Okay. Welcome to the next session after dinner or whatever your time zone had. Our next speaker is William Horton. He will talk about Jupyter Notebooks, even better, a brief history of Jupyter Notebooks. Please go on. Great. Thank you for the introduction. My name is William Horton. This is a brief history of Jupyter Notebooks. I'm excited to be speaking at Europe Python. This is my first virtual conference and you might be able to tell from the background here that I'm not in Europe. I'm in New York wearing my Cli Gotham t-shirt to represent our community here, but I'm excited to have the chance to present to you all today. So the first question you might have is why this talk? What is so interesting about Jupyter Notebooks and particularly the history of Jupyter Notebooks? Where this talk comes from is really my observation that there's increasingly two different worlds of Python. There's a world in which Python looks like this and there's another world in which Python looks like this. For those of you who are maybe more familiar with the first world than the second, I'll give a little bit of background on what a Jupyter Notebook is, what it can do. The code goes into these things called cells and those cells are able to be executed with Python code. The other interesting thing you can do with cells is you can put in markdown. So it actually is able to format text using markdown and display that in the notebook as well. So that's just a little bit about the Jupyter Notebook. This isn't really an explanation of how it works, but I just wanted to make sure we were all on the same page in terms of what we're actually talking about when I say Jupyter Notebooks. And for those of you who are familiar with Jupyter Notebooks, you can see that I kept to the standard naming convention for Jupyter Notebooks untitled one, if I had another one untitled two, untitled three, and so on. And another inspiration for this talk was my own personal journey. When I first started learning Python, it was mostly in the context of web applications, maybe some data processing. And so all the Python I wrote was, you know, edited in an IDE. It was in .py files. It looked like that kind of Python. But then a couple years back, I got very interested in machine learning through the FAS AI courses, which makes sense of uses of notebooks. So for a while, I was in this scenario where everything I was doing professionally was in .py files, and I was spending a lot of my time learning these other things exclusively through notebooks. And so that kind of led me to observe this split. Now, my current role, I work on machine learning. So I find myself kind of working on a mix of things, still working with Python files for applications and service code, but then increasingly having to read other people's notebooks from data scientists and understand those, as well as write some of my own notebooks for data analysis, feature exploration. So even in my experience as just one developer, I've increasingly seen this kind of confluence of different ways that people write Python. And if you're familiar at all with this ecosystem, you might know that there have been some tensions between these two worlds. Kind of a major example is Joel Groose went to JupiterCon, the conference for Jupiter, and gave this whole talk called, I don't like notebooks, and kind of laid out the reasons why he does not like this interface. And that spawned a lot of back and forths that this one talk called the first notebook war. A lot of tweets and blog posts were written about loving Jupyter notebooks or hating Jupyter notebooks. And there's a lot of material out there on that topic. But I was kind of thinking, is there some other way that we can approach this instead of lobbing yet another volley in this notebook war? Is there a different way of looking at things? And when I came across this tweet by Jeremy Howard, the founder of FastAI, it kind of inspired me to start thinking about things in this way. And he wrote, I do think Mathematica doesn't get the credit it deserves for pioneering notebooks. And this was in response to a hacker news comment about the development of notebooks through not only Mathematica, but Sage, and some of these other tools that I'm going to talk about in my talk. And so this kind of got me thinking, what if instead of fighting about why we love or hate Jupyter notebooks, we seek to understand the history, both for people who are using notebooks already, maybe get an interesting look in how the tool came to be for those people who don't use them, maybe get some empathy for users of the tool and understand that Jupyter notebooks are not something that data scientists invented a couple of years ago just to annoy engineers. There really is a rich history to this. And I hope to show you some of that in the presentation. It didn't come out of nowhere. The Jupyter notebook, and in fact, I go far as to say, no significant piece of software comes out of nowhere. Every program that gets developed really brings together different threads and ideas that have been circulating, not only for years, maybe even for decades, as we'll see. And I think this is a really important point to understand, not just about Jupyter notebooks, but about all the tools that we use. And so in the particular case of Jupyter notebooks, you can identify, I think, several long term trends, there's others you could point out, but these are the ones that I've organized the talk around. One, the most obvious maybe is scientific computing. So this is where these tools come from the desire to use computing and programming for scientific endeavors. Another trend or kind of thread is literate programming. And we'll talk a little bit more about that idea. Another major factor that played into Jupyter notebooks was proprietary versus open source. And finally, since this is zero Python, obviously, we'll talk about Python and where that comes in. This talk is organized in three parts, past, present, and future.  But I do want to take some time to consider what that means to the present, the last few years, and also what it might mean looking into the future of what Jupyter notebooks could be. So to start off with the past, and I start with an apology to any former science PhD. I know a lot of you got into Python, specifically to avoid some of these tools that I'm going to be talking about today. But be warned that I'm going to be talking about some of these things that you might have thought were in your past. So the story of the notebook in some ways starts with this man, who you might know as the guy who helped you with your high school algebra homework through the Wolfram Alpha interface. But before Wolfram Alpha, he created this tool called Mathematica in 1988. Stephen Wolfram created it. And it really was an all-in-one system for Imperial Algebra and other kinds of scientific computing. It included a language which he modestly named Wolfram, a whole execution environment as well as many useful libraries. And another important point, and what brings Mathematica into the presentation today, is it contained a notebook interface designed for Theodore Gray, and it was really one of the first popular tools to embed this kind of notebook interface. And at the time, Mathematica was very well received. And this magazine, Bite Magazine included it in an annual set of awards. And you can see that it says Mathematica was very useful for students and for doing these kinds of mathematical operations. The interesting thing is this magazine is archived. So we can see what other things won these awards at the same time and understand a little bit about the computing environment that Mathematica came out in. So you can see next computer. So Steve Jobs kind of comeback project won an award at this time. Some of you might recognize this. Some of you might not. This is HP Deskjet printer, state of the art of the time, and it could be yours for the low price of $995. That's $995 at the time. And an advertisement for Advanced MS-DOS Programming second edition. So if you wanted to brush up on your MS-DOS skills, this was also in that magazine. So that sets the stage a little bit about what kind of was going on at the time that Mathematica came out. And we can understand also a little bit about the technical implementation of it. There were two parts of the system. And this becomes a very key part of the history of notebooks. There was a kernel and a front end. And so the front end was designed to accept the user's input, which could be Mathematica commands and other things and send it to the kernel. The kernel was responsible for doing all the computation and then returning output to be displayed in the front end. Another interesting thing, Mathematica notebooks were objects that themselves could be manipulated by Mathematica programs. And you'll see that kind of going forward that the actual representation of the notebook document becomes also important in addition to the kind of kernel and front end setup. So we can actually look at some archived photos of what this notebook interface looked like. So here's one example. I'm not a mathematician, but it seems to be doing some kind of series expansion.  