Hey Virgo, this is Kelly from House of Virgo. I'm going to do your reading for the week of February 26th through March 3rd. If you would like to get a personal reading, there is a link in the description box below this video. I do offer, I'm offering text message readings now. Also, you can become a member of my channel, $2.99 per month. And yeah, let's get into your reading and see what messages are showing up for the week. One second here. And welcome to all of the new members. Okay, Virgo. So you're starting with the snake, competition, enemy, clever. Looking over your shoulder, the other woman, or the other guy. Heartbroken and twin claim. Okay. So interesting, Virgo.  Someone maybe you sank or saw it was your twin flame. There may be a third party involved in this situation. And let's see. Let's take a look here. Graving morning, the loss of a relationship. Okay. So it looks like someone is communicating with another person. Either you are telling someone you're not interested in a relationship, or you're not interested in someone that's sneaky and lying and deceptive. Yeah. Okay. Virgo, you know, I feel like this person, maybe it's a karmic twin. There's something about you and we'll figure out who it is as we keep going. But there's something about you and another person that there's a there's definitely a familiarity between you and this person. Or there was some kind of union or something.  I feel like Virgo, this week, you're telling someone, you know, like very assertive with a lot of passion that you can't have you can't grow and build with someone at all.  There's a lack of trust and boundary here. Okay. Yeah. So it looks like you're coming to a final decision this week about a particular person. Could be a water, well, could be a water sign. It could be, I was going to say air sign, could be a fire sign.  You don't want anything to do with it. You recognize you see a snake in your life somewhere this week and you just they're like someone is malicious. So there's like, you don't want to compete with their third party kind of energy.   You've got boundaries up. You're making a decision. You're not communicating with this person except to tell them that they're a snake and they can go slither around in someone else's garden, perhaps. Okay. Hmm. All right. Heartbroken. So the moon could be a Pisces. Let's take a look here. Could be an earth sign. This person is definitely going to be pretty sad about the ending. Oh, well, too freaking bad. You know what I mean? It could be an earth sign. They're going to be like pretty upset about it. Let me see. Why is the moon here, though? Oh, they're just saying that this person is not going to reveal their how they feel about it. They might respond to you like, okay, sorry, sorry, feel that way, which is such a shitty thing to say to somebody. You know, it's like, what the heck? Sorry, you feel that way. That's just indicative of someone who's really not that invested. Yeah, they're going to show apathy.   I have to tell you, like, I feel like they'll just look at their other options and just say, okay, I'm single. This person, if this is somebody that you're dealing with, this person was not invested. If they were sneaking around, they are not invested at all because they're having their cake and eating it too. I know this is not the greatest way to start off the week, but it feels to me like, if you are kind of hymn and haunt and are on the fence about someone, you need to definitely, and you know, this person's a snake or they bring doubt or there's a lack of understanding or clarity with this relationship, it's time to go. You know, it looks like, whether it's a twin flame or not, I mean, it doesn't matter because if somebody is sneaking around or is trying to act as if there's something more than there is, they're actually an enemy of yours if they are, you know, messing around behind the scenes. Okay, so I feel like, yeah, sure, deep inside they're gonna be heartbroken or sad, but it's more so about themselves because either they get caught or they can't keep doing what they're doing, like they can't have their cake and eat it too, Burgona. It looks like for you, it's like, that's your energy this week.  Yeah, so that's what I kind of feel like your energy is. So your twin flame is gonna be stalking you.  Like in other words, could it just possibly be that Virgo's like, Virgo doesn't want to be in a third party or have to compete with others, but this person is like, oh, that's not the reason Virgo is ending, they're breaking up or, you know, blocking me because they're juggling others. It's so insecure. It's like seriously so insecure. All right, let's see. Yeah, the chariot. Oh yeah, Virgo's trying to have something with somebody else. Trying to do right for themselves. This person, Virgo, get him out of there. Strike him out. This person is totally not worth it. And it could be Libra, it could be a cancer, Virgo Taurus Capricorn. But you know what? I feel like this person is not gonna like fully let you go.  In their mind, what they're doing is okay. But they're also gonna be watching you to see if you're gonna have someone else that way, they can just tell everything, well, tell everybody else if anybody asks, or at least tell themselves that you left because of somebody else. When the truth seems to be that no, Virgo looks like you're in and something this week because of sneaky behavior, because of somebody who is not a true, like not a benefit to you, who doesn't have good intentions, that they're clever and shifty, like a shape shifter, be a narcissist, Virgo, you could be dealing with a heavy duty narc, or someone who's just really high on the narc spectrum with traits. Alright, let me see, Virgo, let's take a look more you. Oh, good. Yeah, you definitely get a wake up call this week. You bring down the hammer, the gavel on someone here, on the situation, on a relationship. Yeah, Virgo's like, you're, you're like Satan, not today Satan. Yeah, Virgo. So I feel like we have Capricorn and Scorpio here. So I feel like this week, Virgo, you're pretty much like, and I'm not saying that there was if you know that the person that you've been dealing with is actually sleeping with other people, fine. But if you just get a sense that they're emotional cheating or doing things, and this is for those of you that are in some type of relationship, like if you're completely single, and you don't have anybody in your life, this might not be for you. But if there's somebody in your life that you're just kind of like their sketch, something's wrong, something's not right. They're, they're not acting like someone who is loyal and committed to only you. And they are maybe not responding to messages in a timely fashion. They're inconsistent. They're very unstable. They tend to block or deflect. If you're dealing with someone like that, like this person might be very avoidant, come across as very avoidant. And that might not be the case at all. They could be extremely codependent, but they avoid you when they're chasing somebody else that could be happening too. Right? Maybe they're born in the year of the snake. But you get a wake up call this this week. And I feel like your wake up call comes in the form of this person is obsessive. They are like some kind of sexual deviant, or they have like they're into dark arts or dark magic of some sort.    And maybe even realizing, yeah, you did the right thing to end this connection here. I just saw yeah, 10 of swords.  There's a little cognitive dissonance, like this person comes across so sweet. And they see but then they act differently. Like this person, their actions and words don't match up. And so maybe you were a bit confused. If you've been dealing with this, but it looks like this week, you're like, No, not confused anymore. This is what they are. You are what you are. They could be somebody that like kind of shows up like a wolf in sheep's clothing, you know how this is like the ram looks kind of like a ram, which would be a sheep like a wolf in sheep's clothing. You see them, you see them for what they are this week or ago. And you set yourself free here by surrendering like pick a lane, you pick you pick a lane, you just decide, you can do better. Let's see if anything new coming in for you this week or ago. Got the high priestess. So this week it's like, No, you're just kind of grieving in silence. Yeah, you're going to have your moments here Virgo where it's like, but I'm hearing they're giving me the phrase never let them see you sweat. So I feel like if you are wind up grieving this loss or you're heartbroken this week.  Don't let anybody of anyone who's not worthy to know that you are going through it. You know, don't put it out there to the public. You know, you can share with people who are close to you or whomever to get through your process of letting go or feeling sad. You might feel a bit of regret or remorse. You might doubt yourself. You'll have times of that in this grieving thing but the message here is to just kind of keep it to yourself as far as like don't put it out there to the world. Oh, you do have a native cup. So I do feel like there will be love coming in though. For sure. So now I will say that some of you might be grieving this. It could have been someone who was like, I'm picking up Pisces entity. It could be somebody who, you know, calms in with that love bombing kind of thing. Maybe you kind of go through the motion of grieving the fact that you fell for it. Perhaps not once, not twice, maybe three or four or five times. Going through that process as well. But I do feel like this heartbreak that you're going through. There's there's there's something nice coming in as you're as you're dealing with a three of swords energy here. Somebody comes in, you get some like good, somebody comes in to talk to you. See this card, this card is always my like, narc card. Okay, this is someone who is like, they just they they just get off on hurting other people. Like they're very smug about it. See how he's holding the three swords there.  Everyone just is just not good. And I feel like somebody comes in and you have a conversation. So there's some like loving support or even it could be someone romantic comes in. And it's kind of like, yeah, that's like, how can I say this? You sit down with a friend or you sit down with someone that, you know, or you talk to someone who's like, yeah, this is that person you were dealing with is is an abuser. But there's something here about like this night of cups this this something romantic occurs. Okay. Let's see. Somebody comes in and brings you the medicine Virgo. All right. Yes, comes in and brings you. Oh yeah. Okay, Virgo. So you know, out with the old and with the new Virgo, I feel like when you have an awakening here about someone that snake energy, that devil card, when you have an awakening here about someone like that is the crossover. That's the contract has been signed and filled and it's done. As soon as that happens, Virgo, you make a love connection for sure. But I feel like maybe for some of you love hasn't come in because your energy may have been put too much on another person on this other this snakey energy or this perhaps false twin flame. Or maybe you spent a lot of time, you know, ruminating about this person and just kept you closed off to making a beautiful connection with another person. I feel like the minute that judgment card pops up here when it did, I feel like once you get that like knock on the head, like whoa, hello McFly, wake the f up. As soon as you as soon as that happens and you confirm it to yourself and you're like now I'm done. I'm out. Later. Adios. Stay away from me. Not doing it anymore. And you just shift your energy. Then you you have a connection that that starts to blossom here with another person could be another earth sign. Yes, Virgo. So all is not lost. This is how I feel. And I feel like it's a week for you to kind of like really just make a decision here, which I see you doing. Okay.  But I feel like this is more about you choosing a lane, you know, and making a decision about what this, even if you don't know what this person is like, just selfish. If you just are like, you know what, they're just selfish. It's all about them.  