companies in that space are trying to, you know, jockey for position but the technology's evolving as well. So, you know, it just makes things a little more challenging for OpenStack but like everybody said, it's another collaboration opportunity. It's an opportunity to go solve customer problems which is good.  We always get fascinated with, you know, this next new technology and we often get caught up too much on that tool. So, you know, VMware was, you know, the thing and built a huge ecosystem out of it.  But as time moves on, you know, it's the broader solution set. It's, you know, how the applications fit together. It's, you know, Brian, you wrote a great piece, you know, Docker, you know, kind of the container might be the least interesting thing about Docker and what's going on there.  OpenStack is just treated like an application. It's something that just gets baked into the fabric.  It's going to be like Linux where we talked with Chris Wright about this yesterday from Red Hat was when it's successful is when we don't even think about it and it's just baked into the fabric of everything we're doing. You know, just like, I mean, Linux is just ubiquitous and it's everywhere and OpenStack and all the various pieces and projects could end up being the same way. But that permutation throughout the ecosystem, you know, it takes time. We've gotten the maturity down. We've gotten the blocking and tackling down and we're starting to see some of the new consumption models and it's changing where some of the goal posts are where we thought we were going for kind of, you know, winning, you know, this round of the game. We've talked a lot about enterprise, obviously, deployments and different schedules and what have you, but the public sector, at least the examples that we saw today, I thought that was captivating in some respects. One of the demos we saw from John from the TCB Cloud of the Czech Republic talking about smart cities and the connected cities, basically the Internet of Things and using OpenStack as a key part of that architecture and they even have a demo set up here in the Austin Convention Center where we have 20 rooms monitored for CO2 and temperature and humidity. Just small examples of what data can be compiled, again, with the help of OpenStack and then used for a public health purpose. So we talked about the Internet of Things, Brian, and 50 billion connected devices by 2024. 400 million new servers. There's a whole new world out there that is just waiting to be tapped and OpenStack's a big part of that. Yeah, OpenStack absolutely plays a role in that. I think what we saw this week was, we saw Telco and NFV, we saw some Internet of Things, not as much about enterprise and I think what that's really saying is, forget about the technology, think about the economics. If you're in the Telco industry, you're trying to keep up with the explosion in mobile, you're trying to keep up with this insatiable demand for mobile data. If you're these cities and governments, you're trying to say, how do I use technology to leapfrog, to move my people forward or reduce operational cost of the city as a whole? Those things are much more driving and demanding than somebody saying, well, I'm an enterprise and I'd like to squeeze a little bit more out of my existing Oracle application. I think that's why we're hearing that. It's an innovative discussion, it's driving these people to be excited about new opportunities, as opposed to sort of saying, well, there will be opportunities to modernize the existing enterprise, but if you're going to come to this event, you're looking for excitement, you're looking for motivation. I think that's why they drive that and we don't hear as much about just the core, kind of block and tackle enterprise use case that we might at other vendor events. Another example of that, Stu, that we saw on the stage was the winning team from the Taiwanese hackathon that was just recently held. They came up with, again, an application running on OpenStack that, in essence, tested muscle memory. We saw a guitarist playing at a device wrapped to his forearm and then the muscular activity, electronically being transmitted through that device, that could be applied to occupational therapy, physical therapy, and a number of other healthcare solutions. And I think when you see those kinds of examples, that really is inspiring and that really does, I think, captivate people, motivate them, maybe to take it to another level. Yeah, absolutely. Wikibon, we have three main pillars of our research that we've been running with and it's cloud, big data and infrastructure and the analytics and big data, some of the things with the centers, we've been talking about for a number of years. The question is, right, how do we create new business value, internet of things or even the industrial internet has the big opportunity to create real value to people's everyday lives and really transform industries and do things that I couldn't do before. That's the thing we're always kind of looking for and OpenStack, many of the pieces from the core are what we've done before. I mean, it's infrastructure as a service, we've been talking about it for 10 years, there's lots of options out there and there's reasons why people would choose OpenStack. I've got certain environments that the application might make sense to be a little bit more ephemeral, shorter lived or very fluctuating, but it comes on on-premises, I have either from a governance standpoint or I really just need to hold that closer to my ownership of it. So the themes we've been talking about here but absolutely some new applications are going to drive really some new deliverables. We've been talking to customers that have global, mobile solutions and they've got to have some cloud-based infrastructure underneath it because where it lives and how it's closer to the user is very different from the way we built applications just a few years back. There's a lot of discussion about AWS obviously and the success that Amazon's having, 10 billion dollar business and then comparatively to the OpenStack community and the