So you have this in-out organization. You enter the command and it outputs the computational results. Another really cool thing that you can see, and I remind you this was like late 80s, early 90s, is the ability to do these 3D plots in the Mathematica notebook. And so this is a really powerful feature and something that drives notebook adoption, I think, across many decades. But the story of the notebook interface doesn't really start with Mathematica and Stephen Wolfram. To really understand the root of it, we have to go even further back. Further back to a man, you might know as the author of a book that every engineer claims to have read, but nobody has actually finished the art of computer programming. So this is Donald Knuth. And he not only wrote the art of computer programming, he came up with this idea of literate programming. And literate programming implemented a system he called web, which I think turned out to be unfortunate naming on his part. But the web system embedded these concepts of tangled and woven. And those are in fact the two main commands that made up the system. And so the idea was you would create this source text, and the source text contained both code, as well as just normal text and documentation. And the tangled part would take that whole text and generate just compilable code from the source. The weave part would take that whole thing and generate a formatted documentation from that exact same source, total kind of source text that you had. And so these were kind of two of the main functionalities that made up the web system, the way that he implemented his idea of literate programming. And this wasn't just say an abstract exercise or a theory on his part. He actually used liter programming and web to implement tech, which is a very popular type setting system that is still used today. So this is an early example of how some of these ideas of literate programming can be applied to build complex systems. So returning to kind of our history of scientific computing tools, the next major one to look at after Mathematica in terms of the notebook interface was Maple. Maple, similar to Mathematica, embedded these scientific computing libraries in its own language. And the first GUI came out in 1989, and then a few years later in 92, it came out with the worksheet interface, which is the same kind of interface as a notebook allowing you to combine text and code and graphics. So we can look at a couple of screenshots to see what did Maple look like? And you can see a familiar pattern, input, computation of code, as well as the ability to do these more complex mathematical operations like factorizations. And again, you can see a very cool example where it can actually do a 3D plot. And in this case, even a 3D plot with color graphics. And so you can see that from the kind of start, the ability to do these kinds of plots was a very important component of these notebook interfaces. So Maple versus Mathematica was was an important question. And these tools were kind of competing in the early 90s. Now, what I'm about to present came from a Maple published document on things that it thought were clear advantages. But I think it actually provides an interesting kind of pro and con for the ways you could define these systems. So the first thing is the use of math notation. So you look on the left, and you can see that Maple used a much more familiar to mathematicians syntax. But the funny thing is to me as kind of a more of a programmer, the Mathematica syntax looks much preferable. It has the familiar double equals, the function calls look more recognizable as function calls. And so this is one thing that kind of starts to be some kind of tension in is who are these tools for? Do we represent it in a more mathematical way? Do we adopt a more kind of coding or programmer style? Another interesting thing Maple could do is actually reevaluate code that you embedded in the text. And so this case, you have a function, it computes something off of that function. In this case, the discontinuity, if you actually update the function, it can basically recompute that and come up with a new result that gets embedded in your text. And finally, I think this is just an interesting historical point. When Maple came out, they thought that Mathematica's use of shift enter was just totally wrong and the user should always just be able to hit enter in order to execute a cell. And those of you who used your notebooks know that in this case, historically Maple ended up losing and the shift enter pattern was adopted by later interfaces. So Maple and Mathematica were both very powerful tools, but there was one big problem and that was cost. These were both proprietary tools and they had expensive licenses sometimes paid for by institutions. And you can see that these are still available and those are the costs for personal licenses. So this is where the notebook interface coincides with another major trend in software history, the rise of open source. And particularly in this case, we'll look at a couple of important scientific computing libraries that came out around the early 2000s. And so this includes SciPy, which were open source scientific libraries, as well as iPython, which basically provided improved Python terminal experience compared to the normal Python command, as well as additional functionality for distributed computing. So this is one example of iPython, still very widely used today. I almost always default to iPython compared to regular Python.  And so this ends up being a very important tool in the story we're telling of Jupiter notebooks. The last library that kind of is part of this group is Matplotlib. And there was a very funny anecdote I found while researching this talk, where basically Matplotlib was originally conceived as a patch for iPython. But Fernanda Perez, the creator of iPython, didn't have time to review the patch. And so the creator Matplotlib created it as a separate library, and that's still very widely used to this day. So I mentioned Fernanda Perez and in the story of Jupiter notebooks, his name is probably the most important to remember. He created iPython in 2001 as a grad student. He's currently an associate professor at Berkeley as well as a founder of the Berkeley Institute for Data Science. And he's received many awards for his work on these open source scientific tools. And so he plays a large role in this kind of later history of notebooks, as we'll see. And this is a very interesting thing. He actually has put up a gist of the initial commit to iPython. And it's very interesting because in kind of tracing these histories, sometimes we have to rely on inference or saying this kind of interface resembles this interface. But you can see from one of the comments, he actually says the prompts, the in and out prompts for iPython are similar to Mathematica. So he's kind of mentioning that influence. And I'll also say thank you to Pablo Andreschenko. He actually posted this in the channel for the talk today. And I thought it was so cool that I wanted to make a slide out of it. So the next kind of step toward the Jupiter notebook in this history is a tool called SageMath or Sage. And this really brought together a lot of these threads that were kind of converging, which is the need or want to do scientific computing as well as the use of these open source packages and wanting to do that in a nice web interface. And so basically Sage said we're going to provide an open source tool that will embed a lot of these scientific packages. It's written in Python. It's released with an open source license. And you can see even that they're saying this is supposed to be an open source alternative to some of these other tools that we've talked about Maple and Mathematica. And this gives you a little bit of a look at what the Sage notebook looked like. This is from around 2012. And one cool thing I wanted to point out is the Sage notebook actually embedded rich text editing, which is something I found out when working on this talk that I think is so cool and not something that I've seen in a Jupiter notebook. So if that functionality doesn't already exist, maybe there is an opportunity for an open source contribution. I'll also say Sage further cemented this shift enter pattern as the winner in notebook user experience. So you have Sage to thank for continuing shift enter, shift enter. Finally, we get to the ipython notebook. So this was an interface that was initially embedded in the ipython library. You could start it up by running ipython notebook and basically it contained two main components. There is the web application, which actually allowed you to interact and run your code and embed visualizations as well as the document itself, the notebook and the representation of it. And eventually ipython notebook gets spun out into Project Jupiter in 2014. And another cool thing I learned when I was working on this talk is where the name Jupiter came from. It actually comes from the three languages that were supported originally. So Julia, Python and R. And like I mentioned, Project Jupiter was spun off of ipython by Fernando Perez. It included the notebook interface as well as other language agnostic parts of ipython. So coming to Project Jupiter, this brings us to the present. And I wanted to talk about a few key trends that I see driving adoption usage of the Jupiter notebook today. And these trends are data science and machine learning, sharing an interaction and growing ecosystem around notebook tools. So this one, again, might be one you're familiar with. You might even be here because you work on data science and machine learning. And I think one kind of thing that highlights how this is driven adoption and usage of the notebook is a tool called Google Colab. Basically, it is a notebook in the cloud that you can open up. You can use it with Google Drive. And a key point is you can actually use it to access free GPU and TPU computation. So this has become a very popular tool for machine learning researchers. And I think that's part of a broader trend of posted solutions or notebook as an interface to specialize computation. So the Colab lets you connect to GPUs and TPUs. AWS has a similar offering Sage Maker and notebooks are also very popular part of Sage Maker.  