You make that decision and agree with the decision you make. That's when you can finally move on instead of staying stuck in some kind of like, you know, this, this can be a card of stagnancy. And I feel like something you may have felt or you may feel like you're stuck in something. Oh, Virgo, I'm telling you that somebody here is very devilish and sneaky and malicious. And if you feel like you're in a relationship where you have to keep looking over your shoulder or you have to keep questioning or wondering what someone is doing or you got to search and things like that, then that should just right there tell you that this isn't the one for you. This isn't the person you need to be wasting your time on or spending your time on. Because anyone who is truly wanting to be with you and loves you and feels that you're for them, they won't put themselves in a position to lose you because they would be so grateful and would want to stay connected to you. And there won't be any doubt.  And for a long period of time, not just during initial stages, it will just continue. Selfish people don't behave that way. And this person who's very malicious, they do things on purpose to get your, either they test you or they do things on purpose to get your goat, you know what I mean, to see how you react to something. And that's not what we do when we really love someone. We just love them. It's very simple. Love is not complicated. You know, Virgo, so I kind of feel like this week is really just taking a look at a relationship that's not suiting you. And you know, like I say, always in my readings, it doesn't have to be romantic. This could be a friend, a very close friend who's just sneaky and sneaky, or a family member, whatever your situation is. You know, like I said, if it is romantic and it's not resonating, it's okay. It's going to come back tomorrow. There'll be another message. But there's something here for you. Okay. This is pretty much it. You've been in denial about a twin flame connection. You've been thinking it's a twin flame, perhaps, because of the similarities. But you have to understand, snakes are like that, right? They can morph and be whatever you want, whatever they think you're going to believe. Do you know what I mean? You might have been in denial or you're in denial and it's time for you to attach with love to clearly see the truth about this twin flame connection, because you may have felt like it was a divine counterpart connection for you. But it's not if it comes with extreme pain or confusion. And I always like to say, the devil is the master of confusion. God is not. So I feel like you make a connection, though, this week with someone, a mutual, some, okay, love is protected.  You will be protected this week from bad juju or bad energy. But I feel like you make a connection with someone this week. Who's your equal? There's a mutual understanding. You might connect with someone who's going through the same thing and is very supportive and loving towards you, whether it turns into a romantic thing or it's just a friendship. You have like a buddy. I see like a buddy that is, and this person's going to be your soulmate. You know, I saw this thing last night. I was looking, I guess it's this thing that's going around on TikTok. Maybe it already has. I don't know. I'm always late to the party. But it was, if you match up, you can, so if there's a person in your life, right, you put in your birth date. You go, it's called moon phase. It's a website moon phase. Something like that. You could look it up. I don't know if it's .com or moonphase.com slash UK. But anyway, so you go to this website, you put in your birth date, you put in the other person's birth date, and the phase that your moon, both of your moons were in matches to tell you if you guys are soulmates or not. It's pretty cool. Now look, I don't know how legit it is, but I don't know. I just felt like I needed to tell you that because whoever this new person is that's showing up here is a soulmate for you. I don't feel like the one, the snake, I feel like this sneaky person showed up in a soulmate costume or a twin fling costume, I should say. They mimicked you, but they did it on purpose to get whatever they needed to get from you. This soulmate comes unadulterated. There's no sneakiness. There's nothing with this person coming in that you'll be making a new person that you're making a connection. The two of cups is new love. So there's nothing, this person comes as they are, who they are, and they're not coming in to try to trick you or anything like that. You know, I like it. I like it. So there's a good news for that. And listen, I, when you've been in a difficult relationship with someone that could have like narcissists and tendencies and things like that, it's always important to, the first step is you have to remove yourself from that relationship. That's the first step, not stay in it and try to battle it because you won't win. You have to remove yourself from it and let the dust settle, gain clarity, work every day to try to just keep reminding yourself of this, whatever the situation is, and that the person is just selfish. And I don't think you need to take like six years to be on your own. You can form healthy relationships after this now, but it's important that you do the self-care as you, you know, if you get involved with somebody else, it's important that you do the self-care. Okay, because I feel like when someone comes in, listen, when someone comes in new after you've been in a very difficult relationship and this person comes in a completely different energy where there's unconditional love, respect, acceptance, you're not going to get triggered. Do you know what I mean? And I feel like you're going to be like, oh, this is what it should be like. So you're not, I don't feel like you need to keep yourself completely in hermit mode in reverse, where you're isolated from love. Because then that, that snake person really, that's the message that they got over on you. No. Get, you know, pick yourself up and move on to the next. Don't waste your time. This, this other person is just unavailable to give, to meet your needs or give you all that you deserve. A new opportunity showing up here, this new love, is a good thing. It looks like. But you know, at the end of the day, when you click off the reading, you still need to be able to discern that. But I'm telling you, when it's the right person, everything's going to feel right. And for consistent, consistently long time, it won't just be only for a few months. Okay. Yeah. So rejection is divine protection. So I feel like the master, the master, the message here is the reason something is not working out here with this person, this snake person is because it's not meant to because you're protected. Do you know what I mean?  So mastery, you've learned the spiritual lesson. So the lesson here, Virgo, is you having this awakening and just realizing, you know what, if it walks like a duck, talks like a duck or quacks like a duck, it's a duck. Okay. If I ever saw a duck that talked, let me tell you what, this channel would not exist. We'd be doing all new videos on quacking, talking ducks. So I feel like your message here, Virgo, is pretty straightforward for this week, you know. And I feel like the reason why it's coming out like this is because it should be first priority. Because when you're in a relationship with someone who has that snake energy, that trickles down and affects all other areas of your life. Okay.   They're going to stay like that. They're not going to change. And they're, and you might think that you're special and you are Virgo, but to this person you're not. And I think it's important that you understand that. And I hate to say it that way, but it's a hard cold truth. This person, the only person that's the most important person to them is them. So they're very opportunistic with the snake here. They, whatever great things you do, they compete with you. They're very clever. And yeah, could there be other people in their life, other suitors? Yes. Do they try to make it known perhaps to get you to compete, testing you? Oh, let's get away from this. So Chinese signs that we're starting with you or this person near the rooster, near the goat, near the monkey. I feel like, okay, near the dragon, near the ox, near the pig. There's rooster again, double roosters, near the horse, and near the dog. Okay, that could be you. It could be the snake person. It could also be the new person. You'll just have to see how it fits. Okay, let's get some initials. Alright, somebody's birthday is December 14th, they just said. So that would be a sadge. September 22nd, we have 1983, 1987, the initial T, someone is 51. We have the letter A, I'm hearing Tara. September 10th, someone is 46, someone is 33. Okay, the letter E, someone's name is Tay, or someone likes tea, or likes to eat. August 27th, 1980. Did I say someone is 33? Okay, September 3rd, someone, oh, first it was 56, then 57, so we have two different ages there. The letter F, someone's name is Faye. August 31st, okay, two As, and the letter D, and just her Darren, or Darryl. Alright, let's see who the new person coming in, what their zodiac sign could be. Leo, Scorpio, double Leo, and Aries. Capricorn, Sagittarius, Taurus. We have two Capricorn there. Pisces, Taurus, Aries, Pisces again. Alright, let's get a couple of charms, you guys.  Straight off the bat. That girl is poison. Girl or guy, okay. Skull and Crossroads, Crossbones.  Yep, it's poison to your soul, whoever you're dealing with here. And you also have some you need to like call on the Lord, call on the Lord. Praise Jesus. Help me out. Get me through this. Definitely. Oh, that looks actually like an alien on a cross. Okay, weird. Yeah, Virgo, so short to the point. Not necessarily sweet, but truthful. Okay, there was one more charm that they're giving you here. And I just saw, I have a dragon. So this person could be born in the year of the dragon, or a dragon is significant to someone. It looks like a Chinese dragon, sort of, but I guess most dragons do. But yeah, dragon. Alright, you guys, I'm gonna leave that there. I hope that you get the inspiration, the insight. I hope that you receive some confirmation here if you are dealing with a snake, a rat, some kind of sneaky behavior that you cut that off and move on. If it's any consolation to you, Virgo, you're not going to be left out in the cold. You're not going to be alone. There's other people who support you. And there will be a romantic thing developing with someone, perhaps a friend, or someone that's understanding. I mean, like, so you're not going to be alone. All right, keep it. I'm going to keep it there with that. Because if that's something where you're getting, deciding to leave a relationship because it was too horrific, the worst thing to do is like, put yourself in a position to be isolated. And then that's even worse. Because then you set yourself up to like, possibly even return to someone. This is more about you making that slow transition to let go, cut it off, be done, or just block, not respond, not talk to someone, just be over it. You don't owe anybody an explanation. You don't owe this person an explanation. Let me just make that point blank clear. Whatever, if someone's treating you like dirt, you owe them nothing. Nothing.  It's a snake. You know what I mean? It's like that story of like, I don't know, was like an alligator and a frog got on the alligator's back to give it a lift, to give it a ride across the river. And then the alligator bit the frog and the frog was like, why did you bite me? I thought you were helping me out. Well, you knew I was an alligator, didn't you? So if you don't know this person's a snake and you have a sense about it, confirm it to yourself and then move on. Right, I'm going to leave that there for you. I hope you enjoyed that again. If you want a personal reading, if you have our dealing with something like this, definitely book a reading with me. I'll be more than happy to help walk you through some type of situation like this that you need help getting through. Yeah. All right, you guys have a fantastic week and I'll see you all back here very soon. Take care. Bye. Hey, you guys, thank you so much for watching my readings. If you'd like to get a personal reading, please feel free to click the link in the description box below to go ahead and follow that link of book you're reading. Please remember to book, subscribe, like, do all the great things.  Thank you. Bye.


