My fellow Americans, next Friday, November 11th, we'll celebrate Veterans Day, the day America sets aside to honor millions of our finest heroes. They are the men and women who defend our country and preserve our peace and freedom. This Veterans Day offers more reason than ever to think about what these special people mean to America. Our most recent heroes, those still serving and those who have just come back from Beirut and Grenada, carried on with the same dedication and valor as their colleagues before them. If we remember that their dedicated service is in defense of our freedom, and if we understand that they put their lives on the line so we might enjoy justice and liberty, then their sacrifices will not be in vain. This is our obligation, and this has been the spirit of Veterans Day from the beginning. Veterans Day was originally called Armistice Day. It was first celebrated in 1919, the year we commemorated the Armistice, ending a war that was to have ended all wars. Two years later, a solemn ceremony was held in Chalon-sur-Marne, a town in northeastern France. The ceremony would have deep meaning for America. The remains of four unknown American soldiers had been brought to the town square from four American military cemeteries in France. An American sergeant, Edward F. Younger, placed a bouquet of white roses on one of the caskets. The American unknown soldier of World War I had been designated. After transport across the Atlantic aboard Admiral Dewey's flagship, the cruiser Olympia, our nation laid this hero to rest in Arlington National Cemetery on Armistice Day, November 11, 1921. Sixty-two years have now passed. Millions of people from every corner of the world have come to the tomb of the unknown soldier to pay their respects to America's fallen heroes. The First World War did not end all wars. The assault on freedom and human dignity did not end. Our nation has laid to rest too many other heroes. From Guadalcanal and Omaha Beach to Migale and Porkchop Hill, from Quezon and the Ashaw Valley to Beirut, America's best continue to give of themselves for us and for freedom-loving people everywhere. Yes, veterans have given their best for all of us, and we must continue to do our best by them. Today, I reaffirm my determination to obtain the fullest possible accounting for our Americans missing in Southeast Asia. The sacrifices they made and may still be making, and the uncertainty their families still endure, deeply trouble us all. We must not rest until we know their fate. Our hearts turn also to our disabled veterans. Their sacrifices and hardship endure every day of the year. A compassionate government will show them that we do remember and honor them. We will meet their special needs. In particular, there is no substitute for caring, quality healthcare, and that care that care will be provided. Yesterday, I had the opportunity to visit Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. I went there to pay tribute to the many who gave their last full measure of their devotion. They kept faith with us, and indeed they were heroes. Where do we get such brave young Americans, and where do we get those that came to their aid? The Marines in Beirut who witnessed an unspeakable tragedy and returned to their posts with the same dedication and even greater resolve. The air crews working around the clock, the Army doctors performing medical miracles, and the sailors helping in countless ways. Such men and women can only come from a nation that remains true to the ideals of our founding fathers. I also met with families and friends of those who lost their lives. I share their sorrow and they have my prayers as I know they have yours. These brave men protected our heritage of liberty. We must carry on. I believe we can and will. The spirit and patriotism that made America great is alive and well. There was a brief ceremony in a hospital ward of Fort Bragg, North Carolina last week that showed what I'm talking about. News photographers were taking pictures of soldiers who had just been awarded purple hearts and other decorations for valor. One wounded soldier, private first class Timothy Romick of the 1st Battalion's 75th Rangers, wearing a purple heart and a combat infantry badge on his pajamas, interrupted the photographers. He said, wait a minute, and he pulled out a small American flag. This young Army Ranger put the flag above his decorations and then he said, OK, you can take your pictures now because this is what I'm proudest of. Each time our nation is called upon our citizens to serve, the best have come forward. Words cannot express our gratitude and admiration, but we can and should take the opportunity on this Veterans Day to remember their gift to us. When you see one of our young men and women in uniform on the street or someplace, how about a smiling hello and maybe a thank you. Veterans know better than anyone else the price of freedom for they've suffered the scars of war. We can offer them no better tribute than to protect what they have won for us. That is our duty. They have never let America down. We will not let them down. Until next week, thanks for listening and God bless you.


Okay, ready? Hi, I'm Sarah. I am a co-leader of BU Girl Skaters Bugs for short The purpose of creating the club was more of to create a safe space for girl skaters and any girls that enjoy like skating on wheels Like roller skaters as well. I grew up with a lot of guy skaters kind of around me And I made me think okay, this is a boy sport like a lot my mom was like why are you doing a boy sport? Like do a girl sport, and I'm like Why does a sport have a gender?  I Had friends telling me they're like it's so cool that you're skating like you're a girl And I'm like I guess so and they're like why don't you create like a group for like a safe space for like girl skaters I was like okay, so I came out and no girls came out except for one girl And that was my co-founder Penny and so she was like, okay, I actually know a lot of girls that skate Why don't we like start like talking to them and this and that? So many people approach me like I wish I could skate I just like I'm afraid of falling or I just wish I had someone to like teach me And I'm like well like the thing about bugs I enjoy teaching people how to skate more than actually skating myself being taught by another girl is honestly so much less Intimidating especially if a guy's trying to do it. They're trying to hit on you or whatever. It's like weird how they're grabbing you I'm like a Having like a girl like kind of just like hold on to you make sure you're okay.  I can't let her go Skating is not difficult if you think it's cool if you have an interest honestly try it. It is for me It's my favorite thing in the entire world. It's easy to pick up you meet friends doing it You have fun doing it. It's a great experience. You'll meet lovely people skate


Good morning ladies and gentlemen to this the first ITU symposium on the future network car. I know many of you have been participating in similar events here in previous years at the Geneva Motor Show which were titled the fully network car but for 2014 we've revamped it as you can see it's a different program this time in particular we want to focus on the future that's why we've changed the name and also we have for the first morning two high level sessions bring in together key stakeholders from the industry and other players to discuss how we can all work together to bring the benefits of the intelligent transport systems to the citizens of the world and in particular to reduce the deaths and injuries on the roads today and there are many obstacles to be addressed which we hope to do so over these two days and let me first of all thank our partner in organizing this event the UN ECE the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and particularly the director of the transport division Eva Molna for being with us this morning as many of you know UN ECE is the organization responsible for the primary international treaty relevant to this field the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and I would also like to thank AB Inbev our sponsor for this event this year and that sponsorship has allowed us to have the event televised to bring it to a much wider audience than in previous years and also of course I'd like to thank Infinity Motor Company for being with us and for having this beautiful car here in front of us which has all the latest state of art technology in it and I'm sure we look forward to having a close look at that during the the coffee breaks and last but not least of course I would like to thank the Geneva International Motor Show for once again hosting this event at the one of the leading motor show events in the world I believe this is eight or nine years now we've been running this event so our aim over these two days is to finish tomorrow with some clear ideas on the way forward some concrete actions that we can take to set us on the right path for achieving the vision of the future network car there are incredible innovations which we will hear about in particular in the technical sessions starting after lunch and of course the opportunities for the automated driving and intelligent transport systems for the future many of you may be new to ITU and may not be aware that we now have a very clear objective to bring together the ICT sector players together with the transportation sector and last year every year we have a world telecommunications and information society day and last year we had the theme of ICTs and improving road safety we were very proud to have the Formula One driver Philippe Massa there demonstrating alive the dangers of texting whilst driving it's quite a frightening experience to see that we had