revenue that's being generated there, perhaps fractional in some respects. But one of the speakers talking this morning about it's not one or the other and in some ways their opinion was they're not exactly doing all of the same things and so comparisons might not be so relevant but can you expand on that a little bit for me Brian and maybe talk about maybe that comparative and why it isn't just strictly black and white. It might be little apples and oranges. Well, it's a couple of things. The open source business model has always been sort of complicated to explain to people who come from a very commercial, everything that I buy gets monetized model. Open source models tend to have a very large amount where work is getting done for essentially free. I didn't have to make a purchase to go do those things. So I think what we're seeing is you can look at it from a monetization perspective. Is it worthwhile for all these people to be here, or all these companies to be here? Maybe, maybe not. In some cases they've got ways to monetize the business directly because of open source and other cases or open stack, in other cases it's indirect. But at the same time, these types of activities, these community activities are important because you take that hackathon, right? You take that thing, what it identifies is two things. One, between public cloud and open source, the amount of friction between you having a great idea and executing a great idea has gotten so small that that person that has an idea of how to improve physical therapy, not only can they get software to get started, they don't have to buy a big proprietary machine that they probably never could afford, but they can collaborate with people. They've got that collaboration piece. And so we try very hard from an analyst perspective to figure out what's a dollar of a public cloud worth versus a dollar of open source. I don't think there's an easy formula for that, but I think if you look at it holistically, those two things are reducing that friction between, I have a business idea, I have a humanities idea, I have a great government idea, and going and execute that. And when that friction goes away, now you open up sort of new business opportunities. And I think that's the thing to focus on a little more than just does this bit of software, make this much money versus this service, make this much money. You're going to have a hard time comparing apples and apples. Yeah, so Brian, I know one of the things you've been kind of digging at this week, and I'm curious if you've had any findings yet, is when somebody's making that kind of purchasing decision and how they make that architecture, who's in the room? Is this a different buyer? Is this the storage guy just says, oh, well, hey, I was evaluating, Seth, Cinder, Swift, and everything in there. So what have you found so far and anything you can kind of project from that standpoint? Yeah, there's a couple of basic fundamentals that tend to happen. If you're going to be in the sort of open source or open core, that's going to be your business model. First and foremost, you're going to have to build people that love your product and essentially are becoming your marketing and sales force early on. People that are talking about it, people that are experimenting with it. But like Mark Shuttleworth said this morning, we're moving from a phase of kind of experimental software to big software. It made us have to think for a second. What does that mean, big software? But he said, we're trying to solve big complicated problems and if we're constantly trying to find the software plus the operators, that's going to sort of break down. It's too much friction. So we're seeing lines of business be involved because they're saying, hey, maybe open source is a way for us to go faster. We're seeing the developers have to be involved in the same room with the operators because the developers are saying, I love this new model. It lets me be creative and have new ideas and the operators are going, wow, this may even be harder than it was before.  Can it make my business go faster? Does it mean I have to go hire smarter people than I did? So it's a broader, richer conversation and I think what we're seeing is, in every one of these communities, whether it's OpenStack or Kubernetes or Docker or whatever it is, we're seeing more commercial offerings that are saying, look, let me give you the benefit of that, but let me help you reduce that friction. And companies are trying to figure that out. It's, again, this has all happened in the last two, three, four years. IT careers go 20, 25 years. You've got to compress a lot of learning very quickly these days and that's, it's an opportunity and it's a challenge for people. Yeah, we were listening to Ahmad Susu from Intel and he was talking about really building new mindsets, new approaches. I mean, some of the point you were just talking about, Brian, is that they said, let's just take five, six engineers, let's lock them up together for a few months here, maybe a few weeks and let's just take OpenStack as it is today. Let's forget whatever historical knowledge we have and just look at where we are today and let's see what we could develop as a migration path going forward. Based on all that we know. Forget what we've learned, basically, but what we know and so listen to have this new world of containers and virtual machines and the meld of that, Stu, really does, I take to Brian's point, create interesting learning curve for engineers but also maybe a new fresh approach to looking at this. Yeah, this kind of brings to mind the discussion of, what, where does automation fit into all of this? This is a great line from Mark Shuttleworth from Ubuntu said, you know, if you build an OpenStack cloud and you have 200 people managing that, it may be a useful cloud and you might be able to put good things on, but, you know, kind of you're doing it wrong and we're doing it wrong, we have it built it right, it needs to become kind of push button. So, you know, there's been a discussion of automation in IT for, you know, decades now but some of these tools in the orchestration, the way I build things, things are changing so fast that I can't have a person, you know, in there.  