Ladies and gentlemen, the Railroad Hour. Here comes our star-studded show train. Tonight, the Association of American Railroads presents a new musical version of the great Edward Everett Hale story, The Man Without a Country, starring Gordon MacRae and his famous guest Dorothy Warren Show. Our choir is under the direction of Norman Lubov, and our music is prepared and conducted by Carmen Dragon.  And now, here is our star, Gordon MacRae. Thank you, Marvin, and good evening, ladies and gentlemen. For an Independence Day special, Dorothy Warren Show and I bring you our musical impression of Edward Everett Hale's famous story, The Man Without a Country. The time is the turn of the century, the century and a half ago. Thomas Jefferson is President of the United States, and there are 17 stars in the Star-Spangled Banner. Our story begins in New Orleans, Louisiana. There's a party going on at the home of the Territorial Governor. All right, everybody, cheer for your partner! My dear lady, will you be my partner? I beg your pardon, sir. I don't even know you. You think of a better way to get acquainted? Hard and swing! Hard and swing! Balance off! Back to your partners! Back to your partners! All promenade! Oh, you know what else to do, just skip to my loo, my darlin'! Skip, skip, skip to my loo. Skip, skip, skip to my loo. Skip, skip, skip to my loo. Skip to my loo. Skip to my darlin'! Yeah, perky-deedle-dy-do. Perky! Oh, that was delightful. Thank you for the dance, my dear lady. I am not your dear lady. We haven't even been introduced. Easily remedied. I am Philip Nolan, Lieutenant Army of the United States. And you? Lieutenant Nolan, this is not the least bit proper. Not even for a soldier far from home and lonely for a woman's smile? Oh, won't you lend me the sound of your name for just a moment? I'll give it right back to you. My name is Nancy Montgomery. Ah, Miss Montgomery. Would you do me the honor to be my partner in a different temple? Uh, as a favor to an old friend. Why, Lieutenant Nolan, we'd become old friends so suddenly. Mr. Nolan, sir. Yes, Colonel? I have been observing your attentions to my niece, Miss Montgomery. Please, Uncle Frank. Lieutenant, while you remain under my command, I must ask you not to see my niece. May I ask why, Colonel? Are you accustomed to questioning the orders of your superiors, Mr. Nolan? No, sir. You, uh, you will excuse me. Please, Miss Montgomery. Why did you treat him like that, Uncle Frank? I don't want you to see that young Lieutenant. You are not my commanding officer. I demand to know why. Very well.  I don't believe it. Ladies and gentlemen, you will all join in singing the praise and prosperity of these great and growing United States. We may not be true. I watched him, Uncle Frank, as he sang the anthem.  We may know soon, my child, very soon. Why am I called before this court, Marshal? Lieutenant Nolan, are you acquainted with a Louisiana land-holder named Aaron Burr? Is it a crime to be a friend of the Vice President of the United States, sir? Ex Vice President. Aaron Burr is now under arrest for treason against these United States. What? You have been very close to Aaron Burr, perhaps even a partner in his conspiracy. Conspiracy? To seize Louisiana and secede from the United States to make a new empire with Burr as king or emperor.  General Burr fought for independence. He has served the nation well. And this is how his country rewards him. Lieutenant Nolan, do you owe a deep loyalty to your friend and to your country? The United States, sir, is ungrateful. You pass judgment on the United States. The United States passes judgment on Aaron Burr. And falsely... If you were to choose between Aaron Burr and the United States, I say curse the United States. I never wish to hear the name of the United States again. Mr. Nolan, it is possible that this court may grant you that wish. What will happen to him? Put him out of your thoughts, Nancy. He's not to die.  Lieutenant Phillip Nolan passed his own sentence on himself. I don't think you will ever see him again. Welcome aboard the intrepid, Mr. Nolan. Thank you, Captain. There seems to have been some mistake in the issuing of my uniform. These buttons are plain. They don't have the seal of the United States, sir. It was our impression, Mr. Nolan, that you did not wish to be reminded of that country. Oh, now really, sir? They don't mean to carry out that ridiculous sentence. I have explicit orders, Lieutenant. You are never to hear the name of your native country or see its shores or hear news of what is happening there. Why? Why, that's preposterous. Am I never to see the United States again? Never to receive news from home or from loved ones? And long some sins I crossed the hill and o'er the moor and valley. And nearly away won't travel doubting, clearing why this cost is serious. Such heavy thoughts my heart to fill since parting with my Nancy. But now I'm bound to sell the seas. May heaven's favor send me safely back on their knees. Just a moment to act, too, of the man without a country. Perhaps you've heard it said, you don't make milk by stinting on the feed. Well, this familiar old saying applies to business as well as to farming. For you must continuously feed investment into plant and equipment in order for a business to grow and to improve its products and services. And this applies especially to regulated industries like the railroads, as was pointed out by Secretary of Commerce Sinclair Weeks, who said in an address recently, and I quote, if the regulated industries are to render their full services to the nation, it is my judgment that the regulatory bodies must allow earnings adequate to attract and support the equity capital they can use effectively for economies, improvement and growth, end of quote. Important as investments are in making possible better railroad service to the nation. The railroads in short have not found it possible to attract all the equity capital they could use effectively to this end. The reason is their generally low earnings, which for more than 30 years have averaged less than 4% on their net investment. Nevertheless, by drawing heavily on their reserves and by sharply increasing their obligations for the purchase of equipment on the installment plan, the railroads have put into service since the end of World War II more than 500,000 freight cars and almost 18,000 new diesel electric locomotive units. For these and many other improvements, they have spent more than $8 billion in the post-war years. Yes, great things have been done by our American railroads, and greater things are yet to be done. If only there is opportunity to earn the rewards of inventiveness and the courage it takes to risk great sums for future improvements. This means allowing the railroads a chance to realize adequate earnings. For as Secretary Weeks reminds us, you don't make milk by stinting on the feed. Now here is act two of the new Lawrence and Lee version of The Man Without a Country starring Gordon MacGray as Philip Nolan and Dorothy Warren-Schole as Nancy Montgomery. My dear Miss Montgomery, I am riding this at sea aboard the Corvette Enterprise, which is for a few weeks or months my home. I cannot hope to hear from you, or let us address to Philip Nolan who are never delivered if they bear the post-war USA. The sentence which I pronounced upon myself has been carried out with great thoroughness. I am never allowed to see a newspaper which mentions the United States, and whenever the ship on which I sail draws near to that country, I am transferred to another vessel outbound from her shores. My comfort is in my memories of dancing with you, dear Miss Nancy, and of the glorious music of America, the names of the rivers and the songs that have echoed in their valleys. Yes, these recollections are treasures to me. Oh, Shenandoah, I long to hear you Oh, Shenandoah, I can't get near you Away, away, so far away Bust the wide, Miss Who Oh, Shenandoah, I don't know where Bust the wide, Miss Who Bust the wide, Miss Who How long can a plant live with no earth to hold its roots? How long can a man go on without home or country? Oh, it's not human, Uncle Frank. The punishment is too great. The sentence was his own wish. Oh, because of one thoughtless statement, must poor Lieutenant Nolan spend all his life a man without a country?  Oh, I may have loved him once. I know I could have loved him, but I care for Philip Nolan because he is a human being, wandering back and forth across the oceans of the world with never a port to call home. Isn't there something you can do, Uncle Frank? Appeal for mercy? I've done what I can, Nancy, but the world seems to have forgotten about Philip Nolan. Welcome aboard the intrepid, Mr. Nolan. Why, Captain Masterson, we have not sailed together since the beginning of my exile. How many years ago, Mr. Nolan? I've almost lost calm. Tell me, my old friend, what news of home? Who is the president now? We have our orders, Mr. Nolan. Yes. Of course. I should not have asked. Please, Mr. Nolan, we'd like to have you read us some more. Yes, please do, Nolan. Yes, Nolan. How often can we celebrate a new volume of poems by Sir Walter Scott? Very well, gentlemen. The lay of the last master, Canto V. Is there a man with soul so dead who never to himself has said this is my own, my native love whose heart hath there within him burned as home his footsteps he has turned from wandering on a boat such their breeze go, mark him well for it shall he forfeit various from whence he sprung on web. Dear God of mercy, how long? How long? I hope you don't mind my sending a shore for you, ma'am, but we have a passenger aboard the intrepid who's been asking for you. Is it? Old plain buttons we calling. Mr. Philip Nolan. But how is it he's allowed to stay on a ship that docks in New Orleans? I thought... He's very sick, Miss Montgomery. He wasn't strong enough to be moved to another vessel. What does the doctor say? Nolan won't allow anyone in his quarters, but I think he'll want to see you. Thank you for calling me, Captain. Follow me, please. Who's that? Who's there? I'll wait outside. Who's there? The light's so dim I can't see. Don't you remember me, Philip Nolan? The face. The voice. Is it really Nancy Montgomery? Oh, lie back, Philip. Rest. Nancy, look around you. I know the light is faint, but you can see here I have a country. Yes, I see. The picture of Washington, the flag. I made that myself. The map I drew. It's rather good, don't you think? I'll go get a doctor. No. I want to be alone with you, Nancy. I want you to tell me something of home. Surely it can do no harm now. What do you want to know, Philip? There are 34 stars in the flag. What are the names of the new ones? The last I know is Ohio. Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin. Texas. What's happened to the Texas country? Yes, it's one of the stars in the flag. Must be one of the biggest stars, eh? One of the biggest. California is a state too. They've discovered gold out on the Pacific coast. California. From ocean to ocean. From sea to shining sea. Nancy, tell me whatever happened to Aaron Burr. He died. In disgrace. In obscurity. As it should be. For Aaron Burr, obscurity would be worse than disgrace. Oh, Philip. Philip, what's the matter? I'm getting sleepy. Before I go, dear Nancy, open my Bible where the bookmark is and read me the text. All right, Philip. They desire a country, even a heavenly one, wherefore God is not ashamed to be called their God, for he hath prepared for them a city. He hath asked them to bury me at sea. Oh, Philip. It has been my home and I love it. But let them put up a stone in my memory, here in New Orleans, so that my disgrace may not be more than I ought to bear. What shall it say, Philip? Let it read. In memory of Philip Nolan, he loved his country as no other man has loved her. No man deserved less at her hands. Sing to me, Nancy. Sing to me of home. Ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much. Lovely Dorothy Warren, she'll be back in just one moment. And meanwhile, our thanks to her Butterfield and Fred Shields and to our entire company. Man without a country, based on the Edward Everett Hale story, was written for the railroad hour by Lawrence and Lee. The railroad hour is brought to you each week at the same time by the American Railroads. Marvin? Next Saturday, we in the United States will celebrate the 177th anniversary of our nation's independence. And on Wednesday, Canada, our good neighbor to the north, will also celebrate the anniversary of her founding as a self-governing nation. The friendliness and solidarity that exists between these two nations are demonstrated in many ways. But one good example of this is the way in which the railroads of Canada and the United States work together through mutual and cooperative agreements, making possible a continent-wide flow of raw materials and finished products. The exchange of ideas, raw materials, and finished products, thus made possible, is an outstanding example of international cooperation. Thank you, Marvin. Wasn't it exciting, Gordon, to relive the adventures of Philip Nolan? Well, it certainly was. And by the way, next week, Dorothy, we're going to tell the story of one of the world's best-loved poets, Robert Louis Stevenson. And here's one of the songs we'll all be singing.  I love that one. Robert Louis Stevenson wrote the words for many of the songs of our childhood. He called them his Penny Whistle Poems. And that's the title of next week's story, Dorothy, Penny Whistle. And who do you think is going to play RLS? Why, a G, McR? Mm-hmm. It's all right. See you next week, Dorothy. Good night, Gordon. All aboard! Well, dear friends, it looks as though we're ready to pull out, and so on till next week. And the world premiere of Penny Whistle on behalf of the other members of the cast and of the American Railroads, this is your friend Gordon MacRae saying, good night. Gordon MacRae can be seen in Warner Brothers' The Desert Song in Technicolor. Our choir is under the direction of Norman Luboff, and our music is prepared and conducted by Carmen Dragon. This is Marvin Miller saying goodbye until next week for the American Railroads. Now stay tuned for your Monday Night of Music on NBC.


For more videos on people's struggles, please subscribe to our YouTube channel. Protests continue in Haiti against the dictatorship of Jovenel Mois and the neocolonialist imperialist forces that back him. Tens of thousands took to the streets in Haiti's capital, Port-au-Prince, on February 21st, two weeks after the official end of the presidential term of Jovenel Mois. However, Mois has refused to handle our power, alleging discrepancies in the interpretation of the constitution and with regard to the official start of his time in office. Protesters are demanding that Mois resign for illegally overstaying his mandate in office, redrafting the constitution, and calling for elections in September in a bid to justify the continuation of his mandate. Different opposition parties have already convened and formulated a proposal for a transitional government to recover the country from the deepening institutional crisis. Supreme Court Judge Joseph Messin Jean-Louis was appointed as the interim president. According to their proposal, the transitional government led by Jean-Louis, who has the support of the country's civil society organizations, should administer the country for the next two years and organize elections for the next government. However, despite overwhelming rejection of Mois and his de facto rule, he continues to enjoy support from the imperialist core group, composed of the ambassadors of Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Spain, the United States, as well as representatives from the European Union, the United Nations, and the Organization of American States. The members of the core group, as well as the group itself, have expressed support to Mois and publicly reiterated that the elections called by Mois in September should go ahead as planned. In this sense, protests this week in Haiti had an added focus to denounce the backing of Mois by the imperialist forces. Signs reading, long left the revolution and the U.S. should stay out of it, and the Haitian people can't breathe, down with the core group, were seen far and wide. Internationally, solidarity initiatives are growing to call on the government's part of the core group to rescind support from Mois. A letter was written to Justin Trudeau in this regard. Brutal suppression by state security forces of the protesters has also continued. On February 6, a protester, Romario Sandriguis, was brutally beaten when he was unable to run away from police officers. According to reports, he was beaten so hard that he vomited his internal organs and died three days later on February 9. Cases such as that of Romario Sandriguis have highlighted the brutality of the U.S.-trained police officers. This repression continues till today, but Haitians continue to demand a return to democracy and a return to institutional order.


Some of the most common questions I get are about the dosage and type of vitamin B12. Check out the video for some answers. Universal improvement of B12 status appears to be a nutritional imperative with possibly profound beneficial effects, particularly at the bookends of life at old age and infancy. I've explained the rationale for my recommendations to take vitamin B12 supplements once a week, once a day, or alternately eat sufficient daily vitamin B12 fortified foods. But for those over age 65, those guidelines go out the window. The recommendations change to everyone, taking a high daily dose of 1,000 micrograms every day. Starting at age 50, everyone, meat-eaters and vegans alike, should be taking B12 supplements or eating B12 fortified foods, but over age 65, 50 a day may not do it. Even 100 a day doesn't seem sufficient. Researchers investigated three doses and found that most didn't normalize their MMA until after the 1,000 microgram dose, MMA suppression is a measure of B12 sufficiency. But they just tested 2,500 and 1,000, maybe 250 or 500 would do it. Researchers set out to find an adequate dose at that age, and it seems we need at least about 650 to 1,000 a day in most people. Hence my 1,000 a day recommendation after age 65. Okay, what about the other end of the life cycle? The consequences of B12 deficiency and insufficiency can be devastating in infancy and childhood. And this is not just a problem for plant-based pregnancies. Vitamin B12 insufficiency during pregnancy is common, even in non-vegetarian populations. About a quarter of all pregnant women aren't getting enough B12, and that number rises to nearly 1 in 3 by the third trimester.  Thankfully, even severe brain atrophy can be substantially reversed with B12 supplementation, but better not to become deficient in the first place. The solution proposed by a group of French pediatricians is to recommend against raising vegan kids at all since B12 supplementation is necessary. And they're not alone to vegan or not to vegan. In 2016, two professional organizations, the U.S. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the German Nutrition Society, issued conflicting statements. The U.S. Academy said that even strictly plant-based diets are appropriate for all stages of the life cycle, whereas the German group echoed the French group, saying, since you have to take B12, we can't recommend a vegan diet for pregnant women, lactating women, infants, children, or adolescents. To confuse the matter further, the American Academy of Pediatrics appeared to have it both ways. In one place, repeating the U.S. Academy's position while in another place, it stated that vegan diets should not be recommended for children. But I think they're just saying the same thing. Everyone agrees that a non-B12 supplemented plant-based diet is a bad idea. That's part of what the U.S. Academy means by well-planned. Everyone, eating plant-based, but especially pregnant and breastfeeding women, must ensure a regular, reliable source of vitamin B12, meaning B12 supplements or B12 fortified foods. But then you may be able to get the best of both worlds. That's why there are reviews with titles like this. Plant-based pregnancy is danger or panacea. Danger, if you don't take your B12, but following a plant-based diet during pregnancy may be protective against the development of preeclampsia, pre-gravid obesity, and minimize exposure to DNA-damaging agents. It may also protect our newborns from the onset of pediatric diseases such as pediatric wheezing, diabetes, neural tube defects, oral facial clefs, and some pediatric tumors. Vegan pregnant women have a lower than average rate of cesarean section, less postpartum depression, and lower neonatal and maternal mortality, with no complications or negative outcomes that are higher than average. In addition, a lower incidence of what used to be called toxemia, a potentially dangerous pregnancy complication known as preeclampsia. Overall, plant-based diets seem to confer protection to both mothers and newborns by not only reducing the risk of several pregnancy-related issues, but decreasing the risk of childhood disease. Children following plant-based diets might have a low risk of developing obesity, obviously less exposed to drugs used in animal production, and a favorable anti-inflammatory profile of cell signaling factors. But again, everyone on a plant-based diet has to get enough B12. Pregnant breastfeeding women can just follow my 50 micrograms a day recommendation for non-pregnant adults or 2,000 a week, though they suggest breaking up those doses into two halves to boost absorption. After infants are weaned, they can start on 5 micrograms a day. From ages 4 through 10 they can ate half the adult dose of 25 a day, and then at age 11 they can do 50 a day or 2,000 a week. You don't have to worry about taking too much. It's water-soluble and you'll just end up with expensive pee. I've talked about the optimal dose of vitamin B12 supplements for adults, as well as in childhood, pregnancy, and old age to prevent vitamin B12 deficiency, but what if you already have it? How much do you have to take to treat it? Your doctor might want you to get vitamin B12 injections, but oral B12, even for those who can't absorb it, has long been considered one of medicine's best kept secrets. It's now considered well known that orally administered B12 supplements are as effective in overcoming deficiency states as intramuscular injections when you get up