three laureates honoured in recognition of their leadership and dedication to promoting ICTs as a means of improving road safety we had Mr Yuli Mauer president of the Swiss confederation Mr Volker Denner the chairman of the board of Bosch and Jean Todd president of the federal international association automobile federation so we were very pleased that John is with us again for this event thank you very much John for joining us and I'd like to mention that we're also moving forward in this area by having an event an interoperability event hosted at the Geneva headquarters of the ITU in in May we will bring together car manufacturers together with makers of hand-free terminals and phones to test their products against ITU standards to ensure that they do interoperate and they do meet the standards and we want to build on partnerships in this area key partnerships such as FIA, UNECE but also the very many other players in this area and in particular of course the car manufacturers car manufacturers don't have the tradition of working within ITU and so this is a challenge that we're facing is to to bring together the car manufacturers and the ICT companies to work together in addressing these these challenges it's been estimated that ITS could reduce road traffic accidents by as much as 80% and when we talk about the deaths on the road each year totaling 1.3 million and 20 to 50 million people being injured on the roads every year if you can reduce that by 80% then of course we're saving millions or thousands at least of lives every year and autonomous driving offers even greater potential to reduce these numbers so to try and bring together all the various players we have established in ITU what we call a collaboration on ITS communication standards and this is an open group open to any interested party we have many other standards bodies participating we have technology solution providers participating in the group and I'm pleased to say we're now seeing car manufacturers joining this group besides of course the benefits of reducing accidents and deaths on the road one of the themes that we've been looking at in previous events here is how intelligent transport systems can reduce traffic congestion and by doing so reduce pollution and therefore also help to combat climate change so there are two very important elements to this discussion we have today I'm pleased to say that the UN Secretary General has recognized the work we're doing in ITU and commended ITU for his work in this area we need to work with all players and we hope that this event this week will bring together all the key stakeholders we look forward to having some clear actions coming out of this tomorrow on how we can take the work forward I'd like to thank all the moderators and all the very expert speakers we have joining us for this event and I wish you all a very interesting and productive two days so I'll now hand over to Laura thank you thank you Malcolm thanks for all of you who are able to attend I'll start by just introducing our panelists as Malcolm mentioned we have Ava Malnar she's a director for the transport division of the UN economic commission for Europe obviously Malcolm Johnson director the telecommunications standards bureau at ITU we have Jean-Tan president of the FIA international federation of automobiles and Scott Ratz and the global vice president for global corporate affairs at AB in Bev Malcolm mentioned some of the statistics that I think help bring everyone together around a conversation about road safety and John I wonder if you would start our conversation by helping us appreciate why this is such an ascending issue in the global dialogue these days we're seeing staggering numbers we're seeing tremendous coverage in the popular press it'd be great to hear your perspective on the the urgency that you're seeing around the issue thank you for that and good evening everybody I'm delighted to be part of this panel to speak about connectivity road safety and to see how it can be addressed because as you rightly mentioned I mean road accident is one of the worst scores in our society and we feel it's not yet properly addressed as other scourges has been addressed like malaria HIV AIDS or tuberculosis and it's a big killer it was just mentioned 1.3 million people died on the road last year about 50 million people were injured and at the actual trend by 2020 it will be two million people will die on the roads and 80 million people will be injured so it's really time to act very strongly and I'm very delighted to have people like Eva like Scott like very strong minded people who have decided to address incidentally we're talking about the UN SG was decided the decade of action 2011 2020 with very strong aims and actions have to be undertaken at all the level as it has been on other scourges I mean we're in Geneva in Geneva you have the headquarter of UN heads where a lot have been done and a lot have been achieved and I really feel that it's mandate we have to lead that with other strong players like WHO which is also based in Geneva the word bank the regional banks and to have also commercial companies to join the movement to create a big structure in order to address properly the problem and then we can get into what other means you know it's education it's low enforcement it's road infrastructure and it's vehicles and here we're in the Geneva Motor Show where we see amazing vehicles amazing technologies but unfortunately everybody has no access to all those cars and to all those technologies thank you well Scott as representative from the private sector I wonder if you'd elaborate on Jean's point in terms of the role of the private sector in addition to the various UN agencies and policymakers on road safety thank you Laura and I'm very happy to be here at the Geneva Car Show with all of you and on behalf of ABM Bev we're dedicated to bringing people together for a better world and in doing that we need to address some of the key issues such as road safety in making the world a better place for all of us I'm trained as a public health physician at the world's largest brewer and when I joined this company I looked at the issues that are facing us in the world and Jean taught very well said HIV in the beginning of of UN age which wasn't here 30 years ago without a virus to tackle but what we have seen over the years and when you really look at the numbers that we've heard not only from Malcolm of the 1.3 million people if that numbers are right today and the eighth leading cause of death in the world which is lead to road safety to grow as Jean Todd said to maybe the fifth leading cause of death if we don't do anything about it it's clear that we need to have a multi-sectoral partnership to make a difference here and I'm very proud to be with the two leading UN agencies here today that are looking at this issue and what are some of the ways that we could help the world to actually deal with both the risks we have but also solutions the piece that's really troubling is it's not just deaths in large numbers but it's deaths in an early stage of life 15 to 29 year olds are the number one leading cause of death for 15 to 29 year olds is road safety so as a father with two boys that are just ready to enter that age group it's not just when they're behind the wheels of a car or a passenger in a car but it's when they're walking to school when they're riding a bus it's when they're riding a bike and hopefully at least not my children not on a motorbike but they're vulnerable road drivers vulnerable people at that age group so what we're trying to do with ABM Bev and we've been pleased that we've been able to support both strong sessions in Davos with Jean Todd and UN Secretary General's office number of leading companies the World Bank and others to look at the issue from a multi-sectoral standpoint and to begin to develop the kind of partnership that we think will be important in in addressing this and I'm proud to hear both the work that that Laura quickly mentioned with FSG it's been quite engaged in looking at the issue not only holistically from an epidemiological or number standpoint but also what are the solutions that we can find by having expert interviews by engaging with people such as many of you around the room here to try to come up with the solutions that we might need to address this gorge great and many of the solutions I think Malcolm you alluded to it would be great to hear for a few minutes how you come out in the net net of technology as a force for good in terms of safety but it's also been talked about as as a risk factor in and of its own self yes well that that is a very important point because I believe statistics show that around 80 percent of accidents are due to driver distraction and and that was recognized by the ITU two years ago when we adopted a resolution where ITU should take a specific action to reduce driver distraction because this driver distraction is mainly due to the use of phones whilst driving or even texting and this is why we had this demonstration by Philip Messer I mentioned and and so this is a primary aim is to recognize that in fact our technology is causing a lot of accidents and what we need to do is to make sure that we provide a very efficient effective and good quality hands-free environment in the car which is why we're we're very pleased to be organizing the first of these events in in May bringing together car manufacturers and also the the manufacturers of these products of phones and and devices for in-car entertainment etc to make sure that the driver can utilize all all these facilities without being distracted from driving the car so we're very very pleased about that the another as John Todd mentioned there is the decade