It's, you know, we need to architect things, we need to build things. This is really one of the great learnings that we have from really those hyperscale players. Something, you know, we tried to take a good look at because, you know, Google could not be built if they had to have, you know, one engineer sitting for every, even if it was every thousand servers, forget it, no way. It's, you know, they don't have somebody that really does servers. They bring them in a rack at a time or build a room at a time and, you know, the kind of the pet versus cattle discussion that we've had in OpenSack for many years. So, there is a major shift in how people need to think of workforce. The MIT Sloan School talks about the second machine age coming. So, there's new skills that you need to learn, you need to understand. How are you going to work with these tools? It's not about robots taking over the jobs, but it's kind of the racing with the machine that is part of this discussion. And one of the things I'm excited about this week is I'm seeing people that were those virtualization admins, people that drove some of those waves that are coming in, playing with it, trying to understand, not just people building OpenSack, but as they've got all over the place that, you know, we are OpenSack, it's the community and how they're learning, growing, training, you know, certifications and that maturity model's starting to get there. Well, you talked about what we're learning this week. Certainly look forward to a great day of guests. Quite a full lineup we have ahead of us. And by the way, I think it's okay to talk about cattle in Texas. I think when you get away with that. But it's going to be really an exciting day here. On day two of the OpenSack Summit, brought to you here on theCUBE. Look forward to you joining us here throughout the day here on siliconangle.tv.


Hello everyone, this is Amit Dan of amitdan.com Toronto is under lockdown and starting 12.01 a.m. March 17, 2020 Most of the Toronto will be closed Restaurants, cafes and nightclubs, theaters will not be able to open And those restaurants which will be serving are doing delivery They can open but there will not be any sitting space or anything And there is a gathering prohibited of more than 50 people And I decided to show you some video clips near my area So this is where the corner of Bathurst and Fort York Boulevard And this time this area is very busy because of evening rush hour It's around 6 o'clock today But you can see that the streets are empty and it's very hard to see anything Not many cars and I do see actually lots of street cars But they were mostly empty Right now I'm on the corner of Bathurst and King and this is a very busy area But you can see that there is no one here Only the street cars and some cars I've never seen this corner like this or this intersection It's always too busy And today actually I was able to cross the street in the middle of the road Because there is no one there And then the restaurants are closed But you can actually go in and take out but you cannot sit So I'll just show you inside the McDonald's And you can see that there is not many people And there is some people who are just waiting to pick up their food and stuff So the closed up sitting area inside And you cannot sit So only there is little space in front of the counter Where you have to order or you can place orders via app And then you can just take out And there are some delivery workers Which are delivering via different medium And then I went to a grocery store And shelves are empty Even like the vitamin section and toothpaste and mouthwash Those are empty And some sections are more empty Some sections are less empty So the cleaning products are very empty There is almost nothing left And the water or soft drinks are very empty Mostly items which are dry food or canned food Those items look like people are grabbing them more And then the refrigerated food section is also empty I couldn't find any eggs or some other stuff But I saw lots of milk and I saw even some orange juices But I couldn't find any chicken or beef or anything like that But I noticed that the salad section is full Probably no one wants to buy salad or perishable items And then here you can see that the chips are dry Snacks are all empty The fruit sections are doing so-so There are some fruits but the bread section was totally empty There's no bread, no nothing And that's probably like some other breads I saw Or maybe three or four I saw the staff filling up some products But those were mostly dry noodles or canned fish Thank you for watching this video Don't forget to subscribe to this channel Don't forget to like this video There will be more videos coming up See you shortly


Welcome back to the Trade Hacker Mindset. In this episode, I want to talk to you about five ways to fight revenge trading. Trading the markets can be difficult to master and seemingly just out of reach. Professional traders have a secret.  It requires the Trade Hacker Mindset. All right, so let's jump into this discussion of five ways to effectively fight revenge trading. By the way, if you hear some noise in the background, I've got a new mic, but I just finished a about a 75 minute walk and run and it's about 6 a.m. And I just had something pop into my brain. I just wanted to share with you all. So let's do this. So revenge trading. I touched on this a little bit in the last episode when I was trying to use an example for what I was explaining, but I wanted to go a little bit deeper into revenge trading because it is one of the major causes of some trader's failures. And so what we want to understand is that when we revenge trade, and let me back up, what is revenge trading? So revenge trading is if you take a loss on a trade or if you have a losing trading day or a losing trading week or some type of losing situation. Let's just use an example of you have a losing trade, just one losing trade. So the scenario is that because you had that losing