And so this is kind of a logical conclusion of this separation of the front end and the kernel, where now the front end can just be on my laptop and the kernel can actually be executing, say in one of Google's data centers on a specialized advice. So I think this is a really cool use of notebooks and one that's seeing increased adoption. And even in things that I work on, we use Kubeflow as a platform for machine learning in Kubernetes. And it contains a bunch of functionality for machine learning like things like machine learning pipelines and hyper parameter tuning and distributed execution, all sorts of things, model serving. But the one functionality that actually drives the most use of Kubeflow is a hosted notebook server. So it's a really key part of these machine learning use cases today. Another key area, I think, that is driving a lot of tools today is sharing an interaction. A really important one in that area is Binder. And this is a super cool tool. Basically, it allows you to take a Git repo. It bundles the dependencies of your repo into a Docker container and then spins up a version of your notebook that someone else can run from their own browser. And so this goes from notebooks being something that I couldn't execute on my machine. Maybe I can share the document with you. But now this is kind of another step further. It makes it really easy to say, I can give you my notebook and allow you to run it. Another kind of tool in that area is Voila. And this is saying I want to take my notebook and turn it into a web application just from the notebook itself with interactive components. And so this is another really cool tool. And finally, Ipi widgets. So I was at the SciPy conference recently. There was a whole tutorial on these Ipi widgets. They're interactive HTML widgets for Jupyter notebooks. And it makes it really easy to share with people. And again, like, bring external interactivity to your notebook. It's not just something that you can code interactively. It's something that once you're done, other people can also interact with. And finally, a growing ecosystem. And so, like I mentioned, it started out supporting Julia, Python and R. And eventually you see it growing to an increasing number of languages. So JavaScript, PHP, Java, Swift, I think, can even be running notebooks now. Even some of these tools that we talked about before. So SageMap can now be executed in a Jupyter notebook, as well as even the Wolfram language. So finally, the last section, I want to consider some points about the future of the Jupyter notebook. So where it may be going. And the major trends here, I think, are around developer experience, real-time collaboration and productionizing. I think these are all open questions that are going to be solved in the next coming years. So right now, we have JupyterLab. And this was released as an alternate UI to the regular notebook that provides more IDE-like features. And I think moving forward, we'll see even more IDE-like features in JupyterLab, as well as more support for Jupyter in IDE. So VS Code shipped native support for Jupyter notebooks, for example. So it might not have to be a question of, do you edit your notebook in something like JupyterLab or your IDE? I think there's going to be increased convergence of these experiences. Next is kind of around the experience of using Git and GitHub. So you can render notebooks in GitHub. It's a lot better than what you had to do before and work on the raw version. And moving forward, there's some very useful tools. So this is one called ReviewNB. They can actually show you a visual diff of the notebook. But this is not very widely adopted now. And I think there's a lot more work to be done around this experience. GitHub is actually working on some of these things. So GitHub Code Spaces now lets you edit Jupyter notebooks on GitHub. And there's also support for dropping links to Binder in your PR. So you can actually send some on an interactive version of the notebook. Another trend I think is being worked on is real-time collaboration. So not just can I share my notebook, not just can I make it interactive, but can we actually work on it together at the same time? There's a couple companies working on this. Deep Note is one to look up. And then Co-Calc, which is actually started by the creator of Sage. So he is working on making notebooks, real-time collaboration. Finally, productionizing. A really open question, even in terms of what does it mean to put Jupyter notebooks in production? So I wanted to share two use cases that I think are kind of illustrative of different approaches. One is Netflix. They've gone all in on notebooks. You can read this blog, notebook innovation and Netflix. They're doing things like notebook templating parameterized notebooks. So you can actually run a notebook as a script. And finally, scheduling notebooks as workflows. So they're not saying I'm going to take the parts of this notebook, turn it into a workflow I can run. I'm just gonna, I'm just gonna, I'm just gonna schedule my notebook. And you should look up open source tools like Interact and Papermill. And finally, FAFSAI. So they wrote their whole v2 library in notebooks with a tool they developed called NB Dev and they mentioned Donald Knuth's ideas of literal programming. So to conclude, I think there's two main points I'd like you to take away from the talk. First, the history of Jupyter notebooks is not linear. It's easier to present it in 30 minutes like this. This is not the real story of the notebook interface. The story is very twisted. It involves many timelines. I'm not a great artist, but this show is kind of the interaction of different ideas from all these interfaces. And second, the history of Jupyter notebooks is not over. I presented kind of like this, where Jupyter is the main idea in this timeline. But if you zoom out, you can see Jupyter is actually one part of this timeline. It extends further back in the past and into this unknown future. So I would say the history of Jupyter notebooks is not over. It still be written by you and me. Thank you. And I posted the Discord channel if you have any questions and also my Twitter. So feel free to reach out. Thank you very much. Very interesting talk. I actually learned some things too. I never made the connection between Matlab, Maple and Jupyter. Are there any questions? Please use the Q&A button. Or you can also use Discord to ask questions. The channel name is Talk History Jupyter Notebooks. So you can join this one. You can press Command or Control K and then search for Jupyter notebooks and you will find the channel. If you are on YouTube, for example, then you can only ask questions using this Discord. So I don't see any questions at the moment. So while there are no questions, I do have one. It's a little bit about the future of Jupyter Notebooks. I mean, we know Jupyter Lab, which really changed the user interface. And there are also things like adding more languages. What do you think is the real future of Jupyter Notebooks or Lab or whatever? Yeah, that's a good question. I think there's going to be always some people who prefer notebooks, like even me personally, like I haven't totally adapted to Jupyter Lab, just because it's a somewhat unfamiliar interface. But I think eventually, especially some of the users who are coming more from an engineering background, they're going to prefer something like Jupyter Lab as it includes more of these features that they're used to in an IDE. So I think that I think down the road, we're going to see a lot more people using Jupyter Lab. But I think the notebook will always be there. It's simple. It's easy. You spin it up. You can run it. So I think they'll continue to coexist. Okay, I see there are two more questions. Unfortunately, we are really running out of time. So please, I'll post them in the channel. Yes, please, please copy them to the Discord channel. And I'm sure William will answer all your questions. I would have many more questions too, but unfortunately, I have to moderate here. So maybe I will come back to you too. So thanks again. And yeah, thank you so much.