of action 2011 to 2020 which the UN adopted with the aim of reducing deaths on the road by five million over the over that decade and another statistic which is is very interesting is that around 92 percent of these accidents occur in middle or low income countries so the developing world even though they have approximately only 50 percent of the cars on the roads so it's a very high proportion of the accidents are in the developing world and because the ITU being a UN agency the majority of our member states are developing countries and this is another reason why there's so much attention placed on this in the ITU and why we want to bring the benefits of this technology to all people especially in the developing countries to reduce these these terrible statistics but at the same time letting drivers benefit from the technology in a safe way and some of those technologies are quite exciting right autonomous driving and the networked cars they do present challenges to our regulatory frameworks and if i wonder if you could comment on how you're seeing regulatory agencies starting to grapple with this well challenges start with the fact that we have motorized road transportation motorized road transportation has introduced a lot of good things first of all it's introduced opportunities for people to be able to change their workplace more freely than in the past because the distance they can cover on a daily basis is bigger so it's more freedom it's more freedom and so to go to a theater and and and to meet your friends so motorized transport has a lot of positive impacts but there are a number of negative impacts safety is one of them i will not discuss the other negative impacts like congestion environmental pollution including noise etc let's talk about safety safety is one of the negative problems and ever since there has been a car even before it was motorized safety was an issue but with the increased speed and with the increased traffic it's becoming a real war to save lives in this war the very first perhaps big achievement was that soon after motor cars appeared on the streets some regulations were introduced and actually it was at that time fear that initiated and the predecessor of the un uh that was that and later on it was followed up so you had to introduce some order into the system but despite all all of these efforts i should say that safety has not improved too much over the years there are improvements in some parts of the world in the developed world there are improvements through technology in certain areas but the big picture is not improving global road safety is still a big challenge although in the past you know we had a very simple approach focus on prevention prevention means focus on vehicle infrastructure and the human factor and there were results the word bank had a very interesting study about the center european countries in the 90s who had to witness the motorization increase in a couple of years compared to the other countries in the west who had to have that in 30 40 years so the the recommendations were on these three pillars and the results were there and then we said it's not enough globally we have to have a more holistic approach very rightly and now what you see there is a very interesting correlation the countries that don't have proper regulatory framework for road safety are the worst performance with regard to safety so it's important to come back to these basics prevention prevention of course we need to have a post-crash approach we have to have trauma care improvement is very low in that area the health sector is not reforming itself enough at the right speed but we have problems with the insurance as well insurance companies are not giving the best service all over the world they are very good in the western in the high developed countries but not in the developing countries however regulations countries that have not signed up for example for the vienna conventions vienna convention road signs and signals and vienna convention on traffic signs countries that have not signed up for the weaker regulations of 58 and 98 they are the worst safety performance the regulatory framework with proper political will by the government is needed and you point out so many of the complexities which suggest that no one actor can fix this problem in any in any particular country and hence the importance of of all the partnerships that jontad was mentioning and jontad i want to give you a comment about some of the global frameworks that are helping organize these partnerships like the global road safety partnership and others that you're a part of to help illustrate how many actors are coming together to help manage some of that complexity i mean as it was said before the good thing is that the road safety situation starts to be addressed and i mean it's creating some more interest which is something which is absolutely essential and we have countries where huge progress have been made i mean we're in switzerland i mean it's a typical country where the number of accidents have decreased drastically over the last decades so in the developed countries and it's starting from a government decisions the problem has been addressed unfortunately as it was mentioned earlier in developing countries which does represent most of where the accidents are happening the problem has not yet been properly addressed and that's what we all need to do with every single means put together we must see how each government in the developing countries are going to address the problem of road safety and it is a society effort it's a global effort which has really to start scott what role do you think the private sector can help play in advancing these dialogues at the political level globally or at the country level well um you know john raises some really important issues of how we need multi sectoral engagement and when i hear malcolm's number that 80 percent of deaths and accidents are due to distractions we have to figure out and take up those distractions apart you know how many of them are due to texting or phone oriented how many are due to sleep deprivation over-the-counter drugs prescription drugs alcohol elicit drugs whatever it might be and start to take it down in ways that we can then figure out how do we communicate with those people as avis suggesting focusing on prevention focusing on things that can be done from the behavioral side but also at the same time prevention works when it's enforced when seatbelts were first introduced in these cars years ago they in and of themselves did not save lives passenger had to use the seatbelt they had to be reminded to use the seatbelt they had to be also reminded that there is a law to use the seatbelt and then they had to have enforcement that if they broke the law then you started to see the change and the curve went down similar innovations have also happened with airbags similar innovations of course with the way the car has the regulatory pieces and so forth but doing all of that doesn't just happen from a regulatory framework and then it changes people's behavior we have new ways of communicating with people that frankly are mostly private sector driven when you think about social media we wouldn't even use the term we didn't have the term maybe 20 30 years ago we had social networks but now we have ways that with facebook 1.2 billion people can be reached we have other ways that multimedia channels are there so what we've been trying to do is try to figure out ways that how do we get to people at times when they are making appropriate decisions and we sell beer people buy beer in sporting events we have changed the way they can buy beer in sporting events so they will not be able to get that and will not be intoxicated by the time he or she would get behind the wheel or we've also had alternatives that they would get free mass transit home or other mechanisms and so forth we've tried to instigate ideas of designated drivers but there's new things that could happen so I think that the answer is is that no one sector alone can do this it's it's too complex these days and working with the associations with FIA with others that have networks of people that understand the challenges but also understand all the different assets that we have together then I think we can actually begin to have the behavior change in the movement as we call it to bend the curve and I'm taking that from both an epidemiology standpoint right we want to bend the curve if we're going to this fifth leading cause of death we want to make it go downwards but we also need to straighten out the roads we have to figure out the ways of making the world a safer place that we all live in great I'm going to ask one more question before we open it up to the audience and Malcolm it's to you you mentioned the stats around the mix of road accidents in the developing world versus higher income countries you know we've seen the mobile phone as a technology to help many countries leapfrog kind of steps in development are there any technologies that you see on the horizon that might enable countries to leapfrog the steps in safety yes as you said mobile phones is really changed the way people live especially in the developing world in fact the growth in mobile phones in Africa is the highest and anywhere in the world and the reason that we've seen that growth in that technology and in the future technologies the new mobile systems coming along like LTE which offers a much better quality and coverage is the key to it is that we have a common use of spectrum if you don't have the common use of spectrum throughout the world you haven't got the economies of scale and this is obviously a challenge you know we have 193 member states in ITU come together