trade, you are in an emotional state that you're either driven by fear or greed or anger and you want to get that money back. And so you jump back into a trade with the intention of getting that money back or at least getting part of that money back. And you do it a lot of times with a position size that is larger than normal. So let's say if you traded your first position and you used $10,000 with a buying power, took that loss, now you might jump in with 20 or $30,000 in buying power to try to come back and get that loss back, get to break even or profitable. And so like I said, it's driven out of fear of taking the loss. It's driven out of greed of wanting to make that money back. It's driven out of anger like, ah, I lost again. I got to get this money back. You know, some type of emotional state is driving that scenario. Now the thing to understand about revenge trading is that revenge trading is typically not based on any type of rational trade setup. It's not based on any type of potential opportunity or good well thought out trade mechanics or scenario. It's typically a, I'm just putting on a trade. I've just put on a trade in one before. So why can't I just do it again? And hopefully I get lucky and get back that money I just lost. So it's trading on emotion. It's not trading on actual opportunity.  So it all plays into a scenario that you're trading outside of your normal trading rules and you're doing it from an emotional standpoint based on the loss that you just took previously. Okay, so that's revenge trading. Now, how do we, how do we fight against revenge trading? Because if you've been trading for any period of time the most likely scenario is that you have revenge traded at some point. So number one, you have to step away and clear your mind.  Now, how long do you need to step back for from your trading? Well, it depends. I mean, if you're day trading, you know if these are intraday, small move, short duration type trades maybe you're, maybe you're getting up and you're going for a 10 minute walk. Maybe you're just going to the restroom. Maybe you are going into a different room and using some type of meditation or breathing technique just to get back to a clear state of mind. So it doesn't have to be a huge ordeal where you're stepping away from trading for a significant amount of time, but it can be. So, you know, so that's for day trading it might be just a short break clear your mind if you've suffered a loss that occurred over many days or many weeks and it kind of accumulated and you just had this weird deer and your deer in the headlights look for a matter of days or weeks. Hey, I've been there. I've been there. You know, then sometimes you need it maybe you need to take a break from trading for a day or a week or a month. I've taken a break from trading for six months because of a revenge trade that I did. And I've talked about this several times. It was trading oil a long, long time ago where I kept doubling down and averaging in and next thing you know, I blew up my account. All right, so I'm not going to go into the details there but so it depends on the situation but sometimes you have to just step away temporarily take some time off maybe come back and place a small trade if you feel like you need to be in the markets but a very, very tiny almost insignificant size trade that you know will not trigger any type of emotional response. Number two, you have to do a self-assessment. You have to be able to, so once you step back then you have to be able to look at yourself to figure out what led to that loss and what led to that revenge trade. I cannot stress enough how much self-awareness is critical to you becoming a consistently profitable trader. Brett Steenbarger who's kind of a famous trading psychologist he's written a bunch of books and he's got a lot of good he does a lot of coaching and stuff like that a quote of his to become aware of what is happening a trader needs to be self-aware he or she needs to be aware first and step back from the screen and assess the situation a trader needs an objective view of the situation to be able to rectify the revenge trade and its consequences, okay? I think that summarizes it pretty well you've got to be self-aware you've got to self-assess don't blame the markets it's not the market's fault you pulled the trigger you entered the trade you closed the trade that's what you can control and that's what you have to assess you have to assess yourself number three you have to take a look at the market conditions you have to assess the market conditions you know I think my the times when I have made revenge trades and the times when I have suffered the most significant losses are in times when the market is at extremes you know the oil trade that I just mentioned that was my worst trading situation of my life that was at a time when oil cut not too different than it is right now actually where oil went above $100 a barrel and just was continuing to just outpace all expectations and oil was all over the headlines it was an extreme situation you have to step back when you step back first assess yourself then assess the market conditions and say you know is this a scenario that I really want to put my money at risk at remember we can control when we are in the market and we can control when we're not in the market so if you can assess the market situation and be like you know there's probably a better risk lower risk scenario than putting my money in this market at this extreme situation maybe it's extreme volatility maybe it's extreme low volatility you know there are situations where the market is just absolutely grinding and it feels like you're watching paint dry because it's moving so slow you know that's an extreme situation extreme volatility where things are moving all over the place high implied volatility that's an extreme situation so you have to recognize the market situation and assess whether that's a time that you actually want to put your money at risk number four you have to take a look at your trading strategy is your strategy that you're trading a good one for the current market