I'm Marcia Joyner and we are navigating the journey and what a journey it is for this beautiful young lady who is my guest today. She is, well, I'm not going to do that. She's so pretty. Alright, and Andrea Topola is the new member of the Honolulu City Council. And we are going to visit with her today to tell us all about her journey to becoming one of the newest members of the City Council. Aloha, Andrea. Hi, Aloha. It's so great to see you. And you're looking wonderful. Now, the City Council is a huge job, so let's hope it doesn't wear you out. Tell us about Andrea. Andrea, Andrea. Andrea. Andrea. I was born in Kahuku on the North Shore of Oahu. I was raised in Hawaii Kai. I went to Kamehameha Schools. I shortly after went to Brigham Young University in Utah. I served a mission for my church in Venezuela when I was 23 years old. I came back from Venezuela, graduated with my degree in music education. I became a music teacher. I taught music in East LA. I had a school for disabled Hispanic adults. And then I taught in Arizona. And then I taught in Utah. I married my husband, who was then playing football for the University of Utah. We lived on and off in Utah, Texas. He played football in Michigan and then we came home in 2008 when I had my second child. And then I had my second daughter. And we decided in 2010 to move out to the Wai'anae Coast. We bought a house. My children enrolled in Hawaiian immersion. And we just loved it out here. I became a professor at Lever Community College. I was living the dream. I was being the music teacher that I wanted to be. And it just kind of took a curve in 2014. I had started to get the feeling that I should get more involved, more engaged in political and civic issues. I learned a lot when I was in Venezuela in regards to how a government can control and basically direct the lives of neighborhoods, communities, states, entire countries. And I knew that I needed to get active and be a part of helping to empower people. So I ran for office, became a legislator from 2014 to 2018, ran for governor for the state of Hawaii. It was a great experience. And I took a few years off.  And then I ran for city council this year. I was able to be successful, 59% of the votes on August 8th. And I am preparing to start that term soon. That is, wow, what a journey. That is great. Now, in your bio, it says you are Samoan Hawaiian. And on you, the combination is beautiful. But Samoan is the part of the church of Saturday Science, is it? Oh, so my father is full Samoan. He is still a sitting family court judge. He was the first Samoan to be elected as a judge in the United States. And my last name is Tupola. So I'm married to a Tongan, but I'm half Samoan, quarter Hawaiian, quarter Portuguese, German, English, Scottish. And your husband is, what did you say Tongan? Yes, he's full Tongan. Wow, what a combination that is. It's pure Pacific Islander. That is the definition of a Pacific Islander. You can't get better than that. Yeah, we definitely have a lot of mix. But now, who are from the Y and I coast? So tell us about Y and I coast, because we have people that have no idea what we're talking about when we talk about how they think of Honolulu as white sand beaches and palm trees and my ties. And that's the extent of those people. So tell us about the Y and I coast within a decade. It's absolutely gorgeous. And now, well before when we didn't have any, when we had a lockdown and no traffic drive out there was just worth taking. Yes. Tell us, tell us about why the Y and I coast. Sure. So I actually, you know, was raised in Hawaii on the east side of this island, but I've been living in Y and I for 10 years now. And it's wonderful, beautiful. And it's part of, I guess, every year that I I've served the community, I get to know it better and better. So the area that I represented was a small little part of Eva, and it wrapped around a couple they went into Colina and then it kind of ended in Ma'ili. And so now that the district that I represent is from Eva for the west side of Fort Weaver all the way to cut an appointment. So, you know, why am I is known for its beaches in the winter, these the waves that come are huge. I mean, it's definitely one of the spots for surfers.  In fact, when I go running in the morning, I'm running alongside. Right there. And so it's a big, it's a big part of life out here. In fact, my kids, you know, they just love being at the beach surfing boogie boarding, whatever it is that we're doing. You know, why am I is also known for one of the largest native Hawaiian populations. We have two very large in fact the largest homesteads in the state of Hawaii and so we are really condensed area where there are so many native Hawaiians that live out here access resources. And I close is also known a lot for the different schools that we have out here. I mean, it's a condensed area with a lot of people but at the same time, you know, a lot of the schools are known for the things that they do in the academic world. We have charter schools. We have private schools. We have Christian schools. So luckily as a, you know, as the representative of the area I was able to learn more and more about all the wonderful things that are out here and I would say, especially when I moved out here, I was happy that there were so many active churches everywhere I went, you know, and not everyone believes the same thing and not everyone goes to the same church. But it's an active community of people that want to be engaged in community issues that want to serve in the areas where the community needs help. And I found ever since I got elected that there are helping hands everywhere, you know, when I first started people said, you know, people aren't going to help you and there's all these problems and no one's going to do anything but actually every project I did every cleanup I pursued. I felt like everyone was there to help. Everywhere I gave a call to action, the community members showed up, churches donated water, you know, and this even happened when we had some fires in our community a year ago. I mean, the firefighters were just overwhelmed. They were like, we've never seen such an outpouring of love from people. The fires had gone on for more than a week and the firefighters were sleeping on the ground in the station and I was going out delivering food and they were just so grateful. And I would say the Y and I Coast is known for their very, very loving, big hearts. Well, I'll have to chime in on that one. I have grandchildren that were born when he had a little farm on while. Now, let me think of it. Why and I Valley Road, which was a long, yes. Do you remember? No, you weren't from then. There was a dairy right across the road from where they were. They had this little farm. And my experience of Y and I Coast has been exactly what you said everybody helps each other. They're always so willing. And Hi, Andy, you know, Hi, Andy. Yes. Yeah. So it's a little special issues along the Y and I Coast. First of all, anybody that doesn't know, tell us of all of the little areas along the Y and I Coast. Yeah, so if you go all the way out to the end of the island, you know, a lot of people know that place as Yokohama. So that area that's the end of the island, there is like a hike and there's a sanctuary, a bird sanctuary out there.  So Makua is one of the valleys that actually the US Army took over and it's unfortunate because the valley is so beautiful. It's just breathtaking and the beach right there is amazing.  So Ka'au, there's a beach park out there. Kind of like a stretch of land where there really is nothing and there's just beach and mountain. You pass Ka'au and then you hit Makaha. You're in White An'ai. After White An'ai, you're in Ma'ili. After Ma'ili, you're in Nana Kuli and then Nana Kuli probably just right there at the, they call it Black Rocks. So there's a little part of the road that goes up and then they have the electrics, which is the Hawaiian Electric Power Plant on the Maoka side, then across the street there's some beaches in that area. So right after that area called Black Rocks, then it starts to transition into more of like we're almost getting into Kapolei, right? Because then you have Koholina, then after Koholina you have Honokai Hale and Honokai Hale is already considered Kapolei. So the White An'ai coast pretty much starts from Nana Kuli and then goes all the way out west. My daughter lives in Ma'ili and I always kid her about the fact that it used to be Ma'ili and then when they got half million dollar houses it was Ma'ili. Now, there are issues that you as a new city council person will attack because before when you were in a legislature that was a state issue. Now the city and county, so there's special issues that the city deals with along the White An'ai coast. Yeah, so you know as a legislator I really didn't shy away from helping on issues that were city related. At the end of the day people just know that you're the representative and they want you to help. So wherever the help is needed I will definitely be there. I do think that as a city council elected official that I will be able to have a little more access into departments such as parks and rec. Such as the fact that the city is over homelessness sort of, they have more of a hand over homelessness than the state per se. They're also over waste and runoff water. So DFM, Department of Facilities Management which