every four years they have to agree on the use of the spectrum on a worldwide basis so that we can have commonly allocated and harmonized bands for these different technologies and that's quite a challenge to get all these countries to come together every four years and sign an international treaty at the end of that conference on how they're going to use that spectrum but it's been a very successful especially on the mobile phones but now we need to identify spectrum for intelligent transport systems for example in car radar to avoid for collision avoidance so these issues will be on the agenda for the next world radio conference next year and industry plays a big part in in driving these conferences and coming together and agreeing on the use of the spectrum because they're the main users so we would encourage also industry to participate in the preparations for this world conference and Scott says it's bringing all these different actors together I mean InBev it's really great that InBev is taking the you know this initiative to come together with FIA UNECE all the other players that will be participating in these two days and that's the real challenge is to bring all the players together and to collaborate together excellent well I've got many more questions but I know folks in the audience do as well so let's turn to the audience for a few questions I believe we have mics roving I would like to come back to the ambivalence of technology destruction on one side on one end and as Oleg said technology innovation and thanks to FIA by the way and the way FIA have been able to to test to demonstrate new technologies like mentioned safety belts but electronics have bring a lot of prevent not preventive passive safety with airbags with automotive operating systems moving to more active safeties with electronic stability control and now anti-collusion systems coming and of course the most important step is next one prevention and this is where we all hoped and for the past eight years Malcolm we have collaborated to your workshops because we have been convinced that technology could bring more in prevention now I have a question to Jean vis-a-vis in electronics you have been really making inaction the power of reducing pollution increasing the deficiency of the engine the powertrain and now moving to f1e I mean electric propulsion in the area of safety do you think that the amount of R&D being spent today towards the so-called autopilot autonomous car is really done wisely towards increasing the safety of the vehicle and they go to infrastructure or is it a kind of defocus versus you know accelerating integrated safety systems you know again ESP anti-collision avoidance systems and of course car-to-car and car-to-infrastructure communication further as Malcolm said more rapidly rather than you know dreaming at the autonomous car great so what's your position towards this start with that effort in technology I mean definitely over the last decade some amazing progress have been achieved and if I will take probably the most simple one which is a safety belt you know I mean safety belts 30 years ago nobody knew what was a safety belt and then when they started to know what it was they did not want to use it and now in developed countries I mean safety belt I mean nobody there to get into the car without putting the safety belt but that's in developed countries developing countries are far behind I mean developing country they don't know what is a safety belt yet you know so we must always bear in mind that we have two huge difference what is happening in developing countries where we have the development of new technologies which is fascinating I mean behind you have one car in the Geneva Motor Show I mean you have amazing cars with all those new technologies and I mean one of the latest new technology which you just mentioned was ESC electronic stability control I mean electronic stability water is just very strong drive ahead and in European countries it is mandatory so now you cannot buy a car without ESC maybe what you could you could regret that it's not enough information about it you know I think when you buy a car you should know what you have available in your car and unfortunately not often you have the awareness of your attention about what you have available and what it does make and you have sensational new technologies which are arriving and of course it's always a counter effect because it is true that all those new technologies like texting and all that and even using the GPS using the GPS which is amazing facilities to know where you are but I mean it diverts your attention you know so I mean GPS can be a killer if it is not properly monitored so on all those new technologies you need to have also a very specific attention but definitely you know in the in the best word with the new technologies which we are which will be available and if they are used properly definitely it will have one amazing effects on accident not only the people who drive their car or who drive their motorbike or the bicycle but also for all the people who are behind like the pedestrian you must not forget that 25 percent of the word accident on the road are pedestrians they have nothing to do you know with a with a vehicle but I mean they have a victim of the vehicles and definitely now you can easily allow a pedestrian to have access to new technologies so he will know when the car is arriving so all that is soon available but the difficult thing is how to optimize the use of all those new technologies great answer response as well one point on these vehicle technologies need to be matched with infrastructure technologies and infrastructure technologies are vastly lagging behind this area hasn't received adequate attention so maybe for us in the U.N. this is one of the areas where we are going to work much more because in the word form for regulations the vehicle technologies are addressed but for for the infrastructure we haven't done that in the parallel working group SC1 so that's coming up for us great great another question from the audience good morning good morning Bernard de Gerdit from fruits calcini connector I will speak in term of a standardization person in the standardization for the last five to ten years for ITS we done a lot of effort in ITUT, ISO, SI, ATRIPOLI, Etsy and for the standard vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure today the release one is finished we done a lot of interoperability there is a large project like corridor in germany between austria germany dutchland in france score f in u.s there is a lot of vehicle to vehicle deployment but if i look in the event we have a frequency 5.9 gigahertz but we don't see anything in the press people completely ignore this vehicle to vehicle and it's it's opposite because we have a special frequency at 5.9 and the the person say oh maybe we can use this frequency for wi-fi and not for ITS that means we have it in the opposite if i look what's happening the 3g 4g we already speak of 5g no people know what will be 5g but no people speak about 5g that means we need marketing effort in term of regulation because when we say oh people say no there is no business case but two million of person is a good business case great do anyone else with a with a question roger lonto with strategy analytics i'm curious if any of the speakers have some thoughts about the role that insurance companies can play because to your point regulatory authorities can apply mandates to try to drive adoption of these technologies but a market driven approach might be more successful i'm interested someone mentioned insurance companies earlier but then didn't say anything more and i thought maybe the insurance companies could play a bigger role great scott do you want to start with that one i'm smiling because when we were i mentioned the davos the world economic forum for this meeting that we had on on road safety uh the chairman of aig was at our session and before we even had the session he was speaking on bloomberg about the importance of a b m bav aig and a number of other companies including fia and the un to get together to address this issue and as the insurer who's doing a lot of training in particularly china and fleets and so forth aig was very interested in how they could play a role in our coalition that we're discussing the second piece is that not only the behavioral economics world but being giving using the idea of computerized chips to actually monitor the kind of behavior of the driver that then the insurers can give both a carrot and a stick approach has already gone into effect there's a number of different examples that are being used in united states south africa around the world to actually monitor on a very simple basis i think this is something that will work out quite well we've seen it we've actually worked with honda in brazil for our motor our motorcycles that are delivering beer that we're also making certain that these people are driving appropriately and also within the ways that try to reduce accidents there's all sorts of unique ways to think about technologies and partners such as insurers that obviously have a large amount of shall we say skin in the game in some countries and others where they're very highly mandated could very well be one of the key interlocutors and i'm really happy that that avar brought it up as an important partner and we're happy that we have the kind of engagement and the kind of thinking that's necessary to to reach people at the time of need i'm gonna close with one last question because we're almost out of time quick one for each of you if you had one wish to help improve road safety what would that wish be scott you want to start well i'm going first so you