environment we've talked about this in past episodes where you can't just use the same trading strategy for every single market environment you know I think you know we all would love to have that one strategy that is just so dynamic that it works in every single market situation but that doesn't exist okay so you have to assess your strategy and figure out does this strategy fit the current market environment and am I you know is this strategy a solid strategy in other words am I trading something that makes sense is the risk reward makes sense does the you know like an example would be if we're in an extremely low applied volatility environment I'm probably not going to be selling naked options in that environment right we want to sell options when implied volatility is high benefit from that contraction so you've got to assess your strategy and figure out does it make sense to keep trading that strategy in this market environment so number five after we have stepped back after we have assessed ourselves after we have assessed the market conditions and after we have assessed our own trading strategy after you've done all these assessments now you are in a position for number five which is to make the necessary adjustments now you have to look at potentially making adjustments to all four of those scenarios do you need to make an adjustment to yourself do you need to make an adjustment to your trading routine or your morning ritual before you start trading do you need to look inside and figure out what needs to change with you because a lot of times that is the biggest situation that can change your trading for the good now you can't adjust the market conditions but you can wait until the market conditions change before you start trading number four is assess your trading strategy can you make adjustments to your trading strategy based on the current market conditions and are you in a state of mind where you can continue trading you know I think this is a big one because and it's hard to do because then you're tapping into this thing we call our ego where our ego doesn't want us to think that anything is wrong, right we wanna just push through but if you're not in a state of mind where it makes sense for you to continue trading then it's probably best to continue to step back for a period of time the other thing that I think is a really and I haven't done this to a on a consistent basis but this is something that I read about and we've got another trading psychologist kind of a high performance trading coach coming on our podcast here in the future his name is Steve Ward and one thing that he talked about I was speaking to him on the phone and he kind of pointed me to this something that he uses and basically it's a four step strategy that he has his high performance trading students use and it's kind of a post loss ritual and so this post loss ritual the four steps are number one acknowledge that the losing trade was not what you wanted or expected number two, note the feedback and what you learned then throw the trade away three, imprint or mentally rehearse what you wish had happened and four, affirm to yourself that's how I will do it next time I thought that was a pretty cool post loss ritual that I'm gonna try to start to implement in my trading after I suffer a loss that you know the loss that just kind of hurts I mean I hate losing more than anything but losing is also part of trading but sometimes you just have those losses that just hurt a little bit more than others right and so I'm gonna I have a note on my desk that I'm gonna be starting to implement those that kind of a post loss strategy so now to wrap this up of course we really wanna avoid revenge trading altogether right and so before it even happens you know it all comes down to things that you've heard over and over you've gotta stay disciplined when you're trading you've gotta stick to your trading plan you have to understand that losses are part of trading you have to accept the loss and move on you have to know when it's the right time to stop you know let's say you have three bad trades in a row maybe step back and take a small break you have to learn from your mistakes you have to maintain your trading routine all of these things you have to keep your position size small all of these things will help you from not revenge trading to begin with but the prior part of this podcast is when it does happen try to follow these five steps to get yourself out of it you don't wanna spiral out of control you wanna stop the bleeding as soon as it starts and get yourself back on the right path so I hope this was helpful if you wanna be part of our trading community just go to community.navigationtrading.com it's free to join we have hundreds of traders interacting on a daily basis not only about the mindset stuff but sharing trade ideas with the sole purpose of helping each other become better traders I look forward to seeing you on the inside and we'll see you in the next episode.


Hello everybody, Andrea Mayesca here, potential tutoring. So I wanted to ask all of you guys, since I do have some amazing people watching me, who here owns their own mobile practice? Does anybody? So are there any dental hygienists who are watching me that own their own mobile practice? So, because I've just been asking people, I would like to ask some questions and nobody seems to really know anybody who owns their own practice or who really wants to share or help me with any of the questions that I have. So if you do own your own practice, let me know. I'm not talking about owning your own, I guess dental office, well not dental office, but dental hygiene office. Primarily I'm looking into people who own their own mobile practice. So you would go to nursing homes or patients homes or whatever. I just have some honest questions and I just thought I would reach out to all of you. So I'm gonna keep this short and sweet. Please comment below and let me know. Cause yeah, it's just kind of something that I would like to find somebody to ask some questions. So thank you guys for watching and I'll see you guys in the next one.