I hope to work closely with them as well because we have some canals that need to be cleaned. A lot of the stuff the city does is the grimy everyday stuff. You know the city is also over waste. So they're over h power which is the place that actually burns our trash. And we have huge illegal dumping issues in our community that I try to tackle on a quarterly basis when I do my cleanups. The city is also over DPP which is Department of Planning and permitting. So in trying to expand your home or if you're building something DPP is definitely one of the departments that you probably want to see fixed in the city. And then you have DTS which is Department of Transportation Services. They handle streets, roads, traffic lights and that's some of the you know the day to day stuff that people call me on all the time. I'm hoping to kind of sink these stop lights. Can you please make sure that there's a crosswalk here. We have a school that has a speeding zone we need stop signs so all of those things that affects people really it really does affect your quality of life when the small things are not addressed. So I'm hoping to kind of go in and be able to do a lot of these concerns that I did have to put give some over to the city council woman prior to me, but there were some that I was able to handle and to be able to do a lot more now. Well, I have two issues. And they're probably the same all over the world. When you have street lights, not the lights but the electric poles are old and highway leaning. It's dangerous. And because they have the live wires in them, you know, so if they would fall if they if somebody has an accident and hits one of them. And you've got these live wires across the street so that concerns me just as a driver just having out there. And there are areas and all over not just your area but all over. There are no internet connections so they have cell phone, you know, phone problem and internet connections. And that's especially troubling now when children out of school and they need to be connected online. Again, with medicine, you need to be online. So those are my two issues, and they probably aren't any different in why and I, they are on the big island, especially the big island or Molokai. And last time I was at Molokai we didn't have telephone at all. We had a telephone but it was just local. So those are the kinds of things that if I were in your district, it would be on the phone, because as big a spectrum is, there's no reason what they shouldn't have internet connection. Yeah, so I think that, you know, as far as the polls itself so the polls are, you know, either owned by Hiko actually Hawaiian Electric actually owns most of the polls out here. And then if you have, say for example, Hawaiian tell, so say you're running telephone lines or say you're running internet lines, they basically have to do an agreement with Hiko since Hiko owns the poll to also be able to have their wires come across. So if you're running polls, that would be a conversation to have with Hawaiian Electric which their main, their main power plan is in my district actually. So I work with them a lot because obviously, especially knowing that we have the Hiko power plan out here we have one of the largest solar farms out here I mean people really just want to see Hiko be able to help the community. So I think that's something that could easily be addressed by asking Hiko with, you know, to fix some of the polls I remember there was one in right across right on fronting Miley Beach Park. Horrible, because I think it was leaning and then someone hit it and then it fell completely into the road so definitely hear you on that something we couldn't address and then as far as the internet connection that is something that you know spectrum has to determine whether or not they have to bring you know their lines farther out or get another hub so it would be a question to ask them, you know that's a private company but there's no, there's no problem in me calling or asking them, or bringing up community issues to them. The purpose of federal dollars. The bill was connect. Why are Hawaii, the rural areas are. Oh, God, why can't I think of the name of it. It is for money to do exactly that. All of the rural areas across America. And Senator shots worked hard on that. So I don't see why. I just want to make sure that all of that area is connected. Yeah, I'll look into that because I've actually never heard the federal money part but Senator shots has actually been in the news recently questioning the state on the amount of federal dollars they get they get and and where it's being spent at so it doesn't surprise me that there was probably some federal monies that may or may not have been spent in the right direction, and it's people like you bringing it up that we can actually find out where it's stuck. Because, and, you know, most people don't give Hawaii is being ruled, but the majority of Hawaii is rule. So, those are the kinds of things that I think about, because I was champion, as you may remember. Okay, medicine. My husband is disabled veteran. He's an orange. Thank you, Uncle Sam. And so he has telemedicine. I was happy and have the legislature pass it, because everybody should have everybody should be connected, especially those in areas like yours, where there's only one hospital. And that's when, you know, we, we learned about this money. Why are you make sure that everybody in old areas has connected. So they can have medicine. Yeah, I hear you. That was what your plan is, not just what I want, but what you want, what are your constituents saying. Yeah, I think step one is create a clear vision, you know clear vision for myself for my staff for my office on what we see is is our role in the community. When I became a legislator my vision was to serve the people of district 43 by rolling our sleeves going the extra mile and staying committed to love our community. So that was the vision statement we had on the board and I know that's not goals specific or mission it's just a broad vision of how we serve the public. And I definitely want to, you know, start off this new term as a city council woman with that same thought in mind is that I'm here to serve the people. I'm here to listen to their voices. I'm here to make sure that their concerns are resolved in a way that helps to improve their quality of life. So that's step one right is get us in the right mindset of service because I love serving. With that, you know, we have to come down and figure out how much do we really know about the district granted I do know more about why and I then maybe coupled in ever. So I think getting more verse in the areas and the problems that have been plaguing the people in those areas, you know, make a priority of what what what problems I think I can solve right away. And this is what it did as a legislator as well. We had our problems that we could solve immediately. There were problems that would take me maybe a few people to help me or maybe a departmental approval, or maybe a permit that I need and then you have your long term solutions which are here I see this issue going on. I really want to tackle it but there's a lot of steps to get there. So the long term solutions need to be set up so that they can eventually get tackled. There were a lot of issues in my district that had been lasting, you know longer than eight years. So when I stepped into the seat. There are so many issues that gosh they had been going on for so long and people I just lost hope that it would be changed with it. So I had to kind of tackle those ones right away and the reason why is because I needed to give the people that I'm serving hope that I can make immediate impacts in their life immediate. So this is not to say that you don't pursue a bill, or you don't pursue a policy change you do that. But those are long term things they take a while, they take consensus they take a lot of people getting on board for you to get that passed in the legislature. There are immediate impacts that as soon as you start to do it as soon as you start to change things that people start to get hopeful. They get hopeful that their voices made a difference they get hopeful that you might be the person to resolve something as simple as moving a bus stop. You know there's one anti that she, it was just tough for her they had lung issues in the bus stop right by her house. There are a lot of people that were congregating around it smoking, you know playing music while they waited for the bus and I know that it's a transportation issue and actually it was a city issue not a state issue, but we had to work on it because it literally was plaguing their community to that point where something as simple as moving the bus stop down just change their entire quality of life so I know it sounds small, but it's really the small things that make a difference. So speaking of stops, the city, the Honolulu city and county is in violation of the ADA rules. And somebody told me to leave it alone, but it's clear in the ADA rules, all bus stops must be lit and must have a cover.  