know i like to live in the world of innovation the world of when we go from what i say from the as a medical doctor who's been in academics where we always look at what are the best practices and then how do we scale those i think technology is making us move from best practices to next practices and when i was doing some innovation with the united nations of an innovation working group on women and children's health the piece that we locked on to the most uh was the idea of the mobile phone with five billion people having health within an arms reach with the mobile phone we think there's also the opportunity to say within arms reach or within uh whether they're walking as uh whether they're uh any type of transportation there's an opportunity for technology to make a difference in their lives and my vision my hope would be and we didn't we didn't have words such as google and facebook and uh designated driver even you know when i was first born uh we need to come up with something that's new that's something that links all of those things together and puts us in a framework where we have bent the curve we have made a difference and we have done this all together and make the society better for our children and our children's children so my vision is we will be there we'll be there with innovation technologies and enabler and all of us in this room are responsible for how we get there right eva one wish well one wish increase professionalism um but i would like to come back to insurance because that's extremely important number one if a crash happens we need to mitigate a negative impact one element is the health trauma care the other one is insurance in many countries insurance is not there so basic insurance is needed the other aspect what actually you have raised is much more about new technologies and you know we have a huge debate about liability uh we hear a lot that the driver should stay responsible no matter what technology is there now drivers may not create the demand for automation if they have to stay responsible so we have a huge issue that is a question of consistency between the vienna conventions and the vicar regulations we are addressing it but at a slow speed because uh we have to raise some uh some assistance some funding to do more research in this area so definitely this is a big task but wish not vision that's a different thing wish increase professionalism great uh shantad one wish i mean for me it's one clear wish you know we have the post 2015 sdg sustainable sustainable development goal and i really wish that the governments will decide the g20 will decide to include that among the priority for the future and without that it will not work very tangible and final remarks malcom one wish well my wish would be that the estimates of how much this technology can reduce deaths on the road the estimate of 80 percent is going to come true it's going to come true very quickly and uh i think uh we've heard how important it is that we have all the various stakeholders coming together and i think this event has shown that we're working quite successfully towards that end and that we can bring this technology to the benefits of all the people in the world and especially the developing world and we can raise the potential of this technology in the developing world where the majority of these deaths and injuries are occurring thank you for the the optimistic note to end on thank you again to all of the panelists and for the audience members for joining us this morning a great day


So welcome to this basic notion seminar. It's a big pleasure for me to introduce Professor Andrea Solotar from the University of Buenos Aires. So she is a senator, as you said, here of the CPP in the math department. And she's going to talk about Hockshell Comology and Geometric Revolutionary. OK, thank you. In fact, I'm going to talk a lot about Hockshell homology today. But let me start with some intuitive notions concerning regularity. And I will use the terms regularity or symmetric regularity or smoothness, well, kind of interchangeably. So I'm not going to be very, very detailed in this part. It's just a motivation, some intuitive ideas about regularity. So for a long time, we are going to be in the commutative setting and all the algebras that we will consider will be netarian algebras. So for some moments, we are going to suppose that k is a field. And just for some minutes, we are going to suppose that it is algebrically closed. Afterwards, it will not be necessary anymore. So our algebra now is going to be the quotient of the polynomial algebra in commuting variables, let's say, finite number of variables divided by the ideal generated by a finite number of elements of the algebra. So you know that each time you have k algebra like this, you can associate to it an algebraic variety. And the idea is that we are going to say that this ring is going to be smooth or geometrically regular if, when localizing at each point, the associated variety is local. Let's say the local ring has an associated variety and this is smooth. But what does it mean? Because, well, the definition is i is regular, geometrically regular, if and only if for all maximal ideal, m in A, when localizes, one obtain this algebra. And then this algebra is this algebra that has to be regular. That means that we consider this algebra. There is a unique maximal ideal here. And then you consider the dimension as a vector space of where the field is this one. The algebra divided the maximal ideal. And the vector space that you are considering is just m, the maximal ideal divided by m square. And this dimension has to coincide with the cruel dimension of the algebra you are considering. So what is the cruel dimension? Well, the cruel dimension is the supremum of the lengths of prime ideals, of chains of prime ideals that one may have within this ring. So usually what happens is that we have that this one is greater or equal to this one. But what we are asking here is to have an equality. So intuitively, what does it mean? It means that we cannot have situations like the ones that I will draw here. So we cannot have, we are going to draw, then we are going to have two variables. So here my ring is going to be the quotient of the polynomial algebra in two variables divided by ideal generated by x3 minus 1y square. So I have something that is more or less like this. And well, here we can consider another example. I'm not going to write the equation. But for example, consider a variety like this. So if we localize the maximal ideal corresponding to the origin here, we are going to have problems. Because of course, the varieties associated to the algebras I'm considering here and here are curves, are varieties of dimension one. But this dimension of the maximal ideal divided by the maximal ideal squared corresponds to the dimension of the tangent space at each point. So here, in any point here, here, here, the tangent space has dimension one. But here, this is not the case. It doesn't have like here and like this and like this. And here also, the dimension of the tangent space at this point is bigger than one, which is the cruel dimension that we must have. So what means being regular for a ring, well, a commutative ring, it means that we don't have in the associated varieties this kind of anomaly. No multiple points, no casts like here. So the contrary of this is the situation that we would like to consider. Well, so of course, if we want to consider a non-commutative setting, this is not going to work because we have the cruel dimension, we have maximal ideals, prime ideals, et cetera. So each time one tries to generalize a concept from commutative setting to non-commutative setting, the idea is to give a definition by an homological property. So well, sir proved that under, well, some hypotheses that are true here, the fact of being regular or smooth is equivalent to having what is called global dimension that I will explain of the algebra finite global dimension. So what is the global dimension? The global dimension of A, it is the supremum of the projective dimension of A models of the A models one can consider. So here, pay attention because we are in the commutative setting up to now. And then when I say model, I don't have to specify if it's right model, left model or what because if it's right model, then the same structure can be considered for a left model. But in the non-commutative case, I will have right global dimension and left global dimension, the projective dimension. Yes, I have to define it. Thank you. What is a projective dimension? One has an algebra. And M, so for global dimension, a projective dimension, sorry. One has A and algebra. And M is an A model. No, not necessary. So it may be projective or not. Projective models are nicer or better. So one wants to have projective models. But unfortunately, I don't know, it's not always the case. So we kind of approximate M by projective models, projective A models. So I have M is projective, either projective or not. But I know that there is always a projective A model, P, and an epimorphism from the projective onto M. So of course, if this one is projective, I can take the same here and this is an isomorphism. But sometimes it's not true. But what happens with this? If it's not an isomorphism, it has a kernel. And the kernel, let's write it here, A0. The kernel is inside here. The kernel may be projective or not. If it's projective, OK, I've finished. But if it's not projective, again, I can cover it with a projective A model. So I have a projective here, P1. And here, this is a projection, again, epimorphism. And this is the composition of these maps. So like this, one may continue and one may stop or not. Stop, what does it mean stop? Stop