to taking 1,000 micrograms a day. How long do you have to take 1,000 a day for? It depends on how low your levels start out. Because B12 status in pregnancy is so critical, there's a suggestion that plant-based women get a check throughout pregnancy and to adjust supplementation as necessary. This is how much you should take if you're low. Note the recommendations for pregnant and breastfeeding women are the same as everyone else over the age of 10. So if you're a teen or adult diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency, you take 1,000 micrograms a day for one to four months, depending on how low you start out, before going back to a regular maintenance dose of 50 a day or 2,000 a week with toddlers and small children taking smaller doses. There are two main types on the market, though. Methylcobalamin, marketed as methyl B12, and cyanocobalamin, typically marketed as just vitamin B12. Methyl is more expensive, so it must be better, right? Wrong. Cyanocobalamin is the most used form due to its high stability. See, methylcobalamin is less stable than cyanocobalamin, and is particularly susceptible to photodecomposition, meaning destruction from being exposed to light. There's no advantage to using the light-sensitive forms of cobalamin, such as methyl B12, instead of the stable cyanophorms, which are readily converted into the body into the type you need where you need it. The one major exception may be kidney failure, though. Methylcobalamin may be better for those with impaired kidney function. It's been speculated that oral methylcobalamin, or injected hydroxycobalamin, may also be preferable in smokers, though it has yet to be confirmed. Because methylcobalamin is less stable, you'd probably want to take much higher doses. So, for example, in those with kidney failure, you'd be taking 1,000 to 2,000 micrograms a day compared to just 50 micrograms of cyanocobalamin in some with normal kidney function. Another reason to use the cyanocobalamin, as opposed to the more expensive kinds, is that it has a track record of safety and efficacy, whereas, for example, in one study, even up to 2,000 micrograms a day of methylcobalamin wasn't enough to correct vitamin B12 deficiency in one of three vegans they tested it on. The bottom line is that so-called coenzyme forms of B12, like methyl B12 or adenyl B12, also known as adenosyl B12, are not likely to be superior to cyanocobalamin, which is more stable. Cyanocobalamin appears to be best suited for oral supplementation, which is why I specify its use in my recommendations. Note I also recommend ideally taking it separately as a chewable sublingual or liquid supplement. Why can't you just get it as part of a multivitamin or something? Because various vitamins and minerals mixed into the same pill can destroy active B12. Forming B12 analogs, B12 olcalogs, that not only can our body not use, the anilongs can be potentially harmful because they can inhibit the transport of what little B12 is left. That's why using multivitamins can even be counterproductive for the supplementation of vitamin B12, and this isn't just in theory. There was a tragic case of severe vitamin B12 deficiency in an infant born to a vegan mother who thought she was doing everything right, taking a multivitamin that contained B12, though it may have also just been an inadequate dose. Why chewable or sublingual? Observation is boosted when the B12 mixes with saliva since you secrete a B12 binding protein from your salivary glands that helps transport B12 safely through the digestive tract. Having people chew a tablet of B12 and their B12 levels go up 10 times more than just simply swallowing the exact same pill. Check it out, vegans boosted out of deficiency, chewing a B12 supplement, but nothing, and those who just swallowed it whole. Maybe they had some sort of absorption problem or something? No, because then if you tell them to start chewing it, instead of swallowing it whole, their levels shoot right up as well. My latest book, How Not to Diet, I suggest a third option to B12 fortified foods and supplements, brushing twice daily with a B12 fortified toothpaste, specifically this brand, which was put to the test in two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Participants were instructed to use the toothpaste two times a day for two minutes at a time, and indeed was able to correct the markers of B12 insufficiency in the blood of vegans and among the elderly. But that was on average. Unfortunately it didn't work in every last person, which is why it's not included in my recommendations. Though look, if you get your levels tested before and after brushing for a few months and they go up, then you can presumably stick with it. In summary, a vitamin B12 deficiency is not to be messed around with, with the potential to cause a wide range of disorders of the gut, blood, brain, and nervous system, with the ever-increasing demand for cleanliness in our food chain, which is a very good thing, is of special importance that we secure a regular, reliable source. And the safest, cheapest, healthiest source is B12 supplements or green light B12 fortified foods.


Now, we need to see a few more properties of the discrete time Fourier transform. You see, we now need to take a minute to see where we are in our whole strategy of dealing with signals and systems, discrete systems and discrete sequences. A sequence was a mapping from an index set. So, it could be a set of integers, field actually, here the field of complex numbers. Specifically, we are talking about the index set of integers and the complex numbers as the field. We also appreciate why we have introduced complex numbers because we do want to have rotating complex numbers and physically, we sometimes need to deal with electromagnetic fields where it is easier to deal with complex phasors to represent the fields and there are many other such situations where it is a natural choice to use the complex field to deal with the situation. Anyway, this is a sequence. What is a system? What is a discrete system? A discrete system is a mapping from sequences to sequences. So, you have a system. Where you have an xn input sequence and output sequence yn and this mapping between sequences. It is important to understand a system as a mapping from sequences to sequences. Of course, if the system is memory less, then it also becomes a point wise mapping, but it need not be a point wise mapping. You must think of it as a mapping of the whole sequence xn to the whole sequence yn and you do this for all the sequences which are permissible inputs. Now, we have come to a transform. What is a transform? A transform, at least the discrete time Fourier transform is an example. It is a mapping of this whole paradigm, of this whole setup, of this whole paradigm worldview. It is a different way of viewing the world of sequences and systems. What I mean by that is when we take, for example, the LSI system, the transform acts on this, the transform acts on this and the transform acts on this to give you x omega here, h omega here and y omega here and the relation between xn, hn and yn gets transformed into a different relationship between x omega, h omega and y omega. So, relationship also undergoes a transformation. y is equal to x convolved with h gets transformed to y is equal to h times x and of course, this relationship is much more elegant. So, transform to mean often offers us the possibility or the potential to deal with that same setup in a much more efficient manner. The discrete time Fourier transform is a strong example. We shall see another transform after a while. The discrete time Fourier transform is admissible only when x, h and y, all of them have discrete time Fourier transform. That means physically you could think of it at the dot product of the input, the input response and the output on each of those rotating phases e is the power j omega in converges for all these omegas between minus pi and pi. And you also see the transform in the inverse transform. This transform is invertible. You can go from the sequence to the transform, you can come back from the transform to the sequence. What we need to do is to look for a few properties of this discrete time Fourier transform. Of course, we have derived one property right away. We have seen that when we convolve two sequences, the discrete time Fourier transforms are multiplied if the DTFT of the convolution converges. But now let us focus on the DTFT of one sequence and make some transform, make some changes to that sequence. So, let us begin with some properties. You see the DTFT can also be thought just as we thought of convolution as an operation in its own right. You can think of the DTFT as an operation in its own right. So, Xm is operated upon by the DTFT to produce X omega. Of course, here the operation takes you from one independent variable to a different independent variable. So, in a transform, the independent variable changes and we say that the domain has changed from the natural domain to the transform domain. In this case, the transform domain is the frequency domain and the physical interpretation of the frequency domain is it corresponds to the set of angular frequencies, normalized angular frequencies of the phasors that come into picture when that sequence needs to be constructed. Anyway, treating this as an operation in its own right, we can ask is the DTFT linear? In other words, if I took X1 and 2n respectively and had their DTFTs, X1 and 2 of omega, what would be the DTF alpha times X1n plus beta times X2n for any constants alpha and beta. And the answer is very simple, it would be just alpha times X1 omega plus beta times X2 omega. I will leave it to you in exercise to prove this. So, that is easy to do. You just write down the expression for the discrete time Fourier transform of this linear combination. It is easy to prove. So, the discrete time Fourier transform is a linear operator. What happens when we complex conjugate a sequence? Or before that, let us make life a little easier by doing something slightly simpler. What happens when we time reverse? So, if I take X of minus n, what do I expect will happen? Now, here again we can answer the question by intuition first and then prove it algebraically. If you time reverse, what happens when you time reverse or rotating phasor? If you time reverse or rotating phasor, it rotates in the opposite direction. And therefore, if you essentially rotate all the phasors in the opposite direction, you get the time reverse sequence. What it means is X minus n should lead us to X minus omega. All phasors rotate in the opposite direction. But let us prove it algebraically. Let us also prove the same algebraically. Indeed, summation n going from minus to plus infinity X of minus n e raised to the power minus j omega n can be rewritten as summation n going from minus to plus infinity X n e raised to the power minus j minus omega times n, where n is minus n. You see, it is very easy to see. If you put n equal to minus n, when n runs over all the integers, so does n. Is that right? And this is simply X of minus omega. She approved. We need to see several such other properties of the discrete time Fourier transform. And we shall do so in the next lecture. Thank you.