So, I put into the rules, I drove from one end of King Street to the other, counting the bus stops that are covered, and the majority were not. And then when you get in the rural areas, it's terrible. And here in Hawaii, there are bus stops that are not covered. So it's not just why not, but it's just one of the things the city hasn't done. So, that's my truth, my truth, of course, what else would I do, but that's one of the things that I think needs to be done. And that is an issue of money, well, we don't have the money to do all this, then have somebody sponsor the bus stop, the Rotary Club or something, you know, they put up little ads and sponsor the bus stop. Yep, I'm with you. There's some simple solutions that are probably cost efficient. They're probably for community empowerment that I have not seen the city pursue. So I do, I do agree with you, there are a lot of things that as a legislator. I'm frustrated because people in our community wanted to help with everything from crosswalks to lights by the crosswalks, the bus stops and the Boy Scouts wanted to get a bombing. There is no lack of desire for the community to want to be a part of making this, you know, this place that we call home special and take care of it, but yeah, there's small things that I think the city could start to do that would alleviate some of those concerns. I think that you are probably the person to lead the charge. You've had more votes in that district than anyone has ever gotten. So I'm sure that you will follow you and do what work with you just these little nitpicking things that I see. I'm sure when you live there you see other things. I'm sure you would whatever you want will do, or whatever they do, you will kind of work with them. Oh, definitely. Yeah, there's definitely people that are just waiting in the in the rafters for me to call and say hey, we have something to do let's all get down the road and clean and everyone shows up so I'm lucky to have a community. And people really wonderful people. That is just a great community. Everybody I've ever met is I don't live there. So I am proud of you. Whatever you did to get more votes out of that community. And that's one of the communities where people say oh they don't vote. Yeah. Yeah, apparently they did. You got more than anyone with new candidates. Well, I mean the people I was I was running against had not helped public office before, obviously with me running for governor. It really was able to kind of bring who I am and what I'm about to more of a platform where people could see it. So I was very fortunate to have a lot of preparatory steps that came before this. And I'm glad you know the saying goes, sometimes God prepares you for things you don't even know you're going to do.  I really did just want to continue to serve my community and I feel very fortunate to be elected to serve them. Now, I remember election night. When you said quite clearly that you would be back. You know, you made it real clear that night. So, I think you did. Yes, yes, I'm back. Yeah, that is wonderful. That is really great. Well, one last thing. How can we serve you. What, what is it that we can do from here. Well, I mean I think staying up on the issues and as well being willing to be that community advocate. I really am trying to encourage people to find that within themselves they have more power than what they think. So I'm a big believer that we shouldn't be fully dependent on our government to take care of us that there's much that we can do for ourselves there's much that we can do for our community. I think that we should empower ourselves to become more active. And so I guess my encouragement is to continue to serve where you are, and continue to be active and be helpful in the communities that you live in because as a whole, it helps all of us. Now, since we said that, would you give us a contact telephone number or mail web page that our listeners, viewers can contact you. Sure. So my website is to pull it for console.com. And you can email me at Andrea, and DRI a at vote to pull it up calm. And I don't have an office number yet at the city council but sooner than later you know you'll have some more official contact info for me. But as far as my campaign those are ways that you can follow me and those are ways that you can get a hold of me. Okay. And the day of the term is January what Well I think that's when you get sworn in but I know but you don't you know what that is. I do not know just know it's January. Yes, it's usually the first Wednesday in January but with this COVID who knows. Yeah, yes. Yeah. Well darling. Thank you so much it's been a pleasure meeting with you as always. And good luck in your newly formed future. And I'm sure the community is loving this. Your community is loving having you. Thank you Marsha and thank you for having me on your show. And we'll see you next time.


Language is important. Over the last few days, we have heard some outlandish descriptions of what's happening to our people from, oh, senseless rioting, destroying things, but no one talked about the lynching by the knee. No one talked about how with impunity, agents of the state who hide behind 10 badges always, always, always get away with murdering black people. And you add that to, you match that up with those who are dying in COVID beds disproportionately to those who have been dying in the streets since we were dragged over here as a result of a felony kidnapping. And it just makes you know that you gotta keep your rage. You gotta keep your rage. You can never let your rage down. I don't even say guard down. I say never let your rage down.


Tarzan of the Eighths, from the novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs, with Mr. James H. Pierce as Tarzan, Miss Joanne Burroughs as Jane Porter. Professor Porter's party posing as powerful medicine men before the cannibals who have captured them escaped from the cave temple where the witch doctor tried to trap them. Meanwhile, Jane Porter has persuaded Tarzan to let her accompany him on his visit to the cannibal crowd in quest of arrows. They're surprised by the blacks and take shelter in a hut. The chief's son shoots a flaming arrow into the hut, setting it on fire. Now, are you ready? Hold your breath. Fazing huts cast a lurid glow over the compound. The blacks leap and yell as they circle the fire trap. At last, they've caught this white devil god of the jungle. Wilder and wilder grows the dance. At last, their gods will be appeased. At last, the rain gods will send the saving rain. Inside the hut, Tarzan and Jane quest back from the opening. The roof above them is a blazing inferno. The heat is intense. Tarzan glances through the opening. The natives are in front, dancing and yelling, waiting for them to make their break for safety. The rows of upraised, glittering spears and pointed arrows show the eight man the futility of any attempt shall leave that way. What? What can we do, my skin? I don't get it. Tarzan does not answer. A quick glance at the roof shows him that in a few seconds it will fall in on them. He grasps the strands tying the pieces of matting through the upright holes, tears some of the matting away and looks outside. The path through the rear of the hut is clear. In a moment, he has the hole big enough to crawl through. But, my skin, should we go that way?  Tarzan forces himself through the break in the hut pulls Jane after him. The crackling, licking, yellow tongues of flame between him and the natives hide him as he crouches low and lifts Jane in his arms. With the speed of a deer, he crosses the clearing to the witch doctor's hut and disappears into the darkness. Now, Jane, no more frightened. But how will we get out of here like this? Oh, if Daddy would come. If the natives come here, we won't be any better off than before. No talk. Black man will come this way. Black man, many black men. Look, Jane, my skin, other hut. Yes, I know. They think that we are still in the burning hut. But, look, in a minute or two, the whole thing will come out. Then they'll know we're not there. This hut? Devil man hut. Devil man come. White skin hill. Yes, yes, white skin. But that won't help us. Sooner or later, they'll come here. Black man, no come. Devil man hut. Look. And Tarzan takes Jane's arm as he points to the heap of skulls laying on the floor of the witch doctor's hut. Oh, you mean that this hut is sacred to the devil man. Only devil man come here. Black man, no come? Yes. Bowman getting no come. Jane lie down. No talk. White skin look. Tarzan kneels behind the matting which covers the opening to the witch doctor's hut. He holds the other hut. Donald's sailors stand helpless. The blacks have completely surrounded their hut and every effort they make to leave is bought by jabs from menacing fears. As the fire hut collapses, the gyrating hideous dancing of the natives becomes more frenzied. Their shouts and yells carry to the jungles where Professor Porter, Clayton, Philander and Dono are breaking through the trail with all the speed at their command. We have our friends. The witch doctor's blank for this. If I lay a hand on him, you'll certainly give me a great deal of pleasure to break his filthy neck. You're right, Clayton. Although I'm not in favor of an extreme violence, in this case, I hope we'll be in time to save Jane from any harm with their hands. Yes, we will. Let us hope this white devil god is really what they want. And if they have caught him, as the message said, he will occupy their minds till we get there. From now on, I'll never trust another black, not any farther than I can see him. Look, look. Do I see flames? Just a sacrificial fire, I think, Professor. No, no, monsieur. That is not the fire at the altar. Come, hurry. That is the hut. I am sure of it. Look, there's the witch doctor. Exhorting the natives to something, rather. Can you tell what the natives were shouting about down there? Oh, yes.  