means that at some point, I can stop this procedure because the kernel that I find is projective. But maybe it never happens. So this complex is going to be exact because I constructed it like this. And if I consider only the projectives and the morphisms up to here, this is what is called a projective resolution of M as A model. So the idea is that if it's projective, OK, better. If it's not projective, then I kind of approximate it by a sequence, which may be finite or not, of projective model, exact sequence. So the projective dimension of M is the minimal length of a projective resolution. So it may be finite or not. So this global dimension being finite means that all these projective dimensions are finite. So all A models M have a finite projective resolution. This is global dimension being finite. And it's more than this because it has to be bounded. It has to be bounded by a number that will be finite. Well, so this definition is better if one wants to consider regularity in the non-commutative case, because it's the homological definition that we'll take. But for a moment, we are going to continue being in the commutative setting. So this was the intuitive part. There is Hock-Schild homology and homology in the title. They are there because one way of describing regularity is by means of Hock-Schild homology and homology also in the commutative case. And we'll see what happens in the non-commutative case. So we are still in the commutative setting. And the following part of the next part of this talk is going to be about what are called the color differential. So now we are going to have a k field as before. I'm not asking it to be algebraically closed anymore. And we are going to define a model that will enable A is k algebra, netarian. And we are going to define a model, an A model, which will be called omega 1 of A over k. k is always the background field. And what is this? So this will be the model of color differential. Recall that if m is an A model, this is commutative. An A model, so I don't say left or right. And we have a k linear map from A to m. We say that f is a derivation, k linear derivation. If and only if each time, well, it is k linear. And each time we have two elements in A.  But since we are considering always symmetric models, action on the right is the same as on the left. This is going, we are going to write it with the action always on the left. So this is our hypothesis for the moment. So this is the derivation. So this A model that we are going to obtain, we have the following property, which is an universal property. Is that if we consider the morphisms of A models for all m A models from this one to m, this is going to be isomorphic as an A model to the derivations, the k linear derivation of A into m. And this property is going to give the definition of these objects. Because what does it says? It says that each time that you have a derivation in this sense from A to m, k linear, you can associate, in a unique way, an A linear map from this omega to m. OK? So omega 1 is defined by a universal property. And the universal property, well, first of all, we have two parts. The easy part, let's say, is that there exists a map, which is a derivation, from A, a k linear derivation, into omega 1. We are going to denote D. And the second part is that for all symmetric, I'm not writing it, A model m and for all k linear derivation from A to m. So what do we have? We have the algebra. This model that we are defining by the universal property, the derivation we already asked for. And we have m. So this is a derivation. f is a derivation, a linear. And so the universal property says that there exists a unique map here, a linear, that is going to make the diagram commute. That means that f bar composed with D is equal to f. So the good thing about objects defined by universal property is that if you have two of them verifying the same universal property, then they are isomorphic. But the thing to do always is to construct one of them. Because maybe we have none. So the thing here is that we need to construct this omega 1. So we need to show that there exists at least one. So we can prove existence here in two ways, at least, in two different ways. So the first one is that we need to, well, it's kind of not so intuitive construction. So we can take omega 1 as the quotient of the free A model generated by a set of symbols, let's say, that we are going to call D of A, or A in A, divided by, well, the submodel generated by some relations. And the relations here are those making the linear derivation. So the relations here are, well, first of all, it is k linear. So D lambda is 0 for all lambda in k. Second thing, it will behave with respect to sums for all A, B, and A. And third, it is a derivation in that sense. So is that this plus this? Yes, yes, OK, yes, I haven't said it, but yes. OK, yes, during all the talk. This is OK, and it provides the existence of omega 1, but it's not so, I don't know, I don't like this presentation. So let's look for another one, so existence 2. So for existence, other way of constructing this object, nicer, in my opinion, is that one can consider, we are considering A, which is the k algebra. We are taking the tensor product with A over k, and we consider the multiplication, which is surjective, of course. This is a map of A models, symmetric A models, AB models, no, it's not symmetric. It's a map of A by models, OK? And it has a kernel. The kernel is going to be called I. This is the equation, OK, right. So how can we describe this I, OK? Look at that I can be generated as left A model by elements of type 1 tensor A minus A tensor 1 for A in A, for A in A. Why? Because suppose that you have a finite sum of elementary tensors that belongs to the kernel, OK? So since it belongs to the kernel, this is the same as writing, of course, same thing, minus this, that is 0, because it's in the kernel, tensor 1. Now you write the sum over I, and you use the left A model structure here, and you take out the AI, and then you get this, OK? So it is generated as left A model by these elements. Of course, there may be too much here, but it's enough, OK? So suppose that now, yeah, up to now, yes. So now suppose that I want, I will say, well, is this my object? Well, I will try to define, let's say, kind of D tilde here, saying that, well, D tilde of A is going to be exactly this, that it's inside, OK? So is this a derivation, OK? So in order to verify if it is a derivation where I have to do a computation, so I compute D tilde of A times B, then this is, well, minus what is supposed to be to verify for a derivation, minus B D tilde of A, OK? So I compute all these.  This is eliminated, and then I get this. And what is this? It is exactly the product of two elements in the kernel. So this is not, D tilde is not a derivation, but the difference, whether the defect, let's say, to have a derivation, is these elements that belong to I squared, OK? So instead of considering I, I go to the quotient upstairs. I divided by I squared with a projection. And then my map is going to be now from here up to here. I D, well, I cannot write it, OK? And so now D of A is going to be not this, but the class in I divided by I squared, OK? And now, since we are in I divided by I squared, it will be a derivation, a linear derivation. And so we have a kind of map like this, OK? So afterwards, each time that you have, well, I should have written in the other side, because I cannot write upstairs. But if you have, let's say, M here, OK? And you have a derivation S from A to M, OK? And then you can always define an A linear map F bar here, making the diagram commutative. And it is very easy because you define F bar of phi of 1 tensor A minus A tensor 1, exactly as F evaluated in A. And this works. So the second proof of existence is that verifying that this object I divided by I squared and this map D have the universal property. So since it is a universal property, we know that we can consider we have this isomorphism, OK? Great. So if here, I am still in a commutative case. But in the non-commutative case, I would not be allowed to make this commutation in the definition of derivation. And so what will happen here is that the derivation is going to be something such that F of a product, A times B, is going to be A F of B plus F of a times B, OK? And then I will need a bi-module because I will act on the left and on the right, OK? And in this case, what will happen, I will not write it, is that I will still consider the product, but I will do the show, OK, without necessarily dividing by I squared, OK? So I have this A-module. And since, well, this is an A-module and I am in the commutative case, I can construct the exterior algebra on this A-module. And this is going to be omega star. So this is the exterior algebra. That's another universal property. And, well, I'm going to consider this option, OK? And we are going to consider this object. And this is a very nice object. Well, there will be a lot of these here. But for each n, I consider the omega, the n component of the exterior algebra. I can consider the n plus 1 component. And there will be a map, still called d, sending. What do I have here? Something next, exterior algebra, OK? So it's an A0, dA1, dAn. And the map is going to send this to d of A0, dA1, dAn, OK? And of course, you can already see that this square is 0, OK? So we get the complex, which is the RAM complex, OK? So the good thing is that in the regular case, in the smooth case, this complex is very, very closely related to oxylogmology. And this will not be the case in the non-regular case, OK? So now I need to talk about oxylogmology, of course, because you don't know. I suppose, what is that? Why? Because this exists. And I'm