Welcome back to Kids Fun Science. My name is Ken. Today's experiment is baked ice cream. As always, adult supervision is required. What you need for this experiment is three eggs, cream of tartar, salt, biscuits, parchment paper, vanilla extract, ice cream, and oven, baking trays, a whisk, and a bowl. First you need to leave three eggs out to get to be room temperature, which I've done, and then we're going to empty it out and just use the egg whites. So you want three egg whites and do not use the yolks. Once you get those, then we'll go on to the next step. As I get one egg there, I'm going to go two, and then I'll do one more. And we're going the third egg here on the egg whites, and then we're all ready to go. So the next step is a quarter teaspoon of cream of tartar sauce. So a quarter teaspoon of that, and we're going to put it inside the bowl with the three egg whites. So make sure you got the quarter teaspoon there, and put that in. And then next we're going to do a quarter teaspoon of regular salt. So go ahead and put a quarter teaspoon of salt in the same bowl. So we'll get that going. And once we get the salt ready, and then we're going to finish off with a half teaspoon of vanilla extract. So I get my vanilla extract and put a half teaspoon of vanilla extract in there. And then we're going to mix that all up. And here we go. Get that in. And now we're going to whisk or mix until it's completely can stand up on its own. So this took a little while, but I completely keep stirring it and whisking it up until that all stands up on its own. And you'll see when it does at the end. And I'll show you what it looks like. So I'll come back in just a second. And you can see it's already getting a little bit thicker here. And then we'll come back one more time. And here we go. It's standing up just like that on its own. So we did that part right. And now we're ready to move on to the next piece of it. Now we're going to use super fine sugar. So one cup of super fine sugar. And once we get the one cup, we're going to put one tablespoon in at a time. So once we get that, we'll do slowly put in one tablespoon and stir each time. And I'll show you how we're doing that. So we're going to sprinkle our fine sugar at one tablespoon at a time on the meringue, kind of just spread it out. And then we're going to stir each time until the one cup of fine sugar is gone. So we'll give it a stir. And once we get that, you know, in, then we're going to add another tablespoon until we're completely done with the one cup of sugar. And then I will come back and when I get all that mixed in. And I'll check back with you. And here we are. And we're all done now. So we got the sugar all done. Now we're going to lay down some parchment paper on a baking tray. So I cut that out. So it sits right there. And then we're taking our, it says a biscuit, but I don't have biscuits. So I am improvising by putting a graham cracker and some regular club crackers down there. So we're going to take small scoop of ice cream. We want to make sure ice cream doesn't touch the edges of the biscuit. So just a small little scoop, I probably can't use your normal ice cream scoop and kind of form it in there. So it will stay right on the cracker. You don't want it to touch the edges. And then once we get that, we'll move on to the next step. Now we get the ice cream on all the biscuits slash crackers. Now we're going to spoon the meringue mixture over the ice cream. So make sure that the ice cream is completely covered with the meringue. So you might have to go a couple of different times, but we cannot have any of the ice cream exposed in any way from the bottom of the cracker or not the bottom, but on the sides to the top. So we're going to make sure that's completely covered in all directions. And so we'll spin it around to make sure there's no little tiny gaps sitting in there. And once we get all this covered, now we're going to put it in the oven after that. So I will check back in just a second. All right. So once we can see that some of the ice cream is still showing on the biscuit slash crackers. So we're going to make sure we completely cover it up. We don't want any gaps. Any gaps will make it so this experiment will not work. So make sure you completely cover the ice cream up with all the meringue. And once we get that, and then we'll check back and so go ahead and put the baking tray on the bottom shelf of your oven. I've already preheated my oven at 230 degrees Fahrenheit 110 Celsius. And then we're going to set it for one hour. But what we want to do is we want to check it every 10 minutes to make sure the meringue doesn't get brown. So here we are an hour's up, and we're about to pull them out to see if it worked. Pulling it out to make sure it see what it looks like. It looks like a good three of them worked. As you can see, I probably the smaller crackers didn't get covered enough. And so they spilled that and one of the bigger ones did too. So we know those aren't going to work. But there's the one on the top left and the middle and the top right right there. You can see the meringue is really solid, really hard. And even though that one's hard, it did leak out. So it probably didn't work. What's happening here is the warm oven cooks the meringue. But the ice cream doesn't melt. The cream of tartar is an acid. So it becomes moist and it releases a carbon dioxide. This helps the meringue. When the egg whites are beaten, it makes a small air spaces. Both the air and the carbon dioxide trapped in the beaded egg whites act as an insulator. As the sugar cooks, it hardens. It also acts as an insulator. The insulation has small air spaces trapped in it. These slow the movement of the heat or the cold. When the meringue is spread over the ice cream, the ice cream is insulated. The heat of the oven can't get in during the baking. The insulation lets the meringue cook without melting the ice cream. As you can see here, a very hard shell. There's a little bit of soft on the inside there. And then you can see the ice cream itself. It did melt a little bit, but it's still there. It did not melt all the way. And you have the oven on for over an hour, which is pretty impressive. I hope you enjoyed this video. Remember to click thumbs up and to subscribe. Thanks for watching.


a very good evening aspirants welcome to the hindu newspaper analysis brought you by shankar ias academy for the date 28th of may 2022 displayed here are the list of news articles that i have chosen for today's discussion see as only a week has left for your upsc problems i had taken five previous year preliminary question for today's discussion and all these questions are taken from 2019 upsc problems see i'll tell you how to handle each and every question with minimum knowledge okay after this we'll have our article discussion okay now without wasting much time let's look into the first question see the first question is a three statement question whenever you get a statement type of question try applying elimination technique now when you look at this question it is talking about three different species one is asiatic line another one is double humped camel another one is one horn rhinoceros right so in this if i attend this question i very well know about asiatic line it is found only in india so that statement is absolutely correct but if i know that statement one is correct can i go ahead for elimination technique no right so now let me look at statement two or statement three when i look at these two no i know about one horn rhino so let me go and read statement three first one horn rhinoceros is naturally found in india only see whenever this extreme words like only is given try to think of whatever facts you know about that particular species or topic or whatever it is okay i very well know one horn rhinoceros is naturally found in areas of asaam such as kaziranga national park in india and also in chitwan national park of napal i have read somewhere that it is also found in napal naturally so i knew that statement three is incorrect now what can i do i can eliminate two options here option c and d can be eliminated and one more thing i said statement one is definitely correct so i can get the answer which is option a one only now here i don't even know about this double humped camel okay but i had approached this question and i had even arrived at the correct answer right so this is what i said with minimum amount of knowledge try to approach that question and you will definitely be able to arrive at the correct answer okay so the answer for this question is option a one only is the correct statement now let me tell you few facts about all these three species see don't think this is a 2019 question this might not be useful for your current preliminary examination even these three species will be in current news also so just be aware of these three species i'm going to just say you the facts which are very much relevant only for your preliminary examination okay first let us see about this bactrian camel see this bactrian camel is nothing but the double humped camel that is given in the question okay it is a large even toad angulate native to the steppes of central asia that is it will be found in pakistan afghanistan kesakistan in those areas i think it is extinct in kesakistan in india it is found in the nubra valley of ladak okay and note that the iocn status of this is critically endangered now let us see about the asiatic line see the asiatic line is found naturally in india you very well know that where it is found it is found in gear national park which is the last natural habitat of this species okay and what is the iocn status of asiatic line it is endangered okay now lastly let us see about this one horn rhino which is otherwise called as indian rhino it is found in eight locations in india what are all the locations just go through it kasiranga pabitura manas orang jaltapura gurumara doodwa kathrinagat etc okay and in four protected areas in napal what are they chitwan bardia succlapanta persa okay what is the iocn status of this one horn rhino it is vulnerable so that's all about this question these facts about all these three species is very relevant for your preliminary examination so keep so keep these facts in mind okay now let's move on to the second question now read this question in the context of which one of the following are the terms pyrolysis and plasma gasification mentioned see for this if you're tall you know either about pyrolysis or plasma gasification it is more than enough i think most of you will be knowing about pyrolysis right what is meant by pyrolysis it is a process of heating organic material at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen am i right here when i say organic material you can remember the biomass when i say biomass what are all the types of biomass that you can remember see garbage crops alcohol fuels landfill gas then would all these comes under biomass only okay so the pyrolysis is one of the technologies available to convert biomass to an intermediate liquid product then it can be refined to drop in hydrocarbon biofuels oxygenated fuel additives and petrochemical replacements this biomass pyrolysis is usually conducted at our above 500 degree centigrade providing enough heat to deconstruct the strong biopolymers since no oxygen is present combustion does not occur rather the biomass thermally decomposes into combustible gases and biochar most of these combustible gases can be condensed into a combustible liquid called a pyrolysis oil which is otherwise called as bio oil thus this pyrolysis of biomass produces three products one is liquid that is bio oil and another one is solid biochar and other one is gaseous which is sin gas okay and few aspirants may be knowing about this plasma gasification what is this plasma gasification see plasma gasification is an extreme thermal process using plasma which converts organic matter into a sin gas that is synthesis gas which is primarily made up of hydrogen and carbon monoxide okay see this plasma gasification process uses electricity to generate high temperature plasma arc which is about 3000 degrees centigrade this will be produced inside the plasma reactor which converts the waste into sin gas the produced sin gas when passed through a series of gas purification system comprising of catalytic converter redox reactor cyclone separator scrubber and condenser is ready for use in gas engines for generation of electricity the residual ash can be mixed with cement for the preparation of recycled bricks for usage in construction thus you can understand that science helps in the creation of wealth from waste so both these processes know are using the waste to create wealth that is some form of product is produced from waste now look at the question what are all the options given option A is extraction of rare earth elements no that will not be relevant here the natural gas extraction technologies no hydrogen fuel based automobiles that is also incorrect look at the last option waste to energy technologies see as I said both are utilizing waste and from that only the new product is manufactured so option D is very much relevant when you take both the terms in common right so option D is the correct answer see as I said in the beginning if at all you know about any of these terms either if you know about pyrolysis