Jane! Jane! In that, I can't believe... Impossible. There's no sign of anyone having been burned to death there. You're right, Clayton. Come, Professor. Jane was never in that hut when it burned. Do not say a thing, monsieur, as long as the natives believe that they have perished. Well, the natives can't understand what we're saying. They may know perhaps not, but they can understand your attitude. I am going to the witch doctor. Sir, but, Donald! Donald, can't we do something? Search the hut or something? That would be fatal, monsieur. If you search the hut, what will you buy? Why, my being of course. But, yes, monsieur. And lead the natives directly to her hiding place? Oh, no, monsieur. Let me try to keep the witch doctor's attention from whatever might lead him to suspect that Jane and the white devil god have escaped. I don't think you can, Donald. Look at him now. He knows that they have escaped. Coupa! Anna! Aina! Mende Nadelle! Menge! Menge! He said that the white memsab was in there, but that she must have escaped. She said more than that, didn't she? She said that his magic was more powerful than ours. That it was his magic that brought the devil god here. Hey, Donald! I have an idea. Yes, Clayton. Be careful, Clayton. The witch doctor is near, you know. What is your idea, monsieur Clayton? If the witch doctor is going to claim the credit, then let's feed him to it and go and see the chief. I must see Clayton. I don't quite understand you. We must get to the chief first. Tell him that it was our magic, the magic we made at the cave that brought the devil god here. We might possibly do it, monsieur. At least it is worth a trial. And furthermore, if we can put that idea over, we can tell the chief that any interference with our future plans will result in some terrible disaster. That, Clayton, is an excellent suggestion. But we should hurry. I dislike very much the thought of leaving here. But Professor, Jane is obviously not here. I suppose you're right, Clayton. Quickly, monsieur. The witch doctor is watching. The witch doctor eyes Clayton with venomous hatred. Instinctively, he feels that the tall man is to be feared. Clayton watches the black as he follows them towards the chief. Clayton turns suddenly, but the witch doctor sensing the move runs rapidly ahead of them. In the witch doctor's hut, Jane lies on the floor while Tarzan kneels motionless by the door. Right, sir. Don't you think? Can't we leave? Let's try to get to father and step up. Tarzan motions to Jane to lie quiet. The eight man's eyes are fixed on the witch doctor. He knows that if the witch doctor comes to the hut, then the witch doctor will have to be killed swiftly and quietly else the whole tribe will swoop down upon them. Jane, ready? Little more. Biceon. Jane. Go quick.  I can't join me like father in this terrible village. Oh, of course you can't understand. You don't know what it means. How did I expect you to know how I feel? Tarzan shakes his head. He knows that for either Jane or himself to be seen means death. A horrible, lingering death. Hours of torture proceeding the end. He turns to Jane. Biceon. Jane. Go quick now. Biceon, come back. Take father. Tarzan looks for the chief hut. He sees Darno gesticulating and arguing with the chief. Now the witch doctor steps forward and tells the chief that it is his medicine that dures the white devil god to the crowd. The natives, satisfied by now that Tarzan and Jane were not in the still smoldering hut, shout to the witch doctor to produce them. Again, Darno steps forward and warns the witch doctor that to interfere with the white band's magic means a terrible and devastating punishment.  It's for them that if the white devil god could escape from the fire, the witch doctor's magic could not hold him. Almost looks as if you put it over. The chief is plainly puzzled. Oh, look, if I only knew what had happened, if Jane had escaped, would she still be here? Tarzan, keep those guys. Sorry. Who told you? I'm not a dollar. What? What did he say? He said if the chief would wait till he got the lion headdress out of his hut, he would shore them on grand big medicine. Tell him if he fails to produce the devil god, we will sacrifice him. Please. Love, Belander. But it may make him hesitate. It may turn the whole thing over to us. Sorry. Sorry. That's all. It's over. See our area. He says he is now going to consult the spirit that dwells in his hut. Tarzan tenses his muscles as he sees the witch doctor coming toward him. Quickly, he motions for Jane to be ready. The black grotesque in his hideous garb of leopard skin, thickly doved with paint, draws closer to the hut. The witch doctor stops. Something has made him suspicious. He moves cautiously in a half circle. Now he sees into the hut. Black devil god is in his hut. Can Jane and Tarzan escape the fury of the cannibals again, even if Professor Porter Philander, Clayton and Darno are considered as miracle men by the blacks?


The BC Libraries site, library.bc.edu, is your doorway to millions of potential sources. This video will show you the three most useful entry points on library.bc.edu, and pathways to finding sources from those entry points. Here are the three entry points. One, the main search bar, which leads to books, many articles, and potentially helpful web pages. Two, the Get Help link, which leads to 24-7 chat, email a librarian, the FAQ, and useful phone numbers. Three, this link to research guides, which are the treasure maps to over 700 databases and many other useful resources. The main search bar is a good place to begin searching. Suppose you want to research differences in health outcomes across race and class. If you don't already know an author name or book title, just start with your research topic, or some part of it. Use only a few words. The more words you use, the fewer results you'll get. First, you'll get a preview of results, including books, articles, and our website's best guesses about FAQ answers and web pages that might help. We'll return to the article search a little later. To see more books and more results, click on See All Items. You could scroll through the whole Books and More Results list, but that would be a lot to scroll through. Use limiters on the right to reduce the results to certain material types, subjects, or authors, among other options. To limit to eBooks, for instance, under Material Type, click eBooks. For more details about finding books, see the video Finding Books in the Catalog. Or you can limit your search to online content from the start. Careful, though, this could eliminate half or more of your total results. Here's a quick tip about searching. As you look through results for individual sources, also focus broadly on the titles, subject terms, and descriptions, both to learn more about the topic and to collect terms to use in more searches. Relevant titles might have even more useful language in the detailed description. Click on a title to expand it and note the subject terms and terms in the summary that you might use as keywords. To keep track of a title you might use as a source, log in and save it to your Favorites with the pushpin icon. Click to see your Favorites where you can even organize your sources into folders. If you're interested in articles, go back to the Preview page. Note how many articles there are. Because this list combines searches of many of our databases at once, the number and variety of articles can be overwhelming. Use limiters to reduce the list to more relevant articles. For more targeted searches of articles, we recommend using individual databases. To learn more about that, watch the Finding Articles with Databases video. We don't expect you to know how to do all this on your own. Use the Get Help menu to contact librarians via 24-7 chat, email, or phone. You can also access chat from many library web pages from the tab on the right. Chat is staffed by BC librarians 9 a.m. to 10 p.m. Monday through Thursday, 9 to 5 Friday, and 11 to 7 Saturday and Sunday. At other times, a chat service provides help. Use email if you're not sure who to contact. Staff will forward your email to the expert who can answer your question. If you prefer self-help, try the FAQ for policies and tips. Research guides are the secret treasure maps to BC library's resources. They're created by BC librarians and arranged by BC's major academic subjects. Think about which academic subject might have a useful perspective on your topic. If you were interested in, for instance, racial disparities of wealth, there could be relevant perspectives offered by scholars of business, history, political science, or sociology, among other fields. Click one, and you'll find links to more guides, article databases, and other resources like newspaper collections, streaming videos, and tips for searching. There are also help guides on many non-subject-related topics. Here you can find more videos like this one, and help with citing sources, finding newspapers, identifying scholarly sources, or automating citation with Zotero, and again, many, many others. Always remember, librarians are here to help you. Contact us via the Get Help link for individual help with any library question. Hope to hear from you soon.