computing this in the commutative setting. But I want to replace by another thing in the non-commutative setting, OK? No, no, no, no, no, no, no. I can define the color differential. I can define the color. Yes, I can replace it by another universal property, OK? Because change in the definition of derivation in the non-commutative setting, I'm going to have i, the current of the multiplication, in that case, OK? No, I cannot. I shall have the omega 1, OK? But it, well, yeah, OK. So now, oxylogmology, OK? So, oxylogmology. So for some minutes, k is going to be a commutative ring with unit. A is going to be an associative k algebra with unit. And we are going to consider this map, sending lambda here to lambda times the unit of a. And so let's think for a moment. Ah, yeah, a opposite. A opposite in the commutative case is the same of a, because it's the opposite algebra. The only thing I do is to change the sense of the product, OK? So this is the opposite algebra. I have not said yet that a is commutative, OK? So I consider the opposite algebra. And I have what is called the enveloping algebra in this setting that is just a tensor over k a op. And it is a k algebra. And the product of elementary tensor is like this. On the left side, one multiplies in a. So here, I have ac. But on the right side, one multiplies this by this in a op. So what I get is the product in the other sense. That's db, OK? db product in a. This is the same db product in a, which is the same as b times in a op d, OK? Well, so this is my algebra, generated by this elementary tensor. And, well, now, since a is not necessarily commutative, I need to consider not just a models, but a by models. What is an a by model? It is a model, and a model, let's call it, and on the left, an a model on the right. And both structures should be compatible in the sense that if I have an element in m, and I use the structure on the left, and then this is in m, and on the right, it's the same as the other way around, OK? But the point is that working with by models is not so nice, because one knows that, just a sentence, the category of a models of models over an algebra is a abelian. But for a by models, in principle, we don't know it. So we want to look at this as a category of models over some algebra, OK? And, in fact, what happens is the same having a by models. This is in one-to-one correspondence with a with left models over the developing algebra and the same on the right. This is model. And the object, the m, remains the same. But what changes is the structure. So here, I have an element in m, and I can multiply on the right, on the left, and on the right. It's the same in the parenthesis. I associate here this element acting on m, and here this other element acting on the right, OK? So it's useful, OK? So now, each kind of algebras, this is, I'm going to say it as a philosophical statement, but it's more precise than that. Each family of algebras, let's say, associative algebras, all commutative algebras, all real algebras, all lameness algebras, has an associated homology theory, a natural homology theory. Hochschild's homology is not the homological theory adapted, let's say, to commutative algebras, but to associative algebras. It's more general. So example of A by models, first example of A by model is A itself is an A by model. Taking as the action on the left and on the right the multiplication in A. And of course, this condition is true because A is associative, OK? But more generally, if I consider A tensor over K always, A n times for any n, this is an A by model with the action that A tensor B multiplying, extending this action, something here. This one acts on the right and the left. This one acts on the right. So it's this. So this is a kind of natural by model. So with this, the thing, the fact that A is an A by model and that these are by models, I can construct a complex. Because I have A. A, in general, most of the cases, is not a projective A by model. It's not projective over this ring. So I have to construct a resolution. So my resolution starts with A tensor A and the multiplication here. This is an epimorphism and this is in case. Now I have to ask for some hypothesis because up to here, K is a commutative ring, OK? So let's continue a little more. So here I have this map, the multiplication. And then, well, here there are twice, two times A. Now here there are three times, three copies of A. And here I'm going to put a map that's going to be called B prime for some historical reasons. And here I'm going to have four and the same map, but defined here. And this map B prime, when I compute it in an elementary tensor like this, is going to be a sum that I need one component less. So I will do all the possible multiplications. And there is an alternating sum A plus 1 from 1 to A minus 1. And then I multiply at each place, OK? So this complex is exact. And I can, it's possible to prove it in different ways. One way is to do it by hand, but it's too long. And then you find a simple structure, et cetera, et cetera. And another way is to construct a contracting homotopy, OK? So the contracting homotopy that is going to be called S here. For example, I can choose different ones, but we can choose an homotopy that is just putting, adding a one at the beginning, for example. So it is a map not of by models, OK, but of A right models, OK? So well, it is just a computation to prove that it's a contracting homotopy. So we have that the complex is exact. But it is called then a resolution, but a what, which kind of resolution? Well, now I need to add some hypotheses. So if A is k, either flat that I'm not going to define, or projective, or free, then this is going to be, respectively, a flat resolution of A as A by model, a projective resolution, a free resolution. Well, so now the definition of Hock-Shield homology take M and A by model. So the Hock-Shield homology of A with coefficients in M. So the resolution is up to here. We replace the by model by the resolution, OK? This part is what is called the bar complex of A, OK? So by definition, this is the homology of the bar complex of A, which is a complex of A by models, tensor over the developing algebra by M. And the map, we are going to compute an homology. We need a map. It's the identity of M tensor, the B prime that we have. That we are going to call now B. And if A is k flat, this is going to be isomorphic, because now it is going to be a flat project, either projective or a free resolution. This will be isomorphic to the tau with respect to k of A, or AE of A with coefficients in M. And we need this hypothesis. So if we are going to have a field, it's going to be free, because as I said yesterday, computing the Hock-Schiller homology using the bar resolution is almost impossible. So we need to replace by a smaller resolution. And we need to have this description as a homological factor, OK? Fine, OK? So just one particular case, if I may say, then we just denote it by HH of A, OK? Just a notation, OK? Fine, OK. I'm not going to compute examples, because I don't have enough time. But now, why I have been speaking about scalar differentials and now Hock-Schiller homology? Because there is a map going from the, now in the commutative case, there is a map going from the omega 1 to the Hock-Schiller homology in degree 1, I think I'm going to write. So now, we are again with k field and A commutative. So we have a map from omega 1 into HH 1. And the map sets sense and element, let's say, A1, D, A2 here. 2, the class, this is a homology. So it's a kernel divided by an image, OK? So it's the class in the quotient of A1 tensor A2. OK? Well, it is important. The thing to do here is to check that this map is a morphism of A models, and it is well-defined, OK? So I can define it just like this in 1 tensor A2. And it is well-defined because here we are taking the class in the homology, OK? So this is in size A tensor A divided by the image of the corresponding B, OK? If I do not divide by the image, it is not well-defined, OK? And in the commutative case, the whole Hock-Schiller homology has a multiplicative structure given by a product which is called the Schaffel product, OK? So if I commutative HH with the Schaffel product, but I will not detail, is a anticommutative graded algebra, OK? This is not the case when I is not commutative. And so because it's an anticommutative graded algebra, OK? And because of the universal property of the exterior algebra, this can be extended to the map from the exterior algebra of this one, which is omega star, into HH, OK? So by universal property, the exterior algebra, this map that is called gamma exists, fine. So in degree one, this map is not difficult to see that it is an isomorphism of a model, OK? It's easy to construct the map on the other way, and the only thing to do again is to prove that it is well-defined, OK? And the problem and the question, let's say, is this map an isomorphism? So is, so question, is gamma an isomorphism? Well, it is not always the case, OK? So a very nice result about this what is called the Hochschild-Gostand-Rosenberg theorem, Hochschild-Gostand-Rosenberg from 1961, 1961. That says that if k is a perfect field and a is what is called an essentially finite, commutative algebra of essentially finite type, what does it mean? It means that it is either a quotient as I have been considering before at the beginning of the talk or maybe a localization of this, OK? This is essentially a finite type, OK? So if this is the case, so if a is regular, then gamma is an isomorphism. So the interesting, well, it's a very nice theorem. It's an easy proof, very interesting. And the problem is, well, does this property of being gamma an isomorphism characterizes a smooth commutative algebra? And