or plasma gasification from that itself you will be able to answer this question see when I looked at this question I know about only pyrolysis so with that itself I was able to understand that it is something related to waste to energy technology so that's what I said with minimum knowledge you will be able to answer a question okay so I took this question today so that you can be aware of two processors which might be repeated in some form or the other okay now you know about pyrolysis and plasma gasification from this discussion itself right that's good now let's move on to the third question see this is such a easy question if you look at this itself anyone can answer this question but remember always read the question once or twice before confirming with your answer consider the following carbon monoxide methane ozone sulphur dioxide which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop or biomass residue see crop residues biomass burning are cheap and easiest method to dispose the leftover crop residues am i right what are the crop residues here we try sugarcane etc after that no some residue will be left over after their harvest for land clearing and pest control we go ahead for this crop residue burning or biomass burning burning of crop residues is a common approach to eliminate waste after harvesting all over the world burning of these residues emit gases so what are all the gases here it will emit gases like sulphur dioxide oxides of nitrogen that is either it will be NO or NO2 or N2 or anything okay then carbon monoxide then carbon dioxide then black carbon organic carbon methane volatile organic compounds non methane hydrocarbons then ozone and aerosols etc etc all these gases will be released whenever a crop residue is burned see i said this question is very much easy because most of the gases that you were aware of will be released whenever you burn the crop residues or biomass burning is done okay so that's why i said when this kind of question comes it will be very much easy for you to answer with your limited knowledge about this topic see i very well know whenever the crop residues are burnt carbon monoxide methane sulphur dioxide these three will be released when you have a doubt whether ozone will be released just remember go ahead for elimination technique look at the option is there any option that consists of 1 2 4 only no right then definitely ozone is also included so go ahead for option D 1 2 3 and 4 that is all the above okay so here i had limited knowledge only i knew only carbon monoxide methane and sulphur dioxide ozone i had a doubt but i was able to approach this question and arrive at the answer right that's what i said utilize whatever knowledge that you have to approach the question okay now let me discuss with you two more questions see these two questions are much more factual questions and you will be very easily able to answer this question okay now look at this fourth question under which schedule of the constitution of india can the transfer of tribal land to private parties for mining be declared null and void see here only one term is the key what is that term tribal land something that is relevant to tribes are being spoken right which schedule you know that talks about tribes i think you'll be knowing that cadule five and six are talking something about this tribal land okay so look at this option given here third five and ninth and twelfth schedule is given you very well know five and six should be the answer here option B fifth schedule is given so that is the answer you need not know about all the schedules but you know that when you talk about tribes two schedule only you are aware one is fifth schedule another one is sixth schedule here in the options it is very easily given fifth schedule alone so you can go ahead for fifth schedule option B fifth schedule is the right answer here now what about the other schedule what are they talking about see third schedule i remember it is talking something about oath and information right so that can be eliminated then nine schedule is talking something about the acts that has to be kept away from the judicial review but it is also brought in the judicial review right and this 12th schedule is talking something about this municipalities okay so our answer here will be option B fifth schedule see this is a very very factual question if you know all the 12 schedules you'll be easily able to answer this question but here no i didn't remember all the 12 schedules i knew something that is related to drives is present in fifth and sixth schedule so with that knowledge only i approach this question and answer this question now look at this last previous year question which article of the constitution of india safeguards one's right to marry the person of one's choice see in this know i can easily eliminate two options which is option c and d look at option c which is talking about article 25 see article 25 talks about freedom of consigns and free profession practice and propagation of religion so it is talking something about religion so i very well know that article is not going to suit this question so i'll eliminate that option and i remember option d that is talking about article 29 it is something about the language script and culture of minorities so protection of those things are being spoken in that article so that also will not come there so i eliminated two options which are option c article 25 and option d article 29 i have two more options which is a article 19 and option b article 21 see in this you might have a doubt like whether article 19 is the correct answer because article 19 talks about the freedom of speech and expression assembly association movement residence and profession right so it is talking something about freedom so you will think whether option a which talks about article 19 is correct but remember article 21 talks about protection of life and personal liberty the word personal liberty if you remember you will be able to answer this question see it is a personal liberty of one to marry another person he might be or she might be of any caste or religion or whatever it may be the choice is personal right so article 21 only talks about this one's right to marry the person of one's choice and not article 19 here you might be confused with two options but you will be able to eliminate two other options with your minimum amount of knowledge that's what i said in your just able to eliminate two options you should be definitely able to answer that question and note that this article 21 will be frequently in use so even this year also there might be a question regarding article 21 and in many cases supreme court has reaffirmed its judgment and it has made several rights as a part of article 21 just go through those rights you need not memorize just be aware of whatever all rights comes under this article 21 see i remember rights like right to livelihood right to privacy then right to sleep then right to health all these know will come under article 21 always remember the key word in article 21 is protection of life and personal liberty if you understand the term life and personal liberty you can be able to approach whatever rights is given under that you will be able to clear that okay so now the answer for this question is option b article 21 so that's all for today's previous year question discussion now let's get into the news article discussion now let us take up this news article for our next discussion now look at this news article this news article says that India and the European Union were working on the first text of the free trade agreement official says that some urgency has been put to the matter due to Putin's war in Ukraine so this is the crux of the news article given here in this context let us quickly go through what is a free trade agreement and we shall also see some of the advantages of free trade agreement also in this discussion i will cover the classification of the other trade agreements also okay see this is a very important economic topic for your preliminary examination that is why i took this article and with this we'll discuss the free trade agreements and other trade agreements that are applicable in India okay before getting into the discussion the syllabus relevant to this news article is given here for a reference please go through it firstly what is a free trade agreement see a free trade agreement is a pact between two or more nations this is to reduce barriers to imports and exports among them that is under a free trade policy goods and services can be bought and sold across international borders with little or no government tariffs quotas subsidies or prohibitions to inhibit their exchange remember this as the name implies free trade agreement literally does not mean abandoning all control of imports and exports and executing completely free trade okay in modern international trade there is a few free trade agreements which results in complete free trade but still governments with free trade policies or agreements in place do not necessarily abandon all control of imports and exports eliminate all protectionist policies okay see there will be some tariffs or quotas but not everything will be there that is what dad said there will be little or no tariffs or quotas or subsidies or prohibitions that exhibit their exchange okay talking about the other types of trade agreements firstly take the preferential trade agreement in this type of agreement two or more partners give preferential right of entry to certain products this is done by reducing duties on an agreed number of tariff lines here a positive list is maintained that is list of the products on which the two partners have agreed to provide preferential access tariff may even be reduced to zero for some products even in a preferential trade agreement okay secondly that's what we saw in our today's discussion what is that free trade agreement what is a free trade agreement a free trade agreement is a pack between two or more nations to reduce barriers to imports and exports among them okay now the third one that we are going to see is the comprehensive economic cooperation agreement see this comprehensive economic cooperation agreement generally covers negotiation on trade tariff and tqr rates only here tqr rate means a tariff rate quota also called a tariff quota it is a two-tier tariff system that combines import quotas and tariffs to regulate import products the fourth trade agreement that we are going to see is the custom union see members of the custom union may agree to trade at zero duty among themselves and they maintain common tariffs against the rest of the world also okay this is the next stage right and the next trade agreement is the common market see in a common market countries also allow free trade and free movement of labor and capital among the members of the group finally we will see about the economic union see it is a common market extended through further harmonization of fiscal or monetary policies and shared execute to judicial and legislative institutions a very good example for this is the european union see remember that the trade agreements as we saw now is getting expanded from the preferential trade agreement it is getting expanded to free trade agreement and then to the comprehensive economic cooperation agreement then it expands to the custom union and then to the common market and finally the full expansion occurs in the economic union okay see understand this all these definitions of the trade agreements can itself be put as a preliminary type of question that is why i took this opportunity and discussed with you the classification of the trade agreements that are available this is a very very important economic topic and as i said a straightforward question can be put asking about the definitions of these trade agreements okay and now taking this discussion further let me add on the advantages of the free trade agreement see i am taking every discussion in an elaborate manner so that you can utilize it for both your preliminary examination and your main examination remember as prelims is fast approaching i'm giving more attention to prelims based topics but in a way i'll tell you how to utilize these points in mains answers also this is how you have to link your preliminary preparation with your mains preparation and this will only help you to clear your entire UPSC exam now coming back to the discussion now let us see the advantages of this free trade agreement see in principle free trade on the international level is no different from the trade between neighbors towns or states however it allows businesses in each country to focus on producing and selling the goods that best use their resources while other businesses import goods that are scarce or unavailable domestically this mix of local production and foreign trade allows economies to experience faster growth while better meeting the needs of its consumers understood so this is enabling the economic growth of the nations that are involved in the trade agreement secondly free trade expands the diversity and lowers the prices of goods available in the nation this is by better exploiting its homegrown resources knowledge and specialized skills so in simple terms free trade is an opportunity to open another part of the world to the domestic producers apart from this