Hello, my name is Aisha Rai and I'm studying advertising and digital marketing communication year two. My name is Rehan Sharraf. I study advertising and digital marketing communication and I'm in year two undergrad. I decided to apply to student agency because it was a great opportunity for me to experience and also I was interested in how real agency work. The reason why I apply for the student agency is because it gave me the experience in what it's like to work in an agency, how it would be like to work in a team and understand the clients wants and needs. It gives me the confidence to leave university and to be ready to work in a real-life work environment. And as I take risks that hesitate in what you can't do because it will restrict you to what you would apply to. What I learned from the agency is working in a team especially when there were like people who are in different year. I would highly recommend them to join or being part of the agency because it really helps you to gain an experience. You know building your personal skills in professional levels or just you know how to talk with people more and communicating with them really professionally. What I have learned while working in a student agency is many technical and soft skills such as teamwork, organisation and also it was very helpful working with the mentor because they gave us the soft skills and knowledge in how to deal and work with clients to get a better result and achieve what both the team and the client want.


Breakfast is widely touted as not only the most important meal of the day in general, but specifically in relation to weight loss. This is not just a pop culture prescription from checkout aisle magazines, but an idea put forward by prestigious institutions such as Johns Hopkins, NYU, Mayo Clinic, even the United States Surgeon General. Want to trim your waist? Read a headline, American Dietetic Association, and try eating breakfast. Referring to breakfast as perhaps the best-kept weight-trimming secret. But is it true? The Duke School of Medicine's health newsletter was skeptical. It's always been billed as the most important meal of the day, until now. While it's widely presumed that eating breakfast protects against obesity, the belief is held up as a poster child of biased distortion of the scientific record. No one can argue that there is an association between body weight and breakfast. Studies have shown that obesity and breakfast skipping tend to go together beyond a shadow of the doubt. In fact, gratuitously so. By 1998, we already had what might be considered strong evidence of an association between breakfast skipping and obesity, but researchers continued to repeat such studies to the point of ridiculousness. This meta-analysis found that by 2011, the combined p-value had reached 10 to the negative 42. Okay, what does that mean? Why is that ridiculous? In science, p-value refers to the chance of getting a result that extreme if in fact there really was no such effect. How small a chance is 10 to the negative 42? This is how small that number is. In other words, the probability that the association between obesity and breakfast skipping was just a fluke is less than the chances of winning the lottery not once, but five times in a row and then subsequently getting struck and killed by lightning. Okay, so the association between breakfast skipping and obesity is indeed beyond question. We know the association is true. People who skip breakfast are more likely to be overweight. That's beyond a shadow of the doubt. The question, though, is whether that ironclad relationship between breakfast skipping and obesity is actually cause and effect to illustrate the difference between correlation and causation. Let me share an example of the manipulation of science by the candy industry. The National Confectioners Association have the gall to warn parents that restricting candy may make their children fat. They justify this outlandish claim with this study that they funded, of course, that show that candy-consuming children and adolescents were significantly less likely to be overweight and obese. The industry-funded research has gone on to imply that this exonerates candy, but what's more likely? That cutting down on candy led to obesity, or rather that obesity led to the cutting down on candy. In other words, the lower candy consumption may reflect the consequences of obesity, not the cause. His parents of obese children try to restrict treats. Similarly, the finding that those who skip breakfast tend to be heavier is equivalent to saying that those who are heavier tend to skip breakfast. It doesn't seem to be more likely that overweight individuals might just be skipping breakfast in an effort to eat less rather than eating fewer meals, somehow leading to weight gain. Now it's possible that skipping breakfast could slow your metabolism or cause you to overeat so much later in the day that you'd gain weight, but you can't know for sure until you put it to the test. Sometimes randomized controlled trials are infeasible, impossible, or unethical. I mean, to test to see if parachutes save lives, you can't exactly boot half the people off a plane without them, but you could easily randomize people to eat breakfast or not and just see what happens. And it turns out eating breakfast does not seem to affect your metabolism, or sufficiently suppress your appetite. Most studies, 95%, found that eating breakfast tends to lead to the same or greater caloric intake over the day. Even when people ate more at lunch after skipping breakfast, I mean, they didn't tend to eat an entire breakfast worth of calories more and so ended up eating fewer calories overall. For example, feed people about 500 calorie breakfast and at lunch they may eat about 150 calories less than those randomized to skip breakfast, but they would still end up with about a 350 calorie surplus over the breakfast skippers. Does this then translate into weight gain over time? Researchers at Brigham Young University randomized 49 women who habitually skip breakfast to either start eating breakfast or continue skipping. If breakfast somehow magically leads to weight loss, then the newly eating breakfast group should benefit. But no, compared to those who continued to skip breakfast, adding the extra meal led to hundreds more daily calories consumed and nearly a half a pound of weight gain a week. If you already eat breakfast and start skipping it, will you lose weight? We'll find out next.


An exploratory pilot descriptive research study was conducted in rural counties of Henry and Glades, Florida, exploring parental knowledge and hesitancy towards HPV vaccination among parents, caregivers with children aged 9 to 13. Using quantitative methods, we evaluated their knowledge, feelings and beliefs about HPV vaccination, including vaccination prevalence and correlates. Our measures included the parental HPV survey with a chron batch as alpha of 0.96. Results reveal that 26% of parents showed caution due to stigma around vaccination while attributing low levels of knowledge about HPV vaccination. 80% had a persistent belief that HPV vaccination could leave their child sterile, perpetuating hesitancy. Parents with a high school education or less and conservative religious affiliation did not decline HPV vaccination. To increase HPV vaccine knowledge and decrease hesitancy, interventions such as increasing public education with community input and a focus on cultural norms in each specific rural community among parents and providers are needed. This article was authored by Tammy L. Thomas, Michelle Caldera and Jeffrey Mauer. We are article.tv, links in the description below.