well, there are some results saying that, yes. But look at one thing before continuing. It's that if this map is an isomorphism, since a is finitely generated, this omega n start to be 0 when we have more than the number of variables. The index is more than the number of variables. So if this is an isomorphism, the Hochschild homology also has to be 0 starting from some degree. So if it's not 0, it will never be an isomorphism. So a kind of, OK, just kind of converse that we proved. So there are two proofs. One that we prove in Buenos Aires is called the group of this Buenos Aires commutative homology group that we had at that time and by Abramov and Beguet also. Is that this is for characteristic 0 and this is general characteristic, arbitrary characteristic, saying that if you have an algebra of this kind over a perfect field, then if there exists a prime ideal in A, such that the localized ring is not regular, then you will have that the Hochschild homology of A, let me write in some way, will not be 0 for all i, such that i is congruent modulo 2, to the maximum of the shape such that the omega shape of the localized ring is not 0. So in particular, you will have that if it's not regular, then all the odd Hochschild homology spaces or all the even will not be 0. So this will be an infinity number of non-zero homology spaces, and so gamma cannot be an isomorphism. So the fact that in commutative case, Hochschild homology stops or not shows you, reflects the fact that the algebra is or not regular. So afterwards, Abramov, I'm just finishing in three minutes. And Iyengar proved a similar result is for homology, Hochschild homology. Hochschild homology is defined over a field as an X factor. So now if we go to the non-commutative case, I'm going to write it here, we go to the non-commutative case. We can say that A, which is a k-algebra and aetherian k-algebra, k is always a field, and A is no longer commutative. So A is regular if and only if this is definition. The global dimension is finite. So we take the homological description. And so the problem, there was a question which we called Hapel's question. Hapel was more interested in homology than in homology. So we know that if the global dimension is finite, Hochschild homology stops. And then the question is, if Hochschild homology stops, does this imply that a global dimension of A is finite? So this is from 1989. And there has been a counter-example in 2005. And a counter-example, I don't know why it took such a long time, because it's very easy. The counter-example is very easy. It's an algebra in two non-commuting variables now. And then you divide by the ideal, to say the ideal generated by x squared, y squared. This guarantees that you have infinite global dimension. And then kind of commuting relation, which is yx minus qxy, where q is an element in the field and is not a root of unity. So in the counter-example, the thing is that the dimension over k of the whole Hochschild homology of this algebra is 5. It's very small. But the algebra is infinite global dimension. So of course, people turn their attention to homology again, because it's more natural. And there is a conjecture, which is called Hans' conjecture. And it's not solved up to now. It's just verified for a lot of families of algebra. So Hans' conjecture is that, well, it's the same, but for homology, if HH stops, so let's say, 0 for in n big, does it imply that global dimension of A is finite? And well, it has been proved, as I said, for different families of algebras. He states a conjecture only for finite dimensional algebra. But I think that it should be considered for all k algebras. So it's known, for example, if the algebra is Cosul, if the algebra is n Cosul, it's known for monomial algebras. It's true in all that cases. Another algebra that are called cellular algebras is for lots of families of algebras. But there is no general proof of this. It's still a conjecture. My impression is that one should consider, construct kind of a model of an algebras in the commutative case. But well, this is another subject. So that's all. Yeah. The other direction is true. The other direction is true. And is it ground to come back? No, no, no. Well, of course, it's a hand in the paper where he states the conjecture, the first thing he does is to compute Huxley's homology for this algebra. And the Huxley's homology is infinite. No, no, because if a is finite dimensional, you have a kind of duality, which is that if you consider the Huxley, let's say, homology in degree n of a with coefficients in a, this is isomorphic to the dual with respect to the field, let's say, om k of hn of a with coefficients in the kind of doing, well, this is om k k k as a by model. But there is a dualization here. But this is only for a finite dimensional case. So no, it's not. And the problem is that, well, a homology is not functorial. Homology is functorial. Homology is, in a sense, much better than comology. So maybe this will be true for homology. I suppose that it will be true, but I can't prove it. Non-associative algebra, but there you need a homology theory. And then, well, for Leo-Chordan algebra, I don't know if there is a similar statement. I don't know. Yeah, in that case, one can ask the question, I suppose. But for non-associative, well, you have to have an homology theory. OK, thank you.


I'm from the city, y'all. I'm from the city. I'm from Philadelphia.  Burlington is a big city to me. My town is so small like there's not a stoplight in my town. Like there's one store. Coming here is really small. We have five burrows and each burrow is kind of considered a city.  There wasn't a whole lot of things going on in rural Ohio. So I came to the mountains. Advice I'd give to myself if I was starting at UBM. Again, don't be afraid to take risks. I want to be an investigative reporter. I want to be a writer. I want to be a multimedia journalist and my professor. It's like, yeah, you can do that. No problem. UBM is definitely a place that fosters that learning and growth. I love that I can take classes from so many different disciplines. I'm a social worker major. I'm a double major in psychology and anthropology. I want to be a minister. I'm going to apply to medical school in June.  I think that's what really draws me to genetics. I've transferred and switched majors. And I thought going into school, I wasn't going to do that because I was like, oh, I'm going to stick with my plan. If something needs to be changed, don't be afraid to change it. I actually ended up having a crisis about this.  I want to go into a religious field. It's really easy, especially freshman year, to get overwhelmed. So how do I have a social life, but then also stay really engaged in academics and club activities? Going to my advisor became the most reassuring thing. They put their all into everything, make sure that I'm okay, they have really supported me. The Student Life Office pushes you to think about things. It's fun to have that support system because I know if I needed them for a professional reference or to help me with a resume, they would do that. The classes I've taken at UVM definitely have pushed me to challenge myself. Introduction of human development. I thought I had a C. It was worth it. I learned so much in that class. The professors really want to help you succeed. You don't have to be afraid to go ask them, like, that's their job. I can't speak highly enough of service learning classes. I get very frustrated if I don't have the ability to go and apply what I'm learning. We've been working with a small bakery in Richmond, Vermont, called Andy's Dandies. They make homemade dog treats. And it's run by a boy who has a Down syndrome and they're using it as a way to advocate for people with disabilities. Since I was in a project planning class, I was about how to plan a garden. I got to go out and apply it and grow a garden. UVM is so much more than just the curriculum. The people you meet, experiences you say yes to, join the crew team on a whim because I wanted some sort of structure. Finding for racial justice on campus has allowed me to grow because I learned how to talk to, like, 200 people in a whole group. One of my favorite experiences is alternative spring break. I got in a van with 10 random UVM students that I didn't know and I came back to UVM with a whole brand new family. Being involved just opens up so many doors for you. My work at the newspaper, the cynic, is absolutely going to get me to where I want to be. I'm going to be great at reporting because I've practiced it so much. I led Rally Thon, which is our dance marathon for two years. That's raising money for the UVM Children's Hospital. It gave me everything I would ever want in a college experience.  Coming here, you see a lot of new opportunities that you may want to say no to but always go into the opportunity with open mind. I knew I was challenging myself when I was like, am I qualified to do this? Should I do this? It was those decisions that ended up being where I would learn about myself, develop new skills and open doors for new opportunities in the future. If you're uncomfortable, it's probably a good thing.  If you took that one step, it's just saying, hi, we'll be surprised how people will open up to you. Being involved really pushes you to meet all these other people besides the people in your residence hall so it makes your college experience so much more than just the classroom. Get involved earlier. Being surrounded by a lot of passionate and caring human beings is what really helped me here at UVM. Enter school with passion and keeping your own dreams and learning goals in mind. Here's what I want to focus on. Here's how I'm going to get here. I'm going to move towards what my dreams are.