it helps in boosting investments in the country and not only this it allows job creation relieves the barriers that impede the flow of goods and services then they help in improving the rules affecting such issues as intellectual property e-commerce and government procurement see finally at importantly this free trade agreement helps in boosting foreign direct investments okay so in a way you can understand this free trade agreement is more advantageous okay see having understood the definitions of the trade agreements itself you can say which is more advantageous and which is not more advantageous and what are all the disadvantages in each and every trade agreements that is why i discussed the definition first for you okay if at all they ask the advantages of the other trade agreements also with a mere definition itself you will be able to write the points or approach your preliminary type of question okay so with these key points in mind now let's move on to the next news article discussion take a look at this news article this news article talks about infant mortality rate day before yesterday the sample registration system that is srs bulletin for 2020 was released and according to the report karnataka's infant mortality rate fell by two points from 21 into 2019 to 19 in 2020 so in this background let us see about infant mortality rate in the prelims perspective also we will see about the total fertility rate and the maternal mortality rate see i have taken all these because these are very much useful for your preliminary point of view okay before seeing about the imr let's see about this srs that is sample registration system see the sample registration system provides reliable annual estimates of the infant mortality rate birth rate death rate and other fertility and mortality indicators at the national and subnational levels it is a large-scale demographic survey conducted every year by the office of the registrar general india in all the states our union territories so currently srs for 2020 has been released in 2020 the birth rate of the country has been estimated at 19.5 whereas the death rate has been estimated at 6 the estimate of infant mortality rate for the year 2020 is 28 infant deaths per thousand light births so what is this imr or infant mortality rate see the infant mortality rate is simply the likelihood of a child born in a certain year or a period dying before reaching the age of one so remember imr is a probability of death derived from a life table and expressed as rate per thousand life births it is not just the rate in which the number of death is divided by the number of population at risk during a certain period of time so according to the report there is a probability for 28 infant deaths per thousand life births so to put it in simple words infant mortality is the death of an infant before his or her first birthday the infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths for every thousand live births okay now let me tell a few fact which is relevant for you for prelims according to the report madhya pradesh has the highest mortality rate with 43 infant deaths per thousand live births and kerala has the lowest mortality rate with six infant deaths per thousand live births okay now as i said there are still more two other terms that you have to know about which is the maternal mortality rate and the total fertility rate see the maternal mortality ratio is defined as the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per one lakh live births during the same time period it depicts the risk of maternal death relative to the number of live births and essentially captures the risk of death in a single pregnancy or a single live birth see as per the sample registration system for the last three years the maternal mortality ratio of india has reduced from 122 per one lakh live births in srs 2015 to 17 to 113 per thousand live births in srs 2016 to 18 and in the 2017 to 19 report it was 103 understood so this maternal mortality ratio in india is getting declined it is a very good news okay and here you have to note that india has a sustainable development target wherein we have to bring the maternal mortality rate to 70 per one lakh live births by 2030 okay remember we have a long way to go to reach this target now coming to the next term which is the total fertility rate see tfr or the total fertility rate in simple term refers to the total number of children born or likely to be born to a woman in her lifetime note that if she were subject to the prevailing rate of age specific fertility in the population it is taken into account in the tfr see tfr of about 2.1 children per woman is called replacement level fertility that is tfr lower than 2.1 children per woman indicates that a generation is not producing enough children to replace itself this eventually will lead to an outright reduction in the population okay so by knowing that total fertility rate itself i have explained you the replacement level fertility also okay now coming to the important fact according to the national family health survey 5 br is having the highest total fertility rate which is 3 and the lowest is for sikkim which has 1.1 total fertility rate okay so that's all about this news article see it might seem like a more factual discussion but note that the definitions may be a straightforward preliminary question and along with that if at all it is a statement type of question these factual data's may be added that's why you discussed only the relevant points which are very much needed for your preliminary point of view okay so with these key points in mind now let's move on to the next news article discussion now look at this article here it says that nuclear power corporation of india limited is launching an initiative in the villagers surrounding the kudangulam nuclear power project in order to assist the unemployed youth a similar initiative was launched by npci in 16 village panchayats near the tharapur atomic power station that is thaps through its advanced knowledge and rural technology implementation program that is akruti program and according to the article bob atomic research center that is bark is devising new user friendly and cost effective technologies in the fields of nuclear science radioisotopes industry health and agriculture and these technologies are being taught to the younger generation and the unemployed youth to make them entrepreneurs so this is the crux of the news article given here in this context let us learn more about this akruti program see being aware of such kind of programs and schemes will be very much helpful for attempting your preliminary questions okay not only that you can utilize these points or these schemes or programs to enhance your mains answer you can quote these as examples in your mains answers okay now let us start our discussion as we saw earlier akruti is an acronym for advanced knowledge and rural technology implementation program see department of atomic energy that is dae in the year 2007 has launched dae societal initiative for utilization of non-power applications and spin-off technologies it is to be used in the areas of water agriculture food processing and agri-land improvement this is to be done through urban and rural waste management okay within this framework the structured program called akruti has been formulated by bark and why is this program formulated see in a country of the vast size such as india technology innovations and adaptations has to be evolved in a greater mission and since such technology has to fit with varied local conditions it is needed to be applied quickly to enhance the quality of life of larger population and also considering the wealth of technology and innovative capability generated in bark and dae units this program is launched okay see initially it was implemented through technically oriented NGOs for techno economic growth of the rural sector it is implemented as one of the many schemes experimented for large-scale deployment of bark technologies and this deployment of technologies is the fourth key driver of major programs of department of atomic energy note that it is also the vision of dae for social outreach and awareness okay and the mission of the program is to empower villagers with science and technology based eco-friendly work plan for sustainable techno economic growth of rural sector okay see the aims to create structured and scalable network of technology nodes in rural areas so that this will provide easy access to modern technologies to all villagers in their own villages having said that now let us see some more facts about this program see through the akruti program technology centers called akruti node is set up in a village this is done under the guidance of barb through technically oriented NGOs working in that village akruti node will park number of bark developed technologies for use by villagers these technologies are demonstrated and taken to different villagers around the akruti node via working centers established in different villagers around akruti okay these working centers are called kruti kendra that is krutik here krutik stands for knowledge and rural technology implementation kendra okay see krutik works with villagers and farmers groups and deploys these technologies in their own villagers and in the fields these groups are known as force meaning farmers organized group for rural creative entrepreneurship each member of force group is made familiar with technologies of akruti through krutik akruti and krutiks will be managed by technology oriented villagers and NGOs operating in that village see this akruti and krutiks will function coherently and will create large number of force groups and this will be created in different villages which will benefit from the use of the technologies in akruti node some of them will play a role of successful entrepreneurs the present existing self-help groups created by various nationalized banks or farmers producer organizations can play an important role to create a band of rural entrepreneurs this way the self-help groups will become force for this program and provide livelihood security for villagers okay and finally now let us see the significance of this see this program will enable to take the fruits of technology to grass root level that is to every villager in the remote corner and it will provide inclusive growth to the rural sector thereby the helps in tapping the hidden innovative capability of large rural population so that's all about this news article see each and every point in this discussion can be utilized in your main's answer directly because this program talks about rural development through innovative technological deployment also this can be put as a direct preliminary question okay so with these key points in mind now let's move on to the next part of the news article discussion which is the preliminary practice question discussion today we have only one question for discussion and another question is a quiz question for you okay now let us look at the first question which of the following statements are correct about the akruti program so it is a two statement question you are going to go through both the statement before answering the question okay now look at the first statement it says that it was formulated by ministry of agriculture and farmers welfare see this statement is wrong because akruti program was formulated by bark and see the department of atomic energy in the year 2007 has launched the dae societal initiative for utilization of non-power applications and spin-off technologies in the area of water agriculture food processing and agri-land through urban and rural waste management see this is all we saw in the discussion itself right and note that within this framework only the structured program called akruti has been formulated by bark that is babatomic research center okay so the first statement is wrong now look at the second statement this statement is correct see this is also we saw in our discussion itself in akruti program technologies are demonstrated and taken to different nodes via working centers and these working centers are called kruti kendra which works with villagers and farmers groups and deploys these technologies in their own villages and in the fields so this statement is correct now read the full question the question is demanding for correct statements so your answer here will be option b 2 only now look at this question this question is a quiz question for you see remember we discussed about the infant mortality rate maternal mortality rate and then we discussed about the total fertility rate right based on this only this question is framed see read the question carefully and then answer the question analyze based on the definition that I said for you okay with this you can easily answer this question I gave this as a quiz question so that you will be able to analyze and you will be able to realize how questions will be asked based on the concepts okay don't worry the answer for this question will be put up within 24 hours of my discussion okay that displayed here is a main question for you see go through the question and write your answers and post it in the comment section if you like this video do like share and comment and don't forget to subscribe to the Shankar IAS Academy's YouTube channel thank you for listening